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List of international cricket centuries by Rohit Sharma
List of international cricket centuries by Rohit Sharma - wikipedia List of international cricket centuries by Rohit Sharma Rohit Sharma has scored 24 centuries in Test cricket , One Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals . Rohit Sharma is an Indian cricketer and a right - handed top order batsman . He has made 24 centuries in international cricket -- 18 in One Day Internationals ( ODI ) , 3 in Test cricket and 3 in T20I cricket -- as of July 2018 . Rohit made his ODI debut against Ireland in June 2007 . He scored his first century in 2010 when he made 114 against the Zimbabwe at Queens Sports Club , Bulawayo . He made his Test cricket debut against the West Indies in 2013 and scored his first Test century , thus became the 14th Indian to score his century in debut test match . He made back to back centuries in that series and won man of the series . His highest score of 264 , which is an all - time record in ODIs as of December 2017 , was made against Sri Lanka at the Eden Gardens , Kolkata , in November 2014 . In December 2017 , he became the first player to score three double centuries in ODIs when he scored 208 not out against the same team . On 2 October 2015 Rohit Sharma became the second Indian to make a century in T20I cricket . He is the first batsman for India and second overall to score three centuries in T20Is . Contents 1 Key 2 Test centuries 3 One Day International centuries 4 Twenty - 20 International centuries 5 References Key ( edit ) Symbol Meaning * Remained not out Man of the match Captained the Indian cricket team Match Match of his career Balls No. of deliveries faced in the innings Pos . Position in the batting order Inn . The innings of the match S / R Strike rate during the innings H / A / N Venue was at home ( India ) , away or neutral Date Match starting day Lost The match was lost by India Won The match was won by India Drawn The match was drawn Home The match was played in India Away The match was played in opponent 's country Neutral The match was played neither in India nor in the opponent 's country Test centuries ( edit ) Test centuries scored by Rohit Sharma No . Score Against Pos . Inn . Test Venue H / A / N Date Result Ref 177 West Indies 6 1 / 2 Eden Gardens , Kolkata Home 6 November 2013 Won 111 * West Indies 6 2 / 2 Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Home 14 November 2013 Won 102 * Sri Lanka 6 2 / 3 Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium , Nagpur Home 24 November 2017 Won One Day International centuries ( edit ) ODI centuries scored by Rohit Sharma No . Score Against Pos . Inn . S / R Venue H / A / N Date Result Ref 114 Zimbabwe 95.79 Queens Sports Club , Bulawayo Away 28 May 2010 Lost 101 * Sri Lanka 101.00 Queens Sports Club , Bulawayo Neutral 30 May 2010 Won 141 * Australia 114.63 Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Home 16 October 2013 Won 209 Australia 132.27 M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Home 2 November 2013 Won 5 264 Sri Lanka 152.60 Eden Gardens , Kolkata Home 13 November 2014 Won 6 138 Australia 99.28 Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne Away 18 January 2015 Lost 7 137 Bangladesh 108.73 Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne Neutral 19 March 2015 Won 8 150 South Africa 112.78 Green Park Stadium , Kanpur Home 11 October 2015 Lost 9 171 * Australia 104.90 WACA Ground , Perth Away 12 January 2016 Lost 10 124 Australia 97.63 The Gabba , Brisbane Away 15 January 2016 Lost 11 123 * Bangladesh 95.34 Edgbaston Cricket Ground , Birmingham Neutral 15 June 2017 Won 12 124 * Sri Lanka 85.51 Pallekele International Cricket Stadium , Pallekele Away 27 August 2017 Won 13 104 Sri Lanka 118.18 R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo Away 31 August 2017 Won 14 125 Australia 114.67 Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium Nagpur Home 1 October 2017 Won 15 147 New Zealand 106.52 Green Park Stadium , Kanpur Home 29 October 2017 Won 16 208 * Sri Lanka 135.94 Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali Home 13 December 2017 Won 17 115 South Africa 91.26 St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth Away 13 February 2018 Won 18 137 * England 120.17 Trent Bridge , Nottingham Away 12 July 2018 Won Twenty - 20 International centuries ( edit ) T20I centuries by Rohit Sharma No . Score Against Pos . Inn . S / R Venue H / A / N Date Result Ref 106 South Africa 160.60 HPCA Stadium , Dharamsala Home 2 October 2015 Lost 118 Sri Lanka 274.41 Holkar Stadium , Indore Home 22 December 2017 Won 100 * England 178.57 Bristol County Ground , Bristol Away 8 July 2018 Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rohit Sharma '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 18 March 2016 . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Sahni , Jaspreet ( 7 November 2013 ) . `` Rohit Sharma 14th Indian to hit Test century on debut '' . CNN - News18 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Is it time to drop Rohit Sharma from the Test squad ? Archived 2016 - 02 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . - IBNLive 5 December 2015 Jump up ^ `` Rohit Sharma : India batsman hits 264 , the highest ODI score '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 1 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Rohit Sharma Becomes Second Indian to Score Century in T20I Archived 2016 - 03 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . - NDTV Sports 2 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` Rohit hits the joint - fastest T20I century '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / RG Sharma / Test matches / Hundreds '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Test , West Indies tour of India at Kolkata , Nov 6 - 8 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Test , West Indies tour of India at Mumbai , Nov 14 - 16 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Test , Sri Lanka tour of India at Nagpur , Nov 24 - 27 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 9 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / RG Sharma / One - Day Internationals / Hundreds '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Match , Zimbabwe Triangular Series at Bulawayo , May 28 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Match , Zimbabwe Triangular Series at Bulawayo , May 30 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd ODI ( D / N ) , Australia tour of India at Jaipur , Oct 16 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7th ODI ( D / N ) , Australia tour of India at Bengaluru , Nov 2 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 4th ODI ( D / N ) , Sri Lanka tour of India at Kolkata , Nov 13 2014 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 12 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Match ( D / N ) , Carlton Mid One - Day International Tri-Series at Melbourne , Jan 18 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Quarter - Final ( D / N ) , ICC Cricket World Cup at Melbourne , Mar 19 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1st ODI , South Africa tour of India at Kanpur , Oct 11 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1st ODI , India tour of Australia at Perth , Jan 12 2016 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 25 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd ODI ( D / N ) , India tour of Australia at Brisbane , Jan 15 2016 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Semi-final , ICC Champions Trophy at Birmingham , Jun 15 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd ODI ( D / N ) , India tour of Sri Lanka at Kandy , Aug 27 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 4th ODI ( D / N ) , India tour of Sri Lanka at Colombo , Aug 31 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5th ODI ( D / N ) , Australia tour of India at Nagpur , Oct 1 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 12 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd ODI ( D / N ) , New Zealand tour of India at Kanpur , Oct 29 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 12 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd ODI ( D / N ) , Sri Lanka tour of India at Chandigarh , Dec 13 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5th ODI ( D / N ) , India tour of South Africa at Port Elizabeth , Feb 13 2018 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1st ODI , India tour of Ireland and England at Nottingham , Jul 12 2018 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 18 August 2018 . Retrieved 18 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / RG Sharma / Twenty20 Internationals '' . Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1st T20I ( N ) , South Africa tour of India at Dharamsala , Oct 2 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd T20I ( N ) , Sri Lanka tour of India at Indore , Dec 22 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd T20I ( N ) , India tour of England at Bristol , Jul 8 2018 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . List of international cricket centuries International men 's cricket ( Test , ODI and T20I ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 100 ) Ricky Ponting ( 71 ) Kumar Sangakkara ( 63 ) Jacques Kallis ( 62 ) Virat Kohli ( 58 ) Mahela Jayawardene ( 54 ) Hashim Amla ( 54 ) Brian Lara ( 53 ) Rahul Dravid ( 48 ) AB de Villiers ( 47 ) Sanath Jayasuriya ( 42 ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( 41 ) Younis Khan ( 41 ) Matthew Hayden ( 40 ) Chris Gayle ( 40 ) Mohammad Yousuf ( 39 ) Tillakaratne Dilshan ( 39 ) Mark Waugh ( 38 ) Sourav Ganguly ( 38 ) Virender Sehwag ( 38 ) Graeme Smith ( 37 ) Alastair Cook ( 37 ) Michael Clarke ( 36 ) Ross Taylor ( 36 ) Sunil Gavaskar ( 35 ) Viv Richards ( 35 ) Desmond Haynes ( 35 ) Steve Waugh ( 35 ) Inzamam - ul - Haq ( 35 ) Herschelle Gibbs ( 35 ) David Warner ( 35 ) Gary Kirsten ( 34 ) Adam Gilchrist ( 33 ) Kevin Pietersen ( 32 ) Javed Miandad ( 31 ) Aravinda de Silva ( 31 ) Saeed Anwar ( 31 ) Steve Smith ( 31 ) Gordon Greenidge ( 30 ) Allan Border ( 30 ) Don Bradman ( 29 ) Mohammad Azharuddin ( 29 ) Kane Williamson ( 29 ) Graham Gooch ( 28 ) Greg Chappell ( 27 ) Marvan Atapattu ( 27 ) Nathan Astle ( 27 ) Andrew Strauss ( 27 ) Garfield Sobers ( 26 ) David Boon ( 26 ) Marcus Trescothick ( 26 ) Ian Bell ( 26 ) Joe Root ( 26 ) David Gower ( 25 ) Note : Italics denote the players who are currently active at international level World Cup centuries World T20 centuries Champions Trophy centuries Asia Cup centuries Twenty20 International cricket centuries Women 's cricket Test cricket ODI cricket Twenty20 International cricket Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_international_cricket_centuries_by_Rohit_Sharma&oldid=855488875 '' Categories : Lists of international cricket centuries by player Indian cricket lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी नेपाली Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 17 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how many centuries of rohit sharma in international cricket
[ "Rohit Sharma is an Indian cricketer and a right-handed top order batsman.[1] He has made 24 centuries in international cricket—18 in One Day Internationals (ODI), 3 in Test cricket and 3 in T20I cricket—as of July 2018.\n" ]
[ "24" ]
3927791153055745900
The Mind and the Matter
The Mind and the Matter - wikipedia The Mind and the Matter Jump to : navigation , search `` The Mind and the Matter '' The Twilight Zone episode Episode no . Season 2 Episode 27 Directed by Buzz Kulik Written by Rod Serling Featured music Stock Production code 173 - 3659 Original air date May 12 , 1961 Guest appearance ( s ) Shelley Berman Jack Grinnage Chet Stratton Episode chronology ← Previous `` Shadow Play '' Next → `` Will the Real Martian Please Stand Up ? '' The Twilight Zone ( 1959 TV series ) ( season 2 ) List of The Twilight Zone episodes `` The Mind and the Matter '' is episode 63 of the American television anthology series The Twilight Zone . It originally aired on May 12 , 1961 on CBS . Contents ( hide ) 1 Opening narration 2 Plot 3 Closing narration 4 Cast 5 References 6 External links Opening narration ( edit ) `` `` A brief if frenetic introduction to Mr. Archibald Beechcroft . A child of the 20th century , a product of the population explosion , and one of the inheritors of the legacy of progress . Mr. Beechcroft again , this time Act Two of his daily battle for survival , and in just a moment our hero will begin his personal one - man rebellion against the mechanics of his age , and to do so he will enlist certain aides available only in the Twilight Zone . '' '' Plot ( edit ) Mr. Archibald Beechcroft , who has had an insufferable time getting to work , becomes annoyed when an errand boy named Henry spills coffee all over his suit . Taking some aspirin in the bathroom , he encounters his boss , Mr. Rogers , who advises him that he needs to keep fit to avoid headaches . Annoyed , Beechcroft says he 's fed up with the crowded conditions at the office and wants to eliminate all the people of the world . Later Henry , still feeling guilty about spilling the coffee , saves Beechcroft a seat in the cafeteria . He also presents Beechcroft a book titled The Mind and the Matter , which deals with the ultimate in concentration . The book intrigues Beechcroft as he starts to leaf through it in the cafeteria , and he continues to read it on the subway ride home . In his apartment , he reads the last page , and then concludes that the authors are indeed correct that concentration is the greatest power in the universe . It then occurs to him that he can use concentration to realize his dream of eliminating people . He tests his theory out on his landlady , whom he successfully makes disappear . The next day , Beechcroft concentrates while in the subway and all the other commuters disappear . Beechcroft walks into the office to find it totally empty . Though he takes satisfaction in his newfound peace and quiet , he soon grows extremely bored with being the last person in existence . After trying out diversions such as an earthquake or electrical storm , Beechcroft goes home for the night . To overcome his loss of purpose , Beechcroft comes up with the idea of repopulating the world in his image . This proves to be an even bigger mistake , since everybody else ends up being as anti-social , rude and cranky as Beechcroft . The people even look and sound like him . Beechcroft returns the world to the way it used to be , now convinced that , for all its nuisances , it is the best of all possible worlds . Henry spills coffee on Beechcroft again , then asks him if he enjoyed reading The Mind and the Matter . Beechcroft pretends to dismiss the book as `` totally unbelievable . '' Closing narration ( edit ) `` `` Mr. Archibald Beechcroft , a child of the twentieth century , who has found out through trial and error -- and mostly error -- that with all its faults , it may well be that this is the best of all possible worlds . People notwithstanding , it has much to offer . Tonight 's case in point -- in the Twilight Zone . '' '' Cast ( edit ) Shelley Berman as Archibald Beechcroft Jack Grinnage as Henry Chet Stratton as Mr. Rogers Robert McCord as Elevator Operator Jeane Wood as Landlady References ( edit ) DeVoe , Bill . ( 2008 ) . Trivia from The Twilight Zone . Albany , GA : Bear Manor Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59393 - 136 - 0 Grams , Martin . ( 2008 ) . The Twilight Zone : Unlocking the Door to a Television Classic . Churchville , MD : OTR Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9703310 - 9 - 0 External links ( edit ) `` The Mind and the Matter '' on IMDb `` The Mind and the Matter '' at TV.com ( hide ) The Twilight Zone ( 1959 TV series ) episodes Season 1 `` Where Is Everybody ? '' `` One for the Angels '' `` Mr. Denton on Doomsday '' `` The Sixteen - Millimeter Shrine '' `` Walking Distance '' `` Escape Clause '' `` The Lonely '' `` Time Enough at Last '' `` Perchance to Dream '' `` Judgment Night '' `` And When the Sky Was Opened '' `` What You Need '' `` The Four of Us Are Dying '' `` Third from the Sun '' `` I Shot an Arrow into the Air '' `` The Hitch - Hiker '' `` The Fever '' `` The Last Flight '' `` The Purple Testament '' `` Elegy '' `` Mirror Image '' `` The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street '' `` A World of Difference '' `` Long Live Walter Jameson '' `` People Are Alike All Over '' `` Execution '' `` The Big Tall Wish '' `` A Nice Place to Visit '' `` Nightmare as a Child '' `` A Stop at Willoughby '' `` The Chaser '' `` A Passage for Trumpet '' `` Mr. Bevis '' `` The After Hours '' `` The Mighty Casey '' `` A World of His Own '' Season 2 `` King Nine Will Not Return '' `` The Man in the Bottle '' `` Nervous Man in a Four Dollar Room '' `` A Thing About Machines '' `` The Howling Man '' `` The Eye of the Beholder '' `` Nick of Time '' `` The Lateness of the Hour '' `` The Trouble with Templeton '' `` A Most Unusual Camera '' `` The Night of the Meek '' `` Dust '' `` Back There '' `` The Whole Truth '' `` The Invaders '' `` A Penny for Your Thoughts '' `` Twenty Two '' `` The Odyssey of Flight 33 '' `` Mr. Dingle , the Strong '' `` Static '' `` The Prime Mover '' `` Long Distance Call '' `` A Hundred Yards Over the Rim '' `` The Rip Van Winkle Caper '' `` The Silence '' `` Shadow Play '' `` The Mind and the Matter '' `` Will the Real Martian Please Stand Up ? '' `` The Obsolete Man '' Season 3 `` Two '' `` The Arrival '' `` The Shelter '' `` The Passersby '' `` A Game of Pool '' `` The Mirror '' `` The Grave '' `` It 's a Good Life '' `` Deaths - Head Revisited '' `` The Midnight Sun '' `` Still Valley '' `` The Jungle '' `` Once Upon a Time '' `` Five Characters in Search of an Exit '' `` A Quality of Mercy '' `` Nothing in the Dark '' `` One More Pallbearer '' `` Dead Man 's Shoes '' `` The Hunt '' `` Showdown with Rance McGrew '' `` Kick the Can '' `` A Piano in the House '' `` The Last Rites of Jeff Myrtlebank '' `` To Serve Man '' `` The Fugitive '' `` Little Girl Lost '' `` Person or Persons Unknown '' `` The Little People '' `` Four O'Clock '' `` Hocus - Pocus and Frisby '' `` The Trade - Ins '' `` The Gift '' `` The Dummy '' `` Young Man 's Fancy '' `` I Sing the Body Electric '' `` Cavender Is Coming '' `` The Changing of the Guard '' Season 4 `` In His Image '' `` The Thirty - Fathom Grave '' `` Valley of the Shadow '' `` He 's Alive '' `` Mute '' `` Death Ship '' `` Jess - Belle '' `` Miniature '' `` Printer 's Devil '' `` No Time Like the Past '' `` The Parallel '' `` I Dream of Genie '' `` The New Exhibit '' `` Of Late I Think of Cliffordville '' `` The Incredible World of Horace Ford '' `` On Thursday We Leave for Home '' `` Passage on the Lady Anne '' `` The Bard '' Season 5 `` In Praise of Pip '' `` Steel '' `` Nightmare at 20,000 Feet '' `` A Kind of a Stopwatch '' `` The Last Night of a Jockey '' `` Living Doll '' `` The Old Man in the Cave '' `` Uncle Simon '' `` Probe 7 , Over and Out '' `` The 7th Is Made Up of Phantoms '' `` A Short Drink from a Certain Fountain '' `` Ninety Years Without Slumbering '' `` Ring - a-Ding Girl '' `` You Drive '' `` The Long Morrow '' `` The Self - Improvement of Salvadore Ross '' `` Number 12 Looks Just Like You '' `` Black Leather Jackets '' `` Night Call '' `` From Agnes -- With Love '' `` Spur of the Moment '' `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' `` Queen of the Nile '' `` What 's in the Box '' `` The Masks '' `` I Am the Night -- Color Me Black '' `` Sounds and Silences '' `` Caesar and Me '' `` The Jeopardy Room '' `` Stopover in a Quiet Town '' `` The Encounter '' `` Mr. Garrity and the Graves '' `` The Brain Center at Whipple 's '' `` Come Wander with Me '' `` The Fear '' `` The Bewitchin ' Pool '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mind_and_the_Matter&oldid=812285333 '' Categories : 1961 American television episodes The Twilight Zone ( 1959 TV series ) episodes Solitude in fiction Hidden categories : Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 02 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
twilight zone the mind and the matter cast
[ "\nShelley Berman as Archibald Beechcroft\nJack Grinnage as Henry\nChet Stratton as Mr. Rogers\nRobert McCord as Elevator Operator\nJeane Wood as Landlady\n", "\nShelley Berman as Archibald Beechcroft\nJack Grinnage as Henry\nChet Stratton as Mr. Rogers\nRobert McCord as Elevator Operator\nJeane Wood as Landlady\n", "\nShelley Berman as Archibald Beechcroft\nJack Grinnage as Henry\nChet Stratton as Mr. Rogers\nRobert McCord as Elevator Operator\nJeane Wood as Landlady\n", "\nShelley Berman as Archibald Beechcroft\nJack Grinnage as Henry\nChet Stratton as Mr. Rogers\nRobert McCord as Elevator Operator\nJeane Wood as Landlady\n", "\nShelley Berman as Archibald Beechcroft\nJack Grinnage as Henry\nChet Stratton as Mr. Rogers\nRobert McCord as Elevator Operator\nJeane Wood as Landlady\n" ]
[ "Shelley Berman", "Jack Grinnage", "Chet Stratton", "Robert McCord", "Jeane Wood" ]
-3146086489669425417
Star formation
Star formation - wikipedia Star formation Jump to : navigation , search Star formation Object classes Interstellar medium Molecular cloud Bok globule Dark nebula Young stellar object Protostar T Tauri star Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be star Herbig -- Haro object Theoretical concepts Accretion Initial mass function Jeans instability Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Nebular hypothesis Planetary migration Star portal Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space , sometimes referred to as `` stellar nurseries '' or `` star - forming regions '' , collapse and form stars . As a branch of astronomy , star formation includes the study of the interstellar medium ( ISM ) and giant molecular clouds ( GMC ) as precursors to the star formation process , and the study of protostars and young stellar objects as its immediate products . It is closely related to planet formation , another branch of astronomy . Star formation theory , as well as accounting for the formation of a single star , must also account for the statistics of binary stars and the initial mass function . Contents ( hide ) 1 Stellar nurseries 1.1 Interstellar clouds 1.2 Cloud collapse 2 Protostar 3 Observations 3.1 Notable pathfinder objects 4 Low mass and high mass star formation 5 See also 6 References Stellar nurseries ( edit ) Hubble telescope image known as Pillars of Creation , where stars are forming in the Eagle Nebula . Interstellar clouds ( edit ) A spiral galaxy like the Milky Way contains stars , stellar remnants , and a diffuse interstellar medium ( ISM ) of gas and dust . The interstellar medium consists of 10 to 10 particles per cm and is typically composed of roughly 70 % hydrogen by mass , with most of the remaining gas consisting of helium . This medium has been chemically enriched by trace amounts of heavier elements that were ejected from stars as they passed beyond the end of their main sequence lifetime . Higher density regions of the interstellar medium form clouds , or diffuse nebulae , where star formation takes place . In contrast to spirals , an elliptical galaxy loses the cold component of its interstellar medium within roughly a billion years , which hinders the galaxy from forming diffuse nebulae except through mergers with other galaxies . In the dense nebulae where stars are produced , much of the hydrogen is in the molecular ( H ) form , so these nebulae are called molecular clouds . Observations indicate that the coldest clouds tend to form low - mass stars , observed first in the infrared inside the clouds , then in visible light at their surface when the clouds dissipate , while giant molecular clouds , which are generally warmer , produce stars of all masses . These giant molecular clouds have typical densities of 100 particles per cm , diameters of 100 light - years ( 9.5 × 10 km ) , masses of up to 6 million solar masses ( M ) , and an average interior temperature of 10 K . About half the total mass of the galactic ISM is found in molecular clouds and in the Milky Way there are an estimated 6,000 molecular clouds , each with more than 100,000 M. The nearest nebula to the Sun where massive stars are being formed is the Orion nebula , 1,300 ly ( 1.2 × 10 km ) away . However , lower mass star formation is occurring about 400 -- 450 light years distant in the ρ Ophiuchi cloud complex . A more compact site of star formation is the opaque clouds of dense gas and dust known as Bok globules ; so named after the astronomer Bart Bok . These can form in association with collapsing molecular clouds or possibly independently . The Bok globules are typically up to a light year across and contain a few solar masses . They can be observed as dark clouds silhouetted against bright emission nebulae or background stars . Over half the known Bok globules have been found to contain newly forming stars . Assembly of galaxy in early Universe . Cloud collapse ( edit ) An interstellar cloud of gas will remain in hydrostatic equilibrium as long as the kinetic energy of the gas pressure is in balance with the potential energy of the internal gravitational force . Mathematically this is expressed using the virial theorem , which states that , to maintain equilibrium , the gravitational potential energy must equal twice the internal thermal energy . If a cloud is massive enough that the gas pressure is insufficient to support it , the cloud will undergo gravitational collapse . The mass above which a cloud will undergo such collapse is called the Jeans mass . The Jeans mass depends on the temperature and density of the cloud , but is typically thousands to tens of thousands of solar masses . This coincides with the typical mass of an open cluster of stars , which is the end product of a collapsing cloud . ALMA observations of the Orion Nebula complex provide insights into explosions at star birth . In triggered star formation , one of several events might occur to compress a molecular cloud and initiate its gravitational collapse . Molecular clouds may collide with each other , or a nearby supernova explosion can be a trigger , sending shocked matter into the cloud at very high speeds . Alternatively , galactic collisions can trigger massive starbursts of star formation as the gas clouds in each galaxy are compressed and agitated by tidal forces . The latter mechanism may be responsible for the formation of globular clusters . A supermassive black hole at the core of a galaxy may serve to regulate the rate of star formation in a galactic nucleus . A black hole that is accreting infalling matter can become active , emitting a strong wind through a collimated relativistic jet . This can limit further star formation . Massive black holes ejecting radio - frequency - emitting particles at near - light speed can also block the formation of new stars in aging galaxies . However , the radio emissions around the jets may also trigger star formation . Likewise , a weaker jet may trigger star formation when it collides with a cloud . Dwarf galaxy ESO 553 - 46 has one of the highest rates of star formation of the 1000 or so galaxies nearest to the Milky Way . As it collapses , a molecular cloud breaks into smaller and smaller pieces in a hierarchical manner , until the fragments reach stellar mass . In each of these fragments , the collapsing gas radiates away the energy gained by the release of gravitational potential energy . As the density increases , the fragments become opaque and are thus less efficient at radiating away their energy . This raises the temperature of the cloud and inhibits further fragmentation . The fragments now condense into rotating spheres of gas that serve as stellar embryos . Complicating this picture of a collapsing cloud are the effects of turbulence , macroscopic flows , rotation , magnetic fields and the cloud geometry . Both rotation and magnetic fields can hinder the collapse of a cloud . Turbulence is instrumental in causing fragmentation of the cloud , and on the smallest scales it promotes collapse . Protostar ( edit ) Main article : Protostar LH 95 stellar nursery in Large Magellanic Cloud . A protostellar cloud will continue to collapse as long as the gravitational binding energy can be eliminated . This excess energy is primarily lost through radiation . However , the collapsing cloud will eventually become opaque to its own radiation , and the energy must be removed through some other means . The dust within the cloud becomes heated to temperatures of 60 -- 100 K , and these particles radiate at wavelengths in the far infrared where the cloud is transparent . Thus the dust mediates the further collapse of the cloud . During the collapse , the density of the cloud increases towards the center and thus the middle region becomes optically opaque first . This occurs when the density is about 10 g / cm . A core region , called the First Hydrostatic Core , forms where the collapse is essentially halted . It continues to increase in temperature as determined by the virial theorem . The gas falling toward this opaque region collides with it and creates shock waves that further heat the core . Composite image showing young stars in and around molecular cloud Cepheus B . When the core temperature reaches about 2000 K , the thermal energy dissociates the H molecules . This is followed by the ionization of the hydrogen and helium atoms . These processes absorb the energy of the contraction , allowing it to continue on timescales comparable to the period of collapse at free fall velocities . After the density of infalling material has reached about 10 g / cm , that material is sufficiently transparent to allow energy radiated by the protostar to escape . The combination of convection within the protostar and radiation from its exterior allow the star to contract further . This continues until the gas is hot enough for the internal pressure to support the protostar against further gravitational collapse -- a state called hydrostatic equilibrium . When this accretion phase is nearly complete , the resulting object is known as a protostar . N11 , part of a complex network of gas clouds and star clusters within our neighbouring galaxy , the Large Magellanic Cloud . Accretion of material onto the protostar continues partially from the newly formed circumstellar disc . When the density and temperature are high enough , deuterium fusion begins , and the outward pressure of the resultant radiation slows ( but does not stop ) the collapse . Material comprising the cloud continues to `` rain '' onto the protostar . In this stage bipolar jets are produced called Herbig - Haro objects . This is probably the means by which excess angular momentum of the infalling material is expelled , allowing the star to continue to form . When the surrounding gas and dust envelope disperses and accretion process stops , the star is considered a pre -- main sequence star ( PMS star ) . The energy source of these objects is gravitational contraction , as opposed to hydrogen burning in main sequence stars . The PMS star follows a Hayashi track on the Hertzsprung -- Russell ( H -- R ) diagram . The contraction will proceed until the Hayashi limit is reached , and thereafter contraction will continue on a Kelvin -- Helmholtz timescale with the temperature remaining stable . Stars with less than 0.5 M thereafter join the main sequence . For more massive PMS stars , at the end of the Hayashi track they will slowly collapse in near hydrostatic equilibrium , following the Henyey track . Finally , hydrogen begins to fuse in the core of the star , and the rest of the enveloping material is cleared away . This ends the protostellar phase and begins the star 's main sequence phase on the H -- R diagram . The stages of the process are well defined in stars with masses around 1 M or less . In high mass stars , the length of the star formation process is comparable to the other timescales of their evolution , much shorter , and the process is not so well defined . The later evolution of stars are studied in stellar evolution . Protostar Protostar outburst - HOPS 383 ( 2015 ) . Observations ( edit ) The Orion Nebula is an archetypical example of star formation , from the massive , young stars that are shaping the nebula to the pillars of dense gas that may be the homes of budding stars . Key elements of star formation are only available by observing in wavelengths other than the optical . The protostellar stage of stellar existence is almost invariably hidden away deep inside dense clouds of gas and dust left over from the GMC . Often , these star - forming cocoons known as Bok globules , can be seen in silhouette against bright emission from surrounding gas . Early stages of a star 's life can be seen in infrared light , which penetrates the dust more easily than visible light . Observations from the Wide - field Infrared Survey Explorer ( WISE ) have thus been especially important for unveiling numerous Galactic protostars and their parent star clusters . Examples of such embedded star clusters are FSR 1184 , FSR 1190 , Camargo 14 , Camargo 74 , Majaess 64 , and Majaess 98 . Star - forming region S106 . The structure of the molecular cloud and the effects of the protostar can be observed in near - IR extinction maps ( where the number of stars are counted per unit area and compared to a nearby zero extinction area of sky ) , continuum dust emission and rotational transitions of CO and other molecules ; these last two are observed in the millimeter and submillimeter range . The radiation from the protostar and early star has to be observed in infrared astronomy wavelengths , as the extinction caused by the rest of the cloud in which the star is forming is usually too big to allow us to observe it in the visual part of the spectrum . This presents considerable difficulties as the Earth 's atmosphere is almost entirely opaque from 20μm to 850μm , with narrow windows at 200μm and 450μm . Even outside this range , atmospheric subtraction techniques must be used . Young stars ( purple ) revealed by X-ray inside the NGC 2024 star - forming region . X-ray observations have proven useful for studying young stars , since X-ray emission from these objects is 100 -- 100,000 times stronger than X-ray emission from main - sequence stars . The earliest detections of X-rays from T Tauri stars were made by the Einstein X-ray Observatory . For low - mass stars X-rays are generated by the heating of the stellar corona through magnetic reconnection , while for high - mass O and early B - type stars X-rays are generated through supersonic shocks in the stellar winds . Photons in the soft X-ray energy range covered by the Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM Newton may penetrate the interstellar medium with only moderate absorption due to gas , making the X-ray a useful wavelength for seeing the stellar populations within molecular clouds . X-ray emission as evidence of stellar youth makes this band particularly useful for performing censuses of stars in star - forming regions , given that not all young stars have infrared excesses . X-ray observations have provided near - complete censuses of all stellar - mass objects in the Orion Nebula Cluster and Taurus Molecular Cloud . The formation of individual stars can only be directly observed in the Milky Way Galaxy , but in distant galaxies star formation has been detected through its unique spectral signature . Initial research indicates star - forming clumps start as giant , dense areas in turbulent gas - rich matter in young galaxies , live about 500 million years , and may migrate to the center of a galaxy , creating the central bulge of a galaxy . On February 21 , 2014 , NASA announced a greatly upgraded database for tracking polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) in the universe . According to scientists , more than 20 % of the carbon in the universe may be associated with PAHs , possible starting materials for the formation of life . PAHs seem to have been formed shortly after the Big Bang , are widespread throughout the universe , and are associated with new stars and exoplanets . Notable pathfinder objects ( edit ) MWC 349 was first discovered in 1978 , and is estimated to be only 1,000 years old . VLA 1623 -- The first exemplar Class 0 protostar , a type of embedded protostar that has yet to accrete the majority of its mass . Found in 1993 , is possibly younger than 10,000 years ( 1 ) . L1014 -- An incredibly faint embedded object representative of a new class of sources that are only now being detected with the newest telescopes . Their status is still undetermined , they could be the youngest low - mass Class 0 protostars yet seen or even very low - mass evolved objects ( like a brown dwarf or even an interstellar planet ) . ( 2 ) IRS 8 * -- The youngest known main sequence star in the Galactic Center region , discovered in August 2006 . It is estimated to be 3.5 million years old ( 3 ) . Low mass and high mass star formation ( edit ) Star - forming region Westerhout 40 and the Serpens - Aquila Rift - cloud filaments containing new stars fill the region . Stars of different masses are thought to form by slightly different mechanisms . The theory of low - mass star formation , which is well - supported by a plethora of observations , suggests that low - mass stars form by the gravitational collapse of rotating density enhancements within molecular clouds . As described above , the collapse of a rotating cloud of gas and dust leads to the formation of an accretion disk through which matter is channeled onto a central protostar . For stars with masses higher than about 8 M , however , the mechanism of star formation is not well understood . Massive stars emit copious quantities of radiation which pushes against infalling material . In the past , it was thought that this radiation pressure might be substantial enough to halt accretion onto the massive protostar and prevent the formation of stars with masses more than a few tens of solar masses . Recent theoretical work has shown that the production of a jet and outflow clears a cavity through which much of the radiation from a massive protostar can escape without hindering accretion through the disk and onto the protostar . Present thinking is that massive stars may therefore be able to form by a mechanism similar to that by which low mass stars form . There is mounting evidence that at least some massive protostars are indeed surrounded by accretion disks . Several other theories of massive star formation remain to be tested observationally . Of these , perhaps the most prominent is the theory of competitive accretion , which suggests that massive protostars are `` seeded '' by low - mass protostars which compete with other protostars to draw in matter from the entire parent molecular cloud , instead of simply from a small local region . Another theory of massive star formation suggests that massive stars may form by the coalescence of two or more stars of lower mass . See also ( edit ) Accretion Champagne flow model Chronology of the universe Formation and evolution of the Solar System Galaxy formation and evolution List of star - forming regions in the Local Group References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stahler , S.W. & Palla , F. ( 2004 ) . The Formation of Stars . Weinheim : Wiley - VCH . ISBN 3 - 527 - 40559 - 3 . Jump up ^ O'Dell , C.R. `` Nebula '' . World Book at NASA . World Book , Inc . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Prialnik , Dina ( 2000 ) . An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and Evolution . Cambridge University Press . 195 -- 212 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65065 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dupraz , C. ; Casoli , F. ( June 4 -- 9 , 1990 ) . `` The Fate of the Molecular Gas from Mergers to Ellipticals '' . Dynamics of Galaxies and Their Molecular Cloud Distributions : Proceedings of the 146th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union . Paris , France : Kluwer Academic Publishers . 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( 2007 ) . `` A Parallactic Distance of 389 − 21 + 24 ( \ displaystyle 389_ ( - 21 ) ^ ( + 24 ) ) Parsecs to the Orion Nebula Cluster from Very Long Baseline Array Observations '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 667 ( 2 ) : 1161 . arXiv : 0706.2361 . Bibcode : 2007ApJ ... 667.1161 S . doi : 10.1086 / 520922 . Jump up ^ Wilking , B.A. ; Gagné , M. ; Allen , L.E. `` Star Formation in the ρ Ophiuchi Molecular Cloud '' . In Bo Reipurth . Handbook of Star Forming Regions , Volume II : The Southern Sky ASP Monograph Publications . arXiv : 0811.0005 . Bibcode : 2008hsf2. book ... 351W . Jump up ^ Khanzadyan , T. ; Smith , M.D. ; Gredel , R. ; Stanke , T. ; Davis , C.J. ( February 2002 ) . `` Active star formation in the large Bok globule CB 34 '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 383 ( 2 ) : 502 -- 518 . Bibcode : 2002A&A ... 383 ... 502K . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20011531 . Jump up ^ Hartmann , Lee ( 2000 ) . Accretion Processes in Star Formation . Cambridge University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78520 - 0 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David ( 2004 ) . The Origin of Stars . Imperial College Press . pp. 43 -- 44 . ISBN 1 - 86094 - 501 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` ALMA Witnesses Assembly of Galaxies in the Early Universe for the First Time '' . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kwok , Sun ( 2006 ) . Physics and chemistry of the interstellar medium . University Science Books . pp. 435 -- 437 . ISBN 1 - 891389 - 46 - 7 . Jump up ^ Battaner , E. ( 1996 ) . Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics . Cambridge University Press . pp. 166 -- 167 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43747 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` ALMA Captures Dramatic Stellar Fireworks '' . www.eso.org . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Jog , C.J. ( August 26 -- 30 , 1997 ) . `` Starbursts Triggered by Cloud Compression in Interacting Galaxies '' . In Barnes , J.E. ; Sanders , D.B. Proceedings of IAU Symposium # 186 , Galaxy Interactions at Low and High Redshift . Kyoto , Japan . Bibcode : 1999IAUS ... 186 ... 235J . Jump up ^ Keto , Eric ; Ho , Luis C. ; Lo , K. - Y. ( December 2005 ) . `` M82 , Starbursts , Star Clusters , and the Formation of Globular Clusters '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 635 ( 2 ) : 1062 -- 1076 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0508519 . Bibcode : 2005ApJ ... 635.1062 K . doi : 10.1086 / 497575 . Jump up ^ Gralla , Meg ; et al. ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` A measurement of the millimetre emission and the Sunyaev -- Zel'dovich effect associated with low - frequency radio sources '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . Oxford University Press . 445 ( 1 ) : 460 -- 478 . arXiv : 1310.8281 . Bibcode : 2014MNRAS. 445 ... 460G . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / stu1592 . Jump up ^ van Breugel , Wil ; et al. ( November 2004 ) . T. Storchi - Bergmann ; L.C. Ho ; Henrique R. Schmitt , eds . The Interplay among Black Holes , Stars and ISM in Galactic Nuclei . Cambridge University Press . pp. 485 -- 488 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0406668 . Bibcode : 2004IAUS ... 222 ... 485V . doi : 10.1017 / S1743921304002996 . Jump up ^ `` Size can be deceptive '' . www.spacetelescope.org . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Prialnik , Dina ( 2000 ) . An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and Evolution . Cambridge University Press . pp. 198 -- 199 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65937 - X . Jump up ^ Hartmann , Lee ( 2000 ) . Accretion Processes in Star Formation . Cambridge University Press . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78520 - 0 . Jump up ^ Li , Hua - bai ; Dowell , C. Darren ; Goodman , Alyssa ; Hildebrand , Roger ; Novak , Giles ( 2009 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Anchoring Magnetic Field in Turbulent Molecular Clouds '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 704 ( 2 ) : 891 . arXiv : 0908.1549 . Bibcode : 2009ApJ ... 704 ... 891L . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 704 / 2 / 891 . Jump up ^ Ballesteros - Paredes , J. ; Klessen , R.S. ; Mac Low , M. - M. ; Vazquez - Semadeni , E. `` Molecular Cloud Turbulence and Star Formation '' . In Reipurth , B. ; Jewitt , D. ; Keil , K. Protostars and Planets V. pp. 63 -- 80 . ISBN 0 - 8165 - 2654 - 0 . Jump up ^ Longair , M.S. ( 2008 ) . Galaxy Formation ( 2nd ed . ) . Springer . p. 478 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 73477 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Larson , Richard B. ( 1969 ) . `` Numerical calculations of the dynamics of collapsing proto - star '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 145 ( 3 ) : 271 . Bibcode : 1969MNRAS. 145 ... 271L . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 145.3. 271 . Jump up ^ Salaris , Maurizio ( 2005 ) . Cassisi , Santi , ed . Evolution of stars and stellar populations . John Wiley and Sons . pp. 108 -- 109 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 09220 - 3 . Jump up ^ C. Hayashi ( 1961 ) . `` Stellar evolution in early phases of gravitational contraction '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan . 13 : 450 -- 452 . Bibcode : 1961PASJ ... 13 ... 450H . Jump up ^ L.G. Henyey ; R. Lelevier ; R.D. Levée ( 1955 ) . `` The Early Phases of Stellar Evolution '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 67 ( 396 ) : 154 . Bibcode : 1955PASP ... 67 ... 154H . doi : 10.1086 / 126791 . Jump up ^ B.J. Bok & E.F. Reilly ( 1947 ) . `` Small Dark Nebulae '' . Astrophysical Journal . 105 : 255 . Bibcode : 1947ApJ ... 105 ... 255B . doi : 10.1086 / 144901 . Yun , Joao Lin ; Clemens , Dan P. ( 1990 ) . `` Star formation in small globules -- Bart BOK was correct '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 365 : L73 . Bibcode : 1990ApJ ... 365L ... 73Y . doi : 10.1086 / 185891 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Robert A. ; Churchwell , E. ; Babler , Brian L. ; Bania , T.M. ; Clemens , Dan P. ; Cohen , Martin ; Dickey , John M. ; Indebetouw , Rémy ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` GLIMPSE . I. An SIRTF Legacy Project to Map the Inner Galaxy '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 115 ( 810 ) : 953 -- 964 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0306274 . Bibcode : 2003PASP ... 115 ... 953B . doi : 10.1086 / 376696 . Jump up ^ `` Wide - field Infrared Survey Explorer Mission '' . NASA . Jump up ^ Majaess , D. ( 2013 ) . Discovering protostars and their host clusters via WISE , ApSS , 344 , 1 ( VizieR catalog ) Jump up ^ Camargo et al. ( 2015 ) . New Galactic embedded clusters and candidates from a WISE Survey , New Astronomy , 34 Jump up ^ Getman , K. ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` Core - Halo Age Gradients and Star Formation in the Orion Nebula and NGC 2024 Young Stellar Clusters '' . Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 787 ( 2 ) : 109 . arXiv : 1403.2742 . Bibcode : 2014ApJ ... 787 ... 109G . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 787 / 2 / 109 . Jump up ^ Preibisch , T. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` The Origin of T Tauri X-Ray Emission : New Insights from the Chandra Orion Ultradeep Project '' . Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 160 ( 2 ) : 401 -- 422 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0506526 . Bibcode : 2005ApJS ... 160 ... 401P . doi : 10.1086 / 432891 . Jump up ^ Feigelson , E.D. ; Decampli , W.M. ( 1981 ) . `` Observations of X-ray emission from T - Tauri stars '' . Astrophysical Journal Letters. 243 : L89 -- L93 . Bibcode : 1981ApJ ... 243L ... 89F . doi : 10.1086 / 183449 . Jump up ^ Montmerle , T. ; et al. ( 1983 ) . `` Einstein observations of the Rho Ophiuchi dark cloud - an X-ray Christmas tree '' . Astrophysical Journal , Part 1 . 269 : 182 -- 201 . Bibcode : 1983ApJ ... 269 ... 182M . doi : 10.1086 / 161029 . Jump up ^ Feigelson , E.D. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Overview of the Massive Young Star - Forming Complex Study in Infrared and X-Ray ( MYStIX ) Project '' . Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 209 ( 2 ) : 26 . arXiv : 1309.4483 . Bibcode : 2013ApJS ... 209 ... 26F . doi : 10.1088 / 0067 - 0049 / 209 / 2 / 26 . Jump up ^ Getman , K.V. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Chandra Orion Ultradeep Project : Observations and Source Lists '' . Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 160 ( 2 ) : 319 -- 352 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0410136 . Bibcode : 2005ApJS ... 160 ... 319G . doi : 10.1086 / 432092 . Jump up ^ Güdel , M. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` The XMM - Newton extended survey of the Taurus molecular cloud ( XEST ) '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 468 ( 2 ) : 353 -- 377 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0609160 . Bibcode : 2007A&A ... 468 ... 353G . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20065724 . Jump up ^ `` Young Star - Forming Clump in Deep Space Spotted for First Time '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Hoover , Rachel ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` Need to Track Organic Nano - Particles Across the Universe ? NASA 's Got an App for That '' . NASA . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , M.A. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` A Chandra Observation of the Obscured Star - forming Complex W40 '' . Astrophysical Journal . 725 ( 2 ) : 2485 -- 2506 . arXiv : 1010.5434 . Bibcode : 2010ApJ ... 725.2485 K . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 725 / 2 / 2485 . Jump up ^ André , Ph. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` From filamentary clouds to prestellar cores to the stellar IMF : Initial highlights from the Herschel Gould Belt Survey '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 518 : L102 . arXiv : 1005.2618 . Bibcode : 2010A&A ... 518L. 102A . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201014666 . Jump up ^ M.G. Wolfire ; J.P. Cassinelli ( 1987 ) . `` Conditions for the formation of massive stars '' . Astrophysical Journal . 319 ( 1 ) : 850 -- 867 . Bibcode : 1987ApJ ... 319 ... 850W . doi : 10.1086 / 165503 . Jump up ^ C.F. McKee ; J.C. Tan ( 2002 ) . `` Massive star formation in 100,000 years from turbulent and pressurized molecular clouds '' . Nature . 416 ( 6876 ) : 59 -- 61 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0203071 . Bibcode : 2002Natur. 416 ... 59M . doi : 10.1038 / 416059a . PMID 11882889 . Jump up ^ R. Banerjee ; R.E. Pudritz ( 2007 ) . `` Massive star formation via high accretion rates and early disk - driven outflows '' . Astrophysical Journal . 660 ( 1 ) : 479 -- 488 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0612674 . 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Star Formation Accretion Molecular cloud Bok globule Young stellar object Protostar Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be Orion T Tauri FU Orionis Herbig -- Haro object Hayashi track Henyey track Evolution Main sequence Red giant branch Horizontal branch Red clump Asymptotic giant branch Protoplanetary nebula Planetary nebula PG1159 star Dredge - up Instability strip Luminous blue variable Blue straggler Stellar population Supernova Supernova impostor Hypernova Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram Color -- color diagram Luminosity class Subdwarf Dwarf Blue Red White Yellow Brown Subgiant Giant Blue Red Bright giant Supergiant Blue Red Yellow Hypergiant Yellow Spectral classification O WR Be OB Subdwarf O Subdwarf B Late - type Chemically peculiar Am Ap / Bp Barium Carbon CH CN Extreme helium Lambda Boötis Lead HgMn Technetium Shell Remnants White dwarf Helium planet Neutron star Radio - quiet Pulsar Binary X-ray Magnetar Stellar black hole X-ray binary Burster Theoretical stars Black dwarf Exotic Quark Strange Preon Planck Electroweak star Dark - matter star Dark - energy star Black star Gravastar Frozen star Q star Quasi-star Thorne -- Żytkow object Iron star Blitzar Nucleosynthesis Deuterium burning Lithium burning Proton -- proton chain CNO cycle Helium flash Triple - alpha process Alpha process Carbon burning Neon burning Oxygen burning Silicon burning S - process R - process Fusor Nova Symbiotic Remnant Luminous red nova Structure Core Convection zone Microturbulence Oscillations Radiation zone Atmosphere Photosphere Starspot Chromosphere Corona Stellar wind Bubble Bipolar outflow Accretion disk Asteroseismology Helioseismology Eddington luminosity Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Properties Designation Dynamics Effective temperature Kinematics Magnetic field Absolute magnitude Mass Metallicity Rotation UBV color Variable star Mira variable Star systems Binary Contact Common envelope Eclipsing Multiple Star cluster Open cluster Globular cluster Super star cluster Planetary system Earth 's Solar System Earth - centric observation of Pole star Circumpolar star Constellation Asterism Magnitude Apparent Extinction Photographic Radial velocity Proper motion Parallax Photometric - standard star Lists Star names Arabic Chinese Extremes Most massive Highest temperature Largest volume Smallest volume Brightest Historical Most luminous Nearest Nearest bright Stars with exoplanets Brown dwarfs White dwarfs Milky Way novae Notable supernovae Supernova candidates Supernova remnants Planetary nebulae Timeline of stellar astronomy Related articles Substellar object Brown dwarf Sub-brown dwarf Planet Galactic year Galaxy Supercluster Guest star Gravity Intergalactic star Infrared dark cloud Starfield Category : Stars Star portal GND : 4057364 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_formation&oldid=811459964 '' Categories : Star formation Stellar astronomy Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 19 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
a glowing cloud of hot interstellar gas inside of which stars are being formed is called a(n)
[ "A spiral galaxy like the Milky Way contains stars, stellar remnants, and a diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) of gas and dust. The interstellar medium consists of 10−4 to 106 particles per cm3 and is typically composed of roughly 70% hydrogen by mass, with most of the remaining gas consisting of helium. This medium has been chemically enriched by trace amounts of heavier elements that were ejected from stars as they passed beyond the end of their main sequence lifetime. Higher density regions of the interstellar medium form clouds, or diffuse nebulae,[2] where star formation takes place.[3] In contrast to spirals, an elliptical galaxy loses the cold component of its interstellar medium within roughly a billion years, which hinders the galaxy from forming diffuse nebulae except through mergers with other galaxies.[4]" ]
[ "diffuse nebulae" ]
864161893686949497
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid : the Long Haul ( film ) - wikipedia Diary of a Wimpy Kid : the Long Haul ( film ) This is an old revision of this page , as edited by ClueBot NG ( talk contribs ) at 18 : 40 , 28 August 2017 ( Reverting possible vandalism by 50.115. 207.102 to version by Entranced98 . Report False Positive ? Thanks , ClueBot NG. ( 3112667 ) ( Bot ) ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 18 : 40 , 28 August 2017 by ClueBot NG ( talk contribs ) ( Reverting possible vandalism by 50.115. 207.102 to version by Entranced98 . Report False Positive ? Thanks , ClueBot NG. ( 3112667 ) ( Bot ) ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Theatrical release poster Directed by David Bowers Produced by Nina Jacobson Brad Simpson Screenplay by Jeff Kinney David Bowers Based on Hard Luck , The Long Haul and Old School by Jeff Kinney Starring Jason Drucker Alicia Silverstone Tom Everett Scott Charlie Wright Owen Asztalos Narrated by Jason Drucker Music by Edward Shearmur Cinematography Anthony B. Richmond Edited by Troy Takaki Production company Fox 2000 Pictures Color Force Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) Running time 91 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $22 million Box office $39.3 million Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul is a 2017 American family road comedy film directed by David Bowers . It is the fourth installment in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series , and is based on the ninth and tenth books in the series , The Long Haul and Old School , and one element based on the eighth book , Hard Luck about Meemaw . Despite not being a reboot , the original cast members from the first three films do not reprise their roles . It was theatrically released on May 19 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox . The film grossed $39.3 million on a $22 million budget , and was panned by critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Cultural references 4 Release 4.1 Trailer reactions 4.2 Box office 4.3 Critical response 4.4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Plot 5 years after the previous film , while at the Corny 's family restaurant , the Heffley family plans to attend Meemaw 's 90th birthday . However , after Greg rescues Manny , who got stuck inside a tube in the play area , Greg ends up in a ball pit with a diaper stuck on his hand . He subsequently becomes infamous after the people around him record him and post the footage on the internet , leading Greg to be dubbed as ' Diaper Hands . ' Later , at the Heffley residence , Greg learns that Player Expo is taking place not very far from Meemaw 's house in Indianapolis . Greg 's gaming star , Mac Digby , will be attending , and Greg hopes to meet him and get in one of his videos so people will forget about his meme - age as Diaper Hands . He acknowledges that he will have to somehow sneak off from the road trip and attend the Expo without his parents ' knowledge , however . The Heffley family hits the road , where Greg , Rodrick , Frank , and Manny 's devices are immediately confiscated by Susan , who wants the road trip to be absolutely technology - free . After arriving at a motel , Rodrick accidentally locks a pizza , which is for dinner , inside a mini-safe , mistaking it for a microwave . Discouraged , Greg and Rodrick are allowed to get in the hot tub , after another family ( which Greg nicknames the Beardo family ) have finished using it . But before that , Greg gets into the car and takes his phone out of the bag Susan had put it in and plans to use it discreetly . Later , when Greg and Rodrick are relaxing in the hot tub , Rodrick hears a notification from Greg 's phone and discovers his plans to go to Player Expo . Greg discourages Rodrick from telling Susan , saying that they had a rock band video game tournament there that Rodrick could participate in . Liking the idea , Rodrick opts to go with Greg to the Expo . Going to sleep , Greg is annoyed by a loud bang noise created by the Beardo siblings , who playfully crash a trolley into a wall , and storms out of the room . He confronts them but Brandi , the eldest sibling , crashes the trolley into their car , leaving a huge scratch . Just as Mr. Beardo comes out of his motel room , Brandi blames Greg responsible and Mr. Beardo goes after him but he manages to outrun him . Greg returns to his room , but the next morning , he actually slept next to Mr. Beardo , who chases him again , but he manages to escape from the motel with his family . The Heffleys attend a county fair where Manny wins a pig , but Mr. Beardo and his family notices them and begins chasing after Greg but manages to outrun again . Back at the road , the Heffleys , unable to take care of the pig , drop it off at the petting zoo , much to Manny 's dismay , but not before Greg reroutes the GPS to the Player Expo convention . Checking at the hotel room , Greg and Rodrick sneak out to go to Player Expo using the excuse that they are going to get a present for Meemaw . However , after Frank and Susan sees their children on live TV , they go to get the boys themselves . Greg finally sees Mac Digby participating in a video game competition . Desperate to be in one of his videos , Greg instructs Rodrick to record him going up on stage with Mac so his popularity will boost . But the attempt fails when Susan storms into the stage and inadvertently reveals that he is Diaper Hands to the public , causing them to chant him . Susan opens up to Greg and says that all she wanted was a nice road trip that would bring the family closer together , and she accuses Greg of not caring . Greg snaps back at Susan , saying that she does n't care about what he wants , which is why he had to sneak out to the Expo in the first place . Hurt by her son 's words , Susan hands her phone to Greg because she does n't care anymore . On the road again , the tarp on the boat that had been carrying the majority of their belongings , hitched to the car , flies off all across the road . The Heffleys recover their belongings when the Beardo van pulls up and begins stealing suitcases and clothes . They quickly pursue them into the motel room , where the Beardos occupied , and successfully retrieve their belongings . After encountering some trouble , the Heffleys celebrate happily at Meemaw 's and get their car fixed , but the radiator breaks due to the AC not being cranked up all the way . A Spanish - speaking man who works for a towing company pulls over to assist them , but none of the Heffleys can understand him , except Manny , who speaks in fluent Spanish to the man and explains their current situation . It 's implied that he learned this skill from a CD Susan put in during the road trip , which was a guide to learning Spanish . The man , Mr. Luis , tows their car , but Manny gives him instructions to the petting zoo where his pig is , and the two reunite . At the end , Greg explains that although the road trip was n't perfect , he still would n't change a thing . He says that Manny was allowed to keep his pig as a pet , Rodrick was able to get a new van , and Dad was able to explain having time off from work to bond with family . Greg expresses excitement for where they 'll be going next year , but Susan steps in to say they will be flying . In a mid-credits scene , two girls take selfies with Greg , who they recognize as Diaper Hands . Cast Jason Drucker as Gregory `` Greg '' Heffley Alicia Silverstone as Susan Heffley , Greg 's mother Tom Everett Scott as Frank Heffley , Greg 's father Charlie Wright as Rodrick Heffley , Greg 's older brother Owen Asztalos as Rowley Jefferson , Greg 's best friend Wyatt and Dylan Walters as Manny Heffley , Greg 's little brother Joshua Hoover as Mac Digby , a popular internet gamer who Greg idolizes Chris Coppola as Mr. Beardo , the main antagonist of the film Kimberli Lincoln as Mrs. Beardo , Mr. Beardo 's wife Mira Silverman as Brandi Beardo , Mr. Beardo 's rude and spoiled daughter who blames Greg for damaging their car Mimi Gould as Meemaw , Susan 's grandmother and Greg 's great - grandmother Production Development In 2012 , the series ' third entry , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days was described as the last live action film in the franchise . In August 2012 , while doing press for the film , author Jeff Kinney and actors Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron each indicated that there were no plans for a fourth movie , but did not dismiss the possibility entirely . Kinney replied to inquiries regarding the possibility of another sequel , stating , `` At present , we do n't have a fourth film in development , but you never know ! '' When describing the likelihood of starring in another film in the series , Gordon explained , `` Dog Days most likely will be the last movie . The main problem is ( the cast ) is getting older . You ca n't stop it . There 's no way to temporarily stop us from changing and growing up . You know , that 's the problem because the characters are supposed to be timeless . '' In March 2013 , Gordon stated in a Spreecast live stream that there would not be a fourth live action film . Previously , Kinney had indicated that instead of making a live action film of the 3rd novel , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Last Straw , instead he would like to see Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Cabin Fever adapted into an animated film , stating in an interview , `` I hope that it gets made into an animated movie . but I 'd really like to see it turn into an animated television special . '' Pre-production On July 29 , 2016 , it was announced that a fourth live - action Diary of a Wimpy Kid film was in production , and will have a completely different cast , as many of the members from the original cast were too old and have outgrown from their roles . Jason Drucker and Owen Asztalos portray Greg and Rowley , with David Bowers returning as the director . Alicia Silverstone and Tom Everett Scott portray Greg 's parents , Susan and Frank , and Charlie Wright portrays Greg 's older brother Rodrick . Filming Filming of The Long Haul began on September 20 , 2016 , in Atlanta , and concluded on November 18 , 2016 . Cultural references The film somewhat acts as a parody film , referencing two films directed by Alfred Hitchcock . The film in one scene parodies the film The Birds , where the Heffley family getting mauled by seagulls . The film also parodies the film Psycho in the third act , where Greg Heffley is caught by Mr. Beardo in the shower , which Greg is stuck in , which Mr. Beardo nearly catches him , and wet mud goes down the drain . Additionally , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul also referenced a scene of the film Are We There Yet ? . Release The film was released on May 17 , 2017 , in the Philippines , May 19 , 2017 , in the United States , and May 20 , 2017 , in the United Kingdom . Trailer reactions On February 23 , 2017 , a theatrical poster and teaser trailer were released , and the following month , the official trailer was released . Both trailers received negative feedback from fans for its recasting of the main characters , most notably Charlie Wright as Rodrick . To further express their outrage , the fans took to social media and started the hashtag `` # NotMyRodrick '' ( a parody of the `` # NotMyPresident '' trend that followed the election of U.S. president Donald Trump ) , which has spawned countless online memes . Other hashtags included `` # NotMyHeffleys '' and `` # NotMyRowley '' . Both trailers received significant backlash from audiences , and the official trailer received over 43 thousand dislikes , compared to only 8 thousand likes . Box office As of August 12 , 2017 , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul had grossed $20.7 million in the United States and Canada and $17.5 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $38.2 million , against a production budget of $22 million thus making the film the lowest grossing film of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series . In North America , the film was released alongside Everything , Everything and Alien : Covenant , and was initially projected to gross around $12 million from 3,129 theaters during its opening weekend . However , after grossing $2 million on its first day , projections were lowered to $7 million . It ended up finishing with $7.1 million , placing 6th at the box office and marking the lowest opening of the franchise . Critical response Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul has received mostly negative reviews . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 20 % based on 65 reviews and an average rating of 4.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an all - new cast but the same juvenile humor , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul finds the franchise still stuck in arrested -- and largely unfunny -- development . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 39 out of 100 based on 16 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Home media Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul was released on Digital HD from Amazon Video and iTunes on August 1 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray and DVD on August 8 , 2017 . References ^ Jump up to : Rechtshaffen , Michael ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Alien : Covenant , ' No. 8 in the franchise , is poised to unseat ' Guardians ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diary Of A Wimpy Kid : new film confirmed for 2017 '' . Jump up ^ Wimpy Kid ( 1 November 2016 ) . `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Movie Sneak Peek '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` Zachary Gordon Talks `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days '' `` . ClevverTV. 7 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zachary Gordon & Robert Capron Interview - Diary of a Unwimpy Kid : Dog Days '' . HeyUGuysBlog. 3 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Cavna ( 3 August 2012 ) . `` Jeff Kinney on the challenges of his latest film , ' Dog Days ' '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Hiramine , Brie . `` YIKES : ' Diary of a Wimpy Kid ' Fans Are Freaking Out About the New Rodrick Heffley '' . J - 14 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Official Trailer ( HD ) 20th Century FOX '' . www.youtube.com . 20th Century Fox . March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Alien : Covenant ' Lost Its Bite At The B.O. With $36.1 M Opening , - 34 % From ' Prometheus ' '' . Deadline.com . May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul DVD Release Date August 8 , 2017 '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Release Date , News & Reviews - Releases.com '' . www.releases.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . External links Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul on IMDb Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul at Tomatazos ( show ) The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney Novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules The Last Straw Dog Days The Ugly Truth Cabin Fever The Third Wheel Hard Luck The Long Haul Old School Double Down The Getaway Characters Greg Heffley Film series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules Dog Days The Long Haul Category ( show ) Films directed by David Bowers Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Astro Boy ( 2009 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules ( 2011 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days ( 2012 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid:_The_Long_Haul_(film)&oldid=797706358 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s comedy films American films American sequel films American children 's comedy films American road movies Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( film series ) Films with live action and animation 20th Century Fox films Films directed by David Bowers Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikiquote العربية Deutsch עברית Magyar Português Edit links This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia
when does the new diary of a wimpy kid movie come out on dvd
[ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul was released on Digital HD from Amazon Video and iTunes on August 1, 2017, and on Blu-ray and DVD on August 8, 2017.[15][16]" ]
[ "August 8, 2017" ]
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Nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous base - Wikipedia Nitrogenous base Jump to : navigation , search A nitrogenous base , or nitrogen - containing base , is an organic molecule with a nitrogen atom that has the chemical properties of a base . The main biological function of a nitrogenous base is to bond nucleic acids together . A nitrogenous base owes its basic properties to the lone pair of electrons of a nitrogen atom . Nitrogenous bases are typically classified as the derivatives of two parent compounds , pyrimidine and purine . They are non-polar and due to their aromaticity , planar . Both pyrimidines and purines resemble pyridine and are thus weak bases and relatively unreactive towards electrophilic aromatic substitution . Role in nucleic acids ( edit ) Main article : Nucleobase In the biological sciences , nitrogenous bases are increasingly termed nucleobases because of their role in nucleic acids - their flat shape is particularly important when considering their roles as the building blocks of DNA and RNA . A set of five nitrogenous bases is used in the construction of nucleotides , which in turn build up the nucleic acids like DNA and RNA . These nitrogenous bases are adenine ( A ) , uracil ( U ) , guanine ( G ) , thymine ( T ) , and cytosine ( C ) . The nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds between opposing DNA strands to form the rungs of the `` twisted ladder '' or double helix of DNA or a biological catalyst that is found in the nucleotides . Adenine is always paired with thymine , and guanine is always paired with cytosine . These are known as base pairs . Uracil is only present in RNA , replacing thymine . Pyrimidines include thymine , cytosine , and uracil . They have a single ring structure . Purines include adenine and guanine . They have a double ring structure . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nelson , David L. and Michael M Cox ( 2008 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry , ed. 5 , W.H. Freeman and Company . p. 272 . ISBN 071677108X . Jump up ^ Carey , Francis A. ( 2008 ) . Organic Chemistry , ed. 6 , Mc Graw Hill . p. 1206 . ISBN 0072828374 . Jump up ^ Angstadt , Carol N ( 1997 ) Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism . library.med.utah.edu This biochemistry article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogenous_base&oldid=842348176 '' Categories : Biochemistry Biochemistry stubs Talk About Wikipedia Aragonés Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Català Eesti Español Esperanto Galego Italiano 日本 語 Occitan Português Română Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 21 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
cytosine is an example of a nitrogen base found on what acids
[ "In the biological sciences, nitrogenous bases are increasingly termed nucleobases because of their role in nucleic acids - their flat shape is particularly important when considering their roles as the building blocks of DNA and RNA. A set of five nitrogenous bases is used in the construction of nucleotides, which in turn build up the nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. These nitrogenous bases are adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). The nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds between opposing DNA strands to form the rungs of the \"twisted ladder\" or double helix of DNA or a biological catalyst that is found in the nucleotides. Adenine is always paired with thymine, and guanine is always paired with cytosine. These are known as base pairs. Uracil is only present in RNA, replacing thymine. Pyrimidines include thymine, cytosine, and uracil. They have a single ring structure. Purines include adenine and guanine. They have a double ring structure. [3]" ]
[ "nucleic" ]
5800636408771726759
Jacob wrestling with the angel
Jacob wrestling with the angel - wikipedia Jacob wrestling with the angel Jump to : navigation , search Gustave Doré , Jacob Wrestling with the Angel ( 1855 ) Jacob wrestling with the angel is an episode from Genesis ( 32 : 22 - 32 ; also referenced in Hosea 12 : 4 ) . The account includes the renaming of Jacob as Israel ( etymologized as `` contends - with - God '' ) . The `` angel '' in question is referred to as `` man '' ( אִישׁ ) in Genesis , while Hosea references an `` angel '' ( מַלְאָךְ ) , but the episode is also often referenced as Jacob 's `` wrestling with God '' . In the Genesis narrative , Jacob spent the night alone on a riverside during his journey back to Canaan . He encounters a `` man '' who proceeds to wrestle with him until daybreak . In the end , Jacob is given the name `` Israel '' and blessed , while the `` man '' refuses to give his own name . Jacob then names the place where they wrestled Penuel ( פְּנוּאֵל `` face of God '' or `` facing God '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biblical text 2 Interpretations 2.1 Jewish interpretations 2.2 Christian interpretations 2.3 Muslim interpretation 2.4 Other views 3 In arts 3.1 Visual arts 3.2 In music 3.3 In literature and theatre 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Biblical text ( edit ) The Masoretic text reads as follows : The same night he arose and took his two wives , his two female servants , and his eleven children , and crossed the ford of the Jabbok . He took them and sent them across the stream , and everything else that he had . And Jacob was left alone . And a man wrestled with him until the breaking of the day . When the man saw that he did not prevail against Jacob , he touched his hip socket , and Jacob 's hip was put out of joint as he wrestled with him . Then he said , `` Let me go , for the day has broken . '' But Jacob said , `` I will not let you go unless you bless me . '' And he said to him , `` What is your name ? '' And he said , `` Jacob . '' Then he said , `` Your name shall no longer be called Jacob , but Israel , for you have striven with God and with men , and have prevailed . '' Then Jacob asked him , `` Please tell me your name . '' But he said , `` Why is it that you ask my name ? '' And there he blessed him . So Jacob called the name of the place Peniel , saying , `` For I have seen God face to face , and yet my life has been delivered . '' The sun rose upon him as he passed Penuel , limping because of his hip . Therefore to this day the people of Israel do not eat the sinew of the thigh that is on the hip socket , because he touched the socket of Jacob 's hip on the sinew of the thigh . -- Genesis 32 : 22 - 32 The account contains several plays on the meaning of Hebrew names -- Peniel ( or Peniel ) , Israel -- as well as similarity to the root of Jacob 's name ( which sounds like the Hebrew for `` heel '' ) and its compound . The limping of Jacob ( Yaʿaqob ) , may mirror the name of the river , Jabbok ( Yabbok יַבֹּק sounds like `` crooked '' river ) , and Nahmanides ( Deut. 2 : 10 of Jeshurun ) gives the etymology `` one who walks crookedly '' for the name Jacob . The Hebrew text states that it is a `` man '' ( אִישׁ , LXX ἄνθρωπος , Vulgate vir ) with whom Jacob wrestles , but later this `` man '' is identified with God ( Elohim ) by Jacob . Hosea 12 : 4 furthermore references an `` angel '' ( malak ) . Following this , the Targum of Onkelos offers `` because I have seen the Angel of the Lord face to face '' , and the Targum of Palestine gives `` because I have seen the Angels of the Lord face to face '' . Interpretations ( edit ) The identity of Jacob 's wrestling opponent is a matter of debate , named variously as a dream figure , a prophetic vision , an angel ( such as Michael and Samael ) , a protective river spirit , Jesus , or God . Jewish interpretations ( edit ) In Hosea 12 : 4 , Jacob 's opponent is described as malakh `` angel '' : `` Yes , he had power over the angel , and prevailed : he wept , and made supplication to him : he found him in Bethel , and there he spoke with us ; '' . The relative age of the text of Genesis and of Hosea is unclear , as both are part of the Hebrew Bible as redacted in the Second Temple Period , and it has been suggested that malakh may be a late emendation of the text , and would as such represent an early Jewish interpretation of the episode . Maimonides believed that the incident was `` a vision of prophecy '' , while Rashi believed Jacob wrestled with the guardian angel of Esau ( identified as Samael ) , his elder twin brother . Zvi Kolitz ( 1993 ) referred to Jacob `` wrestling with God '' . As a result of the hip injury Jacob suffered while wrestling , Jews are prohibited from eating the meat tendon attached to the hip socket ( sciatic tendon ) , as mentioned in the account at Genesis 32 : 32 . Christian interpretations ( edit ) The interpretation that `` Jacob wrestled with God '' ( glossed in the name Isra - ' el ) is common in Protestant theology , endorsed by both Martin Luther and John Calvin ( although Calvin believed the event was `` only a vision '' ) , as well as later writers such as Joseph Barker ( 1854 ) or Peter L. Berger ( 2014 ) . Other commentaries treat the expression of Jacob 's having seen `` God face to face '' as referencing the Angel of the Lord as the `` Face of God '' . The proximity of the terms `` man '' and `` God '' in the text in some Christian commentaries has also been taken as suggestive of a Christophany . J. Douglas MacMillan ( 1991 ) suggests that the angel with whom Jacob wrestles is a `` pre-incarnation appearance of Christ in the form of a man . '' According to one Christian commentary of the Bible incident described , `` Jacob said , ' I saw God face to face ' . Jacob 's remark does not necessarily mean that the ' man ' with whom he wrestled is God . Rather , as with other , similar statements , when one saw the ' angel of the Lord , ' it was appropriate to claim to have seen the face of God . '' Muslim interpretation ( edit ) This story is not mentioned in the Quran , but is discussed in Muslim commentaries . The commentaries employ the story in explaining other events in the Hebrew Bible that are discussed in the Quran that have parallels , like Moses being attacked by an angel , and to explain Jewish eating customs . Like some Jewish commentators , Islamic commentators described the event as punishment for Jacob failing to give tithes to God but making an offering like a tithe to Esau . Other views ( edit ) In an analysis of Marxist philosopher Ernst Bloch 's 1968 book Atheism in Christianity , Roland Boer says that Bloch sees the incident as falling into the category of `` myth , or at least legend '' . Boer calls this an example of `` a bloodthirsty , vengeful God ... outdone by cunning human beings keen to avoid his fury '' . The wrestling incident on the bank of a stream has been compared to the Greek mythology stories of Achilles ' duel with the river god Scamander and with Menelaus wrestling with the sea - god Proteus . It is also claimed the wrestling incident , along with other Old Testament stories of the Jewish Patriarchs , is based on Akhenaten - linked Egyptian mythology , where Jacob is Osiris / Wizzer , Esau is Set , and the wrestling match is the struggle between them . According to popular author Rosemary Ellen Guiley , `` This dramatic scene has spurred much commentary from Judaic , Catholic , and Protestant theologians , biblical scholars , and literary critics . Does Jacob wrestle with God or with an angel ? ... There is no definitive answer , but the story has been rationalized , romanticized , treated as myth , and treated symbolically . '' In Arts ( edit ) Visual Arts ( edit ) One of the oldest visual depictions is in the illustrated manuscript the Vienna Genesis . Many artists have depicted the scene . In sculpture Jacob Wrestling with the Angel is the subject of a 1940 sculpture by Sir Jacob Epstein on display at the Tate Britain . Paintings include : Rembrandt ( 1659 ) Eugène Delacroix ( 1861 ) Eugène Delacroix ( 1861 ) , ( detail ) Alexander Louis Leloir ( 1865 ) Léon Bonnat ( 1876 ) `` Jacob and the Angel '' by Gustave Moreau ( 1878 ) Paul Gauguin ( 1888 ) , Vision after the Sermon showing the episode envisioned by Breton villagers . In Music ( edit ) The Latin text of Genesis 32 : 30 ' Vidi dominum facie ad faciem ; et salva facta est anima mea ' ( I have seen the Lord face to face ) was set for the third nocturn at Matins on the second Sunday of Lent and was a popular medieval telling of the story of Jacob 's encounter with the angel . It is set as the tenor ( upper voice ) text of Machaut 's multi-text - layered Motet No. 15 Vidi dominum ( I have seen the LORD ) simultaneously with two secular French texts : `` Faux semblant m'a decü '' and `` Amours qui ha le pouvoir . '' Machaut musically contrasts God 's blessing in the Latin text with the disappointments of secular love in the French texts . Charles Wesley 's hymn `` Come , O Thou Traveller Unknown '' , often known as `` Wrestling Jacob '' , is based on the passage which describes Jacob wrestling with an angel . It is traditionally sung to the tune of St Petersburg . U2 's Bullet the Blue Sky , the 4th . track on their 1987 album The Joshua Tree includes the lyric `` Jacob wrestled the angel and the angel was overcome . '' In Literature and theatre ( edit ) The motif of `` wrestling with the angels '' occurs in several novels including Hermann Hesse 's Demian ( 1919 ) , Dodie Smith 's I Capture the Castle ( 1948 ) , Margaret Laurence 's `` The Stone Angel '' ( 1964 ) . In poetry the theme appears in Rainer Maria Rilke 's `` The Man Watching '' ( c. 1920 ) , Herman Melville 's poem `` Art , '' and Emily Dickinson 's poem `` A little East of Jordan '' ( Fr145B , 1860 ) . In theatre , wrestling with the angel is mentioned in Tony Kushner 's play Angels in America ( 1990 ) ; the version depicted on - screen was the 1865 version by Alexander Louis Leloir . Gustave Dore 's image is reenacted in Jean - Luc Godard 's Passion by a film extra dressed as an angel and Jerzy Radziwiłowicz . Also Maud Hart Lovelace 's Betsy 's Wedding ( 1955 ) , Stephen King 's novel It ( 1986 ) , Sheila Heti 's novel How Should A Person Be ? ( 2012 ) and David Fennario 's play Balconville ( 1979 ) . See also ( edit ) Angel of the Lord Theophany References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John Muddiman ( 2007 ) . Barton , John ; Muddiman , John , eds . The Oxford Bible Commentary ( illustrated , reprint , revised ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 577 . ISBN 9780199277186 . Jump up ^ Strong 's Concordance H6439 Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature -- ed . David L. Jeffrey -- 1992 Page 852 `` WRESTLING JACOB The account of Jacob wrestling with the angel at the ford of the Jabbok River is replete with Hebrew puns ( Gen. 32 : 24 -- 32 ) . Several of these relate to the root of Jacob 's name , ' qb ( '' heel `` ) , and its compound standing as a West Semitic diminutive of `` The LORD will pursue '' or `` The LORD preserves '' Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature - ed . David L. Jeffrey - 1992 Page 852 `` Jacob was forced to answer , Yaʿaqob , perhaps mirroring the name of the river , Yabbok , but meaning `` crooked '' ( Nahmanides , Deut. 2 : 10 of Jeshurun , gives this etymology for Jacob , `` one who walks crookedly '' ; after the thigh wound delivered ... '' Jump up ^ Meir Gertner Vetus Testamentum , International Organization of Old Testament Scholars , International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament 1960 -- Volume 10 - Page 277 : `` In Genesis it is a ' man ' with whom Jacob wrestled . Later in the story this ' man ' appears to be identified with God ( Gen. xxxii 29 , 31 ) . Talmud , Targum , Syriac and Vulgate take ' God ' here to be an angel . '' Jump up ^ Anthony Hanson The Prophetic Gospel : Study of John and the Old Testament 056704064X 2006 Page 76 `` The Targum of Onkelos offers ' because I have seen the Angel of the Lord face to face ' , 14 and the Targum of Palestine ' because I have seen the Angels of the Lord face to face '. i5 No doubt this substitution was facilitated by Hosea 12.4 , where Jump up ^ Green , Thomas A , ed. ( 2001 ) . Martial Arts of the World : An Encyclopedia ( illustrated ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 788 . ISBN 9781576071502 . Jump up ^ Ellens , J. Harold ; Rollins , Wayne G. , eds. ( 2004 ) . Psychology and the Bible : From Genesis to apocalyptic vision ( illustrated ed . ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 77 . ISBN 9780275983499 . Jump up ^ `` the word is regarded as a gloss by many writers '' Myrto Theocharous Lexical Dependence and Intertextual Allusion in the Septuagint of the Twelve Patriarchs ^ Jump up to : Loades , Ann ; McLain , Michael , eds. ( 1992 ) . `` Wrestling with the Angel : A Study in Historical and Literary Interpretation '' . Hermeneutics , the Bible and Literary Criticism ( illustrated ed . ) . Springer . pp. 133 -- 4 . ISBN 9781349219865 . Jump up ^ Howard Schwartz ; Elliot K. Ginsburg ( 2006 ) . Tree of Souls : The Mythology of Judaism ( illustrated , reprint , annotated ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 359 . ISBN 9780195327137 . Jump up ^ Shammai Engelmayer ; Joseph S. Ozarowski ; David Sofian ( 1997 ) . Lipman , Steve , ed . Common Ground : The Weekly Torah Portion Through the Eyes of a Conservative , Orthodox , and Reform Rabbi . Jason Aronson . p. 50 . ISBN 9780765759924 . Jump up ^ Zvi Kolitz ( 1993 ) . Confrontation : The Existential Thought of Rabbi J.B. Soloveitchik . KTAV Publishing House . p. 50 . ISBN 9780881254310 . Jump up ^ Ze'ev Maghen ( 2006 ) . After Hardship Cometh Ease : The Jews as Backdrop for Muslim Moderation ( reprint ed . ) . Walter de Gruyter . p. 117 . ISBN 9783110184549 . Jump up ^ John R. Kohlenberger ( 2004 ) . Kohlenberger , John R. , ed . The Essential Evangelical Parallel Bible : New King James Version , English Standard Version , New Living Translation , the Message . Oxford University Press . p. 77 . ISBN 9780195281781 . Jump up ^ Tremper Longman ; David E. Garland ( 2008 ) . Longman , Tremper ; Garland , David E. , eds . Genesis - Leviticus ( revised ed . ) . Harper Collins . p. 255 . ISBN 9780310230823 . Jump up ^ Eli Yassif ( 2009 ) . The Hebrew Folktale : History , Genre , Meaning . Indiana University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 9780253002624 . Jump up ^ Joseph Barker ( 1854 ) . Seven Lectures on the Supernatural Origin & Divine Authority of the Bible . By J. Barker . Containing his reply to the Rev. Mr. Sergeant , etc . George Turner . p. 87 . Jump up ^ Peter L. Berger ( 2014 ) . Redeeming Laughter : The Comic Dimension of Human Experience ( 2 , reprint ed . ) . Walter de Gruyter . p. 88 . ISBN 9783110354003 . ^ Jump up to : Tremper Longman ; David E. Garland ( 2008 ) . Longman , Tremper ; Garland , David E. , eds . Genesis - Leviticus ( revised ed . ) . Harper Collins . pp. 255 -- 6 . ISBN 9780310230823 . Jump up ^ MacMillan , J. Douglas ( 1991 ) . Wrestling with God : Lessons from the life of Jacob . Evangelical Press of Wales . p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Ibn Kathir . `` The Story of Ya'qub ( Jacob ) '' . The Stories of the Prophets . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Noegel , Scott B. ; Brannon M. Wheeler . `` Jacob '' . The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism . Scarecrow Press . pp. 160 -- 162 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4617 - 1895 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Wheeler , Brannon M. ( 2002 ) . Moses in the Quran and Islamic Exegesis . Psychology Press . p. 55 . ISBN 9780700716036 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Brannon ( 2002 ) . Prophets in the Quran : An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis . A&C Black . pp. 114 -- 115 . ISBN 9780826449566 . Jump up ^ Roland Boer ( 2007 ) . Criticism of Heaven : On Marxism and Theology . Brill . pp. 39 , 41 . ISBN 9789004161115 . Jump up ^ Donald H. Mills ( 2002 ) . The Hero and the Sea : Patterns of Chaos in Ancient Myth . Bolchazy - Carducci Publishers . pp. 145 -- 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86516 - 508 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bruce Louden ( 2011 ) . Homer 's Odyssey and the Near East . Cambridge University Press . pp. 114 -- 118 . ISBN 9781139494908 . Jump up ^ Stephen S. Mehler ( 2005 ) . From Light Into Darkness : The Evolution of Religion in Ancient Egypt ( illustrated ed . ) . Adventures Unlimited Press . pp. 131 -- 2 . ISBN 9781931882491 . Jump up ^ Rosemary Guiley ( 2004 ) . The Encyclopedia of Angels . Infobase Publishing . p. 195 . ISBN 9781438130026 . Jump up ^ Horst Woldemar Janson , Anthony F. Janson History of Art : The Western Tradition 2004 `` The Vienna Genesis ... ( In the center foreground , for example , we see him wrestling with the angel , then receiving the angel 's blessing . ) '' ( full page illustration ) Jump up ^ `` Sir Jacob Epstein : Jacob and the Angel '' . Tate . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Anne Walters Robertson Guillaume De Machaut and Reims : Context and Meaning in His Musical ... 2002 - Page 163 `` Drawn from the Genesis story of Jacob 's wrestling match with the angel , Vidi dominum is a favorite phrase for ... '' Jump up ^ Iain Fenlon Early Music History : Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Music 2009 - Page 25 `` The text of the tenor for Machaut 's motet 15 comes from the third nocturn at Matins on the second Sunday of Lent . Its biblical provenance is Genesis 32 : 30 . Here Jacob , after having wrestled with the angel and received both a new name ( Israel ) and a divine blessing , exclaims : ' Vidi dominum facie ad faciem ; et salva facta est anima mea'25 ( I have seen the Lord face to face ; ... treatment ( motetus ) are opposed to Jacob 's wrestling with the angel that lead to his blessing and re-naming as Israel , ... '' Jump up ^ `` Come , O Thou Traveler Unknown '' . www.cyberhymnal.org . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . www.youtube.com . Further reading ( edit ) Geller , Stephen A. ( 1982 ) . `` The Struggle at the Jabbok : the Uses of Enigma in a Biblical Narrative '' . Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society ( JANES ) . New Jork : Columbia University . 14 : 37 -- 60 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Also in : Geller , Stephen A. ( 1996 ) . `` 2 - THE STRUGGLE AT THE JABBOK . The uses of enigma in biblical religion ( pp. 9ff . ) '' . Sacred Enigmas . Literary Religion in the Hebrew Bible . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 41512771 - 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 41512 - 771 - 4 . ( I ) n the context of the wrestling bout , the name implies that Jacob won this supremacy , linked to that of God 's , by a kind of theomachy . ( ... ) By prevailing over God , he has won the name ' God rules ' ( p. 22 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacob Wrestling with the Angel . List of additional illustrations Article about Genesis story Wrestling With Angels chabad.org Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_wrestling_with_the_angel&oldid=841985843 '' Categories : Christian iconography Jacob Book of Genesis Angelic apparitions in the Bible Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 12 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does jacob wrestle with an angel in the bible
[ "Jacob wrestling with the angel is an episode from Genesis (32:22-32; also referenced in Hosea 12:4). The account includes the renaming of Jacob as Israel (etymologized as \"contends-with-God\"). The \"angel\" in question is referred to as \"man\" (אִישׁ) in Genesis, while Hosea references an \"angel\" (מַלְאָךְ), but the episode is also often referenced as Jacob's \"wrestling with God\".[1]" ]
[ "Genesis" ]
-1837470609315777868
The Cask of Amontillado
The Cask of Amontillado - wikipedia The Cask of Amontillado `` The Cask of Amontillado '' Illustration of `` The Cask of Amontillado '' by Harry Clarke , 1919 Author Edgar Allan Poe Country United States Language English Genre ( s ) Horror short story Publication type Periodical Publisher Godey 's Lady 's Book Media type Print ( Magazine ) Publication date November 1846 `` The Cask of Amontillado '' ( sometimes spelled `` The Casque of Amontillado '' ( a. mon. ti. ˈʝa. ðo ) ) is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe , first published in the November 1846 issue of Godey 's Lady 's Book . The story , set in an unnamed Italian city at carnival time in an unspecified year , is about a man taking fatal revenge on a friend who , he believes , has insulted him . Like several of Poe 's stories , and in keeping with the 19th - century fascination with the subject , the narrative revolves around a person being buried alive -- in this case , by immurement . As in `` The Black Cat '' and `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' , Poe conveys the story from the murderer 's perspective . Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Publication history 3 Analysis 4 Inspiration 5 Adaptations 6 References 7 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Fortunato and Montresor drink in the catacombs. 1935 Illustration by Arthur Rackham The story 's narrator , Montresor , tells an unspecified person , who knows him very well , of the day he took his revenge on Fortunato ( Italian for `` the fortunate one '' ) , a fellow nobleman . Angry over numerous injuries and some unspecified insult , Montresor plots to murder his `` friend '' during Carnival , while the man is drunk , dizzy , and wearing a jester 's motley . Montresor lures Fortunato into a private wine - tasting excursion by telling him he has obtained a pipe ( about 130 gallons , 492 litres ) of what he believes to be a rare vintage of Amontillado . He proposes obtaining confirmation of the pipe 's contents by inviting a fellow wine aficionado , Luchesi , for a private tasting . Montresor knows Fortunato will not be able to resist demonstrating his discerning palate for wine and will insist that he taste the amontillado rather than Luchesi who , as he claims , `` can not tell Amontillado from Sherry '' . Fortunato goes with Montresor to the wine cellars of the latter 's palazzo , where they wander in the catacombs . Montresor offers wine ( first Médoc , then De Grave ) to Fortunato in order to keep him inebriated . Montresor warns Fortunato , who has a bad cough , of the dampness , and suggests they go back , but Fortunato insists on continuing , claiming that he `` shall not die of a cough '' . During their walk , Montresor mentions his family coat of arms : a golden foot in a blue background crushing a snake whose fangs are embedded in the foot 's heel , with the motto Nemo me impune lacessit ( `` No one attacks me with impunity '' ) . At one point , Fortunato makes an elaborate , grotesque gesture with an upraised wine bottle . When Montresor appears not to recognize the gesture , Fortunato asks , `` You are not of the masons ? '' Montresor says he is , and when Fortunato , disbelieving , requests a sign , Montresor displays a trowel he had been hiding . When they come to a niche , Montresor tells his victim that the Amontillado is within . Fortunato enters drunk and unsuspecting and therefore , does not resist as Montresor quickly chains him to the wall . Montresor then declares that , since Fortunato wo n't go back , Montresor must `` positively leave '' him there . Montresor reveals brick and mortar , previously hidden among the bones nearby , and proceeds to wall up the niche using his trowel , entombing his friend alive . At first , Fortunato , who sobers up faster than Montresor anticipated , shakes the chains , trying to escape . Fortunato then screams for help , but Montresor mocks his cries , knowing nobody can hear them . Fortunato laughs weakly and tries to pretend that he is the subject of a joke and that people will be waiting for him ( including the Lady Fortunato ) . As Montresor finishes the topmost row of stones , Fortunato wails , `` For the love of God , Montresor ! '' to which Montresor replies , `` Yes , for the love of God ! '' He listens for a reply but hears only the jester 's bells ringing . Before placing the last stone , he drops a burning torch through the gap . He claims that he feels sick at heart , but dismisses this reaction as an effect of the dampness of the catacombs . In the last few sentences , Montresor reveals that 50 years later , Fortunato 's body still hangs from its chains in the niche where he left it . The murderer concludes : In pace requiescat ! ( `` May he rest in peace ! '' ) . Publication history ( edit ) Montresor walling up Fortunato. 1935 Illustration by Arthur Rackham `` The Cask of Amontillado '' was first published in the November 1846 issue of Godey 's Lady 's Book , which was , at the time , the most popular periodical in America . The story was only published one additional time during Poe 's life . Analysis ( edit ) Casks of amontillado in a commercial cellar Although the subject matter of Poe 's story is a murder , `` The Cask of Amontillado '' is not a tale of detection like `` The Murders in the Rue Morgue '' or `` The Purloined Letter '' ; there is no investigation of Montresor 's crime and the criminal himself explains how he committed the murder . The mystery in `` The Cask of Amontillado '' is in Montresor 's motive for murder . Without a detective in the story , it is up to the reader to solve the mystery . Montresor never specifies his motive beyond the vague `` thousand injuries '' and `` when he ventured upon insult '' to which he refers . Some context is provided , including Montresor 's observation that his family once was great ( but no longer so ) , and Fortunato 's belittling remarks about Montresor 's exclusion from Freemasonry . Many commentators conclude that , lacking significant reason , Montresor must be insane , though even this is questionable because of the intricate details of the plot . There is also evidence that Montresor is almost as clueless about his motive for revenge as his victim . In his recounting of the murder , Montresor notes , `` A wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser . It is equally unredressed when the avenger fails to make himself felt as such to him who has done the wrong '' . After Fortunato is chained to the wall and nearly entombed alive , Montresor merely mocks and mimics him , rather than disclosing to Fortunato the reasons behind his exacting revenge . Montresor may not have been entirely certain of the exact nature of the insults for which he expected Fortunato to atone . Additional scrutiny into the vague injuries and insults may have to do with a simple matter of Montresor 's pride and not any specific words from Fortunato . Montresor comes from an established family . His house had once been noble and respected , but has fallen slightly in status . Fortunato , as his name would seem to indicate , has been blessed with good fortune and wealth and is , therefore , viewed as unrefined by Montresor ; however , this lack of refinement has not stopped Fortunato from surpassing Montresor in society , which could very well be the `` insult '' motive for Montresor 's revenge . There is indication that Montresor blames his unhappiness and loss of respect and dignity within society on Fortunato . It is easy to ascertain that Fortunato is a Freemason , while Montresor is not , which could be the source of Fortunato 's recent ascension into upper class society . Montresor even imparts this blame to Fortunato when he states , `` You are rich , respected , admired , beloved ; you are happy , as once I was '' . This interchanging of fortunes is a suggestion that , since the names Montresor and Fortunato mirror one another , there is a psychological reciprocal identification between victim and executioner . This identification reciprocity is further suggested when one takes into consideration that Montresor entombs Fortunato in the Montresor family catacombs rather than dispatching him elsewhere in the city amidst the chaos of the Carnival . It is with this converging of the two characters that one is able to see the larger symbolism of the Montresor crest -- the foot steps on the serpent while the serpent forever has his fangs embedded in the heel . Upon further investigation into the true nature of character , double meaning can be derived from the Montresor crest . It is the position of Montresor to view himself as the owner of the righteous foot that is crushing the insolent Fortunato serpent and his `` thousand injuries '' that progress into insult . A more allegoric meaning of Poe 's places the actors in reverse . The blind oaf Fortunato has unintentionally stepped upon the snake in the grass -- the sneaky and cunning Montresor -- who , as a reward for this accidental bruising , sinks his fangs deep into the heel of his offender , forever linking them in a form of mutual existence . Though Fortunato is presented as a connoisseur of fine wine , L. Moffitt Cecil of Texas Christian University argues that his actions in the story make that assumption questionable . For example , Fortunato comments on another nobleman being unable to distinguish amontillado from sherry when amontillado is in fact a type of sherry , and treats De Grave , an expensive French wine , with very little regard by drinking it in a single gulp . Cecil also states that a true wine connoisseur would never sample wine while intoxicated and describes Fortunato as merely an alcoholic . Cecil also suggests that some people might feel Fortunato deserved to be buried alive for wasting a bottle of fine wine . Immurement , a form of imprisonment , usually for life , in which a person is placed within an enclosed space with no exit , is featured in other works by Poe , including `` The Fall of the House of Usher '' , `` The Premature Burial '' , `` The Black Cat '' , and `` Berenice '' . Inspiration ( edit ) An apocryphal legend holds that the inspiration for `` The Cask of Amontillado '' came from a story Poe had heard at Castle Island ( South Boston ) , Massachusetts , when he was a private stationed at Fort Independence in 1827 . According to this legend , while stationed at Castle Island in 1827 he saw a monument to Lieutenant Robert Massie . Massie had been killed in a sword duel on Christmas Day 1817 by Lieutenant Gustavus Drane , following a dispute during a card game . According to the legend , other soldiers then took revenge on Drane by getting him drunk , luring him into the dungeon , chaining him to a wall , and sealing him in a vault . This version of Drane 's demise is false ; Drane was courtmartialled for the killing and acquitted , and lived until 1846 . A report of a skeleton discovered on the island may be a confused remembering of Poe 's major source , Joel Headley 's `` A Man Built in a Wall '' , which recounts the author 's seeing an immured skeleton in the wall of a church in Italy . Headley 's story includes details very similar to `` The Cask of Amontillado '' ; in addition to walling an enemy into a hidden niche , the story details the careful placement of the bricks , the motive of revenge , and the victim 's agonized moaning . Poe may have also seen similar themes in Honoré de Balzac 's La Grande Bretèche ( Democratic Review , November 1843 ) or his friend George Lippard 's The Quaker City , or The Monks of Monk Hall ( 1845 ) . Poe may have borrowed Montresor 's family motto Nemo me impune lacessit from James Fenimore Cooper , who used the line in The Last of the Mohicans ( 1826 ) . Thomas Dunn English Poe wrote his tale , however , as a response to his personal rival Thomas Dunn English . Poe and English had several confrontations , usually revolving around literary caricatures of one another . Poe thought that one of English 's writings went a bit too far , and successfully sued the other man 's editors at The New York Mirror for libel in 1846 . That year English published a revenge - based novel called 1844 , or , The Power of the S.F. Its plot was convoluted and difficult to follow , but made references to secret societies and ultimately had a main theme of revenge . It included a character named Marmaduke Hammerhead , the famous author of `` The Black Crow '' , who uses phrases like `` Nevermore '' and `` lost Lenore '' , referring to Poe 's poem `` The Raven '' . This parody of Poe was depicted as a drunkard , liar , and an abusive lover . Poe responded with `` The Cask of Amontillado '' , using very specific references to English 's novel . In Poe 's story , for example , Fortunato makes reference to the secret society of Masons , similar to the secret society in 1844 , and even makes a gesture similar to one portrayed in 1844 ( it was a signal of distress ) . English had also used an image of a token with a hawk grasping a snake in its claws , similar to Montresor 's coat of arms bearing a foot stomping on a snake -- though in this image , the snake is biting the heel . In fact , much of the scene of `` The Cask of Amontillado '' comes from a scene in 1844 that takes place in a subterranean vault . In the end , then , it is Poe who `` punishes with impunity '' by not taking credit for his own literary revenge and by crafting a concise tale ( as opposed to a novel ) with a singular effect , as he had suggested in his essay `` The Philosophy of Composition '' . Poe may have also been inspired , at least in part , by the Washingtonian movement , a fellowship that promoted temperance . The group was made up of reformed drinkers who tried to scare people into abstaining from alcohol . Poe may have made a promise to join the movement in 1843 after a bout of drinking with the hopes of gaining a political appointment . `` The Cask of Amontillado '' then may be a `` dark temperance tale '' , meant to shock people into realizing the dangers of drinking . Poe scholar Richard P. Benton has stated his belief that `` Poe 's protagonist is an Englished version of the French Montrésor '' and has argued forcefully that Poe 's model for Montresor `` was Claude de Bourdeille , comte de Montrésor ( Count of Montrésor ) , the 17th - century political conspirator in the entourage of King Louis XIII 's weak - willed brother , Gaston d'Orléans '' . The `` noted intriguer and memoir - writer '' was first linked to `` The Cask of Amontillado '' by Poe scholar Burton R. Pollin . Further inspiration for the method of Fortunato 's murder comes from the fear of live burial . During the time period of this short story some coffins were given methods of alerting the outside in the event of live entombment . Items such as bells tied to the limbs of a corpse to signal the outside were not uncommon . This theme is evident in Fortunato 's costume of a jester with bells upon his hat , and his situation of live entombment within the catacombs . Poe may have known bricklaying through personal experience . Many periods in Poe 's life lack significant biographical details , including what he did after leaving the Southern Literary Messenger in 1837 . Poe biographer John H. Ingram wrote to Sarah Helen Whitman that someone named `` Allen '' said that Poe worked `` in the brickyard ' late in the fall of 1834 ' '' . This source has been identified as Robert T.P. Allen , a fellow West Point student during Poe 's time there . Adaptations ( edit ) In 1951 , EC ( Entertaining Comics ) published a comic adaptation in Crime Suspenstories # 3 , under the name `` Blood Red Wine '' . The adaptation was written by Albert B. Feldstein , with art by Graham Ingels , and a cover by Johnny Craig . The ending was changed from Poe 's original to show the murderer get his come - comeuppance only moments after the crime . It was reprinted in 1993 by Russ Cochran . In 1951 , Gilberton 's Classics Illustrated # 84 featured a faithful adaptation , with art by Jim Lavery . It has been reprinted multiple times over the years . In 1960 , Editora Continental ( Brazil ) published an adaptation in Classicos De Terror # 1 by Gedeone Malagola . Roger Corman 's 1962 anthology film Tales of Terror combines the story with another Poe story , The Black Cat This loosely adapted version is decidedly comic in tone , and stars Peter Lorre as Montresor ( given the name Montresor Herringbone ) and Vincent Price as Fortunato Luchresi . The amalgamation of the two stories provides a motive for the murderer : Fortunato has an affair with Montresor 's wife . In 1963 , Dell Comics adapted the version from Roger Corman 's Tales Of Terror with art by Fran Matera . In 1965 , Warren Publishing included an adaptation in Creepy # 6 . It was written by Archie Goodwin , with art by Reed Crandall . The ending borrows from the 1951 EC version , except for the murderer getting what was coming to him 50 years later . This version has been reprinted many times over the years . In 1967 , Editora Taika ( Brazil ) issued an adaptation in Album Classicos De Terror # 4 . It was adapted by Francisco De Assis , with art by Osvaldo Talo . This borrows Archie Goodwin 's revised ending verbatim . In 1970 , O Livreiro Editora ( Brazil ) published an adaptation in Terror Ilustrado # 1 by Edmundo Rodrigues . In 1970 , Vincent Price included a solo recitation of the story in the anthology film An Evening of Edgar Allan Poe . The production features Montresor recounting the story to an unseen guest in a vast , empty dining room . `` The Merciful '' , a 1971 episode of Night Gallery , features the story with a twist : an old couple in a basement , with the wife ( Imogene Coca ) building the wall and quoting from the Poe story , while the husband ( King Donovan ) sits passively in a rocking chair . Once she has finished , he gets up from the chair and walks up the stairs . The wife has sealed herself in . In 1974 , Skywald did an adaptation in Scream # 5 . Adaptation by Al Hewetson , art by `` Maro Nava '' ( a possible psudonym for Jerry Grandenetti ) . In 1989 , this was reprinted by Eternity Comics in Murders In The Rue Morgue # 1 . In 1975 , Warren did an adaptation in Creepy # 70 . Adaptation by Rich Margopoulos , art by Martin Salvador . This has been reprinted multiple times over the years . In 1976 , The Alan Parsons Project released an album titled Tales of Mystery and Imagination with one of the tracks called `` The Cask of Amontillado '' . In 1977 , Marvel Comics did an adaptation in Marvel Classics Comics # 28 . Adaptation & layouts by Don McGregor , art by Michael Golden , making his professional comics debut . This has been reprinted twice by Editora Bloch ( Brazil ) . In 1977 , Pendulum Press did an adaptation in The Best Of Poe ( part of their Now Age Books / Pendulum Illustrated Classics / Now Age Illustrated series ) . Adaptation by Naunerle Farr , art by Noly Zamora . This has been reprinted multiple times since , most recently by Saddleback Illustrated Classics in 2006 . In 1979 , Moby Books did an illustrated story adaptation in Tales Of Mystery And Terror ( part of their Great Illustrated Classics series ) . Adaptation by Marjorie P. Katz , art by Pablo Marcos . In 1980 , Organizacion Editorial Novaro ( Mexico ) did an illustrated story adaptation in Cuentos De Edgar Allan Poe ( part of their Clasicos Ilustrados series ) . Adaptation by Hector D. Shelley , art by Guido Del Carpio Rivera . In 1982 , Troll Associates did an illustrated children 's book . Adaptation by David E. Cutts , art by Ann Toulmin - Rothe . In 1989 , Globe Communications Corp did an adaptation in Monsters Attack # 2 . Adaptation by Charles E. Hall , art by Walter James Brogan . In 1995 , Mojo Press did an adaptation in The Tell - Tale Heart : Stories And Poems by Edgar Allan Poe . Art by Bill D. Fountain . In 1997 , Cottage Classics did an illustrated version in Maxon 's Poe : Seven Stories And Poems by Edgar Allan Poe . Art by Maxon Poe . `` The Cask of Amontillado '' was made into a British film in 1998 , directed by Mario Cavalli , screenplay by Richard Deakin and starring Anton Blake as Montresor and Patrick Monckton as Fortunato . In 1999 , Albin Michel -- L'Echo des Savanes ( France ) did a comics version , `` El Tonel De Amontillado '' in Le Chat Noir . Adaptation & art by Horacio Lalia . In 2001 , Eureka Productions featured an adaptation in Graphic Classics # 1 . Art by Pedro Lopez . In 2003 , Lou Reed included an adaptation on the extended edition of his Poe - themed album The Raven , titled `` The Cask '' and performed by Willem Dafoe ( as Montresor ) and Steve Buscemi ( as Fortunato ) . In 2009 , Edelvives Zaragoza ( Spain ) did a comics version , `` El Barril De Amontillado '' in Tres Cuentos De Poe . Adaptation & art by Xavier Besse . Edgar Allan Poe 's The Cask of Amontillado ( 2011 ) stars David JM Bielewicz and Frank Tirio , Jr . It was directed by Thad Ciechanowski , produced by Joe Serkoch , by production company DijitMedia , LLC / Orionvega . It was a winner of 2013 regional Emmy Award . In 2013 , Lance Tait 's stage adaptation located the action of the story in Nice , France . In 2014 , Dark Horse Comics did an adaptation in The Premature Burial . Adaptation & art by Richard Corben . In 2014 , Ediciones De La Flor ( Argentina ) did an adaptation in Lo Mejor De Poe ( `` The Best of Poe '' ) . Adaptation & art by Edu Molina . in 2014 , Keith Carradine starred in Terroir , a feature length film adaptation by John Charles Jopson . This story is told in Christopher Moore 's book The Serpent of Venice ( 2014 ) from the perspective of the main character , Pocket , a jester . In this version , Pocket is saved by a mermaid . The fourth episode in season 9 American Masters titled Edgar Allan Poe : Terror of the Soul adapts the story . In spring 2017 , Udon Entertainment 's Manga Classics line will publish The Stories of Edgar Allan Poe , which will include a manga format adaptation of `` The Cask of Amontillado '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cecil , L. Moffitt ( 1972 ) . `` Poe 's Wine List '' . Poe Studies . 5 ( 2 ) : 41 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1754 - 6095.1972. tb00193. x . Jump up ^ Sova , Dawn B. ( 2001 ) . Edgar Allan Poe : A to Z . Checkmark Books . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4161 - X . Jump up ^ Reynolds , David F. ( 1993 ) . `` Poe 's Art of Transformation : ' The Cask of Amontillado ' in Its Cultural Context '' . In Silverman , Kenneth . The American Novel : New Essays on Poe 's Major Tales . Cambridge University Press . p. 101 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42243 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Allan Poe -- ' The Cask of Amontillado ' '' . The Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore . ^ Jump up to : Baraban , Elena V. ( 2004 ) . `` The Motive for Murder in ' The Cask of Amontillado ' by Edgar Allan Poe '' . Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature. 58 ( 2 ) : 47 -- 62 . doi : 10.2307 / 1566552 . JSTOR 1566552 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Stepp , Walter ( 1976 ) . `` The Ironic Double In Poe 's ' The Cask of Amontillado ' '' . Studies in Short Fiction. 13 ( 4 ) : 447 . ^ Jump up to : St. John Stott , Graham ( Winter 2004 ) . `` Poe 's ' The Cask of Amontillado ' '' . Explicator. 62 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 88 . doi : 10.1080 / 00144940409597179 . ^ Jump up to : Platizky , Roger ( Summer 1999 ) . `` Poe 's ' The Cask of Amontillado ' '' . Explicator. 57 ( 4 ) : 206 . doi : 10.1080 / 00144949909596874 . Jump up ^ Bergen , Philip ( 1990 ) . Old Boston in Early Photographs . Boston : Bostonian Society . p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : Vrabel , Jim ( 2004 ) . When in Boston : a time line & almanac . Northeastern University . ISBN 1 - 55553 - 620 - 4 / ISBN 1 - 555 - 53621 - 2 p. 105 Jump up ^ Wilson , Susan ( 2000 ) . Literary Trail of Greater Boston . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05013 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Battery B , 4th U.S. Light Artillery -- First Lieutenants of the 4th U.S. Artillery '' . Jump up ^ Headley , J.T. ( 1844 ) . `` A Man Built in a Wall '' . Letters from Italy . London : Wiley & Putnam . pp. 191 -- 195 . Jump up ^ Mabbott , Thomas Ollive , editor . Tales and Sketches : Volume II . Urbana , Ill. : University of Illinois Press , 2000 . p. 1254 Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1993 ) , pp. 94 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Edward Craney ( 1976 ) . `` Marginalia -- A Possible Debt to Cooper '' . Poe Studies . 9 ( 1 ) : 23 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1754 - 6095.1976. tb00266. x . Jump up ^ Silverman , Kenneth ( 1991 ) . Edgar A. Poe : Mournful and Never - ending Remembrance . New York : Harper Perennial . pp. 312 -- 313 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 092331 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rust , Richard D. ( 2001 ) . `` Punish with Impunity : Poe , Thomas Dunn English and ' The Cask of Amontillado ' '' . The Edgar Allan Poe Review . 2 ( 2 ) : 33 -- 52 . JSTOR 41508404 . Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1993 ) , pp. 96 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Benton , Richard P. ( 1996 ) . `` Poe 's ' The Cask of Amontillado ' : Its Cultural and Historical Backgrounds '' . Poe Studies . 30 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 19 -- 27 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1754 - 6095.1997. tb00089. x . Jump up ^ Pollin , Burton R. ( 1970 ) . `` Notre - Dame de Paris in Two of the Tales '' . Discoveries in Poe . Notre Dame , Indiana : University of Notre Dame Press . pp. 24 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Kenneth ( 1991 ) . Edgar A. Poe : Mournful and Never - ending Remembrance . New York : Harper Perennial . pp. 129 -- 130 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 092331 - 8 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Dwight ; Jackson , David K. ( 1987 ) . The Poe Log : A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe , 1809 -- 1849 . New York : G.K. Hall & Co. p. 141 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 1401 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sova , Dawn B. ( 2001 ) . Edgar Allan Poe , A to Z : the essential reference to his life and work . New York City : Facts on File . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4161 - X . OCLC 44885229 . Jump up ^ `` The Cask of Amontillado ( 1998 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Emmy Winners '' . www.natasmid-atlantic.org . National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Caridad , Ava ( 2016 ) . `` Lance Tait : The Black Cat and Other Plays : Adapted from Stories by Edgar Allan Poe '' . The Edgar Allan Poe Review . Penn State University Press . 17 ( 1 ) : 66 -- 69 . doi : 10.5325 / edgallpoerev. 17.1. 0066 . JSTOR 10.5325 / edgallpoerev. 17.1. 0066 . p. 67 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Allan Poe : Terror of the Soul '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Udon Ent. to Release Street Fighter Novel , Dragon 's Crown Manga '' . Anime News Network . July 21 , 2016 . . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Cask of Amontillado Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Cask of Amontillado . `` The Cask of Amontillado '' -- Full text of the first printing , from Godey 's Lady 's Book , 1846 Full text on PoeStories.com with hyperlinked vocabulary words . Free - to - download MP3 dramatisation of the story ( Yuri Rasovsky ) The Cask of Amontillado public domain audiobook at LibriVox Edgar Allan Poe Bibliography Poems `` Tamerlane '' ( 1827 ) `` Al Aaraaf '' ( 1829 ) `` Sonnet to Science '' ( 1829 ) `` To Helen '' ( 1831 ) `` The City in the Sea '' ( 1831 ) `` The Haunted Palace '' ( 1839 ) `` The Conqueror Worm '' ( 1843 ) `` Lenore '' ( 1843 ) `` Eulalie '' ( 1843 ) `` The Raven '' ( 1845 ) `` Ulalume '' ( 1847 ) `` A Dream Within a Dream '' ( 1849 ) `` Eldorado '' ( 1849 ) `` The Bells '' ( 1849 ) `` Annabel Lee '' ( 1849 ) '' Tales `` Metzengerstein '' ( 1832 ) `` Bon - Bon '' ( 1832 ) `` MS . Found in a Bottle '' ( 1833 ) `` Berenice '' ( 1835 ) `` Morella '' ( 1835 ) `` The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall '' ( 1835 ) `` Ligeia '' ( 1838 ) `` A Predicament '' ( 1838 ) `` The Devil in the Belfry '' ( 1839 ) `` The Man That Was Used Up '' ( 1839 ) `` The Fall of the House of Usher '' ( 1839 ) `` William Wilson '' ( 1839 ) `` The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion '' ( 1839 ) `` The Business Man '' ( 1840 ) `` The Man of the Crowd '' ( 1840 ) `` The Murders in the Rue Morgue '' ( 1841 ) `` A Descent into the Maelström '' ( 1841 ) `` Never Bet the Devil Your Head '' ( 1841 ) `` Eleonora '' ( 1841 ) `` The Oval Portrait '' ( 1842 ) `` The Masque of the Red Death '' ( 1842 ) `` The Mystery of Marie Rogêt '' ( 1842 ) `` The Pit and the Pendulum '' ( 1842 ) `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' ( 1843 ) `` The Gold - Bug '' ( 1843 ) `` The Black Cat '' ( 1843 ) `` The Spectacles '' ( 1844 ) `` A Tale of the Ragged Mountains '' ( 1844 ) `` The Premature Burial '' ( 1844 ) `` The Oblong Box '' ( 1844 ) `` The Angel of the Odd '' ( 1844 ) `` Thou Art the Man '' ( 1844 ) `` The Purloined Letter '' ( 1844 ) `` Some Words with a Mummy '' ( 1845 ) `` The Thousand - and - Second Tale of Scheherazade '' ( 1845 ) `` The Imp of the Perverse '' ( 1845 ) `` The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether '' ( 1845 ) `` The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar '' ( 1845 ) `` The Cask of Amontillado '' ( 1846 ) `` Hop - Frog '' ( 1849 ) Essays `` Maelzel 's Chess Player '' ( 1836 ) `` The Philosophy of Furniture '' ( 1840 ) `` Morning on the Wissahiccon '' ( 1844 ) `` The Philosophy of Composition '' ( 1846 ) `` The Poetic Principle '' ( 1846 ) Eureka : A Prose Poem ( 1848 ) Novels The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket ( 1837 ) The Journal of Julius Rodman ( 1840 ) Collections Tamerlane and Other Poems ( 1827 ) Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque ( 1840 ) Play Politian ( 1835 ) Other The Conchologist 's First Book ( 1839 ) The Balloon - Hoax ( 1844 ) The Light - House ( 1849 ) Related Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe ( wife ) Eliza Poe ( mother ) David Poe Jr. ( father ) William Henry Poe ( brother ) Poe Museum Poe Cottage Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum National Historic Site The Penn magazine Death Edgar Award In popular culture film and television music Poe Toaster Tales of Mystery & Imagination BNF : cb16163302n ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cask_of_Amontillado&oldid=864527232 '' Categories : 1846 short stories Short stories by Edgar Allan Poe Fiction with unreliable narrators Horror short stories Revenge in fiction Short stories adapted into films Works originally published in Godey 's Lady 's Book Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Türkçe Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 20 : 03 ( UTC ) . 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when did the cask of amontillado take place
[ "\"The Cask of Amontillado\" (sometimes spelled \"The Casque of Amontillado\" [a.mon.ti.ˈʝa.ðo]) is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe, first published in the November 1846 issue of Godey's Lady's Book. The story, set in an unnamed Italian city at carnival time in an unspecified year, is about a man taking fatal revenge on a friend who, he believes, has insulted him. Like several of Poe's stories, and in keeping with the 19th-century fascination with the subject, the narrative revolves around a person being buried alive – in this case, by immurement. As in \"The Black Cat\" and \"The Tell-Tale Heart\", Poe conveys the story from the murderer's perspective. \n" ]
[ "in an unnamed Italian city" ]
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The Power Elite
The Power Elite - wikipedia The Power Elite The Power Elite First edition , 1956 Author C. Wright Mills Country United States Language English Subject Sociology Publication date 1956 The Power Elite is a 1956 book by sociologist C. Wright Mills , in which Mills calls attention to the interwoven interests of the leaders of the military , corporate , and political elements of society and suggests that the ordinary citizen is a relatively powerless subject of manipulation by those entities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Summary 3 Reception and criticism 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The book is something of a counterpart of Mills ' 1951 work , White Collar : The American Middle Classes , which examines the then - growing role of middle managers in American society . A main inspiration for the book was Franz Leopold Neumann 's book Behemoth : The Structure and Practice of National Socialism in 1942 , a study of how Nazism came into a position of power in a democratic state like Germany . Behemoth had a major impact on Mills and he claimed that Behemoth had given him the `` tools to grasp and analyse the entire total structure and as a warning of what could happen in a modern capitalist democracy '' . Summary ( edit ) The Joint Chiefs of Staff , pictured here in 1949 , are four of six ruling elites Mills identified . According to Mills , the eponymous `` power elite '' are those that occupy the dominant positions , in the dominant institutions ( military , economic and political ) of a dominant country , and their decisions ( or lack of decisions ) have enormous consequences , not only for the U.S. population but , `` the underlying populations of the world . '' The institutions which they head , Mills posits , are a triumvirate of groups that have succeeded weaker predecessors : ( 1 ) `` two or three hundred giant corporations '' which have replaced the traditional agrarian and craft economy , ( 2 ) a strong federal political order that has inherited power from `` a decentralized set of several dozen states '' and `` now enters into each and every cranny of the social structure , '' and ( 3 ) the military establishment , formerly an object of `` distrust fed by state militia , '' but now an entity with `` all the grim and clumsy efficiency of a sprawling bureaucratic domain . '' Importantly , and in distinction from modern American conspiracy theory , Mills explains that the elite themselves may not be aware of their status as an elite , noting that `` often they are uncertain about their roles '' and `` without conscious effort , they absorb the aspiration to be ... The Ones Who Decide . '' Nonetheless , he sees them as a quasi-hereditary caste . The members of the power elite , according to Mills , often enter into positions of societal prominence through educations obtained at eastern establishment universities like Harvard , Princeton , and Yale . But , Mills notes , `` Harvard or Yale or Princeton is not enough ... the point is not Harvard , but which Harvard ? '' Mills identifies two classes of Ivy League alumni , those initiated into an upper echelon fraternity or final club , such as Porcellian and Fly Club , and those who are not . Those so initiated , Mills continues , receive their invitations based on social links first established in elite private preparatory academies , where they are enrolled as part of antebellum family traditions . In this manner , the mantle of the elite generally passes through families . Historically prominent families , such as the Kennedy family , form the `` Metropolitan 400 . '' Shown here are Rose and Joseph Kennedy in 1940 . The resulting elites , who control the three dominant institutions ( military , economy and political system ) can be generally grouped into one of six types , according to Mills : the `` Metropolitan 400 '' - members of historically notable local families in the principal American cities , generally represented on the Social Register `` Celebrities '' - prominent entertainers and media personalities the `` Chief Executives '' - presidents and CEOs of the most important companies within each industrial sector the `` Corporate Rich '' - major landowners and corporate shareholders the `` Warlords '' - senior military officers , most importantly the Joint Chiefs of Staff the `` Political Directorate '' - `` fifty - odd men of the executive branch '' of the U.S. federal government , including the senior leadership in the Executive Office of the President , sometimes variously drawn from elected officials of the Democratic and Republican parties but usually professional government bureaucrats Mills formulated a very short summary of his book : `` Who , after all , runs America ? No one runs it altogether , but in so far as any group does , the power elite . '' Reception and criticism ( edit ) Commenting on The Power Elite , Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr. derisively said , `` I look forward to the time when Mr. Mills hands back his prophet 's robes and settles down to being a sociologist again . '' Adolf Berle noted the book contained `` an uncomfortable degree of truth '' , but Mills presented `` an angry cartoon , not a serious picture '' . Dennis Wrong described The Power Elite as `` an uneven blend of journalism , sociology , and moral indignation '' . A review of the book in the Louisiana Law Review bemoaned that the `` practical danger of Mr. Mills ' pessimistic interpretation of the current situation is that his readers will concentrate on answering his prejudicial assertions rather than ponder the results of his really formidable research '' . Nonetheless , consideration of the book has become moderately more favorable over time . In 2006 , G. William Domhoff wrote , `` Mills looks even better than he did 50 years ago '' . Mills ' biographer , John Summers , admitted that The Power Elite was `` vulnerable to the charge of conspiracy - mongering '' but declared that its historical value `` seems assured ''. In a purposeful extension of Mills ' Power Elite , his proposed International System , and Comparative Sociology , Muhammed Asadi ( 2012 ) suggests that the modern World System is highly militarized and a counterpart of the US permanent war economy where a global division of labor based on military Keynesian stabilization exists concomitant with economic accumulation . He calls these countries , militarized states , whose economic growth stabilizes the World System run by the Command States ( counterpart to Wallerstein 's Core but includes military and political domination in addition to financial and trade domination ) just like military spending in the US stabilizes the US economy . Militarization and wars are therefore encouraged by the Command States and facilitated by them just as suggested by Mills in The Causes of World War Three ( 1958 ) , the preparation for war leads to wars . In popular culture ( edit ) Episode 5 of the Netflix TV series Mindhunter contains a scene in which one of the main characters , a sociology PhD student Deborah `` Debbie '' Mitford , writes a paper on C. Wright Mills 's The Power Elite . See also ( edit ) Elite theory Iron law of oligarchy Mass society Military - industrial complex New Left Power ( social and political ) Social alienation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ C. Wright Mills : Power , Politics and People , ( New York , 1963 p. 174 ) Jump up ^ Mills , C. Wright . The Sociological Imagination . Oxford University Press . p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Summers , John ( 14 May 2006 ) . `` The Deciders '' . New York Times . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Wrong , Dennis ( September 1956 ) . `` The Power Elite , by C. Wright Mills '' . Commentary Magazine . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Woodard , Calvin ( December 1956 ) . `` THE POWER ELITE , by C. Wright Mills '' . Louisiana Law Review . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Domhoff , G. William ( 2006 ) . `` Mills 's The Power Elite , 50 Years Later '' . Contemporary Sociology . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://books.google.com.pk/books/about/The_Military_Economy_and_the_State.html?id=H1VIMwEACAAJ&redir_esc=y External links ( edit ) C.W Mills , Structure of Power in American Society , British Journal of Socoiology , Vol. 9. No. 1 1958 C. Wright Mills , About F. Neumanns study Structure of Nazi Germany in Power , Politics and People A Mills Revival ? by S . Aronowitz C. Wright Mills , On Intellectual Craftsmanship from The Sociological Imagination , How Power Elite was made Sociology - Congress in Köln 2000 workshop : C. Wright Mills and his Power Elite : Actuality today ? Art inspired by The Power Elite Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Power_Elite&oldid=844968619 '' Categories : 1956 books Books by C. Wright Mills Elite theory Military -- industrial complex Sociology books Social class in the United States Political science theories Sociological theories Political science books Social status Income in the United States Economic inequality Social inequality Power ( social and political ) Oxford University Press books C. Wright Mills Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی 日本 語 Polski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 12 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is associated with the concept of power elite
[ "The Power Elite is a 1956 book by sociologist C. Wright Mills, in which Mills calls attention to the interwoven interests of the leaders of the military, corporate, and political elements of society and suggests that the ordinary citizen is a relatively powerless subject of manipulation by those entities." ]
[ "sociologist C. Wright Mills" ]
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Munich massacre
Munich massacre - wikipedia Munich massacre Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1972 massacre . For the 1980 bombing , see Oktoberfest bombing . For the 2016 mass shooting , see 2016 Munich shooting . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1972 Munich Massacre One of the most reproduced photos taken during the siege captured a kidnapper on the balcony attached to Munich Olympic village Building 31 , where members of the Israeli Olympic team and delegation were quartered . Munich Location Munich , West Germany Coordinates 48 ° 10 ′ 46.9 '' N 11 ° 32 ′ 57.1 '' E  /  48.179694 ° N 11.549194 ° E  / 48.179694 ; 11.549194 Coordinates : 48 ° 10 ′ 46.9 '' N 11 ° 32 ′ 57.1 '' E  /  48.179694 ° N 11.549194 ° E  / 48.179694 ; 11.549194 Date 5 -- 6 September 1972 4 : 31 am -- 12 : 04 am ( UTC + 1 ) Target Israeli Olympic team Attack type Hostage - taking Mass murder Massacre Deaths 17 total ( including perpetrators ) 6 Israeli coaches 5 Israeli athletes 5 Black September members 1 West German police officer Perpetrators Black September Motive Israeli -- Palestinian conflict Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon Engagements El Al Flight 426 hijacking El Al Flight 253 attack retaliation raid El Al Flight 432 attack TWA Flight 840 hijacking ( 1969 ) Avivim school bus bombing Lod Airport massacre Sabena Flight 571 Kiryat Shmona massacre Ma'alot massacre 1974 Nahariya attack Savoy Hotel attack Kfar Yuval hostage crisis Coastal Road massacre 1978 South Lebanon conflict 1979 Nahariya attack Misgav Am hostage crisis 1982 Lebanon War International incidents Munich massacre Operation Wrath of God 1972 raid 1973 raid Sabena Flight 571 hijacking Attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum 1973 New York City bomb plot TWA Flight 841 ( 1974 ) Pan Am Flight 110 Operation Entebbe The Munich massacre was an attack during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich , West Germany , at which eleven Israeli Olympic team members were taken hostage and eventually killed , along with a German police officer , by the Palestinian terrorist group Black September . Shortly after the crisis began , they demanded 234 prisoners jailed in Israel and the German - held founders of the Red Army Faction ( Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof ) be released . Black September called the operation `` Iqrit and Biram '' , after two Palestinian Christian villages whose inhabitants were expelled by the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) during the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . The attack was motivated by secular nationalism , with the commander of the terrorist group , Luttif Afif , having been born to Jewish and Christian parents . German neo-Nazis gave the attackers logistical assistance . Police officers killed five of the eight Black September members during a failed rescue attempt . A German policeman was killed in the crossfire . They captured the three survivors , whom West Germany released the next month following the hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 615 . Mossad responded to the release with the 1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon and Operation Wrath of God , tracking down and killing Palestinians suspected of involvement in the massacre . In a ceremony led by Brazilian and Israeli officials two days prior to the start of the 2016 Summer Olympics the International Olympic Committee officially honored , for the first time , the eleven Israelis that were killed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude 1.1 Accusation of German foreknowledge of the attack 2 Hostage - taking 3 International reaction 4 Negotiations 5 Failed rescue 5.1 Ambush plan 5.2 Failure 5.3 Massacre 5.4 Outcome 5.5 Criticism 6 Aftermath 6.1 Effect on the Games 6.2 Israeli response 6.3 Alleged German cover - up 7 Surviving Black September members 7.1 Abu Daoud 8 List of fatalities 9 Memorials gallery 10 Media 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Prelude At the time of the hostage - taking , the 1972 Summer Olympics were in their second week . The West German Olympic Organizing Committee had hoped to discard the military image of Germany . The Committee was wary of the image portrayed by the 1936 Summer Olympics , which Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler used for his benefit . Security personnel known as Olys were inconspicuous and only prepared to deal with ticket fraud and drunkenness . The documentary film One Day in September claims that security in the athletes ' village was unfit for the Games and that athletes could come and go as they pleased . Athletes could sneak past security , and go to other countries ' rooms , by going over the fencing that encompassed the village . The absence of armed personnel had worried Israeli delegation head Shmuel Lalkin even before his team arrived in Munich . In later interviews with journalists Serge Groussard and Aaron Klein , Lalkin said that he had also expressed concern with the relevant authorities about his team 's lodgings . The team was housed in a relatively isolated part of the Olympic Village , on the ground floor of a small building close to a gate , which Lalkin felt made his team particularly vulnerable to an outside assault . The West German authorities apparently assured Lalkin that extra security would be provided to look after the Israeli team , but Lalkin doubts that these additional measures were ever taken . Olympic organizers asked West German forensic psychologist Georg Sieber to create 26 terrorism scenarios to aid the organizers in planning security . His `` Situation 21 '' accurately forecast armed Palestinians invading the Israeli delegation 's quarters , killing and taking hostages , and demanding Israel 's release of prisoners and a plane to leave West Germany . Organizers balked against preparing for Situation 21 and the other scenarios , since guarding the Games against them would have gone against the goal of `` Carefree Games '' without heavy security . Accusation of German foreknowledge of the attack The German weekly news magazine Der Spiegel wrote in a cover story in 2012 that the West German authorities had a tip - off from a Palestinian informant in Beirut three weeks before the massacre . The informant told West Germany that Palestinians were planning an `` incident '' at the Olympic Games , and the Foreign Ministry in Bonn viewed the tip - off seriously enough to pass it on to the secret service in Munich and urge that `` all possible security measures '' be taken . However , according to Der Spiegel , the authorities failed to act on the tip , and have never acknowledged it in the following 40 years . The magazine further adds that this is only part of a 40 - year cover - up by the German authorities of the mishandling its response to the massacre . Hostage - taking This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The site where the hostages were taken is almost unchanged today . The window of Apartment 1 is to the left of and below the balcony . On Monday evening , 4 September , the Israeli athletes enjoyed a night out , watching a performance of Fiddler on the Roof and dining with the play 's star , Israeli actor Shmuel Rodensky , before returning to the Olympic Village . On the return trip in the team bus , Lalkin denied his 13 - year - old son , who had befriended weightlifter Yossef Romano and wrestler Eliezer Halfin , permission to spend the night in their apartment at Connollystraße 31 -- which saved the boy 's life . At 4 : 30 am local time on 5 September , as the athletes slept , eight tracksuit - clad members of the Black September faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization , carrying duffel bags loaded with AKM assault rifles , Tokarev pistols , and grenades , scaled a 2 - metre ( 6 ⁄ ft ) chain - link fence with the assistance of unsuspecting athletes who were also sneaking into the Olympic Village . The athletes were originally identified as Americans , but were claimed to be Canadians decades later . Once inside , the Black September members used stolen keys to enter two apartments being used by the Israeli team at Connollystraße 31 . Yossef Gutfreund , a wrestling referee , was awakened by a faint scratching noise at the door of Apartment 1 , which housed the Israeli coaches and officials . When he investigated , he saw the door begin to open and masked men with guns on the other side . He shouted a warning to his sleeping roommates and threw his 135 kg ( 300 lbs ) weight against the door in a futile attempt to stop the intruders from forcing their way in . Gutfreund 's actions gave his roommate , weightlifting coach Tuvia Sokolovsky , enough time to smash a window and escape . Wrestling coach Moshe Weinberg fought the intruders , who shot him through his cheek and then forced him to help them find more hostages . Leading the intruders past Apartment 2 , Weinberg lied by telling them that the residents of the apartment were not Israelis . Instead , Weinberg led them to Apartment 3 ; there , the gunmen corralled six wrestlers and weightlifters as additional hostages . It is possible that Weinberg had hoped that the stronger men would have a better chance of fighting off the attackers than those in Apartment 2 , but they were all surprised in their sleep . As the athletes from Apartment 3 were marched back to the coaches ' apartment , the wounded Weinberg again attacked the gunmen , allowing one of his wrestlers , Gad Tsobari , to escape via the underground parking garage . Weinberg knocked one of the intruders unconscious and slashed at another with a fruit knife but failed to draw blood before being shot to death . Weightlifter Yossef Romano , a veteran of the Six - Day War , also attacked and wounded one of the intruders before being shot and killed . In its publication of 1 December 2015 , the New York Times reported that Romano was castrated after he was shot . The gunmen were left with nine hostages . They were , in addition to Gutfreund , sharpshooting coach Kehat Shorr , track and field coach Amitzur Shapira , fencing master Andre Spitzer , weightlifting judge Yakov Springer , wrestlers Eliezer Halfin and Mark Slavin , and weightlifters David Berger and Ze'ev Friedman . Berger was an expatriate American with dual citizenship ; Slavin , at 18 the youngest of the hostages , had only arrived in Israel from the Soviet Union four months before the Olympic Games began . Gutfreund , physically the largest of the hostages , was bound to a chair ( Groussard describes him as being tied up like a mummy ) ; the rest were lined up four apiece on the two beds in Springer and Shapira 's room , and bound at the wrists and ankles and then to each other . Romano 's bullet - riddled corpse was left at his bound comrades ' feet as a warning . Several of the hostages were beaten during the stand - off , with some suffering broken bones as a result . Of the other members of Israel 's team , racewalker Shaul Ladany had been jolted awake in Apartment 2 by Gutfreund 's screams . He jumped from the second - story balcony of his room and fled to the American dormitory , awakening U.S. track coach Bill Bowerman and informing him of the attack . Ladany , a survivor of the Nazi Bergen - Belsen concentration camp , was the first person to spread the alert as to the attack . The other four residents of Apartment 2 ( sharpshooters Henry Hershkowitz and Zelig Shtroch , and fencers Dan Alon and Yehuda Weisenstein ) , plus chef de mission Shmuel Lalkin and the two team doctors , managed to hide and later fled the besieged building . The two female members of Israel 's Olympic team , sprinter and hurdler Esther Shahamorov and swimmer Shlomit Nir , were housed in a separate part of the Olympic Village . Three more members of Israel 's Olympic team , two sailors and their manager , were housed in Kiel , 900 kilometres ( 600 mi ) from Munich . The attackers were subsequently reported to be part of the Palestinian terrorists from refugee camps in Lebanon , Syria , and Jordan . They were identified as Luttif Afif ( using the codename Issa ) , the leader ( three of Issa 's brothers were also reportedly members of Black September , two of them in Israeli jails ) , his deputy Yusuf Nazzal ( `` Tony '' ) , and junior members Afif Ahmed Hamid ( `` Paolo '' ) , Khalid Jawad ( `` Salah '' ) , Ahmed Chic Thaa ( `` Abu Halla '' ) , Mohammed Safady ( `` Badran '' ) , Adnan Al - Gashey ( `` Denawi '' ) , and Al - Gashey 's cousin , Jamal Al - Gashey ( `` Samir '' ) . According to author Simon Reeve , Afif ( the son of a Jewish mother and Christian father ) , Nazzal , and one of their confederates , had all worked in various capacities in the Olympic Village , and had spent a couple of weeks scouting out their potential target . A member of the Uruguayan Olympic delegation , which shared housing with the Israelis , claimed that he found Nazzal actually inside 31 Connollystraße less than 24 hours before the attack , but since he was recognized as a worker in the Village , nothing was thought of it at the time . The other members of the group entered Munich via train and plane in the days before the attack . All of the members of the Uruguay and Hong Kong Olympic teams , which also shared the building with the Israelis , were released unharmed during the crisis . International reaction On 5 September , Golda Meir , then Prime Minister of Israel , appealed to other countries to `` save our citizens and condemn the unspeakable criminal acts committed . '' She also stated , `` if we ( Israel ) should give in , then no Israeli anywhere in the world shall feel that his life is safe ... it 's blackmail of the worst kind . '' King Hussein of Jordan , the only leader of an Arab country to denounce the attack publicly , called it a `` savage crime against civilization ... perpetrated by sick minds . '' U.S. President Richard Nixon privately discussed a number of possible American responses , such as declaring a national day of mourning ( favored by Secretary of State William P. Rogers ) , or having Nixon fly to the athletes ' funerals . Nixon and Henry Kissinger decided instead to press the United Nations to take steps against international terrorism . Negotiations The hostage - takers demanded the release of 234 Palestinians and non-Arabs jailed in Israel , along with two German insurgents held by the German penitentiary system , Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof , who were founders of the German Red Army Faction . The hostage - takers threw the body of Weinberg out the front door of the residence to demonstrate their resolve . Israel 's response was immediate and absolute : there would be no negotiation . Israel 's official policy at the time was to refuse to negotiate with terrorists under any circumstances , as according to the Israeli government such negotiations would give an incentive to future attacks . It has been claimed that the German authorities , under the leadership of Chancellor Willy Brandt and Minister for the Interior Hans - Dietrich Genscher , rejected Israel 's offer to send an Israeli special forces unit to Germany . The Bavarian interior minister Bruno Merk , who headed the crisis centre jointly with Genscher and Munich 's police chief Manfred Schreiber , denies that such an Israeli offer ever existed . According to journalist John K. Cooley , the hostage situation presented an extremely difficult political situation for the Germans because the hostages were Jewish . Cooley reported that the Germans offered the Palestinians an unlimited amount of money for the release of the athletes , as well as the substitution by high - ranking Germans . However , the kidnappers refused both offers . Munich police chief Manfred Schreiber , and Bruno Merk , interior minister of Bavaria , negotiated directly with the kidnappers , repeating the offer of an unlimited amount of money . According to Cooley , the reply was that `` money means nothing to us ; our lives mean nothing to us . '' Magdi Gohary and Mohammad Khadif , both Egyptian advisers to the Arab League , and A.D. Touny , an Egyptian member of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) also helped try to win concessions from the kidnappers , but to no avail . However , the negotiators apparently were able to convince the terrorists that their demands were being considered , as `` Issa '' granted a total of five deadline extensions . Elsewhere in the village , athletes carried on as normal , seemingly oblivious of the events unfolding nearby . The Games continued until mounting pressure on the IOC forced a suspension some 12 hours after the first athlete had been murdered . United States marathon runner Frank Shorter , observing the unfolding events from the balcony of his nearby lodging , was quoted as saying , `` Imagine those poor guys over there . Every five minutes a psycho with a machine gun says , ' Let 's kill ' em now , ' and someone else says , ' No , let 's wait a while . ' How long could you stand that ? '' Israeli hostages Kehat Shorr ( left ) and Andre Spitzer ( right ) talk to German officials during the hostage crisis . At 4 : 30 pm , a squad of 38 German police was dispatched to the Olympic Village . Dressed in Olympic sweatsuits ( some also wearing Stahlhelme and carrying Walther MP sub-machine guns ) , they were members of the German border - police , although according to former Munich policeman Heinz Hohensinn they were regular Munich police officers , with no experience in combat or hostage rescue . Their plan was to crawl down from the ventilation shafts and kill the terrorists . The police took up positions awaiting the codeword `` Sunshine '' , which upon hearing , they were to begin the assault . In the meantime , camera crews filmed the actions of the officers from the German apartments , and broadcast the images live on television . Thus , the terrorists were able to watch the police prepare to attack . Footage shows one of the kidnappers peering from the balcony door while one of the police officers stood on the roof less than 20 ft ( 6 m ) from him . In the end , after `` Issa '' threatened to kill two of the hostages , the police retreated from the premises . At one point during the crisis , the negotiators demanded direct contact with the hostages to satisfy themselves the Israelis were still alive . Fencing coach Andre Spitzer , who spoke fluent German , and shooting coach Kehat Shorr , the senior member of the Israeli delegation , had a brief conversation with German officials while standing at the second - floor window of the besieged building , with two kidnappers holding guns on them . When Spitzer attempted to answer a question , he was clubbed with the butt of an AK - 47 in full view of international television cameras and pulled away from the window . A few minutes later , Hans - Dietrich Genscher and Walter Tröger , the mayor of the Olympic Village , were briefly allowed into the apartments to speak with the hostages . Tröger spoke of being very moved by the dignity with which the Israelis held themselves , and that they seemed resigned to their fate . Tröger noticed that several of the hostages , especially Gutfreund , showed signs of having suffered physical abuse at the hands of the kidnappers , and that David Berger had been shot in his left shoulder . While being debriefed by the crisis team , Genscher and Tröger told them that they had seen `` four or five '' attackers inside the apartment . Fatefully , these numbers were accepted as definitive . While Genscher and Tröger were talking with the hostages , Kehat Shorr had told the Germans that the Israelis would not object to being flown to an Arab country , provided that strict guarantees for their safety were made by the Germans and whichever nation they landed in . At 6 pm Munich time , the Palestinians issued a new dictate , demanding transportation to Cairo . Failed rescue This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ambush plan The authorities feigned agreement to the Cairo demand ( although Egyptian Prime Minister Aziz Sedki had already told the German authorities that the Egyptians did not wish to become involved in the hostage crisis ) . Two Bell UH - 1 military helicopters were to transport the terrorists and hostages to nearby Fürstenfeldbruck , a NATO airbase . Initially , the perpetrators ' plan was to go to Riem , which was the international airport near Munich at the time , but the negotiators convinced them that Fürstenfeldbruck would be more practical . The authorities , who preceded the Black Septemberists and hostages in a third helicopter , had an ulterior motive : they planned an armed assault at the airport . Realizing that the Palestinians and Israelis had to walk 200 metres through the underground garages to reach the helicopters , the German police saw another opportunity to ambush the perpetrators , and placed sharpshooters there . But `` Issa '' insisted on checking the route first . He and some other Palestinians walked pointing their AK - 47s at Schreiber , Tröger and Genscher . At that time , the gunmen of the police were lying behind cars in the sidestreets , and when they approached the latter crawled away , making noise in the process . Thus the terrorists were immediately alerted of the dangerous presence , and they decided to use a bus instead of walking . The bus arrived at 10 : 00 pm and drove the contingent to the helicopters . `` Issa '' checked them with a flashlight before boarding in groups . Five German policemen were deployed around the airport in sniper roles -- three on the roof of the control tower , one hidden behind a service truck and one behind a small signal tower at ground level . However , none of them had any special sniper training , nor any special weapon ( being equipped with the H&K G3 , the ordinary battle rifle of the German Armed Forces without optics or night vision devices ) . The soldiers were selected because they shot competitively on weekends . During a subsequent German investigation , an officer identified as `` Sniper No. 2 '' stated : `` I am of the opinion that I am not a sharpshooter . '' The members of the crisis team -- Schreiber , Genscher , Merk and Schreiber 's deputy Georg Wolf -- supervised and observed the attempted rescue from the airport control tower . Cooley , Reeve and Groussard all place Mossad chief Zvi Zamir and Victor Cohen , one of Zamir 's senior assistants , at the scene as well , but as observers only . Zamir has stated repeatedly in interviews over the years that he was never consulted by the Germans at any time during the rescue attempt and thought that his presence actually made the Germans uncomfortable . A Boeing 727 jet was positioned on the tarmac with sixteen German police inside dressed as flight crew . It was agreed that `` Issa '' and `` Tony '' would inspect the plane . The plan was that the Germans would overpower them as they boarded , giving the snipers a chance to kill the remaining terrorists at the helicopters . These were believed to number no more than two or three , according to what Genscher and Tröger had seen inside 31 Connollystraße . However , during the transfer from the bus to the helicopters , the crisis team discovered that there were actually eight of them . Failure At the last minute , as the helicopters were arriving at Fürstenfeldbruck , the German police aboard the airplane voted to abandon their mission , without consulting the central command . This left only the five sharpshooters to try to overpower a larger and more heavily armed group . At that point , Colonel Ulrich Wegener , Genscher 's senior aide and later the founder of the elite German counter-terrorist unit GSG 9 , said `` I 'm sure this will blow the whole affair ! '' . The helicopters landed just after 10 : 30 pm and the four pilots and six of the kidnappers emerged . While four of the Black September members held the pilots at gunpoint ( breaking an earlier promise that they would not take any Germans hostage ) , Issa and Tony walked over to inspect the jet , only to find it empty . Realizing they had been lured into a trap , they sprinted back toward the helicopters . As they ran past the control tower , Sniper 3 took one last opportunity to eliminate `` Issa '' , which would have left the group leaderless . However , due to the poor lighting , he struggled to see his target and missed , hitting `` Tony '' in the thigh instead , which could have proved fatal had the femural artery been severed , which did not occur . Meanwhile , the German authorities gave the order for snipers positioned nearby to open fire , which occurred around 11 : 00 pm . In the ensuing chaos , Ahmed Chic Thaa and Afif Ahmed Hamid , the two kidnappers holding the helicopter pilots , were killed while the remaining gunmen -- some possibly already wounded -- scrambled to safety , returning fire from behind and beneath the helicopters , out of the snipers ' line of sight , shooting out many of the airport lights . A German policeman in the control tower , Anton Fliegerbauer , was killed by the gunfire . The helicopter pilots fled ; the hostages , tied up inside the craft , could not . During the gun battle , the hostages secretly worked on loosening their bonds and teethmarks were found on some of the ropes after the gunfire had ended . Massacre The Germans had not arranged for armored personnel carriers ahead of time and only at this point were they called in to break the deadlock . Since the roads to the airport had not been cleared , the carriers became stuck in traffic and finally arrived around midnight . With their appearance , the kidnappers felt the shift in the status quo , and possibly panicked at the thought of the failure of their operation . At four minutes past midnight of 6 September , one of them ( likely Issa ) turned on the hostages in the eastern helicopter and fired at them with a Kalashnikov assault rifle from point - blank range . Springer , Halfin and Friedman were killed instantly ; Berger , shot twice in the leg , is believed to have survived the initial onslaught ( as his autopsy later found that he had died of smoke inhalation ) . The attacker then pulled the pin on a hand grenade and tossed it into the cockpit ; the ensuing explosion destroyed the helicopter and incinerated the bound Israelis inside . Issa then dashed across the tarmac and began firing at the police , who killed him with return fire . Another , Khalid Jawad , attempted to escape and was gunned down by one of the snipers . What happened to the remaining hostages is still a matter of dispute . A German police investigation indicated that one of their snipers and a few of the hostages may have been shot inadvertently by the police . However , a Time Magazine reconstruction of the long - suppressed Bavarian prosecutor 's report indicates that a third kidnapper ( Reeve identifies Adnan Al - Gashey ) stood at the door of the western helicopter and raked the remaining five hostages with machine gun fire ; Gutfreund , Shorr , Slavin , Spitzer and Shapira were shot an average of four times each . Of the four hostages in the eastern helicopter , only Ze'ev Friedman 's body was relatively intact ; he had been blown clear of the helicopter by the explosion . In some cases , the exact cause of death for the hostages in the eastern helicopter was difficult to establish because the rest of the corpses were burned almost beyond recognition in the explosion and subsequent fire . Three of the remaining men lay on the ground , one of them feigning death , and were captured by police . Jamal Al - Gashey had been shot through his right wrist , and Mohammed Safady had sustained a flesh wound to his leg . Adnan Al - Gashey had escaped injury completely . Tony escaped the scene , but was tracked down with police dogs 40 minutes later in an airbase parking lot . Cornered and bombarded with tear gas , he was shot dead after a brief gunfight . By around 1 : 30 am on 6 September , the battle was over . Outcome Initial news reports , published all over the world , indicated that all the hostages were alive , and that all the attackers had been killed . Only later did a representative for the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) suggest that `` initial reports were overly optimistic . '' Jim McKay , who was covering the Olympics that year for the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , had taken on the job of reporting the events as Roone Arledge fed them into his earpiece . At 3 : 24 am , McKay received the official confirmation : We just got the final word ... you know , when I was a kid , my father used to say `` Our greatest hopes and our worst fears are seldom realized . '' Our worst fears have been realized tonight . They 've now said that there were eleven hostages . Two were killed in their rooms yesterday morning , nine were killed at the airport tonight . They 're all gone . Several sources listed Ladany as having been killed . Ladany recalled later : The impact did not hit me at the time , when we were in Munich . It was when we arrived back in Israel . At the airport in Lod there was a huge crowd -- maybe 20,000 , people -- and each one of us , the survivors , stood by one of the coffins on the runway . Some friends came up to me and tried to kiss me and hug me as if I was almost a ghost that came back alive . It was then that I really grasped what had happened and the emotion hit me . Criticism Author Simon Reeve , among others , writes that the shootout with the well - trained Black September members showed an egregious lack of preparation on the part of the German authorities . They were not prepared to deal with this sort of situation . This costly lesson led directly to the founding , less than two months later , of police counter-terrorism branch GSG 9 . German authorities made a number of mistakes . First , because of restrictions in the post-war West German constitution , the army could not participate in the attempted rescue , as the German armed forces are not allowed to operate inside Germany during peacetime . The responsibility was entirely in the hands of the Munich police and the Bavarian authorities . It was known a half - hour before the hostages and kidnappers had even arrived at Fürstenfeldbruck that the number of the latter was larger than first believed . Despite this new information , Schreiber decided to continue with the rescue operation as originally planned and the new information could not reach the snipers since they had no radios . It is a basic tenet of sniping operations that there are enough snipers ( at least two for each known target , or in this case a minimum of ten ) deployed to neutralize as many of the attackers as possible with the first volley of shots . The 2006 National Geographic Channel 's Seconds From Disaster profile on the massacre stated that the helicopters were supposed to land sideways and to the west of the control tower , a maneuver which would have allowed the snipers clear shots into them as the kidnappers threw open the helicopter doors . Instead , the helicopters were landed facing the control tower and at the centre of the airstrip . This not only gave them a place to hide after the gunfight began , but put Snipers 1 and 2 in the line of fire of the other three snipers on the control tower . The snipers were denied valuable shooting opportunities as a result of the positioning of the helicopters , stacking the odds against what were effectively three snipers versus eight heavily armed gunmen . According to the same program , the crisis committee delegated to make decisions on how to deal with the incident consisted of Bruno Merk ( the Bavarian interior minister ) , Hans - Dietrich Genscher ( the West German interior minister ) and Manfred Schreiber ( Munich 's Chief of Police ) ; in other words , two politicians and one tactician . The program mentioned that a year before the Games , Schreiber had participated in another hostage crisis ( a failed bank robbery ) in which he ordered a marksman to shoot one of the perpetrators , managing only to wound the robber . As a result , the robbers shot an innocent woman dead . Schreiber was consequently charged with involuntary manslaughter . An investigation ultimately cleared him of any wrongdoing , but the program suggested that the prior incident affected his judgment in the subsequent Olympic hostage crisis . As mentioned earlier , the five German snipers at Fürstenfeldbruck did not have radio contact with one another ( nor with the German authorities conducting the rescue operation ) and therefore were unable to coordinate their fire . The only contact the snipers had with the operational leadership was with Georg Wolf , who was lying next to the three snipers on the control tower giving orders directly to them . The two snipers at ground level had been given vague instructions to shoot when the other snipers began shooting , and were basically left to fend for themselves . In addition , the snipers did not have the proper equipment for this hostage rescue operation . The Heckler & Koch G3 battle rifles used were considered by several experts to be inadequate for the distance at which the snipers were trying to shoot . The G3 , the standard service rifle of the Bundeswehr at that time , had a 18 - inch ( 460 mm ) barrel ; at the distances the snipers were required to shoot , a 27 - inch ( 690 mm ) barrel would have ensured far greater accuracy . None of the rifles were equipped with telescopic or infrared sights . Additionally , none of the snipers were equipped with a steel helmet or bullet - proof vest . No armored vehicles were at the scene at Fürstenfeldbruck , and were only called in after the gunfight was well underway . There were also numerous tactical errors . As mentioned earlier , `` Sniper 2 '' , who was stationed behind the signal tower , wound up directly in the line of fire of his fellow snipers on the control tower , without any protective gear and without any other police being aware of his location . Because of this , `` Sniper 2 '' did n't fire a single shot until late in the gunfight , when hostage - taker Khalid Jawad attempted to escape on foot and ran right at the exposed sniper . `` Sniper 2 '' killed the fleeing perpetrator but was in turn badly wounded by a fellow police officer , who was unaware that he was shooting at one of his own men . One of the helicopter pilots , Gunnar Ebel , was lying near `` Sniper 2 '' and was also wounded by friendly fire . Both Ebel and the sniper recovered from their injuries . Many of the errors made by the Germans during the rescue attempt were ultimately detailed by Heinz Hohensinn , who had participated in Operation Sunshine earlier that day . He stated in One Day in September that he had been selected to pose as a crew member . He and his fellow policemen understood that it was a suicide mission , so the group unanimously voted to flee the plane . None of them were reprimanded for that desertion . Aftermath The bodies of the five Palestinian attackers -- Afif , Nazzal , Chic Thaa , Hamid and Jamal -- killed during the Fürstenfeldbruck gun battle were delivered to Libya , where they received heroes ' funerals and were buried with full military honours . On 8 September , Israeli planes bombed ten PLO bases in Syria and Lebanon in response to the massacre . Up to 200 people were killed . The three surviving Black September gunmen had been arrested after the Fürstenfeldbruck gunfight , and were being held in a Munich prison for trial . On 29 October , Lufthansa Flight 615 was hijacked and threatened to be blown up if the Munich attackers were not released . Safady and the Al - Gasheys were immediately released by West Germany , receiving a tumultuous welcome when they touched down in Libya and ( as seen in One Day in September ) giving their own firsthand account of their operation at a press conference broadcast worldwide . Further international investigations into the Lufthansa Flight 615 incident have produced theories of a secret agreement between the German government and Black September - release of the surviving terrorists in exchange for assurances of no further attacks on Germany . Effect on the Games In the wake of the hostage - taking , competition was eventually suspended for the first time in modern Olympic history , after public criticism of the Olympic Committee 's decision to continue the games . On 6 September , a memorial service attended by 80,000 spectators and 3,000 athletes was held in the Olympic Stadium . IOC President Avery Brundage made little reference to the murdered athletes during a speech praising the strength of the Olympic movement and equating the attack on the Israeli sportsmen with the recent arguments about encroaching professionalism and disallowing Rhodesia 's participation in the Games , which outraged many listeners . The victims ' families were represented by Andre Spitzer 's widow Ankie , Moshe Weinberg 's mother , and a cousin of Weinberg , Carmel Eliash . During the memorial service , Eliash collapsed and died of a heart attack . Many of the 80,000 people who filled the Olympic Stadium for West Germany 's football match with Hungary carried noisemakers and waved flags , but when several spectators unfurled a banner reading `` 17 dead , already forgotten ? '' security officers removed the sign and expelled those responsible from the grounds . During the memorial service , the Olympic Flag was flown at half - staff , along with the flags of most of the other competing nations at the request of Willy Brandt . Ten Arab nations objected to their flags being lowered to honor murdered Israelis ; their flags were restored to the tops of their flagpoles almost immediately . Willi Daume , president of the Munich organizing committee , initially sought to cancel the remainder of the Games , but in the afternoon Brundage and others who wished to continue the Games prevailed , stating that they could not let the incident halt the Games . Brundage stated `` The Games must go on , and we must ... and we must continue our efforts to keep them clean , pure and honest . '' The decision was endorsed by the Israeli government and Israeli Olympic team chef de mission Shmuel Lalkin . On 6 September , after the memorial service , the remaining members of the Israeli team withdrew from the Games and left Munich . All Jewish sportsmen were placed under guard . Mark Spitz , the American swimming star who had already completed his competitions , left Munich during the hostage crisis ( it was feared that as a prominent Jew , Spitz might now be a kidnapping target ) . The Egyptian team left the Games on 7 September , stating they feared reprisals . The Philippine and Algerian teams also left the Games , as did some members of the Dutch and Norwegian teams . American marathon runner Kenny Moore , who wrote about the incident for Sports Illustrated , quoted Dutch distance runner Jos Hermens as saying `` It 's quite simple . We were invited to a party , and if someone comes to the party and shoots people , how can you stay ? '' Many athletes , dazed by the tragedy , similarly felt that their desire to compete had been destroyed , although they stayed at the Games . Four years later at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , the Israeli team commemorated the massacre : when they entered the stadium at the Opening Ceremony , their national flag was adorned with a black ribbon . The families of some victims have asked the IOC to establish a permanent memorial to the athletes . The IOC has declined , saying that to introduce a specific reference to the victims could `` alienate other members of the Olympic community , '' according to the BBC . Alex Gilady , an Israeli IOC official , told the BBC : `` We must consider what this could do to other members of the delegations that are hostile to Israel . '' The IOC rejected an international campaign in support of a minute of silence at the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics in honour of the Israeli victims on the 40th anniversary of the massacre . Jacques Rogge , the IOC President , said it would be `` inappropriate , '' although the opening ceremony included a memorium for the victims of the 7 July 2005 London bombings . Speaking of the decision , Olympian Shaul Ladany , who survived the attack , commented : `` I do not understand . I do not understand , and I do not accept it . '' In 2014 the International Olympic Committee agreed to contribute $250,000 towards a memorial to the murdered Israeli athletes . After 44 years , the IOC commemorated the victims of the Munich massacre for the first time in the Rio 2016 Olympic Village on 4 August 2016 . There is a memorial outside the Olympic stadium in Munich in the form of a stone tablet at the bridge linking the stadium to the former Olympic village . There is a memorial tablet to the slain Israelis outside the front door of their former lodging at 31 Connollystraße . On 15 October 1999 ( almost a year before the Sydney 2000 Games ) , a memorial plaque was unveiled in one of the large light towers ( Tower 14 ) outside the Sydney Olympic Stadium . Israeli response Main articles : Operation Wrath of God and 1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon Golda Meir and the Israeli Defense Committee secretly authorized the Mossad to track down and kill those allegedly responsible for the Munich massacre . The accusation that this was motivated by a desire for vengeance was disputed by Zvi Zamir , who described the mission as `` putting an end to the type of terror that was perpetrated '' ( in Europe ) . To this end the Mossad set up a number of special teams to locate and kill these fedayeen , aided by the agency 's stations in Europe . In a February 2006 interview , former Mossad chief Zvi Zamir answered direct questions : Was there no element of vengeance in the decision to take action against the terrorists ? `` No . We were not engaged in vengeance . We are accused of having been guided by a desire for vengeance . That is nonsense . What we did was to concretely prevent in the future . We acted against those who thought that they would continue to perpetrate acts of terror . I am not saying that those who were involved in Munich were not marked for death . They definitely deserved to die . But we were not dealing with the past ; we concentrated on the future . '' Did you not receive a directive from Golda Meir along the lines of ' take revenge on those responsible for Munich ? `` Golda abhorred the necessity that was imposed on us to carry out the operations . Golda never told me to ' take revenge on those who were responsible for Munich . ' No one told me that . '' The Israeli mission later became known as Operation Wrath of God or Mivtza Za'am Ha'El . Reeve quotes General Aharon Yariv -- who , he writes , was the general overseer of the operation -- as stating that after Munich the Israeli government felt it had no alternative but to exact justice . We had no choice . We had to make them stop , and there was no other way ... we are not very proud about it . But it was a question of sheer necessity . We went back to the old biblical rule of an eye for an eye ... I approach these problems not from a moral point of view , but , hard as it may sound , from a cost - benefit point of view . If I 'm very hard - headed , I can say , what is the political benefit in killing this person ? Will it bring us nearer to peace ? Will it bring us nearer to an understanding with the Palestinians or not ? In most cases I do n't think it will . But in the case of Black September we had no other choice and it worked . Is it morally acceptable ? One can debate that question . Is it politically vital ? It was . Benny Morris writes that a target list was created using information from `` turned '' PLO personnel and friendly European intelligence services . Once completed , a wave of assassinations of suspected Black September operatives began across Europe . On 9 April 1973 , Israel launched Operation `` Spring of Youth '' , a joint Mossad -- IDF operation in Beirut . The targets were Mohammad Yusuf al - Najjar ( Abu Yusuf ) , head of Fatah 's intelligence arm , which ran Black September , according to Morris ; Kamal Adwan , who headed the PLO 's so - called Western Sector , which controlled PLO action inside Israel ; and Kamal Nassir , the PLO spokesman . A group of Sayeret commandos were taken in nine missile boats and a small fleet of patrol boats to a deserted Lebanese beach , before driving in two cars to downtown Beirut , where they killed Najjar , Adwan and Nassir . Two further detachments of commandos blew up the PFLP 's headquarters in Beirut and a Fatah explosives plant . The leader of the commando team that conducted the operations was Ehud Barak . On 21 July 1973 , in the so - called Lillehammer affair , a team of Mossad agents mistakenly killed Ahmed Bouchiki , a Moroccan man unrelated to the Munich attack , in Lillehammer , Norway , after an informant mistakenly said Bouchiki was Ali Hassan Salameh , the head of Force 17 and a Black September operative . Five Mossad agents , including two women , were captured by the Norwegian authorities , while others managed to slip away . The five were convicted of the killing and imprisoned , but were released and returned to Israel in 1975 . The Mossad later found Ali Hassan Salameh in Beirut and killed him on 22 January 1979 with a remote - controlled car bomb . The attack killed four passersby and injured 18 others . According to CIA officer Duane `` Dewey '' Claridge , chief of operations of the CIA Near East Division from 1975 to 1978 , in mid-1976 , Salameh offered Americans assistance and protection with Arafat 's blessings during the American embassy pull - out from Beirut during the down - spiraling chaos of the Lebanese Civil War . There was a general feeling that Americans could be trusted . However , the scene of cooperation came to an end abruptly after the assassination of Salameh . Americans were generally blamed as Israel 's principal benefactors . Simon Reeve writes that the Israeli operations continued for more than twenty years . He details the assassination in Paris in 1992 of Atef Bseiso , the PLO 's head of intelligence , and says that an Israeli general confirmed there was a link back to Munich . Reeve also writes that while Israeli officials have stated Operation Wrath of God was intended to exact vengeance for the families of the athletes killed in Munich , `` few relatives wanted such a violent reckoning with the Palestinians . '' Reeve states the families were instead desperate to know the truth of the events surrounding the Munich massacre . Reeve outlines what he sees as a lengthy cover - up by German authorities to hide the truth . After a lengthy court fight , in 2004 the families of the Munich victims reached a settlement of € 3 million with the German government . Alleged German cover - up An article in 2012 in a front - page story of the German news magazine Der Spiegel reported that much of the information pertaining to the mishandling of the massacre was covered up by the German authorities . For twenty years , Germany refused to release any information about the attack and did not accept responsibility for the results . The magazine reported that the government had been hiding 3,808 files , which contained tens of thousands of documents . Der Spiegel said it obtained secret reports by authorities , embassy cables , and minutes of cabinet meetings that demonstrate the lack of professionalism of the German officials in handling the massacre . The newspaper also wrote that the German authorities were told that Palestinians were planning an `` incident '' at the Olympics three weeks before the massacre , but failed to take the necessary security measures , and these facts are missing from the official documentation of the German government . In August 2012 , Der Spiegel reported that following the massacre , Germany began secret meetings with Black September , at the behest of the West German government , due to the fear that Black September would carry out other terrorist attacks in Germany . The government proposed a clandestine meeting between German Foreign Minister Walter Scheel and a member of Black September to create a `` new basis of trust . '' In return for an exchange of the political status of the Palestine Liberation Organization , the PLO would stop terrorist attacks on German soil . When French police arrested Abu Daoud , one of the chief organizers of the Munich massacre , and inquired about extraditing him to Germany , Bavaria 's justice secretary Alfred Seidl ( de ) recommended that Germany should not take any action , causing the French to release Abu Daoud and the Assad regime to shelter him until he died at a Damascus hospital in 2010 . Surviving Black September members Two of the three surviving gunmen , Mohammed Safady and Adnan Al - Gashey , were allegedly killed by Mossad as part of Operation Wrath of God . Al - Gashey was allegedly located after making contact with a cousin in a Gulf State , and Safady was found by remaining in touch with family in Lebanon . This account was challenged in a book by Aaron Klein , who claims that Al - Gashey died of heart failure in the 1970s , and that Safady was killed by Christian Phalangists in Lebanon in the early 1980s . However , in July 2005 , PLO veteran Tawfiq Tirawi told Klein that Safady , whom Tirawi claimed as a close friend , was `` as alive as you are . '' The third surviving gunman , Jamal Al - Gashey , was known to be alive as of 1999 , hiding in North Africa or in Syria , claiming to still fear retribution from Israel . He is the only one of the surviving terrorists to consent to interviews since 1972 , having granted an interview in 1992 to a Palestinian newspaper , and having briefly emerged from hiding in 1999 to participate in an interview for the film One Day in September , during which he was disguised and his face shown only in blurry shadow . Abu Daoud Of those believed to have planned the massacre , only Abu Daoud , the man who claims that the attack was his idea , is known to have died of natural causes . Historical documents released to Der Spiegel by the German secret service show that Dortmund police had been aware of collaboration between Abu Daoud and neo-Nazi Willi Pohl ( de ) ( aka E.W. Pless and , since 1979 , officially named Willi Voss ) seven weeks before the attack . In January 1977 , Abu Daoud was intercepted by French police in Paris while traveling from Beirut under an assumed name . Under protest from the PLO , Iraq , and Libya , who claimed that because Abu Daoud was traveling to a PLO comrade 's funeral he should receive diplomatic immunity , the French government refused a West German extradition request on grounds that forms had not been filled in properly , and put him on a plane to Algeria before Germany could submit another request . On 27 July 1981 , he was shot 5 times from a distance of around two meters in a Warsaw Victoria ( now Sofitel ) hotel coffee shop , but survived the attack , chasing his would - be assassin down to the coffee shop 's front entrance before collapsing . Abu Daoud was allowed safe passage through Israel in 1996 so he could attend a PLO meeting convened in the Gaza Strip for the purpose of rescinding an article in its charter that called for Israel 's eradication . In his autobiography , From Jerusalem to Munich , first published in France in 1999 , and later in a written interview with Sports Illustrated , Abu Daoud wrote that funds for Munich were provided by Mahmoud Abbas , Chairman of the PLO since 11 November 2004 and President of the Palestinian National Authority since 15 January 2005 . Though he claims he did n't know what the money was being spent for , longtime Fatah official Mahmoud Abbas , aka Abu Mazen , was responsible for the financing of the Munich attack . Abu Daoud believes that if the Israelis knew that Mahmoud Abbas was the financier of the operation , the 1993 Oslo Accords would not have been achieved , during which Mahmoud Abbas was seen in photo ops at the White House . Abu Daoud , who lived with his wife on a pension provided by the Palestinian Authority , said that `` the Munich operation had the endorsement of Arafat , '' although Arafat was not involved in conceiving or implementing the attack . '' In his autobiography , Abu Daoud writes that Arafat saw the team off on the mission with the words `` God protect you . '' Ankie Spitzer , widow of fencing coach Andre , declined several offers to meet with Abu Daoud , saying that the only place she wants to meet him is in a courtroom . According to Spitzer , `` He ( Abu Daoud ) did n't pay the price for what he did . '' In 2006 , during the release of Steven Spielberg 's film , Munich , Der Spiegel interviewed Abu Daoud regarding the Munich massacre . He was quoted as saying : `` I regret nothing . You can only dream that I would apologize . '' Daoud died of kidney failure aged 73 on 3 July 2010 in Damascus , Syria . List of fatalities Shot during the initial break - in Moshe Weinberg , wrestling coach Yossef Romano , weightlifter Shot and killed by grenade in eastern - side helicopter D - HAQO According to the order in which they were seated , from left to right : Ze'ev Friedman , weightlifter David Berger , weightlifter ( survived grenade but died of smoke inhalation ) Yakov Springer , weightlifting judge Eliezer Halfin , wrestler Shot in western - side helicopter D - HAQU According to the order in which they were seated , from left to right : Yossef Gutfreund , wrestling referee Kehat Shorr , shooting coach Mark Slavin , wrestler Andre Spitzer , fencing coach Amitzur Shapira , track coach Shot on airstrip Anton Fliegerbauer , German police officer Palestinian terrorists shot dead by German police Luttif Afif ( `` Issa '' ) Yusuf Nazzal ( `` Tony '' ) Afif Ahmed Hamid ( `` Paolo '' ) Khalid Jawad ( `` Salah '' ) Ahmed Chic Thaa ( `` Abu Halla '' ) Memorials gallery Memorial plaque in front of the Israeli athletes ' quarters . The inscription , in German and Hebrew , translates as : `` The team of the State of Israel stayed in this building during the 20th Olympic Summer Games from 21 August to 5 September 1972 . On 5 September , ( list of victims ) died a violent death . Honor to their memory . '' Memorial panel for the victims of the attack on the site of the Munich Olympic Park Memorial for the dead athletes in front of the airport in Fürstenfeldbruck . The names of the victims are engraved . Place of memory in Ben Shemen forest in Israel Graves of five victims of the Munich massacre at the Kiryat Shaul Cemetery , Tel Aviv , Israel . From left to right : André Spitzer , Mark Slavin , Eliezer Halfin , Kehat Shorr and Amitzur Schapira . Media Munich Massacre by Mark Podwal , published in The New York Times in 1972 1972 , by Sarah Morris 21 Hours at Munich Munich , a 2005 American - Canadian historical drama Munich : Mossad 's Revenge One Day in September , 1999 documentary by Kevin Macdonald ; winner of the Academy Award for Best Documentary National Geographic Seconds From Disaster episodes Sword of Gideon Visions of Eight Munich 1972 & Beyond , 2016 documentary film by Steven Ungerleider See also Munich portal Israel portal Terrorism portal Palestine portal Olympics portal 1970s portal Israeli casualties of war Lod Airport massacre One minute of silence Palestinian political violence References Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( 22 December 2005 ) . `` Messages from ' Munich ' '' . USAToday . Gannett Co . Retrieved 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Karon , Tony . `` Revisiting the Olympics ' Darkest Day '' . Time . Retrieved 13 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Juan Sanchez ( 7 August 2007 ) . Terrorism & Its Effects . Global Media . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 89940 - 93 - 5 . Retrieved 16 December 2012 . Jump up ^ The new dimension of international ... Google Books . 11 September 2001 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of terrorism . Google Books . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ The terrorist trap : America 's ... Google Books . 18 July 1976 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Reeve , Simon ( 22 January 2006 ) , `` Olympics Massacre : Munich -- The real story '' , The Independent , archived from the original on 16 March 2012 , retrieved 3 March 2012 Jump up ^ Fleisher , Malkah ( 22 July 2012 ) . `` '' Baffled '' Bob Costas to Call Own Minute of Silence During Olympic Broadcast for Slain Israeli Team `` . The Jewish Press . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Terrorism : A Global Scourge -- Google Livres . Books. google . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Ciment , James ( 20 March 2015 ) . Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II . Routledge . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 47186 - 8 . Early acts at Palestinian terrorism were geared toward drawing international attention to the plight of Arabs living under Israeli occupation and to secure the release of Palestinian prisoners . Unlike much later terrorism in the Arab Muslim world , these acts , which ranged from plane hijackings to targeted attacks on Israeli civilians , were motivated largely by a secular brand of nationalism . In fact , Luttif `` Issa '' Afif , the leader of the PLO - affiliated Black September group that captured and killed 11 Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics , was born to a Jewish mother and a Christian father . Jump up ^ Latsch , Gunther ; Wiegrefe , Klaus ( 18 June 2012 ) , `` Files Reveal Neo-Nazis Helped Palestinian Terrorists '' , Spiegel Online Jump up ^ First official Olympic ceremony held in memory of Munich victims , jpost.com ; accessed 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Alexander Wolff ; Don Yaeger ( 2 August 2002 ) . `` When the Terror Began '' . www.si.com . Sports Illustrated / TIME . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ahren , Raphael ( 22 July 2012 ) . `` Germany had a tip - off three weeks ahead of Munich massacre , Der Spiegel claims '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bohr , Felix ; Frohn , Axel ; Latsch , Gunther ; Neumann , Conny ( 23 July 2012 ) . Wiegrefe , Klaus . `` Die angekündigte Katastrophe '' . Der Spiegel ( 30 ) . Jump up ^ Reeve , Klein and Groussard . Jump up ^ Klein , pp. 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Cathal ( 28 April 2012 ) , Munich massacre helped unwittingly by Canadians in 1972 Olympic atrocity Jump up ^ `` Ladany , Shaul '' . Jewsinsports.org . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Burnton , Simon ( 2 May 2012 ) . `` 50 stunning Olympic moments No 26 : The terrorist outrage in Munich in 1972 '' . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Article on CBC Archives '' . Archives.cbc.ca . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Nigel Cawthorne ( 2011 ) . Warrior Elite : 31 Heroic Special - Ops Missions from the Raid on Son Tay to the Killing of Osama Bin Laden . Ulysses Press . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Borden , Sam . `` Long - Hidden Details Reveal Cruelty of 1972 Munich Attackers '' . New York Times . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shaul Ladany biodata / stats '' . Sports-reference.com . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Paul Taylor ( 2004 ) . Jews and the Olympic Games : The Clash Between Sport and Politics -- With a Complete Review of Jewish Olympic Medalists . Sussex Academic Press . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Tom Mackin ( 2009 ) . Making Other Plans : A Memoir . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Reeve , Simon ( 1 August 2011 ) . One Day in September : The Full Story of the 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and the Israeli Revenge Operation `` Wrath of God '' . Regnery Publishing . ISBN 1628721413 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Terry ( 1989 ) . The Game Behind the Game : High Pressure , High Stakes in Sports Television . Harper and Row . p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Cooley . Jump up ^ Oren , Amir ( 23 February 2006 ) . `` How Nixon got shot of Munich '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Reeve , Simon . One Day in September , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Interview `` Uns ging es darum , das Leben der Geiseln zu retten '' ( in German ) . Süddeutsche Zeitung. 1 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Moore , Kenny ( 18 September 1972 ) . `` Shootings in the Night '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ YouTube . Jump up ^ Interview with Heinz Hohensinn in One Day in September ^ Jump up to : Groussard . Jump up ^ Interview with Tröger in One Day in September Jump up ^ Grace , Francie ( 5 September 2002 ) . `` Munich Massacre Remembered '' . CBS News . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Munich Massacre , ESPN via YouTube , retrieved 18 March 2016 Jump up ^ `` American Sportscasters Online interview with Jim McKay '' . Americansportscastersonline.com . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Turnbull , Simon ( 27 January 2012 ) . `` Shaul Ladany : Still king of the road -- Olympics '' . The Independent . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Interview with Ulrich Wegener in One Day in September . Jump up ^ Reeve , pp. 103 , 107 . Jump up ^ Groussard , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Reeve , pp. 115 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Reeve , pp. 106 -- 07 . Jump up ^ Groussard , pp. 354 -- 55 . ^ Jump up to : Reeve , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Reeve , pp. 118 - 20 . Jump up ^ Reeve , pp. 121 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Reeve , pp. 236 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : James Montague ( 5 September 2012 ) . `` The Munich massacre : A survivor 's story '' . CNN . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Germany Cool to Capitulation Charge '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . 30 October 1972 . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Chalk ( 2012 ) . Encyclopedia of Terrorism . ABC - CLIO . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Burke , Jason ( 26 March 2000 ) . `` Bonn ' faked ' hijack to free killers '' . theguardian.com . Jump up ^ Burnton , Simon ( 2 May 2012 ) . `` 50 stunning Olympic moments No 26 : The terrorist outrage in Munich in 1972 '' . theguardian.com . Jump up ^ Ellis , Jack ( 7 September 1972 ) . `` ' Games must go on ' , says Brundage '' . Munich : Stars and Stripes . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brendan ( 6 August 2002 ) . `` Athletics : Memories stirred of Olympic hostage horror '' . London , UK : The Telegraph ( UK ) . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , David ( 29 July 1996 ) . `` Remembering the Munich 11 ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 16 September 2000 . Retrieved 22 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Munich Crisis '' . Upi.com. 12 January 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Encarta article on the Olympic Games . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Guardian article on the massacre , 7 September 1972 . Jump up ^ Butcher , Pat ( 12 August 2002 ) . `` ATHLETICS : In Munich , Israelis honor ' 72 victims '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ BBC News article on commemoration at 2004 Olympics , 20 August 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Rogge again rejects calls for minute 's silence for victims of 1972 Munich massacre '' . The Washington Post . The Associated Press . 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Davidovich , Joshua ( 22 July 2012 ) . `` Still refusing moment of silence , Olympic head says memorial will be held in Germany '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Munich ' 72 and Beyond '' . Pbsinternational.org . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC contributing $250,000 to Munich massacre memorial '' . www.jta.org . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First official Olympic ceremony held in memory of Munich victims '' . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 11 Israeli victims of ' 72 Munich Olympic massacre officially commemorated in Rio '' , Jewish Journal , 5 August 2016 ; accessed 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs article on Sydney 2000 Olympics and Plaque '' . MFA . Archived from the original on 29 March 2010 . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Reeve 's article in 2000 : Munich massacre 's echoes heard amid Sydney 's jubilee '' . Jewishsf . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Morris . ^ Jump up to : Melman . Jump up ^ `` Munich : Mossad breaks cover '' by Ewen MacAskill and Ian Black , The Guardian , 26 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Shalev , Noam ' The hunt for Black September ' . BBC . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MIDDLE EAST : Death of a Terrorist '' . Time . 5 February 1979 . Jump up ^ Posner , Gerald ( 2004 ) . Why America slept : the failure to prevent 9 / 11 . Random House Inc. p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6623 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Officials Ignored Warnings of Terrorist Attack '' . Der Spiegel . 23 July 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Aderet , Oferet ( 22 July 2012 ) . `` Germany was warned one month before Munich massacre , claims Der Spiege '' . Ha'aretz . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Der Spiegel : Germany had warning of Munich attack '' . 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Weinthal , Benjamin ( 26 August 2012 ) . `` ' Germany met with Munich terrorists after attack ' '' . The Jerusalem Post . Archived from the original on 26 August 2012 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Reeve , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Klein , Aaron ( 2007 ) . Striking back : The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel 's deadly response . New York : Random House Trade Paperbacks . ISBN 9780812974638 . Jump up ^ `` One Day in September '' . NY Times . Retrieved 22 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Neo-Nazi ' aided Munich Olympics massacre ' , The Local 17 June 2012 ^ Jump up to : Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York City : Basic Books . p. 319 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff , Alexander ( 26 August 2002 ) . `` The Mastermind '' . Sports Illustrated . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 4 October 2002 . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Law Center on Abu Mazen '' . Israel law center . Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Abu Daoud . Jump up ^ Goodenough , Patrick ( 5 May 1999 ) . `` Munich Olympics Massacre Said to Be PLO Operation '' . CNSNews.com . Archived from the original on 4 April 2004 . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Her husband 's killer '' . New York Daily News . 25 December 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Suspected Munich massacre mastermind dead , report says '' . CNN . 3 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mastermind behind Munich Olympics attacks dies '' . BBC News . 3 July 2010 . Further reading Blumenau , Bernhard ( Basingstoke 2014 ) , The United Nations and Terrorism . Germany , Multilateralism , and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970s Palgrave Macmillan , ch. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 39196 - 4 . Calahan , A.B. `` The Israeli Response to the 1972 Munich Olympic Massacre and the Development of Independent Covert Action Teams '' ( 1995 thesis ) Cooley , John K. ( London 1973 ) , Green March Black September : The Story of the Palestinian Arabs ISBN 0 - 7146 - 2987 - 1 Dahlke , Matthias ( Munich 2006 ) , Der Anschlag auf Olympia ' 72 . Die politischen Reaktionen auf den internationalen in Deutschland Martin Meidenbauer ISBN 3 - 89975 - 583 - 9 ( German text ) Daoud , Abu , ( New York , 2002 ) , Palestine : a history of the resistance movement by the sole survivor of Black September ISBN 1 - 55970 - 429 - 2 Groussard , Serge ( New York , 1975 ) , The Blood of Israel : the massacre of the Israeli athletes , the Olympics , 1972 ISBN 0 - 688 - 02910 - 8 Jonas , George . ( New York , 2005 ) , Vengeance : The True Story of an Israeli Team. , Simon & Schuster Khalaf , Salah ( Abu Iyad ) ( Tel Aviv , 1983 ) Without a Homeland : Conversations with Eric Rouleau Klein , A.J. ( New York , 2005 ) , Striking Back : The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel 's Deadly Response , Random House ISBN 1 - 920769 - 80 - 3 Large , David Clay ( Lanham , MD , 2012 ) , Munich 1972 , Rowman & Littlefield ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 6739 - 9 Morris , Benny . ( New York , 1999 and 2001 ) , Righteous Victims : A History of the Zionist -- Arab conflict , 1881 -- 2000 , Vintage Books edition ISBN 0 - 679 - 74475 - 4 Reeve , Simon . ( New York , 2001 ) , One Day in September : the full story of the 1972 Munich Olympic massacre and Israeli revenge operation `` Wrath of God '' ISBN 1 - 55970 - 547 - 7 Tinnin , David B. & Dag Christensen. ( 1976 ) , The Hit Team ISBN 0 - 440 - 13644 - X Yossi Melman , ( 17 February 2006 ) , Interview with former Head of Mossad , Zvi Zamir `` '' Preventive measures `` '' . Archived from the original on 1 October 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 03 . , Haaretz Mohammad Daoud Odeh ( August 2008 ) , interview with NOX magazine , `` Rings Of Fire '' Kramer , Ferdinand : Das Attentat von München . In : Alois Schmid , Katharina Weigand : Bayern nach Jahr und Tag. 24 Tage aus der Bayerischen Geschichte . C.H. Beck Verlag , München 2007 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 406 - 56320 - 1 . p. 400 -- 414 . Wolfgang Kraushaar : `` Wann endlich beginnt bei Euch der Kampf gegen die heilige Kuh Israel ? `` München 1970 : über die antisemitischen Wurzeln des deutschen Terrorismus . Rowohlt , Reinbek 2013 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 49803411 - 5 , p. 496 -- 573 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Munich massacre . The Israeli Response to the 1972 Munich Massacre -- Includes an extensive overview of the Munich massacre A Tribute to the 1972 Israeli Olympic Athletes -- Includes biographies and photographs for each of the 11 Israeli athletes killed Time Magazine , 4 December 2005 Special Publication of Israel State Archives : The Fortieth Anniversary of the Massacre of the Israeli Athletes in Munich Links to related articles Israel at the Olympics Summer Olympic Games 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Israel did not participate in 1980 due to the boycott . Prominent terrorist attacks against Israelis in the history of the Arab -- Israeli conflict -- the 1970s 1970 Swissair Flight 330 attack ( February 21 ) Avivim school bus massacre ( May 22 ) 1971 Murder of the Aroyo children ( January 2 ) 1972 Sabena Flight 571 ( May 8 ) Lod Airport massacre ( May 30 ) Munich massacre ( 5 -- 6 September ) Israeli Bangkok Embassy hostage crisis ( December 28 ) 1973 Assassination of the Israeli attache in Washington ( July 1 ) Kiryat Shmona massacre ( April 11 ) Ma'alot massacre ( May 15 ) Nahariya attack ( 24 -- 25 June ) TWA Flight 841 bombing ( September 8 ) Beit She'an attack ( November 19 ) Savoy Hotel Attack ( March 6 ) Kfar Yuval hostage crisis ( June 15 ) Zion Square refrigerator bombing ( July 4 ) 1976 Hijacking of Air France Flight 139 ( June 27 ) 1978 Coastal Road massacre ( March 11 ) ‡ 1979 Nahariya massacre ( April 22 ) Attacks launched from the West Bank Attacks launched from the Gaza Strip Attacks launched from Lebanon Attacks launched from Jordan ‡ indicates the terrorist attack which caused the greatest amount of Israeli casualties during the 1970s Full list of Lebanese rocket attacks on Israel 1960s 1980s Prominent Palestinian militancy attacks in the 1970s Within Israel Avivim school bus massacre ( May 22 , 1970 ) Lod Airport massacre ( May 30 , 1972 ) Kiryat Shmona massacre ( April 11 , 1974 ) Ma'alot massacre ( May 15 , 1974 ) Nahariya attack ( June 24 -- 25 , 1974 ) Beit She'an attack ( November 19 , 1974 ) Savoy Hotel Attack ( March 6 , 1975 ) Kfar Yuval hostage crisis ( June 15 , 1975 ) Zion Square refrigerator bombing ( July 4 , 1975 ) Coastal Road massacre ( March 11 , 1978 ) Nahariya massacre ( April 22 , 1979 ) Within the Gaza Strip Murder of the Aroyo children ( January 2 , 1971 ) Aircraft attacks and hijackings Swissair Flight 330 ( February 21 , 1970 ) Lufthansa Flight 649 ( February 22 -- 23 , 1972 ) Sabena Flight 571 ( May 8 , 1972 ) Lufthansa Flight 615 ( October 29 , 1972 ) 1973 Rome airport attacks and hijacking ( December 17 -- 18 , 1973 ) TWA Flight 841 ( September 8 , 1974 ) Air France Flight 139 ( June 27 , 1976 ) Worldwide Munich massacre ( September 5 -- 6 , 1972 ) Israeli Bangkok embassy hostage crisis ( December 28 , 1972 ) Assassination of the Israeli attache in Washington ( July 1 , 1973 ) Attacks launched from Lebanon 1960s 1980s Israeli -- Palestinian conflict Participants Israel Israel Defense Forces Israel Police Mossad Shabak ( Shin Bet ) Palestinians Principals Palestinian National Authority Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) Fatah Hamas Other groups al - Aqsa Brigades DFLP PLF PIJ PPSF PFLP PFLP - GC PRC Third - party groups Arab League Hezbollah Individuals Israelis Moshe Arens Ami Ayalon Ehud Barak Menachem Begin Meir Dagan Moshe Dayan Avi Dichter Yuval Diskin David Ben - Gurion Efraim Halevy Dan Halutz Tzipi Livni Golda Meir Shaul Mofaz Yitzhak Mordechai Benjamin Netanyahu Ehud Olmert Shimon Peres Yaakov Peri Yitzhak Rabin Amnon Lipkin - Shahak Yitzhak Shamir Ariel Sharon Shabtai Shavit Moshe Ya'alon Danny Yatom Zvi Zamir Palestinians Abu Abbas Mahmoud Abbas Moussa Arafat Yasser Arafat Yahya Ayyash Marwan Barghouti Mohammed Dahlan Mohammed Deif George Habash Wadie Haddad Ismail Haniyeh Nayef Hawatmeh Amin al - Husayni Ghazi Jabali Ahmed Jibril Abu Jihad Salah Khalaf Leila Khaled Sheikh Khalil Khaled Mashal Zuheir Mohsen Abu Ali Mustafa Abu Nidal Izz ad - Din al - Qassam Jibril Rajoub Abdel Aziz al - Rantisi Ali Hassan Salameh Salah Shehade Ramadan Shalah Fathi Shaqaqi Ahlam Tamimi Ahmed Yassin Timeline Background 1920 -- 1948 Mandatory Palestine ( intercommunal conflict ) 1920 Nebi Musa riots Battle of Tel Hai 1921 Jaffa riots 1929 Palestine riots Hebron massacre Safed massacre 1936 -- 39 Arab revolt 1944 -- 47 Jewish insurgency 1947 -- 48 Civil War 1948 -- 1970 1948 Arab -- Israeli War massacres 1948 -- present Fedayeen insurgency 1951 -- 1967 Attacks against Israeli civilians 1950s -- 1960s IDF reprisal operations 1953 Qibya massacre 1956 Kafr Qasim / Khan Yunis / Rafah massacres 1967 Six - Day War 1967 -- 70 War of Attrition 1968 Battle of Karameh Palestinian insurgency 1968 -- 1982 1970 Avivim school bus massacre 1972 Sabena Flight 571 / Munich massacre / Operation `` Wrath of God '' ( 1973 Lillehammer affair ) 1974 Kiryat Shmona massacre / Ma'alot massacre 1975 Savoy Hotel attack 1976 Operation `` Entebbe '' 1978 Coastal Road massacre / South Lebanon conflict 1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis 1973 -- 1987 1973 Yom Kippur War 1975 Zion Square bombing 1982 Lebanon War Siege of Beirut 1984 Bus 300 affair 1985 Achille Lauro hijacking / Operation `` Wooden Leg '' 1987 Night of the Gliders First Intifada 1987 -- 1991 1988 Tunis Raid 1989 Bus 405 attack 1990 Temple Mount riots 1990s Palestinian suicide attacks 1994 Cave of the Patriarchs massacre Second Intifada 2000 -- 2005 Palestinian rocket attacks list Palestinian suicide attacks Israeli assassinations 2000 October events 2001 Santorini 2002 Karine A / Operation `` Defensive Shield '' / Battle of Jenin / Battle of Nablus / Operation `` Determined Path '' 2003 Abu Hasan / Ain es Saheb airstrike 2004 Operation `` Rainbow '' / Beit Hanoun raid / Operation `` Days of Penitence '' 2006 -- present 2006 Operation `` Bringing Home the Goods '' 2008 Mercaz HaRav / Jerusalem bulldozer attack 2009 Temple Mount riots 2010 Palestinian militancy campaign 2015 Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 2017 Temple Mount crisis Gaza -- Israel conflict 2006 -- present 2006 Gaza beach explosion / Gaza cross-border raid / Operation `` Summer Rains '' / Operation `` Autumn Clouds '' / Beit Hanoun shelling 2008 Gaza -- Egypt border breach / Operation `` Hot Winter '' 2008 -- 09 Gaza War 2010 Gaza flotilla raid 2012 Operation `` Returning Echo '' / Operation `` Pillar of Defense '' 2014 Operation `` Protective Edge '' 2015 Freedom Flotilla III Diplomacy Timeline 1948 -- 1991 1948 Palestinian exodus depopulated Arab settlements 1949 Lausanne Conference 1967 -- present Israeli settlement settler violence international law 1990s 1991 Madrid Conference 1993 / 95 Oslo Accords 1994 Protocol on Economic Relations ( Paris Protocol ) 1994 Gaza -- Jericho Agreement 1994 -- present US security assistance to PNA 1997 Hebron Agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm el - Sheikh Memorandum 2000s 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters 2001 Taba Summit 2002 Quartet established 2003 Road Map 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza 2005 Agreement on Movement and Access 2006 Valley of Peace initiative 2007 Annapolis Conference 2009 Aftonbladet Israel controversy 2010s 2010 -- 11 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks 2011 Palestine Papers 2013 -- 14 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks United Nations 1947 UN Resolution 181 1948 UN Resolution 194 1967 UN Resolution 242 Arab -- Israeli conflict Countries Authorities Organizations Primary countries and authorities All - Palestine Egypt Hamas Gaza Iraq Kuwait Israel Jordan Lebanon Pakistan Palestinian National Authority Saudi Arabia Syria Organizations Active Abu Nidal Organization Amal al - Aqsa Martyrs ' Brigades Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab League Arab Liberation Front Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Fatah Guardians of the Cedars Hamas Hezbollah Jaish al - Islam Kataeb Lebanese Forces al - Mourabitoun Muslim Brotherhood Palestinian Islamic Jihad Palestine Liberation Front Palestine Liberation Organization Palestinian Popular Struggle Front Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine -- General Command Popular Resistance Committees as - Sa'iqa Inactive or former Arab Higher Committee Arab Liberation Army Black Hand Black September Haganah Holy War Army Irgun ( Etzel ) Japanese Red Army Lehi Palmach Revolutionary Cells South Lebanon Army Other countries Algeria China Cuba France Iran Kuwait Libya Morocco North Korea Norway Pakistan Russia Sudan Tunisia Turkey Uganda United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Venezuela Yemen Transnational European Union United Nations Former states Mandatory Palestine Soviet Union United Arab Republic `` The template below ( People involved in the Arab - Israeli conflict ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' People Lester B. Pearson Abd al - Hakim Amer Hosni Mubarak Gamal Abdel Nasser Anwar Sadat Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Ali Khamenei Ruhollah Khomeini Faisal I Saddam Hussein Ehud Barak Menachem Begin David Ben - Gurion Moshe Dayan Levi Eshkol Golda Meir Benjamin Netanyahu Ehud Olmert Shimon Peres Yitzhak Rabin Yitzhak Shamir Ariel Sharon Chaim Weizmann King Abdullah I of Jordan King Abdullah II of Jordan King Hussein of Jordan Émile Lahoud Hassan Nasrallah Fouad Siniora Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Mona Juul Johan Jørgen Holst Terje Rød - Larsen Mahmoud Abbas Yasser Arafat Marwan Barghouti George Habash Ismail Haniyeh Haj Amin al - Husseini Khaled Mashal Abdel Aziz al - Rantisi Ahmad Shukeiri Ahmed Yassin King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia King Fahd of Saudi Arabia King Faisal of Saudi Arabia Folke Bernadotte Hafez al - Assad Bashar al - Assad Shukri al - Quwatli Salah Jadid Ernest Bevin Arthur Balfour Tony Blair Richard Crossman Madeleine Albright Ralph Bunche George H.W. Bush George W. Bush Jimmy Carter Bill Clinton Henry Kissinger Ronald Reagan Condoleezza Rice Dennis Ross Ramadan Shalah Harry S. Truman Cyrus Vance Armed engagements Background 1920 Battle of Tel Hai 1936 -- 39 Arab revolt 1944 Operation ATLAS 1947 -- 1950s 1947 -- 48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine 1948 -- 49 Arab -- Israeli War 1950s Palestinian Fedayeen attacks ( Reprisal operations ) 1956 Suez Crisis 1960s 1966 Operation Shredder 1967 Six - Day War 1967 -- 70 War of Attrition 1968 Battle of Karameh Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1968 Operation Gift 1970s -- 1980 1973 Yom Kippur War Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1972 Operation Isotope / Lod Airport massacre / Munich Olympics massacre 1972 -- 79 Operation Wrath of God ( Airstrike , Spring of Youth ) 1973 Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 1974 Ma'alot massacre 1975 Savoy Operation 1976 Operation Entebbe 1978 Coastal Road massacre / Operation Litani 1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis 1980s 1981 Operation Opera 1982 Lebanon War 1982 -- 2000 South Lebanon conflict 1984 Bus 300 affair 1985 Operation Wooden Leg 1987 -- 93 First Intifada 1988 Mothers ' Bus rescue / Tunis raid 1990s 1992 Operation Bramble Bush 1993 -- 2008 Palestinian suicide attacks 1993 Operation Accountability 1996 Operation Grapes of Wrath 2000s 2000 -- 05 Al - Aqsa Intifada ( Second Intifada ) 2000 -- 06 Shebaa Farms conflict 2001 -- present Rocket and mortar attacks on southern Israel 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike 2006 Operation Bringing Home the Goods / Operation Summer Rains / Operation Autumn Clouds / Lebanon War 2006 -- present Gaza -- Israel conflict 2007 -- 08 Operation Hot Winter 2008 -- 09 Gaza War 2007 Operation Orchard 2007 -- present Lebanese rocket attacks 2010s 2010 Adaisseh skirmish / Palestinian militancy campaign Gaza -- Israel conflict 2011 Southern Israel cross-border attacks 2012 Operation Returning Echo / Operation Pillar of Defense 2014 2014 Israel -- Gaza conflict 2015 Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Diplomacy and peace proposals To 1948 1914 Damascus Protocol 1915 McMahon -- Hussein Correspondence 1916 Sykes -- Picot Agreement 1917 Balfour Declaration 1918 Declaration to the Seven / Anglo - French Declaration 1919 Faisal -- Weizmann Agreement 1920 San Remo conference 1922 Churchill White Paper 1937 Peel Commission 1939 White Paper 1947 UN Partition Plan 1948 American trusteeship proposal 1948 -- 91 1948 UN General Assembly ( UNGA ) Resolution 194 1949 Armistice agreements / Lausanne Conference 1950 Tripartite Declaration 1964 Palestinian National Covenant 1967 Khartoum Resolution / UN Security Council ( UNSC ) Resolution 242 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 / UNSC Resolution 339 1974 Israel -- Syria disengagement agreement / UNSC Resolution 350 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 / Camp David Accords 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 / Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty / UNSC Resolution 452 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 1983 Israel -- Lebanon agreement 1991 -- present 1991 Madrid Conference 1993 Oslo Accords 1994 Gaza -- Jericho Agreement / Israel -- Jordan peace treaty 1995 Beilin - Abu Mazen agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm el - Sheikh Memorandum 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters 2001 Taba Summit 2002 Beirut Summit and peace initiative / Road map 2003 Geneva Initiative 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 / UNSC Resolution 1566 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 / Sharm el - Sheikh Summit / Israeli disengagement from Gaza / Agreement on Movement and Access 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 2007 Annapolis Conference 2010 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks 2013 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks Olympic Games scandals and controversies By year 2008 ( summer ) 2010 ( winter ) 2012 ( summer ) 2014 ( winter ) 2016 ( summer ) 2018 ( winter ) 2020 ( summer ) 2022 ( winter ) Boycotts 1936 1956 1964 1976 1980 1984 1988 Alternative competitions Intercalated Games ( 1906 ) People 's Olympiad ( 1936 ) Games of the New Emerging Forces ( 1963 ) Liberty Bell Classic ( 1980 ) Friendship Games ( 1984 ) Goodwill Games ( 1986 -- 2001 ) Events Football match between Peru and Austria ( 1936 ) `` Blood in the Water '' water polo match ( 1956 ) Tlatelolco massacre ( 1968 ) Black Power salute ( 1968 ) Munich massacre ( 1972 ) Basketball gold - medal match controversy ( 1972 ) Kozakiewicz 's gesture ( 1980 ) Centennial Olympic Park bombing ( 1996 ) Winter Olympic bid scandal ( 1998 ) Figure - skating judging scandal ( 2002 ) Underage gymnasts controversy ( 2008 ) Death of Nodar Kumaritashvili ( 2010 ) One minute of silence campaign ( 2012 ) LGBT rights protests ( 2014 ) Sochi Ladies ' singles judging controversy ( 2014 ) Russian doping scandal ( 2015 - ) Ireland Summer Olympics ticket scandal ( 2016 ) Death of Bahman Golbarnezhad ( 2016 ) Lochtegate ( 2016 ) Rule 40 ( 2016 ) List of stripped Olympic medals Doping at the Olympic Games Apartheid - era South Africa and the Olympics GND : 7508433 - 8 Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages Agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Sand War 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War 1964 Brazilian coup d'état United States occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Protests of 1968 French May Cultural Revolution Prague Spring Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Realpolitik Ping - 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Notable attacks 1972 Olympic massacre German autumn Kidnapping and murder of Hanns - Martin Schleyer Lufthansa Flight 181 1980 Oktoberfest bombing 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing Mykonos restaurant assassinations 1993 Solingen arson attack 2004 Cologne bombing Murder of Michèle Kiesewetter 2011 Frankfurt airport shooting 2016 Hanover stabbing 2016 Würzburg train attack 2016 Ansbach bombing 2016 Berlin attack 2017 Hamburg attack Notable terrorists In terror groups Black September Organization Abu Daoud Adnan al - Gashey Jamal al - Gashey Red Army Faction Andreas Baader Gudrun Ensslin Jan - Carl Raspe Ulrike Meinhof Brigitte Mohnhaupt Christian Klar Birgit Hogefeld Wolfgang Grams Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Souhaila Andrawes National Socialist Underground Beate Zschäpe Uwe Böhnhardt Uwe Mundlos Lone perpetrators Gundolf Köhler Arid Uka Mohammad Daleel Anis Amri Terror groups Domestic groups Red Army Faction ( defunct ) National Socialist Underground ( defunct , the case is on trial ) Foreign groups Black September Organization ( defunct ) Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Mukhabarat el - Jamahiriya ( defunct ) Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Counter-terrorism units Federal Police units GSG 9 Special Deployment Commando Military unit Kommando Spezialkräfte Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munich_massacre&oldid=819349249 '' Categories : Munich massacre Mass murder in 1972 Black September Organization Olympic Games controversies Palestinian terrorist incidents in Europe Massacres in Germany Terrorist incidents in 1972 Terrorist attacks attributed to Palestinian militant groups Antisemitism in Germany Antisemitism in Egypt Germany -- Israel relations Olympic deaths 1972 crimes in Germany 1972 in Israel 1972 in West Germany Politics and sports Terrorist incidents in Germany Crime in Munich Deaths by firearm in Germany History of Munich History of Israel History of West Germany Cold War history of Germany Hostage taking in Germany Fatah Israel at the Summer Olympics Arab -- Israeli conflict Israeli -- Palestinian conflict Jewish sports 1970s in Munich Kidnappings in Germany Murder in Bavaria Military operations involving Palestine September 1972 events in Europe West Germany Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2012 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2016 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2012 Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Use dmy dates from April 2013 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from February 2012 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2012 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 21 : 59 . 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where did the terrorists strike in munich germany in 1972
[ "The Munich massacre was an attack during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, at which eleven Israeli Olympic team members were taken hostage and eventually killed, along with a German police officer, by the Palestinian terrorist group Black September.[3][4][5][6]" ]
[ "Munich, West Germany" ]
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Treaty of Sugauli
Treaty of Sugauli - wikipedia Treaty of Sugauli Jump to : navigation , search Sugauli Treaty Drafted December 2 , 1815 Signed March 4 , 1816 Location Sugauli , India Condition Some Nepalese controlled land was ceded to British East India Company Signatories Parish Bradshaw ( for the Company Government ) and Raj Guru Gajaraj Mishra ( for Nepal ) Parties East India Company Nepal Ratifiers Governor - General David Ochterlony ( British India ) Language English The territorial effects of the Treaty of Sugauli . The Treaty of Sugauli ( also spelled Sugowlee , Sagauli and Segqulee ) , the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal , was signed on 2 December 1815 and ratified by 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and King of Nepal following the Anglo - Nepalese War of 1814 - 16 . The signatory for Nepal was Raj Guru Gajraj Mishra aided by Chandra Sekher Upadhayaya , the signatory for the Company was Lieutenant Colonel Paris Bradshaw . The treaty called for territorial concessions in which some of the territories controlled by Nepal would be given to British India , the establishment of a British representative in Kathmandu , and allowed Britain to recruit Gurkhas for military service . Nepal also lost the right to deploy any American or European employee in its service ( earlier several French commanders had been deployed to train the Nepali army ) . Under the treaty , some of the Nepalese controlled territory was lost including all the territories that the King of Nepal had won in wars in the last 25 years or so such as Sikkim in the east , Kumaon Kingdom and Garhwal Kingdom ( also known as Gadhwal ) in the west . Some of the Terai lands were restored to Nepal in 1816 and more were restored in 1860 to thank for helping the British to suppress the Indian rebellion of 1857 . The British representative in Kathmandu was the first Westerner allowed to live in the post-Malla Era Nepal . ( It is to be noted that few Christian missionaries operating were deported by the Gorkhas after conquering Nepal during the mid 18th century ) . The first representative was Edward Gardner , who was installed at a compound north of Kathmandu . That site is now called Lazimpat and is home to the Indian and British embassies . The Sugauli Treaty was superseded in December 1923 by a `` treaty of perpetual peace and friendship , '' which upgraded the British resident to an envoy . A separate treaty was signed with India ( independent by now ) in 1950 which established relations between the two countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Terms 3 Validity of the treaty 4 Indo - Nepal boundary conflict 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The territories under Nepalese control included Darjeeling to the South - east , whole of Sikkim to the east , Nainital to the south - west and the Kumaon Kingdom and Garhwal Kingdom to the west . Terms ( edit ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Verbatim quotes need to be clearly demarcated and sources cited Please help improve this article if you can . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After the Anglo - Nepalese War , a peace gg treaty was signed between the government of Nepal and the East India Company . It was agreed upon on 2 December 1815 by Raj Guru Gajaraj Mishra aided by Chandra Sekher Upadhyaya on behalf of the government of Nepal and Lt. Col. Paris Bradshaw on behalf of the Company . The signed copies of the treaty were exchanged on 4 March 1816 at Makawanpur by Chandra Sekhar Upadhayay and General David Ochterlony . The terms of the treaty were as follows : - There shall be perpetual peace and friendship between the East India company and Nepal . The king of Nepal will renounce all claim to the lands which were the subject of discussion between the two States before the war ; and will acknowledge the right of the company to the sovereignty of those lands . The king of Nepal will cede to the East India company in perpetuity all the under mentioned territories : i ) The whole of low lands between the rivers Kali and Rapti . ii ) The whole of low lands between Rapti and Gandaki , except Butwal . iii ) The whole of low lands between Gandaki and Koshi in which the authority of the East India company has been established . iv ) The whole of low lands between the rivers Mechi and Burma . v ) The whole of territories within the hills eastward of the Mechi river . The aforesaid territory shall be evacuated by the Gorkha troops within forty days from this date . With a view to indemnify the chiefs and Bhardars of Nepal , whose interest will suffer by the alienation of the lands ceded by the foregoing Article ( No. 3 above ) , the East India company agrees to settle pensions to the aggregate amount of two lakhs of rupees per annum on such chiefs as may be decided by the king of Nepal . The king of Nepal renounces for himself , his heirs , and successors , all claim to the territories lying to the West of the River Kali , and engaged never to have any concern with the appointed rulers of those territories or the inhabitants thereof . The king of Nepal engages never to molest or disturb the king of Sikkim in the possession of his territories . If any difference shall arise between Nepal and Sikkim , it shall be referred to the arbitration of the East India company . The king of Nepal hereby engages never to take or retain in his service any British subject , nor the subject of any European or American State , without the consent of the British Government . In order to secure and improve the relations of amity and peace hereby established between Nepal and Britain ( East India company ) , it is agreed that accredited Ministers from each shall reside at the court of the other . This treaty shall be ratified by the King of Nepal within 15 days from this date , and the ratification shall be delivered to Lt. Col. Bradshaw , who engages to obtain and deliver to the king the ratification of the Governor - General within 20 days , or sooner , if practicable . DONE at Sugauli , on the 2nd day of December 1815 . PARIS BRADSHAW , LT. - COL. , P.A. Received this treaty from Chandra Shekhar Upadhyaya , Agent on the part of the Raja of Nepal , in the valley of Makwanpoor , at half - past two o'clock p.m. on 4 March 1816 , and delivered to them the Counterpart Treaty on behalf of the British Government . DD . OCHTERLONY , Agent , Governor - General Memorandum for the approval and acceptance of the Raja of Nepal , presented on 8 December 1816 ADVERTING to the amity and confidence subsisting with the Raja of Nepal , the British Government proposes to suppress as much as possible , the execution of certain Articles in the Treaty of Sugauli , which bear hard upon the Rajah as follows : With a view to gratify the Rajah in a point which he has much at heart , the British Government is willing to return the territories of Terai ceded to it by the Rajah in the Treaty , to wit , the whole Terai lands lying between the Rivers Kushwaha and Gandak , such as appertained to the Rajah before the late disagreement ; excepting the disputed lands in the Jillas of Tirhoot and Sarun , and excepting such portions of territory as may occur on both sides for the purpose of settling a frontier , upon investigation by the respective Commissioners ; and excepting such lands as may have been given in possession to any one by the British Government upon ascertainment of his rights subsequent to the cession of Terai to the Government . In case the Rajah is desirous of retaining the lands of such ascertained proprietors , they may be exchanged for others , and let it be clearly understood that , notwithstanding the considerable extent of the lands in the Jilla of Tirhoot , which have for a long time been a subject of dispute , the settlement made in the year 1812 of Christ , corresponding with year 1869 of Bikram Sambat , shall be taken , and everything else relinquished , that is to say , that the settlement and negotiations , such as occurred at that period , shall in the present case hold good and be established . The British Government is willing likewise to return the territories of Terai lying between the Rivers Gandak and Rapti , that is to say , from the River Gandak to the western limits of the Jilla of Gorakhpur , together with Butwal and Sheeraj , such as appertained to Nepal previous to the disagreements , complete , with the exception of the disputed places in the Terai , and such quantity of ground as may be considered mutually to be requisite for the new boundary . As it is impossible to establish desirable limits between the two States without survey , it will be expedient that Commissioners be appointed on both sides for the purpose of arranging in concert a well defined boundary on the basis of the preceding terms , and of establishing a straight line of frontier , with a view to the distinct separation of the respective territories of the British Government to the south and of Nepal to the north ; and in case any indentations occur to destroy the even tenor of the line , the Commissioners should effect an exchange of lands so interfering on principles of clear reciprocity . And should it occur that the proprietors of lands situated on the mutual frontier , as it may be rectified , whether holding of the British Government of the Raja of Nepal , should be placed in the condition of subjects to both Governments , with a view to prevent continual dispute and discussion between the two Governments , the respective Commissioners should effect in mutual concurrence and co-operation the exchange of such lands , so as to render them subject to one dominion alone . In the event of the Rajah 's approving the foregoing terms , the proposed arrangement for the survey and establishment of boundary marks shall be carried into execution , and after the determination in concert , of the boundary line , Sunnuds conformable to the foregoing stipulations , drawn out and sealed by the two States , shall be delivered and accepted on both sides . EDWARD GARDNER Resident Substance of a Letter under the Seal of the Raja of Nepal , received on 11 December 1816 After compliments : I have comprehended the document under date 8 December 1816 , or 4th of Push , 1873 Sambat , which you transmitted relative to the restoration , with a view to my friendship and satisfaction , of the Terai between the Rivers Kushwaha and Rapti to the southern boundary complete , such as appertained to my estate previous to the war . It mentioned that in the event of my accepting the terms contained in that document , the southern boundary of the Terai should be established as it was held by this Government . I have accordingly agreed to the terms laid down by you , and herewith enclose an instrument of agreement , which may be satisfactory to you . Moreover , it was written in the document transmitted by you , that it should be restored , with the exception of the disputed lands and such portion of land as should , in the opinion of the Commissioners on both sides , occur for the purpose of settling a boundary ; and excepting the lands which , after the cessions of the Terai to the Honourable Company , may have been transferred by it to the ascertained proprietors . My friend , all these matters rest with you , and since it was also written that a view was had to my friendship and satisfactions with respect to certain Articles of the Treaty of Sugauli , which bore hard upon me , and which could be remitted , I am well assured that you have at heart the removal of whatever may tend to my distress , and that you will act in a manner corresponding to the advantage of this State and the increase of the friendly relations subsisting between the two Governments . Moreover I have to acknowledge the receipt of the orders under the red seal of this State , addressed to the officers of Terai between the Rivers Gandak and Rapti , for the surrender of that Terai , and their retiring from thence , which was given to you at Thankote , according to your request , and which you have now returned for my satisfaction . Substance of a Document under the Red Seal , received from the Durbar , on 11 December 1816 With regard to friendship and amity , the Government of Nepal agrees to the tenor of the document under date 8 December 1816 or 4th Poos 1873 Sambat which was received by the Durbar from the Honourable Edward Gardner on the part of the Honorable Company , respecting the revertance of the Terai between the Rivers Kushwaha and Rapti to the former southern boundary , such as appertained to Nepal previous to the war , with exception of the disputed lands . Dated the 7th of Push 1873 Sambat A subsequent agreement was made in December 1816 according to which Nepal got all the low lands ( Terai ) from Mechi , in the east , to Mahakali , in the west . Therefore , the indemnity of two lakhs of rupees ceased to continue . A land survey was also proposed to fix the boundary between the two States . Validity of the treaty ( edit ) 1 . Article 9 of the treaty says that the treaty shall be approved by the King of Nepal , but records of the treaty being approved by King Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah have not been conclusively traced . 2 . The British had feared that Nepal might not implement the treaty signed on 4 March 1816 by Chandra Shekhar Upadhyaya . Therefore , General David Ochterlony , on behalf of the British Government , ratified the treaty the same day and the counterpart treaty was handed over to Upadhyaya . 3 . Some Nepalese nationalists have argued that the treaty was signed between the Nepalese Kingdom and the British and thus `` lacks the force to be implemented '' between Republic of Nepal and Republic of India . However , the Republic of Nepal has assumed the duties and responsibilities of essentially all other treaties signed by the predecessor Kingdom of Nepal , including membership in the United Nations and other comparable relationships . But there exists no treaty or any other legal and formal conclusion that this Sugauli Treaty will be followed by these two independent nations Nepal and India . Indo - Nepal boundary conflict ( edit ) Treaty of Friendship between Nepal and India signed after British left India on the line of Sugauli treaty but on the other hand some of Nepali Historians claims the boundary line in treaty of Sugauli was not clear about the National delimitation . Among the border dispute of the Indo - Nepal boundary , the most significant are in the Susta and Kalapani regions . Both Kalapani and Susta covers 40 km of Indo - Nepal border . In the Susta region , 14500 hectares of land is generally dominated by Indian side with support of Seema Shashatra Bal ( SSB ) forces . See also ( edit ) Gurkha War 1950 Indo - Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship Sikkim Kingdom of Nepal Unification of Nepal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://thediplomat.com/2014/09/india-and-nepal-tackle-border-disputes/ Jump up ^ https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/ampnews/2015-01-06/nepal-aims-to-settle-boundary-dispute-with-india-in-4-years.html External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Sugauli Treaty Text and Related Documents Indian - Nepalese Border ( hide ) Foreign relations of Nepal Asia Bangladesh Bhutan China India Indonesia Israel Japan Malaysia Pakistan Russia Elsewhere Denmark European Union Holy See Norway United Kingdom United States International organizations BIMSTEC South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme South Asian Economic Union SAARC European Union Treaties South Asia Free Trade Agreement Sugauli Treaty Britain -- India -- Nepal Tripartite Agreement 1950 Indo - Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship Related topics Foreign aid to Nepal Diplomatic missions of / in Nepal Bhupalis Nepal citizenship law Nepalese diplomats Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Sugauli&oldid=812626787 '' Categories : Treaties involving territorial changes Treaties of Nepal History of Uttarakhand Peace treaties of the United Kingdom 1816 treaties Treaties of the British East India Company 19th century in Nepal Anglo - Nepalese War Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2012 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Articles needing cleanup from December 2014 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from December 2014 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from December 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Fiji Hindi हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano नेपाली 日本 語 Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 23 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was the treaty of sugauli concluded and between whom
[ "The Treaty of Sugauli (also spelled Sugowlee, Sagauli and Segqulee), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 2 December 1815 and ratified by 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and King of Nepal following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16. The signatory for Nepal was Raj Guru Gajraj Mishra aided by Chandra Sekher Upadhayaya, the signatory for the Company was Lieutenant Colonel Paris Bradshaw. The treaty called for territorial concessions in which some of the territories controlled by Nepal would be given to British India, the establishment of a British representative in Kathmandu, and allowed Britain to recruit Gurkhas for military service. Nepal also lost the right to deploy any American or European employee in its service (earlier several French commanders had been deployed to train the Nepali army).", "The Treaty of Sugauli (also spelled Sugowlee, Sagauli and Segqulee), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 2 December 1815 and ratified by 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and King of Nepal following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16. The signatory for Nepal was Raj Guru Gajraj Mishra aided by Chandra Sekher Upadhayaya, the signatory for the Company was Lieutenant Colonel Paris Bradshaw. The treaty called for territorial concessions in which some of the territories controlled by Nepal would be given to British India, the establishment of a British representative in Kathmandu, and allowed Britain to recruit Gurkhas for military service. Nepal also lost the right to deploy any American or European employee in its service (earlier several French commanders had been deployed to train the Nepali army).", "The Treaty of Sugauli (also spelled Sugowlee, Sagauli and Segqulee), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 2 December 1815 and ratified by 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and King of Nepal following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16. The signatory for Nepal was Raj Guru Gajraj Mishra aided by Chandra Sekher Upadhayaya, the signatory for the Company was Lieutenant Colonel Paris Bradshaw. The treaty called for territorial concessions in which some of the territories controlled by Nepal would be given to British India, the establishment of a British representative in Kathmandu, and allowed Britain to recruit Gurkhas for military service. Nepal also lost the right to deploy any American or European employee in its service (earlier several French commanders had been deployed to train the Nepali army).", "The Treaty of Sugauli (also spelled Sugowlee, Sagauli and Segqulee), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 2 December 1815 and ratified by 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and King of Nepal following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16. The signatory for Nepal was Raj Guru Gajraj Mishra aided by Chandra Sekher Upadhayaya, the signatory for the Company was Lieutenant Colonel Paris Bradshaw. The treaty called for territorial concessions in which some of the territories controlled by Nepal would be given to British India, the establishment of a British representative in Kathmandu, and allowed Britain to recruit Gurkhas for military service. Nepal also lost the right to deploy any American or European employee in its service (earlier several French commanders had been deployed to train the Nepali army)." ]
[ "signed on 2 December 1815", "ratified by 4 March 1816", "East India Company", "King of Nepal" ]
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Casino Night
Casino Night - wikipedia Casino Night Jump to : navigation , search `` Casino Night '' The Office episode Episode no . Season 2 Episode 22 Directed by Ken Kwapis Written by Steve Carell Production code 2021 Original air date May 11 , 2006 Running time 28 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Nancy Walls as Carol Stills Craig Robinson as Darryl Philbin Marcus A. York as Billy Merchant Creed Bratton as Creed Bratton Mindy Kaling as Kelly Kapoor Paul Lieberstein as Toby Flenderson Episode chronology ← Previous `` Conflict Resolution '' Next → `` Gay Witch Hunt '' The Office ( U.S. season 2 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes `` Casino Night '' is the second season finale of the American comedy television series The Office , and the twenty - eighth episode overall . Written by Steve Carell , who also acts in the show as Michael Scott , and directed by Ken Kwapis , the episode originally aired in the United States on May 11 , 2006 on NBC . The episode guest stars Nancy Carell as Carol Stills and Melora Hardin as Jan Levinson . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , the office hosts a casino night , to which Michael Scott ( Carell ) inadvertently invites two dates . Meanwhile , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) decides to transfer to Dunder Mifflin 's Stamford branch and reveals to Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) his feelings for her . The episode was the first of the series to run as a `` supersized '' episode , featuring twenty - eight minutes and twenty seconds of content rather than the standard twenty minutes and thirty seconds . In addition , the episode was the first of the series to be written by Carell ; he had suggested the idea for the episode to executive producer Greg Daniels , who thoroughly enjoyed the idea and green lit the script . `` Casino Night '' also introduces the musical exploits of Kevin Malone , played by Brian Baumgartner . The episode received wide acclaim from television critics and earned a Nielsen rating of 3.9 in the 18 -- 49 demographic , being seen by 7.7 million viewers . It is generally considered by both critics and audiences to be one of the show 's greatest episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Cultural references 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 4.2 Reviews 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) organizes a casino charity event in the warehouse , and unwittingly winds up with two dates for the evening , his boss Jan Levinson ( Melora Hardin ) and his real - estate agent Carol Stills ( Nancy Carell ) . Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) and Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) go through audition tapes for her wedding band and discover that colleague Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) has his own band . Jim , upset about Pam 's impending marriage to Roy Anderson ( David Denman ) , tells the documentary crew that he met with Jan about transferring to the Stamford , Connecticut branch of Dunder Mifflin because he has `` no future here . '' During Casino Night , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) wins a game of craps and kisses Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) on the cheek , disregarding their attempts to keep their intimate relationship a secret . She slaps him and walks away , the two quietly enjoying the experience . Jan and Carol share an awkward conversation when they realize Michael has invited them both . Jim tells Jan that he 's made a decision about the transfer . After Roy leaves , Jim tells Pam that he is in love with her . After a stunned pause , she states she can not be with him . He tells her he wants to be more than friends , but she is sorry he `` misinterpreted things . '' Heartbroken , Jim apologizes for misinterpreting their friendship and discreetly wipes a tear from his cheek as he walks away . Jan leaves Michael and Carol , noticeably upset at the night 's events , and it is revealed she packed an overnight bag in her car , implying she had planned to spend the night with Michael . Pam returns to the office and talks to her mother over the phone about Jim 's statement . Jim enters the room and approaches her as she hastily hangs up . She begins to say something but Jim kisses her , and after hesitating , she returns the kiss , with the two staring at each other in silence . Production ( edit ) Actor Steve Carell ( pictured ) wrote `` Casino Night '' . `` Casino Night '' was the first episode of the series written by Steve Carell . Initially , Carell suggested to executive producer Greg Daniels that an episode should revolve around a casino night . When it came time to plan the finale for the show , Daniels chose the idea and picked Carell to write the script . Parts of the script were fleshed out during the flights to and from New York City when the show was filming the earlier episode `` Valentine 's Day '' . Later , Carell had only one weekend to write the bulk script . Daniels was very happy with the rough script and noted `` came in with a great draft '' . Jenna Fischer admitted that filming the episode was a relief because she had `` been carrying around the secret cliff - hangers for two months '' . Toby Flenderson , who is portrayed by writer Paul Lieberstein , stated during the episode `` I 'm gon na chase that feeling '' after winning at a game of poker . The line was originally intended to lead to a subplot wherein Toby develops a gambling addiction , but the storyline was later abandoned . The episode was the fifth episode of the season and the seventh of the entire series directed by Ken Kwapis . During the editing of the episode , executive producer Greg Daniels publicly addressed NBC in an interview , stating , `` I 'd like to get a supersized episode , because it 's a really long script with a lot of good stuff . '' In response , fans of the show set up an online petition to `` supersize '' the season finale . The website generated over 2,800 signatures . On April 20 , NBC announced it would be extending the season finale by ten minutes . Although other NBC shows Will & Grace and My Name Is Earl that aired on the same night had extended episodes , cast members David Denman and John Krasinski credited in interviews the petition for the extended time . Denman and Krasinski both believed that the petition was partially responsible for the other two shows getting extended times as well . The filming of the episode 's ending caused a `` huge divide among the writing staff and the director and the cast '' . Carell , Kwapis , and the actors wanted the moment when Pam and Jim kiss to `` follow the characters and the emotion of the moment '' by having the action captured in full by the show 's cameramen . The writing staff , on the other hand , wanted Pam and Jim 's moment to be private and only heard via the mics ; Daniels explained , `` The writing staff was itching to do something kind of weird ( with the scene ) and have it be a private moment that the doc crew did n't know was going to happen and so only heard on their mics and came running around the corner to film . '' Eventually , both versions were filmed , but the former was broadcast . The alternate version has never been released . The episode features Kevin Malone playing the drums in a band , which had been an idea circulated since the first season , when allusions to him being in a Steve Miller tribute band were written ; the scenes had to be removed from the series due to issues negotiating with the singer . The crew later decided to have Kevin be in a Police tribute band called Scrantonicity because he `` talks so low , and has very little expression , and there is no band that sings higher and with more expression than the Police . '' While Kevin was always intended to be the band 's lead singer , executive producer Greg Daniels approached Baumgartner about possibly playing an instrument , but the actor replied he could not play anything . Daniels and Baumgartner then discussed instruments that would be `` funny '' to play and brought up harmonicas , saxophones , and drums . They ultimately decided on the latter because they deemed a `` drumming lead singer ( to ) be the funniest choice , '' regardless of the fact that the actor had `` absolutely no drumming experience , and it 's a difficult instrument . '' The Season Two DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . Notable cut scenes include Michael creating Dunder Mifflin Mad Libs , Dwight and Jim choosing their charities , Dwight considering Jim 's telekinetic powers , an extension of Michael 's scene with Darryl , Pam finding planning a wedding stressful , Meredith and the casino dealer sharing a past . Cultural references ( edit ) On the phone with Jan , Michael compares the performance of the Scranton branch of Dunder Mifflin to the biblical story of David and Goliath . He later tells her that she 's the `` Eva Peron to his Cesar Chavez '' . He later calls answers his phone while talking to her and says `` Jan Levenson , I presume '' , a reference to `` Dr. Livingstone , I Presume '' . Michael reasons that the money from the casino night should benefit the Boy Scouts of America because `` They do n't have cookies like the Girl Scouts ! '' He later states that he will donate all of his charity winnings to Comic Relief , a British charity . Kelly reasons that she would donate her winnings to Kobe Bryant 's foundation , only because he bought his wife a large ring . When Michael mentions donating money to `` Afghanistanis with AIDS '' , the conversation gets confused , and the various office workers being talking about Afghanis , Afghans , and the nonsensical `` Afghanistanannis '' . In a talking head , Michael notes that AIDS is not a humorous disease , and is one of the many things that is off - topic in comedy , including the assassination of John F. Kennedy and The Holocaust . However , he notes that the assassination of Abraham Lincoln recently became funny . While looking through the various cover bands , Jim and Pam stumble upon a Kiss tribute and Jim tells Pam that her wedding should have three stages like Lollapalooza . Kevin 's band is playing a cover of `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' by The Police . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) `` Casino Night '' originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 11 , 2006 . The episode received a 3.9 rating / 10 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 3.9 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds , and 10 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . The episode was viewed by 7.7 million viewers , and retained 93 percent of its lead - in `` My Name is Earl '' audience . For his work on this episode , Steve Carell was nominated for and won the Writers Guild of America Award for Television : Episodic Comedy . Reviews ( edit ) `` Casino Night '' received widespread critical acclaim from television critics . Michael Sciannamea of TV Squad stated that `` This episode , the season finale , was , in a word , brilliant . You could not ask for a better way to tie up story lines that occurred over the course of a season while opening up new ones at the same time . '' Sciannamea went on to praise Carell 's writing , as well as the progression of the relationship arcs in the show . Brian Zoromski of IGN said that `` ' Casino Night , ' was full of great character development , awkward situations and laugh - out - loud moments . '' Zoromski enjoyed the unfolding of the Jim - Pam relationship during the latter half of season two , and the climax of it in the season finale . He also enjoyed and praised the development of two minor characters , Kevin Malone and Creed Bratton , the latter played by the actor of the same name . He ultimately awarded the episode a ten out of ten , denoting a `` Masterpiece '' . Jacob Cliffton of Television Without Pity awarded the episode an `` A '' . Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly noted that , unlike other shows that featured resolved sexual tension , The Office was in no worry of being cancelled . She based this deduction on the fact that the show `` is n't based entirely on the endearing flirtation between '' Jim and Pam . In a 2011 poll conducted by fansite OfficeTally , fans voted `` Casino Night '' as their favorite of all Office episodes that had been aired at that time . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shows A -- Z -- Office , The on NBC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : NBC ( April 20 , 2006 ) NBC Announces Super-sized episode NBC.com . NBC . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , Jenna . `` Supersize Office Finale , Supersize Blog ! '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2006 . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Lisa ( May 10 , 2006 ) . `` ' Office ' Manager Takes on New Task '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2006 . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Greg ( Producer ) . 2006 . `` Casino Night '' ( Commentary track ) , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) ( DVD ) , Los Angeles , CA : Universal , retrieved May 12 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Ken Kwapis '' . TV.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( February 23 , 2006 ) . ' Office ' promotions pay off in a big way Archived November 7 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Chicago Tribune ( Tribune Company ) . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` John Krasinski Chat Transcript '' . OfficeTally . June 16 , 2006 . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` The Office Boss on a Firing , the Scranton Strangler 's Return and Series Finale Surprises '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Snierson , Dan ( February 8 , 2007 ) . `` Dunder Struck '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deleted scenes for `` Casino Night '' ( DVD ) . The Office : Season Two Disc 4 : Universal Studios Home Entertainment . 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Cliffton , Jaco . `` Casino Night '' . Television Without Pity . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Office -- Seasons -- Season 2 -- Episode Guide '' . NBC . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` May 16 , 2006 Press Release ( '' Casino Night `` ) '' ( Press release ) . NBC . February 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WGA Awards '' . WGA.com . Writers Guild of America . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2007 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sciannamea , Michael ( May 11 , 2006 ) . `` The Office : Casino Night ( Finale ) '' . AOL TV . Huffpost TV . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Zoromski , Brian ( May 12 , 2006 ) . `` The Office : ' Casino Night ' '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Flynn , Gillian ( May 25 , 2006 ) . `` ' Office ' Romance '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Office All - Time Fan Favorite Poll , 2011 '' . OfficeTally.com. 2011 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 22 . External links ( edit ) `` Casino Night '' at NBC.com `` Casino Night '' on IMDb `` Casino Night '' at TV.com The Office ( U.S. ) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter ? '' `` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye , Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott 's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick 's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary 's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover - Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy 's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye , Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Writers Guild of America Award for Television : Episodic Comedy ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Joe Keenan & Christopher Lloyd for `` Something Borrowed , Someone Blue '' ( 2000 ) Philip Rosenthal for `` Italy '' ( 2001 ) Bob Daily & Lori Kirkland & Dan O'Shannon for `` Rooms with a View '' ( 2002 ) Bob Daily for `` No Sex , Please , We 're Skittish '' ( 2003 ) Mitchell Hurwitz & Jim Vallely for `` Pier Pressure '' / Neil Thompson for `` Ida 's Boyfriend '' ( 2004 ) Jenji Kohan for `` You Ca n't Miss the Bear '' ( 2005 ) Steve Carell for `` Casino Night '' ( 2006 ) Paul Lieberstein & Michael Schur for `` The Job '' ( 2007 ) Andrew Guest & John Riggi for `` Succession '' ( 2008 ) Robert Carlock for `` Apollo , Apollo '' / Steven Levitan & Christopher Lloyd for `` Pilot '' ( 2009 ) Complete list 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casino_Night&oldid=804368457 '' Categories : The Office ( U.S. season 2 ) episodes 2006 American television episodes Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Tv.com template using numeric id Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 15 : 08 . 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episode of the office where jim kisses pam
[ "During Casino Night, Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) wins a game of craps and kisses Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) on the cheek, disregarding their attempts to keep their intimate relationship a secret. She slaps him and walks away, the two quietly enjoying the experience. Jan and Carol share an awkward conversation when they realize Michael has invited them both. Jim tells Jan that he's made a decision about the transfer. After Roy leaves, Jim tells Pam that he is in love with her. After a stunned pause, she states she cannot be with him. He tells her he wants to be more than friends, but she is sorry he \"misinterpreted things.\" Heartbroken, Jim apologizes for misinterpreting their friendship and discreetly wipes a tear from his cheek as he walks away. Jan leaves Michael and Carol, noticeably upset at the night's events, and it is revealed she packed an overnight bag in her car, implying she had planned to spend the night with Michael. Pam returns to the office and talks to her mother over the phone about Jim's statement. Jim enters the room and approaches her as she hastily hangs up. She begins to say something but Jim kisses her, and after hesitating, she returns the kiss, with the two staring at each other in silence." ]
[ "Casino Night" ]
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Chromatin
Chromatin - wikipedia Chromatin Jump to : navigation , search The major structures in DNA compaction : DNA , the nucleosome , the 10 nm `` beads - on - a-string '' fibre , the 30 nm chromatin fibre and the metaphase chromosome . Chromatin is a complex of macromolecules found in cells , consisting of DNA , protein , and RNA . The primary functions of chromatin are 1 ) to package DNA into a more compact , denser shape , 2 ) to reinforce the DNA macromolecule to allow mitosis , 3 ) to prevent DNA damage , and 4 ) to control gene expression and DNA replication . The primary protein components of chromatin are histones that compact the DNA . Chromatin is only found in eukaryotic cells ( cells with defined nuclei ) . Prokaryotic cells have a different organization of their DNA ( the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called genophore and is localized within the nucleoid region ) . Chromatin 's structure is currently poorly understood despite being subjected to intense investigation . Its structure depends on several factors . The overall structure depends on the stage of the cell cycle . During interphase , the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA . The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the genes present on the DNA . That DNA which codes genes that are actively transcribed ( `` turned on '' ) is more loosely packaged and associated with RNA polymerases ( referred to as euchromatin ) while that DNA which codes inactive genes ( `` turned off '' ) is more condensed and associated with structural proteins ( heterochromatin ) . Epigenetic chemical modification of the structural proteins in chromatin also alters the local chromatin structure , in particular chemical modifications of histone proteins by methylation and acetylation . As the cell prepares to divide , i.e. enters mitosis or meiosis , the chromatin packages more tightly to facilitate segregation of the chromosomes during anaphase . During this stage of the cell cycle this makes the individual chromosomes in many cells visible by optical microscope . In general terms , there are three levels of chromatin organization : DNA wraps around histone proteins forming nucleosomes ; the `` beads on a string '' structure ( euchromatin ) . Multiple histones wrap into a 30 nm fibre consisting of nucleosome arrays in their most compact form ( heterochromatin ) . ( Definitively established to exist in vitro , the 30 - nanometer fibre was not seen in recent X-ray studies of human mitotic chromosomes . ) Higher - level DNA packaging of the 30 nm fibre into the metaphase chromosome ( during mitosis and meiosis ) . There are , however , many cells that do not follow this organisation . For example , spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells , and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes for mitosis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dynamic chromatin structure and hierarchy 1.1 DNA structure 1.2 Nucleosomes and beads - on - a-string 1.3 30 nanometer chromatin fibre 1.4 Spatial organization of chromatin in the cell nucleus 1.5 Cell - cycle dependent structural organization 2 Chromatin and bursts of transcription 2.1 Alternative chromatin organizations 3 Chromatin and DNA repair 4 Methods to investigate chromatin 5 Chromatin : alternative definitions 6 Nobel Prizes 7 See also 8 References 9 Other references 10 External links Dynamic chromatin structure and hierarchy ( edit ) Chromatin undergoes various structural changes during a cell cycle . Histone proteins are the basic packer and arranger of chromatin and can be modified by various post-translational modifications to alter chromatin packing ( Histone modification ) . Most of the modifications occur on the histone tail . The consequences in terms of chromatin accessibility and compaction depend both on the amino - acid that is modified and the type of modification . For example , Histone acetylation results in loosening and increased accessibility of chromatin for replication and transcription . Lysine tri-methylation can either be correlated with transcriptional activity ( tri-methylation of histone H3 Lysine 4 ) or transcriptional repression and chromatin compaction ( tri-methylation of histone H3 Lysine 9 or 27 ) . Several studies suggested that different modifications could occur simultaneously . For example , it was proposed that a bivalent structure ( with tri-methylation of both Lysine 4 and 27 on histone H3 ) was involved in mammalian early development . Polycomb - group proteins play a role in regulating genes through modulation of chromatin structure . For additional information , see Histone modifications in chromatin regulation and RNA polymerase control by chromatin structure . DNA structure ( edit ) The structures of A - , B - , and Z - DNA . Main articles : Mechanical properties of DNA and Z - DNA In nature , DNA can form three structures , A - , B - , and Z - DNA . A - and B - DNA are very similar , forming right - handed helices , whereas Z - DNA is a left - handed helix with a zig - zag phosphate backbone . Z - DNA is thought to play a specific role in chromatin structure and transcription because of the properties of the junction between B - and Z - DNA . At the junction of B - and Z - DNA , one pair of bases is flipped out from normal bonding . These play a dual role of a site of recognition by many proteins and as a sink for torsional stress from RNA polymerase or nucleosome binding . Nucleosomes and beads - on - a-string ( edit ) Main articles : Nucleosome , Chromatosome and Histone A cartoon representation of the nucleosome structure . From PDB : 1KX5 ​ . The basic repeat element of chromatin is the nucleosome , interconnected by sections of linker DNA , a far shorter arrangement than pure DNA in solution . In addition to the core histones , there is the linker histone , H1 , which contacts the exit / entry of the DNA strand on the nucleosome . The nucleosome core particle , together with histone H1 , is known as a chromatosome . Nucleosomes , with about 20 to 60 base pairs of linker DNA , can form , under non-physiological conditions , an approximately 10 nm `` beads - on - a-string '' fibre . ( Fig. 1 - 2 ) ... The nucleosomes bind DNA non-specifically , as required by their function in general DNA packaging . There are , however , large DNA sequence preferences that govern nucleosome positioning . This is due primarily to the varying physical properties of different DNA sequences : For instance , adenine and thymine are more favorably compressed into the inner minor grooves . This means nucleosomes can bind preferentially at one position approximately every 10 base pairs ( the helical repeat of DNA ) - where the DNA is rotated to maximise the number of A and T bases that will lie in the inner minor groove . ( See mechanical properties of DNA . ) 30 nanometer chromatin fibre ( edit ) Two proposed structures of the 30nm chromatin filament . Left : 1 start helix `` solenoid '' structure . Right : 2 start loose helix structure . Note : the histones are omitted in this diagram - only the DNA is shown . With addition of H1 , the beads - on - a-string structure in turn coils into a 30 nm diameter helical structure known as the 30 nm fibre or filament . The precise structure of the chromatin fibre in the cell is not known in detail , and there is still some debate over this . This level of chromatin structure is thought to be the form of heterochromatin , which contains mostly transcriptionally silent genes . EM studies have demonstrated that the 30 nm fibre is highly dynamic such that it unfolds into a 10 nm fiber ( `` beads - on - a-string '' ) structure when transversed by an RNA polymerase engaged in transcription . Four proposed structures of the 30 nm chromatin filament for DNA repeat length per nucleosomes ranging from 177 to 207 bp . Linker DNA in yellow and nucleosomal DNA in pink . The existing models commonly accept that the nucleosomes lie perpendicular to the axis of the fibre , with linker histones arranged internally . A stable 30 nm fibre relies on the regular positioning of nucleosomes along DNA . Linker DNA is relatively resistant to bending and rotation . This makes the length of linker DNA critical to the stability of the fibre , requiring nucleosomes to be separated by lengths that permit rotation and folding into the required orientation without excessive stress to the DNA . In this view , different lengths of the linker DNA should produce different folding topologies of the chromatin fiber . Recent theoretical work , based on electron - microscopy images of reconstituted fibers supports this view . Spatial organization of chromatin in the cell nucleus ( edit ) The spatial arrangement of the chromatin within the nucleus is not random - specific regions of the chromatin can be found in certain territories . Territories are , for example , the lamina - associated domains ( LADs ) , and the topological association domains ( TADs ) , which are bound together by protein complexes . Currently , polymer models such as the Strings & Binders Switch ( SBS ) model and the Dynamic Loop ( DL ) model are used to describe the folding of chromatin within the nucleus . Cell - cycle dependent structural organization ( edit ) Interphase : The structure of chromatin during interphase of mitosis is optimized to allow simple access of transcription and DNA repair factors to the DNA while compacting the DNA into the nucleus . The structure varies depending on the access required to the DNA . Genes that require regular access by RNA polymerase require the looser structure provided by euchromatin . Karyogram of human male using Giemsa staining , showing the classic metaphase chromatin structure . Metaphase : The metaphase structure of chromatin differs vastly to that of interphase . It is optimised for physical strength and manageability , forming the classic chromosome structure seen in karyotypes . The structure of the condensed chromatin is thought to be loops of 30 nm fibre to a central scaffold of proteins . It is , however , not well - characterised. The physical strength of chromatin is vital for this stage of division to prevent shear damage to the DNA as the daughter chromosomes are separated . To maximise strength the composition of the chromatin changes as it approaches the centromere , primarily through alternative histone H1 analogues.It should also be noted that , during mitosis , while most of the chromatin is tightly compacted , there are small regions that are not as tightly compacted . These regions often correspond to promoter regions of genes that were active in that cell type prior to entry into chromatosis . The lack of compaction of these regions is called bookmarking , which is an epigenetic mechanism believed to be important for transmitting to daughter cells the `` memory '' of which genes were active prior to entry into mitosis . This bookmarking mechanism is needed to help transmit this memory because transcription ceases during mitosis . Chromatin and bursts of transcription ( edit ) Chromatin and its interaction with enzymes has been researched , and a conclusion being made is that it is relevant and an important factor in gene expression . Vincent G. Allfrey , a professor at Rockefeller University , stated that RNA synthesis is related to histone acetylation . The lysine amino acid attached to the end of the histones is positively charged . The acetylation of these tails would make the chromatin ends neutral , allowing for DNA access . When the chromatin decondenses , the DNA is open to entry of molecular machinery . Fluctuations between open and closed chromatin may contribute to the discontinuity of transcription , or transcriptional bursting . Other factors are probably involved , such as the association and dissociation of transcription factor complexes with chromatin . The phenomenon , as opposed to simple probabilistic models of transcription , can account for the high variability in gene expression occurring between cells in isogenic populations Alternative chromatin organizations ( edit ) During metazoan spermiogenesis , the spermatid 's chromatin is remodeled into a more spaced - packaged , widened , almost crystal - like structure . This process is associated with the cessation of transcription and involves nuclear protein exchange . The histones are mostly displaced , and replaced by protamines ( small , arginine - rich proteins ) . It is proposed that in yeast , regions devoid of histones become very fragile after transcription ; HMO1 an HMGB protein helps in stabilizing nucleosomes - free chromatin . Chromatin and DNA repair ( edit ) The packaging of eukaryotic DNA into chromatin presents a barrier to all DNA - based processes that require recruitment of enzymes to their sites of action . To allow the critical cellular process of DNA repair , the chromatin must be remodeled . In eukaryotes , ATP dependent chromatin remodeling complexes and histone - modifying enzymes are two predominant factors employed to accomplish this remodeling process . Chromatin relaxation occurs rapidly at the site of a DNA damage . This process is initiated by PARP1 protein that starts to appear at DNA damage in less than a second , with half maximum accumulation within 1.6 seconds after the damage occurs . Next the chromatin remodeler Alc1 quickly attaches to the product of PARP1 , and completes arrival at the DNA damage within 10 seconds of the damage . About half of the maximum chromatin relaxation , presumably due to action of Alc1 , occurs by 10 seconds . This then allows recruitment of the DNA repair enzyme MRE11 , to initiate DNA repair , within 13 seconds . γH2AX , the phosphorylated form of H2AX is also involved in the early steps leading to chromatin decondensation after DNA damage occurrence . The histone variant H2AX constitutes about 10 % of the H2A histones in human chromatin . γH2AX ( H2AX phosphorylated on serine 139 ) can be detected as soon as 20 seconds after irradiation of cells ( with DNA double - strand break formation ) , and half maximum accumulation of γH2AX occurs in one minute . The extent of chromatin with phosphorylated γH2AX is about two million base pairs at the site of a DNA double - strand break . γH2AX does not , itself , cause chromatin decondensation , but within 30 seconds of irradiation , RNF8 protein can be detected in association with γH2AX . RNF8 mediates extensive chromatin decondensation , through its subsequent interaction with CHD4 , a component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex NuRD . After undergoing relaxation subsequent to DNA damage , followed by DNA repair , chromatin recovers to a compaction state close to its pre-damage level after about 20 min . Methods. to investigate chromatin ( edit ) ChIP - seq ( Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing ) , aimed against different histone modifications , can be used to identify chromatin states throughout the genome . Different modifications have been linked to various states of chromatin . DNase - seq ( DNase I hypersensitive sites Sequencing ) uses the sensitivity of accessible regions in the genome to the DNase I enzyme to map open or accessible regions in the genome . FAIRE - seq ( Formaldehyde - Assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements sequencing ) uses the chemical properties of protein - bound DNA in a two - phase separation method to extract nucleosome depleted regions from the genome . ATAC - seq ( Assay for Transposable Accessible Chromatin sequencing ) uses the Tn5 transposase to integrate ( synthetic ) transposons into accessible regions of the genome consequentially highlighting the localisation of nucleosomes and transcription factors across the genome . DNA footprinting is a method aimed at identifying protein - bound DNA . It uses labeling and fragmentation coupled to gel electrophoresis to identify areas of the genome that have been bound by proteins . MNase - seq ( Micrococcal Nuclease sequencing ) uses the micrococcal nuclease enzyme to identify nucleosome positioning throughout the genome . Chromosome conformation capture determines the spatial organization of chromatin in the nucleus , by inferring genomic locations that physically interact . MACC profiling ( Micrococcal nuclease ACCessibility profiling ) uses titration series of chromatin digests with micrococcal nuclease to identify chromatin accessibility as well as to map nucleosomes and non-histone DNA - binding proteins in both open and closed regions of the genome . Chromatin : alternative definitions ( edit ) The term , introduced by Walther Flemming , has multiple meanings : Simple and concise definition : Chromatin is a macromolecular complex of a DNA macromolecule and protein macromolecules ( and RNA ) . The proteins package and arrange the DNA and control its functions within the cell nucleus . A biochemists ' operational definition : Chromatin is the DNA / protein / RNA complex extracted from eukaryotic lysed interphase nuclei . Just which of the multitudinous substances present in a nucleus will constitute a part of the extracted material partly depends on the technique each researcher uses . Furthermore , the composition and properties of chromatin vary from one cell type to the another , during development of a specific cell type , and at different stages in the cell cycle . The DNA + histone = chromatin definition : The DNA double helix in the cell nucleus is packaged by special proteins termed histones . The formed protein / DNA complex is called chromatin . The basic structural unit of chromatin is the nucleosome . Nobel prizes ( edit ) The following scientists were recognized for their contributions to chromatin research with Nobel Prizes : Year Who Award 1910 Albrecht Kossel ( University of Heidelberg ) Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the five nuclear bases : adenine , cytosine , guanine , thymine , and uracil . 1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan ( California Institute of Technology ) Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries of the role played by the gene and chromosome in heredity , based on his studies of the white - eyed mutation in the fruit fly Drosophila . 1962 Francis Crick , James Watson and Maurice Wilkins ( MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Harvard University and London University respectively ) Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries of the double helix structure of DNA and its significance for information transfer in living material . 1982 Aaron Klug ( MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology ) Nobel Prize in Chemistry `` for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid - protein complexes '' Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp Nobel Prize in Physiology `` for their independent discoveries of split genes , '' in which DNA sections called exons express proteins , and are interrupted by DNA sections called introns , which do not express proteins . 2006 Roger Kornberg ( Stanford University ) Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of the mechanism by which DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA . See also ( edit ) Active chromatin sequence Chromatid Epigenetics Histone - Modifying Enzymes Position - effect variegation Salt - and - pepper chromatin Transcriptional bursting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Monday , Tanmoy ( July 2010 ) . `` Characterization of the RNA content of chromatin '' . Genome Res. 20 ( 7 ) : 899 -- 907 . Jump up ^ `` Chromatin Network Home Page . '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Dame , R.T. ( May 2005 ) . `` The role of nucleoid - associated proteins in the organization and compaction of bacterial chromatin '' . Molecular Microbiology. 56 ( 4 ) : 858 -- 870 . PMID 15853876 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2958.2005. 04598. x . Jump up ^ Hansen , Jeffrey ( March 2012 ) . `` Human mitotic chromosome structure : what happened to the 30 - nm fibre ? '' . The EMBO Journal . 31 ( 7 ) : 1621 -- 1623 . PMC 3321215 . PMID 22415369 . doi : 10.1038 / emboj. 2012.66 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , B.E. , T.S. Mikkelsen , X . Xie , M. Kamal , D.J. Huebert , J. Cuff , B. Fry , A. Meissner , M. Wernig , K. Plath , R. Jaenisch , A. Wagschal , R. Feil , S.L. Schreiber & E.S. Lander ( April 2006 ) . `` A bivalent chromatin structure marks key developmental genes in embryonic stem cells '' . Cell. 125 ( 2 ) : 315 -- 26 . ISSN 0092 - 8674 . PMID 16630819 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2006.02. 041 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Portoso M , Cavalli G ( 2008 ) . `` The Role of RNAi and Noncoding RNAs in Polycomb Mediated Control of Gene Expression and Genomic Programming '' . RNA and the Regulation of Gene Expression : A Hidden Layer of Complexity . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 25 - 7 . Jump up ^ Annunziato , Anthony T. `` DNA Packaging : Nucleosomes and Chromatin '' . Scitable . Nature Education . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Robinson DJ ; Fairall L ; Huynh VA ; Rhodes D. ( April 2006 ) . `` EM measurements define the dimensions of the `` 30 - nm '' chromatin fiber : Evidence for a compact , interdigitated structure `` . PNAS. 103 ( 17 ) : 6506 -- 11 . PMC 1436021 . PMID 16617109 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0601212103 . Jump up ^ Wong H , Victor JM , Mozziconacci J. ( September 2007 ) . Chen , Pu , ed . `` An All - Atom Model of the Chromatin Fiber Containing Linker Histones Reveals a Versatile Structure Tuned by the Nucleosomal Repeat Length '' . PLoS ONE . 2 ( 9 ) : e877 . PMC 1963316 . PMID 17849006 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0000877 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nicodemi M , Pombo A ( June 2014 ) . `` Models of chromosome structure '' . Curr . Opin . Cell Biol. 28 : 90 -- 5 . PMID 24804566 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ceb. 2014.04. 004 . Jump up ^ Nicodemi M , Panning B , Prisco A ( May 2008 ) . `` A thermodynamic switch for chromosome colocalization '' . Genetics . 179 ( 1 ) : 717 -- 21 . PMC 2390650 . PMID 18493085 . doi : 10.1534 / genetics. 107.083154 . Jump up ^ Bohn M , Heermann DW ( 2010 ) . `` Diffusion - driven looping provides a consistent framework for chromatin organization '' . PLoS ONE . 5 ( 8 ) : e12218 . PMC 2928267 . PMID 20811620 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0012218 . Jump up ^ Xing H , Vanderford NL , Sarge KD ( November 2008 ) . `` The TBP - PP2A mitotic complex bookmarks genes by preventing condensin action '' . Nat . Cell Biol. 10 ( 11 ) : 1318 -- 23 . PMC 2577711 . PMID 18931662 . doi : 10.1038 / ncb1790 . Jump up ^ ALLFREY VG , FAULKNER R , MIRSKY AE ( May 1964 ) . `` ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF HISTONES AND THEIR POSSIBLE ROLE IN THE REGULATION OF RNA SYNTHESIS '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 51 ( 5 ) : 786 -- 94 . PMC 300163 . PMID 14172992 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 51.5. 786 . Jump up ^ Kaochar S , Tu BP ( November 2012 ) . `` Gatekeepers of chromatin : Small metabolites elicit big changes in gene expression '' . Trends Biochem. Sci. 37 ( 11 ) : 477 -- 83 . PMC 3482309 . PMID 22944281 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tibs. 2012.07. 008 . Jump up ^ De Vries M , Ramos L , Housein Z , De Boer P ( May 2012 ) . `` Chromatin remodelling initiation during human spermiogenesis '' . Biol Open . 1 ( 5 ) : 446 -- 57 . PMC 3507207 . PMID 23213436 . doi : 10.1242 / bio. 2012844 . Jump up ^ Murugesapillai , D. ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` DNA bridging and looping by HMO1 provides a mechanism for stabilizing nucleosome - free chromatin '' . Nucleic Acids Res. 42 ( 14 ) : 8996 -- 9004 . PMID 25063301 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gku635 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Murugesapillai , D. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Single - molecule studies of high - mobility group B architectural DNA bending proteins '' . Biophys Rev. 9 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 40 . PMC 5331113 . PMID 28303166 . doi : 10.1007 / s12551 - 016 - 0236 - 4 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Liu B , Yip RK , Zhou Z ( 2012 ) . `` Chromatin remodeling , DNA damage repair and aging '' . Curr . Genomics. 13 ( 7 ) : 533 -- 47 . PMC 3468886 . PMID 23633913 . doi : 10.2174 / 138920212803251373 . ^ Jump up to : Sellou H , Lebeaupin T , Chapuis C , Smith R , Hegele A , Singh HR , Kozlowski M , Bultmann S , Ladurner AG , Timinszky G , Huet S ( 2016 ) . `` The poly ( ADP - ribose ) - dependent chromatin remodeler Alc1 induces local chromatin relaxation upon DNA damage '' . Mol. Biol. Cell. 27 ( 24 ) : 3791 -- 3799 . PMC 5170603 . PMID 27733626 . doi : 10.1091 / mbc. E16 - 05 - 0269 . ^ Jump up to : Haince JF , McDonald D , Rodrigue A , Déry U , Masson JY , Hendzel MJ , Poirier GG ( 2008 ) . `` PARP1 - dependent kinetics of recruitment of MRE11 and NBS1 proteins to multiple DNA damage sites '' . J. Biol. Chem. 283 ( 2 ) : 1197 -- 208 . PMID 18025084 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M706734200 . ^ Jump up to : Rogakou EP , Pilch DR , Orr AH , Ivanova VS , Bonner WM ( 1998 ) . `` DNA double - stranded breaks induce histone H2AX phosphorylation on serine 139 '' . J. Biol. Chem. 273 ( 10 ) : 5858 -- 68 . PMID 9488723 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 273.10. 5858 . Jump up ^ Mailand N , Bekker - Jensen S , Faustrup H , Melander F , Bartek J , Lukas C , Lukas J ( 2007 ) . `` RNF8 ubiquitylates histones at DNA double - strand breaks and promotes assembly of repair proteins '' . Cell. 131 ( 5 ) : 887 -- 900 . PMID 18001824 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2007.09. 040 . Jump up ^ Luijsterburg MS , Acs K , Ackermann L , Wiegant WW , Bekker - Jensen S , Larsen DH , Khanna KK , van Attikum H , Mailand N , Dantuma NP ( 2012 ) . `` A new non-catalytic role for ubiquitin ligase RNF8 in unfolding higher - order chromatin structure '' . EMBO J. 31 ( 11 ) : 2511 -- 27 . PMC 3365417 . PMID 22531782 . doi : 10.1038 / emboj. 2012.104 . Jump up ^ Giresi , Paul G. ; Kim , Jonghwan ; McDaniell , Ryan M. ; Iyer , Vishwanath R. ; Lieb , Jason D. ( 2007 - 06 - 01 ) . `` FAIRE ( Formaldehyde - Assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements ) isolates active regulatory elements from human chromatin '' . Genome Research . 17 ( 6 ) : 877 -- 885 . ISSN 1088 - 9051 . PMC 1891346 . PMID 17179217 . doi : 10.1101 / gr. 5533506 . Jump up ^ Galas , D.J. ; Schmitz , A. ( 1978 - 09 - 01 ) . `` DNAse footprinting : a simple method for the detection of protein - DNA binding specificity '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 5 ( 9 ) : 3157 -- 3170 . ISSN 0305 - 1048 . PMC 342238 . PMID 212715 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / 5.9. 3157 . Jump up ^ Cui , Kairong ; Zhao , Keji ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Genome - wide approaches to determining nucleosome occupancy in metazoans using MNase - Seq '' . Methods in Molecular Biology ( Clifton , N.J. ) . Methods in Molecular Biology . 833 : 413 -- 419 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61779 - 476 - 6 . ISSN 1940 - 6029 . PMC 3541821 . PMID 22183607 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 61779 - 477 - 3_24 . Jump up ^ Buenrostro , Jason D. ; Giresi , Paul G. ; Zaba , Lisa C. ; Chang , Howard Y. ; Greenleaf , William J. ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Transposition of native chromatin for fast and sensitive epigenomic profiling of open chromatin , DNA - binding proteins and nucleosome position '' . Nature Methods. 10 ( 12 ) : 1213 -- 1218 . ISSN 1548 - 7105 . PMC 3959825 . PMID 24097267 . doi : 10.1038 / nmeth. 2688 . Jump up ^ Mieczkowski J , Cook A , Bowman SK , Mueller B , Alver BH , Kundu S , Deaton AM , Urban JA , Larschan E , Park PJ , Kingston RE , Tolstorukov MY ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) . `` MNase titration reveals differences between nucleosome occupancy and chromatin accessibility . '' . Nature Communications . 7 : 11485 . PMC 4859066 . PMID 27151365 . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms11485 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Hunt Morgan and His Legacy '' . Nobelprize.org. 7 Sep 2012 Other references ( edit ) Cooper , Geoffrey M. 2000 . The Cell , 2nd edition , A Molecular Approach . Chapter 4.2 Chromosomes and Chromatin . Corces , V.G. ( 1995 ) . `` Chromatin insulators . Keeping enhancers under control '' . Nature . 376 ( 6540 ) : 462 -- 463 . PMID 7637775 . doi : 10.1038 / 376462a0 . Cremer , T. 1985 . Von der Zellenlehre zur Chromosomentheorie : Naturwissenschaftliche Erkenntnis und Theorienwechsel in der frühen Zell - und Vererbungsforschung , Veröffentlichungen aus der Forschungsstelle für Theoretische Pathologie der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften . Springer - Vlg. , Berlin , Heidelberg . Elgin , S.C.R. ( ed . ) . 1995 . Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression , vol. 9 . IRL Press , Oxford , New York , Tokyo . Gerasimova , T.I. ; Corces , V.G. ( 1996 ) . `` Boundary and insulator elements in chromosomes '' . Current Op . Genet . And Dev. 6 ( 2 ) : 185 -- 192 . doi : 10.1016 / s0959 - 437x ( 96 ) 80049 - 9 . Gerasimova , T.I. ; Corces , V.G. ( 1998 ) . `` Polycomb and Trithorax group proteins mediate the function of a chromatin insulator '' . Cell. 92 ( 4 ) : 511 -- 521 . doi : 10.1016 / s0092 - 8674 ( 00 ) 80944 - 7 . Gerasimova , T.I. ; Corces , V.G. ( 2001 ) . `` CHROMATIN INSULATORS AND BOUNDARIES : Effects on Transcription and Nuclear Organization '' . Annu Rev Genet. 35 : 193 -- 208 . PMID 11700282 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. genet. 35.102401. 090349 . Gerasimova , T.I. ; Byrd , K. ; Corces , V.G. ( 2000 ) . `` A chromatin insulator determines the nuclear localization of DNA ( In Process Citation ) '' . Mol Cell. 6 ( 5 ) : 1025 -- 35 . PMID 11106742 . doi : 10.1016 / s1097 - 2765 ( 00 ) 00101 - 5 . Ha , S.C. ; Lowenhaupt , K. ; Rich , A. ; Kim , Y.G. ; Kim , K.K. ( 2005 ) . `` Crystal structure of a junction between B - DNA and Z - DNA reveals two extruded bases '' . Nature . 437 ( 7062 ) : 1183 -- 6 . PMID 16237447 . doi : 10.1038 / nature04088 . Pollard , T. , and W. Earnshaw. 2002 . Cell Biology . Saunders . Saumweber , H. 1987 . Arrangement of Chromosomes in Interphase Cell Nuclei , p. 223 - 234 . In W. Hennig ( ed . ) , Structure and Function of Eucaryotic Chromosomes , vol. 14 . Springer - Verlag , Berlin , Heidelberg . Sinden , R.R. ( 2005 ) . `` Molecular biology : DNA twists and flips '' . Nature . 437 ( 7062 ) : 1097 -- 8 . PMID 16237426 . doi : 10.1038 / 4371097a . Van Holde KE. 1989 . Chromatin . New York : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 0 - 387 - 96694 - 3 . Van Holde , K. , J. Zlatanova , G. Arents , and E. Moudrianakis. 1995 . Elements of chromatin structure : histones , nucleosomes , and fibres , p. 1 - 26 . In S.C.R. Elgin ( ed . ) , Chromatin structure and gene expression . IRL Press at Oxford University Press , Oxford . External links ( edit ) Chromatin , Histones & Cathepsin ; PMAP The Proteolysis Map - animation ( Recent chromatin publications and news ) Protocol for in vitro Chromatin Assembly ENCODE threads Explorer Chromatin patterns at transcription factor binding sites . Nature ( journal ) Cytogenetics : chromosomes Basic concepts Karyotype Ploidy Genetic material / Genome Chromatin Euchromatin Heterochromatin Chromosome Chromatid Nucleosome Nuclear organization Types Autosome / Sex chromosome ( or allosome or heterosome ) Macrochromosome / Microchromosome Circular chromosome / Linear chromosome Extra chromosome ( or accessory chromosome ) Supernumerary chromosome A chromosome / B chromosome Lampbrush chromosome Polytene chromosome Dinoflagellate chromosomes Homologous chromosome Isochromosome Satellite chromosome Centromere position Metacentric Submetacentric Telocentric Acrocentric Holocentric Centromere number Acentric Monocentric Dicentric Polycentric Processes and evolution Mitosis Meiosis Structural alterations Chromosomal inversion Chromosomal translocation Numerical alterations Aneuploidy Euploidy Polyploidy Paleopolyploidy Polyploidization Structures Telomere : Telomere - binding protein ( TINF2 ) Protamine Histone H1 H2A H2B H3 H4 Centromere C1 C2 Q See also Extrachromosomal DNA Plasmid List of organisms by chromosome count List of chromosome lengths for various organisms List of sequenced genomes International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature Structures of the cell nucleus / nuclear protein Envelope ( membrane ) / nuclear lamina Pore complex : Nucleoporin NUP35 NUP37 NUP43 NUP50 NUP54 NUP62 NUP85 NUP88 NUP93 NUP98 NUP107 NUP133 NUP153 NUP155 NUP160 NUP188 NUP205 NUP210 NUP214 AAAS Nucleolus Cajal ( coiled ) body SMN GEMIN2 GEMIN4 GEMIN5 GEMIN6 GEMIN7 DDX20 COIL Perinucleolar compartment PTBP1 CUGBP1 TCOF ATXN7 Other Chromatin Dot ( PML body ) Paraspeckle SMC protein : Cohesin SMC1A SMC1B SMC3 Condensin NCAPD2 NCAPD3 NCAPG NCAPG2 NCAPH NCAPH2 SMC2 SMC4 DNA repair SMC5 SMC6 Transition nuclear protein : TNP1 TNP2 Nuclear matrix ( Nucleoskeleton ) Nucleoplasm ( Nucleosol ) LITAF see also transcription factors and intracellular receptors see also nucleus diseases GND : 4010152 - 6 NDL : 00567038 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromatin&oldid=805025145 '' Categories : Molecular genetics Nuclear substructures Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 16 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is dna stored in the cell as chromatin
[ "Chromatin is a complex of macromolecules found in cells, consisting of DNA, protein, and RNA.[1] The primary functions of chromatin are 1) to package DNA into a more compact, denser shape, 2) to reinforce the DNA macromolecule to allow mitosis, 3) to prevent DNA damage, and 4) to control gene expression and DNA replication. The primary protein components of chromatin are histones that compact the DNA. Chromatin is only found in eukaryotic cells (cells with defined nuclei). Prokaryotic cells have a different organization of their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called genophore and is localized within the nucleoid region)." ]
[ "within the nucleoid region" ]
-7181152360134225642
Rope-a-dope
Rope - a-dope - wikipedia Rope - a-dope Jump to : navigation , search `` Ropeadope '' redirects here . For the American record label , see Ropeadope Records . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The rope - a-dope is a boxing fighting style commonly associated with Muhammad Ali in his 1974 Rumble in the Jungle match against George Foreman . In many competitive situations , rope - a-dope is used to describe strategies in which one contender lets their opponent fatigue themself by drawing non-injuring offensive actions . This then gives the contender an advantage towards the end of the competition or before , as the opponent becomes tired , allowing the contender to execute devastating offensive maneuvers and thereby winning . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the term 2 Technique 3 Notable fights 4 References 5 See also Origin of the term ( edit ) According to Angelo Dundee , the idea for the strategy used against Foreman was suggested to Ali by boxing photographer George Kalinsky , who told him : `` Why do n't you try something like that ? Sort of a dope on the ropes , letting Foreman swing away but , like in the picture , hit nothing but air . '' Publicist John Condon then polished the phrase into `` rope - a-dope '' . Technique ( edit ) The rope - a-dope is performed by a boxer assuming a protected stance ( in Ali 's classic pose , lying against the ropes , which allows much of the punch 's energy to be absorbed by the ropes ' elasticity rather than the boxer 's body ) . The boxer keeps their guard up and is prepared for the incoming blows , while looking for opportunities to counter punch their opponent , who by mounting an offensive may have left themselves open to counters . By being in a defensive posture and being prepared for the incoming blows , the plan is to decrease the chances of being caught with a clean flush blow , as ideally a significant portion of the punches will land on the boxer 's hands and arms , or will miss completely as a result of the boxer slipping the punch . Additionally , if the opponent lacks stamina , their power will decrease throughout the fight as they lose their energy , and essentially `` waste '' many punches into the boxer 's guard . However , a boxer employing this tactic must have a great chin and great ability to withstand punishment to be able to withstand the punches that do get through the boxer 's defenses and land . Offensively , the boxer employing this tactic will look to exploit mistakes made in their opponent 's attack by countering if the opponent has left themselves open . They will also look to mount short bursts of offensive attacks in between their opponent 's attack , being sure to immediately get back in their defensive posture as to not leave themselves open to a counter attack . Despite the name , the boxer does not have to be against the ropes in order to rope - a-dope the opponent . Notable fights ( edit ) The maneuver is most commonly associated with the match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman , known as The Rumble in the Jungle . Foreman was considered by many observers to be the favored to win the fight due to his superior punching power . During the match , Ali purposely angered Foreman , provoking Foreman to attack and force him back on the ropes . At the time , some observers thought that Ali was being horribly beaten and worried that they might see him get killed in the ring . Writer George Plimpton described Ali 's stance as like `` a man leaning out his window trying to see something on his roof . '' However , far from being brutalized , Ali was relatively protected from Foreman 's blows . Norman Mailer described the advantage of Ali 's rope - a-dope this way : `` Standing on one 's feet , it is painful to absorb a heavy body punch even when blocked with one 's arm . The torso , the legs and the spine take the shock . Leaning on the ropes , however , Ali can pass it along ; the rope will receive the strain . '' Ali 's preparation for the fight , which involved toughening himself up by allowing his sparring partners to pummel him , contributed to observers ' sense that Ali was outmatched . But when Foreman became tired from the beating he was delivering , Ali took advantage and won the match . Manny Pacquiao used the strategy to gauge the power of welterweight titlist Miguel Cotto in November 2009 . Pacquiao followed up the rope - a-dope gambit with a withering knockdown . Nicolino Locche , Argentine boxer nicknamed `` El Intocable '' ( The Untouchable ) , used this technique extensively throughout his career . He would get against the ropes and dodge nearly every single punch until his opponent would tire , then he would take him down with combinations . `` Irish '' Micky Ward utilized this strategy during many of the fights in the later part of his career . Ward would wait for his opponent to become fatigued and would hit with either a left hook to the body or any number of other combinations . This strategy led him to the junior welterweight championship of the WBU where he took the belt from Shea Neary . Floyd Mayweather often utilizes this technique in his bouts , as he recently ( August 2017 ) demonstrated against Conor McGregor . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Angelo Dundee , Bert Randolph Sugar , My view from the corner : a life in boxing Jump up ^ Norman Mailer . The Fight . Vintage International , 1975 . p. 191 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 70038 - 2 . Jump up ^ http://nytimes.com/2017/08/26/sports/mayweather-mcgregor.html Bibliography Jason Hook : Muhammad Ali : The Greatest , Raintree Steck - Vaughn , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 8172 - 5717 - 9 , hier online See also ( edit ) Boxing Professional boxing Amateur boxing Women 's boxing White - collar boxing London Prize Ring Rules Marquess of Queensberry Rules Terms The distance Weight class Pound for pound Lineal championship Cutman Gatekeeper Journeyman Long Count Outpoint Punching power Punch - out Punches Jab Cross Hook ( Swing ) Uppercut Overhand Counterpunch ( Cross-counter ) Bolo punch Short straight - punch Rabbit punch Liver shot Below the belt Styles and technique Bob and weave Bobbing Head fake Slipping One - two combo Check hook Peek - a-Boo Rope - a-dope Footwork Orthodox stance Southpaw stance Related articles Boxing training Boxing glove Boxing ring BoxRec Compubox Chess boxing International Boxing Hall of Fame List of boxing families Tent boxing Dementia pugilistica Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act Bare - knuckle boxing Category : Boxing Commons : Category : Boxing Wikiquote : Boxing Muhammad Ali Fights Boxing at the 1960 Summer Olympics Clay vs. Hunsaker Clay vs. Siler Clay vs. Esperti Clay vs. Robinson Clay vs. Fleeman Clay vs. Clark Clay vs. Sabedong Clay vs. Johnson Clay vs. Miteff Clay vs. Besmanoff Clay vs. Banks Clay vs. Warner Clay vs. Logan Clay vs. Daniels Clay vs. Lavorante Clay vs. Moore Clay vs. Powell Clay vs. Jones Ali vs. Cooper Liston vs. Ali Ali vs. Patterson Ali vs. Chuvalo Ali vs. London Ali vs. Mildenberger Ali vs. Terrell Ali vs. Williams Ali vs. Folley Ali vs. Quarry Ali vs. Bonavena Fight of the Century ( Ali vs. Frazier I ) Ali vs. Ellis Ali vs. Mathis Ali vs. Blin Ali vs. M. Foster Ali vs. Lewis Ali vs. B. Foster Ali vs. Bugner Ali vs. Norton Ali vs. Lubbers Ali vs. Frazier II The Rumble in the Jungle ( Ali vs. Foreman ) Ali vs. Wepner Ali vs. Lyle Thrilla in Manila ( Ali vs. Frazier III ) Ali vs. Coopman Ali vs. Young Ali vs. Dunn Ali vs. Evangelista Ali vs. Shavers Ali vs. Spinks Spinks vs. Ali II Holmes vs. Ali Drama in Bahama ( Ali vs. Berbick ) Media Requiem for a Heavyweight ( 1962 film ) The Super Fight ( film ) a.k.a. Cassius Clay ( film ) `` Black Superman '' ( song ) I Am the Greatest ( album ) The Adventures of Ali and His Gang vs. Mr. Tooth Decay ( album ) I Am the Greatest : The Adventures of Muhammad Ali ( animated series ) Superman vs. Muhammad Ali ( comic book ) The Greatest ( film ) Muhammad Ali Heavyweight Boxing ( video game ) Foes of Ali ( video game ) When We Were Kings ( film ) King of the World ( TV film ) Ali : An American Hero ( TV film ) `` Muhammad Ali '' ( song ) Ali ( film ) `` The World 's Greatest '' ( song ) Facing Ali ( film ) When Ali Came to Ireland ( documentary ) The Trials of Muhammad Ali ( documentary ) Muhammad Ali 's Greatest Fight ( TV film ) I Am Ali ( documentary ) People Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr. ( father ) Odessa Grady Clay ( mother ) Rahman Ali ( brother ) Khalilah Ali ( first wife ) Veronica Porché Ali ( second wife ) Laila Ali ( daughter ) Chuck Bodak ( trainer and cutman ) Angelo Dundee ( cornerman ) Drew Bundini Brown ( trainer and cornerman ) Ferdie Pacheco ( personal physician and cornerman ) Joe E. Martin ( first trainer ) Archie Moore ( trainer ) George Dillman ( instructor ) Jabir Herbert Muhammad ( manager ) Luis Sarria ( trainer , cutman , and masseur ) Joe Frazier ( opponent and friend ) Books The Greatest : My Own Story ( 1975 autobiography ) The Fight ( 1975 ) Muhammad Ali : His Life and Times ( 1991 biography ) King of the World ( 1998 biography ) Facing Ali ( 2002 ) Muhammad Ali : The Glory Years ( 2003 biography ) The Soul of a Butterfly ( 2004 autobiography ) Twelve Rounds to Glory ( 2007 biography ) Other Religious views of Muhammad Ali Rope - a-dope Ali Mall Clay v. 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where did ali do his rope a dope
[ "The rope-a-dope is a boxing fighting style commonly associated with Muhammad Ali in his 1974 Rumble in the Jungle match against George Foreman." ]
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Raiders of the Lost Ark
Raiders of the Lost Ark - wikipedia Raiders of the Lost Ark Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see Raiders of the Lost Ark ( disambiguation ) . Raiders of the Lost Ark Theatrical release poster by Richard Amsel Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Frank Marshall Screenplay by Lawrence Kasdan Story by George Lucas Philip Kaufman Starring Harrison Ford Karen Allen Paul Freeman Ronald Lacey John Rhys - Davies Denholm Elliott Music by John Williams Cinematography Douglas Slocombe Edited by Michael Kahn Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 12 , 1981 ( 1981 - 06 - 12 ) Running time 115 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $18 million Box office $389.9 million Raiders of the Lost Ark ( also known as Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark ) is a 1981 American action adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg , with a screenplay written by Lawrence Kasdan , from a story by George Lucas and Philip Kaufman . It was produced by Frank Marshall for Lucasfilm Ltd. , with Lucas and Howard Kazanjian as executive producers . Starring Harrison Ford , it was the first installment in the Indiana Jones film franchise to be released , though it is the second in internal chronological order . It pits Indiana Jones ( Ford ) against a group of Nazis who are searching for the Ark of the Covenant , which Adolf Hitler believes will make his army invincible . The film co-stars Karen Allen as Indiana 's former lover , Marion Ravenwood ; Paul Freeman as Indiana 's rival , French archaeologist René Belloq ; John Rhys - Davies as Indiana 's sidekick , Sallah ; Ronald Lacey as Gestapo agent Arnold Toht ; and Denholm Elliott as Indiana 's colleague , Marcus Brody . The film originated from Lucas ' desire to create a modern version of the serials of the 1930s and 1940s . Production was based at Elstree Studios , England ; but filming also took place in La Rochelle , France , Tunisia , Hawaii , and California from June to September 1980 . Released on June 12 , 1981 , Raiders of the Lost Ark became the year 's top - grossing film and remains one of the highest - grossing films ever made . It was nominated for eight Academy Awards in 1982 , including Best Picture , and won four for Best Art Direction , Film Editing , Sound , and Visual Effects with a fifth Academy Award : a Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing . The film 's critical and popular success led to three additional films , Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) , and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) , with a fifth slated for 2020 ; the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 1996 ) , and 15 video games as of 2009 . In 1999 , the film was included in the U.S. Library of Congress ' National Film Registry as having been deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Raiders of the Lost Ark is often ranked as one of the greatest films of all time , both in the action - adventure genre , and in general . The film also ranks # 2 on Empire 's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Visual effects and sound design 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Merchandise 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 6 Impact 6.1 2012 replica mystery 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1936 , archaeologist Indiana Jones braves an ancient booby - trapped temple in Peru and retrieves a golden idol . He is confronted by rival archaeologist René Belloq and the indigenous Hovito people . Surrounded and outnumbered , Indy surrenders the idol to Belloq and escapes aboard a waiting floatplane . Jones returns to his teaching position at a New England college , where he is interviewed by two Army Intelligence agents . They inform him that the Nazis are searching for his old mentor , Abner Ravenwood , under whom Jones studied at the University of Chicago . The Nazis know that Ravenwood is the leading expert on the ancient city of Tanis in Egypt , and that he possesses the headpiece of the Staff of Ra. Jones deduces that the Nazis are searching for the Ark of the Covenant -- the Nazis believe that if they acquire the Ark , their armies will become invincible . The Staff of Ra is the key to finding the Well of Souls , a secret chamber in which the Ark is buried . The agents authorize Jones to recover the Ark to prevent the Nazis from obtaining it . He travels to Nepal and discovers that Abner has died , and the headpiece is in the possession of Ravenwood 's daughter Marion . Jones visits Marion at her tavern , where she reveals her bitter feelings toward him from a previous romantic affair . She physically rebuffs his offer to buy the headpiece , and Jones leaves . Shortly after , a group of thugs arrive with their Nazi commander , Arnold Toht . Toht threatens Marion to get the headpiece , but when Jones returns to the bar to fight the Nazis and save Marion , her bar is accidentally set on fire ; during the fight , the headpiece ends up in the fire and Toht severely burns his hand trying to take the hot headpiece , and flees the tavern screaming . Indy and Marion escape with the headpiece , and Marion decides to accompany Indy in his search for the Ark so he can repay his debt to her . The pair travels to Cairo , where they meet up with Indy 's friend Sallah , a skilled excavator . Sallah informs them that Belloq and the Nazis are digging for the Well of Souls with a replica of the headpiece ( created from the scar on Toht 's hand ) . They quickly realize the Nazi headpiece is incomplete and that the Nazis are digging in the wrong place . The Nazis kidnap Marion and it appears to Jones that she is killed in an exploding truck . After a confrontation with Belloq in a local bar , Indy and Sallah infiltrate the Nazi dig site and use their staff to correctly locate the Ark . Indy discovers Marion is alive , bound and gagged in a tent , but does not release her for fear of alerting the Nazis . Indy , Sallah , and a small group of diggers unearth the Well of Souls and acquire the Ark . Belloq and Nazi officer Colonel Dietrich arrive , seize the Ark from Jones , throwing Marion into the Well of Souls with him before sealing it back up . Jones and Marion escape to a local airstrip , where Jones has a fistfight with a Nazi mechanic and destroys the flying wing that was to transport the Ark to Berlin . The panicked Nazis remove the Ark in a truck and set off for Cairo , but Jones catches them and retakes it . He makes arrangements to take the Ark to London aboard a tramp steamer . The next day , a Nazi U-boat appears and intercepts the ship . Belloq and Dietrich seize the Ark and Marion but can not locate Jones , who stows away aboard the U-boat and travels with them to an island in the Aegean Sea . Once there , Belloq plans to test the power of the Ark before presenting it to Hitler . Jones reveals himself and threatens to destroy the Ark with a panzerfaust , but Belloq calls his bluff and Jones surrenders rather than destroy such an important historical artifact . The Nazis take Indy and Marion to an area where the Ark will be opened and tie them to a post to observe . Belloq performs a ceremonial opening of the Ark , which appears to contain nothing but sand , all that remains of the Ten Commandments . Suddenly , angelic ghost - like beings emerge from the Ark . Indy cautions Marion to keep her eyes closed and not to observe what happens next . Belloq and the others look on in astonishment as the apparitions are suddenly revealed to be angels of death . A vortex of flame forms above the Ark and shoots bolts of fiery energy into the gathered Nazi soldiers , killing them all . As Belloq , Toht and Dietrich all scream in terror , the Ark turns its fury on them : Dietrich 's head shrivels up , Toht 's face is melted off his skull and Belloq 's head explodes . Flames then engulf the remains of the doomed assembly , save for Indy and Marion , and the pillar of fire rises into the sky . The Ark 's lid is blasted high into the air before dropping back down onto the Ark and sealing it . Jones and Marion find their ropes burned off and embrace . In Washington , D.C. , the Army Intelligence agents inform Jones and Marcus Brody that the Ark is someplace safe and will be studied by `` top men '' . The Ark is shown being stored in a giant government warehouse among countless similar crates . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Indiana Jones characters Harrison Ford stars as Indiana Jones , an archaeology professor who often embarks on perilous adventures to obtain rare artifacts . Jones claims that he has no belief in the supernatural , only to have his skepticism challenged when he discovers the Ark . Spielberg suggested casting Ford as Jones , but Lucas objected , stating that he did not want Ford to become his `` Bobby De Niro '' or `` that guy I put in all my movies '' -- a reference to Martin Scorsese , who often worked with Robert De Niro . Desiring a lesser known actor , Lucas persuaded Spielberg to help him search for a new talent . Among the actors who auditioned were Tim Matheson , Peter Coyote , John Shea , and Tom Selleck . Selleck was originally offered the role , but became unavailable for the part because of his commitment to the television series Magnum , P.I. . In June 1980 , three weeks away from filming , Spielberg persuaded Lucas to cast Ford after producers Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy were impressed by his performance as Han Solo in The Empire Strikes Back . Paul Freeman as Dr. René Belloq , Jones ' rival . Belloq is also an archaeologist after the Ark , but he is working for the Nazis . He intends to harness the Ark 's power himself before Hitler can , but he is killed by the Ark 's supernatural powers . Spielberg cast Freeman after seeing him in Death of a Princess . Before Freeman got the part , actor Giancarlo Giannini was originally going to portray Belloq , while singer Jacques Dutronc auditioned for the role , but they lost out to Freeman . Karen Allen as Marion Ravenwood , a spirited , tough former lover of Indiana 's . She is the daughter of Abner Ravenwood , Indiana Jones ' mentor , and owns a bar in Nepal . Allen was cast after auditioning with Matheson and John Shea . Spielberg was interested in her , as he had seen her performance in National Lampoon 's Animal House . Sean Young had previously auditioned for the part , while Debra Winger turned it down . John Rhys - Davies as Sallah , `` the best digger in Egypt '' according to Indiana , who has been hired by the Nazis to help them excavate Tanis . He is an old friend of Indiana 's , and agrees to help him obtain the Ark , though he fears disturbing it . Spielberg initially approached Danny DeVito to play Sallah , but he could not play the part due to scheduling conflicts . Spielberg cast Rhys - Davies after seeing his performance in Shōgun . Ronald Lacey as Major Arnold Toht , an interrogator for the Gestapo and Jones ' nemesis , who tries to torture Marion Ravenwood for the headpiece of the Staff of Ra . He is killed by the Ark 's supernatural powers . Lacey was cast as he reminded Spielberg of Peter Lorre . Spielberg had originally offered the role to Roman Polanski , who was intrigued at the opportunity to work with Spielberg but decided to turn down the role because he would n't be able to make the trip to Tunisia . Klaus Kinski was also offered the role , but he hated the script , calling it `` moronically shitty '' . Michael Sheard , who ended portraying Captain Oskar Schomburg in the film , also auditioned for the role , but he lost out to Lacey . Denholm Elliott as Dr. Marcus Brody , a museum curator , who buys the artifacts Indiana obtains for display in his museum . The U.S. government agents approach him with regard to the Ark 's recovery , and he sets up a meeting between them and Indiana Jones . Spielberg hired Elliott as he was a big fan of the actor , who had performed in some of his favorite British and American films . Wolf Kahler as Colonel Dietrich , a ruthless German officer leading the operation to secure the Ark . He is killed by the Ark 's supernatural powers . Alfred Molina , in his film debut , as Satipo , one of Jones ' guides through the South American jungle . He betrays Jones and steals the golden idol , but is killed by traps before he can leave the temple . George Harris as Simon Katanga , captain of the Bantu Wind . Anthony Higgins as Major Gobler , Colonel Dietrich 's right - hand - man . Vic Tablian as Barranca and the Monkey Man . Don Fellows as Colonel Musgrove , an Army Intelligence agent . William Hootkins as Major Eaton , an Army Intelligence agent . Producer Frank Marshall played a pilot in the airplane fight sequence . The stunt team was ill , so he took the role instead . The result was three days in a hot cockpit , which he joked was over `` 140 degrees '' . Pat Roach plays the Nazi mechanic with whom Jones brawls in this sequence , as well as a massive sherpa who battles Jones in Marion 's bar . He had the rare opportunity to be killed twice in one film . Special - effects supervisor Dennis Muren made a cameo as a Nazi spy on the seaplane Jones takes from San Francisco to Manila . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In 1973 , George Lucas wrote The Adventures of Indiana Smith . Like Star Wars , which he also wrote , it was an opportunity to create a modern version of the film serials of the 1930s and 1940s . Lucas discussed the concept with Philip Kaufman , who worked with him for several weeks and came up with the Ark of the Covenant as the plot device . Kaufman was told about the Ark by his dentist when he was a child . The project stalled when Clint Eastwood hired Kaufman to direct The Outlaw Josey Wales . Lucas shelved the idea , deciding to concentrate on his outer space adventure that would become Star Wars . In late May 1977 , Lucas was in Hawaii , trying to escape the enormous success of Star Wars . Friend and colleague Steven Spielberg was also there , on vacation from work on Close Encounters of the Third Kind . While building a sand castle at the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel , Spielberg expressed an interest in directing a James Bond film . Lucas convinced his friend Spielberg that he had conceived a character `` better than James Bond '' and explained the concept of Raiders of the Lost Ark . Spielberg loved it , calling it `` a James Bond film without the hardware '' , although he told Lucas that the surname ' Smith ' was not right for the character . Lucas replied , `` OK . What about ' Jones ' ? '' Indiana was the name of Lucas ' Alaskan Malamute , whose habit of riding in the passenger seat as Lucas drove was also the inspiration for Star Wars ' Chewbacca . Spielberg was at first reluctant to sign on , as Lucas had told him that he would want Spielberg for an entire trilogy , and Spielberg did not want to work on two more scripts . Lucas told him , however , that he already had the next two movies written , so Spielberg agreed . But when the time came for the first sequel , it was revealed that Lucas had nothing written for either sequel . The following year , Lucas focused on developing Raiders and the Star Wars sequel The Empire Strikes Back , during which Lawrence Kasdan and Frank Marshall joined the project as screenwriter and producer respectively . Between January 23 -- 27 , 1978 , for nine hours a day , Lucas , Kasdan , and Spielberg discussed the story and visual ideas . Spielberg came up with Jones being chased by a boulder , which was inspired by Carl Barks ' Uncle Scrooge comic `` The Seven Cities of Cibola '' . Lucas later acknowledged that the idea for the idol mechanism in the opening scene and deadly traps later in the film were inspired by several Uncle Scrooge comics . Lucas came up with a submarine , a monkey giving the Hitler salute , and Marion punching Jones in Nepal . Kasdan used a 100 - page transcript of their conversations for his first script draft , which he worked on for six months . Ultimately , some of their ideas were too grand and had to be cut : a mine chase , an escape in Shanghai using a rolling gong as a shield , and a jump from an airplane in a raft , all of which made it into the prequel , Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom . Spielberg and Lucas disagreed on the character : although Spielberg saw him as a Bondian playboy , Lucas felt the character 's academic and adventurer elements made him complex enough . Spielberg had a darker vision of Jones , interpreting him as an alcoholic similar to Humphrey Bogart 's character Fred C. Dobbs in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) . This characterization fell away during the later drafts , though elements survive in Jones 's reaction when he believes Marion to be dead . Costume designer Deborah Nadoolman credits Secret of the Incas ( 1954 ) , starring Charlton Heston , as an influence on the development of the character , noting that the crew watched the film together several times . Nadoolman based the look of Ford 's costume on that of Heston 's , and observed that Indiana is a `` kinder and gentler '' Harry Steele . Initially , the film was rejected by every major studio in Hollywood , mostly due to the $20 million budget and the deal Lucas was offering . Eventually Paramount agreed to finance the film , with Lucas negotiating a five - picture deal . By April 1980 , Kasdan 's fifth draft was produced , and production was getting ready to shoot at Elstree Studios , with Lucas trying to keep costs down . With four illustrators , Raiders of the Lost Ark was Spielberg 's most storyboarded film of his career to date , further helping the film economically . He and Lucas agreed on a tight schedule to keep costs down and to follow the `` quick and dirty '' feel of the old Saturday matinée serials . Special effects were done using puppets , miniature models , animation , and camera trickery . `` We did n't do 30 or 40 takes ; usually only four . It was like silent film -- shoot only what you need , no waste '' , Spielberg said . `` Had I had more time and money , it would have turned out a pretentious movie . '' Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on June 23 , 1980 , at La Rochelle , France , with scenes involving the Nazi submarine , which had been rented from the production of Das Boot . The U-boat pen was a real one from World War II . The crew moved to Elstree Studios for the Well of Souls scenes , the opening sequence temple interiors and Marion Ravenwood 's bar . The Well of Souls scene required 7,000 snakes . The only venomous snakes were the cobras , but one crew member was bitten on set by a python . The bulk of the snakes ' numbers were made up with giant but harmless legless lizards known as Scheltopusiks ( Pseudopus apodus ) which occur from the Balkan Peninsula of southeastern Europe to Central Asia . Growing to 1.3 m they are the largest legless lizards in the world and are often mistaken for snakes despite some very obvious differences such as the presence of eyelids and external ear openings , which are both absent from all snakes , and a notched rather than forked tongue . In the finished film , during the scene in which Indiana comes face - to - face with the cobra , a reflection in glass screen that protected Ford from the snake was seen , an issue that was corrected in the 2003 digitally - enhanced re-release . Unlike Indiana , neither Ford nor Spielberg has a fear of snakes , but Spielberg said that seeing all the snakes on the set writhing around made him `` want to puke '' . The opening scene in the Peruvian jungle was filmed on the island of Kauai , one of the islands of Hawaii , to where Spielberg would return for Jurassic Park . The `` temple '' location is on the Huleia River , on the Kipu Ranch , south from Kaumualii Highway on the east coast , just south of Lihue , the island 's main town . Kipu is a working cattle ranch , not generally open to the public . The Peruvian section ( but actually filmed in Hawaii ) featured live tarantulas of a Mexican species ( Brachypelma ) on Harrison Ford and Alfred Molina , and are harmless to humans , and in fact of a species which are commonly kept as exotic pets . A fiberglass boulder 22 feet ( 7 m ) in diameter was made for the scene where Indiana escapes from the temple ; Spielberg was so impressed by production designer Norman Reynolds ' realization of his idea that he gave the boulder a more prominent role in the film and told Reynolds to let the boulder roll another 50 feet ( 15 m ) . The scenes set in Egypt were filmed in Tunisia , and the canyon where Indiana threatens to blow up the Ark was shot in Sidi Bouhlel , just outside Tozeur . The canyon location had been used for the Tatooine scenes from 1977 's Star Wars ( many of the location crew members were the same for both films ) where R2 - D2 was attacked by Jawas . The Tanis scenes were filmed in nearby Sedala , a harsh place due to heat and disease . Several cast and crew members fell ill and Rhys - Davies defecated in his costume during one shot . Spielberg averted disease by eating only canned foods from England , but did not like the area and quickly condensed the scheduled six - week shoot to four - and - a-half weeks . Much was improvised : the scene where Marion puts on her dress and attempts to leave Belloq 's tent was improvised as was the entire plane fight . During that scene 's shooting , a wheel went over Ford 's knee and tore his left leg 's cruciate ligament , but he refused local medical help and simply put ice on it . The fight scenes in the town were filmed in Kairouan , while Ford was suffering from dysentery . Stuntman Terry Richards had practiced for weeks with his sword to create the scripted fight scene , choreographing a fight between the swordsman and Jones ' whip . However , after filming the initial shots of the scene , after lunch due to Ford 's dysentery , Ford and Spielberg agreed to cut the scene down to a gunshot , with Ford saying to Spielberg `` Let 's just shoot the sucker '' . It was later voted in at No. 5 on Playboy magazine 's list of best all time scenes . Most of the truck chase was shot by second unit director Michael D. Moore following Spielberg 's storyboards , including Indiana being dragged by the truck ( performed by stuntman Terry Leonard ) , in tribute to a famous Yakima Canutt stunt . Spielberg then filmed all the shots with Ford himself in and around the truck cab . Lucas directed a few other second unit shots , in particular the monkey giving the Nazi salute . The interior staircase set in Washington , D.C. was filmed in San Francisco 's City Hall . The University of the Pacific 's campus in Stockton , California , stood in for the exterior of the college where Jones works , while his classroom and the hall where he meets the American intelligence agents was filmed at the Royal Masonic School for Girls in Rickmansworth , Hertfordshire , England , which was again used in The Last Crusade . His home exteriors were filmed in San Rafael , California . Opening sequence exteriors were filmed in Kauai , Hawaii , with Spielberg wrapping in September in 73 days , finishing under schedule in contrast to his previous film , 1941 . The Washington , D.C. coda , although it appeared in the script 's early drafts , was not included in early edits but was added later when it was realized that there was no resolution to Jones ' relationship with Marion . Shots of the Douglas DC - 3 Jones flies on to Nepal were taken from Lost Horizon , and a street scene was from a shot in The Hindenburg . Filming of Jones boarding a Boeing Clipper flying - boat was complicated by the lack of a surviving aircraft . Eventually , a post-war British Short Solent flying - boat formerly owned by Howard Hughes was located in California and substituted . Visual effects and Sound design ( edit ) The special visual effects for Raiders were provided by Industrial Light & Magic and include : a matte shot to establish the Pan Am flying boat in the water and miniature work to show the plane taking off and flying , superimposed over a map ; animation effects for the beam in the Tanis map room ; and a miniature car and passengers superimposed over a matte painting for a shot of a Nazi car being forced off a cliff . The bulk of effects shots were featured in the climactic sequence wherein the Ark of the Covenant ( which was designed by Brian Muir and Keith Short ) is opened and God 's wrath is unleashed . This sequence featured animation , a woman to portray a beautiful spirit 's face , rod puppet spirits moved through water to convey a sense of floating , a matte painting of the island , and cloud tank effects to portray clouds . The melting of Toht 's head was done by exposing a gelatine and plaster model of Ronald Lacey 's head to a heat lamp with an under - cranked camera , while Dietrich 's crushed head was a hollow model from which air was withdrawn . When the film was originally submitted to the Motion Picture Association of America , it received an R rating because of the scene in which Belloq 's head explodes . The filmmakers were able to receive a PG rating when they added a veil of fire over the exploding head scene . ( PG - 13 rating was not created until 1984 . ) The firestorm that cleanses the canyon at the finish was a miniature canyon filmed upside down . Ben Burtt , the sound effects supervisor , made extensive use of traditional foley work in yet another of the production 's throwbacks to days of the Republic serials . He selected a . 30 - 30 Winchester rifle for the sound of Jones ' pistol . Sound effects artists struck leather jackets and baseball gloves with a baseball bat to create a variety of punching noises and body blows . For the snakes in the Well of Souls sequence , fingers running through cheese casserole and sponges sliding over concrete were used for the slithering noises . The sliding lid on a toilet cistern provided the sound for the opening of the Ark , and the sound of the boulder in the opening is a car rolling down a gravel driveway in neutral . Burtt also used , as he did in many of his films , the ubiquitous Wilhelm scream when a Nazi falls from a truck . In addition to his use of such time - honored foley work , Burtt also demonstrated the modern expertise honed during his award - winning work on Star Wars . He employed a synthesizer for the sounds of the Ark , and mixed dolphins ' and sea lions ' screams for those of the spirits within . Music ( edit ) `` The Raiders March '' ( 1981 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark Problems playing this file ? See media help . Main article : Raiders of the Lost Ark ( soundtrack ) John Williams composed the score for Raiders of the Lost Ark , which was the only score in the series performed by the London Symphony Orchestra , the same orchestra that performed the scores for the Star Wars saga . The score most notably features the well - known `` Raiders March '' . This piece came to symbolize Indiana Jones and was later used in the scores for the other three films . Williams originally wrote two different candidates for Jones 's theme , but Spielberg enjoyed them so much that he insisted that both be used together in what became the `` Raiders March '' . The alternately eerie and apocalyptic theme for the Ark of the Covenant is also heard frequently in the score , with a more romantic melody representing Marion and , more broadly , her relationship with Jones . The score as a whole received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Score , but lost to the score to Chariots of Fire composed by Vangelis . Release ( edit ) Merchandise ( edit ) The only video game based exclusively on the film is Raiders of the Lost Ark , released in 1982 by Atari for their Atari 2600 console . The first third of the video game Indiana Jones ' Greatest Adventures , released in 1994 by JVC for Nintendo 's Super Nintendo Entertainment System , is based entirely on the film . Several of the film 's sequences are reproduced ( the boulder run and the showdown with the Cairo Swordsman among them ) ; however , several inconsistencies with the film are present in the game , such as Nazi soldiers and bats being present in the Well of Souls sequence , for example . The game was developed by LucasArts and Factor 5 . In the 1999 game Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine , a bonus level brings Jones back to the Peruvian temple of the film 's opening scene . In 2008 , to coincide with the release of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , Lego released the Lego Indiana Jones line -- which included building sets based on Raiders of the Lost Ark -- and LucasArts published a video game based on the toyline , Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures , which was developed by Traveller 's Tales . Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of the film by writer Walt Simonson and artists John Buscema and Klaus Janson . It was published as Marvel Super Special # 18 and as a three - issue limited series . This was followed with the comic book series The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones which was published monthly from January 1983 through March 1986 . In 1981 , Kenner released a 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) doll of Indiana Jones , and the following year they released nine action figures of the film 's characters , three playsets , as well as toys of the Nazi truck and Jones ' horse . They also released a board game . In 1984 , miniature metal versions of the characters were released for a role playing game , The Adventures of Indiana Jones , and in 1995 Micro Machines released die - cast toys of the film 's vehicles . Hasbro released action figures based on the film , ranging from 3 to 12 inches ( 7.6 to 30.5 cm ) , to coincide with Kingdom of the Crystal Skull on May 1 , 2008 . Later in 2008 , and in 2011 , two high - end sixth scale ( 1 : 6 ) collectible action figures were released by Sideshow Collectibles , and Hot Toys , Ltd. respectively . A novelization by Ryder Windham was released in April 2008 by Scholastic to tie in with the release of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . A previous novelization by Scottish author Campbell Armstrong ( under the pseudonym Campbell Black ) was concurrently released with the film in 1981 . A book about the making of the film was also released , written by Derek Taylor . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on VHS , Betamax and VideoDisc in pan and scan only , and on laserdisc in both pan and scan and widescreen . For its 1999 VHS re-issue , the film was remastered in THX and made available in widescreen . The outer package was retitled Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark for consistency with the film 's prequel and sequel . The subsequent DVD release in 2003 features this title as well . The title in the film itself remains unchanged , even in the restored DVD print . In the DVD , two subtle digital revisions were added . First , a connecting rod from the giant boulder to an offscreen guidance track in the opening scene was removed from behind the running Harrison Ford ; second , a reflection in the glass partition separating Ford from the cobra in the Well of Souls was removed . Shortly before the theatrical release of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , Raiders ( along with The Temple of Doom and The Last Crusade ) was re-released on DVD with additional extra features not included on the previous set on May 13 , 2008 . The film was released on Blu - ray Disc in September 2012 . Previously , only Kingdom of the Crystal Skull had been available on Blu - ray . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Raiders of the Lost Ark opened at # 14 and grossed $1,673,731 from 267 theaters ( $6,269 theater average ) during its opening weekend . In total , the IMAX release grossed $3,125,613 domestically . The film , made on an $ 18 million budget , grossed $384 million worldwide throughout its theatrical releases . In North America , it was by some distance the highest - grossing film of 1981 , and remains one of the top twenty - five highest - grossing films ever made when adjusted for inflation . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 70 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . Critical reception ( edit ) The film was subsequently nominated for nine Academy Awards , including Best Picture , in 1982 and won four ( Best Sound , Best Film Editing , Best Visual Effects , and Best Art Direction - Set Decoration ( Norman Reynolds , Leslie Dilley , and Michael D. Ford ) . It also received a Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing . It won numerous other awards , including a Grammy Award and Best Picture at the People 's Choice Awards . Spielberg was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award . The film was highly acclaimed by critics and audiences alike . In his review for The New York Times , Vincent Canby praised the film , calling it , `` one of the most deliriously funny , ingenious and stylish American adventure movies ever made . '' Roger Ebert in his review for the Chicago Sun - Times wrote , `` Two things , however , make Raiders of the Lost Ark more than just a technological triumph : its sense of humor and the droll style of its characters ( ... ) We find ourselves laughing in surprise , in relief , in incredulity at the movie 's ability to pile one incident upon another in an inexhaustible series of inventions . '' He later added it to his list of `` Great Movies '' . Rolling Stone said the film was `` the ultimate Saturday action matinee -- a film so funny and exciting it can be enjoyed any day of the week . '' Bruce Williamson of Playboy claimed : `` There 's more excitement in the first ten minutes of Raiders than any movie I have seen all year . By the time the explosive misadventures end , any movie - goer worth his salt ought to be exhausted . '' Stephen Klain of Variety also praised the film . Yet , making an observation that would revisit the franchise with its next film , he felt that the film was surprisingly violent and bloody for a PG - rated film . There were some dissenting voices : Sight & Sound described it as an `` expensively gift - wrapped Saturday afternoon pot - boiler '' , and New Hollywood champion Pauline Kael , who once contended that she only got `` really rough '' on large films that were destined to be hits but were nonetheless `` atrocious '' , found the film to be a `` machine - tooled adventure '' from a pair of creators who `` think just like the marketing division '' . ( Lucas later named a villain , played by Raiders Nazi strongman Pat Roach , in his 1988 fantasy film Willow after Kael . ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 94 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes , as well as a 85 % rating on Metacritic , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Accolades ( edit ) Awards and nominations Association Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Academy Awards Best Picture Frank Marshall Nominated Best Director Steven Spielberg Nominated Best Art Direction Norman Reynolds , Leslie Dilley , and Michael D. Ford Won Best Cinematography Douglas Slocombe Nominated Best Film Editing Michael Kahn Won Best Original Score John Williams Nominated Best Sound Bill Varney , Steve Maslow , Gregg Landaker , and Roy Charman Won Best Sound Effects Editing Ben Burtt , and Richard L. Anderson Won Best Visual Effects Richard Edlund , Kit West , Bruce Nicholson , and Joe Johnston Won Golden Globe Awards Best Director Steven Spielberg Nominated BAFTA Awards Best Film Frank Marshall Nominated Best Actor in a Supporting Role Denholm Elliott Nominated Best Film Music John Williams Nominated Best Cinematography Douglas Slocombe Nominated Best Editing Michael Kahn Nominated Best Sound Bill Varney , Steve Maslow , Gregg Landaker , and Roy Charman Nominated Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation Won Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Won Best Director Steven Spielberg Won Best Actor Harrison Ford Won Best Actress Karen Allen Won Best Supporting Actor Paul Freeman Nominated Best Writing Lawrence Kasdan Won Best Music John Williams Won Best Costume Deborah Nadoolman Nominated Best Special Effects Richard Edlund Won American Film Institute AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- No. 60 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- No. 10 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Indiana Jones -- No. 2 Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Snakes ! Why did it have to be snakes ? '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- No. 66 Impact ( edit ) Following the success of Raiders , a prequel , The Temple of Doom , and two sequels , The Last Crusade and Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , were produced , with a third sequel set for release in 2020 . A television series , entitled The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , was also spun off from this film , and details the character 's early years . Numerous other books , comics , and video games have also been produced . In 1998 , the American Film Institute placed the film at number 60 on its top 100 films of the first century of cinema . In 2007 , AFI updated the list and placed it at number 66 . They also named it as the 10th most thrilling film , and named Indiana Jones as the second greatest hero . In 1999 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the U.S. Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . Indiana Jones has become an icon , being listed as Entertainment Weekly 's third favorite action hero , while noting `` some of the greatest action scenes ever filmed are strung together like pearls '' in this film . An amateur , near shot - for - shot remake was made by Chris Strompolos , Eric Zala , and Jayson Lamb , then children in Ocean Springs , Mississippi . It took the boys seven years to finish , from 1982 to 1989 . After production of the film , called Raiders of the Lost Ark : The Adaptation , it was shelved and forgotten until 2003 , where it was discovered by Eli Roth and acclaimed by Spielberg himself , who congratulated the boys on their hard work and said he looked forward to seeing their names on the big screen . Scott Rudin and Paramount Pictures purchased the trio 's life rights with the goal of producing a film based on their adventures making their remake . In 2014 , film director Steven Soderbergh published an experimental black - and - white version of the film , with the original soundtrack and dialogue replaced by an electronic soundtrack . Soderbergh said his intention was to encourage viewers to focus on Spielberg 's extraordinary staging and editing : `` This filmmaker forgot more about staging by the time he made his first feature than I know to this day . '' Assessing the film 's legacy in 1997 , Bernard Weinraub , film critic for The New York Times , which had initially reviewed the film as `` deliriously funny , ingenious , and stylish '' , maintained that `` the decline in the traditional family G - rated film , for ' general ' audiences , probably began '' with the appearance of Raiders of the Lost Ark . `` Whether by accident or design , '' found Weinraub , `` the filmmakers made a comic nonstop action film intended mostly for adults but also for children . '' Eight years later , in 2005 , viewers of Channel 4 rated the film as the 20th - best family film of all time , with Spielberg taking best over-all director honors . On Empire magazine 's list of the 500 Greatest Movies of All Time , Raiders ranked second , beaten only by The Godfather . In conjunction with the Blu - ray release , a limited one - week release in IMAX theaters was announced for September 7 , 2012 . Steven Spielberg and sound designer Ben Burtt supervised the format conversion . No special effects or other visual elements were altered , but the audio was enhanced for surround sound . 2012 replica mystery ( edit ) In December 2012 , the University of Chicago 's admissions department received a package in the mail addressed to Henry Walton Jones , Jr. , Indiana Jones ' full name . The address on the stamped package was listed for a hall that was the former home of the university 's geology and geography department . Inside the manila envelope was a detailed replica journal similar to the one Jones used in the movie , as well as postcards and pictures of Marion Ravenwood . The admissions department posted pictures of the contents on its Internet blog , looking for any information about the package . It was discovered that the package was part of a set to be shipped from Guam to Italy that had been sold on eBay . The package with the journal had fallen out in transit and a postal worker had sent it to the university , as it had a complete address and postage , which turned out to be fake . All contents were from a Guam `` prop replicator '' who sells them all over the world . The university will display its replica in the main lobby of the Oriental Institute . See also ( edit ) List of films considered the best Film in the United States portal 1980s portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK ( A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 2 , 1981 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time , Feature Movies - Empire '' . gb : Empireonline.com. 2015 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time , Feature Movies - Empire '' . gb : Empireonline.com. 2015 - 12 - 11 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Indiana Jones : Making the Trilogy ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Paramount Pictures . 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Knolle , Sharon ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` 30 Things You Might Not Know About ' Raiders of the Lost Ark ' '' . Moviefone . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Facts and trivia of the Lost Ark '' . Lucasfilm . October 14 , 2003 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hearn , pp. 127 - 134 Jump up ^ `` The People Who Were Almost Cast '' . Empire Online . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gregory Kirschling , Jeff Labrecque ( March 12 , 2008 ) . `` Indiana Jones : 15 Fun Facts '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Polanski , Roman ; Cronin , Paul ( January 1 , 2005 ) . `` Roman Polanski : Interviews '' . University Press of Mississippi . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Glenn Whipp ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` Keeping up with Jones '' . Halifax Chronicle - Herald . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kinski , Klaus ( 1996 ) . Kinski Uncut . Translated by Joachim Neugröschel . London : Bloomsbury . p. 294 . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 2978 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Interviews '' . TheRaider.net. 2003 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ The Stunts of Indiana Jones ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Paramount Pictures . 2003 . ^ Jump up to : The Light and Magic of Indiana Jones ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Paramount Pictures . 2003 . Jump up ^ Marcus Hearn ( 2005 ) . The Cinema of George Lucas . New York : Harry N. Abrams Inc , Publishers . p. 80 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Hearn , pp. 112 -- 115 Jump up ^ `` Know Your MacGuffins '' . Empire . April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jim Windolf ( December 2 , 2007 ) . `` Q&A : Steven Spielberg '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : McBride , Joseph ( 1997 ) . `` Rehab '' . Steven Spielberg . New York City : Faber and Faber . pp. 309 -- 322 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19177 - 0 . Jump up ^ E. Summer , Walt Disney 's Uncle $ crooge McDuck : His Life and Times by Carl Barks , Celestial Arts ed. , 1981 ; T. Andrae , Carl Barks and the Art of the Disney Comic Book , Univ . Press of Mississippi , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hearn , p. 122 -- 123 Jump up ^ Script 3rd Draft Archived April 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , scene 45 - 47 Jump up ^ Script 3rd Draft Archived April 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , scene 148 -- 155 Jump up ^ Raiders Story Conference Transcript , 1978 . p. 5 Jump up ^ Mike French & Gilles Verschuere ( September 14 , 2005 ) . `` Debora Nadoolman interview '' . TheRaider.net . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders Of The Lost Ark : An Oral History '' . Empire . April 24 , 2008 . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Schickel ( January 19 , 2008 ) . `` Slam ! Bang ! A Movie Movie '' . Time . Retrieved January 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Fromter , Marco ( August 18 , 2006 ) . `` Around the World with Indiana Jones '' . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide guide to movie locations '' . Movie-locations.com . Jump up ^ Norman Reynolds ( Production Designer ) . Making the Trilogy ( DVD ) . Event occurs at 17 : 40 . Steven said ' Why do n't we make it another 50ft longer ? ' Which of course we did Jump up ^ Taylor , Derek ( 1981 ) . The Making of Raiders of The Lost Ark . Ballantine Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Jones Stuntman Terry Richards Interview '' . Red Carpet News . 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Urban Legends of Indiana Jones '' . Lucasfilm . January 13 , 2004 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Anthony ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Terry Richards : Stuntman who battled four James Bonds , Luke Skywalker and Rambo and was famously shot dead by Indiana Jones '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - Five Reasons to Watch Raiders Again '' . Lucasfilm . June 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Aviation Museum '' . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Industrial Light & Magic : The Art of Special Effects , Smith , Thomas G. , p. 140. , 1986 Jump up ^ Industrial Light & Magic : The Art of Special Effects , Smith , Thomas G. , p. 66. , 1986 ^ Jump up to : Industrial Light & Magic : The Art of Special Effects , Smith , Thomas G. , p. 62. , 1986 Jump up ^ The Sound of Indiana Jones ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Paramount Pictures . 2003 . Jump up ^ John Williams ( 2003 ) . The Music of Indiana Jones ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Levi ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` Top 10 Indiana Jones Games '' . IGN . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Levi ( November 24 , 2009 ) . `` Indiana Jones ' Greatest Adventures Review '' . IGN . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine - PC Preview '' . IGN . November 2 , 1999 . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Group Secures Exclusive Construction Category Rights to Indiana Jones ( TM ) Property . '' ( Press release ) . The LEGO Group . 2007 . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures Company Line '' . GameSpot. April 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2013 . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GCD : : Issue : : Marvel Super Special # 18 '' . comics.org . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Raiders of the Lost Ark at the Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ `` The Adventures of Indiana Jones '' . Cool Toy Review . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Edward Douglas ( February 16 , 2008 ) . `` Hasbro Previews G.I. Joe , Hulk , Iron Man , Indy & Clone Wars '' . SuperHeroHype.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Miss Cellania ( May 21 , 2008 ) . `` 10 Awesome Indiana Jones Facts '' . Mental floss . Retrieved May 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Own it on Blu - ray & Digital Download Tuesday , September 18 '' . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( IMAX ) ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 2012 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo Alltime Adjusted '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom O'Neil ( May 8 , 2008 ) . `` Will ' Indiana Jones , ' Steven Spielberg and Harrison Ford come swashbuckling back into the awards fight ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Vincent Canby ( June 12 , 1981 ) . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( January 1 , 1981 ) . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( April 30 , 2000 ) . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone , June 25 , 1981 . Jump up ^ Michael G. Ryan . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark 20th Anniversary '' . Star Wars Insider . July / August 2001 . Jump up ^ Stephen Klain ( June 5 , 1981 ) . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . Variety . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` On Now '' . Sight & Sound ( Autumn ed . ) . British Film Institute ( BFI ) . 50 ( 4 ) : 288 . 1981 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence Van Gelder ( September 4 , 2001 ) . `` Pauline Kael , Provocative and Widely Imitated New Yorker Film Critic , Dies at 82 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pauline Kael ( June 15 , 1981 ) . `` Whipped '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` The 54th Academy Awards ( 1982 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved October 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 39th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 1982 ) '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2010 . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Galvan , Manuel ( September 7 , 1982 ) . `` Science - fiction awards given to out - of - this - world writers '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 16 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Indiana Jones 5 ' Delayed a Year ; Disney Shifts ' Wreck - It Ralph 2 ' , ' Gigantic ' and More '' . Collider . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marc Bernadin ( October 23 , 2007 ) . `` 25 Awesome Action Heroes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harry Knowles ( May 31 , 2003 ) . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark shot - for - shot teenage remake review ! ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jim Windolf . `` Raiders of the Lost Backyard '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sarah Hepola ( May 30 , 2003 ) . `` Lost Ark Resurrected '' . Austin Chronicle . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harry Knowles ( February 26 , 2004 ) . `` Sometimes , The Good Guys Win ! ! ! Raiders of the Lost Ark shot for shot filmmakers ' life to be MOVIE ! ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( February 25 , 2004 ) . `` Rudin 's on an ' Ark ' lark '' . Variety . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders '' . Extension765.com . Jump up ^ Vincent Canby ( June 12 , 1981 ) . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bernard Weinraub ( July 22 , 1997 ) . `` Movies for Children , and Their Parents , Are Far From ' Pollyanna ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ET Crowned ' Greatest Family Film ' '' . BBC News Online . December 23 , 2005 . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` That 's a Big Boulder , Indy : Steven Spielberg on the Imax Rerelease of ' Raiders of the Lost Ark ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Raiders of the Lost Ark ' mystery solved - Package 's origins determined '' . Screener . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Black , Campbell ( September 1987 ) . Raiders of the Lost Ark . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 35375 - 7 . Kasdan , Lawrence ( 1981 ) . Raiders of the Lost Ark : The Illustrated Screenplay . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 30327 - X . Taylor , Derek ( August 1981 ) . The Making of Raiders of the Lost Ark . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 29725 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raiders of the Lost Ark . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Raiders of the Lost Ark IndianaJones.com , Lucasfilm 's official Indiana Jones site Raiders of the Lost Ark at Lucasfilm.com Raiders of the Lost Ark on IMDb Raiders of the Lost Ark at the TCM Movie Database Raiders of the Lost Ark at Box Office Mojo Raiders of the Lost Ark at Rotten Tomatoes Raiders of the Lost Ark at Metacritic Raiders of the Lost Ark on YouTube Indiana Jones Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Video game Soundtrack Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Video game ( NES ) Soundtrack Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Video games Soundtrack Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Soundtrack Television The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 - 1993 ) episodes Characters Indiana Jones Marion Ravenwood Sallah Marcus Brody Henry Jones Sr . 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Temple du Péril Indiana Jones Adventure Indiana Jones Summer of Hidden Mysteries Books The Peril at Delphi The Dance of the Giants The Seven Veils The Philosopher 's Stone Comics Iron Phoenix Spear of Destiny Tomb of the Gods Other media Lego Indiana Jones The Raiders of the Lost Brick Raiders of the Lost Ark : The Adaptation Indyfans and the Quest for Fortune and Glory Golden Idol Montana Jones Category Portal Steven Spielberg Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education George Lucas filmography Films directed Feature THX 1138 ( 1971 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Short Look at Life ( 1965 ) Herbie ( 1965 ) Freiheit ( 1966 ) 1 : 42.08 ( 1966 ) Electronic Labyrinth : THX 1138 4EB ( 1967 ) The Emperor ( 1967 ) Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town ( 1967 ) 6 - 18 - 67 ( 1967 ) Filmmaker ( 1968 ) Bald : The Making of THX 1138 ( 1971 , uncredited ) Films written The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 , uncredited ) Willow ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 , uncredited ) Red Tails ( 2012 , uncredited ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Television Star Wars Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 - 1986 ) Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 - 1986 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 - 1996 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 - 2005 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 - 2014 ) Star Wars Detours ( TBA ) Related American Zoetrope Indiana Jones Lucasfilm ILM LucasArts Lucasfilm Animation Skywalker Sound Pixar Skywalker Ranch Star Wars The Star Wars Corporation THX Edutopia Links to related articles Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Untitled Han Solo film ( 2018 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- present ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- present ) Star Wars Detours TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid Graphics Group ( Pixar ) Kerner Optical SoundDroid THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1958 ) no award ( 1959 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1960 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1961 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1965 ) `` The Menagerie '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1967 ) `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1968 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1969 ) News coverage of Apollo 11 ( 1970 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1972 ) Slaughterhouse - 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'' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1995 ) `` The Coming of Shadows '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1996 ) `` Severed Dreams '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1997 ) Contact ( 1998 ) The Truman Show ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1973 ) Doc Savage : The Man of Bronze ( 1974 / 75 ) The Holes ( 1976 ) Oh , God ! 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how much did raiders of the lost ark cost to make
[ "\nBudget\n$18 million[2]\n" ]
[ "$18 million" ]
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Football
Football - wikipedia Football Group of related team sports This article is about the overall concept of games called football . For the balls themselves , see Football ( ball ) . For specific versions of the game and other uses of the term , see Football ( disambiguation ) . Several codes of football . Images , from top to down , left to right : Association football Australian rules football , international rules football , a rugby union scrum , rugby league , and American football . Football is a family of team sports that involve , to varying degrees , kicking a ball with a foot to score a goal . Unqualified , the word football is understood to refer to whichever form of football is the most popular in the regional context in which the word appears . Sports commonly called football in certain places include Association football ( known as soccer in some countries ) ; gridiron football ( specifically American football or Canadian football ) ; Australian rules football ; rugby football ( either rugby league or rugby union ) ; and Gaelic football . These different variations of football are known as football codes . The earliest form of football can be traced back to China ( Han dynasty ) , originating from cuju , an ancient Chinese football game , as recognized by FIFA . Contemporary codes of football can be traced back to the codification of these games at English public schools during the nineteenth century . The expansion of the British Empire allowed these rules of football to spread to areas of British influence outside the directly controlled Empire . By the end of the nineteenth century , distinct regional codes were already developing : Gaelic football , for example , deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football games in order to maintain their heritage . In 1888 , The Football League was founded in England , becoming the first of many professional football competitions . During the twentieth century , several of the various kinds of football grew to become some of the most popular team sports in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Common elements 2 Etymology 3 Early history 3.1 Ancient games 3.2 Medieval and early modern Europe 3.3 Calcio Fiorentino 3.4 Official disapproval and attempts to ban football 4 Establishment of modern codes 4.1 English public schools 4.2 Firsts 4.2. 1 Clubs 4.2. 2 Competitions 4.2. 3 Modern balls 4.2. 4 Modern ball passing tactics 4.3 Cambridge rules 4.4 Sheffield rules 4.5 Australian rules 4.6 Football Association 4.7 Rugby football 4.8 North American football codes 4.9 Gaelic football 4.10 Schism in Rugby football 4.11 Globalisation of association football 4.12 Further divergence of the two rugby codes 5 Use of the word `` football '' 6 Popularity 7 Football codes board 7.1 Football codes development tree 8 Present day codes and families 8.1 Association football and descendants 8.2 Rugby school football and descendants 8.3 Irish and Australian varieties 8.4 Surviving medieval ball games 8.4. 1 Inside the UK 8.4. 2 Outside the UK 8.5 Surviving UK school games 8.6 Recent inventions and hybrid games 8.6. 1 Based on FA rules 8.6. 2 Based on rugby 8.6. 3 Hybrid games 8.7 Tabletop games , video games and other recreations 8.7. 1 Based on Association football 8.7. 2 Based on American football 8.7. 3 Based on Australian football 8.7. 4 Based on Rugby League football 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References Common elements Play media Men kicking footballs The various codes of football share certain common elements and can be grouped into two main classes of football : carrying codes like American football , Canadian football , rugby union and rugby league , where the ball is moved about the field while being held in the hands or thrown , and kicking codes such as Association football and Gaelic football , where the ball is moved primarily with the feet , and where handling is strictly limited . Common rules among the sports include : Two teams of usually between 11 and 18 players ; some variations that have fewer players ( five or more per team ) are also popular . A clearly defined area in which to play the game . Scoring goals or points by moving the ball to an opposing team 's end of the field and either into a goal area , or over a line . Goals or points resulting from players putting the ball between two goalposts . The goal or line being defended by the opposing team . Players being required to move the ball -- depending on the code -- by kicking , carrying , or hand - passing the ball . Players using only their body to move the ball . In all codes , common skills include passing , tackling , evasion of tackles , catching and kicking . In most codes , there are rules restricting the movement of players offside , and players scoring a goal must put the ball either under or over a crossbar between the goalposts . Etymology Main article : Football ( word ) There are conflicting explanations of the origin of the word `` football '' . It is widely assumed that the word `` football '' ( or the phrase `` foot ball '' ) refers to the action of the foot kicking a ball . There is an alternative explanation , which is that football originally referred to a variety of games in medieval Europe , which were played on foot . There is no conclusive evidence for either explanation . Early History Ancient games A painting depicting Emperor Taizu of Song playing cuju ( i.e. Chinese football ) with his prime minister Zhao Pu ( 趙普 ) and other ministers , by the Yuan dynasty artist Qian Xuan ( 1235 -- 1305 ) A Chinese game called Cuju ( 蹴鞠 ) , Tsu ' Chu , or Zuqiu ( 足球 ) has been recognised by FIFA as the first version of the game with regular rules . It existed during the Han dynasty , the second and third centuries BC . The Japanese version of cuju is kemari ( 蹴鞠 ) , and was developed during the Asuka period . This is known to have been played within the Japanese imperial court in Kyoto from about 600 AD . In kemari several people stand in a circle and kick a ball to each other , trying not to let the ball drop to the ground ( much like keepie uppie ) . The Ancient Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games , some of which involved the use of the feet . The Roman game harpastum is believed to have been adapted from a Greek team game known as `` ἐπίσκυρος '' ( Episkyros ) or `` φαινίνδα '' ( phaininda ) , which is mentioned by a Greek playwright , Antiphanes ( 388 -- 311 BC ) and later referred to by the Christian theologian Clement of Alexandria ( c. 150 -- c. 215 AD ) . These games appear to have resembled rugby football . The Roman politician Cicero ( 106 -- 43 BC ) describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was kicked into a barber 's shop . Roman ball games already knew the air - filled ball , the follis . Episkyros is recognised as an early form of football by FIFA . There are a number of references to traditional , ancient , or prehistoric ball games , played by indigenous peoples in many different parts of the world . For example , in 1586 , men from a ship commanded by an English explorer named John Davis , went ashore to play a form of football with Inuit ( Eskimo ) people in Greenland . There are later accounts of an Inuit game played on ice , called Aqsaqtuk . Each match began with two teams facing each other in parallel lines , before attempting to kick the ball through each other team 's line and then at a goal . In 1610 , William Strachey , a colonist at Jamestown , Virginia recorded a game played by Native Americans , called Pahsaheman . On the Australian continent several tribes of indigenous people played kicking and catching games with stuffed balls which have been generalised by historians as Marn Grook ( Djab Wurrung for `` game ball '' ) . The earliest historical account is an anecdote from the 1878 book by Robert Brough - Smyth , The Aborigines of Victoria , in which a man called Richard Thomas is quoted as saying , in about 1841 in Victoria , Australia , that he had witnessed Aboriginal people playing the game : `` Mr Thomas describes how the foremost player will drop kick a ball made from the skin of a possum and how other players leap into the air in order to catch it . '' Some historians have theorised that Marn Grook was one of the origins of Australian rules football . The Māori in New Zealand played a game called Ki - o - rahi consisting of teams of seven players play on a circular field divided into zones , and score points by touching the ' pou ' ( boundary markers ) and hitting a central ' tupu ' or target . Games played in Mesoamerica with rubber balls by indigenous peoples are also well - documented as existing since before this time , but these had more similarities to basketball or volleyball , and no links have been found between such games and modern football sports . Northeastern American Indians , especially the Iroquois Confederation , played a game which made use of net racquets to throw and catch a small ball ; however , although it is a ball - goal foot game , lacrosse ( as its modern descendant is called ) is likewise not usually classed as a form of `` football . '' These games and others may well go far back into antiquity . However , the main sources of modern football codes appear to lie in western Europe , especially England . Ancient Greek football player balancing the ball . Depiction on an Attic Lekythos , Piraeus , 400 - 375 BC . A Song dynasty painting by Su Hanchen ( c. 1130 - 1160 ) , depicting Chinese children playing cuju . Paint of a Mesoamerican ballgame player of the Tepantitla murals in Teotihuacan . A revived version of kemari being played at the Tanzan Shrine , Japan . An illustration from the 1850s of Australian Aboriginal hunter gatherers . File : Children in the background are playing a football game , possibly Woggabaliri . A group of aborigines playing football in Guiana . Medieval and early modern Europe Further information : Medieval football The Middle Ages saw a huge rise in popularity of annual Shrovetide football matches throughout Europe , particularly in England . An early reference to a ball game played in Britain comes from the 9th century Historia Brittonum , which describes `` a party of boys ... playing at ball '' . References to a ball game played in northern France known as La Soule or Choule , in which the ball was propelled by hands , feet , and sticks , date from the 12th century . An illustration of so - called `` mob football '' The early forms of football played in England , sometimes referred to as `` mob football '' , would be played between neighbouring towns and villages , involving an unlimited number of players on opposing teams who would clash en masse , struggling to move an item , such as inflated animal 's bladder to particular geographical points , such as their opponents ' church , with play taking place in the open space between neighbouring parishes . The game was played primarily during significant religious festivals , such as Shrovetide , Christmas , or Easter , and Shrovetide games have survived into the modern era in a number of English towns ( see below ) . The first detailed description of what was almost certainly football in England was given by William FitzStephen in about 1174 -- 1183 . He described the activities of London youths during the annual festival of Shrove Tuesday : After lunch all the youth of the city go out into the fields to take part in a ball game . The students of each school have their own ball ; the workers from each city craft are also carrying their balls . Older citizens , fathers , and wealthy citizens come on horseback to watch their juniors competing , and to relive their own youth vicariously : you can see their inner passions aroused as they watch the action and get caught up in the fun being had by the carefree adolescents . Most of the very early references to the game speak simply of `` ball play '' or `` playing at ball '' . This reinforces the idea that the games played at the time did not necessarily involve a ball being kicked . An early reference to a ball game that was probably football comes from 1280 at Ulgham , Northumberland , England : `` Henry ... while playing at ball ... ran against David '' . Football was played in Ireland in 1308 , with a documented reference to John McCrocan , a spectator at a `` football game '' at Newcastle , County Down being charged with accidentally stabbing a player named William Bernard . Another reference to a football game comes in 1321 at Shouldham , Norfolk , England : `` ( d ) uring the game at ball as he kicked the ball , a lay friend of his ... ran against him and wounded himself '' . In 1314 , Nicholas de Farndone , Lord Mayor of the City of London issued a decree banning football in the French used by the English upper classes at the time . A translation reads : `` ( f ) orasmuch as there is great noise in the city caused by hustling over large foot balls ( rageries de grosses pelotes de pee ) in the fields of the public from which many evils might arise which God forbid : we command and forbid on behalf of the king , on pain of imprisonment , such game to be used in the city in the future . '' This is the earliest reference to football . In 1363 , King Edward III of England issued a proclamation banning `` ... handball , football , or hockey ; coursing and cock - fighting , or other such idle games '' , showing that `` football '' -- whatever its exact form in this case -- was being differentiated from games involving other parts of the body , such as handball . A game known as `` football '' was played in Scotland as early as the 15th century : it was prohibited by the Football Act 1424 and although the law fell into disuse it was not repealed until 1906 . There is evidence for schoolboys playing a `` football '' ball game in Aberdeen in 1633 ( some references cite 1636 ) which is notable as an early allusion to what some have considered to be passing the ball . The word `` pass '' in the most recent translation is derived from `` huc percute '' ( strike it here ) and later `` repercute pilam '' ( strike the ball again ) in the original Latin . It is not certain that the ball was being struck between members of the same team . The original word translated as `` goal '' is `` metum '' , literally meaning the `` pillar at each end of the circus course '' in a Roman chariot race . There is a reference to `` get hold of the ball before ( another player ) does '' ( Praeripe illi pilam si possis agere ) suggesting that handling of the ball was allowed . One sentence states in the original 1930 translation `` Throw yourself against him '' ( Age , objice te illi ) . France circa 1750 King Henry IV of England also presented one of the earliest documented uses of the English word `` football '' , in 1409 , when he issued a proclamation forbidding the levying of money for `` foteball '' . There is also an account in Latin from the end of the 15th century of football being played at Cawston , Nottinghamshire . This is the first description of a `` kicking game '' and the first description of dribbling : `` ( t ) he game at which they had met for common recreation is called by some the foot - ball game . It is one in which young men , in country sport , propel a huge ball not by throwing it into the air but by striking it and rolling it along the ground , and that not with their hands but with their feet ... kicking in opposite directions '' The chronicler gives the earliest reference to a football pitch , stating that : `` ( t ) he boundaries have been marked and the game had started . Other firsts in the mediæval and early modern eras : `` a football '' , in the sense of a ball rather than a game , was first mentioned in 1486 . This reference is in Dame Juliana Berners ' Book of St Albans . It states : `` a certain rounde instrument to play with ... it is an instrument for the foote and then it is calde in Latyn ' pila pedalis ' , a fotebal . '' a pair of football boots was ordered by King Henry VIII of England in 1526 . women playing a form of football was first described in 1580 by Sir Philip Sidney in one of his poems : `` ( a ) tyme there is for all , my mother often sayes , When she , with skirts tuckt very hy , with girles at football playes . '' the first references to goals are in the late 16th and early 17th centuries . In 1584 and 1602 respectively , John Norden and Richard Carew referred to `` goals '' in Cornish hurling . Carew described how goals were made : `` they pitch two bushes in the ground , some eight or ten foote asunder ; and directly against them , ten or twelue ( twelve ) score off , other twayne in like distance , which they terme their Goales '' . He is also the first to describe goalkeepers and passing of the ball between players . the first direct reference to scoring a goal is in John Day 's play The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green ( performed circa 1600 ; published 1659 ) : `` I 'll play a gole at camp - ball '' ( an extremely violent variety of football , which was popular in East Anglia ) . Similarly in a poem in 1613 , Michael Drayton refers to `` when the Ball to throw , And drive it to the Gole , in squadrons forth they goe '' . Calcio Fiorentino An illustration of the Calcio Fiorentino field and starting positions , from a 1688 book by Pietro di Lorenzo Bini . Main article : Calcio Fiorentino In the 16th century , the city of Florence celebrated the period between Epiphany and Lent by playing a game which today is known as `` calcio storico '' ( `` historic kickball '' ) in the Piazza Santa Croce . The young aristocrats of the city would dress up in fine silk costumes and embroil themselves in a violent form of football . For example , calcio players could punch , shoulder charge , and kick opponents . Blows below the belt were allowed . The game is said to have originated as a military training exercise . In 1580 , Count Giovanni de ' Bardi di Vernio wrote Discorso sopra ' l giuoco del Calcio Fiorentino . This is sometimes said to be the earliest code of rules for any football game . The game was not played after January 1739 ( until it was revived in May 1930 ) . Official disapproval and attempts to ban football Main article : Attempts to ban football games There have been many attempts to ban football , from the middle ages through to the modern day . The first such law was passed in England in 1314 ; it was followed by more than 30 in England alone between 1314 and 1667 . Football faced armed opposition in the 18th Century when used as a cover for violent protest against the enclosure act . Women were banned from playing at English and Scottish Football League grounds in 1921 , a ban that was only lifted in the 1970s . Female footballers still face similar problems in some parts of the world . Establishment of modern codes English public schools Main article : English public school football games While football continued to be played in various forms throughout Britain , its public schools ( known as private schools in other countries ) are widely credited with four key achievements in the creation of modern football codes . First of all , the evidence suggests that they were important in taking football away from its `` mob '' form and turning it into an organised team sport . Second , many early descriptions of football and references to it were recorded by people who had studied at these schools . Third , it was teachers , students and former students from these schools who first codified football games , to enable matches to be played between schools . Finally , it was at English public schools that the division between `` kicking '' and `` running '' ( or `` carrying '' ) games first became clear . The earliest evidence that games resembling football were being played at English public schools -- mainly attended by boys from the upper , upper - middle and professional classes -- comes from the Vulgaria by William Herman in 1519 . Herman had been headmaster at Eton and Winchester colleges and his Latin textbook includes a translation exercise with the phrase `` We wyll playe with a ball full of wynde '' . Richard Mulcaster , a student at Eton College in the early 16th century and later headmaster at other English schools , has been described as `` the greatest sixteenth Century advocate of football '' . Among his contributions are the earliest evidence of organised team football . Mulcaster 's writings refer to teams ( `` sides '' and `` parties '' ) , positions ( `` standings '' ) , a referee ( `` judge over the parties '' ) and a coach `` ( trayning maister ) '' . Mulcaster 's `` footeball '' had evolved from the disordered and violent forms of traditional football : ( s ) ome smaller number with such overlooking , sorted into sides and standings , not meeting with their bodies so boisterously to trie their strength : nor shouldring or shuffing one an other so barbarously ... may use footeball for as much good to the body , by the chiefe use of the legges . In 1633 , David Wedderburn , a teacher from Aberdeen , mentioned elements of modern football games in a short Latin textbook called Vocabula . Wedderburn refers to what has been translated into modern English as `` keeping goal '' and makes an allusion to passing the ball ( `` strike it here '' ) . There is a reference to `` get hold of the ball '' , suggesting that some handling was allowed . It is clear that the tackles allowed included the charging and holding of opposing players ( `` drive that man back '' ) . A more detailed description of football is given in Francis Willughby 's Book of Games , written in about 1660 . Willughby , who had studied at Bishop Vesey 's Grammar School , Sutton Coldfield , is the first to describe goals and a distinct playing field : `` a close that has a gate at either end . The gates are called Goals . '' His book includes a diagram illustrating a football field . He also mentions tactics ( `` leaving some of their best players to guard the goal '' ) ; scoring ( `` they that can strike the ball through their opponents ' goal first win '' ) and the way teams were selected ( `` the players being equally divided according to their strength and nimbleness '' ) . He is the first to describe a `` law '' of football : `` they must not strike ( an opponent 's leg ) higher than the ball '' . English public schools were the first to codify football games . In particular , they devised the first offside rules , during the late 18th century . In the earliest manifestations of these rules , players were `` off their side '' if they simply stood between the ball and the goal which was their objective . Players were not allowed to pass the ball forward , either by foot or by hand . They could only dribble with their feet , or advance the ball in a scrum or similar formation . However , offside laws began to diverge and develop differently at each school , as is shown by the rules of football from Winchester , Rugby , Harrow and Cheltenham , during between 1810 and 1850 . The first known codes -- in the sense of a set of rules -- were those of Eton in 1815 and Aldenham in 1825 . ) During the early 19th century , most working class people in Britain had to work six days a week , often for over twelve hours a day . They had neither the time nor the inclination to engage in sport for recreation and , at the time , many children were part of the labour force . Feast day football played on the streets was in decline . Public school boys , who enjoyed some freedom from work , became the inventors of organised football games with formal codes of rules . Football was adopted by a number of public schools as a way of encouraging competitiveness and keeping youths fit . Each school drafted its own rules , which varied widely between different schools and were changed over time with each new intake of pupils . Two schools of thought developed regarding rules . Some schools favoured a game in which the ball could be carried ( as at Rugby , Marlborough and Cheltenham ) , while others preferred a game where kicking and dribbling the ball was promoted ( as at Eton , Harrow , Westminster and Charterhouse ) . The division into these two camps was partly the result of circumstances in which the games were played . For example , Charterhouse and Westminster at the time had restricted playing areas ; the boys were confined to playing their ball game within the school cloisters , making it difficult for them to adopt rough and tumble running games . Rugby School William Webb Ellis , a pupil at Rugby School , is said to have `` with a fine disregard for the rules of football , as played in his time ( emphasis added ) , first took the ball in his arms and ran with it , thus creating the distinctive feature of the rugby game . '' in 1823 . This act is usually said to be the beginning of Rugby football , but there is little evidence that it occurred , and most sports historians believe the story to be apocryphal . The act of ' taking the ball in his arms ' is often misinterpreted as ' picking the ball up ' as it is widely believed that Webb Ellis ' ' crime ' was handling the ball , as in modern soccer , however handling the ball at the time was often permitted and in some cases compulsory , the rule for which Webb Ellis showed disregard was running forward with it as the rules of his time only allowed a player to retreat backwards or kick forwards . The boom in rail transport in Britain during the 1840s meant that people were able to travel further and with less inconvenience than they ever had before . Inter-school sporting competitions became possible . However , it was difficult for schools to play each other at football , as each school played by its own rules . The solution to this problem was usually that the match be divided into two halves , one half played by the rules of the host `` home '' school , and the other half by the visiting `` away '' school . The modern rules of many football codes were formulated during the mid - or late - 19th century . This also applies to other sports such as lawn bowls , lawn tennis , etc . The major impetus for this was the patenting of the world 's first lawnmower in 1830 . This allowed for the preparation of modern ovals , playing fields , pitches , grass courts , etc . Apart from Rugby football , the public school codes have barely been played beyond the confines of each school 's playing fields . However , many of them are still played at the schools which created them ( see Surviving UK school games below ) . Public schools ' dominance of sports in the UK began to wane after the Factory Act of 1850 , which significantly increased the recreation time available to working class children . Before 1850 , many British children had to work six days a week , for more than twelve hours a day . From 1850 , they could not work before 6 a.m. ( 7 a.m. in winter ) or after 6 p.m. on weekdays ( 7 p.m. in winter ) ; on Saturdays they had to cease work at 2 p.m. These changes mean that working class children had more time for games , including various forms of football . Firsts Clubs Main article : Oldest football clubs Sports clubs dedicated to playing football began in the 18th century , for example London 's Gymnastic Society which was founded in the mid-18th century and ceased playing matches in 1796 . The first documented club to bear in the title a reference to being a ' football club ' were called `` The Foot - Ball Club '' who were located in Edinburgh , Scotland , during the period 1824 -- 41 . The club forbade tripping but allowed pushing and holding and the picking up of the ball . In 1845 , three boys at Rugby school were tasked with codifying the rules then being used at the school . These were the first set of written rules ( or code ) for any form of football . This further assisted the spread of the Rugby game . Competitions Main article : Oldest football competitions One of the longest running football fixture is the Cordner - Eggleston Cup , contested between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College , Melbourne every year since 1858 . It is believed by many to also be the first match of Australian rules football , although it was played under experimental rules in its first year . The first football trophy tournament was the Caledonian Challenge Cup , donated by the Royal Caledonian Society of Melbourne , played in 1861 under the Melbourne Rules . The oldest football league is a rugby football competition , the United Hospitals Challenge Cup ( 1874 ) , while the oldest rugby trophy is the Yorkshire Cup , contested since 1878 . The South Australian Football Association ( 30 April 1877 ) is the oldest surviving Australian rules football competition . The oldest surviving soccer trophy is the Youdan Cup ( 1867 ) and the oldest national football competition is the English FA Cup ( 1871 ) . The Football League ( 1888 ) is recognised as the longest running Association Football league . The first ever international football match took place between sides representing England and Scotland on March 5 , 1870 at the Oval under the authority of the FA . The first Rugby international took place in 1871 . Modern balls Main article : Football ( ball ) Richard Lindon ( seen in 1880 ) is believed to have invented the first footballs with rubber bladders . In Europe , early footballs were made out of animal bladders , more specifically pig 's bladders , which were inflated . Later leather coverings were introduced to allow the balls to keep their shape . However , in 1851 , Richard Lindon and William Gilbert , both shoemakers from the town of Rugby ( near the school ) , exhibited both round and oval - shaped balls at the Great Exhibition in London . Richard Lindon 's wife is said to have died of lung disease caused by blowing up pig 's bladders . Lindon also won medals for the invention of the `` Rubber inflatable Bladder '' and the `` Brass Hand Pump '' . In 1855 , the U.S. inventor Charles Goodyear -- who had patented vulcanised rubber -- exhibited a spherical football , with an exterior of vulcanised rubber panels , at the Paris Exhibition Universelle . The ball was to prove popular in early forms of football in the U.S.A. The iconic ball with a regular pattern of hexagons and pentagons ( see truncated icosahedron ) did not become popular until the 1960s , and was first used in the World Cup in 1970 . Modern ball passing tactics Main article : Passing ( association football ) The earliest reference to a game of football involving players passing the ball and attempting to score past a goalkeeper was written in 1633 by David Wedderburn , a poet and teacher in Aberdeen , Scotland . Nevertheless , the original text does not state whether the allusion to passing as ' kick the ball back ' ( ' Repercute pilam ' ) was in a forward or backward direction or between members of the same opposing teams ( as was usual at this time ) `` Scientific '' football is first recorded in 1839 from Lancashire and in the modern game in Rugby football from 1862 and from Sheffield FC as early as 1865 . The first side to play a passing combination game was the Royal Engineers AFC in 1869 / 70 By 1869 they were `` work ( ing ) well together '' , `` backing up '' and benefiting from `` cooperation '' . By 1870 the Engineers were passing the ball : `` Lieut . Creswell , who having brought the ball up the side then kicked it into the middle to another of his side , who kicked it through the posts the minute before time was called '' Passing was a regular feature of their style By early 1872 the Engineers were the first football team renowned for `` play ( ing ) beautifully together '' A double pass is first reported from Derby school against Nottingham Forest in March 1872 , the first of which is irrefutably a short pass : `` Mr Absey dribbling the ball half the length of the field delivered it to Wallis , who kicking it cleverly in front of the goal , sent it to the captain who drove it at once between the Nottingham posts '' The first side to have perfected the modern formation was Cambridge University AFC and introduced the 2 -- 3 -- 5 `` pyramid '' formation . Cambridge rules Main article : Cambridge rules In 1848 , at Cambridge University , Mr. H. de Winton and Mr. J.C. Thring , who were both formerly at Shrewsbury School , called a meeting at Trinity College , Cambridge with 12 other representatives from Eton , Harrow , Rugby , Winchester and Shrewsbury . An eight - hour meeting produced what amounted to the first set of modern rules , known as the Cambridge rules . No copy of these rules now exists , but a revised version from circa 1856 is held in the library of Shrewsbury School . The rules clearly favour the kicking game . Handling was only allowed when a player catches the ball directly from the foot entitling them to a free kick and there was a primitive offside rule , disallowing players from `` loitering '' around the opponents ' goal . The Cambridge rules were not widely adopted outside English public schools and universities ( but it was arguably the most significant influence on the Football Association committee members responsible for formulating the rules of Association football ) . Sheffield rules Main article : Sheffield rules By the late 1850s , many football clubs had been formed throughout the English - speaking world , to play various codes of football . Sheffield Football Club , founded in 1857 in the English city of Sheffield by Nathaniel Creswick and William Prest , was later recognised as the world 's oldest club playing association football . However , the club initially played its own code of football : the Sheffield rules . The code was largely independent of the public school rules , the most significant difference being the lack of an offside rule . The code was responsible for many innovations that later spread to association football . These included free kicks , corner kicks , handball , throw - ins and the crossbar . By the 1870s they became the dominant code in the north and midlands of England . At this time a series of rule changes by both the London and Sheffield FAs gradually eroded the differences between the two games until the adoption of a common code in 1877 . Australian rules Main article : Australian rules football See also : Origins of Australian rules football Tom Wills , widely regarded as the father of Australian football There is archival evidence of `` foot - ball '' games being played in various parts of Australia throughout the first half of the 19th century . The origins of an organised game of football known today as Australian rules football can be traced back to 1858 in Melbourne , the capital city of Victoria . In July 1858 , Tom Wills , an Australian - born cricketer educated at Rugby School in England , wrote a letter to Bell 's Life in Victoria & Sporting Chronicle , calling for a `` foot - ball club '' with a `` code of laws '' to keep cricketers fit during winter . This is considered by historians to be a defining moment in the creation of Australian rules football . Through publicity and personal contacts Wills was able to co-ordinate football matches in Melbourne that experimented with various rules , the first of which was played on July 31 , 1858 . One week later , Wills umpired a schoolboys match between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College . Following these matches , organised football in Melbourne rapidly increased in popularity . Wood engraving of an Australian rules football match at the Richmond Paddock , Melbourne , 1866 Wills and others involved in these early matches formed the Melbourne Football Club ( the oldest surviving Australian football club ) on May 14 , 1859 . Club members Wills , William Hammersley , J.B. Thompson and Thomas H. Smith met with the intention of forming a set of rules that would be widely adopted by other clubs . The committee debated rules used in English public school games ; Wills pushed for various rugby football rules he learnt during his schooling . The first rules share similarities with these games , and were shaped to suit to Australian conditions . H.C.A. Harrison , a seminal figure in Australian football , recalled that his cousin Wills wanted `` a game of our own '' . The code was distinctive in the prevalence of the mark , free kick , tackling , lack of an offside rule and that players were specifically penalised for throwing the ball . The Melbourne football rules were widely distributed and gradually adopted by the other Victorian clubs . The rules were updated several times during the 1860s to accommodate the rules of other influential Victorian football clubs . A significant redraft in 1866 by H.C.A. Harrison 's committee accommodated the Geelong Football Club 's rules , making the game then known as `` Victorian Rules '' increasingly distinct from other codes . It soon adopted cricket fields and an oval ball , used specialised goal and behind posts , and featured bouncing the ball while running and spectacular high marking . The game spread quickly to other Australian colonies . Outside its heartland in southern Australia , the code experienced a significant period of decline following World War I but has since grown throughout Australia and in other parts of the world , and the Australian Football League emerged as the dominant professional competition . Football Association Main article : The Football Association The first football international , Scotland versus England . Once kept by the Rugby Football Union as an early example of rugby football . During the early 1860s , there were increasing attempts in England to unify and reconcile the various public school games . In 1862 , J.C. Thring , who had been one of the driving forces behind the original Cambridge Rules , was a master at Uppingham School and he issued his own rules of what he called `` The Simplest Game '' ( these are also known as the Uppingham Rules ) . In early October 1863 another new revised version of the Cambridge Rules was drawn up by a seven member committee representing former pupils from Harrow , Shrewsbury , Eton , Rugby , Marlborough and Westminster . At the Freemasons ' Tavern , Great Queen Street , London on the evening of October 26 , 1863 , representatives of several football clubs in the London Metropolitan area met for the inaugural meeting of The Football Association ( FA ) . The aim of the Association was to establish a single unifying code and regulate the playing of the game among its members . Following the first meeting , the public schools were invited to join the association . All of them declined , except Charterhouse and Uppingham . In total , six meetings of the FA were held between October and December 1863 . After the third meeting , a draft set of rules were published . However , at the beginning of the fourth meeting , attention was drawn to the recently published Cambridge Rules of 1863 . The Cambridge rules differed from the draft FA rules in two significant areas ; namely running with ( carrying ) the ball and hacking ( kicking opposing players in the shins ) . The two contentious FA rules were as follows : IX . A player shall be entitled to run with the ball towards his adversaries ' goal if he makes a fair catch , or catches the ball on the first bound ; but in case of a fair catch , if he makes his mark he shall not run . X . If any player shall run with the ball towards his adversaries ' goal , any player on the opposite side shall be at liberty to charge , hold , trip or hack him , or to wrest the ball from him , but no player shall be held and hacked at the same time . At the fifth meeting it was proposed that these two rules be removed . Most of the delegates supported this , but F.M. Campbell , the representative from Blackheath and the first FA treasurer , objected . He said : `` hacking is the true football '' . However , the motion to ban running with the ball in hand and hacking was carried and Blackheath withdrew from the FA . After the final meeting on 8 December , the FA published the `` Laws of Football '' , the first comprehensive set of rules for the game later known as Association Football . The term `` soccer '' , in use since the late 19th century , derives from an Oxford University abbreviation of `` Association '' . The first FA rules still contained elements that are no longer part of association football , but which are still recognisable in other games ( such as Australian football and rugby football ) : for instance , a player could make a fair catch and claim a mark , which entitled him to a free kick ; and if a player touched the ball behind the opponents ' goal line , his side was entitled to a free kick at goal , from 15 yards ( 13.5 metres ) in front of the goal line . Rugby football Main article : History of rugby union A rugby scrum in 1871 In Britain , by 1870 , there were about 75 clubs playing variations of the Rugby school game . There were also `` rugby '' clubs in Ireland , Australia , Canada and New Zealand . However , there was no generally accepted set of rules for rugby until 1871 , when 21 clubs from London came together to form the Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) . The first official RFU rules were adopted in June 1871 . These rules allowed passing the ball . They also included the try , where touching the ball over the line allowed an attempt at goal , though drop - goals from marks and general play , and penalty conversions were still the main form of contest . North American football codes Main articles : History of American football and Canadian football § History As was the case in Britain , by the early 19th century , North American schools and universities played their own local games , between sides made up of students . For example , students at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire played a game called Old division football , a variant of the association football codes , as early as the 1820s . They remained largely `` mob football '' style games , with huge numbers of players attempting to advance the ball into a goal area , often by any means necessary . Rules were simple , violence and injury were common . The violence of these mob - style games led to widespread protests and a decision to abandon them . Yale University , under pressure from the city of New Haven , banned the play of all forms of football in 1860 , while Harvard University followed suit in 1861 . In its place , two general types of football evolved : `` kicking '' games and `` running '' ( or `` carrying '' ) games . A hybrid of the two , known as the `` Boston game '' , was played by a group known as the Oneida Football Club . The club , considered by some historians as the first formal football club in the United States , was formed in 1862 by schoolboys who played the `` Boston game '' on Boston Common . The game began to return to American college campuses by the late 1860s . The universities of Yale , Princeton ( then known as the College of New Jersey ) , Rutgers , and Brown all began playing `` kicking '' games during this time . In 1867 , Princeton used rules based on those of the English Football Association . The `` Tigers '' of Hamilton , Ontario , circa 1906 . Founded 1869 as the Hamilton Foot Ball Club , they eventually merged with the Hamilton Flying Wildcats to form the Hamilton Tiger - Cats , a team still active in the Canadian Football League . In Canada , the first documented football match was a practice game played on November 9 , 1861 , at University College , University of Toronto ( approximately 400 yards west of Queen 's Park ) . One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was ( Sir ) William Mulock , later Chancellor of the school . In 1864 , at Trinity College , Toronto , F. Barlow Cumberland , Frederick A. Bethune , and Christopher Gwynn , one of the founders of Milton , Massachusetts , devised rules based on rugby football . A `` running game '' , resembling rugby football , was then taken up by the Montreal Football Club in Canada in 1868 . On November 6 , 1869 , Rutgers faced Princeton in a game that was played with a round ball and , like all early games , used improvised rules . It is usually regarded as the first game of American intercollegiate football . Modern North American football grew out of a match between McGill University of Montreal , and Harvard University in 1874 . During the game , the two teams alternated between the rugby - based rules used by McGill and the Boston Game rules used by Harvard . Within a few years , Harvard had both adopted McGill 's rules and had persuaded other U.S. university teams to do the same . On November 23 , 1876 , representatives from Harvard , Yale , Princeton , and Columbia met at the Massasoit Convention in Springfield , Massachusetts , agreeing to adopt most of the Rugby Football Union rules , with some variations . Rutgers College Football Team , 1882 In 1880 , Yale coach Walter Camp , who had become a fixture at the Massasoit House conventions where the rules were debated and changed , devised a number of major innovations . Camp 's two most important rule changes that diverged the American game from rugby was replacing the scrummage with the line of scrimmage and the establishment of the down - and - distance rules . American football still however remained a violent sport where collisions often led to serious injuries and sometimes even death . This led U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt to hold a meeting with football representatives from Harvard , Yale , and Princeton on October 9 , 1905 , urging them to make drastic changes . One rule change introduced in 1906 , devised to open up the game and reduce injury , was the introduction of the legal forward pass . Though it was underutilised for years , this proved to be one of the most important rule changes in the establishment of the modern game . Over the years , Canada absorbed some of the developments in American football in an effort to distinguish it from a more rugby - oriented game . In 1903 , the Ontario Rugby Football Union adopted the Burnside rules , which implemented the line of scrimmage and down - and - distance system from American football , among others . Canadian football then implemented the legal forward pass in 1929 . American and Canadian football remain different codes , stemming from rule changes that the American side of the border adopted but the Canadian side has not . Gaelic football The All - Ireland Football Final in Croke Park , 2004 . Main article : History of Gaelic football In the mid-19th century , various traditional football games , referred to collectively as caid , remained popular in Ireland , especially in County Kerry . One observer , Father W. Ferris , described two main forms of caid during this period : the `` field game '' in which the object was to put the ball through arch - like goals , formed from the boughs of two trees ; and the epic `` cross-country game '' which took up most of the daylight hours of a Sunday on which it was played , and was won by one team taking the ball across a parish boundary . `` Wrestling '' , `` holding '' opposing players , and carrying the ball were all allowed . By the 1870s , Rugby and Association football had started to become popular in Ireland . Trinity College , Dublin was an early stronghold of Rugby ( see the Developments in the 1850s section , above ) . The rules of the English FA were being distributed widely . Traditional forms of caid had begun to give way to a `` rough - and - tumble game '' which allowed tripping . There was no serious attempt to unify and codify Irish varieties of football , until the establishment of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) in 1884 . The GAA sought to promote traditional Irish sports , such as hurling and to reject imported games like Rugby and Association football . The first Gaelic football rules were drawn up by Maurice Davin and published in the United Ireland magazine on February 7 , 1887 . Davin 's rules showed the influence of games such as hurling and a desire to formalise a distinctly Irish code of football . The prime example of this differentiation was the lack of an offside rule ( an attribute which , for many years , was shared only by other Irish games like hurling , and by Australian rules football ) . Schism in rugby football An English cartoon from the 1890s lampooning the divide in rugby football which led to the formation of rugby league . The caricatures are of Rev. Frank Marshall , an arch - opponent of player payments , and James Miller , a long - time opponent of Marshall . The caption reads : Marshall : `` Oh , fie , go away naughty boy , I do n't play with boys who ca n't afford to take a holiday for football any day they like ! '' Miller : `` Yes , that 's just you to a T ; you 'd make it so that no lad whose father was n't a millionaire could play at all in a really good team . For my part I see no reason why the men who make the money should n't have a share in the spending of it . '' Further information : History of rugby league The International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB ) was founded in 1886 , but rifts were beginning to emerge in the code . Professionalism had already begun to creep into the various codes of football . In England , by the 1890s , a long - standing Rugby Football Union ban on professional players was causing regional tensions within rugby football , as many players in northern England were working class and could not afford to take time off to train , travel , play and recover from injuries . This was not very different from what had occurred ten years earlier in soccer in Northern England but the authorities reacted very differently in the RFU , attempting to alienate the working class support in Northern England . In 1895 , following a dispute about a player being paid broken time payments , which replaced wages lost as a result of playing rugby , representatives of the northern clubs met in Huddersfield to form the Northern Rugby Football Union ( NRFU ) . The new body initially permitted only various types of player wage replacements . However , within two years , NRFU players could be paid , but they were required to have a job outside sport . The demands of a professional league dictated that rugby had to become a better `` spectator '' sport . Within a few years the NRFU rules had started to diverge from the RFU , most notably with the abolition of the line - out . This was followed by the replacement of the ruck with the `` play - the - ball ruck '' , which allowed a two - player ruck contest between the tackler at marker and the player tackled . Mauls were stopped once the ball carrier was held , being replaced by a play - the ball - ruck . The separate Lancashire and Yorkshire competitions of the NRFU merged in 1901 , forming the Northern Rugby League , the first time the name rugby league was used officially in England . Over time , the RFU form of rugby , played by clubs which remained members of national federations affiliated to the IRFB , became known as rugby union . Globalisation of Association football Main article : History of FIFA The need for a single body to oversee association football had become apparent by the beginning of the 20th century , with the increasing popularity of international fixtures . The English Football Association had chaired many discussions on setting up an international body , but was perceived as making no progress . It fell to associations from seven other European countries : France , Belgium , Denmark , Netherlands , Spain , Sweden , and Switzerland , to form an international association . The Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) was founded in Paris on May 21 , 1904 . Its first president was Robert Guérin . The French name and acronym has remained , even outside French - speaking countries . Further divergence of the two rugby codes Rugby league rules diverged significantly from rugby union in 1906 , with the reduction of the team from 15 to 13 players . In 1907 , a New Zealand professional rugby team toured Australia and Britain , receiving an enthusiastic response , and professional rugby leagues were launched in Australia the following year . However , the rules of professional games varied from one country to another , and negotiations between various national bodies were required to fix the exact rules for each international match . This situation endured until 1948 , when at the instigation of the French league , the Rugby League International Federation ( RLIF ) was formed at a meeting in Bordeaux . During the second half of the 20th century , the rules changed further . In 1966 , rugby league officials borrowed the American football concept of downs : a team was allowed to retain possession of the ball for four tackles ( rugby union retains the original rule that a player who is tackled and brought to the ground must release the ball immediately ) . The maximum number of tackles was later increased to six ( in 1971 ) , and in rugby league this became known as the six tackle rule . With the advent of full - time professionals in the early 1990s , and the consequent speeding up of the game , the five metre off - side distance between the two teams became 10 metres , and the replacement rule was superseded by various interchange rules , among other changes . The laws of rugby union also changed during the 20th century , although less significantly than those of rugby league . In particular , goals from marks were abolished , kicks directly into touch from outside the 22 metre line were penalised , new laws were put in place to determine who had possession following an inconclusive ruck or maul , and the lifting of players in line - outs was legalised . In 1995 , rugby union became an `` open '' game , that is one which allowed professional players . Although the original dispute between the two codes has now disappeared -- and despite the fact that officials from both forms of rugby football have sometimes mentioned the possibility of re-unification -- the rules of both codes and their culture have diverged to such an extent that such an event is unlikely in the foreseeable future . A player takes a free kick , while the opposition form a `` wall '' , in Association football Use of the word `` football '' Further information : Football ( word ) The word football , when used in reference to a specific game can mean any one of those described above . Because of this , much friendly controversy has occurred over the term football , primarily because it is used in different ways in different parts of the English - speaking world . Most often , the word `` football '' is used to refer to the code of football that is considered dominant within a particular region . So , effectively , what the word `` football '' means usually depends on where one says it . Players assemble at the line of scrimmage in an American football game . In each of the United Kingdom , the United States , and Canada , one football code is known solely as `` football '' , while the others generally require a qualifier . In New Zealand , `` football '' historically referred to rugby union , but more recently may be used unqualified to refer to association football . The sport meant by the word `` football '' in Australia is either Australian rules football or rugby league , depending on local popularity ( which largely conforms to the Barassi Line ) . In francophone Quebec , where Canadian football is more popular , the Canadian code is known as le football while American football is known as le football américain and association football is known as le soccer . Of the 45 national FIFA ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) affiliates in which English is an official or primary language , most currently use Football in their organisations ' official names ; the FIFA affiliates in Canada and the United States use Soccer in their names . A few FIFA affiliates have recently `` normalised '' to using `` Football '' , including : Australia 's association football governing body changed its name in 2005 from using `` soccer '' to `` football '' New Zealand 's governing body also changed in 2007 , saying `` the international game is called football . '' Samoa changed from `` Samoa Football ( Soccer ) Federation '' to `` Football Federation Samoa '' in 2009 . Popularity Several of the football codes are the most popular team sports in the world . Globally , association football is played by over 250 million players in over 200 nations , and has the highest television audience in sport , making it the most popular in the world , American football is the most popular sport in the United States , with the annual Super Bowl game accounting for seven of the top eight of the most watched broadcasts in U.S. television history . Australian rules football has the highest spectator attendance of all sports in Australia . Similarly , Gaelic football is the most popular sport in Ireland in terms of match attendance , and the All - Ireland Football Final is the most watched event of that nation 's sporting year . Football codes Board Football Cambridge rules ( 1848 -- 1863 ) Association football ( 1863 -- ) Indoor Beach ( 1992 -- ) Futsal ( 1930 -- ) Sheffield rules ( 1857 -- 1877 ) Paralympic Street Rugby Union with minor modifications American football ( 1869 - ) Flag football , Arena football ( 1987 -- ) Rugby rules Canadian football ( 1861 -- ) Flag football Rugby union ( 1871 -- ) Rugby sevens ( 1883 -- ) Rugby league ( 1895 -- ) Nines Rugby league sevens Touch football Rugby rules and other English public school games Australian rules ( 1859 -- ) International rules ( 1967 -- ) Gaelic ( 1887 -- ) Football codes development tree show Football codes development tree Football Cambridge rules ( 1848 - 1863 ) Sheffield rules ( 1857 - 1877 ) Rugby rules Rugby rules and other English public school games Association Football ( 1863 - ) Australian rules ( 1859 - ) Gaelic ( 1887 - ) Rugby union with minor modifications Canadian football ( 1861 - ) Rugby union ( 1871 - ) Int'l Rules ( 1967 - ) American football ( 1869 - ) Rugby league ( 1895 - ) Rugby sevens ( 1883 - ) Flag football Arena football ( 1987 - ) Flag football ( Canadian ) Futsal ( 1930 - ) Rugby league nines Rugby league sevens Touch football Beach soccer ( 1992 - ) Indoor soccer Paralympic football Street soccer Notes : Present day codes and families Association football and descendants Main article : Variants of association football An indoor soccer game at an open - air venue in Mexico . The referee has just awarded the red team a free kick . Street football , Venice ( 1960 ) These codes have in common the prohibition of the use of hands ( by all players except the goalkeeper ) , unlike other codes where carrying or handling the ball is allowed Association football , also known as football , soccer , footy and footie Indoor / basketball court variants : Five - a-side football -- played throughout the world under various rules including : Futebol de Salão Futsal -- the FIFA - approved five - a-side indoor game Minivoetbal -- the five - a-side indoor game played in East and West Flanders where it is extremely popular Papi fut -- the five - a-side game played in outdoor basketball courts ( built with goals ) in Central America . Indoor soccer -- the six - a-side indoor game , the Latin American variant ( fútbol rápido , `` fast football '' ) is often played in open - air venues Masters Football -- six - a-side played in Europe by mature professionals ( 35 years and older ) Paralympic football -- modified game for athletes with a disability . Includes : Football 5 - a-side -- for visually impaired athletes Football 7 - a-side -- for athletes with cerebral palsy Amputee football -- for athletes with amputations Deaf football -- for athletes with hearing impairments Powerchair football -- for athletes in electric wheelchairs Beach soccer , beach football or sand soccer -- variant modified for play on sand Street football -- encompasses a number of informal variants Rush goalie -- a variation in which the role of the goalkeeper is more flexible than normal Headers and Volleys -- where the aim is to score goals against a goalkeeper using only headers and volleys Crab football -- players stand on their hands and feet and move around on their backs whilst playing Swamp soccer -- the game as played on a swamp or bog field Jorkyball Rushball The hockey game bandy has rules partly based on the association football rules and is sometimes nicknamed as ' winter football ' . There are also motorsport variations of the game . Rugby school football and descendants These codes have in common the ability of players to carry the ball with their hands , and to throw it to teammates , unlike association football where the use of hands is prohibited by anyone except the goal keeper . They also feature various methods of scoring based upon whether the ball is carried into the goal area , or kicked through a target . Rugby football Rugby union Mini rugby a variety for children . Rugby sevens and Rugby tens -- variants for teams of reduced size . Rugby sevens ; Fiji v Wales at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne Rugby league -- often referred to simply as `` league '' , and usually known simply as `` football '' or `` footy '' in the Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland . Rugby league sevens and Rugby league nines -- variant for teams of reduced size . Beach rugby -- rugby played on sand Touch rugby -- generic name for forms of rugby football which do not feature tackles , one variant has been formalised Tag Rugby -- non-contact variant in which a flag attached to a player is removed to indicate a tackle . Gridiron football American football -- called `` football '' in the United States and Canada , and `` gridiron '' in Australia and New Zealand . Nine - man football , eight - man football , six - man football -- variants played primarily by smaller high schools that lack enough players to field full teams . Street football / backyard football -- played without equipment or official fields and with simplified rules Touch football -- non-tackle variants Canadian football -- called simply `` football '' in Canada ; `` football '' in Canada can mean either Canadian or American football depending on context . All of the variants listed for American football are also attested for Canadian football . Flag football -- non-contact variant in which a flag attached to a player is removed to indicate a tackle . Indoor football , arena football -- indoor variants See also : Comparison of American football and rugby league , Comparison of American football and rugby union , Comparison of Canadian and American football , and Comparison of rugby league and rugby union Irish and Australian varieties International rules football test match from the 2005 International Rules Series between Australia and Ireland at Telstra Dome , Melbourne , Australia . These codes have in common the absence of an offside rule , the prohibition of continuous carrying of the ball ( requiring a periodic bounce or solo ( toe - kick ) , depending on the code ) while running , handpassing by punching or tapping the ball rather than throwing it , and other traditions . Australian rules football -- officially known as `` Australian football '' , and informally as `` football '' , `` footy '' or `` Aussie rules '' . In some areas it is referred to as `` AFL '' , the name of the main organising body and competition Auskick -- a version of Australian rules designed by the AFL for young children Metro footy ( or Metro rules footy ) -- a modified version invented by the USAFL , for use on gridiron fields in North American cities ( which often lack grounds large enough for conventional Australian rules matches ) Kick - to - kick -- informal versions of the game 9 - a-side footy -- a more open , running variety of Australian rules , requiring 18 players in total and a proportionally smaller playing area ( includes contact and non-contact varieties ) Rec footy -- `` Recreational Football '' , a modified non-contact variation of Australian rules , created by the AFL , which replaces tackles with tags Touch Aussie Rules -- a non-tackle variation of Australian Rules played only in the United Kingdom Samoa rules -- localised version adapted to Samoan conditions , such as the use of rugby football fields Masters Australian football ( a.k.a. Superules ) -- reduced contact version introduced for competitions limited to players over 30 years of age Women 's Australian rules football -- women 's competition played with a smaller ball and ( sometimes ) reduced contact Gaelic football -- Played predominantly in Ireland . Commonly referred to as `` football '' or `` Gaelic '' Ladies Gaelic football International rules football -- a compromise code used for games between Gaelic and Australian Rules players See also : Comparison of Australian rules football and Gaelic football Surviving Medieval ball games Inside the UK The Haxey Hood , played on Epiphany in Haxey , Lincolnshire Shrove Tuesday games Scoring the Hales in Alnwick , Northumberland Royal Shrovetide Football in Ashbourne , Derbyshire The Shrovetide Ball Game in Atherstone , Warwickshire The Shrove Tuesday Football Ceremony of the Purbeck Marblers in Corfe Castle , Dorset Hurling the Silver Ball at St Columb Major in Cornwall The Ball Game in Sedgefield , County Durham In Scotland the Ba game ( `` Ball Game '' ) is still popular around Christmas and Hogmanay at : Duns , Berwickshire Scone , Perthshire Kirkwall in the Orkney Islands Outside the UK Calcio Fiorentino -- a modern revival of Renaissance football from 16th century Florence . la Soule -- a modern revival of French medieval football lelo burti -- a Georgian traditional football game Surviving UK school games Harrow football players after a game at Harrow School ( circa 2005 ) . Games still played at UK public ( independent ) schools : Eton field game Eton wall game Harrow football Winchester College football Recent inventions and hybrid games Keepie uppie ( keep up ) -- the art of juggling with a football using the feet , knees , chest , shoulders , and head . Footbag -- several variations using a small bean bag or sand bag as a ball , the trade marked term hacky sack is sometimes used as a generic synonym . Freestyle football -- participants are graded for their entertainment value and expression of skill . Based on FA rules Three sided football Triskelion Based on rugby Force ' em backs a.k.a. forcing back , forcemanback Hybrid games Austus -- a compromise between Australian rules and American football , invented in Melbourne during World War II . Bossaball -- mixes Association football and volleyball and gymnastics ; played on inflatables and trampolines . Cycle ball − a sport similar to association football played on bicycles Footvolley -- mixes Association football and beach volleyball ; played on sand Football tennis -- mixes Association football and tennis Kickball -- a hybrid of Association football and baseball , invented in the United States in about 1942 . Speedball -- a combination of American football , soccer , and basketball , devised in the United States in 1912 . Universal football -- a hybrid of Australian rules and rugby league , trialled in Sydney in 1933 . Volata -- a game resembling Association football and European handball , devised by Italian fascist leader , Augusto Turati , in the 1920s . Wheelchair rugby -- also known as Murderball , invented in Canada in 1977 . Based on ice hockey and basketball rather than rugby . Note : although similar to football and volleyball in some aspects , Sepak takraw has ancient origins and can not be considered a hybrid game . Tabletop games , video games and other recreations Based on Association football Subbuteo Blow football Table football -- also known as foosball , table soccer , babyfoot , bar football or gettone Fantasy football Button football -- also known as Futebol de Mesa , Jogo de Botões Penny football FIFA Video Games Series Pro Evolution Soccer Mario Strikers Lego Football Based on American football Paper football Blood Bowl Fantasy football ( American ) Madden NFL Based on Australian football AFL video game series List of AFL video games Based on Rugby League football Sidhe 's Rugby League series Rugby League 3 Australian Rugby League See also Football field ( unit of length ) List of types of football List of players who have converted from one football code to another Names for association football 1601 to 1725 in sports : Football Footgolf Underwater football Notes Jump up ^ Reilly , Thomas ; Gilbourne , D. ( 2003 ) . `` Science and football : a review of applied research in the football code '' . Journal of Sports Science . 21 : 693 -- 705 . doi : 10.1080 / 0264041031000102105 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Soccer -- or should we say football -- must change '' . 12 June 2014 . New Zealanders on the way to their local rugby grounds should still be talking of `` going to the football '' Jump up ^ `` History of Football - Britain , the home of Football '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ Post Publishing PCL . `` Bangkok Post article '' . bangkokpost.com . Jump up ^ `` History of Football - The Origins '' . FIFA . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of Rugby in Australia '' . Rugby Football History . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Steven ( 1995 ) . `` Living Sports History : Football at Winchester , Eton and Harrow '' . The Sports Historian. 15 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 53 . doi : 10.1080 / 17460269508551675 . Jump up ^ Perkin , Harold ( 1989 ) . `` Teaching the nations how to play : sport and society in the British empire and commonwealth '' . The International Journal of the History of Sport. 6 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 155 . doi : 10.1080 / 09523368908713685 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Thomas ; Doran , D. ( 2001 ) . `` Science and Gaelic football : A revie '' . Journal of Sports Sciences . 19 ( 3 ) : 181 -- 193 . doi : 10.1080 / 026404101750095330 . ^ Jump up to : Bale , J. ( 2002 ) . Sports Geography . Taylor & Francis . p. 43 . ISBN 0 - 419 - 25230 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Douge , Brian ( 2011 ) . `` Football : the common threads between the games '' . Science and Football ( Second ed . ) . Abingdon : Routledge . pp. 3 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 50911 - 4 . Jump up ^ Association , The Football . `` Law 1 : The Field of Play - Football Rules & Governance The FA '' . www.thefa.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Football '' . Etymology Online . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . 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Kennell , The Gymnasium of Virtue : Education and Culture in Ancient Sparta ( Studies in the History of Greece and Rome ) , The University of North Carolina Press , 1995 , on Google Books Jump up ^ Steve Craig , Sports and Games of the Ancients : ( Sports and Games Through History ) , Greenwood , 2002 , on Google Books Jump up ^ Don Nardo , Greek and Roman Sport , Greenhaven Press , 1999 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Sally E.D. Wilkins , Sports and games of medieval cultures , Greenwood , 2002 , on Google books Jump up ^ E. Norman Gardiner : `` Athletics in the Ancient World '' , Courier Dover Publications , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 486 - 42486 - 3 , p. 229 Jump up ^ William Smith : `` Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities '' , 1857 , p. 777 Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 8 March 2013 ) . `` A gripping Greek derby '' . Jump up ^ Richard Hakluyt , Voyages in Search of The North - West Passage Archived October 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , University of Adelaide , December 29 , 2003 Jump up ^ From William Blandowski 's Australien in 142 File : Photographischen Abbildungen , 1857 , ( Haddon Library , Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology , Cambridge ) Jump up ^ Historia Brittonum at the Medieval Sourcebook . Jump up ^ Ruff , Julius ( 2001 ) . Violence in Early Modern Europe 1500 -- 1800 . Cambridge University Press . p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59894 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jusserand , Jean - Jules. ( 1901 ) . Le sport et les jeux d'exercice dans l'ancienne France . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 , from http://agora.qc.ca/reftext.nsf/Documents/Football--Le_sport_et_les_jeux_dexercice_dans_lancienne_France__La_soule_par_Jean-Jules_Jusserand ( in French ) Jump up ^ Dunning , Eric ( 1999 ) . Sport Matters : Sociological Studies of Sport , Violence and Civilisation . Routledge . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09378 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Dunning , Eric ( 1999 ) . Sport Matters : Sociological Studies of Sport , Violence and Civilisation . Routledge . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09378 - 1 . Jump up ^ Baker , William ( 1988 ) . Sports in the Western World . University of Illinois Press . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06042 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stephen Alsford , FitzStephen 's Description of London , Florilegium Urbanum , April 5 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Francis Peabody Magoun , 1929 , `` Football in Medieval England and Middle - English literature '' ( The American Historical Review , v. 35 , No. 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Irish inventions : fact and fiction '' . Carlow-nationalist.ie . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Derek Birley ( Sport and The Making of Britain ) . 1993 . Manchester University Press . p. 32 . 978 - 0719037597 Jump up ^ Derek Baker ( England in the Later Middle Ages ) . 1995 . Boydell & Brewer . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85115 - 648 - 4 ^ Jump up to : `` Online Etymology Dictionary ( no date ) , `` football '' `` . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Vivek Chaudhary , `` Who 's the fat bloke in the number eight shirt ? '' ( The Guardian , February 18 , 2004 . ) Jump up ^ Anniina Jokinen , Sir Philip Sidney . `` A Dialogue Between Two Shepherds '' ( Luminarium.org , July 2006 ) Jump up ^ Richard , Carew . `` EBook of The Survey of Cornwall '' . Project Gutenberg . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jonathan ; Caudwell , Jayne ; Liston , Kate ; Scraton , Sheila , eds. ( 2007 ) . Women , Football and Europe : Histories , Equity and Experience . International Football Institute Series . 1 . Meyer & Meyer Sport . ISBN 9781841262253 . Jump up ^ A history of Winchester College . by Arthur F Leach . Duckworth , 1899 ISBN 1 - 4446 - 5884 - 0 Jump up ^ `` 2003 , `` Richard Mulcaster '' `` . Footballnetwork.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Francis Peabody Magoun. ( 1938 ) History of football from the beginnings to 1871 . p. 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Rowley , Christopher ( 2015 ) . The Shared Origins of Football , Rugby , and Soccer . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 86 . ISBN 9781442246195 . Jump up ^ Francis Willughby , 1660 -- 72 , ' ' Book of Games ' ' . Books.google.co.uk. 2003 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85928 - 460 - 5 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Julian Carosi , 2006 , `` The History of Offside '' ^ Jump up to : Cox , Richard William ; Russell , Dave ; Vamplew , Wray ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of British Football . Routledge . p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5249 - 8 . Jump up ^ example of ball handling in early football from English writer William Hone , writing in 1825 or 1826 , quotes the social commentator Sir Frederick Morton Eden , regarding `` Foot - Ball '' , as played at ( ( Scone , Scotland ) ) , Scotland : The game was this : he who at any time got the ball into his hands , run ( sic ) with it till overtaken by one of the opposite part ; and then , if he could shake himself loose from those on the opposite side who seized him , he run on ; if not , he threw the ball from him , unless it was wrested from him by the other party , but no person was allowed to kick it . ( William Hone , 1825 -- 26 , The Every - Day Book , `` February 15 . '' Archived January 5 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Access date : March 15 , 2007 . ) Jump up ^ ABC Radio National Ockham 's Razor , first broadcast 6 June 2010 . Jump up ^ THE SURREY CLUB Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle ( London , England ) , Sunday , October 07 , 1849 ; pg. 6 . New Readerships Jump up ^ Football : The First Hundred Years . The Untold Story . Adrian Harvey . 2005 . Routledge , London Jump up ^ John Hope , Accounts and papers of the football club kept by John Hope , WS , and some Hope Correspondence 1787 -- 1886 ( National Archives of Scotland , GD253 / 183 ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Foot - Ball Club in Edinburgh , 1824 -- 1841 -- The National Archives of Scotland '' . Nas.gov.uk. 2007 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby chronology '' . Museum of Rugby . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2008 . Retrieved April 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Royal Caledonian Society of Melbourne '' . Electricscotland.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Soccer Ball World -- Early History . Retrieved June 9 , 2006 . Archived June 16 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The exact name of Mr Lindon is in dispute , as well as the exact timing of the creation of the inflatable bladder . It is known that he created this for both association and rugby footballs . However , sites devoted to football indicate he was known as HJ Lindon , who was actually Richards Lindon 's son , and created the ball in 1862 ( ref : Soccer Ball World ) , whereas rugby sites refer to him as Richard Lindon creating the ball in 1870 ( ref : Guardian article ) . Both agree that his wife died when inflating pig 's bladders . This information originated from web sites which may be unreliable , and the answer may only be found in researching books in central libraries . Jump up ^ soccerballworld.com , ( no date ) `` Charles Goodyear 's Soccer Ball '' Downloaded 30 / 11 / 06 . Jump up ^ Scots invented beautiful game The Scotsman , 14 June 2006 Jump up ^ Magoun , Francis Peabody ( 1938 ) . History of football from the beginnings to 1871 . Published by H. Pöppinghaus Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle ( London , England ) , Sunday , January 13 , 1839 . New Readerships Jump up ^ Blackwood 's Magazine , Published by W. Blackwood , 1862 , page 563 Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle ( London , England ) , Saturday , January 07 , 1865 ; Issue 2,229 : `` The Sheffield party , however , eventually took a lead , and through some scientific movements of Mr J Wild , scored a goal amid great cheering '' Jump up ^ Bell 's life in london , November 26 , 1865 , issue 2275 : `` We can not help recording the really scientific play with which the Sheffield men backed each other up Jump up ^ Wall , Sir Frederick ( 2005 ) . 50 Years of Football , 1884 -- 1934 . Soccer Books Limited . ISBN 1 - 86223 - 116 - 8 . Jump up ^ ( Cox , Richard ( 2002 ) The encyclopaedia of British Football , Routledge , United Kingdom ) Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle , 18 December 1869 Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle , 5 November 1870 , issue 2 Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle , 18 November 1871 , issue 2 , 681 Jump up ^ Bell 's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle , 17 February 1872 , issue 2694 Jump up ^ The Derby Mercury ( Derby , England ) , Wednesday , March 20 , 1872 ; Issue 8226 Jump up ^ Murphy , Brendan ( 2007 ) . From Sheffield with Love . Sports Book Limited . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 899807 - 56 - 7 . Jump up ^ Association Football , chapter by CW Alcock , The English Illustrated Magazine 1891 , page 287 Jump up ^ Harvey , Adrian ( 2005 ) . Football , the First Hundred Years . Routledge . pp. 273 , ref 34 -- 119 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 35019 - 0 . Jump up ^ Csanadi Arpad , Hungerian coaching manual `` Soccer '' , Corvina , Budapest 1965 Jump up ^ Wilson Jonathon , Inverting the pyramid : a History of Football Tactics , Orion , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Football Association tribute to the Cambridge Rules '' . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Adrian ( 2005 ) . Football , the First Hundred Years . Routledge . pp. 95 -- 99 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 35019 - 0 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Brendan ( 2007 ) . From Sheffield with Love . Sports Book Limited . pp. 41 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 899807 - 56 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from Tom Wills '' . MCG website . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Origins of Australian Rules Football '' . MCG website . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hibbins , Gillian ; Mancini , Anne ( 1987 ) . Running with the Ball : Football 's Foster Father . Lynedoch Publications . pp. 118 -- 119 . ISBN 0 - 7316 - 0481 - 4 . Jump up ^ Peter Shortell . Hacking -- a history Archived 2008 - 04 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , Cornwall Referees Society Archived March 3 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2 October 2006 Jump up ^ `` soccer , n '' . Oxford English Dictionary . June 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Meacham , Scott ( 2006 ) . `` Old Division Football , The Indigenous Mob Soccer Of Dartmouth College ( pdf ) '' ( PDF ) . dartmo.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` No Christian End ! '' ( PDF ) . The Journey to Camp : The Origins of American Football to 1889 . Professional Football Researchers Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Allaway , Roger ( 2001 ) . `` Were the Oneidas playing soccer or not ? '' . The USA Soccer History Archives . Dave Litterer . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Football Timelines ( 1860 -- present ) '' . Football Canada . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline 1860s '' . Official Site of the Canadian Football League . Canadian Football League . Archived from the original on 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Football '' . The History of Sports . Saperecom. 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 1800s '' . Rutgers Through The Years . Rutgers University . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` No Christian End ! The Beginnings of Football in America '' ( PDF ) . The Professional Football Researchers Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` History -- CFL.ca -- Official Site of the Canadian Football League '' . CFL.ca . Archived from the original on 13 December 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` gridiron football ( sport ) '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . britannica.com . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Camp and His Followers : American Football 1876 -- 1889 '' ( PDF ) . The Journey to Camp : The Origins of American Football to 1889 . Professional Football Researchers Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Tom ( 1976 ) . The Pro Style : The Complete Guide to Understanding National Football League Strategy . Los Angeles : National Football League Properties , Inc. , Creative Services Division . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Watterson , John ( 2001 ) . `` Tiny Maxwell and the Crisis of 1905 : The Making of a Gridiron Myth '' ( PDF ) . College Football Historical Society . LA 84 Foundation : 54 -- 57 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 08 - 08 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Vancil , Mark ( Ed . ) ( 2000 ) . ABC Sports College Football All - Time All - America Team . New York : Hyperion Books . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6710 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 18 . History of the Grey Cup Jump up ^ CFL.ca History , Timeline , 1920 Archived June 25 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` History of the RFU '' . RFU . Archived from the original on 22 April 2010 . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The governing body is the `` Fédération de soccer du Québec '' `` . Federation-soccer.qc.ca . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Stories Soccer to become football in Australia ( SMH.com.au . December 17 , 2004 ) `` ASA chairman Frank Lowy said the symbolic move would bring Australia into line with the vast majority of other countries which call the sport football . '' Jump up ^ `` NZ Football -- The Local Name Of The Global Game '' . NZFootball.co.nz. April 27 , 2006 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2009 . The international game is called football and were part of the international game so the game in New Zealand should be called football Jump up ^ `` new name & logo for Samoan football '' . Sportingpulse.com. 2009 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Football progress in Samoa '' . Samoaobserver.ws . Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Survey : approximately 250 million footballers worldwide '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 September 2006 . Retrieved 15 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider , longer and farther than ever before '' . FIFA. 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Frederick ; Cantu , Robert ; Van Camp , Steven ( 1996 ) . `` Team Sports '' . Catastrophic Injuries in High School and College Sports . Champaign : Human Kinetics . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 87322 - 674 - 7 . Soccer is the most popular sport in the world and is an industry worth over US $400 billion world wide . 80 % of this is generated in Europe , though its popularity is growing in the United States . It has been estimated that there were 22 million soccer players in the world in the early 1980s , and that number is increasing . In the United States soccer is now a major sport at both the high school and college levels Jump up ^ `` As American as Mom , Apple Pie and Football ? '' . Harris Interactive . 16 January 2014 . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Peralta , Eyder ( 2 February 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl XLIX Was Most Watched Show In TV History '' . NPR . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 4174.0 -- Sports Attendance , Australia , April 1999 '' . Abs.gov.au . Retrieved 19 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 4174.0 -- Sports Attendance , Australia , 2005 -- 06 '' . Abs.gov.au . Archived from the original on 14 March 2010 . Retrieved 19 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Social Significance of Sport '' ( PDF ) . The Economic and Social Research Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 October 2008 . Retrieved 21 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Initiative 's latest ViewerTrack TM study shows that in Ireland GAA and soccer still dominate the sporting arena , while globally the Super Bowl was the most watched sporting event of 2005 '' . Finfacts.com . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ The first game of American football is widely cited as a game played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton . But the game was played under rules based on the association football rules of the time . During the latter half of the 1870s , colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby code . Jump up ^ In 1845 , the first rules of rugby were written by Rugby School pupils . But various rules of rugby had existed until the foundation of the Rugby Football Union in 1871 . Jump up ^ There are Canadian rules ( 1 ) established by Football Canada . Apart from this , there are also rules ( 2 ) established by IFAF . Jump up ^ Some historians support the theory that the primary influence was rugby football and other games emanating from English public schools . On the other hand , there are also historians who support the theory that Australian rules football and Gaelic Football have some common origins . See Origins of Australian rules football . Jump up ^ Summers , Mark . `` The Disability Football Directory '' . Jump up ^ Fagan , Sean ( 2006 ) . `` Breaking The Codes '' . RL1908.com . Archived from the original on 21 October 2006 . References Find more aboutFootballat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Eisenberg , Christiane and Pierre Lanfranchi , eds. ( 2006 ) : Football History : International Perspectives ; Special Issue , Historical Social Research 31 , no . 1 . 312 pages . Green , Geoffrey ( 1953 ) ; The History of the Football Association ; Naldrett Press , London Mandelbaum , Michael ( 2004 ) ; The Meaning of Sports ; Public Affairs , ISBN 1 - 58648 - 252 - 1 Williams , Graham ( 1994 ) ; The Code War ; Yore Publications , ISBN 1 - 874427 - 65 - 8 hide Team sports Sport Governing bodies Sportspeople National sport Basket sports Basketball beach deaf 3x3 water wheelchair Cestoball Korfball Netball Fast5 indoor wheelchair Rezball Ringball Slamball Football codes Association football amputee beach freestyle Futsal indoor Jorkyball paralympic powerchair roller street walking Australian rules football AFLX Lightning football Metro footy Nine - a-side Rec footy Gaelic football Ladies ' Circle rules football Gridiron codes American football eight - man flag nine - man six - man sprint touch wheelchair Canadian football Indoor American football Arena football Hybrid codes Austus Eton wall game International rules football Samoa rules Speedball Swedish football Universal football Volata Medieval football codes Ba game Caid Calcio fiorentino Camping Cnapan Cornish hurling Cuju Harpastum Kemari Ki - o - rahi Jegichagi La soule Lelo burti Marn grook Pasuckuakohowog Royal Shrovetide Uppies and downies Yubi lakpi Rugby codes Beach Rugby league masters mod nines sevens tag wheelchair Rugby union American flag mini sevens snow tag touch tens Touch Wheelchair Bat - and - ball games Baseball Brännboll British baseball Corkball Cricket One Day Test Twenty20 Danish longball Indoor cricket Kickball Lapta Matball Oină Over-the - line Pesäpallo Rounders Softball Fastpitch Stickball Stoolball Town ball Vigoro Vitilla Wiffle ball Wireball Stick and ball sports Bando Cammag Hurling Camogie Super11s Shinty -- Hurling Indigenous North American stickball Iomain Knattleikr Knotty Lacrosse box / indoor field intercrosse women 's Ritinis Shinty Shinty -- Hurling Hockey sports Ball hockey Bandy rink Broomball Moscow Field hockey indoor Floor hockey Floorball Ice hockey pond power ice sledge underwater Ringette Rinkball Roller hockey in - line quad Rossall hockey Shinny Street hockey Underwater hockey Unicycle hockey Polo sports Auto polo Cowboy polo Cycle polo Elephant polo Horseball Motoball Pato Polo Arena polo chovgan snow polo Polocrosse Segway polo Yak polo Net sports Ball badminton Beach tennis Biribol Bossaball Fistball Footbag net Football tennis Footvolley Jianzi Jokgu Newcomb ball Peteca Sepak takraw Throwball Volleyball beach paralympic Other sports Airsoft Angleball Balle à la main Ballon au poing Basque pelota frontenis jai alai xare Bo - taoshi Boules Bocce Bocce volo Boccia Bowls Jeu provençal Pétanque Raffa Buzkashi Combat ( juggling ) Curling wheelchair Cycle ball Digor Dodgeball Flickerball Gateball Goalball Guts Handball beach Czech field Hornussen Ice stock sport Jereed Kabaddi indoor beach Kho kho Kin - Ball Lagori Longue paume Makura - Nage Mesoamerican ballgame Paintball Pelota mixteca Prisonball Pushball Quidditch Rollball Roller derby Slahal Snow snake Synchronized skating Synchronized swimming Tamburello Tchoukball beach Tejo Tug of war Ulama Ultimate Underwater football Underwater rugby Valencian pilota Llargues Water polo canoe inner tube beach Waboba Whirlyball Woodball Yukigassen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Football&oldid=846417472 '' Categories : Ball games Football Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with French - language external links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles containing French - language text Broad - concept articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی 한국어 Hausa ಕನ್ನಡ Latina 日本 語 Novial ଓଡ଼ିଆ Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Русский संस्कृतम् සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو ייִדיש 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 17 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where was football first played in the world
[ "The earliest form of football can be traced back to China (Han dynasty), originating from cuju, an ancient Chinese football game, as recognized by FIFA.[3][4][5] Contemporary codes of football can be traced back to the codification of these games at English public schools during the nineteenth century.[6][7] The expansion of the British Empire allowed these rules of football to spread to areas of British influence outside the directly controlled Empire.[8] By the end of the nineteenth century, distinct regional codes were already developing: Gaelic football, for example, deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football games in order to maintain their heritage.[9] In 1888, The Football League was founded in England, becoming the first of many professional football competitions. During the twentieth century, several of the various kinds of football grew to become some of the most popular team sports in the world.[10]" ]
[ "China" ]
7692398815301295063
Indian Accounting Standards
Indian Accounting Standards - Wikipedia Indian Accounting Standards Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Accounting Historical cost Constant purchasing power Management Tax Major types ( show ) Auditing Cost Forensic Financial Fund Governmental Management Social Tax Key concepts ( show ) Accounting period Accrual Constant purchasing power Economic entity Fair value Going concern Historical cost Matching principle Materiality Revenue recognition Unit of account Selected accounts ( show ) Assets Cash Cost of goods sold Depreciation / Amortization Equity Expenses Goodwill Liabilities Profit Revenue Accounting standards ( show ) Generally - accepted principles Generally - accepted auditing standards Convergence International Financial Reporting Standards International Standards on Auditing Management Accounting Principles Financial statements ( show ) Annual report Balance sheet Cash - flow Equity Income Management discussion Notes to the financial statements Bookkeeping ( show ) Bank reconciliation Debits and credits Double - entry system FIFO and LIFO Journal Ledger / General ledger T accounts Trial balance Auditing ( show ) Financial Internal Firms Report People and organizations ( show ) Accountants Accounting organizations Luca Pacioli Development ( show ) History Research Positive accounting Sarbanes -- Oxley Act Business portal Indian Accounting Standard ( abbreviated as Ind - AS ) is the Accounting standard adopted by companies in India and issued under the supervision and control of Accounting Standards Board ( ASB ) , which was constituted as a body in the year 1977 . ASB is a committee under Institute of Chartered Accountants of India ( ICAI ) which consists of representatives from government department , academicians , other professional bodies viz . ICAI , representatives from ASSOCHAM , CII , FICCI , etc . The Ind AS are named and numbered in the same way as the corresponding International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) . National Advisory Committee on Accounting Standards ( NACAS ) recommend these standards to the Ministry of Corporate Affairs ( MCA ) . MCA has to spell out the accounting standards applicable for companies in India . As on date MCA has notified 41 Ind AS . This shall be applied to the companies of financial year 2015 - 16 voluntarily and from 2016 - 17 on a mandatory basis . Based on the international consensus , the regulators will separately notify the date of implementation of Ind - AS for the banks , insurance companies etc . Standards for the computation of Tax has been notified as ICDS in February 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Applicability 2.1 Mandatory Applicability from Accounting Period beginning on or after 1st April 2016 2.2 Mandatory Applicability from Accounting Period beginning on or after 1st April 2017 3 List of Indian Accounting Standards 4 Provisions 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) India was following accounting standards from Indian Generally Acceptable Accounting Principle ( IGAAP ) prior to adoption of the Ind - AS . Applicability ( edit ) Companies shall follow Ind AS either Voluntarily or Mandatorily . Once a company follows Ind AS , either mandatorily or voluntarily , it ca n't revert to old method of Accounting . Mandatory applicability from Accounting period beginning on or after 1st april 2016 ( edit ) Every Company with Net worth of not less than ₹ 5 billion ( $73.4 million ) . Mandatory applicability from Accounting period beginning on or after 1st april 2017 ( edit ) Every Listed Company . Unlisted Companies with Net Worth of not less than ₹ 2.5 billion ( $36.7 million ) and not more than ₹ 5 billion ( $73.4 million ) . List of Indian Accounting Standards ( edit ) Ind As No . Name of Indian Accounting Standard Ind AS 101 First - time Ind AS 102 Share Based Ind AS 103 Business Combination Ind AS 104 Insurance Contracts Ind AS 105 Non-Current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations Ind AS 106 Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources Ind AS 107 Financial Instruments : Disclosures Ind AS 108 Operating Segments Ind AS 109 Financial Instruments Ind AS 110 Consolidated Financial Statements Ind AS 111 Joint Arrangements Ind AS 112 Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities Ind AS 113 Fair Value Measurement Ind AS 114 Regulatory Deferral Accounts Ind AS 115 Revenue from Contracts with Customers Ind AS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements Ind AS 2 Inventories Ind AS 7 Statement of Cash Flows Ind AS 8 Accounting Policies , Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors Ind AS 10 Events after Reporting Period Ind AS 11 Construction Contracts Ind AS 12 Income Taxes Ind AS 16 Property , Plant and Equipment Ind AS 17 Leases Ind AS 18 Revenue Ind AS 19 Employee Benefits Ind AS 20 Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance Ind AS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates Ind AS 23 Borrowing Costs Ind AS 24 Related Party Disclosures Ind AS 27 Separate Financial Statements Ind AS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures Ind AS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyper inflationary Economies Ind AS 32 Financial Instruments : Presentation Ind AS 33 Earnings per Share Ind AS 34 Interim Financial Reporting Ind AS 36 Impairment of Assets Ind AS 37 Provisions , Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets Ind AS 38 Intangible Assets Ind AS 40 Investment Property Ind AS 41 Agriculture Provisions ( edit ) Ind - AS is in line with the International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) . Ind - AS 107 deals with disclosures related to financial instruments and related risks and the policies for managing such risks . See also ( edit ) Nepal Financial Reporting Standards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Indian Accounting Standards Converged with IFRS Notified '' . Press Information Bureau . ^ Jump up to : `` How new accounting standards will impact Indian companies '' , The Economic Times , 14 July 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Ind - AS to raise June quarter tax liabilities by 20 % '' , The Economic Times , 13 April 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Ind AS requires 3,000 disclosures for fair picture of cos '' , Business Standard , 24 May 2016 Jump up ^ `` Company ( Inaian Accounting Standard ) Rules , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Ministry Of Corporate Affairs - Indian Accounting Standards '' . www.mca.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Corporates put restructuring , mergers , de-mergers within organisation on hold '' , The Economic Times , 27 May 2016 This India - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Accounting_Standards&oldid=801858800 '' Categories : Accounting standards Accounting in India Accounting principles by country India stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 10 : 28 . About Wikipedia
who is responsible for issuing accounting standard in india
[ "Indian Accounting Standard (abbreviated as Ind-AS) is the Accounting standard adopted by companies in India and issued under the supervision and control of Accounting Standards Board (ASB), which was constituted as a body in the year 1977. ASB is a committee under Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) which consists of representatives from government department, academicians, other professional bodies viz. ICAI, representatives from ASSOCHAM, CII, FICCI, etc." ]
[ "Accounting Standards Board" ]
6293998745350955410
Eastern Idaho
Eastern Idaho - wikipedia Eastern Idaho This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Map of Idaho highlighting Eastern Idaho in red Eastern Idaho is the area of Idaho lying east of the Magic Valley region . It is generally understood to include : Bannock , Bear Lake , Bingham , Bonneville , Butte , Caribou , Clark , Custer , Franklin , Fremont , Jefferson , Madison , Oneida , Power and Teton Counties . In terms of culture much of the region is in the Mormon Corridor and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints plays a major role in the lives of a majority of the region 's residents . Contents 1 Demographics 2 Politics 3 Education 4 Culture 5 Agriculture 6 Technology 7 See also 8 References Demographics ( edit ) According to the 2010 census the counties of the Eastern Idaho region had a combined population of 365,847 . Idaho Falls and Pocatello are the region 's largest cities and only metropolitan areas , accounting for the majority of the region 's population . Other important cities include Rexburg , Chubbuck and Blackfoot . Americans who are of ethnic English stock form a large plurality in every county in eastern Idaho . Politics ( edit ) Eastern Idaho is a solidly Republican region , even more so than the rest of the state . Besides Teton County voting for Barack Obama in 2008 , no county in the region has voted for a Democratic presidential nominee since the landslide election of 1964 , which was also the last time the region as well as the state of Idaho as a whole voted for the candidate of the Democratic Party . The region has also shown a strong affinity for third - party candidates , such as for the candidacies of George Wallace in 1968 , John G. Schmitz in 1972 , Bo Gritz in 1992 , and Evan McMullin in 2016 , all four of whom besides Wallace performed exceptionally well there proportionate to the share of the national vote . Education ( edit ) Eastern Idaho is home to several of the state 's colleges and universities , including Idaho State University in Pocatello , College of Eastern Idaho in Idaho Falls and Brigham Young University - Idaho in Rexburg . The Center for Higher Education provides outreach degree programs for Idaho State University and the University of Idaho at University Place in Idaho Falls . Most of the region 's cities and towns support separate public school districts . Culture ( edit ) Eastern Idaho is generally thought of as an all - season outdoor mecca above all else , with ski resorts Kelly Canyon and Pebble Creek , and extreme proximity to Yellowstone , the Tetons , Jackson , and Grand Targhee in Wyoming , each of which lie near the Idaho border . The area is also renowned in the fly fishing world as well , with travelers coming from afar to fish the Snake River and its branches and tributaries . Island Park , Bear Lake , Heise Hot Springs , and Lava Hot Springs are also regional tourist hotspots . Cultural events are routinely held at Idaho State University and Brigham Young University - Idaho , and at various venues throughout downtown Idaho Falls . Idaho State University 's 123,000 - square - foot ( 11,400 m ) L.E. and Thelma E Stephens Performing Arts Center contains state - of - the - art performance space . The facility 's Jensen Grand Concert Hall contains more than 500 fiberglass - reinforced gypsum panels which allow the concert hall to be computer - tuned . Two ceiling canopies allow the acoustics of the hall to be computer - adjusted , making the center a hit with both performers and their audiences . Idaho Falls 's Museum of Idaho brings in major national exhibitions each year , including Da Vinci inventions and the famous Bodies exhibit . The Eastern Idaho State Fair is held every September in Blackfoot . The 2004 independent film Napoleon Dynamite was set in and filmed on location in Preston in Cache Valley . Since The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints is the largest religion in the region , Mormon culture dominates the region , though there are also many Methodists , Baptists , Episcopalians , Roman Catholics , Presbyterians , and Jehovah 's Witnesses . The only professional sports team in the region is the Idaho Falls Chukars of Minor League Baseball . The organization , which has changed names and affiliations numerous times , has been around since 1940 and has played at Melaleuca Field since 2007 . In the spring of 2018 , Eastern Idaho gained a semi-professional soccer team Idaho Lobos FC based in Idaho Falls . The team competes in the Mountain Conference of the UPSL . Agriculture ( edit ) The Eastern Idaho region grows most of Idaho 's potato crop , making it one of the world 's most productive potato - growing areas . Barley for beer production is also significant . Several major breweries , including Coors , Anheuser - Busch and Mexico 's Grupo Modelo have barley producing operations in the area . Sugar beets , alfalfa and wheat are also major crops . There are also many cattle ranches for raising beef . Technology ( edit ) Idaho National Laboratory between Idaho Falls and Arco in Butte County is one of the nation 's top nuclear research facilities. Philo Farnsworth , inventor of the cathode ray tube , and considered the primary inventor of television grew up in Rigby . ON Semiconductor ( formerly AMIS ) of Pocatello is a computer chip manufacturer . Idaho State University in Pocatello is home to the Idaho Accelerator Center . The center contains 10 operating accelerators used in research done through the University , national laboratories such as INL , and the private sector . Idaho State University operates the Center For Advanced Energy Studies at University Place in Idaho Falls . This public - private partnership researches solutions to America 's continuing energy crisis . See also ( edit ) Idaho Falls metropolitan area Pocatello metropolitan area Rexburg micropolitan area The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in Idaho Mormon Corridor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although Wallace underperformed his national margins in the region , he received some of his best results outside the South in eastern Idaho . Jump up ^ http://www.upslsoccer.com/teams/idaho-lobos-fc State of Idaho Boise ( capital ) Topics Index Bibliography Geography Government Delegations Governors History Images People Symbols Tourist attractions Seal of Idaho Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Boise metropolitan area Cache Valley Central Idaho Columbia River Plateau Eastern Idaho Great Basin Inland Empire Magic Valley North Central Idaho Idaho Panhandle Palouse Southern Idaho Southwestern Idaho Treasure Valley Wasatch Range Wood River Valley Yellowstone Larger cities Boise Nampa Meridian Idaho Falls Pocatello Caldwell Coeur d'Alene Twin Falls Lewiston Post Falls Rexburg Moscow Eagle Smaller cities Kuna Ammon Chubbuck Mountain Home Hayden Blackfoot Garden City Jerome Burley Counties Ada Adams Bannock Bear Lake Benewah Bingham Blaine Boise Bonner Bonneville Boundary Butte Camas Canyon Caribou Cassia Clark Clearwater Custer Elmore Franklin Fremont Gem Gooding Idaho Jefferson Jerome Kootenai Latah Lemhi Lewis Lincoln Madison Minidoka Nez Perce Oneida Owyhee Payette Power Shoshone Teton Twin Falls Valley Washington Coordinates : 43 ° N 112 ° W  /  43 ° N 112 ° W  / 43 ; - 112 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Idaho&oldid=849031267 '' Categories : Regions of Idaho Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Add links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 01 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where are most of the potatoes grown in idaho
[ "The Eastern Idaho region grows most of Idaho's potato crop, making it one of the world's most productive potato-growing areas. Barley for beer production is also significant. Several major breweries, including Coors, Anheuser-Busch and Mexico's Grupo Modelo have barley producing operations in the area. Sugar beets, alfalfa and wheat are also major crops. There are also many cattle ranches for raising beef.\n" ]
[ "The Eastern Idaho region" ]
5356443954128204361
Throw under the bus
Throw under the bus - wikipedia Throw under the bus Jump to : navigation , search `` To throw ( someone ) under the bus '' is an idiomatic phrase in American English meaning to sacrifice a friend or ally for selfish reasons . It is typically used to describe a self - defensive disavowal and severance of a previously - friendly relationship when the relation becomes controversial or unpopular . On 21 June 1982 , Julian Critchley of The Times ( London ) wrote `` President Galtieri had pushed her under the bus which the gossips had said was the only means of her removal . '' The phrase has been widely popularized by sports journalists since 2004 and was picked up by the mainstream media during the 2008 political primary season . It has frequently been used to describe various politicians distancing themselves from suddenly unpopular or controversial figures whom the candidate has previously allied themselves with . David Segal , a writer for The Washington Post , calls the expression `` the cliché of the 2008 campaign '' . In a March 2008 NPR report , the linguist Geoff Nunberg noted that `` under the bus '' `` has appeared in more than 400 press stories on the campaign over the last six months '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Examples 3 References 4 External links Origins ( edit ) After Julian Critchley , a relatively early use is attributed by the website Double - Tongued Dictionary to a 1991 article in the Colorado Springs Gazette - Telegraph . Cyndi Lauper is sometimes wrongly quoted as saying in The Washington Post in 1984 : `` In the rock ' n ' roll business , you are either on the bus or under it . Playing ' Feelings ' with Eddie and the Condos in a buffet bar in Butte is under the bus . '' However , those lines were written by journalist David Remnick in an article about Lauper , but they are not attributed in the article to her or anyone else . Examples ( edit ) Wired magazine asked `` Did Egypt 's Army Just Throw Mubarak Under the Bus ? '' after the Egyptian Army issued a statement saying it will not crack down on protesters during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 . ZDNet held a debate that asked , `` Did Microsoft throw users under the bus ? '' after their announcement of Windows Phone 8 . The Boston Globe headlined a story that asserted NFL coach `` Bill Belichick throws Tom Brady under the bus '' during the Deflategate scandal . The Haiti Sentinel published an article entitled `` Election fraud : Red Cross throws Health Ministry under the bus '' when the president of the agency said it was illegal for the Haitian government to use its brand and insignia on its vehicles . He was denying accusations that the international relief organization assisted in electoral fraud . Shortly after Ann Curry was released from her cohosting duties on The Today Show , Today Show weatherman Al Roker hinted on - air that it was senior cohost Matt Lauer who `` threw '' Ann `` under the bus '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/why-do-we-throw-someone-under-the-bus Jump up ^ Segal , David ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` Time to Hit The Brakes On That Cliche '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . This humble mode of transportation has become an unstoppable serial killer this presidential season , metaphorically speaking . Hardly a week goes by without someone reviving the cliche of the 2008 campaign -- that a former ally of a candidate has been thrown under a bus . Jump up ^ Nunberg , Geoff ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` Primaries Toss Some `` Under the Bus '' `` . Fresh Air . NPR . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Grant ( October 2 , 2006 ) . `` throw ( someone ) under the bus '' . Double - Tongued Dictionary . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Emory , Erin ( December 12 , 1991 ) . `` Hood talks without thinking , friends testify at murder trial '' . Gazette Telegraph . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Safire , William ( November 19 , 2006 ) . `` Netroots '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dokoupil , Tony ( March 19 , 2002 ) . `` ' Under the Bus ' '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Remnick , David ( September 7 , 1984 ) . `` Pensive , With Orange Hair Cyndi Lauper & Her Tunes on Tour '' . Washington Post . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Did Egypt 's Army Just Throw Mubarak Under The Bus ? '' , Spencer Ackerman , January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Did Microsoft throw users under the bus ? '' Jump up ^ `` Bill Belichick throws Tom Brady under the bus '' , Ben Volin , January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Election fraud : Red Cross throws Health Ministry under the bus '' , October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Al Roker Suggests That Matt Lauer Threw Ann Curry `` Under The Bus ''. `` , August 16 , 2012 External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of throw under the bus at Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Throw_under_the_bus&oldid=807842330 '' Categories : American English idioms Phrases Political terminology of the United States Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 12 : 26 . About Wikipedia
where did the expression throw under the bus come from
[ "On 21 June 1982, Julian Critchley of The Times (London) wrote \"President Galtieri had pushed her under the bus which the gossips had said was the only means of her removal.\"[1]" ]
[ "President Galtieri had pushed her under the bus" ]
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Right Place, Right Time (How I Met Your Mother)
Right Place , Right Time ( How I Met Your Mother ) - Wikipedia Right Place , Right Time ( How I Met Your Mother ) Jump to : navigation , search The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Right Place , Right Time '' How I Met Your Mother -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( May 2014 ) `` Right Place , Right Time '' How I Met Your Mother episode Episode no . Season 4 Episode 22 Directed by Pamela Fryman Written by Stephen Lloyd Original air date May 4 , 2009 Guest appearance ( s ) Sarah Chalke ( Stella Zinman ) Dan Castellaneta ( Milt ) John Duerler ( Harlen Johnsen ) Joel McCrary ( Ged Wilkinson ) Lyndsy Fonseca ( Daughter ) Mary Ann Jarou ( Jenny ) Kurt Long ( Galoshes the Weather Clown ) Bianca Lopez ( Gennie ) Kit Pongetti ( Fran ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` The Three Days Rule '' Next → `` As Fast as She Can '' `` Right Place , Right Time '' is the 22nd episode of the fourth season of How I Met Your Mother and 86th overall . It aired on May 4 , 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Critical response 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Future Ted ( Bob Saget ) describes to his children a day near the beginning of his struggling solo architecture career , where a set of circumstances began his journey to meet their mother . The cold open shows Ted walking down his street with a yellow umbrella , stopping at a newsstand , giving some cash to a homeless man , and stopping at a crosswalk before a woman 's hand reaches over and touches his shoulder . Going backwards , Future Ted describes his desperation when he began doing solo architect work . Ted takes a job from a chain restaurant company to design a building shaped like a Stetson hat . When he complains to Robin about his lack of inspiration , she tells him to get out of the house and clear his head . He agrees to go out for a bagel , and Robin tells him to take an umbrella because her station 's clown weatherman said it would rain . As he comes down the steps , he turns right , but then turns left . Ted explains that a few days ago , Robin vomited into a local woman 's silk purse on her show because of food poisoning she got from one of Ted 's favorite restaurants , Schlegel 's Bagels . Ted turns the other way outside his apartment to go to his second favorite bagel place . At MacLaren 's , Barney finds a copy of `` Bro 's Life '' , and proceeds to go to Ted 's apartment . Barney then shows Ted the magazine and notes that he will be going out with a supermodel featured in the issue ( Petra Petrova ) . Barney declares that he is about to meet his goal of having sex with 200 women . He credits the number to an argument he had back in junior high . A bully named Matthew Panning taunted the young Barney , saying he had been with `` a hundred girls , '' and Barney retorted that he would be with 200 women some day . Unfortunately , as Robin checks over his list , she notices he has listed a woman twice , leaving Barney at woman number 198 , not 199 . He runs to his gym and sleeps with a female bodybuilder to get him up to 199 , but when he returns to the bar , Robin tells him that the list uses a number twice , so the bodybuilder was actually number 200 . Ted stops at the newsstand to check out the bodybuilding magazine `` Muscle Sexxy '' that Barney 's number 200 is featured in . During the discussion of Barney 's 200 sexual conquests ( which most of the other characters cite as `` too many '' ) , Marshall takes the conversation as an opportunity to take out some professionally made charts , showing Barney 's low `` batting average '' noting that only 1.2 percent of the women he approaches actually have sex with him . This leads into Marshall 's addiction to the charts that the GNB graphics department make up for him , including a list of presidents ' last names by order of innuendo ( complete with a `` Filmore '' misspelling ) , a Venn diagram based on Simon and Garfunkel 's `` Cecilia . '' Eventually , the gang pulls out the Intervention banner , causing Marshall to pull out a chart to refute their claims of sagging interest in the charts . After the intervention , Marshall discovers the gang threw away all his charts , including the ones necessary for an important meeting on tax shelters . Ted agrees to retrieve the charts , but finds them in the possession of an eccentric homeless man called Milt ( Dan Castellaneta ) , who agrees to sell them for one million dollars . Ted negotiates to pay him on a dollar - a-day basis . After stopping at the newsstand , Ted crosses the street to give the man a dollar , and continues down the street to a crosswalk . As he waits he is tapped on the shoulder by a woman 's hand . Future Ted talks about how fate is a funny thing , and that has control over your life , which is scary , but also beautiful , and that if anything had happened differently , the children would n't be there . He says that if he knew where all those circumstances were leading him , he would have gone back and thanked everyone involved , and in a montage Ted imagines going back and hugging everyone in the episode . The camera then turns to reveal that Stella is the woman behind Ted at the crosswalk . Afterwards , Barney is at the bar , sitting with a grown - up Matthew Panning , gloating over his success . Panning is happily married with kids , and is not the bullying jerk he once was . Panning is shocked that Barney has spent his adult life outdoing a lie he told in middle school and feels sorry for Barney ; Barney refuses to let it mar his victory . After he leaves , Barney tears up the list , stating that he wonders what he 'll do next . He then turns to see Robin at the bar . Production ( edit ) Writer Chris Harris used to work on Late Show with David Letterman alongside the creators of How I Met Your Mother Craig Thomas and Carter Bays . In this episode , Harris used a bit originally written for Letterman 's `` Charts and Graphs '' section that was never used . Critical response ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2014 ) Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club rated the episode B+ . Michelle Zoromski of IGN gave the episode 8.5 out of 10 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maureen Ryan ( 2009 - 04 - 10 ) . `` How ' How I Met Your Mother ' dealt with 2 pregnant stars , and what 's coming next on the comedy '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Donna Bowman ( 2009 - 05 - 04 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Right Place Right Time '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Michelle Zoromski ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Right Place Right Time Review . Charts , umbrellas and a sex quest '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 12 . External links ( edit ) `` Right Place Right Time '' on IMDb `` Right Place Right Time '' at TV.com ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Season 4 `` Do I Know You ? '' `` The Best Burger in New York '' `` I Heart NJ '' `` Intervention '' `` Shelter Island '' `` Happily Ever After '' `` Not a Father 's Day '' `` Woooo ! '' `` The Naked Man '' `` The Fight '' `` Little Minnesota '' `` Benefits '' `` Three Days of Snow '' `` The Possimpible '' `` The Stinsons '' `` Sorry , Bro '' `` The Front Porch '' `` Old King Clancy '' `` Murtaugh '' `` Mosbius Designs '' `` The Three Days Rule '' `` Right Place , Right Time '' `` As Fast as She Can '' `` The Leap '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_Place,_Right_Time_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=824549802 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother ( season 4 ) episodes 2009 American television episodes Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from May 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Wikipedia introduction cleanup from May 2014 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2014 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2014 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles to be expanded from May 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 00 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how i met your mother barney 200th girl
[ "Unfortunately, as Robin checks over his list, she notices he has listed a woman twice, leaving Barney at woman number 198, not 199. He runs to his gym and sleeps with a female bodybuilder to get him up to 199, but when he returns to the bar, Robin tells him that the list uses a number twice, so the bodybuilder was actually number 200. Ted stops at the newsstand to check out the bodybuilding magazine \"Muscle Sexxy\" that Barney's number 200 is featured in." ]
[ "bodybuilder" ]
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Government procurement in the United States
Government procurement in the United States - wikipedia Government procurement in the United States Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains instructions , advice , or how - to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts , not to train . Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how - to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage . ( August 2009 ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Government procurement in the United States is the process by which the Federal Government of the United States acquires goods , services ( notably construction ) , and interests in real property . In FY 2016 alone the US Federal Government spent $461 B on contracts . Contracts for Government procurement usually involve appropriated funds spent on supplies , services , and interests in real property by and for the use of the Federal Government through purchase or lease , whether the supplies , services , or interests are already in existence or must be created , developed , demonstrated , and evaluated . See 48 C.F.R. § 2.101 ( `` Acquisition '' defined , as to goods and services only ) . Federal Government contracting has the same legal elements as contracting between private parties : a lawful purpose , competent contracting parties , an offer , an acceptance that complies with the terms of the offer , mutuality of obligation , and consideration . However , Federal contracts are much more heavily regulated , subject to volumes of statutes dealing with Federal contracts and the Federal contracting process , mostly in Titles 10 , 31 , 40 , and 41 of the United States Code . Private parties entering into a contract with one another ( i.e. , commercial contracts ) are more free to establish a broad range of contract terms by mutual consent than a private party entering into a contract with the Federal Government . Each private party represents its own interests and can obligate itself in any lawful manner . Federal Government contracts allow for the creation of contract terms by mutual consent of the parties , but many areas addressed by mutual consent in commercial contracts are controlled by law in Federal contracts and legally require use of prescribed provisions and clauses . In commercial contracting , where one or both parties may be represented by agents whose authority is controlled by the law of agency , the agent is usually allowed to form a contract only with reference to accepted notions of commercial reasonableness and perhaps a few unique statutes that apply . In Federal Government contracting , specific regulatory authority is required for the Government 's agent to enter into the contract , and that agent 's bargaining authority is strictly controlled by statutes and regulations reflecting national policy choices and prudential limitations on the right of Federal employees to obligate Federal funds . By contrast , in commercial contracting , the law allows each side to rely on the other 's authority to make a binding contract on mutually agreeable terms . The authority of a Contracting Officer , the Government 's agent , to contract on behalf of the Government is set forth in public documents ( a warrant ) that a person dealing with the Contracting Officer can review . The Contracting Officer does not have authority to act outside of this warrant or to deviate from the laws and regulations controlling Federal Government contracts . The private contracting party is held to know the limitations of the Contracting Officer 's authority , even if the Contracting Officer does not . This makes contracting with the United States a more structured and restricted process than a commercial one . Contents ( hide ) 1 Scope 2 Law 2.1 United States Constitution 2.2 Statutes 2.2. 1 Antideficiency Act 2.2. 2 Identical bids 2.2. 3 FASA 2.3 Federal Acquisition Regulation 3 Acquisition process 3.1 Preparing a proposal 3.2 Planning 3.2. 1 Stripped Down Components 3.2. 2 Risk 3.2. 2.1 Requirement overbundling 3.3 Statement of work 3.4 Source selection 3.4. 1 Source Selection Criteria 3.5 Metrics / performance measures 3.6 Trade - in or sales authority 4 Contract administration 4.1 Contracting officer 4.2 Requests for Equitable Adjustments 4.3 Modifications 4.4 Claims 4.4. 1 Release of a claim 4.4. 2 Contract Disputes Act 4.5 Cancellation of contract 4.6 Terminations 4.7 Real options analysis 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Scope ( edit ) See also : Top 100 Contractors of the U.S. federal government Federal Procurement Reports provide contract data that may be used for geographical , market , and socio - economic analysis , as well as for measuring and assessing the impact of acquisition policy and management improvements . In Fiscal Year 2010 , the top five departments by dollars obligated were : Department of Defense ( $365.9 bn ) Department of Energy ( $25.7 bn ) Health and Human Services ( $19.0 bn ) General Services Administration ( $17.6 bn ) NASA ( $16.0 bn ) . The Top 100 Contractors Report for Fiscal Year 2009 lists contracts totalling $294.6 billion , the top five comprising aerospace and defense contractors : Lockheed Martin ( $38.5 bn ) Boeing ( $22.0 bn ) Northrop Grumman ( $19.7 bn ) General Dynamics ( $16.4 bn ) Raytheon ( $16.1 bn ) In the same period , small business contracts totalled $96.8 billion . Law ( edit ) The Federal Government 's authority to enter into contracts derives from the U.S. Constitution , which defines its powers . The Federal Government acts through legislation , treaties , implementing regulations , and the exercise of those authorities . The Federal Government 's power to contract is not set forth expressly and specifically in the U.S. Constitution . However , the U.S. Constitution appears to assume the continued vitality `` Engagements '' entered into under the Articles of Confederation . U.S. Const. , Art . VI . Moreover , the power to contract was and is regarded at law as necessarily incidental to the Federal Government 's execution of its other powers . An early Supreme Court case , United States v. Thomas Tingey , 30 U.S. 5 Pet. 115 ( 1831 ) , recognized that the United States Government has a right to enter into a contract . It is an incident to the general right of sovereignty , and the United States , may , within the sphere of the constitutional powers confided to it and through the instrumentality of the proper department to which those powers are confided , enter into contracts not prohibited by law and appropriate to the just exercise of those powers . Scores of statutes now also expressly authorize departments and agencies to enter into contracts . The U.S. Congress passes legislation that defines the process and additional legislation that provides the funds . Executive branch agencies enter into the contracts and expend the funds to achieve their Congressionally defined missions . When disputes arise , administrative processes within the agencies may resolve them , or the contractor can appeal to the courts . The procurement process for executive branch agencies ( as distinguished from legislative or judicial bodies ) is governed primarily by the Armed Services Procurement Act and the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act . To address the many rules imposed by Congress and the courts , a body of administrative law has been developed through the Federal Acquisition Regulation . This 53 - part regulation defines the procurement process including special preference programs , and includes the specific language of many clauses in Government contracts . Most agencies also have supplemental regulatory coverage contained in what are known as FAR Supplements . These supplements appear within the Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR ) volumes of the respective agencies . For example , the Department of Defense ( DOD ) FAR Supplement can be found at 10 CFR . Government contracts are governed by Federal common law , a body of law which is separate and distinct from the bodies of law applying to most businesses -- the Uniform Commercial Code ( UCC ) and the general law of contracts . The UCC applies to contracts for the purchase and sale of goods , and to contracts granting a security interest in property other than land . The UCC is a body of law passed by the U.S. state legislatures and is generally uniform among the states . The general law of contracts , which applies when the UCC does not , is mostly common law , and is also similar across the states , whose courts look to each other 's decisions when there is no in - state precedent . Contracts directly between the Government and its contractors ( `` prime contracts '' ) are governed by the Federal common law . Contracts between the prime contractor and its subcontractors are governed by the contract law of the respective states . Differences between those legal frameworks can put pressure on a prime contractor . United States Constitution ( edit ) The authority to purchase is not one of the explicitly enumerated powers given to the Federal Government by Section 8 of Article One of the United States Constitution , but courts found that power implicit in the Constitutional power to make laws that are necessary and proper for executing its specifically granted powers , such as the powers to establish post offices , post roads , banks , an army , a navy , or militias . Statutes ( edit ) Model of the Acquisition Process Behind any Federal Government acquisition is legislation that permits it and provided money for it . These are normally covered in authorization and appropriation legislation . Generally , this legislation does not affect the acquisition process itself , although the appropriation process has been used to amend procurement laws , notably with the Federal Acquisition Reform Act ( FARA ) and the Federal Acquisitions Streamlining Act ( FASA ) . Other relevant laws include the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 , the Armed Services Procurement Act ( ASPA ) and the Antideficiency Act . Antideficiency Act ( edit ) Main article : Antideficiency Act U.S. Federal fiscal law is about Congressional oversight of the Executive Branch , not principally toward getting the mission accomplished nor getting a good deal for the Government . Fiscal law frequently prevents Government agencies from signing agreements that commercial entities would sign . Therefore , fiscal law can constrain a Federal agency from the quickest , easiest , or cheapest way to accomplish its mission . This Constitutionally mandated oversight of the use of public funds is associated with the principle of checks and balances . A good working relationship and robust communication between the Executive and Legislative branches is the key to avoiding problems in this area . The teeth for fiscal law comes from the Antideficiency Act ( ADA ) , which provides that no one can obligate the Government to make payments for which money has not already been appropriated . The ADA also prohibits the Government from receiving gratuitous services without explicit statutory authority . In particular , an ADA violation occurs when a Federal agency uses appropriated funds for a different purpose than is specified in the appropriations act which provided the funds to the agency . The ADA is directly connected to several other fiscal laws , namely the Purpose Act and the Bona Fide Needs Rule . Money appropriated for one purpose can not be used for a different purpose , according to the Purpose Act ( 31 U.S.C. § 1301 ) . The annual DoD appropriations acts include approximately 100 different appropriations ( known as `` colors of money '' ) , and by this rule operations and maintenance ( O&M ) funds may not be used to buy weapons . Even an expenditure within the apparent scope of one appropriation may not be permissible if there is a more specific appropriation or the agency has made a previous funds election contrary to the proposed use of funds . For example , O&M fund can be used for purchasing repair parts , but if the parts are required to effect a major service life extension that is no longer repair but replacement -- procurement funds must be used if the total cost is more than $250,000 ( otherwise known as the Other Procurement threshold , for example , Other Procurement Army ( OPA ) threshold ) or another procurement appropriation is available such as the armored vehicle or weapons appropriation . An Antideficiency Act violation can also occur when a contract uses funds in a period that falls outside of the time period the funds are authorized for use under what is known as the Bona Fide Needs rule ( 31 USC 1502 ) , which provides : `` The balance of a fixed - term appropriation is available only for payment of expenses properly incurred during the period of availability or to complete contracts properly made within that period . '' The Bona Fide Need Rule is a fundamental principle of appropriations law addressing the availability as to time of an agency 's appropriation. 73 Comp. Gen. 77 , 79 ( 1994 ) ; 64 Comp. Gen. 410 , 414 - 15 ( 1985 ) . The rule establishes that an appropriation is available for obligation only to fulfill a genuine or bona fide need of the period of availability for which it was made . 73 Comp. Gen. 77 , 79 ( 1994 ) . It applies to all Federal Government activities carried out with appropriated funds , including contract , grant , and cooperative agreement transactions . 73 Comp. Gen. 77 , 78 - 79 ( 1994 ) . An agency 's compliance with the bona fide need rule is measured at the time the agency incurs an obligation , and depends on the purpose of the transaction and the nature of the obligation being entered into . 61 Comp. Gen. 184 , 186 ( 1981 ) ( bona fide need determination depends upon the facts and circumstances of the particular case ) . In the grant context , the obligation occurs at the time of award . 31 Comp. Gen. 608 ( 1952 ) . See also 31 U.S.C. Sec. 1501 ( a ) ( 5 ) ( B ) . Simply put , this rule states that the Executive Branch may only use current funds for current needs -- they can not buy items which benefit future year appropriation periods ( i.e. , 1 October through 30 September ) without a specific exemption . The net result of this rule is funds expire after the end date for which Congress has specified their availability . For example , a single year fund expires on 1 October of the year following their appropriation ( i.e. , FY07 appropriations . ( for example , 1 October 2006 through 30 September 2007 ) expire on 1 October 2007 ) . For example , operations and maintenance funds generally can not be used to purchase supplies after 30 September of the year they are appropriated within with several exceptions -- 1 ) the severable services exemption under 10 USC 2410 and Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) Circular A-34 , Instructions on Budget Execution , 2 ) Authorized stockage level exceptions and 3 ) long lead time exception . ( see https://www.safaq.hq.af.mil/contracting/affars/fiscal-law/bona-fide-need.doc ) The Government Accounting Office Principles of Federal Appropriations Law ( otherwise known as the GAO Redbook at http://www.gao.gov/legal.htm ) has a detailed discussion of these fiscal law rules which directly impact on the ability of a Federal agency to contract with the private sector . Identical bids ( edit ) President Kennedy 's Executive Order 10936 of 24 April 1961 required federal agencies to investigate and report on identical bids received in connection with the procurement of goods or services . It was revoked by President Reagan in 1983 by Executive Order 12430 . Kennedy 's order reflected concern that `` the prevalence of identical bidding ( was ) harmful to the effective functioning of a system of competitive bids '' and that `` identical bidding ( might ) constitute evidence of the existence of conspiracies to monopolize or restrain trade or commerce '' . Reagan 's order argued that the requirement had `` proved ineffective '' and `` consume ( d ) resources that could be employed in a more effective manner to prevent antitrust violations '' . FASA ( edit ) Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act of 1994 ( FASA ) Pub . L. No. 103 - 355 , 108 Stat. 3243 10 U.S.C. § 2323 has language similar to FASA for the Department of Defense ( DoD ) , NASA and the Coast Guard . In this legislation , Congress extended the affirmative action authority granted DoD by 10 U.S.C. § 2323 to all agencies of the Federal Government . See 15 U.S.C. § 644 note . Regulations to implement that authority were delayed because of the decision in Adarand Constructors v. Peña , 515 U.S. 200 ( 1995 ) . See 60 Fed . Reg . 48,258 ( September 18 , 1995 ) . See 61 Fed . Reg . 26,042 ( May 23 , 1996 ) ( proposed reforms to affirmative action in Federal procurement ) for the basis for the regulations to implement this provision of FASA . See 62 Fed . Reg . 25,648 ( May 9 , 1997 ) for Government response to comments on the proposal , and 62 Fed . Reg . 25,786 ( May 9 , 1997 ) ( proposed rules ) , 63 Fed . Reg . 35,719 ( June 30 , 1998 ) ( interim rules ) , and 63 Fed . Reg . 36,120 ( July 1 , 1998 ) ( interim rules ) , Federal Acquisition Regulation , Reform of Affirmative Action in Federal Procurement addressing the General Services Administration ( GSA ) , NASA , and DoD . Federal acquisition Regulation ( edit ) Main article : Federal Acquisition Regulation The procurement process is subject to legislation and regulation separate from the authorization and appropriation process . These regulations are included in the Code of Federal Regulations ( `` CFR '' ) , the omnibus listing of Government regulations , as Title 48 . Chapter 1 of Title 48 is commonly called the Federal Acquisition Regulation ( `` FAR '' ) . The remaining chapters of Title 48 are supplements to the FAR for specific agencies . The process for promulgating regulations including the Federal Acquisition Regulation ( FAR ) includes publication of proposed rules in the Federal Register and receipt of comments from the public before issuing the regulation . Courts treat the FAR as having the `` force and effect of law '' , and Contracting Officers do not have the authority to deviate from it . Supplements to the FAR have been issued following the same process , and have the same force and effect . The FAR and its supplements permit a substantial variation from the purchases of paperclips to battleships . The Contracting Officer and the contractor must seek to achieve their sometimes conflicting goals while following the requirements of the regulations . As with any complex document ( in book form , Title 48 of the CFR requires several shelves ) , the FAR and its supplements can be interpreted differently by different people . Acquisition process ( edit ) Generally , Federal acquisitions begin with identification of a requirement by a specific Federal activity . A basic idea of what is needed and the problem statement is prepared and the requiring activity meets with an acquisition command having a Contracting Officer with an appropriate warrant issued by a specific acquisition activity . Contracting Officers have different contracting thresholds and capabilities . Each one has a specific warrant that states the conditions under which they are permitted to engage in Federal contracting . Depending on the contracting activity , some contracting officers may have no experience whatever with the product , service or requirements in question or knowledge of any of the potential vendor base , creating a weakness in the Government procurement process . Preparing a proposal ( edit ) Frequently , contractor proposals in response to a Request for Proposals ( RFP ) include an exact copy of the RFP 's statement of work . An offeror 's response usually indicates their approach to performing the statement of work , their approach to managing the program or project , and examples of past performance on projects similar in size , scope , and complexity . Evaluator scoring penalizes proposals that contain `` fluff '' or generic information that does not directly pertain to the specifics of the solicitation -- the Government 's need , source selection factors and work statement or performance specification . Charts and other infographics can help a proposal . Examples would be : a six - line chart of the most compelling credentials of contractor 's key personnel , or including a picture of a uniformed security guard on the pages describing contractor 's uniforms . Professional proposal writers often have graphic design experience . A proposal can be too long , causing the Government 's source selection authority to skim over it . The Government source selection team may not wish to spend much time on the acquisition source selection . Also , it is possible for vendors to put too much information into proposals which do not go to the heart of the acquisition , particularly information not related to the source selection criteria as well as the work statement . For simple acquisitions , Government source selection authorities have responded favorably to proposals which emphasize experience with the specific requirement that the Government is seeking to source and information on how a product or service will meet the needs of the Government as stated in the source selection factors and the work statement . Contractors must also be aware of whether or not price is more important than non-price factors . Where price is more important than non-price factors , then the lowest bidder who is technically acceptable in view of the source selection factors and work statement requirements will be selected . Where the solicitation indicates that the requirement is a best value acquisition , then a contractor must draft their proposal to emphasize how their proposed technical solution will meet each and every requirement and source selection factor . For more complex acquisitions , source selection authorities will be interested in how the contractor will produce service or non-service deliverables . Thus , staffing plans , methodology to produce , past experience , ISO certifications , and other information which shows that risks to the Government acquisition have been identified and mitigated should be rated higher than other proposals which do not show such information . However , it is important that the proposal first and foremost address the solicitation 's work statement or technical specifications and source selection factors . Contractors must also be aware of the contract clauses in the contract to include requirements for specific standards which do not directly relate to the deliverables in question to include small business or minority set - aside requirements , Davis - Bacon ( essentially local union labor rates must be used ) , specific accounting standards , specific certifications , etc . Planning ( edit ) The requiring activity and Contracting Officer , ideally , will commence acquisition planning as a first step to a Federal acquisition . Acquisition planning is described in FAR Part 7 , Acquisition Planning , and any agency supplement to the FAR , for example , Defense FAR Supplement ( DFARS ) 207 , Acquisition Planning . Components to an agency , such as the US Army , as well as the individual contracting command in question frequently also have an acquisition instruction which includes additional instructions on acquisition planning . For example , the US Army must follow AFARS Part 7 , Acquisition Planning . Acquisition planning is frequently dependent on the circumstances . For example , during World War II , quantity was the key . As in the Civil War , the U.S. achieved victory due in large part to the American industrial base . A war of attrition requires massive quantities of material , but not necessarily of great quality . During the Cold War , quality was key . The United States may not have had as many pieces of equipment as their opposition , but that equipment could be more effective , efficient , or lethal , and offset the opposition 's numerical advantage . Today , the military needs equipment that works where it is needed , is dependable , has a high degree of maintainability , has long - term reliability , is agile , versatile , and avoids equipment choices that result in political debate and partisan politics . As part of the acquisition planning process , the Government must address its buying power leverage . Many Government acquisition commands write acquisitions solely based on haphazard acquisition strategies that are primarily directed toward avoiding bid protests . Thus , it is necessary to emphasize competition and understand the acquisition from the view point of the contractor ; Government acquisition commands should ask what is to be achieved and whether or not the program is really in the best interest of the Government . Many Federal acquisitions are rushed due to poor time management . In these cases , the tendency is to issue a sole - source contract to known vendors even though FAR Part 6 specifically forbids sole - source contracting when it is due to lack of advanced planning . There is also a high cost premium that is added to the cost of an acquisition when a buyer wants a supplier / vendor to rush to execute a contract or push their contract to the head of all other work the contractor / vendor is executing . It is often said that `` if you want it bad , you get it bad . '' Accordingly , bad acquisition planning generally produces poor and unjustifiable acquisition outcomes . Thus , it is critical to understand the time resources that are required to properly plan and execute a Federal acquisition . Generally , a Government acquisition for moderate to complex requirements requires at least 120 days . A variety of factors can affect the contracting process and the contract clauses that are used in a Federal acquisition , including : Cost : A number of cost thresholds exist that trigger increasing degrees of complexity in the acquisition process . These thresholds include the micro-purchase threshold , the simplified acquisition threshold , and the commercial items threshold . The micro-purchase threshold , as of August 2007 , is generally $3,000 , with some exception . No competition or publication requirements are mandated for micro-purchases ; generally , the Government Commercial Purchase Card ( GCPC ) can be used for these purchases under FAR Part 13 . From $3,000 to $100,000 , agencies may make use of Simplified Acquisition Procedures under FAR Part 13 . Blanket purchase agreements , basic ordering agreements , or other contracts may be awarded under simplified procedures , which allow supplies or services to be ordered at a predetermined fair and reasonable price . The simplified acquisition threshold can be increased in situations specified in FAR Part 13 , including overseas contingency operations ( for example , military operations ) and during nuclear / biological / radiological disasters up to the limits described in FAR Part 2 , Definitions . FAR Part 13 simplified acquisition procedures can be used up to $5,000,000 ( $11 M under specified exceptions ) under a test program in which Congress continues to reauthorize for acquisition of commercial items under FAR Subpart 13.5 , Test Program for Certain Commercial Items . Items must qualify as a commercial item under the definition of FAR Part 2 and be supported by market research as specified in FAR Part 10 . Type of acquisition ( FAR Part 16 , Types of Contracts ) : There are two main types of contracts -- fixed price and cost reimbursement . In deciding which type to use , a Contracting Officer 's identification of risk is key . A very well known requirement , such as for commercial off - the - shelf ( COTS ) items ( in which no R&D would be needed and there are no high risk aspects ) would be best acquired using a fixed - price contract , in which a price is fixed and includes the contractor 's profit ; all risk of cost overrun is transferred to the contractor . A higher risk , more unknown requirement is more suited for cost reimbursement type contracts , in which the contractor is reimbursed for all costs , and is paid a fee above that amount . In this arrangement , cost overrun risk is placed mainly upon the Government . Buying patterns : If an agency has a continuing need for a requirement over a period of time , a vehicle that permits multiple orders may be advantageous . For example , a blanket purchasing agreement ( BPA ) or a basic ordering agreement ( BOA ) as described in FAR Part 13 may be used , which allow for repeated purchases at predetermined fair and reasonable prices . Above the simplified acquisition threshold , an indefinite - delivery , indefinite - quantity ( IDIQ ) contract may be executed , as described in FAR Part 16.5 . Availability of existing contract vehicles : Agencies may use existing BPAs or BOAs , provided that the use is within the general scope of the contract . For example , an agency can make use of Federal Supply Schedules as described in FAR Subpart 8.4 . Schedules offered by the General Services Administration ( GSA ) provide a number of pre-competed contract vehicles that give an immediate ability to obtain goods or services without going through the full contracting process ( http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/contentView.do?contentId=8106&contentType=GSA_OVERVIEW ) . Mandatory Sources : FAR Part 8 discusses the mandatory use of certain sources for acquiring some types of supplies and services . These sources include the Federal Prison Industries , various vendors who hire blind and disabled persons , and Federal Supply Schedules . Certain items can not be purchased by most agencies , such as passenger motor vehicles ; all passenger motor vehicles must be purchased by GSA , unless a waiver is obtained . This is due in part to Congressional restrictions on the use of appropriated funds to purchase vehicles and the special authority that GSA has as the Federal Government 's motor pool manager . Small Businesses and Socioeconomic Issues : Contracting with small businesses and firms affected by certain socioeconomic factors require a highly complex subset of Government regulation which is described by FAR Parts 19 and 26 . Other requirements often apply to acquisitions depending upon the circumstances . These can include those listed in FAR Part 36 , Construction and Architect - Engineer Contracts ; FAR Part 41 , Acquisition of Utility Services ; and FAR Part 37 , Service Contracting . Outside of a specified exception , acquisitions having a cost above the simplified acquisition threshold or the special authority under FAR Subpart 13.5 must be performed using the process specified under FAR Part 14 , Sealed Bidding , or FAR Part 15 , Contracting by Negotiation . Workload of the Government contracting office and requiring activity . Contract vehicle selection ( primarily indefinitely duration , indefinite quantity ( IDIQ ) versus stand alone `` C '' contracts ) , market research , competition , use of performance incentives ( or not ) , earned valued management system ( EVMS ) use , length of contract , number of options periods , simplification of source selection strategy and evaluation factors , inattention to fine acquisition details such as with regard to technical data rights , bundling of contract requirements into larger contract vehicles , and other decisions having a direct impact on acquisition outcomes including cost are frequently driven by workload of contracting and requiring activities . Bundling of requirements to reduce contracting actions in particular reduce contracting workload but necessarily create increased risks and other undesirable impacts to include reduction of potential vendors who directly accomplish the work in question ( thereby increasing subcontracting and decreasing specific experience with particular categories of work by prime contractors ) . Overbundling also reduces competition by reducing the number of vendors willing to take responsibility as a prime integrator over areas that are not in their core business . At some point , bundling reduces vendor base to so called prime integrators who do little to none of the work in house . An acquisition plan may have numerous elements as listed in FAR 7.105 ; depending upon the estimated cost of the acquisition , these elements include : Statement of need and background Applicable conditions Cost Life cycle costs if applicable Capability or performance Delivery or performance requirements Tradeoffs -- expected consequences of tradeoffs among cost , capability and schedule Milestone chart depicting acquisition objectives Plan of action Potential sources Competition plan -- whether full and open competition used , and if not , justification Source selection procedures Acquisition considerations Potential Government furnished information , equipment or services Security and / or force protection considerations Budgeting and funding Product or service description Logistics considerations Environmental considerations Contract administration issues Participants in acquisition plan preparation ( including source selection committee ) During the planning of an acquisition , several key aspects of the effort are decided , including : The degree of competition required under FAR Part 6 , Competition Requirements ( i.e. , full and open competition , full and open competition after exclusion of sources , or other than full and open competition , also called `` sole - source '' ) Publication requirements for the acquisition ( FAR Part 5 , Publicizing Contract Actions ) Preparation of the SOW / PWS -- a document that specifies the `` who , what , when , where , how '' of the contract ; it must be specific enough for the contractor to adequately price the requirement and to be enforceable in court . Measurable outcomes must be stated clearly . Required amount and type of funding for the proposed acquisition Contract line item number ( CLIN ) structure : this is generally in Section B of an issued contract that is constructed in the Uniform Contract Format . The CLIN Schedule is what the offeror prices in their offer / proposal . It is often advantageous to construct a CLIN Schedule that matches an outline of the work statement . Failure to properly structure the CLIN structure to the contents of a work statement can lead to an inability to determine how much a contractor should be paid or penalized if performance issues arise . Source selection criteria ( SSC ) : Source selection criteria `` 1 ) Represent the key areas of importance and emphasis to be considered in the source selection decision ; and ( 2 ) Support meaningful comparison and discrimination between and among competing proposals . '' ( FAR 15.304 , Evaluation factors and significant subfactors ) . Independent Government cost estimate Market research : Market research is a critical part of knowledge - based acquisitions . Information - driven and informed decision - making requires complete information to execute successful acquisitions . FAR Part 10 , Market Research , gives guidance on the process of market research and its role in Federal acquisitions . Acquisition Risks : Risk in contracting falls into three categories -- schedule risk , performance risk and cost risk . Risks to the acquisition , including negative past experiences , must be identified and mitigation measures and risk allocation between the Government and a potential vendor determined . Government provided equipment , resources , support or information : Often , the Government must provide for equipment , logistics support , information , and many other items vital to performance of a contract . If there are proprietary information in the potential Government furnished information ( GFI ) , then measures must be taken to avoid violation of applicable regulations . Effective market research assists the Government in : understanding industry terminology , understanding the basic concepts of the desired service or equipment item , identifying potential contractors that provide the item determining the correct scope of the requirement to best fit the vendor base Lack of adequate market research often results in contracts that fail to achieve the customer 's expectations . Requiring activities are sometimes asked to write work statements on subject matter with which they have little experience . Persons with little knowledge as to how to conduct market research must seek training or guidance or apply the same common sense they would use if they were buying a high value item for themselves . Stripped Down Components ( edit ) Work statement : Deliverable list with performance and objective specifications if not a service contract ( no brand names except as example ) Measurable outcome deliverables in a service contract Construction or architecture & engineering ( A&E ) ( FAR Part 36 ) Schedule / milestones ( included in work statement ) CLINS matched tightly with work statement structure / outline Source selection criteria Risk ( edit ) Contracting is all about risk allocation and minimizing risk to include cost , schedule and performance . The more vague the contract work statement , the more risk that the Government assumes . Risk from Program Manager , Contracting and Investor 's Perspective : Risk . A measure of the inability to achieve program objectives within defined cost and schedule constraints . Risk is associated with all aspects of the program , for example , threat , technology , design processes , Work breakdown structure ( WBS ) elements , etc . It has two components , the probability of failing to achieve a particular outcome , and the consequences of failing to achieve that outcome . Risk from a Lawyer 's Standpoint : Does this contract adequately describe all essential work / expectations , is there a schedule and is it enforceable ? What are our remedies , if any ? Requiring activities and frequently contracting officers want to get an acquisition on contract as quickly as possible ; sometimes too quickly . Thus , contracting officers and acquisition attorneys will frequently have to carefully review the overall acquisition to identify risks to cost , schedule and performance and recommend mitigation measures to decrease these risk areas . Risk from an Investor 's perspective : What is my expected payoff ? The larger the expected payoff , the larger the associated risk , and vice versa . An Investor , who is a shareholder in a contracting company , will seek to carefully balance the expected payoff with the associated risk , and he is incentivized to seek a large payoff , as long as the risk is acceptable . This perspective is unique in the sense that risk represents both opportunity and danger to the Investor , while it only represents danger to the Program Manager and the Lawyer . In other words , there is a misalignment in the perception of risk between the Program Manager , the Lawyer , and the Investor . It is ultimately the Investor who owns the contracting company , and this misalignment will have an effect on the Investor 's behavior and the stock 's performance . Requirement over-bundling ( edit ) Cost , schedule and performance risk can be increased by over-bundling of a requirement into a single acquisition vehicle . Over-bundling dries up the possible vendor base that might otherwise compete for a requirement . Thus , it is critical that an evaluation of the possible vendors who might compete for the overall work statement / deliverables be accomplished . For example , having a work statement for asphalt roads , space shuttles , hot dog carts , movie projectors and skyscrapers is unlikely to get a good vendor ; only a prime integrator will bid on that type of bloated requirement , thereby stacking a tremendous amount of overhead into the price of the acquisition . In the best - case scenario , the prime integrator will merely go out and contract with the vendors the Government should have gone with in the first place . The worst case is the prime integrator will mismanage outsourcing to their subcontractors and poor results will ensue . Overhead costs of over 100 % of the price of the subcontractors is not uncommon in this situation , especially in Iraq . This analysis will frequently require splitting up a requirement into different pieces . The bundling of a requirement also has the very bad effect of making the SSCs and CLIN structure difficult to use in source selection , price evaluation and contract administration . Overbundled requirements frequently suffer from very vague requirements and work statements , particularly in service contracts . In service contracts , the CLIN structure is priced on a per person per hour basis rather than on the service work deliverables themselves . Government or contractor ability to prepare cost or price estimates for vague work statements is severely limited ; Accordingly , the Government will negotiate a labor rate , number of people and individual qualifications for the requirement given that is the only feasible way to get an idea of cost . However , use of per person / per hour pricing for services is a poor contracting practice given the Government retains virtually all performance , cost and schedule risk given the contractor has fully performed under the CLIN statement when they provide the qualified body , rather than providing the needed service . One could argue that a CLIN statement which overbundles work in even a well written work statement and prices the work on a per person / per hour basis with limits on the numbers of person and types of qualifications the contractor can use is in contradiction to the work statement given the means the Government has asked the contractor to price the contract bears no relationship to the actual work itself and the Government is directing the contractor on how to execute the requirement -- thus interfering with contractor performance and a sign of an employee - employer relationship rather than an independent contracting relationship . Also , the CLIN structure which prices on a per person basis or per hour basis generally pays for such persons on an annual basis rather than merely for the service on an a la carte or as - needed basis , therefore driving up costs in many cases . Pricing on a per person or per hour basis is a sign that a contract likely also qualifies as a personal services contract under FAR Part 37 -- technically violating at least the spirit , if not the letter , of the Classification Act and FAR Part 37 except in specific circumstances and with specific determinations and findings . Use of prime integrators in overbundled contracts sometimes has led to poor results in a number of major systems acquisitions . For example , what would happen if say the US Navy went too far in allowing contractors to make choices that make economic sense in the specific acquisition but add cost to the overall Navy ? Example is a prime integrator who gets a good deal on a specific radar system that is not used in any other ship system -- makes this specific buy cheaper but overall this costs the Navy a great deal of money given a lack of interoperability that drives a need to stand up training schools , supply system , work force increase , etc . Over-bundling makes it easy for contracting , but many times , especially for complex acquisitions , does not deliver the results expected by the customer or war fighter for complex acquisitions , especially acquisitions that the acquisition command in question has little experience with or has substantial turn over of personnel during the life of the acquisition . Small business acquisitions have mandatory restrictions on over-bundling . However , non-small business acquisitions are not subject to the same rules . Example of how over-bundling causes big problems ( permutations and evaluation of total price in source selection ) : Lets say a requiring activity wants to get polling services . Acquisition planning reveals there are five polls in ten different regions . However , it turns out that the Government will only be ordering one of the five polls in any real numbers and that particular poll is much more expensive in actual cost than the other four . If a weighting scheme is not applied to this bundled requirement , a vendor can make the four lightly ordered polls very cheap in their offer and the high volume poll very expensive , based on their knowledge of the ordering patterns of the Government in past acquisitions . Thus , on its face , the overall price of a bid when each poll is added together to arrive at a total price ( used in source selection ) would look attractive but in practice , the Government will burn through its budget very quickly given the vast majority of the actually ordered polls are extremely expensive ( even though the actual cost of the most frequently ordered poll is far less than what was in the offer ) . To avoid the headache of a weighting scheme , all five polls should be broken apart and contracted for separately so they can be judged on their merits . This is an example of what is frequently done on major indefinite duration , indefinite quantity ( IDIQ ) contracts and explains why some acquisitions are appallingly expensive and require additional funding to achieve the requiring activity 's objectives . Statement of work ( edit ) Main article : Statement of work The statement of work ( SOW ) is a formal document submitted along with the request for proposal ( RFP ) to a vendor that defines the work to be performed , the location of the work , the deliverable schedule , applicable performance standards , any special requirements ( e.g. , security clearances , travel , and special knowledge ) , and the period of performance . Source selection ( edit ) The Procurement Integrity Act ( PIA ) applies to the personnel that engage in Federal source selections to include prohibitions on gifts to source selection personnel , restrictions on dissemination of procurement sensitive information and post Government employment restrictions . Source selection refers to the process for evaluating contractor proposals or quotes submitted in response to a request for proposals ( RFP ) or request for quotes ( RFQ ) based on the contract solicitation . Source selection is driven by what instructions to offerors clause is included in the contract solicitation ( e.g. , FAR 52.212 - 2 with the tailored language spelling out what the source selection criteria are , weighting , etc . ) . After the requiring activity has written their SOW / PWS , figured out source selection approach , then selected factors and subfactors , then figured out weighting of non cost / price factors , then understood consequences of the above , they write a source selection plan ( SSP ) . A SSP gives instructions to a source selection committee on how to evaluate each proposal . Courts will defer to the source selection committee 's business judgment , so facts must be included to base a decision on ; the source selection committee must not be arbitrary or lack facts in the record for their findings . Ultimately , risk evaluation is where a source selection team wants to be . That is what is used to determine weakness , significant weakness and deficiencies , which are briefed to unsuccessful offerors . Making the connection between risk evaluation / source selection criteria / factors and offeror proposals is what source selection is all about The process used for source selection can be selected from FAR Parts 13 , Simplified Acquisition , 14 , Sealed Bidding or 15 , Contracting by Negotiation . Contractors competing for a Government requirement have an opportunity to request clarification or amendment of a work statement or solicitation . The request for clarification must be done relatively early in the acquisition process , preferably as close to the publication of a solicitation , RFQ , RFP or other publication . Frequently contracting officers will agree to such clarifications if a contractor 's request is well reasoned . Key principles for source selection : Tell them what basis you are going to award it on ( award criteria ) ( tell them ) Award it based on what you said you would award it based on ( do what you said you would do ) Document what you did . ( Tell them that you did what you said you would do in the first place ) More is better as long as it makes sense . If discussions are held , read the bid protests on discussions first to make sure you understand how to do it . Competitive Range -- Defined at FAR 15.305 ( c ) -- used `` if discussions are to be conducted ... . '' Competitive Range is a tool that you use when you expect many proposals so only the most competitive proposals need to be evaluated . FAR 15.209 : `` If the Government intends to make award AFTER DISCUSSIONS WITH THE OFFERORS IN THE COMPETITIVE RANGE ... insert ( provision at 52.21501 ... ) '' Offers excluded from competitive range must follow notification procedures at 15.503 ( a ) and debriefing procedures at FAR 15.305 ( c ) ( 4 ) . Do NOT use competitive ranges to exclude offers / proposals unless solicitation stated discussions were going to be used . FAR 15.306 ( c ) . If a competitive range is used , you MUST send pre-award notifications to offerors thus excluded . An agency entering into discussions must provide `` meaningful discussions '' ( See GAO decisions on this issue ) . If FAR Part 15 is used , there MUST be a proposal evaluation under FAR 15.305 to include a `` fair and reasonable '' price determination under FAR 15.305 ( a ) ( 1 ) , a past performance evaluation under FAR 15.305 ( a ) ( 2 ) and a technical evaluation under FAR 15.305 ( a ) ( 3 ) . For each factor rating , identify each offeror 's key strengths , uncertainties and deficiencies of the proposal and then explain how the strengths , uncertainties and deficiencies resulted in that rating . Focus specifically on the factors and subfactors specifically stated in the solicitation / instructions to offerors . Do not use unstated source selection criteria to select the winning offer . Discuss those discriminators that make one offeror better than another based on the selection criteria . Be as detailed and focused upon discriminators as the source selection results allow . If something was not a discriminator then say so and also state why it was not . If the strength had no bearing on the offerors rating , state so . Adequately address the impact of past performance on the decision ; remember , no past performance is rated NEUTRAL ! ! A drafter of the source selection decision document must show the source selection authorities thought process and reasons behind the comparative analysis . Use a declaration of thinking / intent on the part of the source selection authority ( SSA ) . For example : I selected ; I thought ; I determined ; I reviewed ; etc . Source selections can not compare the offers against each other . Only against the award criteria . Spend some time on the summary to make it correct as it is very important . It is meant to very quickly put in words the best of the key discriminators used by the SSA to reach their decision . Do n't focus the discussion on only one offeror . The Source Selection Decision Document ( SSDD ) compares assessments of the successful offeror against the others . If there are a large number of offerors , the detailed discussion may be limited to the most highly rated offerors . Some light discussion of lower rated offerors is needed when a competitive range is not established . Do n't use ratings with contradicting supporting language , such as a `` not detailed '' rated `` excellent . '' Examine ratings closely as they relate to your technical discussions . Ensure they are consistent ( i.e. , avoid having a weakness discussed in one proposal evaluation and not another proposal having the same weakness ) . Do n't identify or list weaknesses without discussing them and their importance to the thought process . Do n't treat a neutral performance confidence assessment favorably or unfavorably . ( Do n't disqualify an offeror for having a neutral rating . ) No past performance must be rated as neutral under FAR Part 13 and FAR Subpart 15.3 . Ensure that , when documenting an award decision in the SSDD , SSA 's are focusing on the underlying advantages and disadvantages of the proposals rather than merely the ratings themselves . HoveCo , B - 298697 : http://www.gao.gov/decisions/bidpro/298697.pdf Agency regulations frequently provide guidance on source selections : See for example , AFARS 5115.308 Source selection decision -- `` A source selection decision document must be prepared for all source selections and reflect the SSA 's integrated assessment and decision . The document must be the single summary document supporting selection of the best value proposal consistent with the stated evaluation criteria . It must clearly explain the decision and documents the reasoning used by the SSA to reach a decision . The document should be releasable to the General Accounting Office and others authorized to receive proprietary and source selection information . When releasing a copy to offerors or to anyone not authorized to receive proprietary and source selection information , redacted material should be limited to that which is proprietary and that which must continue to be protected as source selection information . '' Consistency : what is bad for one proposal is bad for all ; find an adverse comment , then look at of the proposals of the other bidders and see if the same problem exists in there and was not written up in the evaluation for those proposals . What is good for one proposal is good for all proposals ( See above ) Take a hard look at definitions in instructions given to source selection committee -- look at the words in them ; start with the worst definition , i.e. , unacceptable , look at the words in it , then see if those words show up in evaluations that are rated higher than that definition in the rating worksheets . If you have something bad in the proposal you want to win , then acknowledge it in your source decision document , and STATE THAT IT DID NOT AFFECT YOUR DECISION OF X REGARDING RATING OF THAT PROPOSAL ! ! ! -- if the same thing is bad in another proposal , then say the same thing in that one as well . The word `` non-responsive '' IS ONLY USED IN SEALED BIDDING ! It should NEVER be used in FAR Parts 13 or 15 evaluation processes . Packages missing things are just rated lower for example , poor , good , unacceptable or IAW FAR of weakness , significant weakness , etc . Compare SOW and delivery schedules on solicitation ( for example , RFP / RFQ ) to what is in proposals word for word to see if everything was addressed . State if something is missing to justify lower ratings ; talk about everything that applies for each award criteria to `` pile on '' good comments for proposals you like ; then show that more good was said about the ones you liked , and less good was said about the ones you do n't . Do the best you can with bad source selection or award criteria . Just make sure it is consistently applied Source selection criteria ( edit ) Source Selection Criteria ( SSC ) can be simple or complex depending on the subject of the acquisition . If FAR Part 15 is used , then a concept called best value can be used ; best value simply is an idea that the lowest bidder is not necessarily the winner of a competition -- rather , an evaluation of the overall offer based on specified SSCs is accomplished and a source selection decision is accomplished ( see below ) based on those specified SSCs using a fact - based business judgement of the acquiring activity . SSCs can vary widely in complexity depending on the acquisition process used , for example , FAR Part 13 , Simplified Acquisition , or FAR Part 15 , Negotiated Procurement . For example , under FAR Part 15 , there is a range of source selection models including : Lowest Price ( LP ) that is Technically Acceptable ( TA ) based on statement of work ( SOW ) ( LPTA ) ( use this for VERY SIMPLE BUYS -- for example , pencils ) LPTA with Past Performance ( partial tradeoff ) ( more complicated ) Full Tradeoff based on LP , TA , past performance and stated criteria including SOW ( VERY COMPLICATED BUYS ) ( sometimes known as best value ) Do not have to select lowest price Can select higher priced proposal that provides better solution to objectives A Business Judgment - based decision with rational basis If FAR Part 13 , simplified acquisition is used , then a contracting officer can select from a range of processes including Government Purchase Card ( GPC ) for purchases under the micro-purchase threshold ( see definition section of FAR for current value ( for example , in U.S. , it is currently $2,500 ) , simplified acquisition threshold ( see FAR definition section , currently up to $150,000 within the U.S. with certain exceptions ) , or up to $6.5 M for commercial items / services . Under FAR Part 13 , contracting officers are not required to use FAR Part 15 processes or follow the publication requirements of FAR Part 5 , however they MUST create their own processes to follow . Vendor past performance is generally included as a source selection criteria . It is important to include a requirement for `` recent and relevant '' past performance . Inadequate SSCs renders the best work statement and CLIN worthless . Metrics / performance measures ( edit ) Main article : Performance metric A metric is a meaningful measurement taken over a period of time that communicates vital information about a process or activity , leading to fact - based decisions . Focus on where things go bad -- not resource effective to measure everything . Instead , select the critical few metrics for mission essential processes , process that have historically experienced chronic problems or process choke points and monitor them . Characteristics of a good metric : Meaningful to the customer Simple , understandable , logical and repeatable Shows a trend Clearly defined Data that 's economical to collect Timely Drives appropriate action ( this is most important feature of a good metric ) Shows how organizational goals and objectives are being met through tasks and processes Trade - in or sales authority ( edit ) 40 USC 181 ( c ) provides : `` In acquiring personal property , any executive agency , under regulations to be prescribed by the Administrator , subject to regulations prescribed by the Administrator for Federal Procurement Policy pursuant to the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act may exchange or sell similar items and may apply the exchange allowance or proceeds of sale in such cases in whole or in part payment for the property acquired ... '' The Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 gives agencies general authority to sell personal property and use the proceeds to replace similar property during the same fiscal year or the next one , like a used car trade - in . The Miscellaneous Receipts Act ( 31 USC 3302 ) mandates that funds received by the US Government must be deposited in the miscellaneous receipts account at the US Treasury unless a specific exemption was authorized by Congress . The Miscellaneous Receipts Act prevents the Executive Branch from financing itself except as specifically authorized by Congress . 40 USC 181 ( c ) thus is necessary to ensure a command that essentially trades or sells items , frequently information technology ( IT ) equipment , can retain the receipts from the trade in or sale and apply them to acquisition of replacement items . Contract administration ( edit ) Contracting Officer ( edit ) Unless specifically prohibited by another provision of law , an agency 's authority to contract is vested in the agency head , for example , the Secretary of the Air Force or the Administrator , National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Agency heads delegate their authority to Contracting Officers , who either hold their authority by virtue of their position or must be appointed in accordance with procedures set forth in the Federal Acquisition Regulation . Only Contracting Officers may sign Government contracts on behalf of the Government . 48 CFR § 1.601 . A Contracting Officer has only the authority delegated pursuant to law and agency procedures . This authority is set forth in the Contracting Officer 's certificate of appointment ( formerly called a `` warrant '' ) . Unlike in commercial contracting , there is no doctrine of apparent authority applicable to the Government . Any action taken by a Contracting Officer that exceeds the Contracting Officer 's actual delegated authority is not binding on the Government , even if both the Contracting Officer and the contractor desire the action and the action benefits the Government . The contractor is presumed to know the scope of the Contracting Officer 's authority and can not rely on any action of Contracting Officers when it exceeds their authority . Contracting Officers are assisted in their duties by Contracting Officer Representatives ( CORs ) and Contracting Officer Technical Representatives ( COTRs ) , who usually do not have the authority of a Contracting Officer . What happens after a Government contract is signed ? That subject is referred to as contract administration . Contract administration tasks can include : Payments ( prompt payment essential ) -- frequently Wide Area Workflow ( WAWF ) is used . Modifications and Adjustments , typically done using a changes clause Includes Requests for Equitable Adjustments ( can process under FAR 49.002 ( c ) ) ( these are essentially modifications under the applicable contract changes clause e.g. , FAR 52.212 - 4 clause ) Terminations for cause or convenience -- for commercial items , you use the terminations clauses in the 52.212 - 4 clause . Bid protests , ratifications and contract claims See the DCMA Handbook for more information on contract administration . Requests for equitable Adjustments ( edit ) Requests for Equitable Adjustments ( REAs ) are modifications of the contract that were not done formally or properly . REAs are frequently based on the changes clause . They typically occur when new work is added or a change in current work is ordered , perhaps by the contracting officer , without the required documentation . Changed circumstances and equity are possible justifications for a contractor to ask for a REA . Contractors can ask for delay damages arising from contract changes in REAs . These can be large . The burden of showing evidence of increased costs is on the contractor . Special rules exist for entitlement to whether or not contractor is entitled to profit in addition to the actual costs they incurred , especially in the cases of leased equipment that was held over due to delays on the part of the Government or the Government 's failure to properly integrate other contractors who then interfered with our contractor 's work . Cases out there that say the Government can reduce profit if risk was reduced due to the change . Can use the settlement procedures in FAR Part 49 , per FAR 49.002 ( c ) but be advised that this section is really written for terminations -- you have to adapt the settlement procedures , probably for terminations for convenience , to the REA . The Government should make sure there is a release of claims ( ROC ) clause in the REA 's contract modification -- FAR / DFARS do not have a sample ROC clause . In the context of FAR Part 12 commercial items , the changes clause requires BILATERAL AGREEMENT . A substantial number of Federal cases deal with REAs : `` It is black letter law that every contract with the Government contains an implied obligation that neither party will do anything to prevent , hinder , or delay performance . '' Sterling Millwrights , Inc. v. United States , 26 Cl. Ct. 49 , 67 ( 1992 ) ( citing Lewis - Nicholson , Inc. v. United States , 213 Ct.Cl. 192 , 550 F. 2d 26 , 32 ( 1977 ) ) . When Government actions delay contractor performance and increase costs , `` the contractor has a claim for damages . '' ( Lewis - Nicholson , 550 F. 2d at 26 ) . `` A constructive change generally arises where the Government , without more , expressly or impliedly orders the contractor to perform work that is not specified in the contract documents . '' Lathan , 20 Cl. Ct . at 128 ( citing Chris Berg , Inc. v. United States , 197 Ct.Cl. 503 , 525 , 455 F. 2d 1037 , 1050 ( 1972 ) ) . Contractors may recover excess costs through an equitable adjustment , however , it `` bears the burden of proving liability , causation , and resultant injury . '' Ralph L. Jones , 33 Fed.Cl . at 331 ( citing Wunderlich Contracting Co. v. United States , 173 Ct.Cl. 180 , 199 , 351 F. 2d 956 ( 1965 ) ; Electronic & Missile Facilities , Inc. v. United States , 189 Ct.Cl. 237 , 253 , 416 F. 2d 1345 ( 1969 ) ) . The standard of meeting this burden is high . Before an equitable adjustment will be granted , contractors must demonstrate : ( 1 ) increased costs arose from conditions materially different from what the contract documents indicated and that such conditions were reasonably unforeseeable based on all information available to the contractor ; and ( 2 ) the changes in the requirements caused the increased costs in question . Johns - Manville Corp. v. United States , 12 Cl. Ct. 1 , 33 ( 1987 ) . A contractor must distinguish for the court those delays for which the Government is responsible as opposed to its own ; the contractor 's standard for proving damages does not require `` absolute exactness or mathematical precision . '' Ralph L. Jones , 33 Fed.Cl . at 336 ( quoting Electronic & Missile , 189 Ct.Cl . at 257 ) . The court `` needs only enough evidence to make a fair and reasonable estimate . '' Id . ( citing Miller Elevator , 30 Fed.Cl . at 702 ; Electronic & Missile , 189 Ct.Cl . at 257 ) . Modifications ( edit ) Two types of scope determinations in contracts . One is scope of the original contract -- meaning , do we have to pay anything for this modification . The second one is whether or not the modification or change is within the scope of the original competition . The first issue comes up when a contractor demands more money ( i.e. , demand for more money in a CDA claim or REA ) ; the second issue comes up when the Government wishes to modify the contract and the contractor agrees , but another contractor objects to the failure to recompete the contract . Modifications are governed by the changes clause in the contract . However , the question of competitive scope must be determined first to determine if there will be a Competition in Contracting Act ( CICA ) violation first . As a collateral issue , the question of whether or not the modification is a good deal must be evaluated because any modification is inherently a sole source award to the incumbent contractor . Thus , there is no price competition for the modification . If the acquisition was done under FAR Part 12 , Commercial Items , the Government has no ability to demand cost and pricing information from the Contractor to evaluate whether or not the contractor is ripping off the Government with inflated or padded charges . With regard to competitive scope determinations , the GAO in American Air Filter Co. , 57 Comp. Gen 567 ( B - 188408 ) , 78 - 1 , para 443 , at 573 , stated : `` The impact of any modification is in our view to be determined by examining whether the alteration is within the scope of the competition which was initially conducted . Ordinarily , a modification falls within the scope of the procurement provided that it is of a nature which potential offerors would have reasonably anticipated under the changes clause . To determine what potential offerors would have reasonably expected , consideration should be given to the procurement format used , the history of the present and related past procurements , and the nature of the supplies or services sought . A variety of factors may be pertinent , including : whether the requirement was appropriate initially for an advertised or negotiated procurement ; whether a standard off the shelf or similar item is sought ; or whether , for example , the contract is one for research and development , suggesting that broad changes might be expected because the Government 's requirement are at best only indefinite . '' GAO issued a decision on 31 Jan 06 in DOR Biodefense Inc. and Emergent BioSolutions , B - 296358.3 and B - 296358.4 regarding whether a modification is within the scope of the original competition under the Competition In Contracting Act ( CICA ) . Modifications outside the scope of the original competition must be competed or justified as sole source actions . Scope analysis is not mechanical , but requires an integrated assessment of multiple factors , including contract type , specification or statement of work , cost and performance period . Whether the modification requires competition also depends upon whether the original solicitation adequately advised offerors of the potential for that type of change , and thus whether the modification would have changed the field of competition . In Biodefense , the Army issued a single award ten year indefinite quantity contract for development and certification of vaccines for biological defense . The challenged modification was exercise of an optional CLIN for development of a type of vaccine not expressly listed in the solicitation 's option that extended the performance period for the option by 8 years at a significant increase in cost . The GAO determined that this modification was , nevertheless , within the overall scope of the original competition based on the broad developmental purpose of the contract and the solicitation 's express notice to offerors that additional vaccine types could be added after award and that changes in regulation may affect performance period and costs . The discussion of actions taken by the Army in the original solicitation to put competitors on notice of the potential for post-award modifications provides good practice insight . See DOR Biodefense , Inc. ; Emergent BioSolutions : http://www.gao.gov/decisions/bidpro/2963583.pdf See DCMA 's Contract Administration Handbook for more information : http://guidebook.dcma.mil/15/instructions.htm Claims ( edit ) Release of a claim ( edit ) Release of Claims In consideration of the premises contained in contract modification number _______________ of contract number ______________________________ , executed on _____________ , and sum of $ ______________to be paid by the United States Government under the above noted contract , the undersigned contractor does release and discharge the Government , its officers , agents , and employees of , from all liabilities , obligations , and claims whatsoever in law and equity arising out of or by virtue of said contract , except as follows : ( fill this in or state -- no exceptions ) IN WITNESS WHEREOF , this release has been executed this ___ day of _________ . __________________________ Contractor Signature Contract disputes Act ( edit ) Contract claims are handled under the disputes clause in commercial items contracts or another clause in different types of contracts . The clause simply refers to another clause , the contract dispute clause . That clause invokes the Contract Disputes Act ( CDA ) and specific procedures that must be followed . The Government seeks to avoid treating requests for additional money or changes to the contract as a claim , for several reasons . For starters , the Government has to pay interest from the date of receipt to the date of payment . Second , if the amount is over a specified amount , then the claim must be certified ( see the FAR and CDA ) . Certification is essentially a company swearing under pain of 18 USC false claims act penalties that they are not falsifying the claim . Instead of dealing with it as a claim , the Government should deal with it as a REA ; the contractor will have to decide what is more advantageous to it -- a REA or CDA claim . Cancellation of contract ( edit ) Contractors are understandably quite upset when an awarded contract is cancelled before contract performance can begin . There is some authority for a contractor to recover bid preparation costs in very limited circumstances . Even so , a contracting agency need only establish a reasonable basis to support a decision to cancel an RFQ ; in this regard , so long as there is a reasonable basis for doing so , an agency may cancel an RFQ no matter when the information precipitating the cancellation first arises , even if it is not until quotations have been submitted and evaluated . Quality Tech. , Inc. , B - 292883.2 , Jan. 21 , 2004 , 2004 CPD para. 29 at 2 - 3 ; Datatrak Consulting , Inc. , B - 292502 et al. , September 26 , 2003 , 2003 CPD para. 169 at 5 . It is well established that an agency 's lack of funding for a procurement provides a reasonable basis for cancellation , as agencies can not award contracts which exceed available funds . First Enter. , B - 221502.3 , Mar. 24 , 1986 , 86 - 1 CPD para. 290 at 3 . Procurement authorities are presumed to act in good faith and in order for GAO to conclude otherwise , the record must show that procuring officials intended to injure the protester . Cycad Corp. , B ‐ 255870 , April 12 , 1994 , 94 - 1 CPD para. 253 at 5 . A protester 's mere inference of bad faith is insufficient . Terminations ( edit ) The Government may terminate a contract for cause ( commercial items ) , for default ( T4D ) or for convenience ( T4C ) . Terminations for commercial items ( FAR Part 12 ) contracts are governed by FAR 52.212 - 4 ( l ) and ( m ) , not the T4C or T4D clauses of FAR 52.249 - x . FAR Part 49 prescribes T4D and T4C clauses in FAR Part 52 for non-commercial items ( FAR Part 12 ) related contracts . In particular , T4D is covered by FAR Subpart 49.4 , Terminations for Default . T4C is covered by several sections of FAR Part 49 . Termination for default reviews can be done a variety of ways , however , one method is to start with what is the ACTUAL deliverable on the contract , not the one that the customer thought they had . Carefully track what the contractor 's actual performance is against the specific language in the contract . If there has been verbal changes by the Government without going through the contracting officer ( which should never happen ) , is there something that indicates the contractor consented to those changes ? In writing ? For example , the DFARS 252.212 - 4 clause section that deals with modifications states that mutual consent is required for all modifications . In this review , use the language from the contract and then see if you have adequate evidence from the Government documenting the actual performance . Ask if the Government COR has signed any receiving reports e.g. , DD Form 250s accepting performance ( so they can get paid ) . Is there anything in the record that shows the Government placed the contractor on notice of their default or non conforming deliveries ? FAR Part 49 should be read that to get information on terminations including notice to cure and show cause notices . The more the Government tries to give the contractor chances to remedy their default , the more the Government bolsters its case that T4D is appropriate . The various courts that review T4Ds have a high standard of review for T4Ds , so the Government should consider making sure the T4D is well supported and the Government has had little or no role in the contractors non-conforming performance as well as ensuring there is a clearly defined deliverable , several chances to cure and nothing in the record that indicates the Government failed to do something that was condition precedent to performance or the Government interfered with contract performance or failed to provide required cooperation / support . ( For example , failure to provide security escorts or access to a work site thus causing delays on the part of Contractor performance ) . The key point for T4Ds is that it is the only way that a Government agency can use prior year single year appropriated funds , such as O&M or many types of procurement funds , for reprocurement of the item in question . Accordingly , it is very important the Agency get the acquisition right up front because bad work statements and poor contract administration destroy the Government 's ability to T4D , thus keep their prior year funds to get a replacement contractor . Defense Contract Management Agency ( DCMA ) has a Terminations Handbook which is very useful in dealing with terminations for convenience issues . Real options analysis ( edit ) One approach to analysing Government procurements of large systems , such as weapons systems , is to use real options analysis . Such procurements can be done in single annual lots ( `` single - year procurements , '' or SYPs ) , or , with Congressional approval , multi-year procurement ( MYP ) contracts . Multi-year contracts generally lower the risk for the contractor , and thus the unit price paid by the Government . One way to look at this situation is that a multi-year contract contains a real option for the contractor to escape the uncertainty associated with a sequence of single - year contract negotiations ( analogous to a put option ) . Real options analysis can give an estimate of the value to the contractor of transferring revenue risk to the Government as a function of the contract 's size and the volatility of the contract 's value , even though the option is not actively traded . The negotiated price is also influenced by the attitudes towards risk of the negotiating parties . See also ( edit ) No - bid contract Cost - plus contract Small and medium enterprise Contract adjustment board United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit Defense Contract Audit Agency , responsible for audits of many defense contractors Defense Contract Management Agency , responsible for contract administration of US Department of Defense contracts . Conjoint analysis ( in marketing ) , conjoint analysis -- useful in determining essential elements of an acquisition from a customer 's perspective . Top 100 US Federal Contractors NASA SEWP , an example of an Acquisition Contract that expanded from its original narrow focus to serve the entire Government References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How To Start a Federal Contracting Business '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Procurement Reports '' . fpds.gov . Retrieved 4 Jan 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FY 2010 -- Departments '' . fpds.gov . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Contractors Report -- Fiscal Year 2009 '' . fpds.gov . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Small Business Goaling Report -- Fiscal Year 2009 '' ( PDF ) . fpds.gov . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ The FAR can be found at 48 Code of Federal Regulations Jump up ^ The Purpose Act says `` Appropriations shall be applied only to the objects for which the appropriations were made except as otherwise provided by law . '' Jump up ^ US Code , Title 41 , section 252 Jump up ^ Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project , Executive Order 10936 -- Reports of Identical Bids , published April 24 , 1961 , accessed 24 May 2018 Jump up ^ Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project , Executive Order 12430 -- Reports of Identical Bids , published 6 July 1983 , accessed 24 May 2018 Jump up ^ `` 48 CFR 14.201 - 1 - Uniform contract format '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 1 Aug 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uniform Contract Format '' . Defense Acquisition University . Retrieved 1 Aug 2016 . Jump up ^ FAR 8.405 - 2 ( 1 ) Ordering procedures for services requiring a statement of work . accessed July 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ CASE STUDY -- Disposition of personal property ( pdf ) at the US Dept of the Treasury web site Jump up ^ Arnold , Scot , and Marius Vassiliou ( 2010 ) . A Real Options Approach to valuing the Risk Transfer in a Multi-Year Procurement Contract . Ch. 25 in Thawar T. Arif ( ed ) , Aerospace Technologies Advancements . Zagreb , Croatia : INTECH , pp. 475 - 492 . ISBN 978 - 953 - 7619 - 96 - 1 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Scot , and Marius Vassiliou ( 2007 ) . Real Options Analysis of Multiyear Procurements , î Proc. 2007 IEEE Aerospace Conference . Further reading ( edit ) Nash , Ralph Jr. ; Cibinic , John Jr. ( 1993 ) . Formation of Government Contracts ( 2nd ed . ) . George Washington University . ISBN 0 - 935165 - 07 - X . Nash , Ralph Jr. ; Cibinic , John Jr. ( 1995 ) . Administration of Government Contracts ( 3rd ed . ) . Commerce Clearing House , Inc . ISBN 0 - 935165 - 32 - 0 . Tiefer , Charles ; Shook , William A. ( 2003 ) . Government Contract Law ( 2nd ed . ) . Carolina Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 89089 - 437 - X . J. Edward Murphy ( 2005 ) . Guide to Contract Pricing : Cost and Price Analysis for Contractors , Subcontractors , and Government Agencies . Management Concepts . ISBN 1 - 56726 - 153 - 1 . Darrell J. Oyer ( 2005 ) . Pricing and Cost Accounting : A Handbook for Government Contractors ( 2nd ed . ) . Management Concepts . ISBN 1 - 56726 - 164 - 7 . Bednar , Richard J. ; Braude , Herman M. ; Cibinic , John Jr. ( 1991 ) . Construction Contracting . George Washington University . ISBN 0 - 935165 - 18 - 5 . Manos , Karen L. ( 2004 ) . Government Contract Costs & Pricing . Thomson - West . Vol . I -- ISBN 0 - 314 - 11621 - 4 Vol. II -- ISBN 0 - 314 - 11708 - 3 Edwards , Vernon J. ( 2006 ) . Source Selection Answer Book . Management Concepts , Inc . ISBN 1 - 56726 - 172 - 8 . External links ( edit ) U.S. Army Judge Advocate General 's Legal Center and School 's Contract Attorneys Deskbook ( 2 ) Business.gov provides information that explains how to become a federal contractor , how to find business opportunities , and the rules and regulations that federal contractors need to follow . acquisition.gov - official US Federal Government website of the Integrated Acquisition Environment , functioning under the auspices of OMB 's Office of Federal Procurement Policy and the Chief Acquisition Officers Council Federal Procurement Data System -- ( Martin Consulting Services , L.L.C. ) Provides information and support for competing in government contracts . Procurement Technical Assistance Centers PTACs provide local assistance for firms marketing products and services to the Federal , state and local governments Former U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Manager Sentenced to Six Years in Prison in Bribery and Kickback Scheme , FBI Journals Public Contract Law Journal CCH Government Contract Reports Journal of Contract Management by National Contract Management Association West Briefing Papers West The Government Contractor West International Government Contractor West The Nash & Cibinic Report West Costs , Pricing & Accounting Report Magazines Government Procurement The official magazine of the National Institute of Governmental Purchasing ( NIGP ) Contract Management by National Contract Management Association Case Law Supreme Court Decisions Court of Claims ( Claims Court ) Decisions ; West Federal Claims Reporter Courts of Appeals Decisions ; West Federal Reports Federal District Court Decisions ; West Federal Supplement Boards of Contract Appeals ' Decisions ; CCH Contract Appeals Decisions West Comptroller General 's Procurement Decisions West Government Contracts Citator Forums Spreadsheet showing the proper forum for various actions Civilian Board of Contract Appeals National Contract Management Association at www.ncmahq.org Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_procurement_in_the_United_States&oldid=842703428 '' Categories : Government procurement in the United States United States administrative law Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from August 2009 All pages needing cleanup Articles containing how - to sections Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from August 2009 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from August 2009 Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 03 : 34 . About Wikipedia
who has the legal authority to bind the us government on a us government contract
[ "The procurement process for executive branch agencies (as distinguished from legislative or judicial bodies) is governed primarily by the Armed Services Procurement Act and the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act. To address the many rules imposed by Congress and the courts, a body of administrative law has been developed through the Federal Acquisition Regulation. This 53-part regulation defines the procurement process including special preference programs, and includes the specific language of many clauses in Government contracts.[6] Most agencies also have supplemental regulatory coverage contained in what are known as FAR Supplements. These supplements appear within the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) volumes of the respective agencies. For example, the Department of Defense (DOD) FAR Supplement can be found at 10 CFR." ]
[ "Federal Acquisition Regulation" ]
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The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck
The tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck - wikipedia The tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck Jump to : navigation , search The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck First edition cover Author Beatrix Potter Illustrator Beatrix Potter Country England Language English Genre Children 's literature Publisher Frederick Warne & Co . Publication date July 1908 Media type Print ( hardcover ) Preceded by The Tale of Tom Kitten Followed by The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or , The Roly - Poly Pudding The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter . It was first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in July 1908 . Potter composed the book at Hill Top , a working farm in the Lake District she bought in 1905 . Following the purchase , her works began to focus on country and village life , incorporating large casts of animal characters and sinister villains . Jemima Puddle - Duck was the first of her books set wholly at the farm with background illustrations based on the farm buildings and yard , and nearby locales . Jemima is a domestic duck of the Aylesbury breed , whose eggs are routinely confiscated by the farmer 's wife because she believes Jemima a poor sitter . Jemima searches for a place away from the farm where she can hatch her eggs without human interference , and naively confides her woes to a suave fox who invites her to nest in a shed at his home . Jemima accepts his invitation , little realising her danger : the fox plans to kill and roast her . Kep , a collie on the farm , discovers Jemima 's whereabouts and rescues her just in time . Potter indicated the tale was a revision of `` Little Red Riding Hood '' with Jemima , the fox , and the dog parallels to the fairy tale 's heroine , wolf , and woodcutter . Jemima , Kep , the farmer 's wife , and her two children were all modelled on real world individuals at Potter 's Hill Top farm . The book was hugely popular . Spinoff merchandise included a soft Jemima doll in bonnet and shawl , a Jemima painting book in 1925 , and illustrated fabric placemats hand - fashioned by Potter and distributed to friends . Critically , the book is considered one of Potter 's best . In 1971 , the tale became a segment in the Royal Ballet film , The Tales of Beatrix Potter , and , in 1993 , it was telecast as an episode on the animated BBC anthology series , The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Scholarly commentaries 3 Background 4 Production 5 Similarities to `` Little Red Riding Hood '' 6 Merchandising 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The frontispiece depicts Jemima confiding in the fox . Her poke bonnet was not the fashion among farmwomen at the time of the book 's publication but its incorporation in the text and illustrations sets the tale in a not - too - distant fairy tale past . The tale begins in a farmyard which is home to a duck called Jemima Puddle - duck . She wants to hatch her own eggs , but the farmer 's wife believes ducks make poor sitters and routinely confiscates their eggs to allow the hens to incubate them . Jemima tries to hide her eggs , but they are always found and carried away . She sets off along the road in her poke bonnet and shawl to find a safe place away from the farm to lay her eggs . At the top of a hill , she spies a distant wood , flies to it , and waddles about until she discovers an appropriate nesting place among the foxgloves . However , a charming gentleman with `` black prick ears and sandy - coloured whiskers '' persuades her to nest in a shed at his home . Jemima is led to his `` tumble - down shed '' ( which is curiously filled with feathers ) , and makes herself a nest with little ado . Jemima lays her eggs , and the fox suggests a dinner party to mark the event . He asks her to collect the traditional herbs used in stuffing a duck , telling her the seasonings will be used for an omelette . Jemima sets about her errand , but the farm collie , Kep , meets her as she carries onions from the farm kitchen and asks her what she is doing and where she keeps going . She reveals her errand , Kep sees through the fox 's plan at once , and finds out from Jemima where the fox lives . With the help of two fox - hound puppies who are out at walk at the farm , Kep rescues Jemima and the `` foxy - whiskered gentleman '' ( Mr. Tod ) is chased away and seen again in The Tale of Mr. Tod . However , the hungry fox - hounds eat Jemima 's eggs . Jemima is escorted back to the farm in tears over her lost eggs , but , in time , lays more eggs and successfully hatches four ducklings . Scholarly commentaries ( edit ) The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck is a tale of pursuit and prey . The theme runs through several of Potter 's tales : Mr. McGregor pursues Peter Rabbit , Simpkin lies in wait for the mice in the tailor 's shop , and the trout attempts to devour Jeremy Fisher . Potter was following the pattern of fairy tales by dwelling on the theme of pursuit and prey , and often pointed out that the tale of Jemima was a retelling of `` Little Red Riding Hood '' . Perrault 's tale ends with the death of the heroine , but Potter understood children will not tolerate tragedy . The prey in her books survive for better or worse ( Peter returns home for a dose of chamomile tea , for example ) and , though Jemima loses her eggs to her hungry rescuers , she lives to return to the farm to raise a brood of ducklings . The tale shows Potter at her best in depicting the life of the farm and the village of Near Sawrey , but the tale becomes one of something more than just local colour and interest . The archetypical tale upon which Jemima is based -- the foolish and naive are rescued from destruction by the loyal and dependable -- is transformed in Potter 's hands to one in which self - preservation and shrewdness become admirable virtues . Graham Greene thought the sandy - whiskered gentleman a character of ominous gloom and suggested Potter had suffered some sort of mental breakdown , but it is more likely she was simply coming to terms with life on a farm . Wild animals invade the precincts of the domesticated ones , and death is part of farming . The victor in the tale is the farmer 's wife : she regains her errant duck and is rid of the predatory fox . Ostensibly , she confiscates Jemima 's eggs believing Jemima will abandon them , but the eggs are not confiscated for the well - being of Jemima and her kin but for the well - being of the farmer 's wife and her family : the eggs ( or the ducks hatched from them ) will end up on their dinner table . In this respect , the farmer 's wife is a predator like the fox , but the fox is condemned for his predation . Human values are at the top of the tale 's hierarchy . Potter argues for the well - ordered home and the practicalities of farm life over the fantasy lives of animals . It was the modus vivendi Potter was to incorporate in her own life as she devoted more of her thoughts and hours to the business of farming and less to tales of fantasy animals . Like many fairy tales , Jemima Puddle - Duck belongs in a remote , but not - too - distant , past . Jemima 's shawl reflects the typical farm dress of the Lake District at the time of the tale 's composition , but the poke bonnet does not , and the fox 's long tail coat and exquisite manners also suggest another time . Jemima is a more interesting character when humanised with the clothing ; without it , she is just a farmyard duck . As Potter pointed out , the tale is a revision of a fairy tale and belongs in the indefinite period of `` once upon a time '' . The story is one of Potter 's more ominous and is fraught with tension . Jemima is a headstrong innocent distracted by her overwhelming desire to nest , and thus unable to penetrate the fox 's designs and comprehend her dangerous situation . The tension rises in increments from the mysterious feather - filled shed ( the place of slaughter ) , to the fox 's plan for an omelette ( of Jemima 's eggs ) , to the ultimate horror and crowning irony , Jemima 's errand to fetch the herbs that will be used to season herself . The fox is the first male villain in Potter 's work , saving Samuel Whiskers in The Roly Poly Pudding , the companion piece to Jemima , and , like all villains in Potter , the `` gentleman with sandy whiskers '' presents a false social front that conceals his bestial nature . He dresses and behaves as a country gentleman of leisure , idling with a newspaper and living off the labor of others by luring their fowl to his feather - filled shed . Potter had little tolerance for indolence and lack of industry , but , as a country woman , she knew foxes were clever and managed to escape more times than they were caught . From the first encounter between Jemima and the fox , the reader realises the fox is more clever than Jemima and is forced to extend him a grudging admiration . Background ( edit ) Main article : Beatrix Potter Beatrix Potter and Kep ( 1913 ) Helen Beatrix Potter was born on July 28 , 1866 to barrister Rupert William Potter and his wife Helen ( Leech ) Potter in London . She was educated by governesses and tutors , and passed a quiet childhood reading , painting , drawing , visiting museums and art exhibitions , and tending a nursery menagerie of small animals . Her interests in the natural world and country life were nurtured with holidays in Scotland , the Lake District , and Camfield Place , the Hertfordshire home of her paternal grandparents . Potter 's adolescence was as quiet as her childhood . She grew into a spinsterish young woman whose parents groomed her to be a permanent resident and housekeeper in their home . She continued to paint and draw , and experienced her first professional artistic success in 1890 when she sold six designs of humanised animals to a greeting card publisher . She hoped to lead a useful life independent of her parents , and tentatively considered a career in mycology , but the all - male scientific community regarded her as an amateur and she abandoned fungi . Potter had maintained contact with her last governess Annie Carter Moore and had grown fond of her children . Through the 1890s , she sent illustrated story letters to the children . Mrs. Moore recognised the literary and artistic value of the letters and urged her former charge to publish . Potter liked the suggestion , and , in 1900 , revised a tale she had written for five - year - old Noel Moore in 1893 , and fashioned a dummy book of it in imitation of Helen Bannerman 's 1899 bestseller The Story of Little Black Sambo . Unable to find a buyer for the tale , she published it for family and friends at her own expense in December 1901 . House at Hill Top Frederick Warne & Co. had once rejected the tale but , eager to compete in the booming small format children 's book market , reconsidered and accepted the `` bunny book '' ( as the firm called it ) following the recommendation of their prominent children 's book artist L. Leslie Brooke . Potter agreed to colour her pen and ink illustrations , chose the then - new Hentschel three - colour process for reproducing her watercolours , and on October 2 , 1902 The Tale of Peter Rabbit was released . Potter continued to publish with Warnes . Early in July 1905 she bought Hill Top , a working farm of 34 acres ( 14 ha ) at Sawrey in the Lake District with profits from her books and a small legacy from an aunt . On August 25 , 1905 Potter 's editor and fiancé , Norman Warne died suddenly and unexpectedly . Potter became deeply depressed and was ill for many weeks , but rallied to complete the last few tales she had planned and discussed with Warne . Production ( edit ) In 1900 Beatrix Potter revised a tale about a humanised rabbit she had written in 1893 , worked up a dummy book in imitation of the small format bestseller Little Black Sambo ( 1899 ) , and , after multiple rejections from London publishers , privately published her tale in December 1901 . Frederick Warne & Co. was eager to compete in the burgeoning and lucrative small format children 's book market , and accepted the `` bunny book '' ( as the firm called it ) after their prominent children 's book artist L. Leslie Brooke gave it his enthusiastic endorsement . Potter agreed to colour her pen and ink illustrations , chose the then - new Hentschel three - colour process for reproducing her watercolours , and in October 1902 The Tale of Peter Rabbit was released . The Tower Bank Arms , Near Sawrey is just a few hundred yards from Hill Top and was used as a subject for one of Potter 's illustrations for the book In the next few years , Potter published books similar in concept , style , or format to Peter Rabbit : The Tailor of Gloucester and The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin in 1903 , and the tales of Benjamin Bunny and Two Bad Mice in 1904 . In August 1905 , sales profits and a small legacy from an aunt enabled Potter to buy Hill Top , a working farm of 34 acres and 36 perches ( 13.85 ha ) in the Lake District . In the years immediately following its purchase , she produced tales and illustrations inspired by the farm , its woodland surroundings , and nearby villages . Potter worked on sketches for Jemima Puddle - Duck during the winter of 1907 while recuperating from respiratory infections . She accompanied her parents on a holiday to Sidmouth in April 1908 , and continued to work on Jemima Puddle - Duck . Potter 's cousin Caroline Hutton Clark was at Hill Top during the composition of Jemima Puddle - Duck and joined Potter as she searched the farmstead for a suitable place in which to situate Jemima 's nest for the illustrations . Kep was a real dog , and Mrs. Clark was given one of Kep 's sons . She later described the puppy as `` the dearest and cleverest dog I ever had . '' Two versions of the opening paragraph were written . The slightly cynical , `` What a gratifying thing it is in these days to meet with a female devoted to family life '' was revised to read , `` What a funny sight it is to see a brood of ducklings with a hen . '' The tale is complicated with irony ( the feather - filled shed and the herbs for roasting a duck ) and the co-existence of two time sequences or two different points of view : Kep 's as he seeks the assistance of the fox - hounds in rescuing Jemima , and the sandy - whiskered gentleman 's as he waits nervously for Jemima to return with the herbs . The `` farmyard tale '' was dedicated to Betsy and Ralph Cannon , the children of Potter 's farm manager , John Cannon . The children appear in one of the illustrations collecting Jemima 's eggs from the rhubarb patch , and their mother is depicted in the opening picture feeding the barnyard fowl . Jemima was based upon a real world duck at Hill Top Farm who evaded Mrs. Cannon and her children in their attempts to locate her eggs before she mismanaged their incubation . Mrs. Cannon believed ducks made poor sitters , and routinely confiscated the ducks ' eggs to allow the hens to incubate them . Potter may have taken inspiration from a drawing in her father 's 1853 sketchbook of a flying duck wearing a bonnet . Potter almost certainly chose the name `` Jemima '' in honour of Jemima Blackburn , an ornithological painter and illustrator whose Birds from Nature she had received as a gift on her tenth birthday and whom she met in 1891 . The illustrations depict the new barn and outbuildings at Hill Top , the wrought - iron gate Potter installed at the kitchen garden , the rhubarb patch , the entrance porch at the farmhouse , the exterior of the Tower Bank Arms in the village , and imagined aerial views of the countryside around Near Sawrey . In 1940 , Potter remarked upon the illustration of Jemima rushing downhill with her bonnet and shawl askew , `` That is what I used to look like to the Sawrey people . I rushed about quacking industriously . '' The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck was published in July 1908 after heated discussions with publisher Harold Warne about the dialogues and cover illustration . The book was an immediate success . In later years , Ernest Aris would blatantly plagiarise not only the Peter Rabbit character in his The Treasure Seekers but Jemima in his Mrs. Beak Duck . Potter was restrained when alerted to the imitations : she praised his technical artistry but chastised him for a lack of originality . At the time , her eyesight was deteriorating and her days were heavily invested in operating her farm ; her restraint with Aris may be attributed to her desire to enlist him as a collaborator . Similarities to `` Little Red Riding Hood '' ( edit ) `` Little Red Riding Hood '' illustration by Walter Crane , 1875 . Crane , Randolph Caldecott , and Kate Greenaway were Potter 's childhood favourites . Potter indicated Jemima was a revision of `` Little Red Riding Hood '' , and the similarities between the two are numerous : Jemima and her eggs are substitutes for Red Riding Hood and her grandmother ; the farmer 's wife and Jemima 's sister - in - law Rebeccah are substitutes for Red Riding Hood 's mother ; the fox and the wolf both conceal their bestial natures beneath the polite behaviour of gentlemen , and the dogs are substitutes for the woodcutters . Both tales touch upon physical appetite , temptation , and foolish behaviour . Though the tale has a happy ending , tearful Jemima is led back to the farm in public humiliation after losing her eggs to her hungry rescuers . She is allowed to hatch a brood on the farm , but it only produces four ducklings . Potter 's revision of `` Little Red Riding Hood '' more nearly resembles Perrault 's tragic tale than the happily - ever - after Grimm version where the heroine is rescued by woodcutters . The author knew her young audience would sympathise with the unhatched ducklings and would not tolerate having Jemima , a mother figure , suffer a bloody end in the fox 's shed . The loss of the eggs is sad for the reader , but Potter ended the tale as happily as possible -- not only for her audience but for the sake of the real world children of her farm manager , Ralph and Betsy Cannon , to whom the tale was dedicated . Jemima is punished for her headstrong foolishness and must relinquish her hope of finding a nesting spot away from the farm , but the punishment is mitigated when she is allowed to hatch one brood herself . Merchandising ( edit ) Jemima Puddle - Duck was popular , almost as popular as Peter Rabbit , and became the subject of ancillary merchandise . She is depicted in one of the four well known endpapers of the Potter books , and was featured on a Christmas card for the Invalid Children 's Aid Association . She became the principal character in an unpublished painting book describing the livestock at Hill Top , and appeared in Peter Rabbit 's Painting Book and Tom Kitten 's Painting Book before being given her own painting book , Jemima Puddle - Duck 's Painting Book in 1925 , composed grudgingly in response to public demand for yet another book . Potter waited for ducklings to hatch at the farm to be used as models for the painting book , but in the end , the eggs were rotten . The instructions in Jemima 's painting book were similar to those in Tom Kitten 's painting book , but the kittens with crayons in Tom 's book accompanying the instructions were replaced by six ducklings splashing about in paint water for the similar page in Jemima 's book . In the original tale , Jemima 's eggs are eaten by her rescuers but in the painting book , a new design was executed for `` They took Jemima home '' ; in the painting book , Kep and the fox hound puppies lead Jemima away from her broken but uneaten eggs . The same theme was depicted on Crabtree & Evelyn chocolate Easter eggs . The painting book displays Potter 's willingness to exploit the commercial possibilities of her characters and tales . The purchaser was alerted to the existence of other Potter books on the inside front cover and directed to a list of books on the back cover . Other merchandise included sets of linen or silk placemats painted by Potter for friends with an abridged text and 12 of the illustrations . In 1910 , Potter patented a design for a soft toy duck based on her model of Jemima in a Paisley handkerchief shawl and bonnet . A soft Jemima doll was manufactured by J.I. Farnell of Acton . References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ Taylor 1996 , p. 217 ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1986 , p. 111 Jump up ^ Lane 2001 , pp. 126 - 8 Jump up ^ MacDonald 1986 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Kutzer 2003 , pp. 105 - 6 , 111 Jump up ^ MacDonald 1986 , pp. 111 - 2 Jump up ^ Kutzer 2003 , p. 109 Jump up ^ MacDonald 1986 , pp. 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ MacDonald 1986 , pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Taylor 1996 , pp. 51 -- 2 Jump up ^ Taylor 1996 , p. 60 , 67 Jump up ^ MacDonald 1986 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Lear 2007 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Lear 2007 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Lear 2007 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Lear 2007 , pp. 144 -- 7 ^ Jump up to : Hobbs 1989 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Taylor 1996 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Lane 1978 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Lear 2007 , p. 206 Jump up ^ Lear 2007 , pp. 144 - 7 ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1986 , Chronology Jump up ^ Lear 2007 , p. 237 Jump up ^ MacDonald 1986 , p. 75 ^ Jump up to : Lear 2008 , p. 222 ^ Jump up to : Lane 2001 , pp. 98 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Taylor 1987 , p. 133 Jump up ^ Taylor 1987 , p. 135 Jump up ^ Taylor 1987 , p. 134 Jump up ^ Taylor 1987 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Lear 2008 , p. 223 Jump up ^ Lear 2008 , p. 428 Jump up ^ Lear 2008 , p. 281 Jump up ^ Kutzer 2003 , pp. 107 - 8 Jump up ^ MacDonald 1986 , pp. 112 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Taylor 1987 , p. 136 Jump up ^ MacDonald 1986 , p. 129 Jump up ^ Lear 2008 , p. 288 Works cited Denyer , Susan ( 2009 ) ( 2000 ) . At Home with Beatrix Potter : The creator of Peter Rabbit . Frances Lincoln Limited in association with the National Trust . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 3018 - 7 . Kutzer , M. Daphne ( 2003 ) . Beatrix Potter : Writing in Code . New York & London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 94352 - 3 . Lane , Margaret ( 1985 ) ( 1946 ) . The Tale of Beatrix Potter . London : Frederick Warne . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7232 - 4676 - 3 . Lear , Linda ( 2008 ) ( 2007 ) . Beatrix Potter : A Life in Nature . New York : St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 37796 - 0 . MacDonald , Ruth K. ( 1986 ) . Beatrix Potter . Boston : Twayne Publishers . ISBN 0 - 8057 - 6917 - X . Taylor , Judy ; Whalley , Joyce Irene ; Hobbs , Anne Stevenson ; Battrick , Elizabeth M. ( 1987 ) . Beatrix Potter 1866 -- 1943 : The Artist and Her World . London : F. Warne & Co. and The National Trust . ISBN 0 - 7232 - 3561 - 9 . Taylor , Judy ( 1996 ) ( 1986 ) . Beatrix Potter : Artist , Storyteller and Countrywoman . Frederick Warne . ISBN 0 - 7232 - 4175 - 9 . External links ( edit ) The full text of The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck at Wikisource Media related to The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck at Wikimedia Commons The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck at Project Gutenberg Beatrix Potter The Tales The Tale of Peter Rabbit The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin The Tailor of Gloucester The Tale of Benjamin Bunny The Tale of Two Bad Mice The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy - Winkle The Tale of the Pie and the Patty - Pan The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit The Story of Miss Moppet The Tale of Tom Kitten The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly - Poly Pudding The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies The Tale of Ginger and Pickles The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes The Tale of Mr. Tod The Tale of Pigling Bland Appley Dapply 's Nursery Rhymes The Tale of Johnny Town - Mouse Cecily Parsley 's Nursery Rhymes The Tale of Little Pig Robinson Other books Tom Kitten 's Painting Book Jemima Puddle - Duck 's Painting Book Peter Rabbit 's Almanac for 1929 The Fairy Caravan Sister Anne Wag - by - Wall The Tale of the Faithful Dove The Sly Old Cat The Tale of Kitty - in - Boots Other media The Tales of Beatrix Potter The Tailor of Gloucester The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends Miss Potter Beswick Pottery The Game of Peter Rabbit Peter Rabbit Beatrix Potter 's The Tales of Peter Rabbit and Friends People Annie Moore Norman Warne Hardwicke Rawnsley Charlie McIntosh Leslie Linder Judy Taylor Locations Hill Top , Cumbria Beatrix Potter Gallery Near and Far Sawrey Dalguise Lake District Derwentwater St Herbert 's Island Little Town , Cumbria Newlands Church Newlands Valley Hawkshead Keswick , Cumbria Carleton Crematorium and Cemetery Armitt Library Esthwaite Water Sawrey Near Sawrey Melford Hall Moss Eccles Tarn Characters Peter Rabbit Mr. McGregor Tabitha Twitchit Publishers Frederick Warne & Co David McKay The Horn Book Magazine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Tale_of_Jemima_Puddle-Duck&oldid=800527802 '' Categories : 1908 children 's books Books by Beatrix Potter Frederick Warne & Co books Picture books by Beatrix Potter Ducks in literature Hidden categories : Good articles Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with Project Gutenberg links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 02 : 48 . 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who wrote about peter rabbit and jemima puddle duck
[ "The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck is a children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter. It was first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in July 1908. Potter composed the book at Hill Top, a working farm in the Lake District she bought in 1905. Following the purchase, her works began to focus on country and village life, incorporating large casts of animal characters and sinister villains. Jemima Puddle-Duck was the first of her books set wholly at the farm with background illustrations based on the farm buildings and yard, and nearby locales." ]
[ "Beatrix Potter" ]
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Vesicoureteral reflux
Vesicoureteral reflux - wikipedia Vesicoureteral reflux Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Vesicoureteral reflux Ultrasound image showing abnormal vesicoureteral junction and dilated distal ureter resulting in primary vesicoureteral reflux ( VUR ) . Classification and external resources Specialty urology ICD - 10 N13. 7 ICD - 9 - CM 593.7 DiseasesDB 13835 MedlinePlus 000459 eMedicine ped / 2750 MeSH D014718 ( edit on Wikidata ) Vesicoureteral reflux ( VUR ) , also known as vesicoureteric reflux , is a condition in which urine flows retrograde , or backward , from the bladder into the ureters / kidneys . Urine normally travels in one direction ( forward , or anterograde ) from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters , with a 1 - way valve at the vesicoureteral ( ureteral - bladder ) junction preventing backflow . The valve is formed by oblique tunneling of the distal ureter through the wall of the bladder , creating a short length of ureter ( 1 -- 2 cm ) that can be compressed as the bladder fills . Reflux occurs if the ureter enters the bladder without sufficient tunneling , i.e. , too `` end - on '' . Play media Video explanation Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Causes 2.1 Primary VUR 2.2 Secondary VUR 2.2. 1 Anatomical 2.2. 2 Functional 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Severity 4 Treatment 4.1 Endoscopic injection 4.2 Medical treatment 4.3 Surgical management 5 Epidemiology 6 Surveillance 7 References Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Most children with vesicoureteral reflux are asymptomatic . Vesicoureteral reflux may be diagnosed as a result of further evaluation of dilation of the kidney or ureters draining urine from the kidney while in utero as well as when a sibling has VUR ( though routine testing in either circumstance is controversial ) . Reflux also increases risk of acute bladder and kidney infections , so testing for reflux may be performed after a child has one or more infections . In infants , the signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection may include only fever and lethargy , with poor appetite and sometimes foul - smelling urine , while older children typically present with discomfort or pain with urination and frequent urination . Causes ( edit ) In healthy individuals the ureters enter the urinary bladder obliquely and run submucosally for some distance . This , in addition to the ureter 's muscular attachments , helps secure and support them posteriorly . Together these features produce a valvelike effect that occludes the ureteric opening during storage and voiding of urine . In people with VUR , failure of this mechanism occurs , with resultant backward ( retrograde ) flow of urine . Primary VUR ( edit ) Insufficient submucosal length of the ureter relative to its diameter causes inadequacy of the valvular mechanism . This is precipitated by a congenital defect or lack of longitudinal muscle of the portion of the ureter within the bladder resulting in an ureterovesicular junction ( UVJ ) abnormality . Secondary VUR ( edit ) In this category the ureters ' valvular mechanism is initially intact and healthy but becomes overwhelmed by increased bladder pressures associated with obstruction , which distorts the ureterovesicular junction . The obstructions may be anatomical or functional . Secondary VUR can be further divided into anatomical and functional groups . Anatomical ( edit ) Posterior urethral valves ; urethral or meatal stenosis . These causes are treated surgically when possible . Functional ( edit ) Bladder instability , neurogenic bladder and non-neurogenic bladder . Bladder infections may cause reflux due to the elevated pressures associated with inflammation . Resolution of functional VUR will usually occur if the precipitating cause is treated and resolved . Medical and / or surgical treatment may be indicated . Diagnosis ( edit ) VCUG demonstrating bilateral Grade II ( non-dilating ) vesicoureteral reflux . The following procedures may be used to diagnose VUR : Cystography Fluoroscopic voiding cystourethrogram ( VCUG ) Abdominal ultrasound Technetium - 99m Dimercaptosuccunic Acid ( DMSA ) Scintigraphy An abdominal ultrasound might suggest the presence of VUR if ureteral dilatation is present ; however , in many circumstances of VUR of low to moderate , even high severity , the sonogram may be completely normal , thus providing insufficient utility as a single diagnostic test in the evaluation of children suspected of having VUR , such as those presenting with prenatal hydronephrosis or urinary tract infection ( UTI ) . VCUG is the method of choice for grading and initial workup , while RNC is preferred for subsequent evaluations as there is less exposure to radiation . A high index of suspicion should be attached to any case where a child presents with a urinary tract infection , and anatomical causes should be excluded . A VCUG and abdominal ultrasound should be performed in these cases DMSA scintigraphy is used for the evaluation of the paranchymal damage , which is seen as cortical scars . After the first febrile UTI , the diagnostic role of an initial scintigraphy for detecting the damage before the VCUG was investigated and it was suggested that VCUG can be omitted in children who has no cortical scars and urinary tract dilatation . Early diagnosis in children is crucial as studies have shown that the children with VUR who present with a UTI and associated acute pyelonephritis are more likely to develop permanent renal cortical scarring than those children without VUR , with an odds ratio of 2.8 . Thus VUR not only increases the frequency of UTI 's , but also the risk of damage to upper urinary structures and end - stage renal disease . Severity ( edit ) Grade I -- reflux into non-dilated ureter Grade II -- reflux into the renal pelvis and calyces without dilatation Grade III -- mild / moderate dilatation of the ureter , renal pelvis and calyces with minimal blunting of the fornices Grade IV -- dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces with moderate ureteral tortuosity Grade V -- gross dilatation of the ureter , pelvis and calyces ; ureteral tortuosity ; loss of papillary impressions The younger the patient and the lower the grade at presentation the higher the chance of spontaneous resolution . Approximately 85 % of grade I & II VUR cases will resolve spontaneously . Approximately 50 % of grade III cases and a lower percentage of higher grades will also resolve spontaneously . Treatment ( edit ) The goal of treatment is to minimize infections , as it is infections that cause renal scarring and not the vesicoureteral reflux . Minimizing infections is primarily done by prophylactic antibiotics in newborns and infants who are not potty trained . However , in children who are older , physicians and parents should focus on bowel and bladder management . Children who hold their bladder or who are constipated have a greater number of infections than children who void on a regular schedule . When medical management fails to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections , or if the kidneys show progressive renal scarring then surgical interventions may be necessary . Medical management is recommended in children with Grade I - III VUR as most cases will resolve spontaneously . A trial of medical treatment is indicated in patients with Grade IV VUR especially in younger patients or those with unilateral disease . Of the patients with Grade V VUR only infants are trialled on a medical approach before surgery is indicated , in older patients surgery is the only option . Endoscopic injection ( edit ) Endoscopic injection involves applying a gel around the ureteral opening to create a valve function and stop urine from flowing back up the ureter . The gel consists of two types of sugar - based molecules called dextranomer and hyaluronic acid . Trade names for this combination include Deflux and Zuidex . Both constituents are well - known from previous uses in medicine . They are also biocompatible , which means that they do not cause significant reactions within the body . In fact , hyaluronic acid is produced and found naturally within the body . Medical treatment ( edit ) Medical treatment entails low dose antibiotic prophylaxis until resolution of VUR occurs . Antibiotics are administered nightly at half the normal therapeutic dose . The specific antibiotics used differ with the age of the patient and include : Amoxicillin or ampicillin -- infants younger than 6 weeks Trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole ( co-trimoxazole ) -- 6 weeks to 2 months After 2 months the following antibiotics are suitable : Nitrofurantoin ( 5 -- 7 mg / kg / 24hrs ) Nalidixic acid Bactrim Trimethoprim Cephalosporins Urine cultures are performed 3 monthly to exclude breakthrough infection . Annual radiological investigations are likewise indicated . Good perineal hygiene , and timed and double voiding are also important aspects of medical treatment . Bladder dysfunction is treated with the administration of anticholinergics . Surgical management ( edit ) A surgical approach is necessary in cases where a breakthrough infection results despite prophylaxis , or there is non-compliance with the prophylaxis . Similarly if the VUR is severe ( Grade IV & V ) , there are pyelonephritic changes or congenital abnormalities . Other reasons necessitating surgical intervention are failure of renal growth , formation of new scars , renal deterioration and VUR in girls approaching puberty . There are four types of surgical procedure available for the treatment of VUR : endoscopic ( STING / HIT procedures ) ; laparoscopic ; robotic - assisted laparoscopic ; and open procedures ( Cohen procedure , Leadbetter - Politano procedure , Lich - Gregoir technique ) . Laparoscopic and robotic - assisted laparoscopic procedures are often imitation of classical open procedures in laparoscopic or robotic - assisted laparoscopic environments . Epidemiology ( edit ) It has been estimated that VUR is present in more than 10 % of the population . Younger children are more prone to VUR because of the relative shortness of the submucosal ureters . This susceptibility decreases with age as the length of the ureters increases as the children grow . In children under the age of 1 year with a urinary tract infection , 70 % will have VUR . This number decreases to 15 % by the age of 12 . Although VUR is more common in males antenatally , in later life there is a definite female preponderance with 85 % of cases being female . Surveillance ( edit ) The American Urological Association recommends ongoing monitoring of children with VUR until the abnormality resolves or is no longer clinically significant . The recommendations are for annual evaluation of blood pressure , height , weight , analysis of the urine , and kidney ultrasound . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Institute of Urology & Nephrology , London , UK , The cellular basis of bladder instability UJUS 2009 , Retrieved 4 - 20 - 2010 Jump up ^ Wongbencharat , Kunruedi ; Tongpenyai , Yothi ; Na - rungsri , Kunyalak ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Renal ultrasound and DMSA screening for high - grade vesicoureteral reflux '' . Pediatrics International . 58 ( 3 ) : 214 -- 218 . ISSN 1442 - 200X . doi : 10.1111 / ped. 12803 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Xin ; Xu , Hong ; Zhou , Lijun ; Cao , Qi ; Shen , Qian ; Sun , Li ; Fang , Xiaoyan ; Guo , Wei ; Zhai , Yihui ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Accuracy of Early DMSA Scan for VUR in Young Children With Febrile UTI '' . Pediatrics. 133 ( 1 ) : e30 -- e38 . ISSN 0031 - 4005 . PMID 24366989 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2012 - 2650 . Jump up ^ Sheu , Ji - Nan ; Wu , Kang - Hsi ; Chen , Shan - Ming ; Tsai , Jeng - Dau ; Chao , Yu - Hua ; Lue , Ko - Huang . `` Acute 99mTc DMSA Scan Predicts Dilating Vesicoureteral Reflux in Young Children With a First Febrile Urinary Tract Infection '' . Clinical Nuclear Medicine . 38 ( 3 ) : 163 -- 168 . doi : 10.1097 / rlu. 0b013e318279f112 . ^ Jump up to : Peters CA , Skoog SJ , Arant BS , Copp HL , Elder JS , Hudson RG , Khoury AE , Lorenzo AJ , Pohl HG , Shapiro E , Snodgrass WT , Diaz M ( September 2010 ) . `` Summary of the AUA Guideline on Management of Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children '' . The Journal of Urology. 184 ( 3 ) : 1134 -- 44 . PMID 20650499 . doi : 10.1016 / j. juro. 2010.05. 065 . Jump up ^ Brakeman , Paul ( 2008 - 07 - 21 ) . `` Vesicoureteral Reflux , Reflux Nephropathy , and End - Stage Renal Disease '' . Advances in Urology. 2008 : 1 -- 7 . ISSN 1687 - 6369 . PMC 2478704 . PMID 18670633 . doi : 10.1155 / 2008 / 508949 . Jump up ^ Tekgül , S ; Riedmiller , H ; Hoebeke , P ; Kočvara , R ; Nijman , RJ ; Radmayr , C ; Stein , R ; Dogan , HS ; European Association of , Urology ( September 2012 ) . `` EAU guidelines on vesicoureteral reflux in children . '' . European Urology. 62 ( 3 ) : 534 -- 42 . PMID 22698573 . doi : 10.1016 / j. eururo. 2012.05. 059 . Jump up ^ Akhavan , Ardavan ; Avery , Daniel ; Lendvay , Thomas S. `` Robot - assisted extravesical ureteral reimplantation : Outcomes and conclusions from 78 ureters '' . Journal of Pediatric Urology. 10 ( 5 ) : 864 -- 868 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpurol. 2014.01. 028 . ( hide ) Diseases of the urinary system ( N00 -- N39 , 580 -- 599 ) Kidney disease Glomerules Primarily nephrotic Non-proliferative Minimal change Focal segmental Membranous Proliferative Mesangial proliferative Endocapillary proliferative Membranoproliferative / mesangiocapillary By condition Diabetic Amyloidosis Primarily nephritic , RPG Type I RPG / Type II hypersensitivity Goodpasture 's syndrome Type II RPG / Type III hypersensitivity Post-streptococcal Lupus DPGN IgA / Berger 's Type III RPG / Pauci - immune Granulomatosis with polyangiitis Microscopic polyangiitis Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis General glomerulonephritis glomerulonephrosis Tubules Renal tubular acidosis proximal distal Acute tubular necrosis Genetic Fanconi syndrome Bartter syndrome Gitelman syndrome Liddle 's syndrome Interstitium Interstitial nephritis Pyelonephritis Balkan endemic nephropathy General General syndromes Nephritis Nephrosis Renal failure Acute renal failure Chronic kidney disease Uremic pericarditis Uremia Diabetes insipidus Nephrogenic Renal papilla Renal papillary necrosis Major calyx / pelvis Hydronephrosis Pyonephrosis Reflux nephropathy Vascular Renal artery stenosis Renal ischemia Hypertensive nephropathy Renovascular hypertension Renal cortical necrosis Other Analgesic nephropathy Renal osteodystrophy Nephroptosis Abderhalden -- Kaufmann -- Lignac syndrome Urinary tract Ureter Ureteritis Ureterocele Megaureter Bladder Cystitis Interstitial cystitis Hunner 's ulcer Trigonitis Hemorrhagic cystitis Neurogenic bladder dysfunction Bladder sphincter dyssynergia Vesicointestinal fistula Vesicoureteral reflux Urethra Urethritis Non-gonococcal urethritis Urethral syndrome Urethral stricture / Meatal stenosis Urethral caruncle Any / all Obstructive uropathy Urinary tract infection Retroperitoneal fibrosis Urolithiasis Bladder stone Kidney stone Renal colic Malakoplakia Urinary incontinence Stress Urge Overflow Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vesicoureteral_reflux&oldid=791560840 '' Categories : Urinary bladder disorders Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2017 , at 02 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
which disorder involves the retrograde passage of infected urine
[ "Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), also known as vesicoureteric reflux, is a condition in which urine flows retrograde, or backward, from the bladder into the ureters/kidneys. Urine normally travels in one direction (forward, or anterograde) from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters, with a 1-way valve at the vesicoureteral (ureteral-bladder) junction preventing backflow. The valve is formed by oblique tunneling of the distal ureter through the wall of the bladder, creating a short length of ureter (1–2 cm) that can be compressed as the bladder fills. Reflux occurs if the ureter enters the bladder without sufficient tunneling, i.e., too \"end-on\".", "Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), also known as vesicoureteric reflux, is a condition in which urine flows retrograde, or backward, from the bladder into the ureters/kidneys. Urine normally travels in one direction (forward, or anterograde) from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters, with a 1-way valve at the vesicoureteral (ureteral-bladder) junction preventing backflow. The valve is formed by oblique tunneling of the distal ureter through the wall of the bladder, creating a short length of ureter (1–2 cm) that can be compressed as the bladder fills. Reflux occurs if the ureter enters the bladder without sufficient tunneling, i.e., too \"end-on\"." ]
[ "Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)", "Vesicoureteral reflux" ]
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Kayla Brady
Kayla Brady - wikipedia Kayla Brady Kayla Johnson Mary Beth Evans as Kayla Brady Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Catherine Mary Stewart ( 1982 -- 83 ) Mary Beth Evans ( 1986 -- ) Rhonda Aldrich ( 1989 , temp ) Duration 1982 -- 83 1986 -- 92 2006 -- First appearance January 18 , 1982 Created by Pat Falken Smith Introduced by Betty Corday Al Rabin Classification Present ; regular Profile Other names Kayla Deveraux Kayla Johnson Kayla Caroline Brady Occupation Doctor Residence Salem , Illinois show Family Family Brady Parents Shawn Brady Caroline Brady Brothers Roman Brady Frankie Brady ( adoptive ) Max Brady ( adoptive ) Sisters Kimberly Brady Half - brothers Bo Brady Spouse Jack Deveraux ( 1987 -- 88 ) Steve Johnson ( 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 2012 , 2017 -- ) Sons Joey Johnson Daughters Stephanie Johnson Stepsons Tripp Dalton Grandfathers Peter Brady Uncles Eric Brady Aunts Colleen Brady Molly Brady Nephews Eric Brady Rex Brady Andrew Donovan Shawn - Douglas Brady Zack Brady Nieces Carrie Brady Sami Brady Cassie Brady Theresa Donovan Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady First cousins Ryan Brady Colin Murphy Kayla Brady is a fictional character on the NBC daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives . She made her first appearance in 1982 . Kayla was created by Pat Falken Smith as one of the original members of the Brady family , a fictional family on the serial . She is widely known for her popular pairing with Steve Johnson . This relationship gave the couple the title of a famous super couple . Kayla was described as being the `` good '' girl of the serial . During her time on Days of our Lives , Kayla was extremely well received by television critics . Kayla Brady Johnson is one of the six Brady children . She is the daughter of the late Shawn Brady and Caroline Brady . She is the sister of Roman and Kimberly Brady , the half - sister of Bo Brady , and the sister of adopted brothers Frankie and Max Brady . She has been married four times , once to Jack Deveraux and three times to Steve Johnson . Steve and Kayla have two children , a daughter , Stephanie , and a son , Joey . Mary Beth Evans returned to Days of Our Lives for a short - stint on June 18 , 2010 , and then again on recurring status starting in December 2011 . Contents 1 Casting 2 Storylines 2.1 1982 -- 83 , 1986 -- 92 2.2 2006 -- 3 Cultural impact 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Casting ( edit ) The role was originated on January 18 , 1982 by actress Catherine Mary Stewart who played the role until December 14 , 1983 . The role is replaced in 1986 by actress Mary Beth Evans . Evans is most recognizable in the role as Kayla . She played the role from May 23 , 1986 to May 26 , 1992 . Mary Beth Evans returned to play Kayla on June 12 , 2006 . She announced her departure from the serial on February 17 , 2009 , and was dropped off canvas . She returned to play Kayla in a recurring capacity from June 18 to 29 , 2010 and September 23 , 2010 to February 15 , 2011 . In December 2011 , Evans began appearing on a regular basis in a recurring capacity . In May 2015 , Evans announced she had been put back on contract with Days of Our Lives . Storylines ( edit ) 1982 -- 83 , 1986 -- 92 ( edit ) Kayla is first introduced to the show in 1982 as Roman Brady 's younger sister and a nurse who works at University Hospital . Kayla shares a past relationship with Mike Horton , and also dates David Banning . She is involved with Chris Kositchek and loses her virginity to him . However , Kayla leaves town in 1983 when Chris can not commit to her . Kayla returns to Salem in 1986 with Mary Beth Evans in the role after Steve Johnson is hired to scare her away from Cleveland . Accepting a job offer from Tom Horton , Kayla establishes a low income clinic on the riverfront and continues to cross paths with Steve . The two help orphans Max and Frankie find a home with Kayla 's parents , and later go on the run together when Steve 's former paramour Britta Englund is killed . When Orpheus kidnaps Marlena , the `` Three Knives '' tattoos shared by Steve , Bo , and Britta , become an important clue in the story , with Steve and Kayla traveling to Stockholm to help Roman unravel the mystery . In 1987 , Kayla helps Adrienne Johnson find work at the Emergency Center , not knowing she is actually Steve 's long lost sister . Steve and Kayla are torn apart when Steve tries to take the fall for a traumatized Adrienne 's killing of their abusive father , Duke , but her memories of the incident return before he could be sentenced . Later in the year , Kayla goes on the run with Steve when he is framed for the shooting of Senator Harper Deveraux . After returning to Salem , Steve and Kayla finally make love for the first time . After Steve is cleared , Harper hires Kayla to be his son Jack 's nurse . An old friend of Kayla 's , Jack falls in love with her . Steve knows how happy Kayla makes a dying Jack , who is secretly another sibling whom Jo Johnson had placed up for adoption . Devastated by Steve 's rejection , Kayla marries Jack in the hopes it would help his health . Led to believe that Kayla knows the secret of Jack 's past , Harper begins poisoning her . Steve rescues her when she is near death . Though the two are reunited , they agree not to tell Jack until after his election to the town council . However , Jack discovers the affair the night of the election and rapes Kayla in a fit of rage . Kayla charges Jack with rape , but thanks to a plea deal , Jack receives only a slap on the wrist , even after Kayla confronts him on the stand . Kayla loses her hearing during an attack at the loft , and can not remember her attacker 's face . Steve learns sign language to communicate with her , and Kim works with her to help her memory . During this period , Jack finally grants her the divorce , but Kayla is n't sure if she can marry Steve without her hearing . Kayla finally remembers Harper was the man who attacked her , just before being taken hostage by him at the loft . After that experience , Kayla undergoes a risky surgery to restore her hearing and agrees to marry Steve . After their marriage , Steve and Kayla almost adopt a young deaf boy named Benji , who is eventually found to be Stefano DiMera 's son . Later , Steve helps Nick Corelli hide from the police . Nick gifts Steve and Kayla with a mansion for their trouble . In an old trunk in the mansion 's attic , Steve and Kayla find an old civil war diary and spend time reliving the love story of Emily and Gideon . Later , while helping Marcus search for his own past in Charleston , SC , they visit significant sites in the diary . Marcus ' search for his past leads to an involvement with a corrupt preacher . Steve agrees to undergo plastic surgery fix his eye , in order to infiltrate the preacher 's camp for the ISA as Daniel Lucas . After the ISA operation ends with the appearance of Shane 's death , life is upended for Steve and Kayla yet again when Marina Toscano appears , claiming to be Steve 's presumed dead first wife . Knowing she is pregnant but not yet having told Steve , Kayla encourages Steve to help Marina , in hopes the old entanglements can be resolved . Marina and Steve travel to Italy to retrieve the key , where Kayla catches them in an apparently compromising situation . Steve 's eye socket is damaged again in a fight , and he decides to start wearing the patch again . Back in Salem , Steve works to regain Kayla 's trust , and is shocked to learn from Jack she is pregnant . Kayla and Marina argue in her hotel room , where Marina is later found dead . Kayla is kidnapped by Victor Kiriakis , and released in exchange for the key . Steve and Kayla plan another wedding , as their marriage had been invalidated by the fact of Marina , but Kayla is arrested during the ceremony for her murder . Kayla gives birth to Stephanie Johnson after going into labor on the witness stand . Convicted of murder , Kayla is sent to prison . At first she tries to keep Stephanie with her , but then decides prison was no place for a baby . Sheila the nanny , who had become obsessed with the baby , kidnaps Stephanie and takes her to Australia . Upon hearing of Stephanie 's kidnapping , Kayla escapes from prison , and she and Steve follow Sheila to Australia where they manage to get their baby back . After word came that Kayla had been cleared of Marina 's murder , they return to Salem , where they are finally legally married . In the fall of 1990 , Steve decides to become a police officer . He is injured in a boat explosion , rigged by Lawrence Alamain and meant for Bo . Steve begins to recover , but is `` killed '' when Lawrence has his IV poisoned . Kayla moves in with Shane Donovan for protection , and the two eventually begin a relationship . Things become complicated when Kim returns to town in 1991 to find her sister and ex-husband living together , and circumstances lead her to become involved with Lawrence Alamain . Shane is paralyzed in the line of duty . At first he refuses to have the surgery to regain the use of his legs , but Kayla helps him recover as their relationship deepens . However , Kayla decides to move to Los Angeles in the spring of 1992 to start a new life for her and her daughter . 2006 -- ( edit ) In 2006 , Kayla , now a doctor , returns to Salem for Frankie and Jennifer 's wedding , having completed medical school in Los Angeles . She had been planning to go to Africa with Doctors Without Borders , but is shocked when Steve appears at the church . He does n't remember his past , and she is devastated to think he does n't know who she is and to watch him take up with Billie Reed . A series of events , including their daughter 's race car crash and a stay in quarantine after being exposed to a toxin at the hospital , help slowly bring them back together . Eventually , a trip to a cabin where they once hid out together on the run sparks Steve 's memory to return in its entirety , and the two are reunited . In 2007 , Benji DiMera ( who 's forced by EJ ) returns to Salem with a tarot card that turns Steve into a DiMera soldier . It turns out Stefano and EJ had tortured him during his missing years . Due to Steve 's programming , Kayla is forced into removing John Black 's kidney so an ailing Stefano can have it . Steve is committed to the mental hospital , and Kayla works to help him recover , despite his resistance . When his programming is again activated by EJ in order to have him kill Bo on Tinda Lau , Kayla is finally able to break through to him , and they spend some time on the island recovering . Back in Salem , Steve and Kayla begin to discuss the idea of having another baby . When Philip Kiriakis ' son Tyler is abandoned anonymously at the hospital by Philip and Mimi 's surrogate , Kayla and Steve take him in and care for him as Pocket . After Steve takes Stefano hostage in retaliation for Benji 's murder when the vendetta heats up , social services take Pocket away when he becomes ill . Steve and Kayla are accused of poisoning him by Philip , but it turns out to be a rare genetic disorder . Steve and Kayla and Philip all decide it was in his best interest to go live with another foster family . In 2008 , Kayla and Steve support Stephanie after it is revealed she was raped by Ford Decker . They travel to Ireland to help Shawn meet with the sister he had thought was dead . While there , Kayla learns she is pregnant . Kayla and Steve are both caught in the plane crash on the way back to Salem , which kills her father Shawn Brady and is later found to be the work of a deranged Ava Vitali . Kayla aids Daniel and Lexie in treating Bo 's pancreas condition . Under all these stresses , she begins to have problems with her pregnancy , which leads Steve to keep the information about his ex-girlfriend Ava from her . Ava mistakenly kidnaps Hope thinking she is Kayla , but Steve , Kayla , and Bo soon follow to rescue Hope . Kayla discovers the pills Ava had been taking kept Ava from ever becoming sane . Afterward , Ava leaves Steve and Kayla alone , though she fled the country rather than pay for her crimes . Stressed , and with an already troubled pregnancy , Kayla goes into premature labor . Joseph Johnson is delivered at 26 weeks . After stabilizing , he is briefly kidnapped in the late summer of 2008 by Stefano DiMera . In early 2009 , Kayla is accidentally shot by Hope at University Hospital , a situation Bo has foreseen in his psychic visions . Though the bullet penetrates the sac around the heart , Kayla recovers after surgery . Offscreen , Kayla and Steve decide to leave Salem to run a clinic in a remote part of the world . They take their infant son with them , and relay their decision and details of their situation to their daughter Stephanie in a letter , in April 2009 . In June 2010 , Kayla briefly returns along with several other Brady and Horton family members to pay respects to Alice Horton after she took ill . Kayla returned once again in December 2011 to assist Caroline in running the Brady Pub . She further confesses she and Steve were experiencing issues , and he was back in the ISA . She confessed that while he was the man she loved , he was not the man she wanted to be with . Cultural impact ( edit ) In the mid-80s , the baby name `` Kayla '' jumped from the roughly 900th most popular girl 's name , to around the top 10 , where it has remained ever since . This is widely attributed to Kayla Brady 's arrival on the show , with which it coincides . See also ( edit ) Brady family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Soap Opera Supercouples - Soap Opera Digest and Weekly '' . Soapoperadigest.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Official Site '' . Catherine Mary Stewart . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` NBC.com > Days of our Lives '' . 2007 - 02 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Beth Evans - Days Of Our Lives - Bio - Soap Opera Digest and Weekly '' . Soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Nichols and Mary Beth Evans Fired From DAYS '' . Daysofourlives.about.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ SOD ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` MARY BETH EVANS BACK ON CONTRACT '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media Inc . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kayla Johnson Biography '' . Buddytv.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Baby Names - Kayla External links ( edit ) Kayla Brady Johnson profile - SoapCentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Susan Banks Belle Black Brady Black John Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Kristen DiMera Stefan DiMera Eve Donovan Theresa Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Susan Banks Belle Black Brady Black John Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Kristen DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Xander Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Ben Weston Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Bart Beiderbecke Tate Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Shawn Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kayla_Brady&oldid=838801098 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional physicians Fictional characters introduced in 1982 Fictional sexual assault victims Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 29 April 2018 , at 11 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played kayla brady on days of our lives
[ "Kayla Johnson\nMary Beth Evans as Kayla BradyDays of Our Lives characterPortrayed by\n\nCatherine Mary Stewart (1982–83)\nMary Beth Evans (1986–)\nRhonda Aldrich (1989, temp)\nDuration\n\n1982–83\n1986–92\n2006–\nFirst appearance\nJanuary 18, 1982Created by\nPat Falken SmithIntroduced by\nBetty Corday Al RabinClassification\nPresent; regularProfileOther names\nKayla DeverauxKayla JohnsonKayla Caroline BradyOccupation\nDoctorResidence\nSalem, Illinois\nshowFamilyFamily\nBradyParents\nShawn BradyCaroline BradyBrothers\nRoman BradyFrankie Brady (adoptive)Max Brady (adoptive)Sisters\nKimberly BradyHalf-brothers\nBo BradySpouse\nJack Deveraux(1987–88)Steve Johnson (1988–89, 1990–2012, 2017–)Sons\nJoey JohnsonDaughters\nStephanie JohnsonStepsons\nTripp DaltonGrandfathers\nPeter BradyUncles\nEric BradyAunts\nColleen BradyMolly BradyNephews\nEric BradyRex BradyAndrew DonovanShawn-Douglas BradyZack BradyNieces\nCarrie BradySami BradyCassie BradyTheresa DonovanChelsea BradyCiara BradyFirst cousins\nRyan Brady Colin Murphy", "Kayla Johnson\nMary Beth Evans as Kayla BradyDays of Our Lives characterPortrayed by\n\nCatherine Mary Stewart (1982–83)\nMary Beth Evans (1986–)\nRhonda Aldrich (1989, temp)\nDuration\n\n1982–83\n1986–92\n2006–\nFirst appearance\nJanuary 18, 1982Created by\nPat Falken SmithIntroduced by\nBetty Corday Al RabinClassification\nPresent; regularProfileOther names\nKayla DeverauxKayla JohnsonKayla Caroline BradyOccupation\nDoctorResidence\nSalem, Illinois\nshowFamilyFamily\nBradyParents\nShawn BradyCaroline BradyBrothers\nRoman BradyFrankie Brady (adoptive)Max Brady (adoptive)Sisters\nKimberly BradyHalf-brothers\nBo BradySpouse\nJack Deveraux(1987–88)Steve Johnson (1988–89, 1990–2012, 2017–)Sons\nJoey JohnsonDaughters\nStephanie JohnsonStepsons\nTripp DaltonGrandfathers\nPeter BradyUncles\nEric BradyAunts\nColleen BradyMolly BradyNephews\nEric BradyRex BradyAndrew DonovanShawn-Douglas BradyZack BradyNieces\nCarrie BradySami BradyCassie BradyTheresa DonovanChelsea BradyCiara BradyFirst cousins\nRyan Brady Colin Murphy", "Kayla Johnson\nMary Beth Evans as Kayla BradyDays of Our Lives characterPortrayed by\n\nCatherine Mary Stewart (1982–83)\nMary Beth Evans (1986–)\nRhonda Aldrich (1989, temp)\nDuration\n\n1982–83\n1986–92\n2006–\nFirst appearance\nJanuary 18, 1982Created by\nPat Falken SmithIntroduced by\nBetty Corday Al RabinClassification\nPresent; regularProfileOther names\nKayla DeverauxKayla JohnsonKayla Caroline BradyOccupation\nDoctorResidence\nSalem, Illinois\nshowFamilyFamily\nBradyParents\nShawn BradyCaroline BradyBrothers\nRoman BradyFrankie Brady (adoptive)Max Brady (adoptive)Sisters\nKimberly BradyHalf-brothers\nBo BradySpouse\nJack Deveraux(1987–88)Steve Johnson (1988–89, 1990–2012, 2017–)Sons\nJoey JohnsonDaughters\nStephanie JohnsonStepsons\nTripp DaltonGrandfathers\nPeter BradyUncles\nEric BradyAunts\nColleen BradyMolly BradyNephews\nEric BradyRex BradyAndrew DonovanShawn-Douglas BradyZack BradyNieces\nCarrie BradySami BradyCassie BradyTheresa DonovanChelsea BradyCiara BradyFirst cousins\nRyan Brady Colin Murphy" ]
[ "Catherine Mary Stewart", "Mary Beth Evans", "Rhonda Aldrich" ]
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History of construction
History of construction - wikipedia History of construction Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints . Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( January 2013 ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Inadequate lead , disorganized sections , overall need for copyediting Please help improve this article if you can . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains too many pictures , charts or diagrams for its overall length . Please help to improve this article by removing images that are redundant to the topic or duplicate another image , in accordance with the Manual of Style on use of images . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The History of construction overlaps many other fields like structural engineering and relies on other branches of science like archaeology , history and architecture to investigate how the builders lived and recorded their accomplishments . Those fields allow us to analyse constructed buildings and other structures built since prehistory , the tools used and the different uses of building materials . History of building is evolving by different trends in time , marked by few key principles : durability of the materials used , the increasing of height and span , the degree of control exercised over the interior environment and finally the energy available to the construction process . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronological development 1.1 Neolithic construction 1.2 Gallery of Neolithic tools 2 Copper Age and Bronze Age construction 3 Iron Age construction 3.1 Ancient Mesopotamia 3.1. 1 Materials 3.2 Ancient Egypt 3.2. 1 Materials 3.2. 2 Technology 3.2. 3 Achievements 3.3 Ancient Greece 3.4 Roman Empire 3.4. 1 Materials 3.4. 2 Organisation of labour 3.4. 3 Technology 3.5 China 3.5. 1 Stone Great Wall Sections 3.5. 2 Soil Great Wall Sections 3.5. 3 Sand ( and Reed / Willow ) Great Wall Sections 3.5. 4 Brick Great Wall Sections 4 Middle ages 4.1 Materials 4.2 Design 4.3 Labour 4.4 Techniques 4.5 Achievements 5 Renaissance 5.1 Materials 5.2 Design 5.3 Labour 5.4 Technical advances 6 The seventeenth century 6.1 Materials and tools 6.2 Methods 7 The eighteenth century 7.1 Materials 8 The nineteenth century : Industrial Revolution 9 The twentieth century 10 Academic discipline 10.1 Early writers 10.2 Nineteenth - century studies 10.3 The early twentieth century studies 10.4 The late twentieth century 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Chronological development ( edit ) Neolithic construction ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neolithic reconstructions . A reconstruction of a pit - house type dwelling made with mammoth bones Neolithic , also known as the New Stone Age , was a time period roughly from 9000 BC to 5000 BC named because it was the last period of the age before wood working began . The tools available were made from natural materials including bone , antler , hide , stone , wood , grasses , animal fibers , and the use of water . These tools were used by people to cut such as with the hand axe , chopper , adze , and celt . Also to scrape , chop such as with a flake tool , pound , pierce , roll , pull , leaver , and carry . Building materials included bones such as mammoth ribs , hide , stone , metal , bark , bamboo , clay , lime plaster , and more . For example , the first bridges made by humans were probably just wooden logs placed across a stream and later timber trackways . In addition to living in caves and rock shelters , the first buildings were simple shelters , tents like the Inuit 's tupiq , and huts sometimes built as pit - houses meant to suit the basic needs of protection from the elements and sometimes as fortifications for safety such as the crannog . Built self - sufficiently by their inhabitants rather than by specialist builders , using locally available materials and traditional designs and methods which together are called vernacular architecture . The very simplest shelters , tents , leave no traces . Because of this , what little we can say about very early construction is mostly conjecture and based on what we know about the way nomadic hunter - gatherers and herdsmen in remote areas build shelters today . The absence of metal tools placed limitations on the materials that could be worked , but it was still possible to build quite elaborate stone structures with ingenuity using dry stone walling techniques such as at Skara Brae in Scotland , Europe 's most complete Neolithic village . The first mud bricks , formed with the hands rather than wooden moulds , belong to the late Neolithic period and were found in Jericho . One of the largest structures of this period was the Neolithic long house . In all cases of timber framed and log structures in these very early cultures , only the very lowest parts of the walls and post holes are unearthed in archaeological excavations , making reconstruction of the upper parts of these buildings largely conjectural . A reconstruction of a neolithic fortified village showing a palisade wall and stilt houses at the Pfahlbau Museum Unteruhldingen , Germany . Neolithic architecture ranges from the tent to the megalith ( an arrangement of large stones ) and rock - cut architecture which are frequently temples , tombs , and dwellings . The most remarkable Neolithic structure in Western Europe is the iconic megalith known as Stonehenge , regarded by some archaeologists as displaying methods of timber construction such as at woodhenge translated into stone , a process known as petrification . The now ruinous remains are of post and lintel construction and include massive sandstone lintels which were located on supporting uprights by means of mortise and tenon joints ; the lintels themselves being end - jointed by the use of tongue and groove joints . There is also evidence of prefabrication of the stonework ; the symmetrical geometric arrays of stone clearly indicate that the builders of Stonehenge had mastered sophisticated surveying methods . Neolithic villages large enough to have rural and urban features are called proto - cities to distinguish them from cities beginning with Eridu . Gallery of Neolithic tools ( edit ) Man using a hand axe A Neolithic stone axe with a wooden handle . A sickle for harvesting crops and thatching materials . Various bone tools from China Bone hammer from the Linear Pottery Culture A chisel made of bone , Sechseläutenplatz , Zürich A sledge for moving heavy materials . A stone drill Copper Age and bronze Age construction ( edit ) A bronze saw from the archaeological site of Akrotiri - Museum of prehistoric Thera - Santorini , Greece . Image : Norbert Nagel / Wikimedia Commons The Copper Age is the early part of the Bronze Age . Bronze is made when tin is added to copper and brass is copper with zinc . Copper came into use before 5,000 BC and bronze around 3,100 BC , although the times vary by region . Copper and bronze were used for the same types of tools as stone such as axes and chisels , but the new , less brittle , more durable material cut better . Bronze was cast into desired shapes and if damaged could be recast . A new tool developed in the copper age is the saw . Other uses of copper and bronze were to `` harden '' the cutting edge of tools such as the Egyptians using copper and bronze points for working soft stone including quarrying blocks and making rock - cut architecture . During the Bronze Age the corbelled arch came into use such as for beehive tombs . The wheel came into use but was not common until much later . Heavy loads were moved on boats , sledges ( a primitive sled ) or on rollers . The Egyptians began building stone temples with the post and lintel construction method and the Greeks and Romans followed this style . Iron Age construction ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2014 ) The Iron Age is a cultural period from roughly 1200 BC to 50 BC with the widespread use of iron for tools and weapons . Iron is not much harder than bronze but by adding carbon iron becomes steel which was being produced after about 300 BC . Steel can be hardened and tempered producing a sharp , durable cutting edge . A new woodworking tool allowed by the use of steel is the hand - plane . Ancient Mesopotamia ( edit ) The earliest large - scale buildings for which evidence survives have been found in ancient Mesopotamia . The smaller dwellings only survive in traces of foundations , but the later civilizations built very sizeable structures in the forms of palaces , temples and ziggurats and took particular care to build them out of materials that last , which has ensured that very considerable parts have remained intact . Major technical achievement is evidenced by the construction of great cities such as Uruk and Ur . The Ziggurat of Ur is an outstanding building of the period , despite major reconstruction work . Another fine example is the ziggurat at Chogha Zanbil in modern Iran . Cities created demands for new technologies such as drains for animal and human sewage and paved streets . Archaeological evidence has shown the existence of pitched - brick vault s such as at Tell al - Rimah in what is now Iraq . Materials ( edit ) The chief building material was the mud - brick , formed in wooden moulds similar to those used to make adobe bricks . Bricks varied widely in size and format from small bricks that could be lifted in one hand to ones as big as large paving slabs . Rectangular and square bricks were both common . They were laid in virtually every bonding pattern imaginable and used with considerable sophistication . Drawings survive on clay tablets from later periods showing that buildings were set out on brick modules . By 3500 BC , fired bricks came into use and surviving records show a very complex division of labour into separate tasks and trades . Fired bricks and stone were used for pavement . Life in general was governed by complex ritual and this extended to rituals for setting - out buildings and moulding the first bricks . Contrary to popular belief the arch was not invented by the Romans , but was used in these civilizations . The later Mesopotamian civilizations , particularly Babylon and thence Susa , developed glazed brickwork to a very high degree , decorating the interiors and exteriors of their buildings with glazed brick reliefs , examples of which survive in the Tehran archaeological museum , the Louvre Museum in Paris and the Pergamon Museum in Berlin . Detail of the Ishtar Gate ( 575 BC ) showing the exceptionally fine glazed brickwork of the later period . Glazed bricks have been found from the 13th century B.C. The pitched - brick vault is a type found in Mesopotamia circa 2000 BC . Babylon , the archaeological site in 1932 , before major reconstruction work undertaken by Sadam Hussein Dried bricks stacked ready for firing without the use of a kiln . Egyptian stonework showing tool marks and butterfly interlocks in the Temple of Kom Ombo begun 180 - 145 BC Ancient Egypt ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient architecture . Further information : Ancient Egypt , Ancient Egyptian architecture , List of ancient Egyptian sites , List of Egyptian pyramids , and Egyptian pyramids Aerial view of the Ramasseum in Thebes with its associated adobe structures A copy of a wall painting in the tomb of Rekhmire between 1550 and 1292 BC . As opposed to the cultures of ancient Mesopotamia which built in brick , the pharaohs of Egypt built huge structures in stone . The arid climate has preserved much of the ancient buildings . Materials ( edit ) Adobe ( sun - baked mud brick ) construction was used for ancillary buildings and normal houses in ancient times and is still commonly used in rural Egypt . The hot , dry climate was ideal for mud - brick , which tends to wash away in the rain . The Ramesseum in Thebes , Egypt ( Luxor ) provides one of the finest examples of mud brick construction . Extensive storehouses with mud - brick vaults also survive , all constructed with sloping courses to avoid the need for formwork . The grandest buildings were constructed in stone , often from massive masonry blocks . The techniques used to move massive blocks used in pyramids and temples have been subject to extensive debate . Some authors have suggested that the larger may not be cut stone but fabricated with concrete . Technology ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Egyptian technology Although the Egyptians achieved extraordinary feats of engineering , they appear to have done so with relatively primitive technology . As far as is known they did not use wheels or pulleys . They transported massive stones over great distances using rollers , ropes and sledges hauled by large numbers of workers . The ancient Egyptians are credited with inventing the ramp , lever , lathe , oven , ship , paper , irrigation system , window awning , door , glass , a form of plaster of Paris , the bath , lock , shadoof , weaving , a standardized measurement system , geometry , silo , a method of drilling stone , saw , steam power , proportional scale drawings , enameling , veneer , plywood , rope truss , and more . There are no surviving Egyptian manuals so there has been considerable speculation on how stones were lifted to great heights and obelisks erected . Most theories centre on the use of ramps . Imhotep , who lived circa 2650 -- 2600 BC , is credited with being the first recorded architect and engineer . Achievements ( edit ) The pyramids are chiefly impressive for their enormous size and the staggering manpower that must have been employed in their construction . The largest is the Great Pyramid of Giza which remained the tallest structure in the world for 3800 years ( see List of tallest freestanding structures in the world ) . The engineering problems involved were chiefly to do with the transport of blocks , sometimes over long distances , their movement into location and exact alignment . It is now generally agreed that the skilled building workers were respected and well treated , but undoubtedly very large numbers of labourers were necessary to provide the brute force . The methods used in the construction of the pyramids have been the subject of considerable research and discussion ( see : Egyptian pyramid construction techniques ) . Great Pyramid of Giza , the tallest building in the world for over 3800 years Menkaures Pyramid , Giza Ancient Greece ( edit ) An illustration showing masonry techniques of ancient Greece and Rome . Further information : Architecture of ancient Greece , List of ancient architectural records , and List of ancient Greek and Roman roofs The ancient Greeks , like the Egyptians and the Mesopotamians , tended to build most of their common buildings out of mud brick , leaving no record behind them . However very many structures do survive , some of which are in a very good state of repair , although some have been partly reconstructed or re-erected in the modern era . The most dramatic are the Greek Temples . The Greeks made many advances in technology including plumbing , the spiral staircase , central heating , urban planning , the water wheel , the crane , and more . The oldest `` construction drawing '' is in the Temple of Apollo at Didyma . An unfinished stone wall was etched with the profiles of columns and moldings , and the wall was never finished so the drawing was not erased : a rare glimpse into the history of working construction drawings . No timber structures survive ( roofs , floors etc . ) , so our knowledge of how these were put together is limited . The spans are , in the main , limited and suggest very simple beam and post structures spanning stone walls . For the longer spans it is uncertain if the Greeks or Romans invented the truss but the Romans certainly used timber roof trusses . Before 650 B.C.E. the now famous ancient Greek temples were built of wood , but after this date began to be built of stone . The process of a timber structure being repeated in stone is called petrification or `` petrified carpentry '' . Fired clay was mainly restricted to roofing tiles and associated decorations , but these were quite elaborate . The roof tiles allow a low roof pitch characteristic of ancient Greek architecture . Fired bricks began to be employed with lime mortar . Very prominent buildings were roofed in stone tiles , which mimicked the form of their terracotta counterparts . While later cultures tended to construct their stone buildings with thin skins of finished stones over rubble cores , the Greeks tended to build out of large cut blocks , joined with metal cramps . This was a slow , expensive and laborious process which limited the number of buildings that could be constructed . The metal cramps often failed through corrosion . Building structures mostly used a simple beam and column system without vaults or arches , which based strict limits on the spans that could achieved . However , the Greeks did construct some groin vaults , arch bridges and , with the Egyptians , the first `` high rise '' , the Lighthouse of Alexandria , one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Greek mathematics was technically advanced and we know for certain that they employed and understood the principles of pulleys , which would have enabled them to build jibs and cranes to lift heavy stonework to the upper parts of buildings . Their surveying skills were exceptional , enabling them to set out the incredibly exact optical corrections of buildings like the Parthenon , although the methods used remain a mystery . Simpler decoration , such as fluting on columns , was simply left until the drums of the columns were cut in place . The ancient Greeks never developed the strong mortars which became an important feature of Roman construction . Roman Empire ( edit ) Further information : Roman engineering , Concrete Revolution , and Roman technology Reconstructed Roman treadwheel crane at Bonn , Germany The hand plane developed in the Iron Age and was known to be used by the Romans . These Roman planes were found in Germany and date to the 1st to 3rd century AD In striking contrast to previous cultures , an enormous amount is known about Roman building construction . A very large amount survives , including complete intact buildings like the Pantheon , Rome and very well preserved ruins at Pompeii and Herculaneum . We also have the first surviving treatise on architecture by Vitruvius which includes extensive passages on construction techniques . Materials ( edit ) The great Roman development in building materials was the use of hydraulic lime mortar called Roman cement . Previous cultures had used lime mortars but by adding volcanic ash called a pozzolana the mortar would harden under water . This provided them with a strong material for bulk walling . They used brick or stone to build the outer skins of the wall and then filled the cavity with massive amounts of concrete , effectively using the brickwork as permanent shuttering ( formwork ) . Later they used wooden shuttering that was removed for the concrete to cure . An example of a temple made of Roman concrete in the 1st century BC is the Temple of Vesta in Tivoli , Italy . The concrete was made of nothing more than rubble and mortar . It was cheap and very easy to produce and required relatively unskilled labour to use , enabling the Romans to build on an unprecedented scale . They not only used it for walls but also to form arches , barrel vaults and domes , which they built over huge spans . The Romans developed systems of hollow pots for making their domes and sophisticated heating and ventilation systems for their thermal baths. . The Romans substituted bronze for wood in the roof truss ( s ) of the Pantheon 's portico which was commissioned between 27 BC and 14 AD . The bronze trusses were unique but in 1625 Pope Urban VIII had the trusses replaced with wood and melted the bronze down for other uses . The Romans also made bronze roof tiles Lead was used for roof covering material and water supply and waste pipes . The Latin name for lead is plumbum thus plumbing . Romans also made use of glass in construction with colored glass in mosaics and clear glass for windows . Glass came to be fairly commonly used in windows of public buildings . Central heating in the form of a hypocaust , a raised floor heated by the exhaust of a wood or coal fire . Organisation of labour ( edit ) The Romans had trade guilds . Most construction was done by slaves or freed men . The use of slave labour undoubtedly cut costs and was one of the reasons for the scale of some of the structures . The Romans placed a considerable emphasis in building their buildings extremely fast , usually within two years . For very large structures the only way this could be achieved was by the application of vast numbers of workers to the task . Technology ( edit ) The invention of the waterwheel , sawmill , arch , and were by the Romans . The Romans also began using glass for architectural purposes after about 100 CE and used double glazing as insulated glazing . Roman roads included corduroy roads and paved roads , sometimes supported on raft or pile foundations and bridges . Vitruvius gives details of many Roman machines . The Romans developed sophisticated timber cranes allowing them to lift considerable weights to great heights . The upper limit of lifting appears to have been about 100 tonnes . Trajan 's column in Rome contains some of the largest stones ever lifted in a Roman building , and engineers are still uncertain exactly how it was achieved . A list of the longest , highest and deepest Roman structures can be found in the List of ancient architectural records . Roman building ingenuity extended over bridges , aqueducts , and covered amphitheatres . Their sewerage and water - supply works were remarkable and some systems are still in operation today . The only aspect of Roman construction for which very little evidence survives is the form of timber roof structures , none of which seem to have survived intact . Possibly , triangulated roof trusses were built , this being the only conceivable way of constructing the immense spans achieved , the longest exceeding 30 metres ( see List of Ancient Greek and Roman roofs ) . China ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2014 ) The Far East used a different method of sawing logs than the West 's method of pit - sawing with a saw pit : The concept is the same but as shown here the log is angled and no pit is used . China is a cultural hearth area of eastern Asia , many Far East building methods and styles evolved from China . A famous example of Chinese construction is the Great Wall of China built between the 7th and 2nd centuries BC . The Great Wall was built with rammed earth , stones , and wood and later bricks and tiles with lime mortar . Wooden gates blocked passageways . The oldest archaeological examples of mortise and tenon type woodworking joints were found in China dating to about 5000 BC . The Yingzao Fashi is the oldest complete technical manual on Chinese architecture . The Chinese followed the state rules for thousands of years so many of the ancient , surviving buildings were built with the methods and materials still used in the 11th century . Chinese temples are typically wooden timber frames on an earth and stone base . The oldest wooden building is the Nanchan Temple ( Wutai ) dating from 782 CE . However , Chinese temple builders regularly rebuild the wooden temples so some parts of these ancient buildings are of different ages . Traditional Chinese timber frames do not use trusses but rely only on post and lintel construction . An important architectural element are the dougong bracket sets . The Songyue Pagoda is the oldest brick pagoda dating to 523 AD . It was built with yellow fired bricks laid in clay mortar , with twelve sides and fifteen levels of roofs . The Anji Bridge is the worlds oldest `` open - spandrel stone segmental arch bridge '' built in 595 - 605 AD . The bridge is built with sandstone joined with dovetail , iron joints . Most of the ( restored ) Great Wall sections we see today were built with bricks , and cut stone blocks / slabs . Where bricks and blocks were n't available , tamped earth , uncut stones , wood , and even reeds were used as local materials . Wood was used for forts and as an auxiliary material . Where local timber was n't enough , they had it delivered in . Stone Great wall sections ( edit ) In mountain areas , workers quarried stone to build the Great Wall . Using the mountains themselves as footings , the outer layer of the Great Wall was built with stone blocks ( and bricks ) , and filled with uncut stone and anything else available ( like earth and dead workers ) . Soil Great wall sections ( edit ) On the plains Great Wall workers made use of local soil ( sand , loess , etc . ) and rammed it into compact layers . Jiayuguan 's Great Wall section in west China was mainly built with dusty loess soil -- `` the most erodible soil on the planet '' . It 's amazing that sections 2,000 years old still remain mostly intact ! Sand ( and reed / willow ) Great wall sections ( edit ) Sand does n't stick together , so how could a wall be built with sand ? Sand was used as a fill material between reed and willow layers . West China around Dunhuang is desert . Innovative builders there made use of reeds and willow brought in from rivers and oases to build a strong wall . Jade Gate Pass ( Yumenguan ) Great Wall Fort was built with 20 - cm layers of sand and reed , an impressive 9 meters high . Brick Great wall sections ( edit ) The Ming Dynasty Great Wall was mostly built with bricks . To build a strong wall with bricks , they used lime mortar . Workers built brick and cement factories with local materials near the wall . Middle Ages ( edit ) Further information : Medieval technology and Vault ( architecture ) The Middle Ages of Europe span from the 5th to 15th centuries AD from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the Renaissance and is divided into Pre-Romanesque and Romanesque periods . Fortifications , castles and cathedrals were the greatest construction projects . The Middle Ages began with the end of the Roman era and many Roman building techniques were lost . But some Roman techniques , including the use of iron ring - beams , appear to have been used in the Palatine Chapel at Aachen , c. 800 AD , where it is believed builders from the Langobard Kingdom in northern Italy contributed to the work . A revival of stone buildings in the 9th century and the Romanesque style of architecture began in the late 11th century . Also notable are the stave churches in Scandinavia . Villard de Honnecourt 's drawing of a flying buttress at Reims , ca . AD 1320 -- 1335 ( Bibliothèque nationale ) Materials ( edit ) Most buildings in Northern Europe were constructed of timber until c. 1000 AD . In Southern Europe adobe remained predominant . Brick continued to be manufactured in Italy throughout the period 600 -- 1000 AD but elsewhere the craft of brick - making had largely disappeared and with it the methods for burning tiles . Roofs were largely thatched . Houses were small and gathered around a large communal hall . Monasticism spread more sophisticated building techniques . The Cistercians may have been responsible for reintroducing brick - making to the area from the Netherlands , through Denmark and Northern Germany to Poland leading to Backsteingotik . Brick remained the most popular prestige material in these areas throughout the period . Elsewhere buildings were typically in timber or where it could be afforded , stone . Medieval stone walls were constructed using cut blocks on the outside of the walls and rubble infill , with weak lime mortars . The poor hardening properties of these mortars were a continual problem , and the settlement of the rubble filling of Romanesque and Gothic walls and piers is still a major cause for concern . Design ( edit ) There were no standard textbooks on building in the Middle Ages . Master craftsmen transferred their knowledge through apprenticeships and from father to son . Trade secrets were closely guarded , as they were the source of a craftsman 's livelihood . Drawings only survive from the later period . Parchment was too expensive to be commonly used and paper did not appear until the end of the period . Models were used for designing structures and could be built to large scales . Details were mostly designed at full size on tracing floors , some of which survive . Labour ( edit ) In general , medieval buildings were built by paid workers . Unskilled work was done by labourers paid by the day . Skilled craftsmen served apprenticeships or learned their trade from their parents . It is not clear how many women were members of a guild holding a monopoly on a particular trade in a defined area ( usually within the town walls ) . Towns were in general very small by modern standards and dominated by the dwellings of a small number of rich nobles or merchants , and by cathedrals and churches . Techniques ( edit ) Church in Kizhi , Russia is listed as a UNESCO world heritage site as a building constructed entirely out of wood , in the log building technique Romanesque buildings of the period 600 -- 1100 AD were entirely roofed in timber or had stone barrel vaults covered by timber roofs . The Gothic style of architecture with its vaults , flying buttresses and pointed gothic arches developed in the twelfth century , and in the centuries that followed ever more incredible feats of constructional daring were achieved in stone . Thin stone vaults and towering buildings were constructed using rules derived by trial and error . Failures were frequent , particularly in difficult areas such as crossing towers . The pile driver was invented around 1500 . Achievements ( edit ) The scale of fortifications and castle building in the Middle Ages was remarkable , but the outstanding buildings of the period were the Gothic cathedrals with thin masonry vaults and walls of glass . Outstanding examples are : Beauvais Cathedral , Chartres Cathedral , King 's College Chapel and Notre Dame , Paris . Renaissance ( edit ) Further information : Renaissance Architecture The Renaissance in Italy , the invention of moveable type and the Reformation changed the character of building . The rediscovery of Vitruvius had a strong influence . During the Middle Ages buildings were designed by the people that built them . The master mason and master carpenters learnt their trades by word of mouth and relied on experience , models and rules of thumb to determine the sizes of building elements . Vitruvius however describes in detail the education of the perfect architect who , he said , must be skilled in all the arts and sciences . Filippo Brunelleschi was one of the first of the new style of architects . He started life as a goldsmith and educated himself in Roman architecture by studying ruins . He went on to engineer the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence . Materials ( edit ) The major breakthroughs in this period were to do with the technology of conversion . Water mills in most of western Europe were used to saw timber and convert trees into planks . Bricks were used in ever increasing quantities . In Italy the brickmakers were organised into guilds although the kilns were mostly in rural areas because of the risk of fire and easy availability of firewood and brickearth . Brickmakers were typically paid by the brick , which gave them an incentive to make them too small . As a result , legislation was laid down regulating the minimum sizes and each town kept measures against which bricks had to be compared . An increasing amount of ironwork was used in roof carpentry for straps and tension members . The iron was fixed using forelock bolts . The screw - threaded bolt ( and nut ) could be made and are found in clockmaking in this period , but they were labour - intensive and thus not used on large structures . Roofing was typically of terracotta roof tiles . In Italy they followed Roman precedents . In northern Europe plain tiles were used . Stone , where available , remained the material of choice for prestige buildings . Design ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The rebirth of the idea of an architect in the Renaissance radically changed the nature of building design . The Renaissance reintroduced the classical style of architecture . Leon Battista Alberti 's treatise on architecture raised the subject to a new level , defining architecture as something worthy of study by the aristocracy . Previously it was viewed merely as a technical art , suited only to the artisan . The resulting change in status of architecture and more importantly the architect is key to understanding the changes in the process of design . The Renaissance architect was often an artist ( a painter or sculptor ) who had little knowledge of building technology but a keen grasp of the rules of classical design . The architect thus had to provide detailed drawings for the craftsmen setting out the disposition of the various parts . This was what is called the process of design , from the Italian word for drawing . Occasionally the architect would get involved in particularly difficult technical problems but the technical side of architecture was mainly left up to the craftsmen . This change in the way buildings were designed had a fundamental difference on the way problems were approached . Where the Medieval craftsmen tended to approach a problem with a technical solution in mind , the Renaissance architects started with an idea of what the end product needed to look like and then searched around for a way of making it work . This led to extraordinary leaps forward in engineering . Labour ( edit ) The structure of the dome of Florence cathedral , showing the double skin structure Pieter Bruegel the Elder 's Tower of Babel , illustrating construction techniques of the 16th century Labour in the Renaissance was much the same as in the Middle Ages : buildings were built by paid workers . Unskilled work was done by labourers paid by the day . Skilled craftsmen served apprenticeships or learned their trade from their parents . Craftsmen were organized in guilds which provided a limited form of building regulation in return for members of the guild holding a monopoly on a particular trade in a defined area ( usually within the town walls ) . Towns were in general very small by modern standards and dominated by the dwellings of a small number of rich nobles or merchants and cathedrals and churches . Technical advances ( edit ) The wish to return to classical architecture created problems for the Renaissance buildings . The builders did not use concrete and thus comparable vaults and domes had to be replicated in brick or stone . The greatest technical feats were undoubtedly in these areas . The first major breakthrough was Brunelleschi 's project for the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore . Brunelleschi managed to devise a way of building a huge dome without formwork , relying instead on the weight of the bricks and the way they were laid to keep them in position and the shape of the dome to keep it standing . The exact way the dome was built is still subject to debate today as it is not possible to take the dome apart to study its construction without destroying it . The dome is a double skin , linked by ribs , with a series of wooden and stone chains around it at intervals to attempt to deal with hoop stresses . Brunelleschi 's dome was completed ( up to the base of the lantern ) in 1446 . Its size was soon surpassed by the dome of St Peter 's , built using flying scaffolding supported on the cornices and constructed using two stone shells . The seventeenth century ( edit ) The seventeenth century saw the birth of modern science which would have profound effects on building construction in the centuries to come . The major breakthroughs were towards the end of the century when architect - engineers began to use experimental science to inform the form of their buildings . However it was not until the eighteenth century that engineering theory developed sufficiently to allow sizes of members to be calculated . Seventeenth - century structures relied strongly on experience , rules of thumb and the use of scale models . Materials and tools ( edit ) The major breakthrough in this period was in the manufacture of glass , with the first cast plate glass being developed in France . Iron was increasingly employed in structures . Christopher Wren used iron hangers to suspend floor beams at Hampton Court Palace , and iron rods to repair Salisbury Cathedral and strengthen the dome of St Paul 's Cathedral . Most buildings had stone ashlar surfaces covering rubble cores , held together with lime mortar . Experiments were made mixing lime with other materials to provide a hydraulic mortar , but there was still no equivalent of the Roman concrete . In England , France and the Dutch Republic , cut and gauged brickwork was used to provide detailed and ornate facades . The triangulated roof truss was introduced to England and used by Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren . Many tools have been made obsolete by modern technology , but the line gauge , plumb - line , the carpenter 's square , the spirit level , and the drafting compass are still in regular use . Methods ( edit ) Despite the birth of experimental science , the methods of construction in this period remained largely medieval . The same types of crane that had been used in previous centuries were being still being employed . Flying scaffolds were employed at St Paul 's Cathedral , England and in the dome of St Peters , Rome , but otherwise the same types of timber scaffolding that had been in use centuries before were retained . Cranes and scaffolding depended on timber . Complex systems of pulleys allowed comparatively large loads to be lifted , and long ramps were used to haul loads up to the upper parts of buildings . The eighteenth century ( edit ) The eighteenth century saw the development of many the ideas that had been born in the late seventeenth century . The architects and engineers became increasingly professionalised . Experimental science and mathematical methods became increasingly sophisticated and employed in buildings . At the same time the birth of the industrial revolution saw an increase in the size of cities and increase in the pace and quantity of construction . Materials ( edit ) The major breakthroughs in this period were in the use of iron ( both cast and wrought ) . Iron columns had been used in Wren 's designs for the House of Commons and were used in several early eighteenth - century churches in London , but these supported only galleries . In the second half of the eighteenth century the decreasing costs of iron production allowed the construction of major pieces of iron engineering . The Iron Bridge at Coalbrookdale ( 1779 ) is a particularly notable example . Large - scale mill construction required fire - proof buildings and cast iron became increasingly used for columns and beams to carry brick vaults for floors . The Louvre in Paris boasted an early example of a wrought - iron roof . Steel was used in the manufacture of tools but could not be made in sufficient quantities to be used for building . Brick production increased markedly during this period . Many buildings throughout Europe were built of brick , but they were often coated in lime render , sometimes patterned to look like stone . Brick production itself changed little . Bricks were moulded by hand and fired in kilns no different to those used for centuries before . Terracotta in the form of Coade stone was used as an artificial stone in the UK . The nineteenth century : industrial revolution ( edit ) The industrial revolution was manifested in new kinds of transportation installations , such as railways , canals and macadam roads . These required large amounts of investment . New construction devices included steam engines , machine tools , explosives and optical surveying . The steam engine combined with two other technologies which blossomed in the nineteenth century , the circular saw and machine cut nails , lead to the use of balloon framing and the decline of traditional timber framing . As steel was mass - produced from the mid-19th century , it was used , in form of I - beams and reinforced concrete . Glass panes also went into mass production , and changed from luxury to every man 's property . Plumbing appeared , and gave common access to drinking water and sewage collection . Building codes have been applied since the 19th century , with special respect to fire safety . The twentieth century ( edit ) Woolworth Building under construction in 1912 A structural worker on the Empire State Building . Workers such as this man were often referred to as `` old timers '' because in that time era , most men working on building structures were middle - aged . Burj Khalifa , the world 's tallest building , was finished in 2010 . With the Second Industrial Revolution in the early 20th century , elevators and cranes made high rise buildings and skyscrapers possible , while heavy equipment and power tools decreased the workforce needed . Other new technologies were prefabrication and computer - aided design . Trade unions were formed to protect construction workers ' interests . Personal protective equipment such as hard hats and earmuffs also came into use . From the 20th century , governmental construction projects were used as a part of macroeconomic stimulation policies , especially during the Great depression ( see New Deal ) . For economy of scale , whole suburbs , towns and cities , including infrastructure , are often planned and constructed within the same project ( called megaproject if the cost exceeds US $1 billion ) , such as Brasília in Brazil , and the Million Programme in Sweden . In the end of the 20th century , ecology , energy conservation and sustainable development have become more important issues of construction . Academic discipline ( edit ) There is no established academic discipline of construction history but a growing number of researchers and academics are working in this field , including structural engineers , archaeologists , architects , historians of technology and architectural historians . Although the subject has been studied since the Renaissance and there were a number of important studies in the nineteenth century , it largely went out of fashion in the mid-twentieth century . In the last thirty years there has been an enormous increase in interest in this field , which is vital to the growing practice of building conservation . Early writers ( edit ) The earliest surviving book detailing historical building techniques is the treatise of the Roman author , Vitruvius , but his approach was neither scholarly nor systematic . Much later , in the Renaissance , Vasari mentions Filippo Brunelleschi 's interest in researching Roman building techniques , although if he wrote anything on the subject it does not survive . In the seventeenth century , Rusconi 's illustrations for his version of Leon Battista Alberti 's treatise explicitly show Roman wall construction but most of the interest in antiquity was in understanding its proportions and detail and the architects of the time were content to build using current techniques . While early archaeological studies and topographic works such as the engravings of Giovanni Battista Piranesi show Roman construction they were not explicitly analytical and much of what they do show is made up . Nineteenth - century studies ( edit ) In the nineteenth century , lecturers increasingly illustrated their lectures with images of building techniques used in the past and these type of images increasingly appeared in construction text books , such as Rondelet 's . The greatest advances however were made by English and French ( and later German ) architects attempting to understand , record and analyse Gothic buildings . Typical of this type of writing are the works of Robert Willis in England , Viollet - le - Duc in France and Ungewitter in Germany . None of these however were seeking to suggest that the history of construction represented a new approach to the subject of architectural history . August Choisy was perhaps the first author to seriously attempt to undertake such a study . The early twentieth century studies ( edit ) Santiago Heurta has suggested that it was modernism , with its emphasis on the employment of new materials , that abruptly ended the interest in construction history that appeared to have been growing in the last few decades of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth . With the advent of concrete and steel frame construction , architects , who had been the chief audience for such studies , were no longer as interested as they had been in understanding traditional construction , which suddenly appeared redundant . Very little was thus published between 1920 and 1950 . The revival of interest started in archaeology with the studies of Roman construction in the 1950s , but it was not until the 1980s that construction history began to emerge as an independent field . The late twentieth century ( edit ) By the end of the twentieth century , steel and concrete construction were themselves becoming the subject of historical investigation. The Construction History Society was formed in the UK in 1982 . It produces the only academic international journal devoted to the subject annually . The First International Congress on Construction History was held in Madrid in 2003 . This was followed by the Second International Congress in 2006 in Queens College , Cambridge , England and the Third International Congress held in Cottbus in 2009 , and the Fourth International Congress held in Paris in July 2012 See also ( edit ) Architecture portal History of architecture History of structural engineering History of water supply and sanitation The Construction History Society Timeline of architecture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alfred Swenson and Pao - Chi Chang , `` History of Building '' Jump up ^ Atkinson , Richard , Stonehenge Penguin Books 1956 Jump up ^ A paper showing the joints used at Stonehenge Jump up ^ Johnson , Anthony , Solving Stonehenge : The New Key to an Ancient Enigma . ( Thames & Hudson , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05155 - 9 Jump up ^ Trudy S. Kawami , `` Parthian Brick Vaults in Mesopotamia , Their Antecedents and Descendants '' Columbia University Jump up ^ Alfred Swenson and Pao - Chi Chang ( Britannica ) , `` The History of Building Construction Jump up ^ Hunt , Norman . Living in ancient Greece . New York , N.Y. : Chelsea House Publishers , 2009 . 24 . ISBN 0816063397 Jump up ^ Strickland , Carol , and Amy Handy . The Annotated Arch : A Crash Course in the History of Architecture . Kansas City , MO : Andrews McMeel Pub. , 2001 . 12 . ISBN 0740710249 Jump up ^ `` The History of Building '' Jump up ^ Stephany , Erich Der Dom zu Aachen ( Aachen Cathedral ) Arend und Ortmann , Aachen , 1972 Jump up ^ Upton , Dell . Architecture in the United States . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1998 . 153 . ISBN 019284217X Jump up ^ Bill Addis . Building : 3000 years of Design Engineering and Construction . Phaidon. 2007 . p. 632 Jump up ^ A. Becchi , M. Corradi , F. Foce & O. Pedemonte ( eds . ) . Construction History : Research Perspectives in Europe . Associazione Eduardo Benvenuto. 2004 Jump up ^ http://www.constructionhistory.co.uk Jump up ^ First International Congress on Construction History Madrid 2003 Jump up ^ Second International Congress on Construction History'at University of Cambridge , 2006 Jump up ^ Third International Congress on Construction History May 2009 Jump up ^ Fourth International Congress on Construction History Paris , July 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Historical building construction . History of construction at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Construction History Society ( International ) ( 1 ) Construction History Society ( USA ) ( 2 ) Sociedad Espanola de Historia de la Construction ( in Spanish ) ( 3 ) I. International Congress on Construction History : Congress Page ( English ) including free online proceedings ( 4 ) II . International Congress on Construction History : Congress Page ( English ) including free online proceedings ( 5 ) III . International Congress on Construction History : Congress page ( English ) including free online proceedings ( 6 ) and review ( 7 ) ( German ) IV . International Congress on Construction History : to be held in Paris in 2012 ( 8 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_construction&oldid=833064579 '' Categories : History of construction History of industries Hidden categories : Articles needing more viewpoints from January 2013 Articles that may contain original research from May 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing cleanup from May 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from May 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2016 Pages with too many photos Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles to be expanded from April 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2014 Articles that may contain original research from July 2013 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Română Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 13 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is one of the greatest structural achievements of the bronze age
[ "During the Bronze Age the corbelled arch came into use such as for beehive tombs. The wheel came into use but was not common until much later. Heavy loads were moved on boats, sledges (a primitive sled) or on rollers. The Egyptians began building stone temples with the post and lintel construction method and the Greeks and Romans followed this style." ]
[ "the corbelled arch" ]
6921477575121526761
Kim Hyde
Kim Hyde - Wikipedia Kim Hyde Kim Hyde Home and Away character Portrayed by Chris Hemsworth Duration 2004 -- 2007 First appearance 17 February 2004 Last appearance 3 July 2007 Introduced by Julie McGauran Book appearances Home and Away : Mayday Classification Former , regular Profile Occupation Student Lifeguard Personal trainer Home Sydney show Family Father Barry Hyde Mother Kerry Hyde Brothers Jonathan Hyde Wife Rachel Armstrong ( 2006 -- 07 ) Kit Hunter ( 2007 -- ) Sons Archie Hunter Hyde Grandfathers Jim Hyde Aunts Lorraine Robertson Kimberly Jonathan `` Kim '' Hyde was a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away , played by Chris Hemsworth . He made his first on screen appearance on 17 February 2004 and departed on 3 July 2007 . Contents 1 Casting 2 Storylines 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Casting ( edit ) Hemsworth originally auditioned for the role of Robbie Hunter , but he was turned down by the Home and Away producers and the role went to Jason Smith . Hemsworth was then asked to return and try out for the role of Kim Hyde . He won the role and had to relocate to Sydney to film his scenes . Of joining Home and Away , Hemsworth said `` The role in Home and Away is consistent work for me and is a great experience . It is so fast - paced and basically it allows me to learn a lot about the industry . '' Hemsworth appeared for three and a half years on Home and Away , before leaving in 2007 to focus on his film career . Hemsworth returned to the set of Home and Away in November 2014 to film a scene in the Pier Diner , as an extra and not as his character Kim Hyde , in which he was seen at a table in the background , wearing a black baseball cap . He appeared in the episode broadcast on 19 May 2015 . Storylines ( edit ) Kim arrives in Summer Bay after his father , Barry ( Ivar Kants ) is appointed principal of Summer Bay High at the start of the school year . It is clear the two do not get along and already had previous issues when Barry taught at Kim 's previous school . He quickly befriends Robbie and embarrasses him in front of his girlfriend Tasha Andrews ( Isabel Lucas ) when he questions Robbie 's virginity . The moment is interrupted when the three witness Noah Lawson ( Beau Brady ) wipe out while surfing . Kim dives into the sea and saves Noah . Robbie and Tasha are impressed with his heroics and suggest he join a swimming team , which Kim declines having previously been on one . Kim and Barry 's relationship becomes more and more strained to the point where Kim moves in with Tasha and Irene Roberts . His ex , Brooke McPherson ( Alyssa McClelland ) returns , telling him he is the father of her son Charlie . Kim is furious when realises Barry knew about the child but grows to love Charlie . The truth is revealed that Charlie is not his son and Brooke leaves , with Kim and Barry 's relationship no better than before . He then drops out of school and begins working at the gym after Tasha buys him a share much to his father 's chagrin . He re-enrolls after Noah 's death and participates in a memorial concert . Matilda Hunter ( Indiana Evans ) takes an interest in Kim and feigns drowning to get his attention only for it to backfire and end up struggling for real . However , she is rescued . Matilda overhears Kim talking to Robbie and saying he will ask out his sister . However , Kim means Robbie and Matilda 's older sister , Kit ( Amy Mizzi ) . Kim and Kit begin a relationship before she heads to Paris . Kim gets his driver 's license and takes a camping trip with Robbie and Tasha . Robbie steps on a needle and fears he has contracted HIV . Kim supports him , but their friendship becomes somewhat strained when Robbie 's behaviour becomes erratic . During this time , Kim becomes close to Noah 's widow , Hayley ( Bec Cartwright ; Ella Scott Lynch ) and they have a brief fling which ends . Kim dates Eve Jacobsen ( Emily Perry ) , who is using the identity of Zoe McCallister . When Kim returns from the city after a break , he is alarmed to learn that Eve has apparently died and was the Summer Bay Stalker . His next big shock is Hayley is pregnant and he is possibly the father , Scott Hunter ( Kip Gamblin ) who is dating Hayley is also a possibility . Scott and Hayley break up , and Kim gets together with Hayley and he proposes , but some people suspect Hayley is only with Kim because of the baby . On the day of the wedding , Hayley discovers she still loves Scott and jilts Kim at the altar . Scott proposes to Hayley and they plan to leave Summer Bay with baby Noah , which infuriates Kim and he seeks legal advice . After a meeting , Kim is run over by a car and it is revealed he does not share the baby 's blood type , meaning he is not the father despite paternity results saying so ( they were secretly swapped by Eve ) . Scott and Hayley leave for Paris and Kim becomes depressed . He then befriends Kylie Kopperton ( Leah Etkind ) who introduces him to ecstasy . Kim overdoses one night and is thrown out of a car outside the hospital during the storm . Rachel Armstrong ( Amy Mathews ) finds him and he is revived . She becomes his counsellor in order to help him handle his recent grief . They become closer and Kim steps up his quest to woo her and they become a couple . Brian Helpman ( John Noble ) , Rachel 's superior begins blackmailing her about the relationship and Rachel is forced to come clean and is luckily able to continue as a doctor . Kim is shocked when Barry is unmasked as the murderer of local mayor Josh West ( Daniel Collopy ) who blackmailed him about the death of Kim 's mother , Kerry and stands by his father . During this time , Charlie McKinnon ( Matt Levett ) befriends Kim and Rachel and becomes dangerously obsessed with Kim . Charlie kidnaps Rachel but he is foiled and instituationalised . When Eve reappears much to the shock of everyone at Jack Holden ( Paul O'Brien ) and Martha MacKenzie 's ( Jodi Gordon ) wedding and causes an explosion which kills her , Tracey Thompson ( Sarah Enright ) and Rachel 's mother , Elaine ( Julie Hudspeth ) , Kim is among the casualties . He , Robbie , Matilda , Martha , Kit and Belle Taylor ( Jessica Tovey ) are airlifted to the city but their helicopter crashes in the bush , leaving them stranded . While the others go for help , Kim stays behind with Kit and fearing they will die , the pair have sex . The party is found and Kim and Kit 's liaison is revealed to Rachel , who forgives Kim . Following an unfounded accusation from Tara O'Neill ( Cashelle Dunn ) of sexual assault and his wedding to Rachel , the drama in Kim 's life escalates when Kit returns for the Christmas , announcing she is pregnant with their child . Rachel has some difficulty accepting after plans to adopt Lee Morton 's ( Natasha Lee ) newborn son Joe , fall through . Kim and Kit grow closer together and Kim and Rachel 's marriage begins to feel strained . Kim and Kit share a kiss , and following the revelation that Rachel slept with Hugh Sullivan ( Rodger Corser ) , Kim decides to leave her and be with Kit and baby Archie in the city . Reception ( edit ) For his portrayal of Kim , Hemsworth won the Most Popular New Male Talent award at the 2005 Logie Awards , he also received a nomination for Most Popular Actor . The following year , Hemsworth was again nominated for Most Popular Actor . At the first Digital Spy Soap Awards , Hemsworth earned a nomination for Best Exit . Hannah Rand of The Daily Telegraph said Hemsworth was `` born to play hunky high school dropout '' Kim , due to his physique and pin - up looks . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rand , Hannah ( 25 January 2009 ) . `` Home and Away in LA '' . The Daily Telegraph . News Limited . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Hemsworth '' . Yahoo ! 7 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( 16 May 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : Chris Hemsworth Is ' Thor ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 5 April 2011 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth : ' Natalie Portman kiss crazy ' '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi UK . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Hemsworth returns to Summer Bay ! '' . TV Week . 26 November 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Moran , Jonathon ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth returns to Summer Bay with Home and Away cameo '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 TV Week Logie Awards '' . TV Week . Ninemsn . Archived from the original on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Browne , Rachel ( 1 May 2005 ) . `` TV & Radio '' . The Sun - Herald . Fairfax Media . p. 46 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Beaumont , Lucy ( 4 May 2006 ) . `` What 's the value of a Logie ? '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . p. 3 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Green , Kris ( 21 March 2008 ) . `` Digital Spy Soap Awards 2008 : The Winners '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi UK . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . External links ( edit ) Character profile at Yahoo ! 7 Home and Away characters Present characters Marilyn Chambers Willow Harris Hunter King Brody Morgan Mason Morgan John Palmer Leah Patterson - Baker Irene Roberts Alf Stewart Roo Stewart Past characters Charlotte Adams Tasha Andrews Rachel Armstrong Billie Ashford Martin Ashford Gina Austin Xavier Austin Dan Baker Andy Barrett Josh Barrett Morag Bellingham Saul Bennett Sasha Bezmel Donna Bishop Shauna Bradley Casey Braxton Darryl Braxton Heath Braxton Kyle Braxton Charlie Buckton Ruby Buckton Adam Cameron Annie Campbell Geoff Campbell Kat Chapman Selina Cook Johnny Cooper Nate Cooper Miles Copeland Lucinda Croft Drew Curtis Jazz Curtis Ric Dalby Blake Dean Martin Dibble Donald Fisher Simon Fitzgerald Sally Fletcher Tom Fletcher Nicole Franklin James Fraser Lachlan Fraser Brodie Hanson Chris Harrington Jack Holden Lucas Holden Sam Holden Tony Holden Beth Hunter Kit Hunter Matilda Hunter Robbie Hunter Scott Hunter Kim Hyde Emma Jackson Jett James Peta Janossi Aden Jefferies Elijah Johnson Melody Jones Charlotte King Tamara Kingsley Jude Lawson Noah Lawson Ryan Lee Evelyn MacGuire Oscar MacGuire Zac MacGuire Martha MacKenzie Greg Marshall Sam Marshall Steven Matheson Mitch McColl Jesse McGregor Floss McPhee Denny Miller Roxy Miller Seb Miller Casey Mitchell Grant Mitchell Frank Morgan Carly Morris Liam Murphy Gypsy Nash Joel Nash Natalie Nash Rebecca Nash Tom Nash Travis Nash Viv Newton Tug O'Neale Phoebe Nicholson Maddy Osborne Matt Page Angel Parrish Nick Parrish Shane Parrish Vinnie Patterson VJ Patterson Kane Phillips Alex Poulos Joey Rainbow Curtis Reed Shannon Reed Harry Reynolds Chloe Richards Olivia Fraser Richards Damian Roberts Finlay Roberts Angelo Rosetta Haydn Ross Pippa Ross Angie Russell Josie Russell Flynn Saunders Pippa Saunders April Scott Bianca Scott Ricky Sharpe Bobby Simpson Sophie Simpson Colleen Smart Lance Smart Narelle Smart Hayley Smith Ken Smith Nick Smith Romeo Smith Will Smith Ailsa Stewart Celia Stewart Duncan Stewart Rob Storey Hugh Sullivan Dani Sutherland Jade Sutherland Kirsty Sutherland Rhys Sutherland Shelley Sutherland Belle Taylor Sarah Thompson Cassie Turner Amanda Vale Dexter Walker Indi Walker Sid Walker Kelly Watson Justine Welles Josh West Hannah Wilson Jack Wilson Matt Wilson Characters by year 1998 2005 2006 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Hyde&oldid=841775756 '' Categories : Home and Away characters Fictional characters introduced in 2004 Fictional lifeguards Fictional personal trainers Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2017 Use Australian English from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 00 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who does chris hemsworth play in home and away
[ "Kimberly Jonathan \"Kim\" Hyde was a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Chris Hemsworth. He made his first on screen appearance on 17 February 2004 and departed on 3 July 2007.\n" ]
[ "Kimberly Jonathan \"Kim\" Hyde" ]
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List of The Mindy Project episodes
List of the Mindy Project episodes - wikipedia List of the Mindy Project episodes Jump to : navigation , search The Mindy Project is an American comedy television series which aired on Fox for three seasons from on September 25 , 2012 , to March 24 , 2015 . The fourth season began on September 15 , 2015 , on Hulu . The series stars Mindy Kaling as Mindy Lahiri , a young OB / GYN , as she navigates through her professional life and romantic relationships . On May 6 , 2015 the series was canceled on Fox . On May 15 , 2015 , Hulu announced it had picked up the series for a 26 - episode season 4 , with the option of future seasons . On May 4 , 2016 , Hulu announced it had picked up the series for a 16 - episode season 5 , which was later reduced to 14 . On March 29 , 2017 , The Mindy Project was renewed for a sixth and final season , which premiered on September 12 , 2017 , and the final episode aired on November 14 , 2017 . A total of 117 episodes of The Mindy Project aired over six seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 24 September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) Fox 22 September 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) 21 September 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 26 September 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 15 ) July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) Hulu 5 14 October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 6 10 September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Charles McDougall Mindy Kaling August 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) ( online ) September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) ( Fox ) 101 4.67 Mindy Lahiri is introduced as an OB / GYN trying to find love in New York City with the help of her eccentric friends and co-workers . `` Hiring and Firing '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling October 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 02 ) 102 3.68 When Dr. Schulman realizes Beverly is a terrible nurse , he assigns Mindy and Danny to hire a new nurse , and they can not agree on whom to hire . Jeremy on the other hand is assigned to fire Beverly and simply can not bring himself to do it . `` In the Club '' Michael Spiller Matt Warburton October 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) 104 3.55 Mindy and the others go clubbing for a night and learn that cold Dr. Castellano is actually a stellar dancer and ladies ' man . Mindy also discovers that Shauna is harboring some hidden feelings for Danny . `` Halloween '' Jesse Peretz Chris McKenna October 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 30 ) 105 3.12 Mindy wrestles with whether or not she should take things one step further with her new beau Josh . Danny and Jeremy visit the DMV to take the driver 's test , a task Danny has failed countless times in the past . 5 5 `` Danny Castellano Is My Gynecologist '' Peter Lauer Mindy Kaling November 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 13 ) 103 3.17 When Mindy 's gynecologist retires , she and Danny bet on who will back out first if Danny were to be her new gynecologist . 6 6 `` Thanksgiving '' Michael Spiller Adam Countee November 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 20 ) 107 2.64 Mindy is shocked to learn that Josh may not want to be exclusive with her . Things go even more awry when Mindy runs into an ex and his `` new Indian girlfriend '' at Gwen 's Thanksgiving party . 7 7 `` Teen Patient '' Rob Schrab Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen November 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) 109 2.76 When Mindy encourages a teenager in her building to take things slowly in the romance department , she is forced to reflect on her own relationship with Josh . Danny is concerned about an anonymous complaint he receives at the office . 8 8 `` Two to One '' Peter Lauer Mindy Kaling December 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 04 ) 108 2.68 The practice is being threatened by a midwives center in the same building , so Mindy sets out to win her old patients back and gain more respect from Danny and Jeremy . 9 9 `` Josh and Mindy 's Christmas Party '' Charles McDougall Jeremy Bronson December 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 11 ) 110 3.07 Mindy comes to a shocking realization about her seemingly perfect relationship with Josh at her annual Christmas party . 10 10 `` Mindy 's Brother '' Michael Spiller Chris McKenna January 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 08 ) 112 2.85 Mindy 's brother comes to NYC to visit his older sister and all is well until he informs her that he will be dropping out of Stanford to pursue a rap career . Danny and Jeremy are at odds with their landlord 's successor , his spoiled son . 11 11 `` Bunk Bed '' Don Scardino Jeremy Bronson January 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) 106 2.76 When Gwen breaks her arm and has to go to the emergency room , Mindy helps out by watching Gwen 's daughter Riley for the day . Meanwhile , Danny has an interesting experience with another patient in the emergency room lobby and Shauna , Morgan , and Betsy discover the reason Danny and his wife divorced . 12 12 `` Hooking Up Is Hard '' Paul Lieberstein Mindy Kaling January 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) 111 3.05 Mindy starts an interesting , secret relationship with Brendan Deslaurier ( Mark Duplass ) , one of the midwives . Danny and Eye Patch go out on a date . 13 13 `` Harry & Sally '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & B.J. Novak January 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 29 ) 114 3.20 Mindy meets a great guy at a party but has suspicions about his extremely close relationship with his girl best friend . Danny tries to win back Eye Patch after she dumps him for being too self - absorbed . 14 14 `` Harry & Mindy '' Michael Weaver Harper Dill February 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 05 ) 113 3.60 It 's Valentine 's Day and Mindy and Danny find themselves in a love triangle . Morgan turns to Jeremy for help picking up a girl he likes . 15 15 `` Mindy 's Minute '' B.J. Novak Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen February 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 19 ) 116 3.05 Mindy starts doing a new educational segment for taxi cab TV and turns to Danny for on - screen coaching . Beverly returns to the office as a secretary . 16 16 `` The One That Got Away '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & Jeremy Bronson February 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) 117 3.26 Mindy is thrilled when her fling from a Jewish summer camp she attended as a kid returns to NYC . However , she soon learns that she only has a day to spend with him before he must leave on a U.S. Army deployment to Afghanistan again . 17 17 `` Mindy 's Birthday '' Claire Scanlon Adam Countee March 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) 115 3.07 Mindy did not want a birthday party , and after her friends throw her an annoying dinner party with insulting gifts , she storms out and ends up on an odyssey involving a table of mean girls and the surprising return of ex-nurse Beverly . Danny and Jeremy both like Mindy 's friend and Danny decides he is not going to step aside and let his handsome colleague simply win the girl . 18 18 `` Danny 's Friend '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Matt Warburton March 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 26 ) 118 2.62 Mindy unknowingly starts seeing Danny 's friend from Staten Island and Danny tries everything he can to stop it when he finds out . 19 19 `` My Cool Christian Boyfriend '' Michael Spiller Jack Burditt April 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 02 ) 120 2.47 A young Christian minister takes an interest in Mindy until he realizes they value different things in life . 20 20 `` Pretty Man '' Rob Schrab Tucker Cawley April 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) 119 3.24 Mindy has an interesting night with a man she meets at a bar , until she realizes he is a male prostitute . Things go awry at Danny 's party as a result . 21 21 `` Santa Fe '' B.J. Novak Tracey Wigfield April 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 09 ) 121 2.66 The associates go to Santa Fe for a medical conference and Mindy gets a chance to find closure with Josh . Things do not go as planned for Jeremy and Morgan 's presentation . 22 22 `` Triathlon '' Wendey Stanzler Jack Burditt April 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 30 ) 122 2.56 Danny fires Morgan from the practice , and consequently loses a member of the team for the triathlon . Mindy volunteers to replace him , and quickly regrets her actions . Meanwhile , Morgan begins working for the Deslaurier Brothers , which further increases the rivalry between the two practices . 23 23 `` Frat Party '' Michael Weaver Tracey Wigfield May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) 123 2.61 Mindy takes on a young medical student to pass on her wisdom to , and soon finds herself at a college frat party , where an encounter with a former flame has disastrous consequences . Meanwhile , Danny and Jeremy go to great lengths to try to get Morgan to return to Shulman & Associates . 24 24 `` Take Me with You '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & Jeremy Bronson May 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) 124 2.57 Mindy makes the bold decision to move to Haiti with Casey for a year , much to the amusement of her co-workers . In order to prove that she can survive in rough conditions , Mindy invites herself and Casey on a camping trip with Danny and his ex-wife , Christina , with whom he has recently reconciled . Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 25 `` All My Problems Solved Forever ... '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling September 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) 201 3.83 Mindy returns from Haiti for an emergency surgery . She meets Dr. Paul Leotard ( James Franco ) and must decide what she wants to do : stay in New York or go back to Haiti . 26 `` The Other Dr. L '' Michael Spiller Jack Burditt September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 202 2.94 Mindy challenges Paul for a chance to win back her old office . Danny joins a support group to help him get over his breakup with Christina . 27 `` Music Festival '' Michael Weaver Matt Warburton October 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) 203 2.86 Casey has an identity crisis after returning from Haiti and decides to become a DJ . When Mindy and her colleagues attend a music festival where he is performing , the freewheeling atmosphere leads to one mishap after another . Meanwhile , a new doctor ( Adam Pally ) wants to join the practice . 28 `` Magic Morgan '' Neal Brennan Tracey Wigfield October 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) 204 2.89 Morgan says that anyone who sleeps with him will find the love of their life immediately afterward . Mindy offers to test Morgan 's theory but backs out at the last minute , much to Morgan 's embarrassment . This causes him to hire lawyer , Cliff Gilbert ( Glenn Howerton ) , who files a $200,000 lawsuit against Mindy for sexual harassment . Mindy is reluctantly persuaded by co-workers into having one date with Morgan to end the lawsuit . 29 5 `` Wiener Night '' Michael Weaver Jack Burditt October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 206 2.73 Mindy meets and begins dating an Arts and Culture writer named Jason ( Ben Feldman ) . After Jason discerns that Mindy may not be cultured enough for him , she decides to invite him to Christina 's art show , which features nude photos of Danny . Danny does not want anyone to see these photos , and asks Cliff to figure out a way to shut down the exhibit . 30 6 `` Bro Club for Dudes '' David Rogers Jeremy Bronson October 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 207 2.69 After several failed attempts at bonding with Peter , Mindy joins the other doctors in attending his debut MMA match to show her support . Morgan tries to ask Tamra out on the day of her anniversary with Ray Ron ( Josh Peck ) but is disappointed . 31 7 `` Sk8er Man '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Charlie Grandy November 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) 205 2.88 When Danny tells Mindy she is too picky and judgmental of other people , she tries to prove him wrong by going on a date with her complete opposite : wild and crazy skateboarder Graham ( Timothy Olyphant ) . Jeremy is distressed when his dad ( Alan Dale ) visits the practice and prefers Peter over Jeremy . 32 8 `` You 've Got Sext '' Alex Hardcastle Mindy Kaling November 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 12 ) 208 2.66 Mindy loses her purse at the clinic , and decides to spend the night at Danny 's apartment . She confesses that she is interested in somebody who works on their floor ( Cliff ) , and Danny suspects that she is talking about him . Meanwhile , Morgan and Peter find Mindy 's missing purse and engage in a raunchy text conversation with Cliff using her phone . 33 9 `` Mindy Lahiri Is a Racist '' Greg Daniels Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen November 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) 209 2.40 Danny learns that one of his patients is a mommy blogger and allows for her to write a review of Shulman & Associates on her website , but the practice is quickly cast in a racist light after they discover that the review had been posted to a white supremacy blog . Jeremy hires a PR specialist ( Jenna Elfman ) in order to neutralize their image but things get worse . Meanwhile , Morgan seeks Cliff 's forgiveness for not deleting the raunchy texts Cliff sent to Mindy . 34 10 `` Wedding Crushers '' Charles McDougall Lang Fisher November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 211 2.66 Mindy 's philandering ex-boyfriend Josh invites her to his wedding , and in her haste to find a date settles on Peter , who turns out to be an ideal companion -- until he makes one huge blunder which puts Mindy on a tightrope . Meanwhile , Danny 's younger brother pays a visit and a has a big announcement to make . 35 11 `` Christmas Party Sex Trap '' Michael Spiller Tracey Wigfield December 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 03 ) 210 2.34 Mindy throws a Christmas bash for all of the building 's businesses so she can spend more time with Cliff , but Brendan 's date zaps Mindy 's holiday spirit with a seductive rendition of `` Santa Baby '' for the guests . 36 12 `` Danny Castellano Is My Personal Trainer '' Rob Schrab Charlie Grandy January 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) 212 2.62 With Danny as her fitness coach , Mindy is determined to get in shape for her winter getaway . Jeremy begins using some of his leftover sick days and places Peter in charge as managing partner in his absence . 37 13 `` L.A. '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & Tracey Wigfield January 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 214 2.47 Jeremy sends the rest of the team to an L.A. seminar to get certified for treating a wider , more vain audience . While Danny is concerned about running into his dad during the trip , Mindy bumps into her ex-fiancé , Casey . 38 14 `` The Desert '' Marco Fargnoli Tracey Wigfield & Mindy Kaling January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) 215 3.02 Mindy is determined to fly back to New York immediately to win Cliff back , but is dragged along by a persistent Danny to visit his distant father . Having returned to the office early , Peter and Morgan come across Cliff , who appears to be equally heartbroken . 39 15 `` French Me , You Idiot '' Paul Lieberstein Jack Burditt April 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) 216 1.88 Now that she has chosen to pursue her feelings with Danny , Mindy must figure out how to gently end her recently rekindled relationship with Cliff . Peter steps up as a representative for Shulman & Associates in an attempt to take in Lincoln Center dancers as new patients . 40 16 `` Indian BBW '' Michael Spiller Jeremy Bronson April 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) 217 1.87 Just as Mindy begins to settle into her relationship with Danny , an old sex tape between her and Tom surfaces online . Danny becomes ill with meningitis . 41 17 `` Be Cool '' Rob Schrab Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen April 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 08 ) 218 2.26 Danny urges Mindy to keep their romance a secret , which makes her begin to question his intentions . Morgan temporarily moves in with Mindy after learning that her apartment was robbed . 42 18 `` Girl Crush '' David Rogers Chris Schleicher April 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 08 ) 213 2.33 Mindy deals with her break - up with Danny . Feeling undervalued at Shulman & Associates , Mindy meets famous OB / GYN Sheila Hamilton ( Anna Gunn ) and flirts with the idea of working at her fancy practice , which caters to rich celebrities and upper class women . Jeremy rents out a medical bus to perform free breast exams for women on the streets of East Harlem . 43 19 `` Think Like a Peter '' Ken Whittingham Charlie Grandy April 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 15 ) 219 1.95 Peter convinces Mindy to tag along with him to a bar to help her overcome her recent heartbreak . Feeling shunned by Mindy , Danny seeks someone new to talk to at work and turns to Morgan and Tamra after finding out about their scandalous secret . 44 20 `` An Officer and a Gynecologist '' David Rogers Jack Burditt & Lang Fisher April 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) 220 2.14 Mindy clashes with a police officer when she gives his daughter birth - control pills . Meanwhile , a rabbi thinks Danny is Jewish when he refers his congregation to the practice . 45 21 `` Girl Next Door '' Michael Weaver Tracey Wigfield & Alina Mankin April 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 29 ) 221 2.20 Mindy is on the hunt to buy her own apartment space so that she can be completely self - reliant . She agrees to try out Danny 's second place , which is right next door to him , but their friendship is put to the test when Mindy decides to have Charlie ( Tim Daly ) visit . Tired of dating mundane and uncultured women , Peter agrees to stop by Jeremy 's place to meet and mingle with his friends . 46 22 `` Danny and Mindy '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) 222 2.48 Mindy thinks she has met the man of her dreams after he writes a description of their encounter in a New York newspaper . After a failed attempt at meeting each other , Mindy once again spots whom she believes to be her mystery man but is left with an even bigger reveal . Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` We 're a Couple Now , Haters ! '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling September 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) 301 2.68 Mindy finds it difficult to keep the details of her and Danny 's relationship private from the office , especially after she discovers a surprising secret from Danny 's past . Peter grows suspicious of his girlfriend Lauren 's ( Tracey Wigfield ) behavior when she begins organizing a charity event with Jeremy . Morgan 's cousin , Lou Tookers ( Rob McElhenney ) , stops by the practice . 48 `` Annette Castellano Is My Nemesis '' Marco Fargnoli Tracey Wigfield September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) 303 2.10 Danny 's mother , Annette ( Rhea Perlman ) , is in town , and Mindy is determined to win her approval . Meanwhile , Peter convinces Morgan to be more assertive in his relationship with Tamra . 49 `` Crimes & Misdemeanors & Ex-BFs '' Michael Weaver Matt Warburton September 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 30 ) 302 2.35 After it is revealed that Mindy has been committing tax fraud for years , she seeks Cliff 's help to clear her name and save the practice . Peter faces off against Jeremy to win back Lauren 's affection . 50 `` I Slipped '' Lynn Shelton Charlie Grandy October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 304 2.19 Danny tries something new in bed that horrifies Mindy , and she begins to worry she is not exciting enough sexually . Morgan is disappointed when none of his coworkers show up to celebrate his graduation from the nurse practitioner 's program . Jeremy finds out everyone in the office is `` Team Peter '' with regards to their falling out over Lauren . 51 5 `` The Devil Wears Lands ' End '' Michael Spiller Jeremy Bronson October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 305 2.21 After first getting the practice into big trouble with Dr. Jean Fishman ( Niecy Nash ) , the new head of obstetrics , Mindy makes matters even worse when the two spend time alone together . Despite their ongoing feud , Peter must learn to work with Jeremy when he realizes his beer pong skills will be a necessity for an upcoming Dartmouth Alumni matchup against Shonda Rhimes . 52 6 `` Caramel Princess Time '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Charlie Grandy & Mindy Kaling November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 306 2.84 Danny 's plan to teach Mindy the importance of being on time backfires when Dr. Fishman steps in . Tamra and Morgan set Peter up on a blind date with Tamra 's `` twin , '' Abby ( Allison Tolman ) . 53 7 `` We Need to Talk About Annette '' Michael Weaver Alina Mankin November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 307 2.47 Mindy catches Danny 's mom shoplifting and must figure out how to bring this to his attention . Mindy accidentally accusing Annette about stealing the jacket to gives to Danny . Peter struggles to find balance between his adult life and his new laid back friend , Abby . 54 8 `` Diary of a Mad Indian Woman '' Alex Hardcastle Lang Fisher November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 308 2.37 Mindy 's plan to have Danny stay at her place are interrupted when Dr. Fishman asserts that she must begin mentoring the residents at the hospital . Left to his own devices , Danny stumbles upon Mindy 's diary and gets himself into a tough situation . 55 9 `` How to Lose a Mom in Ten Days '' David Rogers Tracey Wigfield November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 309 2.33 Mindy is tired of Annette hovering around her relationship with Danny and decides to set her up on a date with Dr. Ledreau , an older practitioner from their building . Jeremy also has his eyes on this soon - to - be-retired doctor , as he is hoping for the practice to receive his patient list . Saddened by his breakup with Tamra , Morgan is convinced by Peter to set up an online dating profile . 56 10 `` What About Peter ? '' David Stassen Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) 310 2.45 Appalled by Peter 's living situation , Mindy convinces him to move next door to Danny 's second apartment space . Danny , however , has other plans with the room . Jeremy 's parenting skills are put to the test when he and Morgan are responsible for looking after Lauren 's baby boy . 57 11 `` Christmas '' Paul Lieberstein Charlie Grandy December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 311 2.55 Mindy questions whether or not Danny will propose to her by Christmas time and is presented with the opportunity to apply to a medical fellowship at Stanford . Meanwhile , Danny 's plan to set Peter up on a date with Dr. Jessica Lieberstein ( Julia Stiles ) go astray when she mistakenly takes Morgan out instead . 58 12 `` Stanford '' Michael Spiller Tracey Wigfield January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 312 2.24 Mindy has to overcome multiple bad impressions and a lack of confidence when she arrives at Stanford to start her fellowship , but things get crazy when Danny offers to help with a hostile doctor who was a friend of his in med school . Back in New York , a basketball game becomes a battleground between exes Tamra and Morgan . 59 13 `` San Francisco Bae '' Michael Spiller Chris Schleicher January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) 314 2.42 On a night out in San Francisco , Mindy runs into the man whose virginity she took , Alex ( Lee Pace ) . He is now very successful and she contemplates how things who have been if she were with him and not Danny . Back in New York , Morgan and Danny try to spy on Peter next door as they suspect Lauren cheating on Jeremy with Peter . 60 14 `` No More Mr. Noishe Guy '' Michael Weaver Jeremy Bronson February 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 03 ) 313 2.22 Mindy contemplates starting a fertility clinic in San Francisco with Rob , but talking to Danny becomes a problem especially when he buys a brownstone for the two of them in New York . Meanwhile Lauren 's move to Texas encourages Peter to follow her , but it would mean him having to leave the practice . 61 15 `` Dinner at the Castellanos '' David Rogers Charlie Grandy February 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 315 2.33 Mindy has big news to tell Danny , however this is delayed due to the arrival of Danny 's father and half - sister , leading to an awkward dinner . 62 16 `` Lahiri Family Values '' Marco Fargnoli Tracey Wigfield February 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) 316 2.47 Danny promises to move to San Francisco with Mindy and tries to tell the practice , but they are confused and concerned about his motives . In California , Mindy reconnects with her little brother when she discovers he has damaged her credit , leaving her unable to get a business loan . 63 17 `` Danny Castellano Is My Nutritionist '' Lynn Shelton Mindy Kaling & Matt Warburton February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 317 2.28 Mindy and Danny pressure each other to be healthier in preparation for parenthood , the goal being for Mindy to eat less junk food and for Danny to quit smoking . The practice is busy and needs to hire an additional doctor , so they focus on impressing Dr. Phillips ( Vanessa L. Williams ) , a glamorous former professor of Mindy 's who is bored with retirement . 64 18 `` Fertility Bites '' Nisha Ganatra Jeremy Bronson & Chris Schleicher March 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 03 ) 318 2.13 Mindy 's fertility clinic finally opens , but she struggles to attract patients due to her lack of experience in helping women conceive . Morgan , Tamra , and Beverly butt heads with Dr. Bergdahl ( Dan Bakkedahl ) , leaving Jeremy caught in the middle of the feud . 65 19 `` Confessions of a Catho - holic '' Ike Barinholtz Jack Burditt March 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) 319 1.76 Mindy pretends to be Catholic in order to win the approval of the strict new priest at Danny 's church ( Stephen Colbert ) , who is also a reformed bad boy from Danny 's old neighborhood . Morgan helps Jeremy prepare for his one - man show about his early life and emigration to America . 66 20 `` What to Expect When You 're Expanding '' Michael Weaver Tracey Wigfield & Lang Fisher March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) 320 2.00 Tamra 's cousin Sheena ( Laverne Cox ) , a stylist , tries to help Mindy regain her lost self - confidence as she gains pregnancy weight . Jeremy gets back into the dating game when he meets Whitney ( Cristin Milioti ) who shuts down a loud singles party . 67 21 `` Best Man '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 321 2.05 Mindy questions Danny 's commitment when he fails to meet her parents , who are about to move back to India for a year . Everyone prepares to attend Peter 's wedding in Texas . Meanwhile , Morgan believes he has overheard shocking information about the paternity of Mindy 's baby . Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 68 `` While I Was Sleeping '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling September 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 15 ) 402 Mindy dreams of how her life would have been different had she not fallen in love with Danny . Meanwhile , Danny meets Mindy 's parents in India . 69 `` C Is for Coward '' Alex Hardcastle Matt Warburton September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) 401 Mindy wants a scheduled C - section , but Danny is in favor of a natural birth . However , when Mindy 's water breaks on the way to an expo , Danny races to be there in time for their son 's birth . 70 `` Leo Castellano Is My Son '' Alex Reid Charlie Grandy September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) 403 As Danny heads back to work after the birth of their son , Mindy finds herself a bit stir crazy . Morgan finds romance with Mindy and Danny 's neighbour , Chelsea . Tamra convinces Jeremy that his new girlfriend , Whitney , is cheating on him . 71 `` The Bitch Is Back '' Michael Weaver Tracey Wigfield October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) 404 As Mindy prepares to go back to work after her maternity leave , she visits the office with Leo and meets her new coworkers . Mindy 's instant dislike for the new doctor in the office makes her debate returning to work at all . 72 5 `` Stay at Home MILF '' Rachel Goldenberg Chris Schleicher October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) 405 Mindy realizes being a stay - at - home mom is harder than she anticipated . After Danny patronizes her efforts , Mindy challenges Danny to be a stay - at - home dad . At the office , Morgan pretends to be Colette 's boyfriend so her brother , Jody , does not find out that she is gay . 73 6 `` Road Trip '' David Stassen David Stassen October 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 20 ) 407 After his dad has a heart attack , Danny heads to California with Morgan in tow on a cross-country road trip . They make a pit stop in Oklahoma , where Danny is hiding a dark secret . 74 7 `` Mindy and Nanny '' Roger Kumble Lang Fisher October 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) 406 Mindy must fire Annette and hire a new nanny while Danny is away . Meanwhile , Jody helps Jeremy see Whitney is not all she seems . 75 8 `` Later , Baby '' Ryan Case Tracey Wigfield November 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) 411 When Mindy learns her fertility practice is struggling financially , Jody offers to help . Meanwhile , Peter 's unexpected visit to NYC forces him to hash out his friendship issues with Jeremy . 76 9 `` Jody Kimball - Kinney Is My Husband '' Marco Fargnoli Chris Schleicher November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 412 While Danny is away , Mindy pretends Jody is her husband in order to get Leo into an elite preschool . In return , Mindy pretends to be Jody 's girlfriend for a dinner with Jody 's sister - in - law . 77 10 `` The Departed '' Claire Scanlon Lang Fisher November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 413 With Danny still away , Mindy accidentally joins a bereavement group while trying to sell her apartment . Elsewhere , Morgan and Colette attend Tamra 's open mic performance against her will . 78 11 `` The Lahiris and the Castellanos '' Kate Dennis Charlie Grandy November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) 408 Finally back from California , Danny and Mindy begin to plan their wedding . The Lahiri and Castellano families meet at their engagement party and cause drama . During the party Mindy tells an unhappy Danny about her new business venture . 79 12 `` The Parent Trap '' David Rogers Matt Warburton December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 410 Business is going well at The Lahiri Fertility Clinic with Mindy 's first patient about to give birth . However , Mindy 's relationship with Danny is strained when she finds out he is trying to intentionally impregnate her without her knowledge . 80 13 `` When Mindy Met Danny '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & Matt Warburton December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) 409 Mindy and Danny continue to argue with Christmas approaching , so Mindy reflects on meeting Danny on her first day of work at Shulman & Associates . 81 14 `` Will They or Wo n't They '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling & Matt Warburton April 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) 414 Mindy deals with the fallout after her breakup with Danny while trying to deal with her spring break Later , Baby clients . 82 15 `` So You Think You Can Finance '' Ryan Case Landon Young April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) ( AU ) April 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) ( US ) 415 Mindy realizes she needs help to get her finances in order so she enlists the help of Whitney , Jeremy 's ex-girlfriend . Meanwhile , Jeremy begins dating a much older woman . 83 16 `` Mindy Lahiri is DTF '' Alex Reid Charlie Grandy May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 417 In search of a no - strings - attached hookup , Mindy dabbles with online dating . After a few embarrassing encounters , she steps up and asks for what she wants . Jody accidentally invites everyone over for a viewing party of the office 's favorite TV show . 84 17 `` 2 Fast 2 Serious '' Ike Barinholtz Ike Barinholtz & David Stassen April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 416 After her breakup with Danny , Mindy begins to date again . Meanwhile , Colette finds it difficult to tell Jody that she is moving in with Morgan . 85 18 `` Bernardo & Anita '' David Rogers Mindy Kaling & Matt Warburton May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 418 Mindy tries to get in touch with her heritage when a date implies she is more white than Indian . Morgan and Jody vie for the attention of the same girl , a virgin , but realize they are not capable of being abstinent for her . 86 19 `` Baby Got Backslide '' Geeta V. Patel Chris Schleicher May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 421 Casey returns to New York and Mindy must fight the temptation to reignite a relationship with her former flame . 87 20 `` The Greatest Date in the World '' Michael Weaver Tracey Wigfield May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 420 Mindy starts dating Casey 's friend Marcus ( Ne - Yo ) , whose trendy hipsterism clashes with Mindy 's love of the familiar . 88 21 `` Under the Texan Sun '' David Stassen Lang Fisher May 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 31 ) 419 Mindy visits Peter and his wife , Lauren , in Texas and ends up in the middle of their problems . 89 22 `` Princeton Charming '' David Rogers Guy Branum June 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 07 ) 422 Mindy , Morgan , and Jody head to Mindy 's alma mater , Princeton University , for a presentation , but things get complicated when Jody 's new girlfriend decides to come along . 90 23 `` There 's No Crying in Softball '' Michael Weaver Jonathan Green & Gabe Miller June 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 14 ) 423 Mindy is roped into playing in a softball tournament with her coworkers while her new boyfriend visits for the weekend . 91 24 `` My Kid Stays in the Picture '' Marco Fargnoli Guy Branum June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) 424 Mindy auditions Leo for a role on a soap opera . The nurses try to switch the doctors they work for at the practice . Jody 's brother Forbes comes by . 92 25 `` Freedom Tower Women 's Health '' Linda Mendoza Jonathan Green & Gabe Miller June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 425 Morgan and Jeremy visit Danny at his new office , and Mindy ends up getting a mysterious new patient . Meanwhile , a dirty secret threatens to derail her budding romance . 93 26 `` Homewrecker '' Michael Spiller Lang Fisher & Chris Schleicher July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 426 Mindy and Danny reconnect while trapped on an elevator at Leo 's school . Meanwhile , Jody breaks into Mindy 's apartment to apologize through a grand gesture . Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 94 `` Decision 2016 '' Michael Spiller Mindy Kaling October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) 501 After Jody tries to win Mindy 's heart by buying her an apartment , Mindy is torn between her old love , Danny , and a relationship with Jody . Tamra is suspicious about Mindy 's trip to Miami so she and Colette go undercover to figure out what really happened . 95 `` Nurses ' Strike '' David Rogers Matt Warburton October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 502 While Mindy struggles to take care of a sick Leo , Shulman and Associates is rocked by a nurses ' strike led by Ben , a handsome male nurse . Meanwhile , Jody tries to sell the upstairs apartment and Brendan comes to Mindy seeking help . 96 `` Margaret Thatcher '' Alex Reid Charlie Grandy October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 503 The nurses ' strike continues , while Mindy finds herself having romantic feelings for the enemy - Ben , the leader of the nurses . As the doctors and nurses try to stay strong , Jeremy finds that the stress is taking a serious toll on his health . 97 `` Mindy Lahiri Is a Misogynist '' Ike Barinholtz Lang Fisher October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) 504 As Jeremy recovers from his heart attack , the practice needs another doctor . Jeremy and Jody want to hire a woman , but Mindy is not sure about sharing the spotlight . Meanwhile , she and Ben are getting serious . 98 5 `` Leland Breakfast Is the Miracle Worker '' David Stassen Chris Schleicher November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 505 When Mindy discovers that her new boyfriend is not being exclusive , she goes on a date with a famous actor aka `` the bad boy of London theater . '' The nurses try to cheer up Jody , who 's lost his mojo , and discover he might be planning something drastic . 99 6 `` Concord '' Michael Spiller Guy Branum November 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 08 ) 506 Mindy escapes to her childhood home in Massachusetts and discovers that her mom is using dubious methods to further her acting career in local theater . As Mindy and Rishi try to intervene , she learns that Danny is having doubts about marrying Sarah . 100 7 `` Revenge of the Nurse '' Michael Spiller Josh Bycel & Jonathan Fener November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 507 Mindy is afraid that she and Ben do not have similar desires for their futures ; a former fling of Mindy 's returns with an interesting new job . 101 8 `` Hot Mess Time Machine '' David Rogers Matt Warburton February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 508 Still reeling from her breakup with Ben , Mindy finds herself living the same day over and over again , and realizes that the only way to break the spell is to make things right with Ben . 102 9 `` Bat Mitzvah '' Kate Dennis Josh Bycel & Jonathan Fener February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 509 Mindy panics when her new boyfriend Ben does not invite her to his daughter 's bat - mitzvah . Meanwhile , Jody , claiming he is over his heartache , dates Mindy 's doppelgänger . 103 10 `` Take My Ex-Wife , Please '' Daniella Eisman Chris Schleicher February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 510 Mindy acts out after learning that Ben 's attractive ex-wife is in town visiting him . Anna , having trouble at home , begrudgingly asks her coworkers for help . 104 11 `` Dibs '' Michael Spiller Lang Fisher March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 511 A heartbroken Anna grieves her breakup at Mindy 's place , while Jody and Jeremy compete for her affection . Morgan , trying to jump - start his dating life , blows up at Colette 's new girlfriend , Karen , when she accidentally interrupts his make out session . 105 12 `` Mindy Lahiri Is a White Man '' Marco Fargnoli Lang Fisher March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 512 Mindy is unfairly passed over for a promotion and goes to bed wishing things were different . She wakes up in the body of a handsome white man and quickly discovers the perks that supposedly come with white male privilege . 106 13 `` Mindy 's Best Friend '' Geeta V. Patel Guy Branum March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) 513 Mindy 's world is turned upside down when her cool friend from childhood moves to New York and starts dating Morgan . Meanwhile , Ben has to cover his tracks after the nurses spot him in a provocative situation . 107 14 `` A Decent Proposal '' Michael Spiller Charlie Grandy March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 514 Mindy hears that Ben might be planning to propose , just as she decides she never wants to get married . Colette and Karen get engaged , but Colette immediately gets cold feet . Jeremy and Anna 's friendship is tested when Anna 's ex-husband comes back . Season 6 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 108 `` Is That All There Is ? '' David Stassen Mindy Kaling & Sonia Kharkar September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 601 As Mindy adjusts to married life with Ben , Jeremy tries to take things to the next level with Anna , while Tamra makes a life - changing decision . 109 `` A Romantical Decouplement '' Lang Fisher Lang Fisher September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) 602 Anna and Jeremy break up , despite still having feelings for one another . Mindy and Ben decide to get divorced . 110 `` May Divorce Be With You '' Linda Mendoza Matt Warburton & Jennifer Vierck September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 603 Mindy turns to her ex Cliff ( Glenn Howerton ) for help navigating her messy divorce . But Peter ( Adam Pally ) is back in town to help pull Mindy out of her slump with an epic office karaoke party ! 111 `` Leo 's Girlfriend '' Ike Barinholtz Charlie Grandy & Meredith Dawson October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 604 Mindy goes toe to toe with a cliquey mom ( Julie Bowen ) at Leo 's school . Meanwhile , Tamra fends off the advances of an ex she never thought she would backslide with . 112 5 `` Jeremy & Anna 's Meryl Streep Costume Party '' Geeta V. Patel Mackenzie Dohr October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 605 Jeremy 's hosting a party the office is actually excited for ! Adding to the intrigue , Mindy invites a handsome stranger ( Yassir Lester ) who has an unexpected interest in Shulman and Associates . Jody competes with a beautiful doctor ( Ana Ortiz ) after she steals one of his patients . 113 6 `` The Midwife 's Tale '' Daniela Eisman Chris Schleicher October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 606 Shulman and Associates is turned upside down when Mindy hires Brendan after he considered suicide . Meanwhile , rumors fly about who is the father of Tamra 's baby . 114 7 `` Girl Gone Wild '' David Rogers Miranda Berman October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 607 Mindy reluctantly goes on the honeymoon she never went on by herself . During a hike , she gets trapped 127 Hours - style and gets visited by a hallucination of Reese Witherspoon ( playing herself ) . 115 8 `` Doctors Without Boundaries '' Marco Fargnoli Guy Branum October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 608 Annette ( Rhea Perlman ) is furious when Mindy uncovers a secret about her and decides to get involved . Jody attempts to keep his new girlfriend ( Ana Ortiz ) from taking a job overseas , while Tamra dives headfirst into Morgan 's religion . 116 9 `` Danny in Real Life '' Michael Spiller Matt Warburton & Mindy Kaling November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 609 Mindy and Danny ca n't agree on the best way to care for an ailing Annette . Meanwhile , Anna throws a disastrous bridal / baby shower for Tamra , where Colette has a heated confrontation with her brother , Jody . 117 10 `` It Had to Be You '' Michael Spiller Matt Warburton & Mindy Kaling November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 610 In the series finale , Mindy 's fertility practice is in danger and Annette 's upcoming surgery looms . While Mindy and Danny wait , Mindy attends Morgan and Tamra 's wedding , where she and the rest of the Shulman gang try to find their own happy endings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Mindy Project ' Cancelled by FOX '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Mindy Project Renewed for Super-Sized Season 4 at Hulu After Fox Cancellation '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu Renews The Mindy Project for Season Five '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Hulu 's Mid-Season Programming Slate '' . www.thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' New Girl ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , & ' Ben & Kate ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Special Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' , ' Vegas ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Hart of Dixie ' , ' NCIS : LA ' & ' DWTS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Parenthood ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' , ' Hart of Dixie ' , ' Happy Endings ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Private Practice ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' ' Happy Endings ' & ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Parenthood ' , ' Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ' , ' The Voice ' , & ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up ; ' Hart of Dixie ' and ' Go On ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' & ' Take It All ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Betty White 's Off Their Rockers ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Off Their Rockers ' & ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Parenthood ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Taste ' , ' Hart of Dixie ' & ' Emily Owens M.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Raising Hope ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Go On ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Smash ' , ' New Girl ' & ' The Bachelor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Betty White 's 2nd Annual 90th Birthday Special ' and ' Vegas ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Golden Boy ' , ' The New Normal ' or ' Smash ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl , ' NCIS ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Adjusted Up ; ' Smash ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' NCIS ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Splash ' , ' Dancing with the Stars ' Adjusted Up , ' The New Normal ' ' Body of Proof ' & `` Go On ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' Dancing with the Stars ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up , ' The New Normal ' , ' The Mindy Project ' & ' Body of Proof ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The Office ' , & ' Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' NCIS : LA ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ready for Love ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Grimm ' or ' New Girl ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dads ' , ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up ; ' Capture ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice , ' NCIS ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Lucky 7 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : NCIS , Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D , The biggest Loser , Dads & Person of Interest Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Supernatural Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Biggest Loser ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Chicago Fire ' or ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' About a Boy ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Glee ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Forever ' , ' The Voice ' , and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Selfie ' , ' Manhattan Love Story ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Forever ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Selfie ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' New Girl ' , & ' The Flash ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E. LD . ' , ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' About a Boy ' & ' Selfie ' Adjusted Down + Final Election Coverage Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' , & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Agent Carter ' , ' Person of Interest ' or ' Forever ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Person of Interest ' & ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Marry Me ' , ' The Mindy Project ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Flash ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' About a Boy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' New Girl ' & ' TV 's Hottest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Fresh Off The Boat ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' Undateable ' & ' One Big Happy ' Slide , ' The Mindy Project ' Finale Hits New Low + ' Forever ' Matches Low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Mindy Project episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Mindy_Project_episodes&oldid=815323276 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 04 : 49 . About Wikipedia
how many episodes is season 6 of mindy project
[ "\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\nNetwork\n\n\n\n1\n24\nSeptember 25, 2012 (2012-09-25)\nMay 14, 2013 (2013-05-14)\nFox\n\n\n\n2\n22\nSeptember 17, 2013 (2013-09-17)\nMay 6, 2014 (2014-05-06)\n\n\n\n3\n21\nSeptember 16, 2014 (2014-09-16)\nMarch 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)\n\n\n\n4\n26\nSeptember 15, 2015 (2015-09-15)\nJuly 5, 2016 (2016-07-05)\nHulu\n\n\n\n5\n14\nOctober 4, 2016 (2016-10-04)\nMarch 28, 2017 (2017-03-28)\n\n\n\n6\n10\nSeptember 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)\nNovember 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)\n\n" ]
[ "10" ]
-3232428630222566494
To Kill a Mockingbird
To Kill a Mockingbird - wikipedia To Kill a Mockingbird Jump to : navigation , search For the film based on the novel , see To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) . To Kill a Mockingbird First edition cover -- late printing Author Harper Lee Country United States Language English Genre Southern Gothic , Bildungsroman Published July 11 , 1960 Publisher J.B. Lippincott & Co . Pages 281 To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960 . It was immediately successful , winning the Pulitzer Prize , and has become a classic of modern American literature . The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee 's observations of her family , her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville , Alabama , in 1936 , when she was 10 years old . The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor , despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality . The narrator 's father , Atticus Finch , has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers . One critic explains the novel 's impact by writing , `` In the twentieth century , To Kill a Mockingbird is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America , and its protagonist , Atticus Finch , the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism . '' As a Southern Gothic novel and a Bildungsroman , the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence . Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class , courage , compassion , and gender roles in the American Deep South . The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice . Despite its themes , To Kill a Mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms , often challenged for its use of racial epithets . Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication . Despite the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education , literary analysis of it is sparse . Author Mary McDonough Murphy , who collected individual impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird by several authors and public figures , calls the book `` an astonishing phenomenon '' . In 2006 , British librarians ranked the book ahead of the Bible as one `` every adult should read before they die '' . It was adapted into an Oscar - winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan , with a screenplay by Horton Foote . Since 1990 , a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee 's hometown . To Kill a Mockingbird was Lee 's only published book until Go Set a Watchman , an earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird , was published on July 14 , 2015 . Lee continued to respond to her work 's impact until her death in February 2016 , although she had refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biographical background and publication 2 Plot summary 3 Autobiographical elements 4 Style 4.1 Genres 5 Themes 5.1 Southern life and racial injustice 5.2 Class 5.3 Courage and compassion 5.4 Gender roles 5.5 Laws , written and unwritten 5.6 Loss of innocence 6 Reception 6.1 Atticus Finch and the legal profession 6.2 Social commentary and challenges 6.3 Honors 7 Adaptations 7.1 1962 film 7.2 Play 8 Go Set a Watchman 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Biographical background and publication Born in 1926 , Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville , Alabama , where she became close friends with soon - to - be famous writer Truman Capote . She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery ( 1944 -- 45 ) , and then studied law at the University of Alabama ( 1945 -- 49 ) . While attending college , she wrote for campus literary magazines : Huntress at Huntingdon and the humor magazine Rammer Jammer at the University of Alabama . At both colleges , she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice , a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time . In 1950 , Lee moved to New York City , where she worked as a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation ; there , she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville . Hoping to be published , Lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by Capote . An editor at J.B. Lippincott , who bought the manuscript , advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing . Donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year . After finishing the first draft and returning it to Lippincott , the manuscript , at that point titled `` Go Set a Watchman '' , fell into the hands of Therese von Hohoff Torrey -- known professionally as Tay Hohoff -- a small , wiry veteran editor in her late 50s . Hohoff was impressed . `` ( T ) he spark of the true writer flashed in every line , '' she would later recount in a corporate history of Lippincott . But as Hohoff saw it , the manuscript was by no means fit for publication . It was , as she described it , `` more a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel . '' During the next couple of years , she led Lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form and was retitled To Kill a Mockingbird . Ultimately , Lee spent over two and a half years writing To Kill a Mockingbird . The book was published on July 11 , 1960 . After rejecting the `` Watchman '' title , it was initially re-titled Atticus , but Lee renamed it `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' to reflect that the story went beyond just a character portrait . The editorial team at Lippincott warned Lee that she would probably sell only several thousand copies . In 1964 , Lee recalled her hopes for the book when she said , `` I never expected any sort of success with ' Mockingbird . ' ... I was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but , at the same time , I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement . Public encouragement . I hoped for a little , as I said , but I got rather a whole lot , and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick , merciful death I 'd expected . '' Instead of a `` quick and merciful death '' , Reader 's Digest Condensed Books chose the book for reprinting in part , which gave it a wide readership immediately . Since the original publication , the book has never been out of print . Plot summary See also : List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters The story takes place during three years ( 1933 -- 35 ) of the Great Depression in the fictional `` tired old town '' of Maycomb , Alabama , the seat of Maycomb County . It focuses on six - year - old Jean Louise Finch ( nicknamed Scout ) , who lives with her older brother , Jeremy ( nicknamed Jem ) , and their widowed father , Atticus , a middle - aged lawyer . Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill , who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer . The three children are terrified yet fascinated by their neighbor , the reclusive Arthur `` Boo '' Radley . The adults of Maycomb are hesitant to talk about Boo , and few of them have seen him for many years . The children feed one another 's imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden , and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house . After two summers of friendship with Dill , Scout and Jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place . Several times the mysterious Boo makes gestures of affection to the children , but , to their disappointment , he never appears in person . Judge Taylor appoints Atticus to defend Tom Robinson , a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman , Mayella Ewell . Although many of Maycomb 's citizens disapprove , Atticus agrees to defend Tom to the best of his ability . Other children taunt Jem and Scout for Atticus 's actions , calling him a `` nigger - lover '' . Scout is tempted to stand up for her father 's honor by fighting , even though he has told her not to . Atticus faces a group of men intent on lynching Tom . This danger is averted when Scout , Jem , and Dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from Atticus ' and Tom 's perspective . Atticus does not want Jem and Scout to be present at Tom Robinson 's trial . No seat is available on the main floor , so by invitation of the Rev. Sykes , Jem , Scout , and Dill watch from the colored balcony . Atticus establishes that the accusers -- Mayella and her father , Bob Ewell , the town drunk -- are lying . It also becomes clear that the friendless Mayella made sexual advances toward Tom , and that her father caught her and beat her . Despite significant evidence of Tom 's innocence , the jury convicts him . Jem 's faith in justice becomes badly shaken , as is Atticus ' , when the hapless Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison . Despite Tom 's conviction , Bob Ewell is humiliated by the events of the trial , Atticus explaining that he `` destroyed ( Ewell 's ) last shred of credibility at that trial . '' Ewell vows revenge , spitting in Atticus ' face , trying to break into the judge 's house , and menacing Tom Robinson 's widow . Finally , he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school Halloween pageant . Jem suffers a broken arm in the struggle , but amid the confusion someone comes to the children 's rescue . The mysterious man carries Jem home , where Scout realizes that he is Boo Radley . Sheriff Tate arrives and discovers that Bob Ewell has died during the fight . The sheriff argues with Atticus about the prudence and ethics of charging Jem ( whom Atticus believes to be responsible ) or Boo ( whom Tate believes to be responsible ) . Atticus eventually accepts the sheriff 's story that Ewell simply fell on his own knife . Boo asks Scout to walk him home , and after she says goodbye to him at his front door he disappears again . While standing on the Radley porch , Scout imagines life from Boo 's perspective , and regrets that they had never repaid him for the gifts he had given them . Scout then goes back home to Atticus and stays up with him for a while in Jem 's room . Soon Atticus takes her to bed and tucks her in , before leaving to go back to Jem . Autobiographical elements Lee has said that To Kill a Mockingbird is not an autobiography , but rather an example of how an author `` should write about what he knows and write truthfully '' . Nevertheless , several people and events from Lee 's childhood parallel those of the fictional Scout. Lee 's father , Amasa Coleman Lee , was an attorney , similar to Atticus Finch , and in 1919 , he defended two black men accused of murder . After they were convicted , hanged and mutilated , he never tried another criminal case . Lee 's father was also the editor and publisher of the Monroeville newspaper . Although more of a proponent of racial segregation than Atticus , he gradually became more liberal in his later years . Though Scout 's mother died when she was a baby , Lee was 25 when her mother , Frances Cunningham Finch , died . Lee 's mother was prone to a nervous condition that rendered her mentally and emotionally absent . Lee 's older brother Edwin was the inspiration for Jem . Lee modeled the character of Dill on her childhood friend , Truman Capote , known then as Truman Persons . Just as Dill lived next door to Scout during the summer , Capote lived next door to Lee with his aunts while his mother visited New York City . Like Dill , Capote had an impressive imagination and a gift for fascinating stories . Both Lee and Capote were atypical children : both loved to read . Lee was a scrappy tomboy who was quick to fight , but Capote was ridiculed for his advanced vocabulary and lisp . She and Capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old Underwood typewriter Lee 's father gave them . They became good friends when both felt alienated from their peers ; Capote called the two of them `` apart people '' . In 1960 , Capote and Lee traveled to Kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis for Capote 's nonfiction novel In Cold Blood . Down the street from the Lees lived a family whose house was always boarded up ; they served as the models for the fictional Radleys . The son of the family got into some legal trouble and the father kept him at home for 24 years out of shame . He was hidden until virtually forgotten ; he died in 1952 . The origin of Tom Robinson is less clear , although many have speculated that his character was inspired by several models . When Lee was 10 years old , a white woman near Monroeville accused a black man named Walter Lett of raping her . The story and the trial were covered by her father 's newspaper which reported that Lett was convicted and sentenced to death . After a series of letters appeared claiming Lett had been falsely accused , his sentence was commuted to life in prison . He died there of tuberculosis in 1937 . Scholars believe that Robinson 's difficulties reflect the notorious case of the Scottsboro Boys , in which nine black men were convicted of raping two white women on negligible evidence . However , in 2005 , Lee stated that she had in mind something less sensational , although the Scottsboro case served `` the same purpose '' to display Southern prejudices . Emmett Till , a black teenager who was murdered for allegedly flirting with a white woman in Mississippi in 1955 , and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement , is also considered a model for Tom Robinson . Style The narrative is very tough , because ( Lee ) has to both be a kid on the street and aware of the mad dogs and the spooky houses , and have this beautiful vision of how justice works and all the creaking mechanisms of the courthouse . Part of the beauty is that she ... trusts the visual to lead her , and the sensory . -- Allan Gurganus The strongest element of style noted by critics and reviewers is Lee 's talent for narration , which in an early review in Time was called `` tactile brilliance '' . Writing a decade later , another scholar noted , `` Harper Lee has a remarkable gift of story - telling . Her art is visual , and with cinematographic fluidity and subtlety we see a scene melting into another scene without jolts of transition . '' Lee combines the narrator 's voice of a child observing her surroundings with a grown woman 's reflecting on her childhood , using the ambiguity of this voice combined with the narrative technique of flashback to play intricately with perspectives . This narrative method allows Lee to tell a `` delightfully deceptive '' story that mixes the simplicity of childhood observation with adult situations complicated by hidden motivations and unquestioned tradition . However , at times the blending causes reviewers to question Scout 's preternatural vocabulary and depth of understanding . Both Harding LeMay and the novelist and literary critic Granville Hicks expressed doubt that children as sheltered as Scout and Jem could understand the complexities and horrors involved in the trial for Tom Robinson 's life . Writing about Lee 's style and use of humor in a tragic story , scholar Jacqueline Tavernier - Courbin states : `` Laughter ... ( exposes ) the gangrene under the beautiful surface but also by demeaning it ; one can hardly ... be controlled by what one is able to laugh at . '' Scout 's precocious observations about her neighbors and behavior inspired National Endowment of the Arts director David Kipen to call her `` hysterically funny '' . To address complex issues , however , Tavernier - Courbin notes that Lee uses parody , satire , and irony effectively by using a child 's perspective . After Dill promises to marry her , then spends too much time with Jem , Scout reasons the best way to get him to pay attention to her is to beat him up , which she does several times . Scout 's first day in school is a satirical treatment of education ; her teacher says she must undo the damage Atticus has wrought in teaching her to read and write , and forbids Atticus from teaching her further . Lee treats the most unfunny situations with irony , however , as Jem and Scout try to understand how Maycomb embraces racism and still tries sincerely to remain a decent society . Satire and irony are used to such an extent that Tavernier - Courbin suggests one interpretation for the book 's title : Lee is doing the mocking -- of education , the justice system , and her own society -- by using them as subjects of her humorous disapproval . Critics also note the entertaining methods used to drive the plot . When Atticus is out of town , Jem locks a Sunday school classmate in the church basement with the furnace during a game of Shadrach . This prompts their black housekeeper Calpurnia to escort Scout and Jem to her church , which allows the children a glimpse into her personal life , as well as Tom Robinson 's . Scout falls asleep during the Halloween pageant and makes a tardy entrance onstage , causing the audience to laugh uproariously . She is so distracted and embarrassed that she prefers to go home in her ham costume , which saves her life . Genres Scholars have characterized To Kill a Mockingbird as both a Southern Gothic and a Bildungsroman . The grotesque and near - supernatural qualities of Boo Radley and his house , and the element of racial injustice involving Tom Robinson , contribute to the aura of the Gothic in the novel . Lee used the term `` Gothic '' to describe the architecture of Maycomb 's courthouse and in regard to Dill 's exaggeratedly morbid performances as Boo Radley . Outsiders are also an important element of Southern Gothic texts and Scout and Jem 's questions about the hierarchy in the town cause scholars to compare the novel to Catcher in the Rye and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn . Despite challenging the town 's systems , Scout reveres Atticus as an authority above all others , because he believes that following one 's conscience is the highest priority , even when the result is social ostracism . However , scholars debate about the Southern Gothic classification , noting that Boo Radley is in fact human , protective , and benevolent . Furthermore , in addressing themes such as alcoholism , incest , rape , and racial violence , Lee wrote about her small town realistically rather than melodramatically . She portrays the problems of individual characters as universal underlying issues in every society . As children coming of age , Scout and Jem face hard realities and learn from them . Lee seems to examine Jem 's sense of loss about how his neighbors have disappointed him more than Scout 's . Jem says to their neighbor Miss Maudie the day after the trial , `` It 's like bein ' a caterpillar wrapped in a cocoon ... I always thought Maycomb folks were the best folks in the world , least that 's what they seemed like '' . This leads him to struggle with understanding the separations of race and class . Just as the novel is an illustration of the changes Jem faces , it is also an exploration of the realities Scout must face as an atypical girl on the verge of womanhood . As one scholar writes , `` To Kill a Mockingbird can be read as a feminist Bildungsroman , for Scout emerges from her childhood experiences with a clear sense of her place in her community and an awareness of her potential power as the woman she will one day be . '' Themes In the 33 years since its publication , ( To Kill a Mockingbird ) has never been the focus of a dissertation , and it has been the subject of only six literary studies , several of them no more than a couple of pages long . -- Claudia Johnson in To Kill a Mockingbird : Threatening Boundaries , 1994 Despite the novel 's immense popularity upon publication , it has not received the close critical attention paid to other modern American classics . Don Noble , editor of a book of essays about the novel , estimates that the ratio of sales to analytical essays may be a million to one . Christopher Metress writes that the book is `` an icon whose emotive sway remains strangely powerful because it also remains unexamined '' . Noble suggests it does not receive academic attention because of its consistent status as a best - seller ( `` If that many people like it , it ca n't be any good . '' ) and that general readers seem to feel they do not require analytical interpretation . Harper Lee has remained famously detached from interpreting the novel since the mid-1960s . However , she gave some insight into her themes when , in a rare letter to the editor , she wrote in response to the passionate reaction her book caused : `` Surely it is plain to the simplest intelligence that To Kill a Mockingbird spells out in words of seldom more than two syllables a code of honor and conduct , Christian in its ethic , that is the heritage of all Southerners . '' Southern life and racial injustice When the book was released , reviewers noted that it was divided into two parts , and opinion was mixed about Lee 's ability to connect them . The first part of the novel concerns the children 's fascination with Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood . Reviewers were generally charmed by Scout and Jem 's observations of their quirky neighbors . One writer was so impressed by Lee 's detailed explanations of the people of Maycomb that he categorized the book as Southern romantic regionalism . This sentimentalism can be seen in Lee 's representation of the Southern caste system to explain almost every character 's behavior in the novel . Scout 's Aunt Alexandra attributes Maycomb 's inhabitants ' faults and advantages to genealogy ( families that have gambling streaks and drinking streaks ) , and the narrator sets the action and characters amid a finely detailed background of the Finch family history and the history of Maycomb . This regionalist theme is further reflected in Mayella Ewell 's apparent powerlessness to admit her advances toward Tom Robinson , and Scout 's definition of `` fine folks '' being people with good sense who do the best they can with what they have . The South itself , with its traditions and taboos , seems to drive the plot more than the characters . The second part of the novel deals with what book reviewer Harding LeMay termed `` the spirit - corroding shame of the civilized white Southerner in the treatment of the Negro '' . In the years following its release , many reviewers considered To Kill a Mockingbird a novel primarily concerned with race relations . Claudia Durst Johnson considers it `` reasonable to believe '' that the novel was shaped by two events involving racial issues in Alabama : Rosa Parks ' refusal to yield her seat on a city bus to a white person , which sparked the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott , and the 1956 riots at the University of Alabama after Autherine Lucy and Polly Myers were admitted ( Myers eventually withdrew her application and Lucy was expelled , but reinstated in 1980 ) . In writing about the historical context of the novel 's construction , two other literary scholars remark : `` To Kill a Mockingbird was written and published amidst the most significant and conflict - ridden social change in the South since the Civil War and Reconstruction . Inevitably , despite its mid-1930s setting , the story told from the perspective of the 1950s voices the conflicts , tensions , and fears induced by this transition . '' Scholar Patrick Chura , who suggests Emmett Till was a model for Tom Robinson , enumerates the injustices endured by the fictional Tom that Till also faced . Chura notes the icon of the black rapist causing harm to the representation of the `` mythologized vulnerable and sacred Southern womanhood '' . Any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set often resulted in a punishment of death for the accused . Tom Robinson 's trial was juried by poor white farmers who convicted him despite overwhelming evidence of his innocence , as more educated and moderate white townspeople supported the jury 's decision . Furthermore , the victim of racial injustice in To Kill a Mockingbird was physically impaired , which made him unable to commit the act he was accused of , but also crippled him in other ways . Roslyn Siegel includes Tom Robinson as an example of the recurring motif among white Southern writers of the black man as `` stupid , pathetic , defenseless , and dependent upon the fair dealing of the whites , rather than his own intelligence to save him '' . Although Tom is spared from being lynched , he is killed with excessive violence during an attempted escape from prison , being shot seventeen times . The theme of racial injustice appears symbolically in the novel as well . For example , Atticus must shoot a rabid dog , even though it is not his job to do so . Carolyn Jones argues that the dog represents prejudice within the town of Maycomb , and Atticus , who waits on a deserted street to shoot the dog , must fight against the town 's racism without help from other white citizens . He is also alone when he faces a group intending to lynch Tom Robinson and once more in the courthouse during Tom 's trial . Lee even uses dreamlike imagery from the mad dog incident to describe some of the courtroom scenes . Jones writes , `` ( t ) he real mad dog in Maycomb is the racism that denies the humanity of Tom Robinson ... When Atticus makes his summation to the jury , he literally bares himself to the jury 's and the town 's anger . '' Class One of the amazing things about the writing in To Kill a Mockingbird is the economy with which Harper Lee delineates not only race -- white and black within a small community -- but class . I mean different kinds of black people and white people both , from poor white trash to the upper crust -- the whole social fabric . -- Lee Smith In a 1964 interview , Lee remarked that her aspiration was `` to be ... the Jane Austen of South Alabama . '' Both Austen and Lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing . When Scout embarrasses her poorer classmate , Walter Cunningham , at the Finch home one day , Calpurnia , their black cook , chastises and punishes her for doing so . Atticus respects Calpurnia 's judgment , and later in the book even stands up to his sister , the formidable Aunt Alexandra , when she strongly suggests they fire Calpurnia . One writer notes that Scout , `` in Austenian fashion '' , satirizes women with whom she does not wish to identify . Literary critic Jean Blackall lists the priorities shared by the two authors : `` affirmation of order in society , obedience , courtesy , and respect for the individual without regard for status '' . Scholars argue that Lee 's approach to class and race was more complex `` than ascribing racial prejudice primarily to ' poor white trash ' ... Lee demonstrates how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice , silence the voices that might challenge the existing order , and greatly complicate many Americans ' conception of the causes of racism and segregation . '' Lee 's use of the middle - class narrative voice is a literary device that allows an intimacy with the reader , regardless of class or cultural background , and fosters a sense of nostalgia . Sharing Scout and Jem 's perspective , the reader is allowed to engage in relationships with the conservative antebellum Mrs. Dubose ; the lower - class Ewells , and the Cunninghams who are equally poor but behave in vastly different ways ; the wealthy but ostracized Mr. Dolphus Raymond ; and Calpurnia and other members of the black community . The children internalize Atticus ' admonition not to judge someone until they have walked around in that person 's skin , gaining a greater understanding of people 's motives and behavior . Courage and compassion The novel has been noted for its poignant exploration of different forms of courage . Scout 's impulsive inclination to fight students who insult Atticus reflects her attempt to stand up for him and defend him . Atticus is the moral center of the novel , however , and he teaches Jem one of the most significant lessons of courage . In a statement that both foreshadows Atticus ' motivation for defending Tom Robinson and describes Mrs. Dubose , who is determined to break herself of a morphine addiction , Atticus tells Jem that courage is `` when you 're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what '' . Charles J. Shields , who wrote the first book - length biography of Harper Lee , offers the reason for the novel 's enduring popularity and impact is that `` its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal '' . Atticus ' lesson to Scout that `` you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view -- until you climb around in his skin and walk around in it '' exemplifies his compassion . She ponders the comment when listening to Mayella Ewell 's testimony . When Mayella reacts with confusion to Atticus ' question if she has any friends , Scout offers that she must be lonelier than Boo Radley . Having walked Boo home after he saves their lives , Scout stands on the Radley porch and considers the events of the previous three years from Boo 's perspective . One writer remarks , `` ... ( w ) hile the novel concerns tragedy and injustice , heartache and loss , it also carries with it a strong sense ( of ) courage , compassion , and an awareness of history to be better human beings . '' Gender roles Just as Lee explores Jem 's development in coming to grips with a racist and unjust society , Scout realizes what being female means , and several female characters influence her development . Scout 's primary identification with her father and older brother allows her to describe the variety and depth of female characters in the novel both as one of them and as an outsider . Scout 's primary female models are Calpurnia and her neighbor Miss Maudie , both of whom are strong - willed , independent , and protective . Mayella Ewell also has an influence ; Scout watches her destroy an innocent man in order to hide her desire for him . The female characters who comment the most on Scout 's lack of willingness to adhere to a more feminine role are also those who promote the most racist and classist points of view . For example , Mrs. Dubose chastises Scout for not wearing a dress and camisole , and indicates she is ruining the family name by not doing so , in addition to insulting Atticus ' intentions to defend Tom Robinson . By balancing the masculine influences of Atticus and Jem with the feminine influences of Calpurnia and Miss Maudie , one scholar writes , `` Lee gradually demonstrates that Scout is becoming a feminist in the South , for with the use of first - person narration , she indicates that Scout / Jean Louise still maintains the ambivalence about being a Southern lady she possessed as a child . '' Absent mothers and abusive fathers are another theme in the novel . Scout and Jem 's mother died before Scout could remember her , Mayella 's mother is dead , and Mrs. Radley is silent about Boo 's confinement to the house . Apart from Atticus , the fathers described are abusers . Bob Ewell , it is hinted , molested his daughter , and Mr. Radley imprisons his son in his house to the extent that Boo is remembered only as a phantom . Bob Ewell and Mr. Radley represent a form of masculinity that Atticus does not , and the novel suggests that such men , as well as the traditionally feminine hypocrites at the Missionary Society , can lead society astray . Atticus stands apart as a unique model of masculinity ; as one scholar explains : `` It is the job of real men who embody the traditional masculine qualities of heroic individualism , bravery , and an unshrinking knowledge of and dedication to social justice and morality , to set the society straight . '' Laws , written and unwritten Allusions to legal issues in To Kill a Mockingbird , particularly in scenes outside of the courtroom , have drawn the attention of legal scholars . Claudia Durst Johnson writes that `` a greater volume of critical readings has been amassed by two legal scholars in law journals than by all the literary scholars in literary journals '' . The opening quote by the 19th - century essayist Charles Lamb reads : `` Lawyers , I suppose , were children once . '' Johnson notes that even in Scout and Jem 's childhood world , compromises and treaties are struck with each other by spitting on one 's palm , and laws are discussed by Atticus and his children : is it right that Bob Ewell hunts and traps out of season ? Many social codes are broken by people in symbolic courtrooms : Mr. Dolphus Raymond has been exiled by society for taking a black woman as his common - law wife and having interracial children ; Mayella Ewell is beaten by her father in punishment for kissing Tom Robinson ; by being turned into a non-person , Boo Radley receives a punishment far greater than any court could have given him . Scout repeatedly breaks codes and laws and reacts to her punishment for them . For example , she refuses to wear frilly clothes , saying that Aunt Alexandra 's `` fanatical '' attempts to place her in them made her feel `` a pink cotton penitentiary closing in on ( her ) '' . Johnson states , `` ( t ) he novel is a study of how Jem and Scout begin to perceive the complexity of social codes and how the configuration of relationships dictated by or set off by those codes fails or nurtures the inhabitants of ( their ) small worlds . '' Loss of innocence Lee used the mockingbird to symbolize innocence in the novel Songbirds and their associated symbolism appear throughout the novel . Their family name Finch is also Lee 's mother 's maiden name . The titular mockingbird is a key motif of this theme , which first appears when Atticus , having given his children air - rifles for Christmas , allows their Uncle Jack to teach them to shoot . Atticus warns them that , although they can `` shoot all the bluejays they want '' , they must remember that `` it 's a sin to kill a mockingbird '' . Confused , Scout approaches her neighbor Miss Maudie , who explains that mockingbirds never harm other living creatures . She points out that mockingbirds simply provide pleasure with their songs , saying , `` They do n't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us . '' Writer Edwin Bruell summarized the symbolism when he wrote in 1964 , `` ' To kill a mockingbird ' is to kill that which is innocent and harmless -- like Tom Robinson . '' Scholars have noted that Lee often returns to the mockingbird theme when trying to make a moral point . Tom Robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel . However , scholar Christopher Metress connects the mockingbird to Boo Radley : `` Instead of wanting to exploit Boo for her own fun ( as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about his history ) , Scout comes to see him as a ' mockingbird ' -- that is , as someone with an inner goodness that must be cherished . '' The last pages of the book illustrate this as Scout relates the moral of a story Atticus has been reading to her , and , in allusions to both Boo Radley and Tom Robinson , states about a character who was misunderstood , `` when they finally saw him , why he had n't done any of those things ... Atticus , he was real nice , '' to which he responds , `` Most people are , Scout , when you finally see them . '' The novel exposes the loss of innocence so frequently that reviewer R.A. Dave claims that because every character has to face , or even suffer defeat , the book takes on elements of a classical tragedy . In exploring how each character deals with his or her own personal defeat , Lee builds a framework to judge whether the characters are heroes or fools . She guides the reader in such judgments , alternating between unabashed adoration and biting irony . Scout 's experience with the Missionary Society is an ironic juxtaposition of women who mock her , gossip , and `` reflect a smug , colonialist attitude toward other races '' while giving the `` appearance of gentility , piety , and morality '' . Conversely , when Atticus loses Tom 's case , he is last to leave the courtroom , except for his children and the black spectators in the colored balcony , who rise silently as he walks underneath them , to honor his efforts . Reception Despite her editors ' warnings that the book might not sell well , it quickly became a sensation , bringing acclaim to Lee in literary circles , in her hometown of Monroeville , and throughout Alabama . The book went through numerous subsequent printings and became widely available through its inclusion in the Book of the Month Club and editions released by Reader 's Digest Condensed Books . Initial reactions to the novel were varied . The New Yorker declared Lee `` a skilled , unpretentious , and totally ingenuous writer '' , and The Atlantic Monthly 's reviewer rated the book `` pleasant , undemanding reading '' , but found the narrative voice -- `` a six - year - old girl with the prose style of a well - educated adult '' -- to be implausible . Time magazine 's 1960 review of the book states that it `` teaches the reader an astonishing number of useful truths about little girls and about Southern life '' and calls Scout Finch `` the most appealing child since Carson McCullers ' Frankie got left behind at the wedding '' . The Chicago Sunday Tribune noted the even - handed approach to the narration of the novel 's events , writing : `` This is in no way a sociological novel . It underlines no cause ... To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel of strong contemporary national significance . '' Not all reviewers were enthusiastic . Some lamented the use of poor white Southerners , and one - dimensional black victims , and Granville Hicks labeled the book `` melodramatic and contrived '' . When the book was first released , Southern writer Flannery O'Connor commented , `` I think for a child 's book it does all right . It 's interesting that all the folks that are buying it do n't know they 're reading a child 's book . Somebody ought to say what it is . '' Carson McCullers apparently agreed with the Time magazine review , writing to a cousin : `` Well , honey , one thing we know is that she 's been poaching on my literary preserves . '' One year after its publication To Kill a Mockingbird had been translated into ten languages . In the years since , it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages . The novel has never been out of print in hardcover or paperback , and has become part of the standard literature curriculum . A 2008 survey of secondary books read by students between grades 9 -- 12 in the U.S. indicates the novel is the most widely read book in these grades . A 1991 survey by the Book of the Month Club and the Library of Congress Center for the Book found that To Kill a Mockingbird was rated behind only the Bible in books that are `` most often cited as making a difference '' . It is considered by some to be the Great American Novel . The 50th anniversary of the novel 's release was met with celebrations and reflections on its impact . Eric Zorn of the Chicago Tribune praises Lee 's `` rich use of language '' but writes that the central lesson is that `` courage is n't always flashy , is n't always enough , but is always in style '' . Jane Sullivan in the Sydney Morning Herald agrees , stating that the book `` still rouses fresh and horrified indignation '' as it examines morality , a topic that has recently become unfashionable . Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie writing in The Guardian states that Lee , rare among American novelists , writes with `` a fiercely progressive ink , in which there is nothing inevitable about racism and its very foundation is open to question '' , comparing her to William Faulkner , who wrote about racism as an inevitability . Literary critic Rosemary Goring in Scotland 's The Herald notes the connections between Lee and Jane Austen , stating the book 's central theme , that `` one 's moral convictions are worth fighting for , even at the risk of being reviled '' is eloquently discussed . Native Alabamian Allen Barra sharply criticized Lee and the novel in The Wall Street Journal calling Atticus a `` repository of cracker - barrel epigrams '' and the novel represents a `` sugar - coated myth '' of Alabama history . Barra writes , `` It 's time to stop pretending that To Kill a Mockingbird is some kind of timeless classic that ranks with the great works of American literature . Its bloodless liberal humanism is sadly dated '' . Thomas Mallon in The New Yorker criticizes Atticus ' stiff and self - righteous demeanor , and calls Scout `` a kind of highly constructed doll '' whose speech and actions are improbable . Although acknowledging that the novel works , Mallon blasts Lee 's `` wildly unstable '' narrative voice for developing a story about a content neighborhood until it begins to impart morals in the courtroom drama , following with his observation that `` the book has begun to cherish its own goodness '' by the time the case is over . Defending the book , Akin Ajayi writes that justice `` is often complicated , but must always be founded upon the notion of equality and fairness for all . '' Ajayi states that the book forces readers to question issues about race , class , and society , but that it was not written to resolve them . Many writers compare their perceptions of To Kill a Mockingbird as adults with when they first read it as children . Mary McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey , Rosanne Cash , Tom Brokaw , and Harper 's sister Alice Lee , who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled Scout , Atticus , and Boo . Atticus Finch and the legal profession Main article : Atticus Finch I promised myself that when I grew up and I was a man , I would try to do things just as good and noble as what Atticus had done for Tom Robinson . -- Scott Turow One of the most significant impacts To Kill a Mockingbird has had is Atticus Finch 's model of integrity for the legal profession . As scholar Alice Petry explains , `` Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person . '' Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the reason he became a lawyer , and Richard Matsch , the federal judge who presided over the Timothy McVeigh trial , counts Atticus as a major judicial influence . One law professor at the University of Notre Dame stated that the most influential textbook he taught from was To Kill a Mockingbird , and an article in the Michigan Law Review claims , `` No real - life lawyer has done more for the self - image or public perception of the legal profession , '' before questioning whether `` Atticus Finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun '' . In 1992 , an Alabama editorial called for the death of Atticus , saying that as liberal as Atticus was , he still worked within a system of institutionalized racism and sexism and should not be revered . The editorial sparked a flurry of responses from attorneys who entered the profession because of him and esteemed him as a hero . Critics of Atticus maintain he is morally ambiguous and does not use his legal skills to challenge the racist status quo in Maycomb . However , in 1997 , the Alabama State Bar erected a monument to Atticus in Monroeville , marking his existence as the `` first commemorative milestone in the state 's judicial history '' . In 2008 , Lee herself received an honorary special membership to the Alabama State Bar for creating Atticus who `` has become the personification of the exemplary lawyer in serving the legal needs of the poor '' . Social commentary and challenges To Kill a Mockingbird has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963 . The book 's racial slurs , profanity , and frank discussion of rape have led people to challenge its appropriateness in libraries and classrooms across the United States . The American Library Association reported that To Kill a Mockingbird was number 21 of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 2000 -- 2009 . One of the first incidents of the book being challenged was in Hanover , Virginia , in 1966 : a parent protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral . Johnson cites examples of letters to local newspapers , which ranged from amusement to fury ; those letters expressing the most outrage , however , complained about Mayella Ewell 's attraction to Tom Robinson over the depictions of rape . Upon learning the school administrators were holding hearings to decide the book 's appropriateness for the classroom , Harper Lee sent $10 to The Richmond News Leader suggesting it to be used toward the enrollment of `` the Hanover County School Board in any first grade of its choice '' . The National Education Association in 1968 placed the novel second on a list of books receiving the most complaints from private organizations -- after Little Black Sambo . With a shift of attitudes about race in the 1970s , To Kill a Mockingbird faced challenges of a different sort : the treatment of racism in Maycomb was not condemned harshly enough . This has led to disparate perceptions that the novel has a generally positive impact on race relations for white readers , but a more ambiguous reception by black readers . In one high - profile case outside the U.S. , school districts in the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia attempted to have the book removed from standard teaching curricula in the 1990s , stating : The terminology in this novel subjects students to humiliating experiences that rob them of their self - respect and the respect of their peers . The word ' Nigger ' is used 48 times ( in ) the novel ... We believe that the English Language Arts curriculum in Nova Scotia must enable all students to feel comfortable with ideas , feelings and experiences presented without fear of humiliation ... To Kill a Mockingbird is clearly a book that no longer meets these goals and therefore must no longer be used for classroom instruction . Furthermore , despite the novel 's thematic focus on racial injustice , its black characters are not fully examined . In its use of racial epithets , stereotyped depictions of superstitious blacks , and Calpurnia , who to some critics is an updated version of the `` contented slave '' motif and to others simply unexplored , the book is viewed as marginalizing black characters . One writer asserts that the use of Scout 's narration serves as a convenient mechanism for readers to be innocent and detached from the racial conflict . Scout 's voice `` functions as the not - me which allows the rest of us -- black and white , male and female -- to find our relative position in society '' . A teaching guide for the novel published by The English Journal cautions , `` what seems wonderful or powerful to one group of students may seem degrading to another '' . A Canadian language arts consultant found that the novel resonated well with white students , but that black students found it `` demoralizing '' . Another criticism , articulated by Michael Lind , is that the novel indulges in classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural `` white trash '' . The novel is cited as a factor in the success of the civil rights movement in the 1960s , however , in that it `` arrived at the right moment to help the South and the nation grapple with the racial tensions ( of ) the accelerating civil rights movement '' . Its publication is so closely associated with the Civil Rights Movement that many studies of the book and biographies of Harper Lee include descriptions of important moments in the movement , despite the fact that she had no direct involvement in any of them . Civil Rights leader Andrew Young comments that part of the book 's effectiveness is that it `` inspires hope in the midst of chaos and confusion '' and by using racial epithets portrays the reality of the times in which it was set . Young views the novel as `` an act of humanity '' in showing the possibility of people rising above their prejudices . Alabama author Mark Childress compares it to the impact of Uncle Tom 's Cabin , a book that is popularly implicated in starting the U.S. Civil War . Childress states the novel `` gives white Southerners a way to understand the racism that they 've been brought up with and to find another way . And most white people in the South were good people . Most white people in the South were not throwing bombs and causing havoc ... I think the book really helped them come to understand what was wrong with the system in the way that any number of treatises could never do , because it was popular art , because it was told from a child 's point of view . '' Diane McWhorter , Pulitzer Prize - winning historian of the Birmingham civil rights campaign , asserts that To Kill a Mockingbird condemns racism instead of racists , and states that every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality . This feeling causes them to question the beliefs with which they have been raised , which for many children is what the novel does . McWhorter writes of Lee , `` for a white person from the South to write a book like this in the late 1950s is really unusual -- by its very existence an act of protest . '' Author James McBride calls Lee brilliant but stops short of calling her brave : `` I think by calling Harper Lee brave you kind of absolve yourself of your own racism ... She certainly set the standards in terms of how these issues need to be discussed , but in many ways I feel ... the moral bar 's been lowered . And that 's really distressing . We need a thousand Atticus Finches . '' McBride , however , defends the book 's sentimentality , and the way Lee approaches the story with `` honesty and integrity '' . Honors Harper Lee and President George W. Bush at the November 5 , 2007 , ceremony awarding Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom for To Kill a Mockingbird During the years immediately following the novel 's publication , Harper Lee enjoyed the attention its popularity garnered her , granting interviews , visiting schools , and attending events honoring the book . In 1961 , when To Kill a Mockingbird was in its 41st week on the bestseller list , it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize , stunning Lee . It also won the Brotherhood Award of the National Conference of Christians and Jews in the same year , and the Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine in 1962 . Starting in 1964 , Lee began to turn down interviews , complaining that the questions were monotonous , and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought . Since then , she declined talking with reporters about the book . She also steadfastly refused to provide an introduction , writing in 1995 : `` Introductions inhibit pleasure , they kill the joy of anticipation , they frustrate curiosity . The only good thing about Introductions is that in some cases they delay the dose to come . Mockingbird still says what it has to say ; it has managed to survive the years without preamble . '' In 2001 , Lee was inducted into the Alabama Academy of Honor . In the same year , Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley initiated a reading program throughout the city 's libraries , and chose his favorite book , To Kill a Mockingbird , as the first title of the One City , One Book program . Lee declared that `` there is no greater honor the novel could receive '' . By 2004 , the novel had been chosen by 25 communities for variations of the citywide reading program , more than any other novel . David Kipen of the National Endowment of the Arts , who supervised The Big Read , states `` people just seem to connect with it . It dredges up things in their own lives , their interactions across racial lines , legal encounters , and childhood . It 's just this skeleton key to so many different parts of people 's lives , and they cherish it . '' In 2006 , Lee was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Notre Dame . During the ceremony , the students and audience gave Lee a standing ovation , and the entire graduating class held up copies of To Kill a Mockingbird to honor her . Lee was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 5 , 2007 by President George W. Bush . In his remarks , Bush stated , `` One reason To Kill a Mockingbird succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author , which comes through on every page ... To Kill a Mockingbird has influenced the character of our country for the better . It 's been a gift to the entire world . As a model of good writing and humane sensibility , this book will be read and studied forever . '' Adaptations 1962 film Main article : To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) The book was made into the well - received 1962 film with the same title , starring Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch . The film 's producer , Alan J. Pakula , remembered Universal Pictures executives questioning him about a potential script : `` They said , ' What story do you plan to tell for the film ? ' I said , ' Have you read the book ? ' They said , ' Yes . ' I said , ' That 's the story . ' '' The movie was a hit at the box office , quickly grossing more than $20 million from a $2 - million budget . It won three Oscars : Best Actor for Gregory Peck , Best Art Direction - Set Decoration , Black - and - White , and Best Writing , Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium for Horton Foote . It was nominated for five more Oscars including Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Mary Badham , the actress who played Scout . Film producer Alan J. Pakula with Lee ; Lee spent three weeks watching the filming , then `` took off when she realized everything would be fine without her '' . Harper Lee was pleased with the movie , saying : `` In that film the man and the part met ... I 've had many , many offers to turn it into musicals , into TV or stage plays , but I 've always refused . That film was a work of art . '' Peck met Lee 's father , the model for Atticus , before the filming. Lee 's father died before the film 's release , and Lee was so impressed with Peck 's performance that she gave him her father 's pocketwatch , which he had with him the evening he was awarded the Oscar for Best Actor . Years later , he was reluctant to tell Lee that the watch was stolen out of his luggage in London Heathrow Airport . When Peck eventually did tell Lee , he said she responded , `` ' Well , it 's only a watch . ' Harper -- she feels deeply , but she 's not a sentimental person about things . '' Lee and Peck shared a friendship long after the movie was made . Peck 's grandson was named `` Harper '' in her honor . In May 2005 , Lee made an uncharacteristic appearance at the Los Angeles Public Library at the request of Peck 's widow Veronique , who said of Lee : `` She 's like a national treasure . She 's someone who has made a difference ... with this book . The book is still as strong as it ever was , and so is the film . All the kids in the United States read this book and see the film in the seventh and eighth grades and write papers and essays . My husband used to get thousands and thousands of letters from teachers who would send them to him . '' Play The book has also been adapted as a play by Christopher Sergel . It debuted in 1990 in Monroeville , a town that labels itself `` The Literary Capital of Alabama '' . The play runs every May on the county courthouse grounds and townspeople make up the cast . White male audience members are chosen at the intermission to make up the jury . During the courtroom scene the production moves into the Monroe County Courthouse and the audience is racially segregated . Author Albert Murray said of the relationship of the town to the novel ( and the annual performance ) : `` It becomes part of the town ritual , like the religious underpinning of Mardi Gras . With the whole town crowded around the actual courthouse , it 's part of a central , civic education -- what Monroeville aspires to be . '' Sergel 's play toured in the UK starting at West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds in 2006 , and again in 2011 starting at the York Theatre Royal , both productions featuring Duncan Preston as Atticus Finch . The play also opened the 2013 season at Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre in London where it played to full houses and starred Robert Sean Leonard as Atticus Finch , his first London appearance in 22 years . The production returned to the venue to close the 2014 season , prior to a UK tour . According to a National Geographic article , the novel is so revered in Monroeville that people quote lines from it like Scripture ; yet Harper Lee herself refused to attend any performances , because `` she abhors anything that trades on the book 's fame '' . To underscore this sentiment , Lee demanded that a book of recipes named Calpurnia 's Cookbook not be published and sold out of the Monroe County Heritage Museum . David Lister in The Independent states that Lee 's refusal to speak to reporters made them desire to interview her all the more , and her silence `` makes Bob Dylan look like a media tart '' . Despite her discouragement , a rising number of tourists made Monroeville their destination , hoping to see Lee 's inspiration for the book , or Lee herself . Local residents call them `` Mockingbird groupies '' , and although Lee was not reclusive , she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic `` Hell , no ! '' Go set a Watchman Main article : Go Set a Watchman An earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird , titled Go Set a Watchman , was controversially released on July 14 , 2015 . This draft , which was completed in 1957 , is set 20 years after the time period depicted in To Kill a Mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative . This earlier version of the story follows an adult Scout Finch who travels from New York City to visit her father , Atticus Finch , in Maycomb , Alabama , where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community . The Watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee 's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it , but this claim has been widely disputed . Watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from To Kill a Mockingbird . According to Lee 's agent Andrew Nurnberg , Mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy : `` They discussed publishing Mockingbird first , Watchman last , and a shorter connecting novel between the two . '' This assertion has been discredited , however , by rare - books expert James S. Jaffe , who reviewed the pages at the request of Lee 's attorney and found them to be only another draft of To Kill a Mockingbird . Nurnberg 's statement was also contrary to Jonathan Mahler 's description of how Watchman was seen as just the first draft of Mockingbird . Instances where many passages overlap between the two books , in some case word for word , also refutes this assertion . See also Southern literature Timeline of the African American Civil Rights Movement To Kill a Mockingbird in popular culture Notes Jump up ^ It has appeared on numerous other lists that describe its impact . In 1999 , it was voted the `` Best Novel of the 20th century '' by readers of the Library Journal . It is listed as number five on the Modern Library 's Reader 's List of the 100 Best Novels in the English language since 1900 and number four on the rival Radcliffe Publishing Course 's Radcliffe Publishing Course 's 100 Best Board Picks for Novels and Nonfiction . To Kill a Mockingbird appeared first on a list developed by librarians in 2006 who answered the question , `` Which book should every adult read before they die ? '' followed by the Bible and The Lord of the Rings trilogy . The British public voted in the BBC 's Big Read broadcast to rank it 6th of all time in 2003 . BBC -- The Big Read . Two thousand readers at Play.com voted it the ' Greatest novel of all time ' in 2008 . ( Urmee Khan , June 6 , 2008 . To Kill a Mockingbird voted Greatest Novel Of All Time , The Daily Telegraph ) . Jump up ^ Mallon received hate mail for his commentary , and declined to answer challenges about his observations from professional writers , saying he did not want to be the `` skunk at the garden party '' . ( Murphy , p. 18 . ) Jump up ^ In August 2009 , St. Edmund Campion Secondary School in Toronto removed To Kill a Mockingbird from the grade 10 curriculum because of a complaint regarding the language in the book . ( Noor , Javed ( August 12 , 2009 ) . `` Complaint prompts school to kill ' Mockingbird ' `` , The Star ( Toronto ) . Retrieved on August 19 , 2009 . ) Jump up ^ McWhorter went to school with Mary Badham , the actor who portrayed Scout in the film adaptation . ( Murphy , p. 141 ) Jump up ^ Lee has also been awarded honorary degrees from Mount Holyoke College ( 1962 ) and the University of Alabama ( 1990 ) . ( Noble , p. 8 . ) References Jump up ^ Crespino , J. ( 2000 ) . `` The Strange Career of Atticus Finch '' . Southern Cultures. 6 ( 2 ) : 9 -- 30 . doi : 10.1353 / scu. 2000.0030 . Jump up ^ Zipp , Yvonne ( July 7 , 2010 ) . Scout , Atticus & Boo , The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pauli , Michelle ( March 2 , 2006 ) . Harper Lee tops librarians ' must - read list , Guardian Unlimited . Retrieved on February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 79 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Nelle Harper Lee Alabama Academy of Honor : Alabama Department of Archives and History ( 2001 ) . Retrieved on November 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Mahler , Jonathan ( 12 July 2015 ) . `` The Invisible Hand Behind Harper Lee 's ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Lacher , Irene ( May 21 , 2005 ) . `` Harper Lee raises her low profile for a friend ; The author of ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' shuns fanfare . But for the kin of Gregory Peck '' , Los Angeles Times , p . E. 1 Jump up ^ Shields , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Casebook p. xii Jump up ^ Lee , p. 249 Jump up ^ `` Harper Lee , '' in American Decades . Gale Research , 1998 . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 122 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Krebs , Albin . `` Truman Capote Is Dead at 59 ; Novelist of Style and Clarity '' , The New York Times , August 26 , 1984 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Truman Capote '' . Encyclopedia of World Biography . Advameg , Inc. 2003 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Anne Taylor ( July 9 , 1976 ) . `` The Private World of Truman Capote '' , The New York Times Magazine . p . SM6 . Jump up ^ Steinem , Gloria ( November 1967 ) . `` Go Right Ahead and Ask Me Anything ( And So She Did ) : An Interview with Truman Capote '' , McCall 's , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Clasen , Sharon ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Read Harper Lee 's Profile of `` In Cold Blood '' Detective Al Dewey That Has n't Been Seen in More Than 50 Years `` . Smithsonian Magazine . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hile , Kevin S. `` Harper Lee '' in Authors and Artists for Young Adults , Gale Research 13 ( August 1994 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8103 - 8566 - 5 Jump up ^ Bigg , Matthew ( July 23 , 2007 ) . `` Novel Still Stirs Pride , Debate ; ' Mockingbird ' Draws Tourists to Town Coming to Grips With Its Past , The Washington Post , p . A3 Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries p. 7 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Noble , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Chura , Patrick ( Spring 2000 ) . `` Prolepsis and Anachronism : Emmet Till and the Historicity of To Kill a Mockingbird '' , Southern Literary Journal 32 ( 2 ) , p. 1 Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 97 . ^ Jump up to : About Life & Little Girls Time ( August 1 , 1980 ) . Retrieved on February 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Dave , R.A. ( 1974 ) . `` Harper Lee 's Tragic Vision '' Indian Studies in American Fiction MacMillan Company of India , Ltd . pp. 311 -- 323 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 90034 - 5 Jump up ^ Graeme Dunphy , `` Meena 's Mockingbird : From Harper Lee to Meera Syal '' , Neophilologus , 88 ( 2004 ) 637 -- 660 . PDF online Jump up ^ Ward , L. `` To Kill a Mockingbird ( book review ) . '' Commonwealth : December 9 , 1960 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Phoebe ( August 1960 ) . `` To Kill a Mockingbird , by Harper Lee ( review ) '' . The Atlantic Monthly . New York . 206 ( 2 ) : 98 -- 99 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : LeMay , Harding ( July 10 , 1960 ) . `` Children Play ; Adults Betray '' , New York Herald Tribune . ^ Jump up to : Hicks , Granville ( July 23 , 1970 ) . `` Three at the Outset '' , Saturday Review , 30 . ^ Jump up to : Tavernier - Courbin , Jacqueline `` Humor and Humanity in To Kill a Mockingbird '' in On Harper Lee : Essays and Reflections Alice Petry ( ed . ) , University of Tennessee Press ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 578 - 3 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Boerman - Cornell , William `` The Five Humors '' , The English Journal ( 1999 ) , 88 ( 4 ) , p. 66 . doi : 10.2307 / 822422 Jump up ^ Lee , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Blackall , Jean `` Valorizing the Commonplace : Harper Lee 's Response to Jane Austen '' in On Harper Lee : Essays and Reflections Alice Petry ( ed . ) . University of Tennessee Press ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 578 - 3 Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. 39 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. x , 96 , 149 . Jump up ^ Fine , Laura `` Structuring the Narrator 's Rebellion in To Kill a Mockingbird '' in On Harper Lee : Essays and Reflections Alice Petry ( ed . ) , University of Tennessee Press ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 578 - 3 Jump up ^ Lee , p. 246 . ^ Jump up to : Ware , Michele `` ' Just a Lady ' : Gender and Power in Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird '' in Women in Literature : Reading Through the Lens of Gender Jerilyn Fisher and Ellen S. Silber ( eds . ) , Greenwood Press ( 2003 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31346 - 2 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Metress , Christopher ( September 2003 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of Atticus Finch '' , The Chattahoochee Review , 24 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Noble , pp. vii -- viii . ^ Jump up to : `` Harper Lee Twits School Board In Virginia for Ban on Her Novel '' , The New York Times ( January 6 , 1966 ) , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. 20 -- 24 ^ Jump up to : Erisman , Fred ( April 1973 ) . `` The Romantic Regionalism of Harper Lee '' , The Alabama Review , 27 ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : Bruell , Edwin ( December 1964 ) . `` Keen Scalpel on Racial Ills '' , The English Journal 51 ( 9 ) pp. 658 -- 661 . Jump up ^ Henderson , R. ( May 15 , 1960 ) . `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' , Library Journal . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Claudia ( Autumn 1991 ) . `` The Secret Courts of Men 's Hearts '' , Studies in American Fiction 19 ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : Hovet , Theodore and Grace - Ann ( Fall 2001 ) . `` ' Fine Fancy Gentlemen ' and ' Yappy Folk ' : Contending Voices in To Kill a Mockingbird '' , Southern Quarterly : A Journal of the Arts in the South , 40 pp. 67 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Roslyn `` The Black Man and the Macabre in American Literature '' , Black American Literature Forum ( 1976 ) , 10 ( 4 ) , p. 133 . doi : 10.2307 / 3041614 Jump up ^ Lee , pp. 107 -- 113 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Carolyn ( Summer 1996 ) . `` Atticus Finch and the Mad Dog '' Southern Quarterly : A Journal of the Arts in the South , 34 ( 4 ) , pp. 53 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 155 . ^ Jump up to : Shackelford , Dean ( Winter 1996 -- 1997 ) . `` The Female Voice in To Kill a Mockingbird : Narrative Strategies in Film and Novel '' , Mississippi Quarterly : The Journal of Southern Cultures , 50 ( 1 ) , pp. 101 -- 13 . Jump up ^ `` Nelle Harper Lee . '' Contemporary Authors Online , Gale , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jolley , Susan `` Integrating Poetry and ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' '' , The English Journal ( 2002 ) , 92 ( 2 ) , p. 34 . doi : 10.2307 / 822224 Jump up ^ Mancini , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Fine , Laura ( Summer 1998 ) . `` Gender Conflicts and Their ' Dark ' Projections in Coming of Age White Female Southern Novels '' , Southern Quarterly : A Journal of the Arts in the South 36 ( 4 ) , pp. 121 -- 29 ^ Jump up to : Baecker , Diane ( Spring 1998 ) . `` Telling It In Black and White : The Importance of the Africanist Presence in To Kill a Mockingbird '' , Southern Quarterly : A Journal of the Arts in the South , 36 ( 3 ) , pp. 124 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Schuster , Edgar `` Discovering Theme and Structure in the Novel '' The English Journal ( 1963 ) , 52 ( 7 ) p. 506 . doi : 10.2307 / 810774 Jump up ^ Johnson , Casebook p. 207 . Jump up ^ Metress , Christopher . `` Lee , Harper . '' Contemporary Southern Writers . St. James Press , 1999 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 322 -- 323 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 185 -- 188 . ^ Jump up to : Bain , Robert `` Harper Lee '' in Southern Writers : A Biographical Dictionary Louisiana State University Press ( 1980 ) , pp. 276 -- 277 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0390 - X Jump up ^ `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' , The New Yorker ( September 10 , 1960 ) , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Richard ( July 17 , 1960 ) . `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' , Chicago Sunday Times . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. 21 , 24 . Jump up ^ Kiernan , F. , `` Carson McCullers '' ( Book Review ) . Atlantic Monthly ( 1993 ) v. 287 no . 4 ( April 2001 ) pp. 100 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Book description : To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee HarperCollins ( 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` What Kids Are Reading : The Book Reading Habits of Students in American Schools '' , Renaissance Learning , Inc. , 2008 . Retrieved on July 11 , 2008 . See also `` What Kids Are Reading : The Book Reading Habits of Students in American Schools Archived 2012 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , Renaissance Learning , Inc. 2010 . Retrieved on May 1 , 2011 . where To Kill a Mockingbird appears at number 2 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries p. 14 . Jump up ^ Puente , Maria ( 2010 - 07 - 08 ) . `` ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' : Endearing , enduring at 50 years '' . USA Today . `` It is Lee 's only book and one of the handful that could earn the title of Great American Novel . '' Jump up ^ `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' Turns 50 : Fans Descend on Alabama Town to Celebrate Scout , Atticus and Boo Radley CBS News ( July 11 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zorn , Eric ( July 9 , 2010 ) , ' Mockingbird ' still sings after 50 years , The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Jane ( July 9 , 2010 ) . To celebrate a Mockingbird , The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adichie , Chimamanda Ngozi ( July 10 , 2010 ) . Rereading : To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee , The Guardian . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Loxton , Rachel ( July 10 , 2010 ) . America 's favourite novel still vital after 50 years , The Herald ( Glasgow ) . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barra , Allen ( June 24 , 2010 ) . What ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' Is n't , The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mallon , Thomas ( May 29 , 2006 ) . `` Big Bird : A biography of the novelist Harper Lee '' , The New Yorker , 82 ( 15 ) , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Ajayi , Akin ( July 9 , 2010 ) To Kill a Mockingbird : the case for the defence , The Guardian . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scout , Atticus , and Boo : A Celebration of Fifty Years of To Kill a Mockingbird '' . HarperCollins Publishers . 2010 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 196 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Petry , p. xxiii . Jump up ^ Petry , p. xxiv . Jump up ^ Lubet , Steven ( May 1999 ) . `` Reconstructing Atticus Finch '' , Michigan Law Review 97 ( 6 ) pp. 1339 -- 1362 . doi : 10.2307 / 1290205 Jump up ^ Petry , pp. xxv -- xxvii . Jump up ^ `` ' Mockingbird ' Hero Honored in Monroeville '' , The Birmingham News ( Alabama ) ( May 3 , 1997 ) , p. 7A . Jump up ^ `` Harper Lee Can Take a Place at the Bar '' , The Birmingham News ( March 17 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Top 100 Banned / Challenged Books : 2000 -- 2009 American Library Association . Retrieved July 2010 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Casebook pp. 208 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Mancini , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Saney , Isaac ( July -- September 2003 ) . `` The Case Against To Kill a Mockingbird '' Race & Class 45 ( 1 ) , pp. 99 -- 110 . doi : 10.1177 / 0306396803045001005 Jump up ^ Beryle , Banfield `` Commitment to Change : The Council on Interracial Books for Children and the World of Children 's Books '' , African American Review ( 1998 ) 32 ( 17 ) , pp. 17 -- 22 . doi : 10.2307 / 3042264 Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 133 -- 134 Jump up ^ Suhor , Charles , Bell , Larry `` Preparing to Teach To Kill a Mockingbird , The English Journal ( 1997 ) 86 ( 4 ) , pp. 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.2307 / 820996 Jump up ^ Martelle , Scott ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` A Different Read on ' Mockingbird ' ; Long a classroom starting point for lessons about intolerance , the Harper Lee classic is being reexamined by some who find its perspective limited '' , The Los Angeles Times , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` White Trash Gothic '' . thesmartset.com . February 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flora , Joseph `` Harper Lee '' in Southern Writers : A New Biographical Dictionary Louisiana State University Press ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. xi -- xiv Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold `` Modern Critical Interpretations : To Kill a Mockingbird '' Chelsea House Publishers ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 219 -- 220 , 223 , 233 -- 235 Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 206 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 141 -- 146 . Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 132 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Mancini , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Tabor , May ( August 23 , 1998 ) . `` A ' new foreword ' that is n't '' , The New York Times , p . C11 . ^ Jump up to : Bellafante , Ginia ( January 20 , 2006 ) . Harper Lee , Gregarious for a Day , The New York Times . Retrieved on November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Launches City - wide Book Group '' , Library Journal ( August 13 , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ `` To Read a Mockingbird '' Library Journal ( September 1 , 2004 ) 129 ( 14 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Commencement 2006 Notre Dame Magazine ( July 2006 ) . Retrieved on November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ President Bush Honors Medal of Freedom Recipients , White House press release ( November 5 , 2007 ) . Retrieved on November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Peter ( February 27 , 1998 ) . `` Time Ca n't Kill ' Mockingbird ' ( Review ) '' , The New York Times , p . E. 1 Jump up ^ To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) Archived 2012 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved on March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jones , Carolyn `` Harper Lee '' , in The History of Southern Women 's Literature , Carolyn Perry ( ed . ) : Louisiana State University Press ( 2002 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 2753 - 7 Jump up ^ Bobbin , Jay ( December 21 , 1997 ) . `` Gregory Peck is Atticus Finch in Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird '' , The Birmingham News ( Alabama ) , p. 1. F Jump up ^ King , Susan ( December 22 , 1997 ) . `` How the Finch Stole Christmas ; Q & A With Gregory Peck '' , Los Angeles Times , p. 1 Jump up ^ King , Susan ( October 18 , 1999 ) . `` Q&A ; Film Honors Peck , ' Perfectly Happy ' in a Busy Retirement '' , Los Angeles Times , p. 4 Jump up ^ Noble , p. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Roy ( August 9 , 1998 ) . `` Long Lives the Mockingbird '' , The New York Times Book Review , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Walker , Lynne ( 30 September 2006 ) . `` To Kill A Mockingbird , West Yorkshire , Leeds Playhouse '' . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jonathan ( 23 February 2011 ) . `` To Kill a Mockingbird , Theatre Royal , York '' . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` To Kill A Mockingbird Returns '' . openairtheatre.com . Open Air Theatre . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Cathy ( January 2006 ) . To Catch a Mockingbird , National Geographic . Retrieved on November 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Robinson , David. The One and Only , The Scotsman . Retrieved on March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lister , David ( July 10 , 2010 ) . David Lister : Those reclusive authors really know how to live , The Independent . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pressley , Sue ( June 10 , 1996 ) . `` Quiet Author , Home Town Attract ' Groupies , ' Press ; To Live With ' Mockingbird ' '' , The Washington Post p . A3 ^ Jump up to : `` The Harper Lee ' Go Set a Watchman ' Fraud '' . The New York Times . 25 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Marja Mills ( 20 July 2015 ) . `` The Harper Lee I knew '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jennifer Maloney . `` What Would Gregory Peck Think of ' Go Set a Watchman ' ? His Son Weighs In '' . WSJ . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Harper Lee to release second novel 50 years after To Kill a Mockingbird '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alison Flood ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Harper Lee 's ' lost ' novel was intended to complete a trilogy , says agent '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` Expert Says Manuscript Is Not Harper Lee 's Third Novel '' . The New York Times . 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Keith Collins . `` See how Harper Lee 's ' Go Set a Watchman ' became ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' '' . Quartz . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Bibliography Johnson , Claudia . To Kill a Mockingbird : Threatening Boundaries . Twayne Publishers : 1994 . ISBN 0 - 8057 - 8068 - 8 Johnson , Claudia . Understanding To Kill a Mockingbird : A Student Casebook to Issues , Sources , and Historic Documents . Greenwood Press : 1994 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29193 - 4 Lee , Harper . To Kill a Mockingbird . HarperCollins : 1960 ( Perennial Classics edition : 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 06 - 093546 - 4 Mancini , Candice , ( ed . ) ( 2008 ) . Racism in Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird , The Gale Group . ISBN 0 - 7377 - 3904 - 5 Murphy , Mary M. ( ed . ) Scout , Atticus , and Boo : A Celebration of Fifty Years of To Kill a Mockingbird , HarperCollins Publishers : 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 192407 - 1 Noble , Don ( ed . ) . Critical Insights : To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee , Salem Press : 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58765 - 618 - 7 Petry , Alice . `` Introduction '' in On Harper Lee : Essays and Reflections . University of Tennessee Press : 1994 . ISBN 1 - 57233 - 578 - 5 Shields , Charles . Mockingbird : A Portrait of Harper Lee . Henry Holt and Co. : 2006 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7919 - X External links Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' dated 2008 - 07 - 08 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Quotations related to To Kill a Mockingbird ( novel ) at Wikiquote To Kill a Mockingbird in the Encyclopedia of Alabama Lee , Harper ( 1988 ) ( 1960 ) . To Kill a Mockingbird . In association with McIntosh and Otis , Inc. at the Internet Archive . Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 1918 -- 1925 His Family by Ernest Poole ( 1918 ) The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington ( 1919 ) The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton ( 1921 ) Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington ( 1922 ) One of Ours by Willa Cather ( 1923 ) The Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson ( 1924 ) So Big by Edna Ferber ( 1925 ) 1926 -- 1950 Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis ( declined ) ( 1926 ) Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield ( 1927 ) The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder ( 1928 ) Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin ( 1929 ) Laughing Boy by Oliver La Farge ( 1930 ) Years of Grace by Margaret Ayer Barnes ( 1931 ) The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck ( 1932 ) The Store by Thomas Sigismund Stribling ( 1933 ) Lamb in His Bosom by Caroline Pafford Miller ( 1934 ) Now in November by Josephine Winslow Johnson ( 1935 ) Honey in the Horn by Harold L. Davis ( 1936 ) Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell ( 1937 ) The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand ( 1938 ) The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings ( 1939 ) The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck ( 1940 ) In This Our Life by Ellen Glasgow ( 1942 ) Dragon 's Teeth by Upton Sinclair ( 1943 ) Journey in the Dark by Martin Flavin ( 1944 ) A Bell for Adano by John Hersey ( 1945 ) All the King 's Men by Robert Penn Warren ( 1947 ) Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener ( 1948 ) Guard of Honor by James Gould Cozzens ( 1949 ) The Way West by A.B. Guthrie Jr. ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 The Town by Conrad Richter ( 1951 ) The Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk ( 1952 ) The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway ( 1953 ) A Fable by William Faulkner ( 1955 ) Andersonville by MacKinlay Kantor ( 1956 ) A Death in the Family by James Agee ( 1958 ) The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters by Robert Lewis Taylor ( 1959 ) Advise and Consent by Allen Drury ( 1960 ) To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee ( 1961 ) The Edge of Sadness by Edwin O'Connor ( 1962 ) The Reivers by William Faulkner ( 1963 ) The Keepers of the House by Shirley Ann Grau ( 1965 ) The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter ( 1966 ) The Fixer by Bernard Malamud ( 1967 ) The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron ( 1968 ) House Made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday ( 1969 ) The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford by Jean Stafford ( 1970 ) Angle of Repose by Wallace Stegner ( 1972 ) The Optimist 's Daughter by Eudora Welty ( 1973 ) The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Humboldt 's Gift by Saul Bellow ( 1976 ) Elbow Room by James Alan McPherson ( 1978 ) The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever ( 1979 ) The Executioner 's Song by Norman Mailer ( 1980 ) A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole ( 1981 ) Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike ( 1982 ) The Color Purple by Alice Walker ( 1983 ) Ironweed by William Kennedy ( 1984 ) Foreign Affairs by Alison Lurie ( 1985 ) Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry ( 1986 ) A Summons to Memphis by Peter Taylor ( 1987 ) Beloved by Toni Morrison ( 1988 ) Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler ( 1989 ) The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Oscar Hijuelos ( 1990 ) Rabbit at Rest by John Updike ( 1991 ) A Thousand Acres by Jane Smiley ( 1992 ) A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain by Robert Olen Butler ( 1993 ) The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx ( 1994 ) The Stone Diaries by Carol Shields ( 1995 ) Independence Day by Richard Ford ( 1996 ) Martin Dressler : The Tale of an American Dreamer by Steven Millhauser ( 1997 ) American Pastoral by Philip Roth ( 1998 ) The Hours by Michael Cunningham ( 1999 ) Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay by Michael Chabon ( 2001 ) Empire Falls by Richard Russo ( 2002 ) Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides ( 2003 ) The Known World by Edward P. Jones ( 2004 ) Gilead by Marilynne Robinson ( 2005 ) March by Geraldine Brooks ( 2006 ) The Road by Cormac McCarthy ( 2007 ) The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Díaz ( 2008 ) Olive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout ( 2009 ) Tinkers by Paul Harding ( 2010 ) A Visit from the Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan ( 2011 ) No award given ( 2012 ) The Orphan Master 's Son by Adam Johnson ( 2013 ) The Goldfinch by Donna Tartt ( 2014 ) All the Light We Cannot See by Anthony Doerr ( 2015 ) The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Nguyen ( 2016 ) The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead ( 2017 ) Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) Characters Atticus Finch Film To Kill a Mockingbird Prequel Go Set a Watchman Other characters popular culture Broken `` '' Hey , Boo `` : Harper Lee and To Kill A Mockingbird '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_Kill_a_Mockingbird&oldid=804936159 '' Categories : 1960 American novels American novels adapted into films American novels adapted into plays Debut novels Novels about racism Novels set in Alabama Novels set in the 1930s Pulitzer Prize for Fiction - winning works Southern Gothic novels To Kill a Mockingbird J.B. Lippincott & Co. books Law in fiction Novels by Harper Lee False allegations of sex crimes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Pages to import images to Wikidata Spoken articles Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 01 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did to kill a mockingbird come out
[ "To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was 10 years old." ]
[ "1960" ]
3525293952148781802
Ariel Winter
Ariel Winter - wikipedia Ariel Winter Jump to : navigation , search Ariel Winter Winter at the 2015 PaleyFest Ariel Winter Workman ( 1998 - 01 - 28 ) January 28 , 1998 ( age 19 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Education University of California , Los Angeles Occupation Actress , voice actress , singer Years active 2002 -- present Relatives Shanelle Workman ( sister ) Jimmy Workman ( brother ) Ariel Winter Workman ( born January 28 , 1998 ) , better known as Ariel Winter , is an American actress , voice actress , and singer . She is known for her role as Alex Dunphy in the comedy series Modern Family , as well as the voice of the title character in the Disney Junior show Sofia the First and the voice of Penny Peterson in the 2014 animated film Mr. Peabody and Sherman . Winter and her Modern Family cast mates have won four Screen Actors Guild Awards for Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 Awards and nominations 5.1 Screen Actors Guild Awards 5.2 Young Artist Awards 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Winter was born in Los Angeles , California , on January 28 , 1998 , the daughter of Chrisoula ( née Batistas ) and Glenn Workman . She is the sister of actors Shanelle Workman and Jimmy Workman . Her mother 's family is Greek , while her father is of English and German descent . She reports that her Greek name is Eleftheria ( Ελευθερία ) . She states that her sister and brother are fluent in the language , but that she is not , although she knows some basic phrases like ti káneis ( τι κάνεις , `` how are you ? '' ) and kalá ( καλά , `` fine '' or `` well '' ) . Her favorite Greek musician is Sakis Rouvas , with whom she worked on a movie when she was nine years old . Career ( edit ) Winter obtained her first entertainment industry job in a Cool Whip commercial advertisement in 2002 when she was four years old . She had her first television role in an episode of Listen Up ! , and followed it with appearances in a variety of shows such as Freddie , Monk , Bones , and ER . In the animated children 's show Phineas and Ferb , she voiced the character of Gretchen before winning the regular role of Alex Dunphy in the series Modern Family , which premiered in 2009 . She has continued to work in TV animation , including providing the voice of Marina the Mermaid on Disney Junior 's Jake and the Never Land Pirates . In 2012 , Winter was cast as Sofia , the lead character in a then - new Disney animated franchise Sofia the First . The series premiered in January 2013 on Disney Junior . In 2014 , she voiced Penny Peterson , Sherman 's enemy turned friend in the 2014 Dreamworks Animation film Mr. Peabody and Sherman . She also lent her voice to characters in the animated films , Disney 's Bambi II and Blue Sky 's Ice Age : The Meltdown . Winter has appeared in feature films , most notably in Kiss Kiss Bang Bang , Speed Racer , Duress , Opposite Day , and Fred 2 . For her leading role in the film The Chaperone , she was nominated at the Young Artist Awards 2012 as Best Actress in a Motion Picture . Personal Life ( edit ) In October 2012 , Winter 's sister Shanelle Workman filed to become her guardian , alleging that their mother had been physically and emotionally abusive . On May 5 , 2014 , the court ordered guardianship to Workman and removed Winter from her mother 's guardianship permanently . Their mother later released a statement stating that `` the family has moved beyond the conflict '' . On May 15 , 2015 , Winter declared on Twitter that she was officially emancipated . In June 2015 , Winter underwent breast reduction surgery . In April 2016 , Winter was accepted to University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) and was slated to begin attendance in the fall semester of 2016 . However , on September 12 she confirmed that she will attend UCLA in fall 2017 . On her decision to go to college , she explained , `` You got ta have something else you can do . I 've always been interested in law so I think it 'll definitely be something that I 'll love to do and also go to school for . '' Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Kiss Kiss Bang Bang Young Harmony Faith Lane 2006 Bambi II Thumper 's sister Voice role 2006 Curious George Kid Voice role 2006 Ice Age : The Meltdown Various characters Voice role 2006 Over the Hedge Additional voices Voice role 2006 Grilled Dolly 2008 One Missed Call Ellie Layton 2008 Horton Hears a Who ! Various characters Voice role 2008 Speed Racer Young Trixie Shimura 2009 Tales from the Catholic Church of Elvis ! Little girl 2009 Final Fantasy VII : Advent Children Complete Marlene Wallace Voice role 2009 Life Is Hot in Cracktown Suzie 2009 Duress Sarah Barnett 2009 Opposite Day Carla Benson 2009 Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs Various characters Voice role 2009 Afro Samurai : Resurrection Young Sio Voice role Killers Sadie Nic & Tristan Go Mega Dega Lisa DC Showcase : Green Arrow Princess Perdita Voice role 2011 Chaperone , The The Chaperone Sally 2011 Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension Gretchen / Various characters Voice role 2011 Fred 2 : Night of the Living Fred Talia Dawg 2012 Excision Grace 2012 ParaNorman Blithe Hollow -- kid Voice role 2012 / 13 Batman : The Dark Knight Returns -- Parts 1 & 2 Carrie Kelley / Robin ( voice ) Direct - to - video ; originally released separately 2012 Sofia the First : Once Upon a Princess Sofia Voice role 2013 Dora the Explorer and the Destiny Medallion Dora YouTube short film series by CollegeHumor 2013 Scooby - Doo ! Stage Fright Chrissy Damon Voice role 2013 Sofia the First : The Floating Palace Sofia Voice role 2013 Tad , The Lost Explorer Sara Lavrof Voice role 2014 Mr. Peabody & Sherman Penny Peterson Voice role 2015 Safelight Kate 2016 Elena and the Secret of Avalor Sofia Voice role 2017 Smurfs : The Lost Village Smurf Lily Voice role 2017 Dog Years Lil Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Listen Up ! Little Girl Episode : `` Last Vegas '' 2005 Tickle - U Pipoca 2005 Freddie Hobo Episode : `` Halloween '' 2006 Monk Donna Cain Episode : `` Mr. Monk and the Astronaut '' 2006 So NoTORIous Little Tori 5 episodes 2006 Jericho Julie Episode : `` Pilot '' 2006 Bones Liza Episode : `` The Girl with the Curl '' 2006 Nip / Tuck Kid Episode : `` Reefer '' 2007 Crossing Jordan Gwen Episode : `` Faith '' 2007 Shorty McShorts ' Shorts Taffy Episode : `` Flip - Flopped '' ; voice role 2007 Criminal Minds Katie Jacobs Episode : `` Seven Seconds '' 2007 -- 15 Phineas and Ferb Gretchen / Various characters Voice role 2008 Ghost Whisperer Natalie Episode : `` Imaginary Friends and Enemies '' 2009 ER Lucy Moore 5 episodes 2009 Penguins of Madagascar , The The Penguins of Madagascar Little girl Episode : `` What Goes Around / Mask of the Raccoon '' ; voice role 2009 -- present Modern Family Alex Dunphy Main role 2011 Jake and the Never Land Pirates Marina the Mermaid 15 episodes ; voice role 2011 Minnie 's Bow - Toons Roxie Squirrel Episode : `` Pom Pom Problem ; Pet Adoption '' 2011 WWE Raw Appearing as herself Appeared February 14 , 2011 on the Valentine 's Day Edition as a Guest Star 2011 R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour : The Series Jenny Episode : `` Fear Never Knocks '' 2012 Gracie Episode : `` Headshot '' 2013 -- present Sofia the First Sofia Voice role 2016 Milo Murphy 's Law Jackie Episode : `` The Wilder West '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Young Kairi 2012 Final Fantasy XIII - 2 Mog 2012 Guild Wars 2 Cassie 2014 Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix Young Kairi 2015 Final Fantasy Type - 0 HD Moglin Awards and nominations ( edit ) Screen Actors Guild Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2009 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Modern Family ( shared with Ed O'Neill , Sofía Vergara , Julie Bowen , Ty Burrell , Jesse Tyler Ferguson , Eric Stonestreet , Sarah Hyland , Rico Rodriguez , and Nolan Gould ) Nominated Won 2011 Won 2012 Won 2013 Won 2014 Nominated 2015 Nominated Young Artist Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result Ref . Outstanding Young Ensemble in a TV Series Modern Family Won 2011 Nominated 2012 Best Leading Young Actress in a Feature Film The Chaperone Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bacardi , Francesca ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Ariel Winter Celebrates Her Birthday With Friends , a Cake and a Wish ! '' . E !. Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rowley , Alison ( November 10 , 2012 ) . `` Ariel Winter 's grandfather : ' I never witnessed any abuse ' '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ken ( December 12 , 2012 ) . `` Ariel Winter to Stay with Sister , Dad to Oversee Estate '' . People . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Helen G. Batistas Obituary '' . The Washington Post via Legacy.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Ariel ( 13 April 2013 ) . `` Ariel Winter - Interview with the Modern Family teen star in LA for MTV Greece '' ( Interview ) . Interview with George Satsidis . Los Angeles : YouTube . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Evening in America '' . Vanity Fair , May 2012 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim . `` Ariel Winter Looks Ahead , Prepares for Life After Modern Family and Sofia the First '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 33rd Annual Young Artist Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Family star Ariel Winter in custody battle '' . December 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McCartney , Anthony ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Family settles guardianship dispute over ' Modern Family ' teen actress Ariel Winter '' . U.S. News & World Report . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corriston , Michele ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Modern Family 's Ariel Winter Is Emancipated , Thanks ' Amazing Support System ' '' . People . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yagoda , Maria ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Ariel Winter Explains Decision to Undergo Breast Reduction Surgery : People.com '' . people.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Radloff , Jessica ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Ariel Winter Breast Reduction Surgery Exclusive Interview '' . glamour.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Celebrity Ariel Winter has committed to UCLA '' . University Prime Time . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Annie . `` ' Modern Family ' star Ariel Winter headed for UCLA '' . UPI . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 31st Annual Young Artist Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 32nd Annual Young Artist Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ariel Winter . Ariel Winter on IMDb Ariel Winter on Instagram Ariel Winter on Twitter ( hide ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) VIAF : 160221783 LCCN : no2010185927 GND : 1061631168 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ariel_Winter&oldid=813098265 '' Categories : 1998 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses of Greek descent American child actresses American film actresses American people of Greek descent American people of German descent American people of English descent American television actresses American video game actresses American voice actresses Living people Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2016 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles containing Greek - language text Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 19 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who did ariel winter play in cloudy with a chance of meatballs
[ "\n\nYear\nTitle\nRole\nNotes\n\n\n2005\nKiss Kiss Bang Bang\nYoung Harmony Faith Lane\n\n\n\n2006\nBambi II\nThumper's sister\nVoice role\n\n\n2006\nCurious George\nKid\nVoice role\n\n\n2006\nIce Age: The Meltdown\nVarious characters\nVoice role\n\n\n2006\nOver the Hedge\nAdditional voices\nVoice role\n\n\n2006\nGrilled\nDolly\n\n\n\n2008\nOne Missed Call\nEllie Layton\n\n\n\n2008\nHorton Hears a Who!\nVarious characters\nVoice role\n\n\n2008\nSpeed Racer\nYoung Trixie Shimura\n\n\n\n2009\nTales from the Catholic Church of Elvis!\nLittle girl\n\n\n\n2009\nFinal Fantasy VII: Advent Children Complete\nMarlene Wallace\nVoice role\n\n\n2009\nLife Is Hot in Cracktown\nSuzie\n\n\n\n2009\nDuress\nSarah Barnett\n\n\n\n2009\nOpposite Day\nCarla Benson\n\n\n\n2009\nCloudy with a Chance of Meatballs\nVarious characters\nVoice role\n\n\n2009\nAfro Samurai: Resurrection\nYoung Sio\nVoice role\n\n\n2010\nKillers\nSadie\n\n\n\n2010\nNic & Tristan Go Mega Dega\nLisa\n\n\n\n2010\nDC Showcase: Green Arrow\nPrincess Perdita\nVoice role\n\n\n2011\nChaperone, TheThe Chaperone\nSally\n\n\n\n2011\nPhineas and Ferb: Across the 2nd Dimension\nGretchen / Various characters\nVoice role\n\n\n2011\nFred 2: Night of the Living Fred\nTalia Dawg\n\n\n\n2012\nExcision\nGrace\n\n\n\n2012\nParaNorman\nBlithe Hollow – kid\nVoice role\n\n\n2012/13\nBatman: The Dark Knight Returns – Parts 1 & 2\nCarrie Kelley/Robin (voice)\nDirect-to-video; originally released separately\n\n\n2012\nSofia the First: Once Upon a Princess\nSofia\nVoice role\n\n\n2013\nDora the Explorer and the Destiny Medallion\nDora\nYouTube short film series by CollegeHumor\n\n\n2013\nScooby-Doo! Stage Fright\nChrissy Damon\nVoice role\n\n\n2013\nSofia the First: The Floating Palace\nSofia\nVoice role\n\n\n2013\nTad, The Lost Explorer\nSara Lavrof\nVoice role\n\n\n2014\nMr. Peabody & Sherman\nPenny Peterson\nVoice role\n\n\n2015\nSafelight\nKate\n\n\n\n2016\nElena and the Secret of Avalor\nSofia\nVoice role\n\n\n2017\nSmurfs: The Lost Village\nSmurf Lily\nVoice role\n\n\n2017\nDog Years\nLil\n\n\n" ]
[ "Various characters" ]
-6456542750109732737
Carlsbad Caverns National Park
Carlsbad Caverns National Park - wikipedia Carlsbad Caverns National Park Jump to : navigation , search Carlsbad Caverns National Park IUCN category II ( national park ) The cave is decorated with a large number of calcite formations such as this column and array of stalactites Location Eddy County , New Mexico , U.S. Nearest city Carlsbad , New Mexico , U.S. Coordinates 32 ° 10 ′ 31 '' N 104 ° 26 ′ 38 '' W  /  32.17528 ° N 104.44389 ° W  / 32.17528 ; - 104.44389 Coordinates : 32 ° 10 ′ 31 '' N 104 ° 26 ′ 38 '' W  /  32.17528 ° N 104.44389 ° W  / 32.17528 ; - 104.44389 Area 46,766 acres ( 18,926 ha ) 339 acres ( 137 ha ) private Established May 14 , 1930 Visitors 466,773 ( in 2016 ) Governing body National Park Service Website Carlsbad Caverns National Park UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Natural : ( vii ) , ( viii ) Reference 721 Inscription 1995 ( 19th Session ) ( edit on Wikidata ) Carlsbad Caverns National Park is a United States National Park in the Guadalupe Mountains of southeastern New Mexico . The primary attraction of the park is the show cave , Carlsbad Cavern . Carlsbad Caverns National Park is open every day of the year except Thanksgiving , Christmas , and New Year 's Day . Visitors to the cave can hike in on their own via the natural entrance or take an elevator from the visitor center . The park entrance is located on US Highway 62 / 180 , approximately 18 miles ( 29 km ) southwest of Carlsbad , New Mexico . Carlsbad Caverns National Park participates in the Junior Ranger Program . The park has two entries on the National Register of Historic Places : The Caverns Historic District and the Rattlesnake Springs Historic District . Approximately two thirds of the park has been set aside as a wilderness area , helping to ensure no future changes will be made to the habitat . Carlsbad Cavern includes a large cave chamber ( The Big Room ) , a natural limestone chamber almost 4,000 feet ( 1,220 m ) long , 625 feet ( 191 m ) wide , and 255 feet ( 78 m ) high at the highest point . It is the fifth largest chamber in North America and the twenty - eighth largest in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 1.1 Capitan Reef 1.2 Speleogenesis 2 History 2.1 Legislative history 3 Named rooms 4 Tourist information 5 Recent exploration 6 Other caves 7 Bats 8 Other attractions 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Geology ( edit ) For details on the region 's geology , see Delaware Basin . Capitan reef ( edit ) An estimated 250 million years ago , the area surrounding Carlsbad Caverns National Park served as the coastline for an inland sea . Present in the sea was a plethora of marine life , whose remains formed a reef . Unlike modern reef growths , the Permian reef contained bryozoans , sponges , and other microorganisms . After the Permian Period , most of the water evaporated and the reef was buried by evaporites and other sediments . Tectonic movement occurred during the late Cenozoic , uplifting the reef above ground . Susceptible to erosion , water sculpted the Guadalupe Mountain region into its present - day state . Speleogenesis ( edit ) Carlsbad Caverns National Park is situated in a bed of limestone above groundwater level . During cavern development , it was within the groundwater zone . Deep below the limestones are petroleum reserves ( part of the Mid-Continent Oil Field ) . At a time near the end of the Cenozoic , hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) began to seep upwards from the petroleum into the groundwater . The combination of hydrogen sulfide and oxygen from the water formed sulfuric acid : H S + 2O → H SO . The sulfuric acid then continued upward , aggressively dissolving the limestone deposits to form caverns . The presence of gypsum within the cave is a confirmation of the occurrence of this process , as it is a byproduct of the reaction between sulfuric acid and limestone . Once the acidic groundwater drained from the caverns , speleothems began to be deposited within the cavern . Erosion above ground created the natural entrance to the Carlsbad Caverns within the last million years . Exposure to the surface has allowed for the influx of air into the cavern . Rainwater and snowmelt percolating downward into the ground pick up carbon dioxide ; once this water reaches a cavern ceiling , it precipitates and evaporates , leaving behind a small calcium carbonate deposit . Growths from the roof downward formed through this process are known as stalactites . Additionally , water on the floor of the caverns can contain carbonic acid and generate mineral deposits by evaporation . Growths from the floor upward through this process are known as stalagmites . Different formations of speleothems include columns , soda straws , draperies , helictites , and popcorn . Changes in the ambient air temperature and rainfall affect the rate of growth of speleothems , as higher temperatures increase carbon dioxide production rates within the overlying soil . The color of the speleothems is determined by the trace constituents in the minerals of the formation . History ( edit ) Elevator house , circa 1933 - 42 . Photo by Ansel Adams . While a young boy , Jim White explored the cavern with his homemade wire ladder . He named many of the rooms , including the Big Room , New Mexico Room , Kings Palace , Queens Chamber , Papoose Room , and Green Lake Room . He also named many of the cave 's more prominent formations , such as the Totem Pole , Witch 's Finger , Giant Dome , Bottomless Pit , Fairyland , Iceberg Rock , Temple of the Sun , and Rock of Ages . Max Frisch incorporates the story about White 's discovery of the caves in his novel I 'm Not Stiller . The town of Carlsbad , which lends its name to the cavern and national park , is in turn named after the Czech town formerly known by the German name Karlsbad ( English spelling Carlsbad ) and now known by the Czech name Karlovy Vary , both of which mean `` Charles ' Bath ( s ) . '' Until 1932 , visitors to the cavern had to walk down a switchback ramp that took them 750 feet ( 230 m ) below the surface . The walk back up was tiring for some . In 1932 the national park opened up a large visitor center building that contained two elevators that would take visitors in and out of the caverns below . The new center included a cafeteria , waiting room , museum and first aid area . Legislative History ( edit ) October 25 , 1923 -- President Calvin Coolidge signed a proclamation ( 1679 - Oct. 25 , 1923 - 43 Stat. 1929 ) establishing Carlsbad Cave National Monument . April 2 , 1924 -- President Calvin Coolidge issued an executive order ( 3984 ) for a possible national park or monument at the site . May 3 , 1928 -- a supplemental executive order ( 4870 ) was issued reserving additional land for the possible monument or park . May 14 , 1930 -- an act of the United States Congress ( 46 Stat. 279 ) established Carlsbad Caverns National Park to be directed by the Secretary of the Interior and administered by the National Park Service . June 17 , 1930 -- President Herbert Hoover signed Executive Order 5370 reserving additional land for classification . November 10 , 1978 -- Carlsbad Caverns Wilderness was established with the National Parks and Recreation Act ( 95 - 625 ) signed by President Jimmy Carter . `` ... a limestone cavern known as the Carlsbad Cave , of extraordinary proportions and of unusual beauty and variety of natural decoration ; ... beyond the spacious chambers that have been explored , other vast chambers of unknown character and dimensions exist ; ... the several chambers contain stalactites , stalagmites , and other formations in such unusual number , size , beauty of form , and variety of figure as to make this a cavern equal , if not superior , in both scientific and popular interest to the better known caves ... '' Named rooms ( edit ) Rock of Ages in the Big Room , photo by Ansel Adams , c. 1941 On the tour route Outside the entrance to the caverns . Balloon Ballroom Located in the ceiling above the main entrance hall , this small room was first accessed by tying a rope to a bunch of balloons and floating them up into the passage . Bat Cave A large , unadorned rocky passage connected to the main entrance corridor . The majority of the cave 's bat population lives in this portion of the cave , which was mined for bat guano in the early 20th century . Bell Cord Room Named for a long , narrow stalactite coming through a hole in the ceiling , resembling the rope coming through the roof of a belfry . This room is located at the end of the Left Hand Tunnel . Bifrost Room Discovered in 1982 , it is located in the ceiling above Lake of the Clouds . Its name refers to a Norse myth about a world in the sky that was accessed from Earth by a rainbow ( the `` Bifrost Bridge '' ) . The room was given this name because of its location above the Lake of the Clouds and its colorful oxide - stained formations . Big Room or The Hall of the Giants The largest chamber in Carlsbad Caverns , with a floor space of 357,469 square feet ( 33,210 m ) . Chocolate High A maze of small passages totalling nearly a mile ( 1500 m ) in combined length , discovered in 1993 above a mud - filled pit in the New Mexico Room known as Chocolate Drop . Green Lake Room The uppermost of the `` Scenic Rooms '' , it is named for a deep , malachite - colored pool in the corner of the room . In the 1940s , when the military was testing the feasibility of Carlsbad Cavern as an emergency fallout shelter , the Green Lake was used to look for ripples caused by a nuclear bomb test many miles away . None appeared . Guadalupe Room Discovered by a park ranger in 1966 , this is the second largest room in Carlsbad Caverns . It is known for its dense collection of `` soda straw '' stalactites . Hall of the White Giant A large chamber containing a large , white stalagmite . Rangers regularly lead special wild - cave tours to this room . Halloween Hall A room roughly 30 feet in length located above the Spirit World . Named for its discovery on October 31 , 2013 . King 's Palace The first of four chambers in a wing known as the `` scenic rooms '' , it is named for a large castle - like formation in the center of the room . Lake of the Clouds The lowest known point in the cave . It is located in a side passage off the Left Hand Tunnel . It is named for its large lake containing globular , cloud - like rock formations that formed under water when the lake level was much higher . Left Hand Tunnel A long , straight passage marked by deep fissures in the floor . These fissures are not known to lead anywhere . The Left Hand Tunnel leads to the Lake of the Clouds and the Bell Cord Room . Mabel 's Room A moderate - sized room located past the Talcum Passage in Lower Cave . Mystery Room A large , sloping room located off the Queen 's Chamber , named for an unexplained noise heard only here . A small vertical passage at the far end connects it to Lower Cave . New Mexico Room Located adjacent to the Green Lake Room and accessed by means of a somewhat narrow corridor . New Section A section of fissures east of the White Giant formation and paralleling the Bat Cave . New discoveries are still being made in this section . Papoose Room Located between the King 's Palace and Queen 's Chamber . Queen 's Chamber Widely regarded as the most beautiful and scenic area of the cave . Jim White 's lantern went out in this chamber while he was exploring , and he was in the dark for over half an hour . Spirit World Located in the ceiling of the Big Room at its highest point ( an area known as the Top of the Cross ) , this area is filled with white stalagmites that resembled angels to the room 's discoverers . Talcum Passage A room located in Lower Cave where the floor is coated with gypsum dust . The Rookery One of the larger rooms in Lower Cave . A large number of cave pearls are found in this area . Underground Lunchroom Located in the Big Room at the head of the Left Hand Tunnel . It contains a cafeteria that was built in the 1950s , and is where the elevators from the visitor center exit into the cave . Panorama of cavern 's interior . Tourist information ( edit ) Map of park grounds Carlsbad Caverns had an average annual visitation of about 410,000 in the period from 2007 to 2016 . Peak visitation typically occurs on the weekends following Memorial Day and the Fourth of July . Free admittance for self - guided tours is often granted on holidays such as Martin Luther King , Jr. weekend , National Park Week , and Veterans Day weekend . Camping is permitted in the back country of the park , but a permit is required from the visitor center . One of the extra events hosted by the park is the bat flight viewing . A program is given in the early evening at the amphitheater near the main entrance prior to the start of the flight , which varies with the sunset time . Flight programs are scheduled from Memorial Day weekend through the middle of October . Optimal viewing normally occurs in July and August when the current year bat pups first join the flight of adult bats . Morning programs are also hosted pre-dawn to witness the return of bats into the cave . Once a year , a bat flight breakfast is held where visitors can eat breakfast at the park prior to the morning return of bats . Throughout the year , star parties are hosted by the park at night . Rangers host informational programs on the celestial night sky and telescopes are also made available . These parties are often held in conjunction with special astronomical events , such as a transit of Venus . Recent exploration ( edit ) In 1985 a distinctive method of exploration was invented . In a dome area 255 feet ( 78 m ) above the Big Room floor not far from the Bottomless Pit , a stalagmite leaned out . Using a balsa wood loop with helium - filled balloons attached , the explorers , ( after several tries over several years ) , floated a lightweight cord up , over the target stalagmite , and back down to the ground . Then they pulled a climbing rope into position , and the explorers ascended into what they named The Spirit World . A similar , smaller room was found in the main entrance corridor , and was named Balloon Ballroom in honor of this technique . In 1993 , a series of small passages totaling nearly a mile in combined length was found in the ceiling of the New Mexico Room . Named `` Chocolate High '' , it was the largest discovery in the cave since the Guadalupe Room was found in 1966 . The Bottomless Pit was originally said to have no bottom . Stones were tossed into it , but no sound of the stones striking the bottom was heard . Later exploration revealed the bottom was about 140 feet ( 43 m ) deep and covered with soft dirt . The stones made no sound when they struck the bottom because they were lodged in the soft soil . On October 31 , 2013 , a cave technician exploring the Spirit World area discovered a new chamber hundreds of feet up from the main area . Dubbed `` Halloween Hall '' for the date of its discovery , the fresh find marks the biggest discovery for the caverns in more than 25 years . The room 's diameter is about 100 feet ( 30 m ) , and more than 1,000 bat bones were discovered inside the room . Other caves ( edit ) The park contains over 119 caves . Three caves are open to public tours . Carlsbad Caverns is the most famous and is fully developed with electric lights , paved trails , and elevators . Slaughter Canyon Cave and Spider Cave are undeveloped , excepted for designated paths for the guided `` adventure '' caving tours . Lechuguilla Cave is well known for its delicate speleothems and pristine underground environment . Guano mining occurred in the pit below the entrance in the 1910s . After gaining permission from the national park managers to dig into a rubble pile where wind whistled between the rocks when the weather changed , cavers broke through into a room in 1986 . Over 120 miles ( 190 km ) of cave passage has been explored and mapped . It has been mapped to a depth of 1,600 feet ( 490 m ) , making it the second deepest limestone cave in the U.S. To protect the fragile environment , access is limited to permitted scientific expeditions only . Bats ( edit ) Mexican free - tailed bats emerging from the natural entrance and flying to the nearest water Seventeen species of bats live in the park , including a large number of Mexican free - tailed bats . It has been estimated that the population of Mexican free - tailed bats once numbered in the millions but has declined drastically in modern times . The cause of this decline is unknown but the pesticide DDT is often listed as a primary cause . A study published in 2009 by a team from Boston University questions whether millions of bats ever existed in the caverns . Many techniques have been used to estimate the bat population in the cave . The most recent and most successful of these attempts involved the use of thermal imaging camera to track and count the bats . A count from 2005 estimated a peak of 793,000 . The Mexican free - tailed bats are present from April or May to late October or early November . They emerge in a dense group , corkscrewing upwards and counterclockwise , usually starting around sunset and lasting about three hours . ( Jim White decided to investigate the caverns when he saw the bats from a distance and at first thought they were a volcano or a whirlwind . ) Every early evening from Memorial Day weekend to mid October ( with possible exceptions for bad weather ) , a ranger gives a talk on the bats while visitors sitting in the amphitheater wait to watch the bats emerge . Other attractions ( edit ) Carlsbad Cavern amphitheater Three hiking trails and an unpaved drive provide access to the desert scenery and ecosystem . The developed portion around the cave entrance has been designated as The Caverns Historic District . A detached part of the park , Rattlesnake Springs Picnic Area , is a natural oasis with landscaping , picnic tables , and wildlife habitats . As a wooded riparian area in the desert , it is home to remarkable variety of birds ; over 300 species have been recorded . About 500 species have been recorded in the whole state of New Mexico . Rattlesnake Springs is designated a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places . The National Audubon Society has designated Rattlesnake Springs an Important Bird Area ( IBA ) . The natural entrance to the caverns is also an IBA because of its colony of cave swallows , possibly the world 's largest . Antibiotic - resistant bacteria have been discovered in the isolated and little - visited Lechuguilla Cave within the park . See also ( edit ) U.S. Forest Service Blanchard Springs Caverns Mammoth Cave National Park Guadalupe Mountains National Park McKittrick Canyon Wind Cave National Park List of areas in the National Park System of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Listing of acreage as of December 31 , 2011 '' . Land Resource Division , National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/721 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park -- Park Fun '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` History & Culture '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service , Cave Geology : Dissolution and decoration ( PDF ) , retrieved 13 July 2012 Jump up ^ National Park Service . `` Surface Geology : From living reef to desert mountains . '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elevators Whisk Tourist to Bottom of 750 - Foot Cave '' Popular Science , May 1932 , drawings of visitor center and elevators ^ Jump up to : `` Creation of Carlsbad Cave National Monument '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad Cave National Monument -- Executive Order '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad Cave National Monument -- Supplemental Executive Order '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Creation of Carlsbad Cavern National Park '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park -- Executive Order '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Carter -- National Parks and Recreation Act of 1978 Statement on Signing S. 791 Into Law . '' . University of California , Santa Barbara . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Big Room Self - Guided Route '' . National Park Service . 2005 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . `` Fees and Reservations '' . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . `` Bat Flight Program '' . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . `` Night Sky Events '' . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cave History Update # 8 , December 15 , 2003 : 18th Anniversary of Spirit World Exploration at Caverns '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Smith ( 2013 - 11 - 15 ) . `` ' Halloween Hall ' at Carlsbad Caverns is biggest area discovered in more than 25 years '' . Current - Argus News . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park ; Slaughter Canyon Cave Tour '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park ; Spider Cave Tour '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park : Lechuguilla Cave '' . NPS . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Deepest cave discovered in the Bob '' . Missoula Independent . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park : Bats '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Susan Millius . `` Carlsbad 's 8 million ' lost ' bats likely never existed '' ( PDF ) . Science News . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park : Bat Research : How many bats and other common questions '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park - Bat Flight Program '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park -- Brazilian Free - Tail Bat Outflight '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jim White . `` Carlsbad , New Mexico '' . PBS Weekend Explorer . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Betsy ( August 1986 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form : The Caverns Historic District '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 23 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carlsbad Caverns National Park - Animals '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Parmeter , John ; Neville , Bruce ; Emkalns , Doug ( 2002 ) . New Mexico Bird Finding Guide ( Third ed . ) . New Mexico Ornithological Society . pp. 2 , 251 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Betsy ( October 1986 ) . `` National Register of Historic Place Inventory - Nomination Form : Rattlesnake Springs Historic District '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Antibiotics - resistant bacteria in Lechuguilla Cave accessdate = 2013 - 11 - 30 The National Parks : Index 2001 -- 2003 . Washington : U.S. Department of the Interior . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutCarlsbad Caverns National Parkat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Travel guide from Wikivoyage Official site : Carlsbad Caverns National Park USGS 3D Photographic Geology Tour for Carlsbad Caverns National Park Fly - through of Historic Carlsbad Caverns Stairs ( HABS , HAER , March 2013 ) National parks of the United States Acadia American Samoa Arches Badlands Big Bend Biscayne Black Canyon of the Gunnison Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef Carlsbad Caverns Channel Islands Congaree Crater Lake Cuyahoga Valley Death Valley Denali Dry Tortugas Everglades Gates of the Arctic Glacier Glacier Bay Grand Canyon Grand Teton Great Basin Great Sand Dunes Great Smoky Mountains Guadalupe Mountains Haleakalā Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Hot Springs Isle Royale Joshua Tree Katmai Kenai Fjords Kings Canyon Kobuk Valley Lake Clark Lassen Volcanic Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde Mount Rainier North Cascades Olympic Petrified Forest Pinnacles Redwood Rocky Mountain Saguaro Sequoia Shenandoah Theodore Roosevelt Virgin Islands Voyageurs Wind Cave Wrangell -- St. Elias Yellowstone Yosemite Zion List of national parks of the United States ( by elevation ) Protected areas of New Mexico National Parks Carlsbad Caverns National Historical Parks Chaco Culture Manhattan Project Pecos National Monuments Aztec Ruins Bandelier Capulin Volcano El Malpais El Morro Fort Union Gila Cliff Dwellings Petroglyph Salinas Pueblo Missions White Sands National Trails El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Old Spanish Trail Santa Fe Trail National Forests Apache - Sitgreaves Carson Cibola Coronado Gila Lincoln Santa Fe National Grasslands Kiowa National Wildlife Refuges Bitter Lake Bosque del Apache Grulla Las Vegas Maxwell San Andres Sevilleta National Conservation Areas El Malpais Fort Stanton -- Snowy River Cave BLM National Monuments Kasha - Katuwe Tent Rocks Organ Mountains - Desert Peaks Prehistoric Trackways Rio Grande del Norte National Natural Landmarks See List of National Natural Landmarks in New Mexico National Preserves Valles Caldera Wilderness Aldo Leopold Apache Kid Bandelier Bisti / De-Na - Zin Blue Range Bosque del Apache Capitan Mountains Carlsbad Caverns Cebolla Chama River Canyon Columbine - Hondo Cruces Basin Dome Gila Latir Peak Manzano Mountain Ojito Pecos Sabinoso Salt Creek San Pedro Parks Sandia Mountain West Malpais Wheeler Peak White Mountain Withington State Parks Bluewater Lake Bottomless Lakes Brantley Lake Caballo Lake Cerrillos Hills Cimarron Canyon City of Rocks Clayton Lake Conchas Lake Coyote Creek Eagle Nest Lake El Vado Lake Elephant Butte Lake Fenton Lake Heron Lake Hyde Memorial Leasburg Dam Living Desert Zoo and Gardens Manzano Mountains Mesilla Valley Bosque Morphy Lake Navajo Lake Oasis Oliver Lee Memorial Pancho Villa Percha Dam Rio Grande Nature Center Rockhound Santa Rosa Lake Storrie Lake Sugarite Canyon Sumner Lake Ute Lake Vietnam Veterans Memorial Villanueva World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St. Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site Shared with Canada Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlsbad_Caverns_National_Park&oldid=797151607 '' Categories : IUCN Category II Carlsbad Caverns National Park Caves of New Mexico Limestone caves Parks in Eddy County , New Mexico Geology museums in New Mexico Museums in Eddy County , New Mexico Natural history museums in New Mexico Show caves in the United States Landforms of Eddy County , New Mexico Limestone formations of the United States 1930 establishments in New Mexico Protected areas established in 1930 National parks in New Mexico World Heritage Sites in the United States Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 07 : 22 . 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where is the carlsbad caverns national park located
[ "Carlsbad Caverns National Park is a United States National Park in the Guadalupe Mountains of southeastern New Mexico. The primary attraction of the park is the show cave, Carlsbad Cavern. Carlsbad Caverns National Park is open every day of the year except Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year's Day. Visitors to the cave can hike in on their own via the natural entrance or take an elevator from the visitor center." ]
[ "Guadalupe Mountains of southeastern New Mexico" ]
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2017 Las Vegas shooting
2017 Las Vegas shooting - Wikipedia 2017 Las Vegas shooting This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 19 June 2018 . `` Las Vegas shooting '' redirects here . For other uses , see Las Vegas shooting ( disambiguation ) . 2017 Las Vegas shooting Mandalay Bay Hotel Route 91 Harvest country music festival grounds ( Full screen ) Location Las Vegas Strip , Paradise , Nevada , U.S. Coordinates 36 ° 5 ′ 42 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 18 '' W  /  36.09500 ° N 115.17167 ° W  / 36.09500 ; - 115.17167 Coordinates : 36 ° 5 ′ 42 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 18 '' W  /  36.09500 ° N 115.17167 ° W  / 36.09500 ; - 115.17167 Date October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) c. 10 : 05 -- 10 : 15 p.m. ( PDT ; UTC − 07 : 00 ) Target Audience of the Route 91 Harvest music festival Attack type Mass shooting , murder -- suicide Weapons 24 guns in total , including : 14 . 223 - caliber AR - 15 - type rifles 8 . 308 - caliber AR - 10 - type rifles . 308 - caliber Ruger American bolt - action rifle . 38 - caliber Smith & Wesson Model 342 AirLite TI revolver Deaths 59 ( including the perpetrator ) Non-fatal injuries 851 ( 422 by gunfire ) Perpetrator Stephen Paddock The 2017 Las Vegas shooting occurred on the night of Sunday , October 1 , 2017 when a gunman opened fire on a crowd of concertgoers at the Route 91 Harvest music festival on the Las Vegas Strip in Nevada , leaving 58 people dead and 851 injured . Between 10 : 05 and 10 : 15 p.m. PDT , 64 - year - old Stephen Paddock of Mesquite , Nevada , fired more than 1,100 rounds from his suite on the 32nd floor of the nearby Mandalay Bay hotel . About an hour after he fired his last shot into the crowd , he was found dead in his room from a self - inflicted gunshot wound . His motive remains unknown . The incident is the deadliest mass shooting committed by an individual in the United States . It reignited the debate about gun laws in the U.S. , with attention focused on bump fire stocks , which Paddock used to fire semi-automatic rifles at a rate similar to that of a fully automatic weapon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Location 1.2 Perpetrator 2 Shooting 2.1 Preparation 2.2 Attack 2.3 Immediate response 2.4 Casualties 3 Aftermath 3.1 Gun control discussion 4 Investigation 4.1 Early reports 4.2 Preliminary investigation 4.3 Weaponry 5 Conspiracy theories 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Location ( edit ) The Las Vegas Strip is a stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard immediately south of the city of Las Vegas in Clark County , Nevada . The Strip is known for its concentration of casinos and resort hotels , including the 43 - story Mandalay Bay southwest of its intersection with Mandalay Bay Road , in the unincorporated town of Paradise . Las Vegas Village , a 15 - acre ( 6.1 - hectare ) lot used for outdoor performances , is located diagonally across the intersection to the northeast . From 2014 onward , the venue hosted the annual Route 91 Harvest country music festival . The 2017 festival ran from September 29 to October 1 , with over 22,000 attendees on the final day . Perpetrator ( edit ) Main article : Stephen Paddock Stephen Paddock was a 64 - year - old former auditor and real estate businessman who had been living 80 miles ( 130 km ) northeast of Las Vegas in a retirement community in Mesquite , Nevada . Paddock was twice divorced , had a long - term girlfriend , and had no known children . He was a son of Benjamin Paddock , a bank robber who was on the FBI 's most - wanted list between 1969 and 1977 . Paddock 's only recorded interactions with law enforcement were traffic citations . Paddock was a high - stakes gambler who placed bets at a high enough level to earn valuable comps -- free benefits such as rooms and meals . He was a familiar figure to casino hosts in Las Vegas , but was not well known among other high - stakes gamblers because he mostly played video poker . He reportedly kept to himself and was a heavy drinker . Paddock had lost a significant amount of his wealth over the previous two years , but had paid off all gambling debts before the shooting . Paddock may have considered attacking other events . He had researched large - scale venues in cities such as Boston since at least May 2017 , and had reserved a room overlooking the August 2017 Lollapalooza festival in Chicago , but did not use it . According to his girlfriend , she and Paddock were at the Mandalay Bay during an earlier stay a month before the attack when he repeatedly cased out Las Vegas Village from different windows in their room . From September 17 , Paddock stayed at The Ogden in Downtown Las Vegas , which overlooked the open - air Life Is Beautiful festival that ran from September 22 to September 24 . His internet search terms from mid-September included `` swat weapons '' , `` ballistics chart 308 '' , `` SWAT Las Vegas '' , and `` do police use explosives '' . Shooting ( edit ) Preparation ( edit ) Paddock arrived at the Mandalay Bay on September 25 , 2017 . He was booked into Room 32 - 135 , a complimentary room on the 32nd floor . Four days later , he also checked into the directly - connected Room 32 - 134 . Both suites overlook the site of the concert at Las Vegas Village . Between September 25 and October 1 -- the day of the shooting -- he stockpiled an arsenal of weapons , associated equipment and ammunition that included fourteen AR - 15 rifles ( twelve of which had bump stocks and 100 - round magazines ) , eight AR - 10 rifles , a bolt - action rifle , and a revolver . Often with the help of hotel bellhops , he brought five suitcases to his room on September 25 , seven on the 26th , two on the 28th , six on the 30th , and two on October 1 . Cell phone records also show that he also made multiple visits to his home in Mesquite . On September 30 , he placed `` Do not disturb '' signs on the doors of both rooms . Paddock spent much of his time at the Mandalay Bay before the shooting gambling , often at night . He interacted with Mandalay Bay employees more than ten times during his stay , including twice on the day of the shooting ; an MGM Resorts International spokesperson said they were all `` normal in nature '' . Attack ( edit ) Schematic of the shooting scene . Paddock indiscriminately fired rifle rounds from the 32nd floor of the Mandalay Bay hotel toward the concertgoers at Las Vegas Village . The mass shooting occurred between 10 : 05 and 10 : 15 p.m. PDT on October 1 , 2017 , which was the third and final night of the festival . When the shooting began , country music singer Jason Aldean was giving the closing performance . Shortly before 10 : 00 p.m. , hotel security guard Jesus Campos was sent to the 32nd floor to investigate an open - door alert . He attempted to open a door that provided immediate access to the floor , but found that it would not open . After Campos entered the floor , he discovered an L - shaped bracket screwed into the door and door frame , which was responsible for barring the door from opening . After reporting the discovery to his dispatch center , he heard the sound of rapid drilling coming from Room 32 - 135 and went to investigate the matter . At approximately 10 : 05 , he was hit in the right thigh by one of about 35 bullets that Paddock fired through the door of his suite . After Campos was hit , he took cover in the alcove between Rooms 32 - 122 and 32 - 124 and immediately informed the hotel by radio and cellphone that he had been shot , though he believed he had been shot with a BB or pellet gun . At the same time , maintenance worker Stephen Schuck was on the same floor to fix the door that Campos had reported as being barricaded . Campos , who was already injured , encountered Schuck and told him to take cover . Schuck contacted hotel dispatchers over his radio , informed them of the ongoing shooting , and told them to call the police . Neither Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department nor MGM Resorts International , the Mandalay Bay 's owner , have confirmed when information about the initial shooting was relayed to the police . Mandalay Bay hotel Main stage of Route 91 Harvest festival Jet fuel tanks at McCarran International Airport After Paddock used a hammer to break two of the windows in both of his suites , he began shooting through them at 10 : 05 p.m. He ultimately fired more than 1,100 rifle rounds approximately 490 yards ( 450 m ) into the festival audience . He initially started out with a few single gunshots before firing in prolonged bursts . Many people in the crowd initially mistook the gunfire for fireworks . During the shooting , a security fence hindered concertgoers from fleeing the 15 - acre concrete lot . The gunfire continued , with some momentary pauses , over the span of ten minutes and ended by 10 : 15 p.m. In addition to shooting at the concertgoers , Paddock fired eight bullets at a large jet fuel tank at McCarran International Airport 2,000 feet ( 600 m ) away . Two of those bullets struck the exterior of the tank , with one bullet penetrating the tank . The fuel did not explode because jet fuel is mostly kerosene , which is unlikely to ignite when struck by a bullet . During the shooting , police officers were initially confused whether the shots were coming from the Mandalay Bay , the nearby Luxor hotel , or the festival grounds . There were also multiple false reports of additional shooters at other hotels on the Strip . Officers eventually spotted multiple flashes of gunfire in the middle of the northern side of Mandalay Bay and responded to the hotel . At 10 : 12 p.m. , two officers on the 31st floor reported the sounds of gunfire on the floor above them . When officers arrived on the 32nd floor at 10 : 17 p.m. and encountered Campos a minute later , he directed them to Paddock 's room and helped others evacuate . Campos was then directed to seek medical attention for himself . Between 10 : 26 and 10 : 30 p.m. , eight additional officers arrived at the 32nd floor ; some of those officers manually breached through the door Paddock had screwed shut with the bracket . The gunfire had ceased , and the police moved systematically down the hallway , searching and clearing each room , using a master key that was provided by Campos . At 10 : 55 p.m. , the officers finished evacuating guests . At 11 : 20 p.m. , police breached Room 32 - 135 with explosives . Paddock was found dead on the floor from a self - inflicted gunshot wound to the head . Police then breached Room 32 - 134 ; while entering the hotel suite , an officer accidentally fired a three - round burst from his weapon , but the bullets did not hit anyone . At 11 : 27 p.m. , officers announced over the police radio that a suspect was down . Immediate response ( edit ) Much of Las Vegas Boulevard was closed while police SWAT teams combed the venue and neighboring businesses . McCarran International Airport , adjacent to the shooting site , was shut down for several hours . Approximately 300 people entered the airport property as they fled to safety from the shooting . This prompted officials to shut down all four runways . More than 25 flights were rerouted to ensure that no aircraft would be hit by gunfire , while other flights were canceled before airfield operations resumed at 12 : 40 a.m. on October 2 . At approximately 2 : 45 p.m. PDT on October 2 , a state of emergency was declared in Clark County . Early on October 2 , Sheriff Lombardo identified the suspect as Stephen Paddock . Casualties ( edit ) Fifty - eight people were shot to death at the music festival ; Paddock 's suicide was the only death at the Mandalay Bay Hotel . The fatalities included 36 women and 22 men . The oldest was 67 , the youngest 20 . Six were from Nevada , 35 from California , 13 from other states , and four from Canada . The Clark County Coroner 's Office determined that all 58 victims died as a result of gunshot wounds . Thirty one of the victims were pronounced dead at the scene , while the rest were pronounced dead at hospitals . An additional 851 people were injured , 422 of them with gunshot wounds . In the aftermath , many victims were transported to area hospitals , which included University Medical Center of Southern Nevada , Sunrise Hospital & Medical Center , and at least one of the six hospitals of Valley Health System . Sunrise Hospital treated the largest portion of the wounded : 199 patients , 150 of whom arrived within a timespan of about 40 minutes . For reasons that are unclear , most patients were transported to Sunrise , a Level II trauma center . University Medical Center , a nearby Level I trauma center , treated 104 patients . Six victims sought medical treatment in Southern California ; UC Irvine Medical Center treated four and Loma Linda University Medical Center treated two . The incident is the deadliest mass shooting committed by an individual in the United States , exceeding the death toll of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting , where 49 people were shot and killed . Aftermath ( edit ) The Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign adorned with flowers on October 9 , 2017 , a week after the shooting President Trump visits a Las Vegas shooting victim as his wife Melania looks on . On the morning after the shooting , lines to donate blood in Las Vegas stretched for blocks . Wait times were as much as six hours or more . Millions of dollars have also been raised to help victims and their families . Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval called the shooting `` a tragic and heinous act of violence that has shaken the Nevada family '' . Jason Aldean , who was singing when the shooting started , posted his condolences on Instagram and noted all of those working with him at the show had survived the attack . At a press conference , President Donald Trump described Paddock as `` a very very sick individual '' , and `` a demented man , ( with ) a lot of problems '' . He added , `` the police department has done such an incredible job , and we 'll be talking about gun laws as time goes by '' . A White House official talking points memo , distributed to Trump allies , opposed tightening gun control since `` new laws wo n't stop a mad man '' , but `` will curtail the freedoms of law abiding citizens '' . On October 2 , Trump issued a proclamation to honor the victims and their families . On October 4 , Trump visited the shooting victims and first responders . A unity prayer walk and ceremony was held in Las Vegas on October 7 in honor of the dead . Speakers at the ceremony included Vice President Mike Pence and Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn Goodman . On the evening of October 15 , thousands participated in a commemorative 3 mile walk between Circus Circus and Mandalay Bay . The annual Rock ' n ' Roll Las Vegas Marathon took place on November 12 and was the largest event to be held in the city since the shooting . The event received a massive amount of security , which included 350 officers , counter-sniper surveillance posts , and a number of barriers composed of dump trucks , buses , and other large vehicles . The expansion Vegas Golden Knights of the NHL held a tribute to the victims and honoured response personnel before their inaugural home game on October 10 . Later during the season , the number 58 became the first number in team history to be retired , chosen for the 58 deaths during the shooting . The future of the Las Vegas Village site remains undetermined . Gun control discussion ( edit ) The shooting prompted support in the U.S. Congress for assault weapons legislation that would ban bump fire stocks . The National Rifle Association ( NRA ) came out in favor of administrative bump fire stock regulations . Many Congressional Democrats and some Republicans expressed their support of a prohibition of bump fire stocks . Senator Dianne Feinstein introduced a Senate bill that gained 39 Democratic co-sponsors . Two bipartisan bills have been introduced in the House of Representatives . As of November , no Congressional action has been taken . House leaders said the issue of bump fire stock regulation should be decided by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , and Firearms , which originally approved gun - stocks . On November 6 , Massachusetts became the first state to ban the sale , possession , or use of the devices . Nine days after the shooting , eighteen Democratic U.S. Senators introduced a bill , the Keep Americans Safe Act , which , if signed into law , would ban gun magazines that hold more than ten rounds of ammunition . Stock prices of firearms manufacturers rose the day after the shooting , as has happened after similar incidents . Investors expect gun sales will increase over concerns that such an event could lead to more stringent gun - control legislation and a rush of customers wishing to defend themselves against future attacks . Investigation ( edit ) According to authorities with the Clark County Commissioner , the name `` 1 October '' was declared the official title for investigations into the mass shooting . Early reports ( edit ) Investigators found hidden surveillance cameras that were placed inside and outside the hotel room , presumably so Paddock could monitor the arrival of others . The cameras were not in record mode . Police said a handwritten note found in the room indicated Paddock had been calculating the distance , wind , and trajectory from his 32nd floor hotel suite to the concertgoers he was targeting on the festival lot . At a press conference on October 4 , Clark County Sheriff Joe Lombardo stated there was evidence -- which he declined to discuss -- that Paddock intended to escape the scene , and that he may have had assistance from an accomplice . Investigators searched Paddock 's room and found a `` bulletproof vest '' and breathing apparatus , which were survival gear that Paddock never used . There have been several changes in the official account and timeline of Paddock 's shooting of hotel security guard Campos . Police officials described these adjustments as `` minute changes '' that are common in complex investigations . In their first statement about the incident , police officials inaccurately reported that Campos arrived on the scene after Paddock began firing into the crowd . In a second statement , police officials reported , again inaccurately , that Campos was shot six minutes before Paddock began firing into the crowd . That report had been based on a 9 : 59 p.m. notation in a hotel security log , which in a third statement was determined to have been the time when Campos encountered the barricaded door . Sheriff Lombardo dismissed allegations that the changing timeline was the result of some kind of conspiracy between the police department , the FBI , and MGM Resorts International saying , `` Nobody is attempting to hide anything in reference to this investigation . The dynamics and the size of this investigation requires us to go through voluminous amounts of information in order to draw an accurate picture . '' Preliminary investigation ( edit ) Although the investigation remains ongoing , the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department released a preliminary report on the event on January 18 , 2018 . Police speculate that Paddock acted alone and have not determined his motive . No links have been identified to any hate groups , terrorist groups or ideologies , and he did not record a reason for his actions . On February 2 , 2018 , Douglas Haig , an Arizonan ammunition dealer , was charged in a Nevada federal court with `` conspiracy to manufacture and sell armor - piercing ammunition without a license '' after his fingerprints were discovered on unfired armor - piercing ammunition inside Paddock 's suite . Weaponry ( edit ) Twenty - four firearms , a large quantity of ammunition , and numerous high - capacity magazines capable of holding up to 100 rounds apiece were found in the suite . Fourteen of the firearms were . 223 - caliber AR - 15 - type semi-automatic rifles : three manufactured by Colt , two by Daniel Defense , two by FN Herstal , two by LWRC International , two by POF - USA , one with a . 223 Wylde chamber by Christensen Arms , one made - to - order by LMT , and one by Noveske . The others were eight . 308 - caliber AR - 10 - type rifles , one . 308 - caliber Ruger American bolt - action rifle , and one . 38 - caliber Smith & Wesson Model 342 revolver . The AR - 15 rifles were fitted with vertical forward grips and bump fire stocks , the latter of which allowed for recoil to actuate their triggers at a rate of 90 rounds in 10 seconds . The AR - 10 rifles were equipped with various telescopic sights and mounted on bipods . The Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives determined that the firearms found in his hotel room , along with more guns found in his homes , had been legally purchased in Nevada , California , Texas , and Utah . In the month preceding the shooting , he had attempted to purchase tracer ammunition , but the gun dealer he approached did not have the item in stock . He bought tracer ammunition from a private seller at a Phoenix , Arizona gun show . During subsequent investigations , ammonium nitrate ( often used in improvised explosive devices ) was found in the trunk of his Hyundai Tucson SUV , along with 1,600 rounds of ammunition and 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) of Tannerite , a binary explosive used to make explosive targets for gun ranges . Undersheriff Kevin McMahill said that while Paddock had `` nefarious intent '' with the material , he did not appear to have assembled an explosive device . Conspiracy theories ( edit ) In the hours and days after the shooting , false information and fake news about the shooter 's identity and motive went viral on social media : A 4chan / pol / thread , which misidentified the shooter and described him as a registered Democrat , briefly featured in the `` Top Stories '' section of a Google search for the man 's name . The misinformation was circulated by a number of websites including The Gateway Pundit . The fake news website YourNewsWire spread false information about a second gunman who was shooting from the fourth floor of the hotel . Two of Facebook 's top trending pages were items from Sputnik , a Russian government news agency . These included one story that falsely claimed the FBI had linked the shooter to a terrorist group . The stories were later removed from Sputnik with an apology . Stories linking the shooter to Antifa have also been discredited . The terrorist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIS ) claimed that Paddock was their `` soldier '' and that he had answered Abu Bakr al - Baghdadi 's call to attack coalition countries . ISIS provided no evidence for its claim , and had previously released multiple false claims of responsibility for incidents with which they had no connection . On October 9 , 2017 , the FBI declared that Paddock 's attack was not linked to international terrorism . Google and Facebook were criticized for displaying such false news stories in some of their search results . The two technology companies were said to have failed in their responsibility of keeping false stories from reaching the public . Facebook later said its algorithms were designed to detect and remove false stories , but failed to work adequately in this instance . In the aftermath of the shooting , some media outlets reported that YouTube search results for information about the shooting returned links to conspiracy videos . YouTube stated that it had tweaked its search algorithm to promote news sources which it considered more authoritative . Some experts have stated that the removal of this content ironically fuels conspiracy theories by making a cover - up seem evident . Survivors of the shooting have been accused of being paid actors , with some having received death threats on social media . Conspiracy theorist Alex Jones stated that `` Vegas is as phony as a three dollar bill or as Obama 's birth certificate . '' Conspiracy theorists claim that there were multiple shooters and that details of the massacre are being covered up for the sake of promoting gun control laws . See also ( edit ) Gun violence in the United States Gun law in the United States Gun politics in the United States Gun laws in Nevada Mass shootings in the United States List of disasters in the United States by death toll List of rampage killers List of rampage killers ( Americas ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For the layout of the festival , see `` Vegas hospitals swamped with victims after high - rise attack '' . MSN . Associated Press . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For a diagram of Paddock 's hotel suite and connecting room , see : `` Why did it take police so long to breach Las Vegas gunman 's room ? Here 's a new timeline '' . Los Angeles Times . October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 ... Jump up ^ For an infographic of what occurred at the venue during the shooting , see the fourth image of : `` Las Vegas Shooting : Chaos at a Concert and a Frantic Search at Mandalay Bay '' . The New York Times . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 ... References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas shooting : This is what investigators found in Stephen Paddock 's hotel room '' . KTNV - TV . January 19 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Google . `` 2017 Las Vegas shooting '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Gerrick D. ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Festival attacked by Las Vegas shooter had been success story in creating outdoor music destination '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` LVMPD Preliminary Investigative Report 1 October / Mass Casualty Shooting Event : 171001 - 3519 '' ( PDF ) . Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department . January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vives , Ruben ; Ryan , Harriet ; Serna , Joseph ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` The mystery of Stephen Paddock -- gambler , real estate investor , mass killer '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grinberg , Emanuella ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Something went ' incredibly wrong ' with Las Vegas gunman , brother says '' . CNN . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Torres - Cortez , Ricardo ( 19 January 2018 ) . `` Report : Strip shooter Paddock was ' germaphobic ' and had strong reactions to smells '' . LasVegasSun.com . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Branch , John ; Kovaleski , Serge F. ; Tavernise , Sabrina ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock Chased Gambling 's Payouts and Perks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ; Prince , Todd ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Paddock 's game of choice , video poker , allowed him to blend in '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Holly ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Portrait of Las Vegas gunman : A narcissist on a losing streak '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andone , Dakin ; Sidner , Sara ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` What we learned from the Las Vegas shooting report '' . CNN . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas shooter ' forceful ' with Chicago hotel manager : TMZ '' . Chicago Sun - Times . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Medina , Jennifer ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` A New Report on the Las Vegas Gunman Was Released . Here Are Some Takeaways '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott C. ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting : Lawsuit filed as new questions raised over timeline '' . CNN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pearce , Matt ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` The most comprehensive look yet at how the Las Vegas concert massacre unfolded '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Prince , Todd ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Mandalay Bay staff interacted with Las Vegas shooter more than 10 times in days before Oct. 1 '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How police zeroed in on the Las Vegas gunman '' . USA Today . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Turkewitz , Julie ; Goldman , Adam ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Another Shift in Las Vegas Timeline Caps Days of Confusion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Mitch ; Turkewitz , Julie ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Shift in Las Vegas Timeline Raises Questions About Police Response '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas police now say there was no six - minute gap between first shots and concert massacre '' . Washington Post . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Worker warned hotel before Las Vegas shooter opened fire on crowd '' . CBS News . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Balsamo , Michael ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Pressure Mounts for Vegas Police to Explain Response Time '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Vegas authorities did not respond to questions about whether hotel security or anyone else in the hotel called 911 to report the gunfire Jump up ^ Smith , Mitch ; Medina , Jennifer ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Pressure Shift in Las Vegas Timeline Raises Questions About Police Response '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . It is not known when and how the hotel security officials informed the police that Mr. Campos had been shot ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas police now say no 6 - minute gap between 1st shots and concert attack '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas police defend shifting timeline of shooting , warn it could change again '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . The revelation from Joseph Lombardo , the Las Vegas sheriff , gave way to a new round of questions , including when information about this shooting was relayed to hotel security and when -- or if -- that detail was then given to the local police . So far , neither the police or the hotel have offered any answers Jump up ^ Levenson , Eric ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` The cold , calculating timeline of the Las Vegas gunman '' . CNN . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas massacre gunman fired more than 1,100 rounds , sheriff says '' . Fox News . Associated Press . November 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yablonski , Steven ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Only on Boston 25 : Exclusive photos of Las Vegas shooter 's guns '' . WFXT . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Meg ; Rocha , Veronica ; Wills , Amanda ; Grinberg , Emanuella ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting : Live updates '' . CNN . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Aldean Responds To Route 91 Festival Shooting : ' Tonight Has Been Beyond Horrific ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schick , Camilla ; Horn , Dave ; Cirillo , Chris ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Shooting Live Updates : Multiple Weapons Found in Las Vegas Gunman 's Hotel Room '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How police zeroed in on the Las Vegas gunman '' . USA Today . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ho , Sally ; Garcia Cano , Regina ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' I 'm going to die ' : fear grips Vegas strip ; gunman kills 59 '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why did it take police so long to breach Las Vegas gunman 's room ? Here 's a new timeline '' . The Los Angeles Times . October 4 , 2017 . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ German , Jeff ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Commissioner calls for security review of jet fuel tanks after Las Vegas Strip shooting '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : del Castillo Galvan , Severiano ; Rand , Wesley ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Minute - by - minute breakdown of Las Vegas Strip shooting -- TIMELINE '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Christal ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Shooting : Cops Took More Than An Hour to Storm Gunman 's Room '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bui , Lynh ; Zapotosky , Matt ; Barrett , Devlin ; Berman , Mark ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` At least 59 killed in Las Vegas shooting rampage , more than 500 others injured '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Law , James ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` What we know about Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock '' . News.com.au . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Wade ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Officer accidentally fired weapon in Las Vegas gunman 's Mandalay Bay suite '' . The Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lupiani , Joyce ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Latest news updates on the mass shooting in Las Vegas '' . KTNV . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tchekmedyian , Alene ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas airport temporary closed by mass shooting ; delays continue '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marroquin , Art ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` McCarran 's fence breached by people fleeing Las Vegas Strip shooting '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Mary - Anne ; King , Yolanda T. ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Declaration of Emergency '' ( PDF ) . Clark County , Nevada . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ ClarkCountyNV ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` An # emergency has been declared in # ClarkCounty as a result of # vegasshooting . It was issued a short time ago . # PrayForVegas '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Weaver , Matthew ; Zhou , Naaman ; Levin , Sam ; Yuhas , Alan ; Beaumont - Thomas , Ben ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Names of Las Vegas victims emerge as police reveal gun stockpile -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Medina , Jennifer ; Smith , Mitch ; Landler , Mark ; Jordan , Miriam ; Bromwich , Jonah Engel ; Pérez - Peña , Richard ; Fink , Sheri ; Haag , Matthew ; Goldman , Russell ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` N.R.A. Supports New Rules on ' Bump Stock ' Devices '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coroner releases names of all 58 Las Vegas shooting victims '' . Las Vegas Sun . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mims , Bob ; Ramseth , Luke ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Third Utahn dies in wake of Las Vegas massacre '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clark County Coroner Releases Names of Deceased from Oct. 1 Mass Shooting '' . Clark County , Nevada . October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saul , John ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Coroner releases names of all 58 Las Vegas shooting victims '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Joe ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Coroner releases all 58 1 October victims ' cause of death '' . KVVU - TV . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Torres - Cortez , Ricardo ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Sheriff : Person of interest part of Strip shooting probe ; Paddock had child porn '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Rachel ; Brean , Henry ; Hassan , Anita ; Munks , Jamie ; Bekker , Jessie ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' It was a horror show ' : Mass shooting leaves at least 59 dead , 527 wounded on Las Vegas Strip '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , Amanda Lee ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Vegas hospitals swamped with victims after high - rise attack '' . MSN . Associated Press . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bekker , Jessie ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` 58 still in critical condition after Las Vegas mass shooting '' . The Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woods , Alden ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Is this real ? ' : Seven hours of chaos , bravery at Las Vegas hospital after mass shooting '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Courtney ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` In the minutes and hours after the Las Vegas shooting , here 's what an emergency room nurse from Utah saw '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woods , Alden ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting : Patients went to wrong hospital as misinformation spread '' . The Arizona Republic . Phoenix : Gannett . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurt , Suzanne ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Southern California hospitals treat at least six Las Vegas mass shooting survivors '' . The Orange County Register . Southern California News Group . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nestel , M.L. ; Miller , Andrea ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` These are the 10 deadliest mass shootings in modern US history '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Susan ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting now tops list of worst mass shootings in U.S. history '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hauser , Christine ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Blood Donation Lines for Las Vegas Shooting Victims Stretch for Blocks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donations for Las Vegas shooting victims are plentiful but disjointed '' . The Las Vegas Review - Journal . October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandoval , Brian ( @ GovSandoval ) ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` A tragic & heinous act of violence has shaken the # Nevada family . Our prayers are w / the victims & all affected by this act of cowardice '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Petit , Stephanie ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift , Lady Gaga , Jennifer Lopez , Rihanna and More React to Vegas Shooting '' . People . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gambino , Lauren ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Gun control : Trump says lawmakers will discuss issue ' as time goes by ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas shooting : Trump dubs killer ' sick and demented ' '' . BBC News . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tong , Judy ; Levin , Sam ; Yuhas , Alan ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting suspect 's girlfriend is a ' person of interest ' -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Office of the Press Secretary ( September 30 , 2017 ) . `` Presidential Proclamation Honoring the Victims of the Tragedy in Las Vegas , Nevada '' . whitehouse.gov . Washington , D.C. : White House . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Honoring the Victims of the Tragedy in Las Vegas , Nevada '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register . Washington , D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . October 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Horsley , Scott ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Visits Shooting Victims , First Responders in Las Vegas '' . NPR . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Kurtis ; Montero , David ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Vice President Mike Pence in Las Vegas : ' We are united in our grief ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Munks , Jamie ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Thousands walk on Strip to remember Las Vegas shooting victims '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Rehbein , Matt ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Heavy security blankets Las Vegas Marathon in wake of shooting '' . CNN . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights opt for # VegasStrong on boards over ads in home opener '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P. October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Granger , Jesse ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Knights retire jersey No. 58 to honor shooting victims '' . Las Vegas Sun . Greenspun Media Group . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Segall , Eli ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Site of Las Vegas shooting faces a cloudy future '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting highlights wide gaps in gun laws '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shabad , Rebecca ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proposed bans on bump stocks have stalled in Congress '' . CBS News . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ del Valle , Lauren ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Massachusetts becomes first state to ban bump stocks since Vegas massacre '' . CNN . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murtha , Alex ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Bill to ban high - capacity gun magazines introduced in Senate '' . Homeland Preparedness News . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilgore , Tomi ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Gun - maker stocks rally after mass shooting in Las Vegas '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mosendz , Polly ; Stock , Kyle ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Horror Drives All - Too - Predictable Gun Stock Rally '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 days after Las Vegas massacre many questions remain , few answers '' . ABC News . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Craig , Tim ; Berman , Mark ; Barrett , Devlin ; Zapotosky , Matt ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Police say Las Vegas gunman planned ' extensively , ' used cameras to monitor police as they approached '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slattery , Denis ; Cullen , Terence ; McShane , Larry ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas killer Stephen Paddock was planning to escape after the mass shooting '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas gunman 's nightstand note contained figures for wind , trajectory and distance : Officials '' . ABC News . October 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Note in Las Vegas gunman 's hotel room included details of bullet trajectory '' . CBS News . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas shooting : Paddock may have planned to escape '' . BBC News . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock fired ' incendiary ' rounds at fuel tank '' . News Channel 5 Network . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wang , Amy B. ; Berman , Mark ( 10 February 2018 ) . `` Las Vegas shooter was sober , autopsy finds , leaving his motives a mystery '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Rachel ; Thevenot , Carri Geer ( 2 February 2018 ) . `` Prosecutors charge Arizona man who sold ammo to Las Vegas shooter '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Dugan , Kevin ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` High - capacity magazine used by Vegas shooter in high demand '' . The New York Post . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leefeldt , Ed ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock used a ' bump stock ' to make his guns even deadlier '' . CBS News . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Becket , Stefan ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` More details revealed about Las Vegas shooter 's arsenal of weapons '' . CBS News . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . At least one of the weapons was a made - to - order firearm made by Lewis Machine & Tool Company ( LMT ) . Jump up ^ Fonrouge , Gabrielle ; Celona , Larry ; Fears , Danika ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` The ' tricked out ' guns Las Vegas shooter used in massacre '' . The New York Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Horton , Alex ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Las Vegas shooter had 23 guns . Here 's what we know about them '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Larry ; Grothjan , Evan ; Huang , Jon ; Parshina - Kottas , Yuliya ; Pearce , Adam ; Yourish , Karen ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` What Is a Bump Stock and How Does It Work ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Palazzolo , Joe ; Elinson , Zusha ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Gunman Had Arsenal in Hotel Room '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Delreal , Jose A. ; Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock , Las Vegas Suspect , Was a Gambler Who Drew Little Attention '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , David ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooter 's girlfriend returns to US as police reveal details of his planning '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Almaguer , Miguel ; Winter , Tom ; Hunt , Kasie ; Helsel , Phil ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Answer to Question in Las Vegas Massacre , ' Why ? ' , Elusive So Far '' . NBC News . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritter , Ken ; Snow , Anita ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Man Says He Sold Ammunition to Las Vegas Shooter for a ' Light Show ' '' . Time . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas shooter ' disturbed , dangerous ' , stockpiled weapons for decades : police '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chia , Jessica ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas mass shooter fired at aviation fuel tanks '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Branch , John ; Medina , Jennifer ; Smith , Mitch ; Paddock , Richard C. ; Stolberg , Sheryl Gay ; Pérez - Peña , Richard ; Mele , Christopher ; Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Shooting : At a Loss on Motive , F.B.I. Turns to Billboards for Leads '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tech giants sorry for false Vegas news '' . BBC News . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ De Vynck , Gerrit ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Fake News Fills Information Vacuum in Wake of Las Vegas Shooting '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Palma , Bethania ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Did a Second Gunman Shoot From the Fourth Floor of the Mandalay Bay Hotel ? '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Ben ; Robertson , Derek ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Misinformation Is the New Normal of Mass Shootings '' . Politico . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roose , Kevin ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` After Las Vegas Shooting , Fake News Regains Its Megaphone '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Saranac Hale ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` No Evidence Linking Vegas Shooter to Antifa '' . FactCheck.org . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dearden , Lizzie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock : Isis gives Las Vegas gunman jihadi name in new claim amid widespread scepticism over terror links '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Jason ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Did some media play into ISIS 's hands ? Some conservative outlets hyped the terror group 's claim that it was responsible for the Las Vegas shooting '' . Politico . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Behind ISIS ' bizarre claim on the Las Vegas massacre '' . CBS News . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Savransky , Rebecca ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` FBI : Las Vegas shooting has no connection with international terrorist group '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , Sam ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Facebook and Google promote politicized fake news about Las Vegas shooter '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Pierson , David ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Facebook and Google pledged to stop fake news . So why did they promote Las Vegas - shooting hoaxes ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Madrigal , Alexis C. ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Google and Facebook Failed Us '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Heather ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` YouTube changes search to combat Las Vegas conspiracy videos '' . CNN . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guynn , Jessica ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` YouTube alters algorithm after searches for Las Vegas shooting turn up conspiracy theories '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , Sam ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) . `` ' Taking them down fuels it more ' : why conspiracy theories are unstoppable '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Levin , Sam ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' I hope someone truly shoots you ' : online conspiracy theorists harass Vegas victims '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Chris ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) . `` The people who think mass shootings are staged '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Las Vegas Strip shooting . LVMPD Preliminary Investigative Report 1 October / Mass Casualty Shooting Event : 171001 - 3519 - Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Recording of police radio communications for the incident - from Broadcastify.com LVMPD Dispatch Logs dated 10 / 03 / 2017 LVMPD Officer Reports LVMPD Witness Statements Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department : Press Releases , dated : October 2 , 2017 List of victims fatally shot Short tribute to each victim hide Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Facilities Clark County Detention Center Incidents 2014 Las Vegas shootings 2017 Las Vegas shooting Davis v. 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who was playing during the las vegas shooting
[ "The mass shooting occurred between 10:05 and 10:15 p.m. PDT on October 1, 2017, which was the third and final night of the festival. When the shooting began, country music singer Jason Aldean was giving the closing performance.[17]" ]
[ "Jason Aldean" ]
5170952914059339951
Courage the Cowardly Dog
Courage the Cowardly Dog - wikipedia Courage the Cowardly Dog Courage the Cowardly Dog Genre Horror Comedy Science fantasy Created by John R. Dilworth Written by John R. Dilworth David Steven Cohen Irvin S. Bauer ( season 1 ) Billy Aronson Craig Shemin Bill Marsilii Lory Lazarus Allan Neuwirth Gary Cooper Directed by John R. Dilworth Voices of Marty Grabstein Thea White Lionel G. Wilson Arthur Anderson Simon Prebble Paul Schoeffler Billie Lou Watt Opening theme `` Courage the Cowardly Dog '' Ending theme `` Courage the Cowardly Dog '' ( Instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Jody Gray Andy Ezrin Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 52 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) John R. Dilworth Producer ( s ) Robert Winthrop ( season 1 ) Winnie Chaffee ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Stretch Films Hanna - Barbera ( pilot only ) Wang Films Productions and Cuckoo 's Nest Studio Atomic Cartoons ( additional storyboards only ) Distributor Cartoon Network Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Cartoon Network Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) HDTV 1080p ( special ) Audio format Stereo Original release November 12 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 12 ) -- November 22 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 22 ) Chronology Related shows What a Cartoon ! Courage the Cowardly Dog is an American animated horror comedy television series created by John R. Dilworth for Cartoon Network 's Cartoon Cartoons block . The main character is the eponymous pink , anthropomorphic dog named Courage , who lives with a married elderly couple in the middle of Nowhere . The trio are frequently thrown into bizarre misadventures , often involving the paranormal or supernatural . The series is known for its dark , surreal humor and atmosphere . Dilworth pitched the series to Hanna - Barbera 's animated shorts showcase What a Cartoon ! , and a pilot ( titled `` The Chicken from Outer Space '' ) aired on Cartoon Network in early 1996 . The segment was nominated for an Academy Award , but lost to Wallace and Gromit 's A Close Shave . Cartoon Network greenlit a series from the short , which premiered on November 12 , 1999 and ended on November 22 , 2002 , with four seasons of 13 episodes each produced . During its run , the series was nominated for 3 Golden Reel Awards and 1 Annie Award . The series received critical acclaim from critics and audiences and has developed a strong cult following . Spin - off media include home video releases and collectible toys . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 2.1 Creation 2.2 Sound design 2.3 Broadcast history 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 Merchandise 5.1 Home media releases 5.2 Video games 6 Planned CGI revival 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Main article : List of Courage the Cowardly Dog characters Courage the Cowardly Dog follows Courage ( Marty Grabstein ) , a pink and easily frightened dog . He was abandoned while a puppy after his parents were forcibly sent into outer space by a crazed veterinarian . He lives in a house with a connected garage near the fictional town of Nowhere , Kansas with Muriel Bagge ( Thea White ) , a friendly , sweet - natured Scottish woman , and her husband Eustace Bagge ( Lionel G. Wilson episodes 1 -- 33 , Arthur Anderson episodes 34 -- 52 ) , a grumpy , greedy farmer who regularly mistreats Courage and refers to him as `` stupid dog . '' Muriel found Courage in an alleyway and took him in as her own . Courage , Muriel , and Eustace frequently encounter monsters , aliens , demons , mad scientists , zombies and other such perils from myths and legends . The plot generally uses conventions common to horror films . Although most of the creatures that the three face are hostile , some turn out to be friendly and are simply suffering from distress and acting in desperation . The task of protecting the three main characters from such dangers falls on Courage , who endeavors to thwart or reconcile with the monster of the week and remedy or repair any damages done . Although Courage is occasionally aided with that task , the full extent of his efforts is usually performed unbeknownst to Muriel and Eustace . Ironically , given his name , Courage is a genuine coward , but still goes to great lengths to protect his owners . Although episodic in nature , there are a handful of recurring characters in the show 's cast , including Courage 's sarcastic , sentient computer ( Simon Prebble ) ; the family physician Dr. Vindaloo ( Paul Schoeffler ) ; a fortune - telling chihuahua named Shirley the Medium ( Mary Testa ) ; Eustace 's mother `` Ma '' ( Billie Lou Watt ) ; and villains Katz and Le Quack ( both voiced by Schoeffler ) . Production ( edit ) Creation ( edit ) Originally , Courage the Cowardly Dog was created as a seven - minute animated short , `` The Chicken from Outer Space '' . Dilworth started the animated short with Hanna - Barbera , sponsored by Cartoon Network and introduced Courage . Dilworth graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts from the School of Visual Arts in New York in 1985 . He became an art director and founded his own animation studio , Stretch Films in 1991 , and incorporated in 1994 . The animated short was shown as one of the episodes of Cartoon Network 's World Premiere Toons in 1996 , a Hanna - Barbera Cartoons innovation by then - president Fred Seibert . The short served as a de facto pilot for the future series . The original animated short had no dialogue except for one line spoken by Courage , who had a more authoritative voice than in the series . It was uttered by voice actor Howard Hoffman who also provided all the other vocal sounds and effects for the short . An alien chicken was the villain in this short , who later reappears in the series to seek revenge . His sons also attempt to seek revenge too in a later episode . The short was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film at the 68th Academy Awards . Sound Design ( edit ) When deciding on sound effects , Dilworth tried to avoid pre-made stock sounds . He contributed a substantial amount of new material to sound designer Michael Geisler and only looked for sounds that made him laugh . The composition of the series ' music relied on what was being portrayed : suspense , comedy , or action . The production crew worked together to come up with new music for the series that had not previously been used . There were a few sections on one particular piece that Dilworth exceptionally liked . The production crew was able to isolate these sections and expand them into a usable theme . Dilworth further complicated the crew 's job by suggesting layering the theme with a variety of funny sounds , a strange tempo and a voice over of a crazed laugh or person singing to give the music and sound effects their own personality beyond anything else out there . Original music featured in Courage the Cowardly Dog was composed by Jody Gray and Andy Ezrin . Classical music can be heard at times , which pays homage to classic Warner Bros. animation and the scores of Carl Stalling . In several episodes , Gray arranged various famous classical pieces , such as Wagner 's `` Ride of the Valkyries '' , and wrote up to 15 songs . In 1999 , Cartoon Network gave Dilworth permission to turn the short into an animated series . Hanna - Barbera was responsible for the What a Cartoon ! anthology and intended on developing the series . However , Dilworth insisted on taking the production to his Stretch Films Studios . The stories ' plots were written by the show 's head writer , David Steven Cohen , in addition to Irv Bauer , Craig Shemin , Lory Lazarus , Bill Marsilii , Allan Neuwirth , Bill Aronson and Michelle Dilworth . Broadcast history ( edit ) Courage the Cowardly Dog originally was premiered as a short on February 18 , 1996 . The show premiered on November 12 , 1999 and became the highest - rated premiere in Cartoon Network history at the time . It last aired on November 22 , 2002 , with 52 episodes produced in four seasons . The series is available for streaming on Boomerang 's website . Reruns have aired on Boomerang . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Courage the Cowardly Dog episodes In total , there were 52 episodes in four seasons produced , plus a pilot episode and a special episode . The series ran from November 12 , 1999 , to November 22 , 2002 . Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot February 18 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 18 ) 13 November 12 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 12 ) March 30 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 30 ) 13 October 31 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 31 ) November 16 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 16 ) 13 January 12 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 12 ) August 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 09 ) 13 September 6 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 06 ) November 22 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 22 ) Special October 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 31 ) Reception ( edit ) John G. Nettles of PopMatters reviewed the show and called it , `` a fascinating and textured mixture of cartoon and horror - movie conventions , and a joy to watch . '' Alex Mastas of Lights Out Films reviewed the show gave it a grade `` A − '' and described it : `` The backgrounds are rich and imaginative -- they composite a lot of the show over real photos and occasionally integrate CGI into the cartoon . The look is weird and ethereal , just like the show itself . '' KJ Dell Antonia of Common Sense Media gave three stars out of five with the summary , `` Cult fave ' toon plays over-the - top violence for laughs . '' Antonia warned parents that the series contains graphic animated violence , including `` exploding organs , growing extra limbs , turning inside out , you name it '' . Antonia said shows aimed at younger audiences `` usually do n't go for thrills and chills , so it 's good to see a genuinely surreal and slanted series develop a decent following . '' Jeff Swindoll of Monsters and Critics reviewed the first season DVD and felt a bit disappointed about its lack of the original Hanna - Barbera short `` The Chicken from Outer Space . '' Swindoll felt that the lack of special features still should not deter fans from buying the season since the other episodes have appeared on other releases of the series . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result Academy Awards 1995 John R. Dilworth Best Animated Short Film Nominated Annie Awards 2000 John R. Dilworth Outstanding Individual Achievement for Production Design in an Animated Television Production Won Golden Reel Awards 2000 For episode `` The Duck Brothers '' Best Sound Editing -- Television Animated Series -- Sound Nominated For episode `` Courage in the Big Stinkin ' City '' Best Sound Editing -- Television Animated Series -- Sound Won 2003 For episode `` The Tower of Dr. Zalost '' Best Sound Editing -- Television Animated Series -- Sound Nominated Merchandise ( edit ) Home Media releases ( edit ) VHS editions of Scooby - Doo ! and the Witch 's Ghost and Scooby - Doo and the Alien Invaders each include an episode of Courage the Cowardly Dog as a bonus . Courage the Cowardly Dog : Season One , a two - disc DVD set featuring all 13 episodes from the show 's first season , was released in Australia ( Region 4 ) on September 12 , 2007 , by Madman Entertainment . On January 13 , 2010 , the complete second season was also released . A Region 1 release of the first season was done by Warner Home Video ( via Warner Archive ) on July 20 , 2010 . The release is the second in an official release of several Cartoon Cartoons on DVD , under the `` Cartoon Network Hall of Fame '' name . The second season was released on October 14 , 2014 as the fourth in the `` Hall of Fame '' series . The third season was originally supposed to be released on DVD in Region 1 on February 2 , 2016 , but it was delayed to ( and was released on ) March 22 , 2016 . It is the fifth title in the Cartoon Network Hall of Fame series . The fourth and final season was released on September 27 , 2016 . In addition , all four seasons of the series are available for download on iTunes . The PlayStation 2 version of the video game Cartoon Network Racing contains the episodes `` Robot Randy '' and `` The Magic Tree of Nowhere '' as unlockable extras . Title Season ( s ) Episode count Release date Episodes Region 1 Region 4 The Powerpuff Girls : Dream Scheme ( VHS ) November 7 , 2000 N / A 12b ( `` Journey to the Center of Nowhere '' ) Cartoon Network Halloween : 9 Creepy Cartoon Capers August 10 , 2004 N / A 4a ( `` The Demon in the Mattress '' ) Cartoon Network Christmas : Yuletide Follies October 5 , 2004 N / A 40b ( `` The Nutcracker '' ) Cartoon Network Halloween 2 : Grossest Halloween Ever 1 , 2 August 9 , 2005 N / A 5a ( `` Night of the Weremole '' ) and 17a ( `` Courage Meets the Mummy '' ) Cartoon Network : Christmas Rocks October 4 , 2005 N / A 10a ( `` The Snowman Cometh '' ) The Complete First Season 13 July 20 , 2010 September 12 , 2007 1 ( `` A Night at the Katz Motel '' / `` Cajun Granny Stew '' ) -- 13 ( `` Little Muriel '' / `` The Great Fusilli '' ) 4 Kid Favorites : The Hall of Fame Collection 8 March 13 , 2012 N / A 1 ( `` A Night at the Katz Motel '' / `` Cajun Granny Stew '' ) -- 8 ( `` The Hunchback of Nowhere '' / `` The Gods Must Be Goosey '' ) 4 Kid Favorites : The Hall of Fame Collection Vol. 2 5 March 12 , 2013 N / A 9 ( `` Queen of the Black Puddle '' / `` Everyone Wants to Direct '' ) -- 13 ( `` Little Muriel '' / `` The Great Fusilli '' ) The Complete Second Season 13 October 14 , 2014 January 13 , 2010 14 ( `` The Magic Tree of Nowhere '' / `` Robot Randy '' ) -- 26 ( `` The Tower of Dr. Zalost '' ) Extra : Pilot ( `` The Chicken from Outer Space '' ) The Complete Third Season March 22 , 2016 N / A 27 ( `` Muriel Meets Her Match '' / `` Courage vs. Mecha - Courage '' ) -- 39 ( `` King of Flan '' / `` Courage Under the Volcano '' ) The Complete Fourth Season September 27 , 2016 N / A 40 ( `` A Beaver 's Tale '' / `` The Nutcracker '' ) -- 52 ( `` Remembrance of Courage Past '' / `` Perfect '' ) The Complete Series 1 -- 4 52 October 2 , 2018 N / A 1 ( `` A Night at the Katz Motel '' / `` Cajun Granny Stew '' ) -- 52 ( `` Remembrance of Courage Past '' / `` Perfect '' ) Video games ( edit ) Though the series has no official video games , characters from Courage the Cowardly Dog appear in the Cartoon Network games Cartoon Network : Block Party , Cartoon Network Racing , Cartoon Network Speedway , and Cartoon Network Universe : FusionFall . Planned CGI Revival ( edit ) In February 2012 , BuzzFeed reported that a CGI special of Courage the Cowardly Dog was in development . The special , entitled `` The Fog of Courage '' , was finally aired in 2014 . However , BuzzFeed also stated that there are strong chances of bringing back Courage the Cowardly Dog in a CGI format . A Facebook campaign was launched in July 2016 to convince Cartoon Network to greenlight a fifth season of Courage . Also , it was said that voice actor Brian Doyle - Murray was assigned to voice Eustace Bagge in a potential CGI reboot of the series due to the death of Arthur Anderson in April 2016 . However , no other information has been said since . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mendoza , N.F. ( February 18 , 1996 ) . `` SHOWS FOR YOUNGSTERS AND THEIR PARENTS TOO : Cartoon Network stars a hen from outer space ; ' Human Animal ' explores our needs on TLC '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Remembrance of Courage Past '' . Courage the Cowardly Dog . Season 4 . Episode 13a. 2002 - 11 - 22 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Bob ( November 1 , 1999 ) . `` The Triumphant Independent -- an interview with John R. Dilworth '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Strike , Joe ( July 15 , 2003 ) . `` The Fred Seibert Interview -- Part 1 '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Revenge of the Chicken from Outer Space '' . Courage the Cowardly Dog . Season 1 . Episode 12 . 2000 - 06 - 09 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards , USA ( 1996 ) , Best Short Film , Animated '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Chan , Darlene ( November 14 , 2002 ) . `` Creating Successful Music For Animation '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved 5 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Sporn , Michael ( August 9 , 2008 ) . `` Splog '' Dil & Dali `` . Michael Sporn Animation . Retrieved 5 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Guerin , Ada ( April 23 , 2002 ) . `` Courage the Cowardly Dog -- Cartoon Network '' . Jodygray.com . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Crisafull , Chuck ( August 20 , 2002 ) . `` Children 's programming is pacing the field of TV music '' . Jodygray.com . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 3 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Courage the Cowardly Dog Best Series Premiere in Cartoon Network History '' . Time Warner . November 16 , 1999 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Courage the Cowardly Dog : Episode Guide ( season 1 ) '' . Zap2It . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Courage the Cowardly Dog : Episode Guide ( season 2 ) '' . Zap2It . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Courage the Cowardly Dog : Episode Guide ( season 3 ) '' . Zap2It . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Courage the Cowardly Dog : Episode Guide ( season 4 ) '' . Zap2It . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nettles , John G. ( 2001 ) . `` Courage the Cowardly Dog review '' . PopMatters . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mastas , Alex ( March 4 , 2003 ) . `` TV Review : Courage the Cowardly Dog ( 2003 ) '' . Lights Out Films . Archived from the original on 2003 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Antonia , KJ Dell . `` Courage the Cowardly Dog -- Television Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Miller III , Randy ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Courage the Cowardly Dog : Season One : DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video '' . DVDTalk.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Swindoll , Jeff ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Courage the Cowardly Dog : Season 1 - DVD review '' . Monsters and Critics . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 28th Annual Annie Awards -- Category # 15 - Outstanding Individual Achievement for Design In an Animated Television Production '' . Annie Awards . Archived from the original on 24 April 2008 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards for `` Courage the Cowardly Dog '' ( 1999 ) `` . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 5 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Courage the Cowardly Dog '' . Madman.com.au . Madman Entertainment ( Australia ) . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Courage the Cowardly Dog Season 1 '' . Madman.com.au . Madman Entertainment ( Australia ) . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Courage the Cowardly Dog Season 2 '' . Madman.com.au . Madman Entertainment ( Australia ) . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lacey , Gord ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` Cartoon Network Hall of Fame : Season 1 Press Release '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2010 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfe , Jennifer ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Cartoon Network to Release Season 2 of ' Courage the Cowardly Dog ' '' . AWN.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Courage the Cowardly Dog DVD news : Release Date for Courage the Cowardly Dog - Season 3 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Courage the Cowardly Dog DVD news : Update about Season 3 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Courage the Cowardly Dog , Season 1 '' . iTunes.Apple.com . Apple . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Courage the Cowardly Dog , Season 2 '' . iTunes.Apple.com . Apple . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Courage the Cowardly Dog , Season 3 '' . iTunes.Apple.com . Apple . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Courage the Cowardly Dog , Season 4 '' . iTunes.Apple.com . Apple . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Courage the Cowardly Dog DVD news : Release Date for Courage the Cowardly Dog -- Season 3 TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Courage the Cowardly Dog DVD news : Release Date for Courage the Cowardly Dog -- Season 4 TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Courage The Cowardly Dog Is Returning To TV '' . Jump up ^ `` Courage the Cowardly Dog Revival Campaign '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ http://entertainment.inquirer.net/193707/voice-of-eustace-in-courage-the-cowardly-dog-is-dead External links ( edit ) Cartoon Network portal Animation portal United States portal Television portal Horror fiction portal 1990s portal 2000s portal Book : Cartoon Network Book : Cartoon Cartoons Media related to Category : Courage the Cowardly Dog at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Courage the Cowardly Dog at Wikiquote Courage the Cowardly Dog - Cartoon Network Department of Cartoons ( Archive ) Courage the Cowardly Dog at the Big Cartoon DataBase Courage the Cowardly Dog on IMDb hide Cartoon Network original programming Current Adventure Time ( since 2010 ) The Amazing World of Gumball ( since 2011 ) Teen Titans Go ! ( since 2013 ) Steven Universe ( since 2013 ) Mighty Magiswords ( since 2015 ) We Bare Bears ( since 2015 ) The Powerpuff Girls ( since 2016 ) Ben 10 ( since 2016 ) OK K.O. ! Let 's Be Heroes ( since 2017 ) Unikitty ! 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when did courage the cowardly dog stop airing
[ "Dilworth pitched the series to Hanna-Barbera's animated shorts showcase What a Cartoon!, and a pilot (titled \"The Chicken from Outer Space\") aired on Cartoon Network in early 1996.[1] The segment was nominated for an Academy Award, but lost to Wallace and Gromit's A Close Shave. Cartoon Network greenlit a series from the short, which premiered on November 12, 1999 and ended on November 22, 2002, with four seasons of 13 episodes each produced. During its run, the series was nominated for 3 Golden Reel Awards and 1 Annie Award. The series received critical acclaim from critics and audiences and has developed a strong cult following. Spin-off media include home video releases and collectible toys.\n" ]
[ "November 22, 2002" ]
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Mosquito
Mosquito - wikipedia Mosquito This article is about the insect . For other uses , see Mosquito ( disambiguation ) . Mosquito Temporal range : 226 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg Jurassic -- Recent Female Culiseta longiareolata Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Clade : Euarthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Diptera Superfamily : Culicoidea Family : Culicidae Meigen , 1818 Subfamilies Anophelinae Culicinae Diversity 41 genera Mosquitoes are small , midge - like flies that constitute the family Culicidae . Females of most species are ectoparasites , whose tube - like mouthparts ( called a proboscis ) pierce the hosts ' skin to consume blood . The word `` mosquito '' ( formed by mosca and diminutive - ito ) is Spanish for `` little fly '' . Thousands of species feed on the blood of various kinds of hosts , mainly vertebrates , including mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians , and even some kinds of fish . Some mosquitoes also attack invertebrates , mainly other arthropods . Though the loss of blood is seldom of any importance to the victim , the saliva of the mosquito often causes an irritating rash that can be a nuisance . Much more serious , though , is the role of many species of mosquitoes as vectors of diseases . In passing from host to host , some transmit extremely harmful infections such as malaria , yellow fever , Chikungunya , West Nile virus , dengue fever , filariasis , Zika virus and other arboviruses , rendering the Culicidae the deadliest animal family in the world . Contents 1 Taxonomy and evolution 1.1 Subfamilies 1.2 Genera 2 Species 3 Lifecycle 3.1 Eggs and oviposition 3.2 Larva 3.3 Pupa 3.4 Adult 4 Feeding by adults 4.1 Hosts of blood - feeding mosquito species 4.2 Mouthparts 4.3 Saliva 4.4 Egg development and blood digestion 5 Distribution 5.1 Means of dispersal 6 Disease 7 Urban ecology 8 Control 8.1 Repellents 9 Bites and treatment 10 In human culture 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Taxonomy and evolution The oldest known mosquito with an anatomy similar to modern species was found in 79 - million - year - old Canadian amber from the Cretaceous . An older sister species with more primitive features was found in Burmese amber that is 90 to 100 million years old . Two mosquito fossils have been found that show very little morphological change in modern mosquitoes against their counterpart from 46 million years ago . These fossils are also the oldest ever found to have blood preserved within their abdomens . Despite no fossils being found earlier than the Cretaceous , recent studies suggest that the earliest divergence of mosquitoes between the lineages leading to Anophelinae and Culicinae occurred 226 million years ago . The Old and New World Anopheles species are believed to have subsequently diverged about 95 million years ago . The mosquito Anopheles gambiae is currently undergoing speciation into the M ( opti ) and S ( avanah ) molecular forms . Consequently , some pesticides that work on the M form no longer work on the S form . Over 3,500 species of the Culicidae have already been described . They are generally divided into two subfamilies which in turn comprise some 43 genera . These figures are subject to continual change , as more species are discovered , and as DNA studies compel rearrangement of the taxonomy of the family . The two main subfamilies are the Anophelinae and Culicinae , with their genera as shown in the subsection below . The distinction is of great practical importance because the two subfamilies tend to differ in their significance as vectors of different classes of diseases . Roughly speaking , arboviral diseases such as yellow fever and dengue fever tend to be transmitted by Culicine species , not necessarily in the genus Culex . Some transmit various species of avian malaria , but it is not clear that they ever transmit any form of human malaria . Some species do however transmit various forms of filariasis , much as many Simuliidae do . Anopheline mosquitoes , again not necessarily in the genus Anopheles , sometimes bear pathogenic arboviruses , but it is not yet clear that they ever transmit them as effective vectors . However , all the most important vectors of human malaria are Anopheline . Subfamilies Anophelinae Culicinae Genera Aedeomyia Aedes Anopheles Armigeres Ayurakitia Borachinda Coquillettidia Culex Culiseta Deinocerites Eretmapodites Ficalbia Galindomyia Haemagogus Heizmannia Hodgesia Isostomyia Johnbelkinia Kimia Limatus Lutzia Malaya Mansonia Maorigoeldia Mimomyia Onirion Opifex Orthopodomyia Psorophora Runchomyia Sabethes Shannoniana Topomyia Toxorhynchites Trichoprosopon Tripteroides Udaya Uranotaenia Verrallina Wyeomyia Species Mosquitoes are members of a family of nematocerid flies : the Culicidae ( from the Latin culex , genitive culicis , meaning `` midge '' or `` gnat '' ) . Superficially , mosquitoes resemble crane flies ( family Tipulidae ) and chironomid flies ( family Chironomidae ) . In particular , the females of many species of mosquitoes are blood - eating pests and dangerous vectors of diseases , whereas members of the similar - looking Chironomidae and Tipulidae are not . Many species of mosquitoes are not blood eaters and of those that are , many create a `` high to low pressure '' in the blood to obtain it and do not transmit disease . Also , in the bloodsucking species , only the females suck blood . Furthermore , even among mosquitoes that do carry important diseases , neither all species of mosquitoes , nor all strains of a given species transmit the same kinds of diseases , nor do they all transmit the diseases under the same circumstances ; their habits differ . For example , some species attack people in houses , and others prefer to attack people walking in forests . Accordingly , in managing public health , knowing which species or even which strain of mosquito one is dealing with is important . Over 3,500 species of mosquitoes have already been described from various parts of the world . Some mosquitoes that bite humans routinely act as vectors for a number of infectious diseases affecting millions of people per year . Others that do not routinely bite humans , but are the vectors for animal diseases , may become disastrous agents for zoonosis of new diseases when their habitats are disturbed , for instance by sudden deforestation . Lifecycle Anatomy of a Culex larva Image of pitcher plant mosquito Wyeomyia smithii , showing segmentation and partial anatomy of circulatory system Like all flies , mosquitoes go through four stages in their lifecycles : egg , larva , pupa , and adult or imago . In most species , adult females lay their eggs in stagnant water ; some lay eggs near the water 's edge ; others attach their eggs to aquatic plants . Each species selects the situation of the water into which it lays its eggs and does so according to its own ecological adaptations . Some are generalists and are not very fussy . Some breed in lakes , some in temporary puddles . Some breed in marshes , some in salt - marshes . Among those that breed in salt water , some are equally at home in fresh and salt water up to about one - third the concentration of seawater , whereas others must acclimatize themselves to the salinity . Such differences are important because certain ecological preferences keep mosquitoes away from most humans , whereas other preferences bring them right into houses at night . Some species of mosquitoes prefer to breed in phytotelmata ( natural reservoirs on plants ) , such as rainwater accumulated in holes in tree trunks , or in the leaf - axils of bromeliads . Some specialize in the liquid in pitchers of particular species of pitcher plants , their larvae feeding on decaying insects that had drowned there or on the associated bacteria ; the genus Wyeomyia provides such examples -- the harmless Wyeomyia smithii breeds only in the pitchers of Sarracenia purpurea . However , some of the species of mosquitoes that are adapted to breeding in phytotelmata are dangerous disease vectors . In nature , they might occupy anything from a hollow tree trunk to a cupped leaf . Such species typically take readily to breeding in artificial water containers . Such casual puddles are important breeding places for some of the most serious disease vectors , such as species of Aedes that transmit dengue and yellow fever . Some with such breeding habits are disproportionately important vectors because they are well - placed to pick up pathogens from humans and pass them on . In contrast , no matter how voracious , mosquitoes that breed and feed mainly in remote wetlands and salt marshes may well remain uninfected , and if they do happen to become infected with a relevant pathogen , might seldom encounter humans to infect , in turn . The first three stages -- egg , larva , and pupa -- are largely aquatic . These stages typically last 5 to 14 days , depending on the species and the ambient temperature , but there are important exceptions . Mosquitoes living in regions where some seasons are freezing or waterless spend part of the year in diapause ; they delay their development , typically for months , and carry on with life only when there is enough water or warmth for their needs . For instance , Wyeomyia larvae typically get frozen into solid lumps of ice during winter and only complete their development in spring . The eggs of some species of Aedes remain unharmed in diapause if they dry out , and hatch later when they are covered by water . Eggs hatch to become larvae , which grow until they are able to change into pupae . The adult mosquito emerges from the mature pupa as it floats at the water surface . Bloodsucking mosquitoes , depending on species , sex , and weather conditions , have potential adult lifespans ranging from as short as a week to as long as several months . Some species can overwinter as adults in diapause . Eggs and oviposition Mosquito habits of oviposition , the ways in which they lay their eggs , vary considerably between species , and the morphologies of the eggs vary accordingly . The simplest procedure is that followed by many species of Anopheles ; like many other gracile species of aquatic insects , females just fly over the water , bobbing up and down to the water surface and dropping eggs more or less singly . The bobbing behavior occurs among some other aquatic insects as well , for example mayflies and dragonflies ; it is sometimes called `` dapping '' . The eggs of Anopheles species are roughly cigar - shaped and have floats down their sides . Females of many common species can lay 100 -- 200 eggs during the course of the adult phase of their lifecycles . Even with high egg and intergenerational mortality , over a period of several weeks , a single successful breeding pair can create a population of thousands . An egg raft of a Culex species , partly broken , showing individual egg shapes Some other species , for example members of the genus Mansonia , lay their eggs in arrays , attached usually to the under - surfaces of waterlily pads . Their close relatives , the genus Coquillettidia , lay their eggs similarly , but not attached to plants . Instead , the eggs form layers called `` rafts '' that float on the water . This is a common mode of oviposition , and most species of Culex are known for the habit , which also occurs in some other genera , such as Culiseta and Uranotaenia . Anopheles eggs may on occasion cluster together on the water , too , but the clusters do not generally look much like compactly glued rafts of eggs . In species that lay their eggs in rafts , rafts do not form adventitiously ; the female Culex settles carefully on still water with its hind legs crossed , and as it lays the eggs one by one , it twitches to arrange them into a head - down array that sticks together to form the raft . Aedes females generally drop their eggs singly , much as Anopheles do , but not as a rule into water . Instead , they lay their eggs on damp mud or other surfaces near the water 's edge . Such an oviposition site commonly is the wall of a cavity such as a hollow stump or a container such as a bucket or a discarded vehicle tire . The eggs generally do not hatch until they are flooded , and they may have to withstand considerable desiccation before that happens . They are not resistant to desiccation straight after oviposition , but must develop to a suitable degree first . Once they have achieved that , however , they can enter diapause for several months if they dry out . Clutches of eggs of the majority of mosquito species hatch as soon as possible , and all the eggs in the clutch hatch at much the same time . In contrast , a batch of Aedes eggs in diapause tends to hatch irregularly over an extended period of time . This makes it much more difficult to control such species than those mosquitoes whose larvae can be killed all together as they hatch . Some Anopheles species do also behave in such a manner , though not to the same degree of sophistication . Larva The mosquito larva has a well - developed head with mouth brushes used for feeding , a large thorax with no legs , and a segmented abdomen . Larvae breathe through spiracles located on their eighth abdominal segments , or through a siphon , so must come to the surface frequently . The larvae spend most of their time feeding on algae , bacteria , and other microbes in the surface microlayer . They dive below the surface only when disturbed . Larvae swim either through propulsion with their mouth brushes , or by jerky movements of their entire bodies , giving them the common name of `` wigglers '' or `` wrigglers '' . Larvae develop through four stages , or instars , after which they metamorphose into pupae . At the end of each instar , the larvae molt , shedding their skins to allow for further growth . Mosquito larvae and pupa resting at water surface Anopheles larva from southern Germany , about 8 mm long Aedes aegypti larva Culex larva and pupa Culex larvae plus one pupa Electron micrograph of a mosquito egg Pupa As seen in its lateral aspect , the mosquito pupa is comma - shaped . The head and thorax are merged into a cephalothorax , with the abdomen curving around underneath . The pupa can swim actively by flipping its abdomen , and it is commonly called a `` tumbler '' because of its swimming action . As with the larva , the pupa of most species must come to the surface frequently to breathe , which they do through a pair of respiratory trumpets on their cephalothoraxes . However , pupae do not feed during this stage ; typically they pass their time hanging from the surface of the water by their respiratory trumpets . If alarmed , say by a passing shadow , they nimbly swim downwards by flipping their abdomens in much the same way as the larvae do . If undisturbed , they soon float up again . After a few days or longer , depending on the temperature and other circumstances , the pupa rises to the water surface , the dorsal surface of its cephalothorax splits , and the adult mosquito emerges . The pupa is less active than the larva because it does not feed , whereas the larva feeds constantly . Adult The period of development from egg to adult varies among species and is strongly influenced by ambient temperature . Some species of mosquitoes can develop from egg to adult in as few as five days , but a more typical period of development in tropical conditions would be some 40 days or more for most species . The variation of the body size in adult mosquitoes depends on the density of the larval population and food supply within the breeding water . Anatomy of an adult mosquito Adult mosquitoes usually mate within a few days after emerging from the pupal stage . In most species , the males form large swarms , usually around dusk , and the females fly into the swarms to mate . Males typically live for about 5 -- 7 days , feeding on nectar and other sources of sugar . After obtaining a full blood meal , the female will rest for a few days while the blood is digested and eggs are developed . This process depends on the temperature , but usually takes two to three days in tropical conditions . Once the eggs are fully developed , the female lays them and resumes host - seeking . The cycle repeats itself until the female dies . While females can live longer than a month in captivity , most do not live longer than one to two weeks in nature . Their lifespans depend on temperature , humidity , and their ability to successfully obtain a blood meal while avoiding host defenses and predators . The length of the adult is typically between 3mm and 6mm . The smallest known mosquitoes are around 2 mm ( 0.1 in ) , and the largest around 19 mm ( 0.7 in ) . Mosquitoes typically weigh around 5 mg . All mosquitoes have slender bodies with three segments : a head , a thorax and an abdomen . The head is specialized for receiving sensory information and for feeding . It has eyes and a pair of long , many - segmented antennae . The antennae are important for detecting host odors , as well as odors of breeding sites where females lay eggs . In all mosquito species , the antennae of the males in comparison to the females are noticeably bushier and contain auditory receptors to detect the characteristic whine of the females . Adult yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti , typical of subfamily Culicinae . Note bushy antennae and longer palps of male on left vs. females at right . The compound eyes are distinctly separated from one another . Their larvae only possess a pit - eye ocellus . The compound eyes of adults develop in a separate region of the head . New ommatidia are added in semicircular rows at the rear of the eye . During the first phase of growth , this leads to individual ommatidia being square , but later in development they become hexagonal . The hexagonal pattern will only become visible when the carapace of the stage with square eyes is molted . The head also has an elongated , forward - projecting , stinger - like proboscis used for feeding , and two sensory palps . The maxillary palps of the males are longer than their proboscises , whereas the females ' maxillary palps are much shorter . In typical bloodsucking species , the female has an elongated proboscis . The thorax is specialized for locomotion . Three pairs of legs and a pair of wings are attached to the thorax . The insect wing is an outgrowth of the exoskeleton . The Anopheles mosquito can fly for up to four hours continuously at 1 to 2 km / h ( 0.6 -- 1 mph ) , traveling up to 12 km ( 7.5 mi ) in a night . Males beat their wings between 450 and 600 times per second . The abdomen is specialized for food digestion and egg development ; the abdomen of a mosquito can hold three times its own weight in blood . This segment expands considerably when a female takes a blood meal . The blood is digested over time , serving as a source of protein for the production of eggs , which gradually fill the abdomen . Feeding by adults Aedes aegypti , a common vector of dengue fever and yellow fever Typically , both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar and plant juices , but in many species the mouthparts of the females are adapted for piercing the skin of animal hosts and sucking their blood as ectoparasites . In many species , the female needs to obtain nutrients from a blood meal before it can produce eggs , whereas in many other species , it can produce more eggs after a blood meal . A mosquito has a variety of ways of finding its prey , including chemical , visual , and heat sensors . Both plant materials and blood are useful sources of energy in the form of sugars , and blood also supplies more concentrated nutrients , such as lipids , but the most important function of blood meals is to obtain proteins as materials for egg production . The feeding preferences of mosquitoes include those with type O blood , heavy breathers , those with a lot of skin bacteria , people with a lot of body heat , and the pregnant . Individuals ' attractiveness to mosquitoes also has a heritable , genetically - controlled component . When a female reproduces without such parasitic meals , it is said to practice autogenous reproduction , as in Toxorhynchites ; otherwise , the reproduction may be termed anautogenous , as occurs in mosquito species that serve as disease vectors , particularly Anopheles and some of the most important disease vectors in the genus Aedes . In contrast , some mosquitoes , for example , many Culex , are partially anautogenous : they do not need a blood meal for their first cycle of egg production , which they produce autogenously ; however , subsequent clutches of eggs are produced anautogenously , at which point their disease vectoring activity becomes operative . Here an Anopheles stephensi female is engorged with blood and beginning to pass unwanted liquid fractions of the blood to make room in its gut for more of the solid nutrients . Female mosquitoes hunt their blood host by detecting organic substances such as carbon dioxide ( CO ) and 1 - octen - 3 - ol produced from the host , and through visual recognition . Mosquitoes prefer some people over others . The preferred victim 's sweat simply smells better than others ' because of the proportions of the carbon dioxide , octenol and other compounds that make up body odor . The most powerful semiochemical that triggers the keen sense of smell of Culex quinquefasciatus is nonanal . Another compound identified in human blood that attracts mosquitoes is sulcatone or 6 - methyl - 5 - hepten - 2 - one , especially for Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with the odor receptor gene Or4 . A large part of the mosquito 's sense of smell , or olfactory system , is devoted to sniffing out blood sources . Of 72 types of odor receptors on its antennae , at least 27 are tuned to detect chemicals found in perspiration . In Aedes , the search for a host takes place in two phases . First , the mosquito exhibits a nonspecific searching behavior until the perception of host stimulants , then it follows a targeted approach . Most mosquito species are crepuscular ( dawn or dusk ) feeders . During the heat of the day , most mosquitoes rest in a cool place and wait for the evenings , although they may still bite if disturbed . Some species , such as the Asian tiger mosquito , are known to fly and feed during daytime . Prior to and during blood feeding , blood - sucking mosquitoes inject saliva into the bodies of their source ( s ) of blood . This saliva serves as an anticoagulant ; without it the female mosquito 's proboscis might become clogged with blood clots . The saliva also is the main route by which mosquito physiology offers passenger pathogens access to the hosts ' bloodstream . The salivary glands are a major target to most pathogens , whence they find their way into the host via the saliva . A mosquito bite often leaves an itchy weal , a raised bump , on the victim 's skin , which is caused by histamines trying to fight off the protein left by the attacking insect . Mosquitoes of the genus Toxorhynchites never drink blood . This genus includes the largest extant mosquitoes , the larvae of which prey on the larvae of other mosquitoes . These mosquito eaters have been used in the past as mosquito control agents , with varying success . Hosts of blood - feeding mosquito species Play media Video of Anopheline mosquito locating and feeding on a caterpillar Mosquitoes feeding on a reptile Many , if not all , blood - sucking species of mosquitoes are fairly selective feeders that specialise in particular host species , though they often relax their selectivity when they experience severe competition for food , defensive activity on the part of the hosts , or starvation . Some species feed selectively on monkeys , while others prefer particular kinds of birds , but they become less selective as conditions become more difficult . For example , Culiseta melanura sucks the blood of passerine birds for preference , and such birds are typically the main reservoir of the Eastern equine encephalitis virus in North America . Early in the season while mosquito numbers are low , they concentrate on passerine hosts , but as mosquito numbers rise and the birds are forced to defend themselves more vigorously , the mosquitoes become less selective of hosts . Soon the mosquitoes begin attacking mammals more readily , thereby becoming the major vector of the virus , and causing epidemics of the disease , most conspicuously in humans and horses . Even more dramatically , in most of its range in North America , the main vector for the Western equine encephalitis virus is Culex tarsalis , because it is known to feed variously on mammals , birds , reptiles , and amphibians . Even fish may be attacked by some mosquito species if they expose themselves above water level , as mudskippers do . Some species of blood - sucking flies , such as many of the Ceratopogonidae , will attack large , live insects and suck their haemolymph and others , such as the so - called `` jackal flies '' ( Milichiidae ) , will attack the recently dead prey of say , crab spiders ( Thomisidae ) . In 1969 it was reported that some species of anautogenous mosquitoes would feed on the haemolymph of caterpillars . Other observations include mosquitoes feeding on cicadas and mantids . In 2014 it was shown that malaria - transmitting mosquitoes actively seek out some species of caterpillars and feed on their haemolymph , and do so to the caterpillar 's apparent physical detriment . Mouthparts Mosquito mouthparts are very specialized , particularly those of the females , which in most species are adapted to piercing skin and then sucking blood . Apart from bloodsucking , the females generally also drink assorted fluids rich in dissolved sugar , such as nectar and honeydew , to obtain the energy they need . For this , their blood - sucking mouthparts are perfectly adequate . In contrast , male mosquitoes are not bloodsuckers ; they only drink sugary fluids . Accordingly , their mouthparts do not require the same degree of specialization as those of females . Externally , the most obvious feeding structure of the mosquito is the proboscis . More specifically , the visible part of the proboscis is the labium , which forms the sheath enclosing the rest of the mouthparts . When the mosquito first lands on a potential host , its mouthparts are enclosed entirely in this sheath , and it will touch the tip of the labium to the skin in various places . Sometimes , it will begin to bite almost straight away , while other times , it will prod around , apparently looking for a suitable place . Occasionally , it will wander for a considerable time , and eventually fly away without biting . Presumably , this probing is a search for a place with easily accessible blood vessels , but the exact mechanism is not known . It is known that there are two taste receptors at the tip of the labium which may well play a role . The female mosquito does not insert its labium into the skin ; it bends back into a bow when the mosquito begins to bite . The tip of the labium remains in contact with the skin of the victim , acting as a guide for the other mouthparts . In total , there are six mouthparts besides the labium : two mandibles , two maxillae , the hypopharynx , and the labrum . The mandibles and the maxillae are used for piercing the skin . The mandibles are pointed , while the maxillae end in flat , toothed `` blades '' . To force these into the skin , the mosquito moves its head backwards and forwards . On one movement , the maxillae are moved as far forward as possible . On the opposite movement , the mandibles are pushed deeper into the skin by levering against the maxillae . The maxillae do not slip back because the toothed blades grip the skin . The hypopharynx and the labrum are both hollow . Saliva with anticoagulant is pumped down the hypopharynx to prevent clotting , and blood is drawn up the labrum . To understand the mosquito mouthparts , it is helpful to draw a comparison with an insect that chews food , such as a dragonfly . A dragonfly has two mandibles , which are used for chewing , and two maxillae , which are used to hold the food in place as it is chewed . The labium forms the floor of the dragonfly 's mouth , the labrum forms the top , while the hypopharynx is inside the mouth and is used in swallowing . Conceptually , then , the mosquito 's proboscis is an adaptation of the mouthparts that occur in other insects . The labium still lies beneath the other mouthparts , but also enfolds them , and it has been extended into a proboscis . The maxillae still `` grip '' the `` food '' while the mandibles `` bite '' it . The top of the mouth , the labrum , has developed into a channeled blade the length of the proboscis , with a cross-section like an inverted `` U '' . Finally , the hypopharynx has extended into a tube that can deliver saliva at the end of the proboscis . Its upper surface is somewhat flattened so , when pressed against it , the labrum forms a closed tube for conveying blood from the victim . Saliva For the mosquito to obtain a blood meal , it must circumvent the vertebrate 's physiological responses . The mosquito , as with all blood - feeding arthropods , has mechanisms to effectively block the hemostasis system with their saliva , which contains a mixture of secreted proteins . Mosquito saliva acts to reduce vascular constriction , blood clotting , platelet aggregation , angiogenesis and immunity , and creates inflammation . Universally , hematophagous arthropod saliva contains at least one anti-clotting , one anti-platelet , and one vasodilatory substance . Mosquito saliva also contains enzymes that aid in sugar feeding , and antimicrobial agents to control bacterial growth in the sugar meal . The composition of mosquito saliva is relatively simple , as it usually contains fewer than 20 dominant proteins . As of the early 2000s , scientists still were unable to ascribe functions to more than half of the molecules found in arthropod saliva . One promising application of components of mosquito saliva is the development of anti-clotting drugs , such as clotting inhibitors and capillary dilators , that could be useful for cardiovascular disease . It is now well recognized that feeding ticks , sandflies , and , more recently , mosquitoes , have an ability to modulate the immune response of the animals ( hosts ) on which they feed . The presence of this activity in vector saliva is a reflection of the inherent overlapping and interconnected nature of the host hemostatic and inflammatory / immunological responses and the intrinsic need to prevent these host defenses from disrupting successful feeding . The mechanism for mosquito saliva - induced alteration of the host immune response is unclear , but the data have become increasingly convincing that such an effect occurs . Early work described a factor in saliva that directly suppresses TNF - α release , but not antigen - induced histamine secretion , from activated mast cells . Experiments by Cross et al. ( 1994 ) demonstrated that the inclusion of Ae . aegypti mosquito saliva into naïve cultures led to a suppression of interleukin ( IL ) - 2 and IFN - γ production , while the cytokines IL - 4 and IL - 5 are unaffected . Cellular proliferation in response to IL - 2 is clearly reduced by prior treatment of cells with mosquito salivary gland extract . Correspondingly , activated splenocytes isolated from mice fed upon by either Ae . aegypti or Cx . pipiens mosquitoes produce markedly higher levels of IL - 4 and IL - 10 concurrent with suppressed IFN - γ production . Unexpectedly , this shift in cytokine expression is observed in splenocytes up to 10 days after mosquito exposure , suggesting natural feeding of mosquitoes can have a profound , enduring , and systemic effect on the immune response . T cell populations are decidedly susceptible to the suppressive effect of mosquito saliva , showing increased mortality and decreased division rates . Parallel work by Wasserman et al. ( 2004 ) demonstrated that T and B cell proliferation was inhibited in a dose dependent manner with concentrations as low as 1 / 7 of the saliva in a single mosquito . Depinay et al. ( 2005 ) observed a suppression of antibody - specific T cell responses mediated by mosquito saliva and dependent on mast cells and IL - 10 expression . A 2006 study suggests mosquito saliva can also decrease expression of interferon − α / β during early mosquito - borne virus infection . The contribution of type I interferons ( IFN ) in recovery from infection with viruses has been demonstrated in vivo by the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of administration of IFN inducers or IFN itself , and different research suggests mosquito saliva exacerbates West Nile virus infection , as well as other mosquito - transmitted viruses . Studies in humanized mice bearing a reconstituted human immune system have suggested potential impact of mosquito saliva in humans . Work published in 2018 from the Baylor College of Medicine using such humanized mice came to several conclusions , among them being that mosquito saliva led to an increase in natural killer T cells in peripheral blood ; to an overall decrease in ex vivo cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMCs ) ; changes to proportions of subsets of PBMCs ; changes in the prevalence of T cell subtypes across organs ; and changes to circulating levels of cytokines . Egg development and blood digestion Female mosquitoes use two very different food sources . They need sugar for energy , which is taken from sources such as nectar , and they need blood as a source of protein for egg development . Because biting is risky and suitable hosts may be difficult to find , mosquitoes take as much blood as possible when they have the opportunity . Digesting large volumes of blood takes time , requiring the use of energy from sugars during the feeding process . To avoid this problem , mosquitoes possess a digestive system which can store both food types , giving access to both as needed . When the mosquito drinks a sugar solution , it is directed to a crop . The crop can release sugar into the stomach as it is required . At the same time , the stomach never becomes full of sugar solution , which would prevent the mosquito taking a blood meal . Blood is directed straight into the mosquito 's stomach . In species that feed on mammalian or avian blood , hosts whose blood pressure is high , the mosquito feeds selectively from active blood vessels , where the pressure assists in filling the gut rapidly . Upon completion of feeding , the mosquito will withdraw her proboscis , and as the gut fills up , the stomach lining secretes a peritrophic membrane that surrounds the blood . This membrane keeps the blood separate from anything else in the stomach . However , like certain other insects that survive on dilute , purely liquid diets , notably many of the Hemiptera , many adult mosquitoes must excrete unwanted aqueous fractions even as they feed . ( See the photograph of a feeding Anopheles stephensi : Note that the excreted droplet patently is not whole blood , being far more dilute ) . As long as they are not disturbed , this permits mosquitoes to continue feeding until they have accumulated a full meal of nutrient solids . As a result , a mosquito replete with blood can continue to absorb sugar , even as the blood meal is slowly digested over a period of several days . Once blood is in the stomach , the midgut of the female synthesizes proteolytic enzymes that hydrolyze the blood proteins into free amino acids . These are used as building blocks for the synthesis of egg yolk proteins . In the mosquito Anopheles stephensi Liston , trypsin activity is restricted entirely to the posterior midgut lumen . No trypsin activity occurs before the blood meal , but activity increases continuously up to 30 hours after feeding , and subsequently returns to baseline levels by 60 hours . Aminopeptidase is active in the anterior and posterior midgut regions before and after feeding . In the whole midgut , activity rises from a baseline of approximately three enzyme units ( EU ) per midgut to a maximum of 12 EU at 30 hours after the blood meal , subsequently falling to baseline levels by 60 hours . A similar cycle of activity occurs in the posterior midgut and posterior midgut lumen , whereas aminopeptidase in the posterior midgut epithelium decreases in activity during digestion . Aminopeptidase in the anterior midgut is maintained at a constant , low level , showing no significant variation with time after feeding . Alpha - glucosidase is active in anterior and posterior midguts before and at all times after feeding . In whole midgut homogenates , alpha - glucosidase activity increases slowly up to 18 hours after the blood meal , then rises rapidly to a maximum at 30 hours after the blood meal , whereas the subsequent decline in activity is less predictable . All posterior midgut activity is restricted to the posterior midgut lumen . Depending on the time after feeding , greater than 25 % of the total midgut activity of alpha - glucosidase is located in the anterior midgut . After blood meal ingestion , proteases are active only in the posterior midgut . Trypsin is the major primary hydrolytic protease and is secreted into the posterior midgut lumen without activation in the posterior midgut epithelium . Aminoptidase activity is also luminal in the posterior midgut , but cellular aminopeptidases are required for peptide processing in both anterior and posterior midguts . Alpha - glucosidase activity is elevated in the posterior midgut after feeding in response to the blood meal , whereas activity in the anterior midgut is consistent with a nectar - processing role for this midgut region . Distribution Female Ochlerotatus notoscriptus feeding on a human arm , Tasmania , Australia In the sense of the entire family Culicidae , mosquitoes are cosmopolitan ; in every land region except for Antarctica and a few islands , mainly in polar or subpolar climates , at least some species of mosquito will be present . Iceland is such an island , being essentially free of mosquitoes . In warm and humid tropical regions , some mosquito species are active for the entire year , but in temperate and cold regions they hibernate or enter diapause . Arctic or subarctic mosquitoes , like some other arctic midges in families such as Simuliidae and Ceratopogonidae may be active for only a few weeks annually as melt - water pools form on the permafrost . During that time , though , they emerge in huge numbers in some regions and may take up to 300 ml of blood per day from each animal in a caribou herd . The absence of mosquitoes from Iceland and similar regions is probably because of quirks of their climate , which differs in some respects from mainland regions . At the start of the uninterrupted continental winter of Greenland and the northern regions of Eurasia and America , the pupa enters diapause under the ice that covers sufficiently deep water . The imago ecloses only after the ice breaks in late spring . In Iceland however , the weather is less predictable . In mid-winter it frequently warms up suddenly , causing the ice to break , but then to freeze again after a few days . By that time the mosquitoes will have emerged from their pupae , but the new freeze sets in before they can complete their life cycle . Any anautogenous adult mosquito would need a host to supply a blood meal before it could lay viable eggs ; it would need time to mate , mature the eggs and oviposit in suitable wetlands . These requirements would not be realistic in Iceland and in fact the absence of mosquitoes from such subpolar islands is in line with the islands ' low biodiversity ; Iceland has fewer than 1,500 described species of insects , many of them probably accidentally introduced by human agency . In Iceland most ectoparasitic insects live in sheltered conditions or actually on mammals ; examples include lice , fleas and bedbugs , in whose living conditions freezing is no concern , and most of which were introduced inadvertently by humans . Some other aquatic Diptera , such as Simuliidae , do survive in Iceland , but their habits and adaptations differ from those of mosquitoes ; Simuliidae for example , though they , like mosquitoes , are bloodsuckers , generally inhabit stones under running water that does not readily freeze and which is totally unsuited to mosquitoes ; mosquitoes are generally not adapted to running water . Eggs of species of mosquitoes from the temperate zones are more tolerant of cold than the eggs of species indigenous to warmer regions . Many even tolerate subzero temperatures . In addition , adults of some species can survive the winter by taking shelter in suitable microhabitats such as buildings or hollow trees . Means of dispersal Worldwide introduction of various mosquito species over large distances into regions where they are not indigenous has occurred through human agencies , primarily on sea routes , in which the eggs , larvae , and pupae inhabiting water - filled used tires and cut flowers are transported . However , apart from sea transport , mosquitoes have been effectively carried by personal vehicles , delivery trucks , trains , and aircraft . Man - made areas such as storm water retention basins , or storm drains also provide sprawling sanctuaries . Sufficient quarantine measures have proven difficult to implement . In addition , outdoor pool areas make a perfect place for them to grow . Disease Anopheles albimanus mosquito feeding on a human arm -- this mosquito is a vector of malaria , and mosquito control is a very effective way of reducing the incidence of malaria . Main article : Mosquito - borne disease Mosquitoes can act as vectors for many disease - causing viruses and parasites . Infected mosquitoes carry these organisms from person to person without exhibiting symptoms themselves . Mosquito - borne diseases include : Viral diseases , such as yellow fever , dengue fever , and chikungunya , transmitted mostly by Aedes aegypti . Dengue fever is the most common cause of fever in travelers returning from the Caribbean , Central America , South America , and South Central Asia . This disease is spread through the bites of infected mosquitoes and can not be spread person to person . Severe dengue can be fatal , but with good treatment , fewer than 1 % of patients die from dengue . Work published in 2012 from Baylor College of Medicine suggested that for some diseases , such as dengue fever , which can be transmitted via mosquitoes and by other means , the severity of the mosquito - transmitted disease could be greater . The parasitic diseases collectively called malaria , caused by various species of Plasmodium , carried by female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles Lymphatic filariasis ( the main cause of elephantiasis ) which can be spread by a wide variety of mosquito species West Nile virus is a concern in the United States , but there are no reliable statistics on worldwide cases . Eastern equine encephalitis virus is a concern in the eastern United States . Tularemia , a bacterial disease caused by Francisella tularensis , is variously transmitted , including by biting flies . Culex and Culiseta are vectors of tularemia , as well as arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus . Zika , recently notorious , though rarely deadly . It causes fever , joint pain , rashes and conjunctivitis . The most serious consequence appears when the infected person is a pregnant woman , since during pregnancy this virus can originate a birth defect called microcephaly . Potential transmission of HIV was originally a public health concern , but practical considerations and detailed studies of epidemiological patterns suggest that any transmission of the HIV virus by mosquitoes is at worst extremely unlikely . Various species of mosquitoes are estimated to transmit various types of disease to more than 700 million people annually in Africa , South America , Central America , Mexico , Russia , and much of Asia , with millions of resultant deaths . At least two million people annually die of these diseases , and the morbidity rates are many times higher still . Methods used to prevent the spread of disease , or to protect individuals in areas where disease is endemic , include : Vector control aimed at mosquito control or eradication Disease prevention , using prophylactic drugs and developing vaccines Prevention of mosquito bites , with insecticides , nets , and repellents Since most such diseases are carried by `` elderly '' female mosquitoes , some scientists have suggested focusing on these to avoid the evolution of resistance . Urban Ecology. A recent study collected and identified 20,551 adult female mosquitoes in five neighborhoods of the city of Baltimore over 2 years . Most of these mosquitos ( 73 % ) were invasive Asian tiger mosquitoes ( Aedes albopictus ) , but samples also included Culex ( 24 % ) and Aedes japonicus ( 2.4 % ) mosquitoes , both of which carry West Nile virus . The hosts of these mosquitos were determined by isolating DNA from the former . Invasive brown rats made up 71.7 % of all Asian tiger blood meals . By contrast , birds were the most common victims of Culex , while Aedes appears to avoid birds altogether . Humans and cats each made up 13.3 percent of Aedes blood meals , while deer and dogs were bitten less frequently by all mosquito species . Notably , the study showed that different neighborhoods in Baltimore had different abundances and composition of mosquito species , dependent on the abundance of neglected containers for mosquito breeding , and how people choose to spend time outside . Control Main article : Mosquito control Mosquitofish Gambusia affinis , a natural mosquito predator Many measures have been tried for mosquito control , including the elimination of breeding places , exclusion via window screens and mosquito nets , biological control with parasites such as fungi and nematodes , or predators such as fish , copepods , dragonfly nymphs and adults , and some species of lizard and gecko . Another approach is to introduce large numbers of sterile males . Genetic methods including cytoplasmic incompatibility , chromosomal translocations , sex distortion and gene replacement have been explored . They are cheaper and not subject to vector resistance . Repellents Main article : Insect repellent Insect repellents are applied on skin and give short - term protection against mosquito bites . The chemical DEET repels some mosquitoes and other insects . Some CDC - recommended repellents are picaridin , eucalyptus oil ( PMD ) and IR3535 . Others are indalone , dimethyl phthalate , dimethyl carbate , and ethyl hexanediol . In 2015 , researchers at New Mexico State University tested 10 commercially available products for their effectiveness at repelling mosquitoes . On the mosquito Aedes aegypti , the vector of Zika virus , only one repellent that did not contain DEET had a strong effect for the duration of the 240 minutes test : a lemon eucalyptus oil repellent . All DEET - containing mosquito repellents were active . There are also electronic insect repellent devices which produce ultrasounds that were developed to keep away insects ( and mosquitoes ) . However , no scientific research based on the EPA 's and many universities ' studies has ever provided evidence that these devices prevent a human from being bitten by a mosquito . In 2005 , the British consumer magazine Holiday reported the results of its test of a range of mosquito deterrents . The magazine 's editor Lorna Cowan described the four appliances that used a buzzer as `` a shocking waste of money '' which `` should be removed from sale '' . Bites and treatment Play media Video of a mosquito biting on leg Visible , irritating bites are due to an immune response from the binding of IgG and IgE antibodies to antigens in the mosquito 's saliva . Some of the sensitizing antigens are common to all mosquito species , whereas others are specific to certain species . There are both immediate hypersensitivity reactions ( types I and III ) and delayed hypersensitivity reactions ( type IV ) to mosquito bites . Both reactions result in itching , redness and swelling . Immediate reactions develop within a few minutes of the bite and last for a few hours . Delayed reactions take around a day to develop , and last for up to a week . Several anti-itch medications are commercially available , including those taken orally , such as diphenhydramine , or topically applied antihistamines and , for more severe cases , corticosteroids , such as hydrocortisone and triamcinolone . A common topical remedy in camping gear is aqueous ammonia . In human culture A still from Winsor McCay 's pioneering 1912 animated film How a Mosquito Operates Ancient Greek beast fables including `` The Elephant and the Mosquito '' and `` The Bull and the Mosquito '' , with the general moral that the large beast does not even notice the small one , derive ultimately from Mesopotamia . Winsor McCay 's 1912 film How a Mosquito Operates was one of the earliest works of animation , far ahead of its time in technical quality . It depicts a giant mosquito tormenting a sleeping man . The de Havilland Mosquito was a high - speed aircraft manufactured between 1940 and 1950 , and used in many roles . Notes Jump up ^ The plural can also be written `` mosquitos '' . References Jump up ^ Harbach , Ralph ( November 2 , 2008 ) . `` Family Culicidae Meigen , 1818 '' . Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory . Jump up ^ `` mosquito '' . Real Academia Española . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lesley ( 1993 ) . The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles . Oxford ( Eng . ) : Clarendon . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861271 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Mosquitoes of Michigan - Their Biology and Control '' . Michigan Mosquito Control Organization . 2013 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gates , Bill . `` The Deadliest Animal in the World '' . 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Jump up ^ Grossman GL , James AA ( 1993 ) . `` The salivary glands of the vector mosquito , Aedes aegypti , express a novel member of the amylase gene family '' . Insect Molecular Biology . 1 ( 4 ) : 223 -- 232 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2583.1993. tb00095. x . PMID 7505701 -- via Wiley Online Library . Jump up ^ Rossignol PA , Lueders AM ( 1986 ) . `` Bacteriolytic factor in the salivary glands of Aedes aegypti '' . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B. 83 ( 4 ) : 819 -- 822 . doi : 10.1016 / 0305 - 0491 ( 86 ) 90153 - 7 . PMID 3519067 -- via ScienceDirect . ^ Jump up to : Valenzuela JG , Pham VM , Garfield MK , Francischetti IM , Ribeiro JM ( 2002 ) . `` Toward a description of the sialome of the adult female mosquito Aedes aegypti '' . Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . 32 ( 9 ) : 1101 -- 1122 . doi : 10.1016 / S0965 - 1748 ( 02 ) 00047 - 4 . PMID 12213246 -- via ScienceDirect . Jump up ^ Bissonnette EY , Rossignol PA , Befus AD ( 1993 ) . `` Extracts of mosquito salivary gland inhibit tumour necrosis factor alpha release from mast cells '' . Parasite Immunology. 15 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 33 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3024.1993. tb00569. x . PMID 7679483 -- via Wiley Online Library . ^ Jump up to : Cross ML , Cupp EW , Enriquez FJ ( 1994 ) . `` Differential modulation of murine cellular immune responses by salivary gland extract of Aedes aegypti '' . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 51 ( 5 ) : 690 -- 696 . doi : 10.4269 / ajtmh. 1994.51. 690 . PMID 7985763 . ^ Jump up to : Zeidner NS , Higgs S , Happ CM , Beaty BJ , Miller BR ( 1999 ) . `` Mosquito feeding modulates Th1 and Th2 cytokines in flavivirus susceptible mice : an effect mimicked by injection of sialokinins , but not demonstrated in flavivirus resistant mice '' . Parasite Immunology. 21 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 44 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3024.1999. 00199. x . PMID 10081770 -- via Wiley Online Library . Jump up ^ Wanasen N , Nussenzveig RH , Champagne DE , Soong L , Higgs S ( 2004 ) . `` Differential modulation of murine host immune response by salivary gland extracts from the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus '' . Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 18 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 199 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2915.2004. 00498. x . PMID 15189245 -- via Wiley Online Library . Jump up ^ Wasserman HA , Singh S , Champagne DE ( 2004 ) . `` Saliva of the Yellow Fever mosquito , Aedes aegypti , modulates murine lymphocyte function '' . Parasite Immunology. 26 ( 6 -- 7 ) : 295 -- 306 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0141 - 9838.2004. 00712. x . PMID 15541033 -- via Wiley Online Library . Jump up ^ Depinay N , Hacini F , Beghdadi W , Peronet R , Mécheri S ( 2006 ) . `` Mast cell - dependent down - regulation of antigen - specific immune responses by mosquito bites '' . Journal of Immunology. 176 ( 7 ) : 4141 -- 4146 . doi : 10.4049 / jimmunol. 176.7. 4141 . PMID 16547250 . Jump up ^ Schneider BS , Soong L , Zeidner NS , Higgs S ( 2004 ) . `` Aedes aegypti salivary gland extracts modulate anti-viral and TH1 / TH2 cytokine responses to sindbis virus infection '' . Viral Immunology. 17 ( 4 ) : 565 -- 573 . doi : 10.1089 / vim. 2004.17. 565 . PMID 15671753 -- via Mary Ann Liebert , Inc. publishers . Jump up ^ Taylor JL , Schoenherr C , Grossberg SE ( 1980 ) . `` Protection against Japanese encephalitis virus in mice and hamsters by treatment with carboxymethylacridanone , a potent interferon inducer '' . The Journal of Infectious Diseases . 142 ( 3 ) : 394 -- 399 . doi : 10.1093 / infdis / 142.3. 394 . PMID 6255036 -- via Oxford Academic . Jump up ^ Schneider BS , Soong L , Girard YA , Campbell G , Mason P , Higgs S ( 2006 ) . `` Potentiation of West Nile encephalitis by mosquito feeding '' . Viral Immunology. 19 ( 1 ) : 74 -- 82 . doi : 10.1089 / vim. 2006.19. 74 . PMID 16553552 -- via Mary Ann Liebert , Inc. publishers . Jump up ^ Schneider BS , Higgs S ( 2008 ) . `` The enhancement of arbovirus transmission and disease by mosquito saliva is associated with modulation of the host immune response '' . Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 102 ( 5 ) : 400 -- 408 . doi : 10.1016 / j. trstmh. 2008.01. 024 . PMC 2561286 . PMID 18342898 . Jump up ^ Vogt MB , Lahon A , Arya RP , Kneubehl AR , Spencer Clinton JL , Paust S , Rico - Hesse R ( 17 May 2018 ) . `` Mosquito saliva alone has profound effects on the human immune system '' . PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pntd. 0006439 . PMID 29771921 . Jump up ^ Curic G , Hercog R , Vrselja Z , Wagner J ( 2014 ) . `` Identification of person and quantification of human DNA recovered from mosquitoes ( Culicidae ) '' . Forensic Sci Int Genet. 8 ( 1 ) : 109 -- 12 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fsigen. 2013.07. 011 . PMID 24315597 . Jump up ^ Billingsley PF , Hecker H ( 1991 ) . `` Blood digestion in the mosquito , Anopheles stephensi Liston ( Diptera : Culicidae ) : activity and distribution of trypsin , aminopeptidase , and alpha - glucosidase in the midgut '' . Journal of Medical Entomology. 28 ( 6 ) : 865 -- 871 . PMID 1770523 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vísindavefurinn : Af hverju lifa ekki moskítóflugur á Íslandi , fyrst þær geta lifað báðum megin á Grænlandi ? '' ( in Icelandic ) . Visindavefur.hi.is . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Fang J ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Ecology : A world without mosquitoes '' . Nature . Nature . 466 ( 7305 ) : 432 -- 4 . doi : 10.1038 / 466432a . PMID 20651669 . Jump up ^ Peterson B.V. ( 1977 ) . `` THE BLACK FLIES OF ICELAND ( DIPTERA : SIMULIIDAE ) '' . The Canadian Entomologist. 109 : 449 -- 472 . doi : 10.4039 / Ent109449 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gislason G.M. ; Gardarsson A. ( 1988 ) . `` Long term studies on Simulium vittatum Zett . ( Diptera : Simuliidae ) in the River Laxá , North Iceland , with particular reference to different methods used in assessing population changes '' . Verb . int . Ver . Limnol. 23 : 2179 -- 2188 . Jump up ^ Hawley WA , Pumpuni CB , Brady RH , Craig GB ( 1989 ) . `` Overwintering survival of Aedes albopictus ( Diptera : Culicidae ) eggs in Indiana '' . Journal of Medical Entomology. 26 ( 2 ) : 122 -- 129 . doi : 10.1093 / jmedent / 26.2. 122 . PMID 2709388 . Jump up ^ Hanson SM , Craig GB ( 1995 ) . `` Aedes albopictus ( Diptera : Culicidae ) eggs : field survivorship during northern Indiana winters '' . Journal of Medical Entomology. 32 ( 5 ) : 599 -- 604 . PMID 7473614 . Jump up ^ Romi R , Severini F , Toma L ( 2006 ) . `` Cold acclimation and overwintering of female Aedes albopictus in Roma '' . Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association . 22 ( 1 ) : 149 -- 151 . doi : 10.2987 / 8756 - 971X ( 2006 ) 22 ( 149 : CAAOOF ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . PMID 16646341 . Jump up ^ WHO ( 2009 ) . Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis , Treatment , Prevention and Control ( PDF ) . Geneva : World Health Organization . ISBN 92 - 4 - 154787 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cox J , Mota J , Sukupolvi - Petty S , Diamond MS , Rico - Hesse R ( 9 May 2012 ) . `` Mosquito Bite Delivery of Dengue Virus Enhances Immunogenicity and Pathogenesis in Humanized Mice '' . Journal of Virology. 86 ( 14 ) : 7637 -- 49 . doi : 10.1128 / JVI. 00534 - 12 . PMC 3416288 . PMID 22573866 . Jump up ^ `` Lymphatic Filariasis '' . World Health Organisation ( WHO ) website . World Health Organisation ( WHO ) . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Muslu H , Kurt O , Özbilgin A ( 2011 ) . `` ( Evaluation of mosquito species ( Diptera : Culicidae ) identified in Manisa province according to their breeding sites and seasonal differences ) '' . Turkiye Parazitol Derg ( in Turkish ) . 35 ( 2 ) : 100 -- 4 . doi : 10.5152 / tpd. 2011.25 . PMID 21776596 . Jump up ^ `` Can I get HIV from mosquitoes ? '' . CDC . October 20 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Resistance is Useless '' . The Economist. April 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Heather ; Egizi , Andrea ; Fonseca , Dina M. ; Leisnham , Paul T. ; LaDeau , Shannon L. ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) . `` Primary blood - hosts of mosquitoes are influenced by social and ecological conditions in a complex urban landscape '' . Parasites & Vectors. 11 : 218 . doi : 10.1186 / s13071 - 018 - 2779 - 7 . ISSN 1756 - 3305 . Jump up ^ `` Fungus Fatal to Mosquito May Aid Global War on Malaria '' . The New York Times . 10 June 2005 . Jump up ^ Kramer , J.P. ( 1982 ) . `` Entomophthora culicis ( Zygomycetes , Entomophthorales ) as a pathogen of adultaedes aegypti ( diptera , culicidae ) '' . Aquatic Insects. 4 ( 2 ) : 73 -- 79 . doi : 10.1080 / 01650428209361085 ... Jump up ^ Shamseldean MM , Platzer EG ( 1989 ) . `` Romanomermis culicivorax : Penetration of larval mosquitoes '' . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 54 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 199 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2011 ( 89 ) 90028 - 1 . PMID 2570111 ... Jump up ^ Krumholz , Louis A. ( 1948 ) . `` Reproduction in the Western Mosquitofish , Gambusia affinis affinis ( Baird & Girard ) , and Its Use in Mosquito Control '' . Ecological Monographs. 18 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 43 . doi : 10.2307 / 1948627 . JSTOR 1948627 . Jump up ^ edited by Kenneth T. MacKay. ( 1995 ) . `` PART III : INTERACTIONS31 . A Comparative Study of the Ability of Fish to Catch Mosquito Larva '' . Rice - fish culture in China . International Development Research Centre . ISBN 1 - 55250 - 313 - 5 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 09 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Fradin MS ( 1 June 1998 ) . `` Mosquitoes and mosquito repellents : a clinician 's guide '' ( PDF ) . Annals of Internal Medicine . 128 ( 11 ) : 931 -- 940 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 128 - 11 - 199806010 - 00013 . PMID 9634433 . Jump up ^ Marten GG , Reid JW ( 2007 ) . `` Cyclopoid copepods '' . Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association . 23 ( 2 Suppl ) : 65 -- 92 . doi : 10.2987 / 8756 - 971X ( 2007 ) 23 ( 65 : CC ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . PMID 17853599 . Jump up ^ Canyon DV , Hii JL ( 1997 ) . `` The gecko : An environmentally friendly biological agent for mosquito control '' . Medical and veterinary entomology. 11 ( 4 ) : 319 -- 323 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2915.1997. tb00416. x . PMID 9430109 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Carpenter ( 8 August 2011 ) . `` Spermless mosquitoes hold promise to stop malaria '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Scientists have created spermless mosquitoes in an effort to curb the spread of malaria . Jump up ^ Webb , Jonathan ( 10 June 2014 ) GM lab mosquitoes may aid malaria fight BBC News , Science and Environment , Retrieved 11 June 2014 Jump up ^ Syed Z , Leal WS ( 2008 ) . `` Mosquitoes smell and avoid the insect repellent DEET '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 105 ( 36 ) : 13598 -- 13603 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0805312105 . PMC 2518096 . PMID 18711137 . Jump up ^ CDC ( 2009 ) . `` Updated Information regarding Insect Repellents '' . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Stacy D. ; Drake , Lisa L. ; Price , David P. ; Hammond , John I. ; Hansen , Immo A. ( 2015 ) . `` The Efficacy of Some Commercially Available Insect Repellents for Aedes aegypti ( Diptera : Culicidae ) and Aedes albopictus ( Diptera : Culicidae ) '' . Journal of Insect Science . 15 ( 1 ) : 140 . doi : 10.1093 / jisesa / iev125 . ISSN 1536 - 2442 . Jump up ^ `` Mosquito repellents that emit high - pitched sounds do n't prevent bites '' ( Press release ) . Eurekalert ! . April 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.evidenceaid.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Electronic_mosquito_repellents_for_preventing_mosquito_bites_and_malaria_infection.pdf Jump up ^ William Kremer ( 11 December 2012 ) Ultrasound mosquito repellents : Zapping the myth BBC News , Magazine , Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Clements , Alan ( 1992 ) . The biology of mosquitoes -- volume 1 : Development , Nutrition and Reproduction . London : Chapman & Hall . ISBN 0 - 85199 - 374 - 5 . Jump up ^ Adrados , Francisco Rodríguez ( 1999 ) . History of the Graeco - Latin Fable . BRILL . p. 324 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 11454 - 8 . Jump up ^ Canemaker , John ( 2005 ) . Winsor McCay : His Life and Art . Abrams Books . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 5941 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` De Havilland Mosquito '' . The Aviation History Online Museum . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Further reading Brunhes , J. ; Rhaim , A. ; Geoffroy , B. ; Angel , G. ; Hervy , J.P. Les Moustiques de l'Afrique mediterranéenne French / English . Interactive identification guide to mosquitoes of North Africa , with database of information on morphology , ecology , epidemiology , and control . Mac / PC Numerous illustrations . IRD / IPT ( 12640 ) 2000 CD - ROM . ISBN 2 - 7099 - 1446 - 8 Davidson , Elizabeth W. ( 1981 ) . Pathogenesis of invertebrate microbial diseases . Montclair , N.J. : Allanheld , Osmun . ISBN 0 - 86598 - 014 - 4 . Jahn , G.C. , Hall , D.W. & Zam , S.G. ( 1986 ) . `` A comparison of the life cycles of two Amblyospora ( Microspora : Amblyosporidae ) in the mosquitoes Culex salinarius and Culex tarsalis Coquillett '' . Journal of the Florida Anti-Mosquito Association . 57 : 24 -- 27 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Kale , H.W. , II . ( 1968 ) . `` The relationship of purple martins to mosquito control '' ( PDF ) . The Auk. 85 ( 4 ) : 654 -- 661 . doi : 10.2307 / 4083372 . JSTOR 4083372 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links Look up mosquito in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Culicidae . Wikispecies has information related to Culicidae Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mosquitoes . Mosquito at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Mosquito Information Website Mosquitoes chapter in United States Environmental Protection Agency National Public Health Pesticide Applicator Training Manual A film clip describing The Life Cycle of the Mosquito is available at the Internet Archive `` Mosquitoes : The Worst '' . Stuff You Should Know ( Podcast ) . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . Parasitic Insects , Mites and Ticks : Genera of Medical and Veterinary Importance Wikibooks Extant Diptera families Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Subclass : Pterygota Infraclass : Neoptera Superorder : Endopterygota Suborder Nematocera Axymyiomorpha Axymyiidae Culicomorpha Culicoidea Dixidae ( meniscus midges ) Corethrellidae ( frog - biting midges ) Chaoboridae ( phantom midges ) Culicidae ( mosquitoes ) Chironomoidea Thaumaleidae ( solitary midges ) Simuliidae ( black flies ) Ceratopogonidae ( biting midges ) Chironomidae ( non-biting midges ) Blephariceromorpha Blephariceridae ( net - winged midges ) Deuterophlebiidae ( mountain midges ) Nymphomyiidae Bibionomorpha Bibionoidea Bibionidae ( march flies , lovebugs ) Anisopodoidea Anisopodidae ( wood gnats ) Sciaroidea ( fungus gnats ) Bolitophilidae Diadocidiidae Ditomyiidae Keroplatidae Mycetophilidae Sciaridae ( dark - winged fungus gnats ) Cecidomyiidae ( gall midges ) Psychodomorpha Scatopsoidea Canthyloscelidae Perissommatidae Scatopsidae ( minute black scavenger flies , or dung midges ) Psychodoidea Psychodidae ( moth flies ) Ptychopteromorpha Ptychopteridae ( phantom crane flies ) Tanyderidae ( primitive crane flies ) Tipulomorpha Trichoceroidea Trichoceridae ( winter crane flies ) Tipuloidea Pediciidae ( hairy - eyed craneflies ) Tipulidae ( crane flies ) Suborder Brachycera Asilomorpha Asiloidea Apioceridae ( flower - loving flies ) Apsilocephalidae Apystomyiidae Asilidae ( robber flies ) Bombyliidae ( bee flies ) Evocoidae Hilarimorphidae ( hilarimorphid flies ) Mydidae ( mydas flies ) Mythicomyiidae Scenopinidae ( window flies ) Therevidae ( stiletto flies ) Empidoidea Atelestidae Hybotidae ( dance flies ) Dolichopodidae ( long - legged flies ) Empididae ( dagger flies , balloon flies ) Nemestrinoidea Acroceridae ( small - headed flies ) Nemestrinidae ( tangle - veined flies ) Muscomorpha Aschiza Platypezoidea Phoridae ( scuttle flies , coffin flies , humpbacked flies ) Opetiidae ( flat - footed flies ) Ironomyiidae ( ironic flies ) Lonchopteridae ( spear - winged flies ) Platypezidae ( flat - footed flies ) Syrphoidea Syrphidae ( hoverflies ) Pipunculidae ( big - headed flies ) Schizophora Acalyptratae Conopoidea Conopidae ( thick - headed flies ) Tephritoidea Pallopteridae ( flutter flies ) Piophilidae ( cheese flies ) Platystomatidae ( signal flies ) Pyrgotidae Richardiidae Tephritidae ( peacock flies ) Ulidiidae ( picture - winged flies ) Nerioidea Cypselosomatidae Micropezidae ( stilt - legged flies ) Neriidae ( cactus flies , banana stalk flies ) Diopsoidea Diopsidae ( stalk - eyed flies ) Gobryidae Megamerinidae Nothybidae Psilidae ( rust flies ) Somatiidae Strongylophthalmyiidae Syringogastridae Tanypezidae Sciomyzoidea Coelopidae ( kelp flies ) Dryomyzidae Helosciomyzidae Ropalomeridae Huttoninidae Heterocheilidae Phaeomyiidae Sepsidae ( black scavenger flies ) Sciomyzidae ( marsh flies ) Sphaeroceroidea Chyromyidae Heleomyzidae Sphaeroceridae ( small dung flies ) Nannodastiidae Lauxanioidea Celyphidae ( beetle - backed flies ) Chamaemyiidae ( aphid flies ) Lauxaniidae Opomyzoidea Agromyzidae ( leaf miner flies ) Anthomyzidae Asteiidae Aulacigastridae ( sap flies ) Clusiidae ( lekking , or druid flies ) Fergusoninidae Marginidae Neminidae Neurochaetidae ( upside - down flies ) Odiniidae Opomyzidae Periscelididae Teratomyzidae Xenasteiidae Ephydroidea Camillidae Curtonotidae ( quasimodo flies ) Diastatidae ( bog flies ) Ephydridae ( shore flies ) Drosophilidae ( vinegar and fruit flies ) Carnoidea Acartophthalmidae Australimyzidae Braulidae ( bee lice ) Canacidae ( beach flies ) Carnidae Chloropidae ( frit flies ) Cryptochaetidae Inbiomyiidae Milichiidae ( freeloader flies ) Lonchaeoidea Cryptochetidae Lonchaeidae ( lance flies ) Calyptratae Muscoidea Anthomyiidae ( cabbage flies ) Fanniidae ( little house flies ) Muscidae ( house flies , stable flies ) Scathophagidae ( dung flies ) Oestroidea Calliphoridae ( blow - flies : bluebottles , greenbottles ) Mystacinobiidae ( New Zealand batfly ) Oestridae ( botflies ) Rhinophoridae Sarcophagidae ( flesh flies ) Tachinidae ( tachina flies ) Hippoboscoidea Glossinidae ( tsetse flies ) Hippoboscidae ( louse flies ) Mormotomyiidae ( frightful hairy fly ) Nycteribiidae ( bat flies ) Streblidae ( bat flies ) Stratiomyomorpha Stratiomyoidea Pantophthalmidae ( timber flies ) Stratiomyidae ( soldier flies ) Xylomyidae ( wood soldier flies ) Tabanomorpha Rhagionoidea Austroleptidae Bolbomyiidae Rhagionidae ( snipe flies ) Tabanoidea Athericidae ( water snipe flies ) Oreoleptidae Pelecorhynchidae Tabanidae ( horse and deer flies ) Vermileonomorpha Vermileonoidea Vermileonidae Xylophagomorpha Xylophagoidea Xylophagidae ( awl flies ) List of families of Diptera Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q7367 Wikispecies : Culicidae ADW : Culicidae BugGuide : 169 EoL : 473 EPPO : 1CULIF Fauna Europaea : 11650 Fossilworks : 138308 GBIF : 3346 iNaturalist : 52134 IRMNG : 101749 ITIS : 125930 NBN : NBNSYS0000040182 NCBI : 7157 NZOR : 83783aab - eef4 - 432f - acb5 - 9c17a8e155b0 WoRMS : 150945 BNF : cb119732713 ( data ) GND : 4182994 - 3 LCCN : sh85087477 NARA : 10640927 NDL : 00564354 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mosquito&oldid=852059717 '' Categories : Culicidae Biting insects Insect vectors of human pathogens Ectoparasites Extant Jurassic first appearances Haematophagy Mosquito genera Insects in culture Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles using diversity taxobox Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2002 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with Curlie links Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona ChiTumbuka Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kinyarwanda Коми Kongo Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Livvinkarjala Magyar മലയാളം मराठी مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Bahasa Hulontalo ГӀалгӀай 132 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 10 : 47 ( UTC ) . 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how many different species of mosquitoes are there
[ "The mosquito Anopheles gambiae is currently undergoing speciation into the M(opti) and S(avanah) molecular forms. Consequently, some pesticides that work on the M form no longer work on the S form.[14]\nOver 3,500 species of the Culicidae have already been described.[15] They are generally divided into two subfamilies which in turn comprise some 43 genera. These figures are subject to continual change, as more species are discovered, and as DNA studies compel rearrangement of the taxonomy of the family. The two main subfamilies are the Anophelinae and Culicinae, with their genera as shown in the subsection below.[16] The distinction is of great practical importance because the two subfamilies tend to differ in their significance as vectors of different classes of diseases. Roughly speaking, arboviral diseases such as yellow fever and dengue fever tend to be transmitted by Culicine species, not necessarily in the genus Culex. Some transmit various species of avian malaria, but it is not clear that they ever transmit any form of human malaria. Some species do however transmit various forms of filariasis, much as many Simuliidae do.\n" ]
[ "Over 3,500" ]
4978897531272441650
Human leg
Human leg - wikipedia Human leg Leg Lateral aspect of right leg Details Identifiers Latin membrum inferius MeSH D007866 , D035002 FMA 7184 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The human leg , in the general meaning , is the entire lower limb of the human body , including the foot , thigh and even the hip or gluteal region . However , the definition in human anatomy refers only to the section of the lower limb extending from the knee to the ankle , also known as the crus . Legs are used for standing , and all forms of locomotion including recreational such as dancing , and constitute a significant portion of a person 's mass . Female legs generally have greater hip anteversion and tibiofemoral angles , but shorter femur and tibial lengths than those in males . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Skeleton 1.2 Muscles 1.2. 1 Hip 1.2. 2 Thigh 1.2. 3 Crus and foot 1.2. 3.1 Extrinsic 1.2. 3.2 Intrinsic 1.3 Flexibility 1.3. 1 Stretching 1.4 Blood supply 1.5 Veins 1.6 Innervation 2 Lower leg and foot 2.1 Exercises 2.1. 1 Isometric and standard 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Lower leg injury 3.1. 1 Types of activities 3.1. 1.1 Running 3.1. 2 Prevention tools 3.1. 3 Summary 3.2 Fracture 4 Pain management 4.1 Plantar fasciitis 4.2 Medial tibial stress syndrome ( shin splint ) 4.3 Achilles tendinopathy 5 Society and culture 6 Image gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Structure ( edit ) In human anatomy , the lower leg is the part of the lower limb that lies between the knee and the ankle . The thigh is between the hip and knee and makes up the rest of the lower limb . The term lower limb or `` lower extremity '' is commonly used to describe all of the leg . This article generally follows the common usage . The leg from the knee to the ankle is called the crus or cnemis / ˈniːmɪs / . The calf is the back portion , and the tibia or shinbone together with the smaller fibula make up the front of the lower leg . Comparison between human and gorilla skeletons . ( Gorilla in non-natural stretched posture . ) Evolution has provided the human body with two distinct features : the specialization of the upper limb for visually guided manipulation and the lower limb 's development into a mechanism specifically adapted for efficient bipedal gait . While the capacity to walk upright is not unique to humans , other primates can only achieve this for short periods and at a great expenditure of energy . The human adaption to bipedalism is not limited to the leg , however , but has also affected the location of the body 's center of gravity , the reorganisation of internal organs , and the form and biomechanism of the trunk . In humans , the double S - shaped vertebral column acts as a shock - absorber which shifts the weight from the trunk over the load - bearing surface of the feet . The human legs are exceptionally long and powerful as a result of their exclusive specialization to support and locomotion -- in orangutans the leg length is 111 % of the trunk ; in chimpanzees 128 % , and in humans 171 % . Many of the leg 's muscles are also adapted to bipedalism , most substantially the gluteal muscles , the extensors of the knee joint , and the calf muscles . Skeleton ( edit ) See also : Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism Bones of the leg The major bones of the leg are the femur ( thigh bone ) , tibia ( shin bone ) , and adjacent fibula , and these are all long bones . The patella ( kneecap ) is the sesamoid bone in front of the knee . Most of the leg skeleton has bony prominences and margins that can be palpated and some serve as anatomical landmarks that define the extent of the leg . These landmarks are the anterior superior iliac spine , the greater trochanter , the superior margin of the medial condyle of tibia , and the medial malleolus . Notable exceptions to palpation are the hip joint , and the neck and body , or shaft of the femur . Usually , the large joints of the lower limb are aligned in a straight line , which represents the mechanical longitudinal axis of the leg , the Mikulicz line . This line stretches from the hip joint ( or more precisely the head of the femur ) , through the knee joint ( the intercondylar eminence of the tibia ) , and down to the center of the ankle ( the ankle mortise , the fork - like grip between the medial and lateral malleoli ) . In the tibial shaft , the mechanical and anatomical axes coincide , but in the femoral shaft they diverge 6 ° , resulting in the femorotibial angle of 174 ° in a leg with normal axial alignment . A leg is considered straight when , with the feet brought together , both the medial malleoli of the ankle and the medial condyles of the knee are touching . Divergence from the normal femorotibial angle is called genu varum if the center of the knee joint is lateral to the mechanical axis ( intermalleolar distance exceeds 3 cm ) , and genu valgum if it is medial to the mechanical axis ( intercondylar distance exceeds 5 cm ) . These conditions impose unbalanced loads on the joints and stretching of either the thigh 's adductors and abductors . The angle of inclination formed between the neck and shaft of the femur , ( collodiaphysial angle ) , varies with age -- about 150 ° in the newborn , it gradually decreases to 126 - 128 ° in adults , to reach 120 ° in old age . Pathological changes in this angle results in abnormal posture of the leg : A small angle produces coxa vara and a large angle in coxa valga ; the latter is usually combined with genu varum and coxa vara leads genu valgum . Additionally , a line drawn through the femoral neck superimposed on a line drawn through the femoral condyles forms an angle , the torsion angle , which makes it possible for flexion movements of the hip joint to be transposed into rotary movements of the femoral head . Abnormally increased torsion angles results in a limb turned inward and a decreased angle in a limb turned outward ; both cases resulting in a reduced range of a persons mobility . Muscles ( edit ) Hip ( edit ) Main article : Muscles of the hip Function of hip muscles Movement Muscles ( In order of importance ) Lateral rotation Sartorius Gluteus maximus Quadratus femoris Obturator internus Gluteus medius and minimus Iliopsoas ( with psoas major ♣ ) Obturator externus All functional adductors except gracilis * and pectineus Piriformis Medial rotation Gluteus medius and minimus ( anterior fibers ) Tensor fasciae latae * Adductor magnus ( long medial fibers ) Pectineus ( with leg abducted ) Extension Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius and minimus ( dorsal fibers ) Adductor magnus Piriformis Semimembranosus * Semitendinousus * Biceps femoris * ( long head ) Flexion Iliopsoas ( with psoas major ♣ ) Tensor fasciae latae * Pectineus Adductor longus Adductor brevis Gracilis * Rectus femoris * Sartorius * Abduction Gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae * Gluteus maximus ( fibers to fascia lata ) Gluteus minimus Piriformis Obturator internus Adduction Adductor magnus ( with adductor minimus ) Adductor longus Adductor brevis Gluteus maximus ( fibers to gluteal tuberosity ) Gracilis Pectineus Quadratus femoris Obturator externus Semitendinosus * Notes ♣ Also act on vertebral joints . * Also act on knee joint . There are several ways of classifying the muscles of the hip : ( 1 ) By location or innervation ( ventral and dorsal divisions of the plexus layer ) ; ( 2 ) by development on the basis of their points of insertion ( a posterior group in two layers and an anterior group ) ; and ( 3 ) by function ( i.e. extensors , flexors , adductors , and abductors ) . Some hip muscles also act on either the knee joint or on vertebral joints . Additionally , because the area of origin and insertion of many of these muscles are very extensive , these muscles are often involved in several very different movements . In the hip joint , lateral and medial rotation occur along the axis of the limb ; extension ( also called dorsiflexion or retroversion ) and flexion ( anteflexion or anteversion ) occur along a transverse axis ; and abduction and adduction occur about a sagittal axis . The anterior dorsal hip muscles are the iliopsoas , a group of two or three muscles with a shared insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur . The psoas major originates from the last vertebra and along the lumbar spine to stretch down into the pelvis . The iliacus originates on the iliac fossa on the interior side of the pelvis . The two muscles unite to form the iliopsoas muscle which is inserted on the lesser trochanter of the femur . The psoas minor , only present in about 50 per cent of subjects , originates above psoas major to stretch obliquely down to its insertion on the interior side of the major muscle . The posterior dorsal hip muscles are inserted on or directly below the greater trochanter of the femur . The tensor fasciae latae , stretching from the anterior superior iliac spine down into the iliotibial tract , presses the head of the femur into the acetabulum but also flexes , rotates medially , and abducts to hip joint . The piriformis originates on the anterior pelvic surface of the sacrum , passes through the greater sciatic foramen , and inserts on the posterior aspect of the tip of the greater trochanter . In a standing posture it is a lateral rotator , but it also assists extending the thigh . The gluteus maximus has its origin between ( and around ) the iliac crest and the coccyx from where one part radiates into the iliotibial tract and the other stretches down to the gluteal tuberosity under the greater trochanter . The gluteus maximus is primarily an extensor and lateral rotator of the hip joint , and it comes into action when climbing stairs or rising from a sitting to standing posture . Furthermore , the part inserted into the fascia latae abducts and the part inserted into the gluteal tuberosity adducts the hip . The two deep glutei muscles , the gluteus medius and minimus , originate on the lateral side of the pelvis . The medius muscle is shaped like a cap . Its anterior fibers act as a medial rotator and flexor ; the posterior fibers as a lateral rotator and extensor ; and the entire muscle abducts the hip . The minimus has similar functions and both muscles are inserted onto the greater trochanter . Muscles of hip The ventral hip muscles function as lateral rotators and play an important role in the control of the body 's balance . Because they are stronger than the medial rotators , in the normal position of the leg , the apex of the foot is pointing outward to achieve better support . The obturator internus originates on the pelvis on the obturator foramen and its membrane , passes through the lesser sciatic foramen , and is inserted on the trochanteric fossa of the femur . `` Bent '' over the lesser sciatic notch , which acts as a fulcrum , the muscle forms the strongest lateral rotators of the hip together with the gluteus maximus and quadratus femoris . When sitting with the knees flexed it acts as an abductor . The obturator externus has a parallel course with its origin located on the posterior border of the obturator foramen . It is covered by several muscles and acts as a lateral rotator and a weak adductor . The inferior and superior gemelli represent marginal heads of the obturator internus and assist this muscle . The three muscles have been referred to as the triceps coxae . The quadratus femoris originates at the ischial tuberosity and is inserted onto the intertrochanteric crest between the trochanters . This flattened muscle act as a strong lateral rotator and adductor of the thigh . Hip adductors The adductor muscles of the thigh are innervated by the obturator nerve , with the exception of pectineus which receives fibers from the femoral nerve , and the adductor magnus which receives fibers from the tibial nerve . The gracilis arises from near the pubic symphysis and is unique among the adductors in that it reaches past the knee to attach on the medial side of the shaft of the tibia , thus acting on two joints . It share its distal insertion with the sartorius and semitendinosus , all three muscles forming the pes anserinus . It is the most medial muscle of the adductors , and with the thigh abducted its origin can be clearly seen arching under the skin . With the knee extended , it adducts the thigh and flexes the hip . The pectineus has its origin on the iliopubic eminence laterally to the gracilis and , rectangular in shape , extends obliquely to attach immediately behind the lesser trochanter and down the pectineal line and the proximal part of the linea aspera on the femur . It is a flexor of the hip joint , and an adductor and a weak medial rotator of the thigh . The adductor brevis originates on the inferior ramus of the pubis below the gracilis and stretches obliquely below the pectineus down to the upper third of the linea aspera . Except for being an adductor , it is a lateral rotator and weak flexor of the hip joint . The adductor longus has its origin at superior ramus of the pubis and inserts medially on the middle third of the linea aspera . Primarily an adductor , it is also responsible for some flexion . The adductor magnus has its origin just behind the longus and lies deep to it . Its wide belly divides into two parts : One is inserted into the linea aspera and the tendon of the other reaches down to adductor tubercle on the medial side of the femur 's distal end where it forms an intermuscular septum that separates the flexors from the extensors . Magnus is a powerful adductor , especially active when crossing legs . Its superior part is a lateral rotator but the inferior part acts as a medial rotator on the flexed leg when rotated outward and also extends the hip joint . The adductor minimus is an incompletely separated subdivision of the adductor magnus . Its origin forms an anterior part of the magnus and distally it is inserted on the linea aspera above the magnus . It acts to adduct and lateral rotate the femur . Thigh ( edit ) Function of knee muscles Movement Muscles ( In order of importance ) Extension Quadriceps femoris Tensor fasciae latae * Flexion Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Biceps femoris Gracilis Sartorius Popliteus Gastrocnemius Medial rotation Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Gracilis Sartorius Popliteus Lateral rotation Biceps femoris Tensor fasciae latae * * Insignificant assistance . The muscles of the thigh can be classified into three groups according to their location : anterior and posterior muscles and the adductors ( on the medial side ) . All the adductors except gracilis insert on the femur and act on the hip joint , and so functionally qualify as hip muscles . The majority of the thigh muscles , the `` true '' thigh muscles , insert on the leg ( either the tibia or the fibula ) and act primarily on the knee joint . Generally , the extensors lie on anterior of the thigh and flexors lie on the posterior . Even though the sartorius flexes the knee , it is ontogenetically considered an extensor since its displacement is secondary . Anterior and posterior thigh muscles . Of the anterior thigh muscles the largest are the four muscles of the quadriceps femoris : the central rectus femoris , which is surrounded by the three vasti , the vastus intermedius , medialis , and lateralis . Rectus femoris is attached to the pelvis with two tendons , while the vasti are inserted to the femur . All four muscles unite in a common tendon inserted into the patella from where the patellar ligament extends it down to the tibial tuberosity . Fibers from the medial and lateral vasti form two retinacula that stretch past the patella on either sides down to the condyles of the tibia . The quadriceps is the knee extensor , but the rectus femoris additionally flexes the hip joint , and articular muscle of the knee protects the articular capsule of the knee joint from being nipped during extension . The sartorius runs superficially and obliquely down on the anterior side of the thigh , from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pes anserinus on the medial side of the knee , from where it is further extended into the crural fascia . The sartorius acts as a flexor on both the hip and knee , but , due to its oblique course , also contributes to medial rotation of the leg as one of the pes anserinus muscles ( with the knee flexed ) , and to lateral rotation of the hip joint . There are four posterior thigh muscles . The biceps femoris has two heads : The long head has its origin on the ischial tuberosity together with the semitendinosus and acts on two joints . The short head originates from the middle third of the linea aspera on the shaft of the femur and the lateral intermuscular septum of thigh , and acts on only one joint . These two heads unite to form the biceps which inserts on the head of the fibula . The biceps flexes the knee joint and rotates the flexed leg laterally -- it is the only lateral rotator of the knee and thus has to oppose all medial rotator . Additionally , the long head extends the hip joint . The semitendinosus and the semimembranosus share their origin with the long head of the biceps , and both attaches on the medial side of the proximal head of the tibia together with the gracilis and sartorius to form the pes anserinus . The semitendinosus acts on two joints ; extension of the hip , flexion of the knee , and medial rotation of the leg . Distally , the semimembranosus ' tendon is divided into three parts referred to as the pes anserinus profondus . Functionally , the semimembranosus is similar to the semitendinosus , and thus produces extension at the hip joint and flexion and medial rotation at the knee . Posteriorly below the knee joint , the popliteus stretches obliquely from the lateral femoral epicondyle down to the posterior surface of the tibia . The subpopliteal bursa is located deep to the muscle . Popliteus flexes the knee joint and medially rotates the leg . Crus and foot ( edit ) Function of foot muscles Movement Muscles ( In order of importance ) Dorsi - flexion Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Plantar flexion Triceps surae Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior Eversion Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis Extensor digitorum longus Peroneus tertius Inversion Triceps surae Tibialis posterior Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis anterior With the popliteus ( see above ) as the single exception , all muscles in the leg are attached to the foot and , based on location , can be classified into an anterior and a posterior group separated from each other by the tibia , the fibula , and the interosseous membrane . In turn , these two groups can be subdivided into subgroups or layers -- the anterior group consists of the extensors and the peroneals , and the posterior group of a superficial and a deep layer . Functionally , the muscles of the leg are either extensors , responsible for the dorsiflexion of the foot , or flexors , responsible for the plantar flexion . These muscles can also classified by innervation , muscles supplied by the anterior subdivision of the plexus and those supplied by the posterior subdivision . The leg muscles acting on the foot are called the extrinsic foot muscles whilst the foot muscles located in the foot are called intrinsic . Dorsiflexion ( extension ) and plantar flexion occur around the transverse axis running through the ankle joint from the tip of the medial malleolus to the tip of the lateral malleolus . Pronation ( eversion ) and supination ( inversion ) occur along the oblique axis of the ankle joint . Extrinsic ( edit ) Anterior muscles . Three of the anterior muscles are extensors . From its origin on the lateral surface of the tibia and the interosseus membrane , the three - sided belly of the tibialis anterior extends down below the superior and inferior extensor retinacula to its insertion on the plantar side of the medial cuneiform bone and the first metatarsal bone . In the non-weight - bearing leg , the anterior tibialis dorsal flexes the foot and lifts the medial edge of the foot . In the weight - bearing leg , it pulls the leg towards the foot . The extensor digitorum longus has a wide origin stretching from the lateral condyle of the tibia down along the anterior side of the fibula , and the interosseus membrane . At the ankle , the tendon divides into four that stretch across the foot to the dorsal aponeuroses of the last phalanges of the four lateral toes . In the non-weight - bearing leg , the muscle extends the digits and dorsiflexes the foot , and in the weight - bearing leg acts similar to the tibialis anterior . The extensor hallucis longus has its origin on the fibula and the interosseus membrane between the two other extensors and is , similarly to the extensor digitorum , is inserted on the last phalanx of big toe ( `` hallux '' ) . The muscle dorsiflexes the hallux , and acts similar to the tibialis anterior in the weight - bearing leg . Two muscles on the lateral side of the leg form the peroneal group . The peroneus longus and brevis both have their origins on the fibula and they both pass behind the lateral malleolus where their tendons pass under the peroneal retinacula . Under the foot , the longus stretches from the lateral to the medial side in a groove , thus bracing the transverse arch of the foot . The brevis is attached on the lateral side to the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal . Together the two peroneals form the strongest pronators of the foot . The peroneus muscles are highly variable and several variants can occasionally be present . Superficial and deep posterior muscles . Of the posterior muscles three are in the superficial layer . The major plantar flexors , commonly referred to as the triceps surae , are the soleus , which arises on the proximal side of both leg bones , and the gastrocnemius , the two heads of which arises on the distal end of the femur . These muscles unite in a large terminal tendon , the Achilles tendon , which is attached to the posterior tubercle of the calcaneus . The plantaris closely follows the lateral head of the gastrocnemius . Its tendon runs between those of the soleus and gastrocnemius and is embedded in the medial end of the calcaneus tendon . In the deep layer , the tibialis posterior has its origin on the interosseus membrane and the neighbouring bone areas and runs down behind the medial malleolus . Under the foot it splits into a thick medial part attached to the navicular bone and a slightly weaker lateral part inserted to the three cuneiform bones . The muscle produces simultaneous plantar flexion and supination in the non-weight - bearing leg , and approximates the heel to the calf of the leg . The flexor hallucis longus arises distally on the fibula and on the interosseus membrane from where its relatively thick muscle belly extends far distally . Its tendon extends beneath the flexor retinaculum to the sole of the foot and finally attaches on the base of the last phalanx of the hallux . It plantarflexes the hallux and assists in supination . The flexor digitorum longus , finally , has its origin on the upper part of the tibia . Its tendon runs to the sole of the foot where it forks into four terminal tendon attached to the last phalanges of the four lateral toes . It crosses the tendon of the tibialis posterior distally on the tibia , and the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus in the sole . Distally to its division , the quadratus plantae radiates into it and near the middle phalanges its tendons penetrate the tendons of the flexor digitorum brevis . In the non-weight - bearing leg , it plantar flexes the toes and foot and supinates . In the weight - bearing leg it supports the plantar arch . ( For the popliteus , see above . ) Intrinsic ( edit ) The intrinsic muscles of the foot , muscles whose bellies are located in the foot proper , are either dorsal ( top ) or plantar ( sole ) . On the dorsal side , two long extrinsic extensor muscles are superficial to the intrinsic muscles , and their tendons form the dorsal aponeurosis of the toes . The short intrinsic extensors and the plantar and dorsal interossei radiates into these aponeuroses . The extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis have a common origin on the anterior side of the calcaneus , from where their tendons extend into the dorsal aponeuroses of digits 1 - 4 . They act to dorsiflex these digits . The plantar muscles can be subdivided into three groups associated with three regions : those of the big digit , the little digit , and the region between these two . All these muscles are covered by the thick and dense plantar aponeurosis , which , together with two tough septa , form the spaces of the three groups . These muscles and their fatty tissue function as cushions that transmit the weight of the body downward . As a whole , the foot is a functional entity . Intrinsic foot muscles The abductor hallucis stretches along the medial edge of the foot , from the calcaneus to the base of the first phalanx of the first digit and the medial sesamoid bone . It is an abductor and a weak flexor , and also helps maintain the arch of the foot . Lateral to the abductor hallucis is the flexor hallucis brevis , which originates from the medial cuneiform bone and from the tendon of the tibialis posterior . The flexor hallucis has a medial and a lateral head inserted laterally to the abductor hallucis . It is an important plantar flexor which comes into prominent use in classical ballet ( i.e. for pointe work ) . The adductor hallucis has two heads ; a stronger oblique head which arises from the cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones and the bases of the second and third metatarsals ; and a transverse head which arises from the distal ends of the third - fifth metatarsals . Both heads are inserted on the lateral sesamoid bone of the first digit . The muscle acts as a tensor to the arches of the foot , but can also adduct the first digit and plantar flex its first phalanx . The opponens digiti minimi originates from the long plantar ligament and the plantar tendinous sheath of peroneus longus and is inserted on the fifth metatarsal . When present , it acts to plantar flex the fifth digit and supports the plantar arch . The flexor digiti minimi arises from the region of base of the fifth metatarsal and is inserted onto the base of the first phalanx of the fifth digit where it is usually merged with the abductor of the first digit . It acts to plantar flex the last digit . The largest and longest muscles of the little toe is the abductor digiti minimi . Stretching from the lateral process of the calcaneus , with a second attachment on the base of the fifth metatarsal , to the base of the fifth digit 's first phalanx , the muscle forms the lateral edge of the sole . Except for supporting the arch , it plantar flexes the little toe and also acts as an abductor . The four lumbricales have their origin on the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus , from where they extend to the medial side of the bases of the first phalanx of digits two - five . Except for reinforcing the plantar arch , they contribute to plantar flexion and move the four digits toward the big toe . They are , in contrast to the lumbricales of the hand , rather variable , sometimes absent and sometimes more than four are present . The quadratus plantae arises with two slips from margins of the plantar surface of the calcaneus and is inserted into the tendon ( s ) of the flexor digitorum longus , and is known as the `` plantar head '' of this latter muscle . The three plantar interossei arise with their single heads on the medial side of the third - fifth metatarsals and are inserted on the bases of the first phalanges of these digits . The two heads of the four dorsal interossei arise on two adjacent metatarsals and merge in the intermediary spaces . Their distal attachment is on the bases of the proximal phalanges of the second - fourth digits . The interossei are organized with the second digit as a longitudinal axis ; the plantars act as adductors and pull digits 3 - 5 towards the second digit ; while the dorsals act as abductors . Additionally , the interossei act as plantar flexors at the metatarsophalangeal joints . Lastly , the flexor digitorum brevis arises from underneath the calcaneus to insert its tendons on the middle phalanges of digit 2 - 4 . Because the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus run between these tendons , the brevis is sometimes called perforatus . The tendons of these two muscles are surrounded by a tendinous sheath . The brevis acts to plantar flex the middle phalanges . See also : Table of muscles Flexibility ( edit ) Flexibility can be simply defined as the available range of motion ( ROM ) provided by a specific joint or group of joints . For the most part , exercises that increase flexibility are performed with intentions to boost overall muscle length , reduce the risks of injury and to potentially improve muscular performance in physical activity . Stretching muscles after engagement in any physical activity can improve muscular strength , increase flexibility , and reduce muscle soreness . If limited movement is present within a joint , the `` insufficient extensibility '' of the muscle , or muscle group , could be restricting the activity of the affected joint . Stretching ( edit ) Stretching prior to strenuous physical activity has been thought to increase muscular performance by extending the soft tissue past its attainable length in order to increase range of motion . Many physically active individuals practice these techniques as a `` warm - up '' in order to achieve a certain level of muscular preparation for specific exercise movements . When stretching , muscles should feel somewhat uncomfortable but not physically agonizing . Plantar flexion : One of the most popular lower leg muscle stretches is the step standing heel raises , which mainly involves the gastrocnemius , soleus , and the Achilles tendon . Standing heel raises allow the individual to activate their calf muscles by standing on a step with toes and forefoot , leaving the heel hanging off the step , and plantar flexing the ankle joint by raising the heel . This exercise is easily modified by holding on to a nearby rail for balance and is generally repeated 5 - 10 times . Dorsiflexion : In order to stretch the anterior muscles of the lower leg , crossover shin stretches work well . This motion will stretch the dorsiflexion muscles , mainly the anterior tibialis , extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus , by slowly causing the muscles to lengthen as body weight is leaned on the ankle joint by using the floor as resistance against the top of the foot . Crossover shin stretches can vary in intensity depending on the amount of body weight applied on the ankle joint as the individual bends at the knee . This stretch is typically held for 15 -- 30 seconds . Eversion and inversion : Stretching the eversion and inversion muscles allows for better range of motion to the ankle joint . Seated ankle elevations and depressions will stretch the peroneus and tibilalis muscles that are associated with these movements as they lengthen . Eversion muscles are stretched when the ankle becomes depressed from the starting position . In like manner , the inversion muscles are stretched when the ankle joint becomes elevated . Throughout this seated stretch , the ankle joint is to remain supported while depressed and elevated with the ipsilateral ( same side ) hand in order to sustain the stretch for 10 -- 15 seconds . This stretch will increase overall eversion and inversion muscle group length and provide more flexibility to the ankle joint for larger range of motion during activity . Blood supply ( edit ) See also : Superficial femoral artery and Arcuate artery of the foot The arteries of the leg are divided into a series of segments . In the pelvis area , at the level of the last lumbar vertebra , the abdominal aorta , a continuation the descending aorta , splits into a pair of common iliac arteries . These immediately split into the internal and external iliac arteries , the latter of which descends along the medial border of the psoas major to exits the pelvis area through the vascular lacuna under the inguinal ligament . The artery enters the thigh as the femoral artery which descends the medial side of the thigh to the adductor canal . The canal passes from the anterior to the posterior side of the limb where the artery leaves through the adductor hiatus and becomes the popliteal artery . On the back of the knee the popliteal artery runs through the popliteal fossa to the popliteal muscle where it divides into anterior and posterior tibial arteries . In the lower leg , the anterior tibial enters the extensor compartment near the upper border of the interosseus membrane to descend between the tibialis anterior and the extensor hallucis longus . Distal to the superior and extensor retinacula of the foot it becomes the dorsal artery of the foot . The posterior tibial forms a direct continuation of the popliteal artery which enters the flexor compartment of the lower leg to descend behind the medial malleolus where it divides into the medial and lateral plantar arteries , of which the posterior branch gives rise to the fibular artery . For practical reasons the lower limb is subdivided into somewhat arbitrary regions : The regions of the hip are all located in the thigh : anteriorly , the subinguinal region is bounded by the inguinal ligament , the sartorius , and the pectineus and forms part of the femoral triangle which extends distally to the adductor longus . Posteriorly , the gluteal region corresponds to the gluteus maximus . The anterior region of the thigh extends distally from the femoral triangle to the region of the knee and laterally to the tensor fasciae latae . The posterior region ends distally before the popliteal fossa . The anterior and posterior regions of the knee extend from the proximal regions down to the level of the tuberosity of the tibia . In the lower leg the anterior and posterior regions extend down to the malleoli . Behind the malleoli are the lateral and medial retromalleolar regions and behind these is the region of the heel . Finally , the foot is subdivided into a dorsal region superiorly and a plantar region inferiorly . Veins ( edit ) Veins of the leg . The veins are subdivided into three systems . The deep veins return approximately 85 percent of the blood and the superficial veins approximately 15 percent . A series of perforator veins interconnect the superficial and deep systems . In the standing posture , the veins of the leg have to handle an exceptional load as they act against gravity when they return the blood to the heart . The venous valves assist in maintaining the superficial to deep direction of the blood flow . Superficial veins : Greater saphenous vein Small saphenous Deep veins : Femoral vein Popliteal vein Anterior tibial vein Posterior tibial vein Fibular vein Innervation ( edit ) Nerves of right leg , anterior and posterior aspects The sensory and motor innervation to the lower limb is supplied by the lumbosacral plexus , which is formed by the ventral rami of the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves with additional contributions from the subcostal nerve ( T12 ) and coccygeal nerve ( Co1 ) . Based on distribution and topography , the lumbosacral plexus is subdivided into the lumbar plexus ( T12 - L4 ) and the Sacral plexus ( L5 - S4 ) ; the latter is often further subdivided into the sciatic and pudendal plexuses : The lumbar plexus is formed lateral to the intervertebral foramina by the ventral rami of the first four lumbar spinal nerves ( L1 - L4 ) , which all pass through psoas major . The larger branches of the plexus exit the muscle to pass sharply downward to reach the abdominal wall and the thigh ( under the inguinal ligament ) ; with the exception of the obturator nerve which pass through the lesser pelvis to reach the medial part of the thigh through the obturator foramen . The nerves of the lumbar plexus pass in front of the hip joint and mainly support the anterior part of the thigh . The iliohypogastric ( T12 - L1 ) and ilioinguinal nerves ( L1 ) emerge from the psoas major near the muscle 's origin , from where they run laterally downward to pass anteriorly above the iliac crest between the transversus abdominis and abdominal internal oblique , and then run above the inguinal ligament . Both nerves give off muscular branches to both these muscles . Iliohypogastric supplies sensory branches to the skin of the lateral hip region , and its terminal branch finally pierces the aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique above the inguinal ring to supply sensory branches to the skin there . Ilioinguinalis exits through the inguinal ring and supplies sensory branches to the skin above the pubic symphysis and the lateral portion of the scrotum . The genitofemoral nerve ( L1 , L2 ) leaves psoas major below the two former nerves , immediately divides into two branches that descends along the muscle 's anterior side . The sensory femoral branch supplies the skin below the inguinal ligament , while the mixed genital branch supplies the skin and muscles around the sex organ . The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve ( L2 , L3 ) leaves psoas major laterally below the previous nerve , runs obliquely and laterally downward above the iliacus , exits the pelvic area near the iliac spine , and supplies the skin of the anterior thigh . The obturator nerve ( L2 - L4 ) passes medially behind psoas major to exit the pelvis through the obturator canal , after which it gives off branches to obturator externus and divides into two branches passing behind and in front of adductor brevis to supply motor innervation to all the other adductor muscles . The anterior branch also supplies sensory nerves to the skin on a small area on the distal medial aspect of the thigh . The femoral nerve ( L2 - L4 ) is the largest and longest of the nerves of the lumbar plexus . It supplies motor innervation to iliopsoas , pectineus , sartorius , and quadriceps ; and sensory branches to the anterior thigh , medial lower leg , and posterior foot . The nerves of the sacral plexus pass behind the hip joint to innervate the posterior part of the thigh , most of the lower leg , and the foot . The superior ( L4 - S1 ) and inferior gluteal nerves ( L5 - S2 ) innervate the gluteus muscles and the tensor fasciae latae . The posterior femoral cutaneous nerve ( S1 - S3 ) contributes sensory branches to the skin on the posterior thigh . The sciatic nerve ( L4 - S3 ) , the largest and longest nerve in the human body , leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen . In the posterior thigh it first gives off branches to the short head of the biceps femoris and then divides into the tibial ( L4 - S3 ) and common fibular nerves ( L4 - S2 ) . The fibular nerve continues down on the medial side of biceps femoris , winds around the fibular neck and enters the front of the lower leg . There it divides into a deep and a superficial terminal branch . The superficial branch supplies the peroneus muscles and the deep branch enters the extensor compartment ; both branches reaches into the dorsal foot . In the thigh , the tibial nerve gives off branches to semitendinosus , semimembranosus , adductor magnus , and the long head of the biceps femoris . The nerve then runs straight down the back of the leg , through the popliteal fossa to supply the ankle flexors on the back of the lower leg and then continues down to supply all the muscles in the sole of the foot . The pudendal ( S2 - S4 ) and coccygeal nerves ( S5 - Co2 ) supply the muscles of the pelvic floor and the surrounding skin . The lumbosacral trunk is a communicating branch passing between the sacral and lumbar plexuses containing ventral fibers from L4 . The coccygeal nerve , the last spinal nerve , emerges from the sacral hiatus , unites with the ventral rami of the two last sacral nerves , and forms the coccygeal plexus . See also : Cutaneous innervation of the lower limbs Lower leg and foot ( edit ) The lower leg and ankle need to keep exercised and moving well as they are the base of the whole body . The lower extremities must be strong in order to balance the weight of the rest of the body , and the gastrocnemius muscles take part in much of the blood circulation . Exercises ( edit ) Isometric and standard ( edit ) There are a number of exercises that can be done to strengthen the lower leg . For example , in order to activate plantar flexors in the deep plantar flexors one can sit on the floor with the hips flexed , the ankle neutral with knees fully extended as they alternate pushing their foot against a wall or platform . This kind of exercise is beneficial as it hardly causes any fatigue . Another form of isometric exercise for the gastrocnemius would be seated calf raises which can be done with or without equipment . One can be seated at a table with their feet flat on the ground , and then plantar flex both ankles so that the heels are raised off the floor and the gastrocnemius flexed . An alternate movement could be heel drop exercises with the toes being propped on an elevated surface -- as an opposing movement this would improve the range of motion . One - legged toe raises for the gastrocnemius muscle can be performed by holding one dumbbell in one hand while using the other for balance , and then standing with one foot on a plate . The next step would be to plantar flex and keep the knee joint straight or flexed slightly . The triceps surae is contracted during this exercise . Stabilization exercises like the BOSU ball squat are also important especially as they assist in the ankles having to adjust to the ball 's form in order to balance . Clinical significance ( edit ) Mountaineers have heightened risk for serious leg injuries . This is generally due to the lack of medical help in mountainous areas , as well as movement impairment restricting access to other medical services . Lower leg injury ( edit ) Lower leg injuries are common while running or playing sports . About 10 % of all total injuries involve the lower extremities in athletes . The majority of athletes sprain their ankles , which are mainly caused by the increased loads onto the feet when they move into the foot down or in an outer ankle position . All areas of the foot , which are the forefoot , midfoot , and rearfoot , absorb various forces while running and can lead to injuries as well . Running and various activities can cause stress fractures , tendinitis , musculotendinous injuries , or any chronic pain to our lower extremities such as the tibia . Types of activities ( edit ) Injuries to quadriceps or hamstrings are caused by the constant impact loads to the legs during activities , such as kicking a ball . While doing this type of motion , 85 % of that shock is absorbed to the hamstrings which can cause strain to those muscles . Jumping -- is another risk because if the legs do not land properly after an initial jump , there may be damage to the meniscus in the knees , sprain to the ankle by everting or inverting the foot , or damage to the Achilles tendon and gastrocnemius if there is too much force while plantar flexing . Weight lifting -- such as the improperly performed deep squat , is also dangerous to the lower limbs , because the exercise can lead to an overextension , or an outstretch , of our ligaments in the knee and can cause pain over time . Running -- the most common activity associated with lower leg injury . There is constant pressure and stress being put on the feet , knees , and legs while running by gravitational force . Muscle tears in our legs or pain in various areas of the feet can be a result of poor biomechanics of running . Running ( edit ) The most common injuries in running involve the knees and the feet . Various studies have focused on the initial cause of these running related injuries and found that there are many factors that correlate to these injuries . Female distance runners who had a history of stress fracture injuries had higher vertical impact forces than non-injured subjects . The large forces onto the lower legs were associated with gravitational forces , and this correlated with patellofemoral pain or potential knee injuries . Researchers have also found that these running related injuries affect the feet as well because runners with previous injuries showed more foot eversion and over pronation while running than non-injured runners . This causes more loads and forces on the medial side of the foot , causing more stress on the tendons of the foot and ankle ( peroneal tendons ) . Most of these running injuries are caused by overuse and that running at longer distances weekly for a long duration is a risk for injuring the lower legs . Prevention tools ( edit ) Voluntary stretches to the legs , such as the wall stretch , condition the hamstrings and the calf muscle to various movements before vigorously working them . But a study has shown that Kinesiology tape gives more promising effect in hamstring extensibility to produce more fluid movement . Thirty previously injured males showed a greater advantage of hamstring extensibility in longer durations with Kinesiology tape , or elastic therapeutic tape . However , they were more advantageous in the beginning of the exercise with a voluntary , static stretch or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation , which are stretching techniques specific to optimize the range of motion of the limb . This shows that stretches do help in the immediate time frames , whereas Kinesiology tape helps in long durations to prevent any future injuries from occurring . The environment and surroundings , such as uneven terrain , can cause the feet to position in an unnatural way , so wearing shoes that can absorb forces from the ground 's impact and allow for stabilizing the feet can prevent some injuries while running as well . Shoes should be structured to allow friction - traction at the shoe surface , space for different foot - strike stresses , or for comfortable , regular arches for the feet . Summary ( edit ) The chances of damaging our lower extremities will be reduced by having knowledge about some activities associated with lower leg injury and developing a correct form of running , such as not over pronating the foot or overusing the legs . Preventative measures , such as taping , various stretches , and wearing appropriate footwear , will reduce injuries from occurring as well . Fracture ( edit ) `` Broken leg '' redirects here . For other uses , see Broken leg ( disambiguation ) . A fracture of the leg can be classified according to the involved bone into : Femoral fracture ( in the upper leg ) See also : Femoral fracture Crus fracture ( in the lower leg ) . See also : Crus fracture Pain management ( edit ) Lower leg and foot pain management is critical in reducing the progression of further injuries , uncomfortable sensations and limiting alterations while walking and running . Most individuals suffer from various pains in their lower leg and foot due to different factors . Muscle inflammation , strain , tenderness , swelling and muscle tear from muscle overuse or incorrect movement are several conditions often experienced by athletes and the common public during and after high impact physical activities . Therefore , suggested pain management mechanisms are provided to reduce pain and prevent the progression of injury . Plantar fasciitis ( edit ) A plantar fasciitis foot stretch is one of the recommended methods to reduce pain caused by plantar fasciitis ( Figure 1 ) . To do the plantar fascia stretch , while sitting in a chair place the ankle on the opposite knee and hold the toes of the impaired foot , slowly pulling back . The stretch should be held for approximately ten seconds , three times per day Medial tibial stress syndrome ( shin splint ) ( edit ) Several methods can be utilized to help control pain caused by shin splints . Placing ice on the affected area prior to and after running will aid in reducing pain . In addition , wearing orthotic devices including a neoprene sleeve ( Figure 2 ) and wearing appropriate footwear such as a foot arch can help to eliminate the condition . Stretching and strengthening of the anterior tibia or medial tibia by performing exercises of plantar and dorsi flexors such as calf stretch can also help in easing the pain Achilles tendinopathy ( edit ) There are numerous appropriate approaches to handling pain resulting from Achilles tendinitis . The primary action is to rest . Activities that do not provide additional stress to the affected tendon are also recommended . Wearing orthothics or prostheses will provide cushion and will prevent the affected Achilles tendon from experiencing further stress when walking and performing therapeutic stretches . A few stretch modalities or eccentric exercises such as toe extension and flexion and calf and heel stretch are beneficial in lowering pain with Achilles tendinopathy patients ( Figure 4 ) Society and culture ( edit ) Adolescent and adult women in many Western cultures often remove the hair from their legs . Toned , tanned , shaved legs are sometimes perceived as a sign of youthfulness and are often considered attractive in these cultures . Men generally do not shave their legs in any culture . However , leg - shaving is a generally accepted practice in modeling . It is also fairly common in sports where the hair removal makes the athlete appreciably faster by reducing drag ; the most common case of this is competitive swimming . It is also practiced in other sports such as cycling , in which skin injuries are common : the absence of grown hair makes nicks , scratches and bruises heal faster because of the reduced microbial population on shaved skin . Image gallery ( edit ) Surface anatomy of human leg Muscles of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions . Small saphenous vein and its tributaries . The popliteal , posterior tibial , and peroneal arteries . Nerves of the right lower extremity Posterior view . Leg Bones See also ( edit ) Distraction osteogenesis ( leg lengthening ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lower Extremity '' . Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) . National Library of Medicine . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lower limb '' . Dorland 's Medical Dictionary for Healthcare Consumers . Elsevier . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Leg '' . Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) . National Library of Medicine . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` leg '' . Dorland 's Medical Dictionary for Healthcare Consumers . Elsevier . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Leg '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . 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( 2004 ) . Science of Flexibility ( 3rd ed. , pp. 1 - 6 ) . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics . ^ Jump up to : Lower Extremity Stretching Home Exercise Program ( 2010 , April ) . In Aurora Healthcare . Jump up ^ Nelson , A.G. , & Kokkonen , J. ( 2007 ) . Stretching Anatomy . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics . Jump up ^ Weppler , C.H. , & Magnusson , S.P. ( 2010 , March ) . Increasing Muscle Extensibility : A Matter of Increasing Length or Modifying Sensation . Physical Therapy , 90 , 438 - 449 . Jump up ^ Roth , E. Step Stretch for the Foot . AZ Central . http://healthyliving.azcentral.com/step-stretch-foot-18206.html ^ Jump up to : Shea , K. ( 2013 , August 12 ) . Shin Stretches for Runners . 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PMID 24717406 . Jump up ^ Jeong , Siwoo ; Lee , Dae - Yeon ; Choi , Dong - Sung ; Lee , Hae - Dong ( 2014 ) . `` Acute effect of heel - drop exercise with varying ranges of motion on the gastrocnemius aponeurosis - tendon 's mechanical properties '' . Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 24 ( 3 ) : 375 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jelekin. 2014.03. 004 . PMID 24717405 . Jump up ^ Starrett , Kelly ; Cordoza , Glen ( 2013 ) . Becoming a Supple Leopard : The Ultimate Guide to Resolving Pain , Preventing Injury , and Optimizing Athletic Performance . Las Vegas : Victory Belt . p. 391 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 936608 - 58 - 4 . Jump up ^ Delavier , Frédéric ( 2010 ) . `` One - Leg Toe Raises '' . Strength Training Anatomy . pp. 150 -- 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7360 - 9226 - 5 . Jump up ^ Clark , Micheal A. ; Lucett , Scott C. ; Corn , Rodney J. , eds. ( 2008 ) . `` Ball Squat , Curl to Press '' . NASM Essentials of Personal Fitness Training . p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 8291 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Kjaer , M. , Krogsgaard , M. , & Magnusson , P. ( Eds . ) . ( 2008 ) . Textbook of Sports Medicine Basic Science and Clinical Aspects of Sports Injury and Physical Activity . Chichester , GBR : John Wiley & Sons . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett , R. ( 1999 ) . Sports Biomechanics : Preventing Injury and Improving Performance . London , GBR : Spon Press . ^ Jump up to : Hreljac , Alan ; Ferber , Reed ( 2006 ) . `` A biomechanical perspective of predicting injury risk in running : review article '' . International Sportmed Journal . 7 ( 2 ) : 98 -- 108 . hdl : 10520 / EJC48590 . ^ Jump up to : Willems , T.M. ; De Clercq , D. ; Delbaere , K. ; Vanderstraeten , G. ; De Cock , A. ; Witvrouw , E. ( 2006 ) . `` A prospective study of gait related risk factors for exercise - related lower leg pain '' . Gait & Posture. 23 ( 1 ) : 91 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gaitpost. 2004.12. 004 . Jump up ^ Malisoux , Laurent ; Nielsen , Rasmus Oestergaard ; Urhausen , Axel ; Theisen , Daniel ( 2014 ) . `` A step towards understanding the mechanisms of running - related injuries '' . Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 18 ( 5 ) : 523 -- 528 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jsams. 2014.07. 014 . Jump up ^ Spiker , Ted ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` Build Stronger Lower Legs '' . Runner 's World . ^ Jump up to : Farquharson , Claire ; Greig , Matt ( 2015 ) . `` Temporal efficacy of kinesiology tape vs. Traditional stretching methods on hamstring extensibility '' . International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy . 10 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 51 . PMC 4325287 . PMID 25709862 . Jump up ^ Olmsted , Lauren C ; Vela , Luzita I ; Denegar , Craig R ; Hertel , Jay ( 2004 ) . `` Prophylactic Ankle Taping and Bracing : A Numbers - Needed - to - Treat and Cost - Benefit Analysis '' . Journal of Athletic Training . 39 ( 1 ) : 95 -- 100 . PMC 385268 . PMID 15085217 . Jump up ^ `` Easing the pain of plantar fasciitis . To relieve heel pain , simple therapies may be all you need '' . Harvard Women 's Health Watch . 14 ( 12 ) : 4 -- 5 . 2007 . PMID 17722355 . Jump up ^ Garl , Tim ( 2004 ) . `` Lower Leg Pain in Basketball Players '' . FIBA Assist Magazine : 61 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Knobloch , Karsten ; Schreibmueller , Louisa ; Longo , Umile Giuseppe ; Vogt , Peter M. ( 2008 ) . `` Eccentric exercises for the management of tendinopathy of the main body of the Achilles tendon with or without the AirHeel Brace . A randomized controlled trial . A : Effects on pain and microcirculation '' . Disability & Rehabilitation . 30 ( 20 -- 22 ) : 1685 -- 91 . doi : 10.1080 / 09638280701786658 . PMID 18720121 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty legs ( Human legs , chicken legs , crab legs , etc . ) '' . Prettylegs.seo-forum-seo-luntan.com . November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Real Reasons Why You Should Shave Your Legs ( That Have Nothing To Do With Aerodynamics ) '' . Coach Levi.com. 15 July 2008 . References ( edit ) Chaitow , Leon ; Walker DeLany , Judith ( 2000 ) . Clinical Application of Neuromuscular Techniques : The Lower Body . Elsevier Health Sciences . ISBN 0 - 443 - 06284 - 6 . consulting editors , Lawrence M. Ross , Edward D. Lamperti ; authors , Michael Schuenke , Erik Schulte , Udo Schumacher. ( 2006 ) . Thieme Atlas of Anatomy : General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System . Thieme . ISBN 1 - 58890 - 419 - 9 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Platzer , Werner ( 2004 ) . Color Atlas of Human Anatomy , Vol. 1 : Locomotor System ( 5th ed . ) . Thieme . ISBN 3 - 13 - 533305 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human legs . Interactive images at InnerBody Human regional anatomy Head Ear Face Cheek Chin Eye Mouth Nose Forehead Jaw Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam 's apple Throat Trunk Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Back Thorax Breast Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Brachium Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Sole Toe Other Écorché General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs Bones of the human leg Femur upper extremity head fovea neck greater trochanter fossa lesser trochanter intertrochanteric line intertrochanteric crest quadrate tubercle shaft linea aspera upper medial : merges with intertrochanteric line upper intermediate : pectineal line upper lateral : gluteal tuberosity / third trochanter lower extremity adductor tubercle patellar surface epicondyles lateral medial condyles lateral medial intercondylar fossa Tibia upper extremity Gerdy 's tubercle condyles lateral medial intercondylar area posterior anterior intercondylar eminence lateral tubercle medial tubercle shaft tuberosity soleal line lower extremity medial malleolus Anterior colliculus Posterior colliculus fibular notch Fibula lateral malleolus Other patella apex Foot Tarsus calcaneus sustentaculum tali calcaneal tubercle talus navicular cuboid cuneiform medial intermediate lateral Metatarsals 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Other Phalanges Joints and ligaments of the human leg Hip femoral ( iliofemoral pubofemoral ischiofemoral ) head of femur transverse acetabular acetabular labrum capsule zona orbicularis Knee Tibiofemoral Capsule Anterior meniscofemoral ligament Posterior meniscofemoral ligament extracapsular : popliteal oblique arcuate collateral medial / tibial fibular / lateral intracapsular : cruciate anterior posterior menisci medial lateral transverse anterolateral Patellofemoral Patellar ligament Infrapatellar fat pad Tibiofibular Superior tibiofibular anterior of the head of the fibula posterior of the head of the fibula Inferior tibiofibular Anterior tibiofibular Posterior tibiofibular Interosseous membrane of leg Foot Talocrural and ankle medial : medial of talocrural joint / deltoid anterior tibiotalar posterior tibiotalar tibiocalcaneal tibionavicular lateral : lateral collateral of ankle joint anterior talofibular posterior talofibular calcaneofibular Subtalar / talocalcaneal anterior / posterior lateral / medial interosseous Transverse tarsal Talocalcaneonavicular dorsal talonavicular plantar calcaneonavicular / spring bifurcated ( calcaneonavicular ) Calcaneocuboid dorsal calcaneocuboid long plantar plantar calcaneocuboid bifurcated ( calcaneocuboid ) Distal intertarsal Cuneonavicular plantar dorsal Cuboideonavicular plantar dorsal Intercuneiform plantar dorsal interosseous Other Tarsometatarsal / Lisfranc plantar dorsal Intermetatarsal / metatarsal plantar dorsal interosseous superficial transverse deep transverse Metatarsophalangeal plantar collateral Interphalangeal plantar collateral Arches Longitudinal Transverse Muscles of the hip and human leg Iliac region Iliopsoas psoas major / psoas minor iliacus Buttocks Gluteal muscles maximus medius minimus tensor fasciae latae lateral rotator group : quadratus femoris inferior gemellus superior gemellus internal obturator external obturator piriformis Thigh / compartments Anterior sartorius quadriceps rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus intermedius vastus medialis articularis genus Posterior hamstring biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus Medial pectineus external obturator gracilis adductor longus brevis magnus minimus Fascia Femoral sheath Femoral canal Femoral ring Adductor canal Adductor hiatus Muscular lacuna fascia lata Iliotibial tract Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh Medial intermuscular septum of thigh Cribriform fascia Leg / compartments Anterior tibialis anterior extensor hallucis longus extensor digitorum longus peroneus tertius Posterior superficial triceps surae gastrocnemius soleus accessory soleus Achilles tendon plantaris deep tarsal tunnel flexor hallucis longus flexor digitorum longus tibialis posterior popliteus Lateral peroneus muscles longus brevis Fascia Pes anserinus Intermuscular septa anterior posterior transverse Foot Dorsal extensor hallucis brevis extensor digitorum brevis Plantar 1st layer abductor hallucis flexor digitorum brevis abductor digiti minimi 2nd layer quadratus plantae lumbrical muscle 3rd layer flexor hallucis brevis adductor hallucis flexor digiti minimi brevis 4th layer dorsal interossei plantar interossei Fascia Plantar fascia retinacula Peroneal Inferior extensor Superior extensor Flexor Arteries of the human leg Inferior epigastric cremasteric ♂ / round ligament ♀ Deep circumflex iliac no major branches Femoral In femoral canal superficial epigastric superficial circumflex iliac superficial external pudendal deep external pudendal ( anterior scrotal ♂ Descending genicular saphenous branch articular branches Profunda femoris medial circumflex femoral ascending descending superficial deep acetabular lateral circumflex femoral descending transverse ascending perforating Cruciate anastomosis Trochanteric anastomosis Popliteal Genicular superior genicular ( medial , lateral ) middle genicular inferior genicular ( medial , lateral ) Sural no major branches Anterior tibial tibial recurrent posterior anterior ) anterior malleolar medial lateral dorsalis pedis : tarsal ( medial , lateral ) Tibial - fibular ( Tibial - peroneal ) trunk Posterior tibial circumflex fibular medial plantar lateral plantar fibular ( peroneal ) Arches arcuate dorsal metatarsal first dorsal metatarsal deep plantar dorsal digital arteries plantar arch plantar metatarsal common plantar digital proper plantar digital Veins of the human leg thigh femoral deep vein of the thigh popliteal deep leg fibular anterior tibial posterior tibial superficial leg small saphenous great saphenous external pudendal superficial of penis / clitoris foot dorsal arch dorsal metatarsal dorsal digital plantar arch plantar metatarsal common digital plantar digital Anatomy of the lymphatic system Head and neck Head Back Occipital Mastoid / retroauricular Parotid Superficial Deep preauricular infra - auricular intraglandular Front Facial buccinator nasolabial Mandibular Submandibular Submental Cervical Superficial anterior lateral Deep Deep anterior cervical pretracheal paratracheal prelaryngeal thyroid Deep lateral cervical superior deep cervical inferior deep cervical retropharyngeal jugulodigastric jugulo - omohyoid Other Anterior cervical Lateral cervical Supraclavicular Vessels Jugular trunk Arm and axilla Nodes Axillary Brachial Pectoral Subscapular Central Apical Arm Supratrochlear Deltopectoral Vessels Subclavian lymph trunk Chest Nodes Parasternal Intercostal Superior diaphragmatic Trachea and bronchi superior inferior bronchopulmonary paratracheal intrapulmonary Vessels Thoracic duct Right lymphatic duct Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk Abdomen Nodes Paraaortic Retroaortic Lateral aortic Preaortic ( Celiac gastric hepatic splenic Superior mesenteric mesenteric ileocolic mesocolic Inferior mesenteric pararectal ) Other Iliac Common external internal Sacral Retroperitoneal lymph nodes Vessels Lumbar lymph trunk Intestinal trunk Cisterna chyli Leg Inguinal deep Cloquet 's node superficial Popliteal Nerves of the lumbosacral plexus Lumbar plexus iliohypogastric lateral cutaneous branch anterior cutaneous branch ilioinguinal anterior scrotal ♂ / labial ♀ genitofemoral femoral branch genital branch Lateral cutaneous patellar obturator anterior cutaneous posterior accessory femoral anterior cutaneous branches saphenous infrapatellar medial crural cutaneous sacral plexus sciatic common peroneal lateral sural cutaneous communicating branch deep peroneal lateral terminal branch medial terminal branch dorsal digital superficial peroneal medial dorsal cutaneous intermediate dorsal cutaneous dorsal digital tibial medial sural cutaneous medial calcaneal medial plantar ( common plantar digital nerves proper plantar digital ) lateral plantar ( deep branch superficial branch common plantar digital proper plantar digital ) sural lateral dorsal cutaneous lateral calcaneal other Muscular superior gluteal inferior gluteal lateral rotator group ( to quadratus femoris to obturator internus to the piriformis ) cutaneous : posterior cutaneous of thigh ( inferior cluneal perineal branches ) perforating cutaneous coccygeal plexus pudendal inferior anal perineal deep posterior scrotal ♂ / labial ♀ dorsal of the penis ♂ / clitoris ♀ anococcygeal Related cutaneous innervation of the lower limbs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_leg&oldid=847921937 '' Categories : Animal locomotion Lower limb anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Беларуская Català Čeština Español Galego Íslenska Italiano Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių नेपाली Norsk Português Русский Scots Slovenščina Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Võro Walon 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 18 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the back of the leg is called what
[ "The leg from the knee to the ankle is called the crus or cnemis /ˈniːmɪs/. The calf is the back portion, and the tibia or shinbone together with the smaller fibula make up the front of the lower leg.\n" ]
[ "calf" ]
-193058671165493692
List of Catholic dioceses in Australia
List of Catholic dioceses in Australia - Wikipedia List of Catholic dioceses in Australia This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Arcarius ( talk contribs ) at 13 : 19 , 8 March 2017 ( Arcarius moved page List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Australia to List of Catholic dioceses in Australia : also Eastern Catholic ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 13 : 19 , 8 March 2017 by Arcarius ( talk contribs ) ( Arcarius moved page List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Australia to List of Catholic dioceses in Australia : also Eastern Catholic ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Currently there are 33 Catholic dioceses in Australia , consisted of 5 metropolitan archdioceses , 22 suffragan dioceses and 7 sui iuris jurisdictions including three Eastern - rite dioceses , a military ordinariate and a personal ordinariate . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of dioceses 1.1 Australian Catholic Bishops Conference 1.1. 1 Ecclesiastical Province of Adelaide 1.1. 2 Ecclesiastical Province of Brisbane 1.1. 3 Ecclesiastical Province of Melbourne 1.1. 4 Ecclesiastical Province of Perth 1.1. 5 Ecclesiastical Province of Sydney 1.1. 6 Sui iuris jurisdictions 2 External links List of dioceses ( edit ) Australian Catholic Bishops Conference ( edit ) Ecclesiastical Province of Adelaide ( edit ) Archdiocese of Adelaide Diocese of Darwin Diocese of Port Pirie Ecclesiastical Province of Brisbane ( edit ) Archdiocese of Brisbane Diocese of Cairns Diocese of Rockhampton Diocese of Toowoomba Diocese of Townsville Ecclesiastical Province of Melbourne ( edit ) Archdiocese of Melbourne Diocese of Ballarat Eparchy of Saints Peter and Paul Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle Diocese of Sale Diocese of Sandhurst Ecclesiastical Province of Perth ( edit ) Archdiocese of Perth Diocese of Broome Diocese of Bunbury Diocese of Geraldton Ecclesiastical Province of Sydney ( edit ) Archdiocese of Sydney Diocese of Armidale Diocese of Bathurst Diocese of Broken Bay Diocese of Lismore Diocese of Maitland - Newcastle Diocese of Parramatta Diocese of Wagga Wagga Diocese of Wilcannia - Forbes Diocese of Wollongong Sui iuris jurisdictions ( edit ) Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn Archdiocese of Hobart Diocese of Saint Maron of Sydney Diocese of Saint Michael 's of Sydney Diocese of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Sydney Military Ordinariate of Australia Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross External links ( edit ) Catholic - Hierarchy GCatholic.org . ( show ) Catholic Church in Australia A list of all the Catholic dioceses , chapels , churches , and cathedrals in Australia ( show ) Province of Sydney Metropolitan Archdiocese of Sydney Cathedral Church and Minor Basilica of the Immaculate Mother of God , Help of Christians Cardinal Cerretti Chapel Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church St Peter Julian Church St Thomas Aquinas Church , Springwood Diocese of Maitland - Newcastle Cathedral of the Sacred Heart Diocese of Armidale Cathedral of Saint Mary and Saint Joseph Diocese of Bathurst Cathedral of Saint Michael and Saint John Diocese of Lismore Cathedral of Saint Carthage Diocese of Wagga Wagga Cathedral of Saint Michael Diocese of Wilcannia - Forbes Cathedral of the Sacred Heart Diocese of Wollongong Cathedral of Saint Francis Xavier St John Vianney Co-Cathedral St Michael 's Church , Nowra Diocese of Parramatta Cathedral of Saint Patrick Diocese of Broken Bay Cathedral of Our Lady of the Rosary ( show ) Province of Melbourne Metropolitan Archdiocese of Melbourne Cathedral Church and Minor Basilica of Saint Patrick Our Lady of Victories Basilica , Camberwell Sacred Heart Church St Kilda St Ambrose Church , Brunswick St Mary of the Angels Basilica , Geelong St Mary Star of the Sea , West Melbourne St Francis ' Church , Melbourne Diocese of Sale Cathedral of Saint Mary Diocese of Sandhurst Cathedral of the Sacred Heart Diocese of Ballarat Cathedral of Saint Patrick ( show ) Province of Brisbane Metropolitan Archdiocese of Brisbane Metropolitan Cathedral of Saint Stephen St Stephen 's Chapel St Ignatius Loyola Church , Toowong Corpus Christi Church , Nundah Our Lady of Victories Catholic Church St Brigid 's Catholic Church , Rosewood St Francis Xavier Church , Goodna St Mary 's Catholic Church , South Brisbane St Mary 's Church , Ipswich St Patrick 's Church , Fortitude Valley St Patrick 's Church , Gympie St Patricks Church , Mount Perry Diocese of Toowoomba Cathedral of Saint Patrick First St Mary 's Roman Catholic Church , Warwick Second St Mary 's Roman Catholic Church , Warwick St Patrick 's Church , Rosevale Diocese of Cairns St Monica 's War Memorial Cathedral St Monica 's Old Cathedral , Cairns Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church , Thursday Island St James Catholic Church , Malanda St Joseph 's Convent , Cairns St Monica 's Priory / Bishop 's House St. Patrick 's Catholic Church , Yungaburra Diocese of Rockhampton Cathedral of Saint Joseph Our Lady Star of the Sea Church & School Diocese of Townsville Cathedral of the Sacred Heart St Brigid 's Church , Stuart St Joseph 's Church , North Ward St Mary 's Church & Convent , Townsville St Patrick 's Convent , North Ward St Patrick 's Church , Ravenswood ( show ) Province of Perth Metropolitan Archdiocese of Perth Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary St John 's Pro-Cathedral , Perth Redemptorist Monastery , North Perth St Brigid 's Church , Perth St Denis Church , Joondanna St Mary Star of the Sea , Peppermint Grove St Patrick 's Basilica , Fremantle St John the Baptist Church ( Toodyay ) St John the Baptist Church , Toodyay ( 1863 - 1963 ) St Joseph 's Church , Subiaco Diocese of Broome Cathedral of Our Lady Queen of Peace Diocese of Bunbury Cathedral of Saint Patrick Diocese of Geraldton Cathedral of Saint Francis Xavier ( show ) Province of Adelaide Metropolitan Archdiocese of Adelaide Metropolitan Cathedral of Saint Francis Xavier Diocese of Port Pirie Cathedral of Saint Mark Diocese of Darwin Cathedral of Saint Mary , Star of the Sea ( show ) Immediately subject to the Holy See Archdiocese of Hobart Cathedral of Saint Mary Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn Cathedral of Saint Christopher Military Ordinariate of Australia Cathedral of Saint Christopher as Principal Church Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross Principal Church of Saint Ninian and Saint Chad ( show ) Immediately subject to a patriarch or major archbishop Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Ss Peter and Paul Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul Maronite Catholic Eparchy of St Maroun Cathedral of Saint Maroun Melkite Catholic Eparchy of St Michael Cathedral of Saint Michael and All the Angels Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of St Thomas St Thomas the Apostle Chaldean Catholic Church ( Seat of the Eparch 's Cathedra ) Syro - Malabar Catholic Eparchy of St Thomas St Thomas Syro - Malabar Catholic Church ( Seat of the Eparch 's Cathedra ) Catholicism portal ( show ) Latin and Eastern Catholic dioceses in Australia Province of Sydney Metropolitan Archdiocese of Sydney Diocese of Armidale Diocese of Bathurst Diocese of Broken Bay Diocese of Lismore Diocese of Maitland - Newcastle Diocese of Parramatta Diocese of Wagga Wagga Diocese of Wilcannia - Forbes Diocese of Wollongong Province of Melbourne Metropolitan Archdiocese of Melbourne Diocese of Ballarat Diocese of Sale Diocese of Sandhurst Province of Brisbane Metropolitan Archdiocese of Brisbane Diocese of Cairns Diocese of Rockhampton Diocese of Toowoomba Diocese of Townsville Province of Perth Metropolitan Archdiocese of Perth Diocese of Broome Diocese of Bunbury Diocese of Geraldton Province of Adelaide Metropolitan Archdiocese of Adelaide Diocese of Darwin Diocese of Port Pirie Immediately subject to the Holy See ( exempt ) / Patriarch Archdiocese of Hobart Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn Military Ordinariate of Australia Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle Maronite Eparchy of Saint Maron of Sydney Melkite Catholic Eparchy of St Michael , Archangel Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross ( Anglican Use ) Syro - Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Melbourne Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saints Peter and Paul Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Australia&oldid=769259779 '' Categories : Roman Catholic dioceses in Australia Lists of Roman Catholic dioceses by country Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2015 Use Australian English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Accuracy disputes from March 2016 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 8 March 2017 , at 13 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the name of our diocese in sydney
[ "\nDiocese of Armidale\nDiocese of Bathurst\nDiocese of Broken Bay\nDiocese of Lismore\nDiocese of Maitland-Newcastle\nDiocese of Parramatta\nDiocese of Wagga Wagga\nDiocese of Wilcannia-Forbes\nDiocese of Wollongong\n", "\nDiocese of Armidale\nDiocese of Bathurst\nDiocese of Broken Bay\nDiocese of Lismore\nDiocese of Maitland-Newcastle\nDiocese of Parramatta\nDiocese of Wagga Wagga\nDiocese of Wilcannia-Forbes\nDiocese of Wollongong\n", "\nDiocese of Armidale\nDiocese of Bathurst\nDiocese of Broken Bay\nDiocese of Lismore\nDiocese of Maitland-Newcastle\nDiocese of Parramatta\nDiocese of Wagga Wagga\nDiocese of Wilcannia-Forbes\nDiocese of Wollongong\n", "\nDiocese of Armidale\nDiocese of Bathurst\nDiocese of Broken Bay\nDiocese of Lismore\nDiocese of Maitland-Newcastle\nDiocese of Parramatta\nDiocese of Wagga Wagga\nDiocese of Wilcannia-Forbes\nDiocese of Wollongong\n", "\nDiocese of Armidale\nDiocese of Bathurst\nDiocese of Broken Bay\nDiocese of Lismore\nDiocese of Maitland-Newcastle\nDiocese of Parramatta\nDiocese of Wagga Wagga\nDiocese of Wilcannia-Forbes\nDiocese of Wollongong\n", "\nDiocese of Armidale\nDiocese of Bathurst\nDiocese of Broken Bay\nDiocese of Lismore\nDiocese of Maitland-Newcastle\nDiocese of Parramatta\nDiocese of Wagga Wagga\nDiocese of Wilcannia-Forbes\nDiocese of Wollongong\n", "\nDiocese of Armidale\nDiocese of Bathurst\nDiocese of Broken Bay\nDiocese of Lismore\nDiocese of Maitland-Newcastle\nDiocese of Parramatta\nDiocese of Wagga Wagga\nDiocese of Wilcannia-Forbes\nDiocese of Wollongong\n", "\nDiocese of Armidale\nDiocese of Bathurst\nDiocese of Broken Bay\nDiocese of Lismore\nDiocese of Maitland-Newcastle\nDiocese of Parramatta\nDiocese of Wagga Wagga\nDiocese of Wilcannia-Forbes\nDiocese of Wollongong\n", "\nDiocese of Armidale\nDiocese of Bathurst\nDiocese of Broken Bay\nDiocese of Lismore\nDiocese of Maitland-Newcastle\nDiocese of Parramatta\nDiocese of Wagga Wagga\nDiocese of Wilcannia-Forbes\nDiocese of Wollongong\n" ]
[ "Armidale", "Bathurst", "Broken Bay", "Lismore", "Maitland-Newcastle", "Parramatta", "Wagga Wagga", "Wilcannia-Forbes", "Wollongong" ]
8170453085537040715
Rangers F.C.
Rangers F.C. - Wikipedia Rangers F.C. For other uses , see Rangers F.C. ( disambiguation ) . Rangers Full name Rangers Football Club Nickname ( s ) The Gers The Light Blues The Teddy Bears Founded February 1872 ; 146 years ago ( 1872 - 02 ) Ground Ibrox Stadium Ground Capacity 50,817 Owner The Rangers Football Club Ltd Chairman Dave King Manager Steven Gerrard League Scottish Premiership 2017 -- 18 Scottish Premiership , 3rd of 12 Website Club website Home colours Away colours Third colours Current season Rangers Football Club are a football club in Glasgow , Scotland , who play in the Scottish Premiership , the first tier of the Scottish Professional Football League . Their home ground , Ibrox Stadium , is in the south - west of the city . Rangers have won more league titles and trebles than any other club in the world , winning the league title 54 times , the Scottish Cup 33 times and the Scottish League Cup 27 times , and achieving the treble of all three in the same season seven times . Rangers won the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1972 after being losing finalists twice , in 1961 ( the first British club to reach a UEFA tournament final ) and 1967 . A third runners - up finish in Europe came in the UEFA Cup in 2008 . Rangers have a long - standing rivalry with Celtic , the two Glasgow clubs being collectively known as the Old Firm , according to some one of the world 's biggest football derbies . Founded in February 1872 , Rangers were one of the 11 original members of the Scottish Football League and remained in the top division continuously until the liquidation of The Rangers Football Club PLC at the end of the 2011 -- 12 season . With a new corporate identity , the club gained admittance to the fourth tier of Scottish league football in time for the start of the following season , and were promoted three times in four years to return to the top flight . Contents 1 History 1.1 Formation , early years and William Wilton 1.2 Bill Struth and Scot Symon 1.3 Ibrox disaster , European success and Jock Wallace 1.4 Graeme Souness and Walter Smith -- 9 in a row 1.5 Dick Advocaat and Alex McLeish 1.6 Paul Le Guen and Walter Smith 's return 1.7 Ally McCoist , insolvency and the lower leagues 1.8 Return to the top league 2 Crest and colours 2.1 Crest 2.1. 1 Kit crest evolution 2.2 Colours 2.3 Sponsors and manufacturers 3 Stadium and training facility 4 Supporters 4.1 Rivalries 4.2 Sectarianism 4.3 Friendships 5 Ownership and finances 5.1 Incorporation to limited company and then to a PLC 5.2 Craig Whyte , administration and liquidation 5.3 Current ownership 6 Social responsibility 6.1 Support for charities 6.2 Work in the community 7 Popular culture 8 Records 8.1 Club 8.2 Player 9 Players 9.1 First team squad 9.1. 1 On loan 9.2 Academy squads 9.3 Retired and reserved numbers 10 Staff 10.1 Board of directors 10.2 First team staff 10.3 Club staff 10.4 Team managers 11 Honours 11.1 Domestic honours 11.2 European honours 11.3 Doubles and trebles 11.4 Notable statistics 12 UEFA Club Coefficient Rankings 13 Notable former players 13.1 Club Captains 13.2 Greatest ever team 13.3 Scotland Football Hall of Fame 13.4 Scotland Roll of Honour 13.5 Scottish Sports Hall of Fame 14 Sponsors 15 See also 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links History Main article : History of Rangers F.C. See also : List of Rangers F.C. seasons and Rangers F.C. Hall of Fame Formation , early years and William Wilton The 1877 Scottish Cup Final Rangers team Rangers were formed by four founders -- brothers Moses McNeil and Peter McNeil , Peter Campbell and William McBeath -- who met at West End Park ( now known as Kelvingrove Park ) in February 1872 . Rangers ' first match , in May that year , was a goalless friendly draw with Callander on Glasgow Green . David Hill was also a founder member . In 1873 , the club held its first annual meeting and staff were elected . By 1876 Rangers had its first international player , with Moses McNeil representing Scotland in a match against Wales . In 1877 Rangers reached the Scottish Cup final ; after drawing the first game , Rangers refused to turn up for the replay and the cup was awarded to Vale of Leven . Rangers won the Glasgow Merchants ' Charity Cup the following year against Vale of Leven 2 -- 1 , their first major cup . The first - ever Old Firm match took place in 1888 , the year of Celtic 's establishment . Rangers lost 5 -- 2 in a friendly to a team composed largely of guest players from Hibernian . Chart of Rangers yearly table positions in League play . The 1890 -- 91 season saw the inception of the Scottish Football League , and Rangers , by then playing at the first Ibrox Stadium , were one of ten original members . The club 's first - ever league match , on 16 August 1890 , resulted in a 5 -- 2 victory over Heart of Midlothian . After finishing joint - top with Dumbarton , a play - off held at Cathkin Park finished 2 -- 2 and the title was shared for the only time in its history . Rangers ' first - ever Scottish Cup win came in 1894 after a 3 -- 1 final victory over rivals Celtic . By the start of the 20th century , Rangers had won two league titles and three Scottish Cups . During William Wilton 's time as match secretary and then team manager , Rangers won 10 league titles . Bill Struth and Scot Symon Taking over as manager from William Wilton in 1920 , Bill Struth was Rangers ' most successful manager , guiding the club to 14 league titles before the onset of the Second World War . On 2 January 1939 a British league attendance record was broken as 118,567 fans turned out to watch Rangers beat Celtic in the traditional New Year 's Day Old Firm match . Leading the club for 34 years until 1954 , Struth won more trophies than any manager in Scottish Football history , amassing 18 league championships , 10 Scottish Cups , two League Cups , seven war - time championships , 19 Glasgow Cups , 17 Glasgow Merchant Charity Cups and other war - time honours . During the wartime regional league setup , Rangers achieved their highest score against old firm rivals Celtic with an 8 -- 1 win in the Southern Football League . Scot Symon continued Struth 's success , winning six league championships , five Scottish Cups and four League Cups , becoming the second manager to win the domestic treble in 1963 -- 64 season , the era of ' Slim ' Jim Baxter , one of the club 's greatest players . Rangers also lost by their biggest Old Firm margin of 7 -- 1 . Rangers reached the semi-finals of the European Cup in 1960 , losing to German club Eintracht Frankfurt by a record aggregate 12 -- 4 for a Scottish team . In 1961 Rangers became the first British team to reach a European final when they contested the Cup Winners ' Cup final against Italian side Fiorentina , only to lose 4 -- 1 on aggregate . Rangers lost again in the final of the same competition in 1967 , by a single goal after extra time to Bayern Munich . Ibrox disaster , European success and Jock Wallace The Ibrox Disaster memorial statue , commemorating the 1971 tragedy along with previous disasters The Ibrox disaster occurred on 2 January 1971 when large - scale crushing on a stairway exit at the culmination of the New Year 's Day Old Firm game claimed 66 lives . An enquiry concluded that the crush was likely to have happened 10 minutes after the final whistle and to have been triggered by someone falling on the stairs . A benefit match to raise funds for the victims ' families took place after the disaster , a joint Rangers and Celtic team playing a Scotland XI at Hampden , watched by 81,405 fans . In 1972 , Rangers emerged from the tragedy of the previous year to finally achieve success on the European stage . A Colin Stein goal and a Willie Johnston double helped secure a 3 -- 2 victory over FC Dynamo Moscow at the Nou Camp , Barcelona , to lift the European Cup Winners ' Cup . Captain John Greig received the trophy in a small room within the Nou Camp following pitch invasions by Rangers fans reacting to the heavy handed tactics of the Spanish police , the majority of whom had been brought in from outwith Catalonia . Rangers were banned from Europe for two years for the behaviour of their fans , later reduced on appeal to one year . The following season saw the club compete in the first ever European Super Cup , although the European ban saw it officially recognised as Rangers centenary anniversary match . The side played the European Cup holders Ajax , who had first proposed the idea , in January 1973 . The Dutch side proved too strong and recorded a 6 -- 3 aggregate win , with Rangers losing 1 -- 3 at Ibrox and 3 -- 2 in Amsterdam . Emerging from the shadows of Jock Stein 's Celtic side , Rangers regained ascendancy with notable domestic success under the stewardship of manager Jock Wallace . In his first season in charge -- the club 's centenary -- Rangers won the Scottish Cup at Hampden in front of 122,714 supporters . In 1974 -- 75 , Wallace led Rangers to their first League championship triumph in 11 years , before winning the treble the following season , repeating the historic feat in 1977 -- 78 . John Greig served as manager for five years but was unable to achieve the success as a manager that he had as a player . Unable to win the league during his reign , he was replaced by Wallace returning in 1983 . Wallace was unable to repeat the success of his first period in charge with a win ratio of less than 50 % , and was himself replaced by Graeme Souness in 1986 . Graeme Souness and Walter Smith -- 9 in a row Every year from the 1988 -- 89 season until the 1996 -- 97 season , Rangers won the league title . This nine - in - a-row achievement equalled Celtic 's record , set prior to the forming of the Scottish Football League Premier Division , subsequent to which competing teams met four times a season . The first three of these seasons the club was managed by Graeme Souness ; the latter six under the stewardship of Walter Smith . Notable seasons included 1990 -- 91 , which culminated in a final - day finale , Rangers securing a 2 -- 0 victory at Ibrox over Aberdeen , who needed only a draw to secure the championship . Season 1992 -- 93 was notable for a domestic treble of trophies , as well an extended run in the inaugural UEFA Champions League , the club at one stage only one goal from securing a place in the final . Rangers ' ninth consecutive championship title was secured at Tannadice Park on 7 May 1997 , with a single - goal victory over Dundee United . Dick Advocaat and Alex McLeish In 1998 , Dutchman Dick Advocaat became the club 's first foreign manager . Nine - in - a-row era stalwarts having moved on , Advocaat invested heavily in the team with immediate results , leading the club to their sixth domestic treble . The league championship was won with a 3 -- 0 victory at Celtic Park on 2 May 1999 . A second - consecutive league title was won by a record 21 - point margin , the club securing a domestic double with a 4 -- 0 Scottish Cup final victory over Aberdeen . Rangers ' campaign in the Champions League saw them defeat UEFA Cup winners Parma en route . Advocaat 's third season saw Rangers fail to compete domestically against Celtic under new manager Martin O'Neill . Despite investment in the team , including Tore Andre Flo for a club - record £ 12 million , European success beyond the Champions League group stages again proved elusive . After a slow start to the following season , Advocaat resigned from his post in December 2001 and was replaced by Alex McLeish . In his first full campaign , the 2002 -- 03 season saw McLeish become the sixth Rangers manager to deliver a domestic treble . The championship was won on goal difference during a dramatic final day 6 -- 1 triumph over Dunfermline Athletic at Ibrox , securing Rangers ' 50th league title , the first club in the world to achieve the feat . Major expenditure sanctioned by chairman David Murray had burdened Rangers with considerable debts in the region of £ 52m . The club 's worsening financial state saw many of the team 's top players leave in the summer of 2003 , the following season failing to deliver any trophies , only the second such occasion since 1985 -- 86 . The 2004 -- 05 season restored success to Rangers , who were boosted by signings such as Jean - Alain Boumsong , Dado Pršo and Nacho Novo , along with the return of former captain Barry Ferguson after a spell in England with Blackburn Rovers . The club 's league championship triumph culminated in a dramatic final - day finish . The destination of the trophy changed unexpectedly , with Celtic conceding late goals to Motherwell at Fir Park whilst Rangers led against Hibernian , requiring the helicopter carrying the SPL trophy to change direction and deliver the prize to the Easter Road ground in Leith . Despite beginning as favourites to retain the championship , Rangers suffered an unprecedented run of poor results between September and November , a club - record run of ten games without a win . Included within this period , a 1 -- 1 draw with Inter Milan took Rangers into the last 16 of the Champions League , the first Scottish team to achieve the feat since 1993 , the club eventually exiting on the away goals rule to Villarreal . On 9 February 2006 , it was announced by David Murray that McLeish would be standing down as manager at the end of that season . Paul Le Guen and Walter Smith 's return Card display at Ibrox to welcome Paul Le Guen Frenchman Paul Le Guen replaced Alex McLeish as manager after season 2005 -- 06 . The season started with an early exit from the League Cup whilst Celtic built a commanding lead at the top of the table . In the UEFA Cup , Rangers became the first Scottish side to qualify for the last 32 of the competition , since the introduction of the group phase , after finishing their group unbeaten . However , amid claims of disharmony between the manager and captain Barry Ferguson , it was announced on 4 January 2007 that Le Guen had left Rangers by mutual consent . On 10 January 2007 , former boss Walter Smith resigned from his post as Scotland manager to return to the Ibrox helm , with Ally McCoist as assistant manager . The 2008 UEFA Cup Final in Manchester which Rangers contested . The following season Rangers contested the UEFA Cup after dropping into the competition from the Champions League . The club reached the final , defeating Panathinaikos , Werder Bremen , Sporting Lisbon and Fiorentina along the way . The final in Manchester against Zenit St. Petersburg , who were managed by former Rangers manager Dick Advocaat , ended in a 2 -- 0 defeat . An estimated 200,000 supporters travelled to Manchester for the event , and some disorder occurred . The 2008 -- 09 season saw Rangers recover from an early exit from the UEFA Champions League to FBK Kaunas of Lithuania . The club secured its 52nd league championship on the last day of the season with a 3 -- 0 victory at Dundee United . Rangers also successfully defended the Scottish Cup , a 33rd competition triumph , defeating Falkirk 1 -- 0 in the final . The 2009 -- 10 season saw Rangers reach their fifth consecutive domestic final : against St Mirren in the Scottish League Cup , the club overcame a two - men deficit from red cards , a late deciding goal from Kenny Miller securing a record 27th victory in the competition . The league championship title was retained , with three matches remaining , at Easter Road , defeating Hibernian 1 -- 0 with a Kyle Lafferty goal . The 2010 -- 11 season , Smith 's final season in charge , saw Rangers retain the League Cup , defeating Celtic at Hampden with a Nikica Jelavić goal in extra time . A third consecutive title was won by beating Kilmarnock 5 -- 1 on the last day of the season , Smith 's final match in charge of the club . Ally McCoist , insolvency and the lower leagues Ally McCoist took over from Walter Smith in June 2011 but season 2011 -- 12 started with Rangers eliminated from two European competitions before the end of August : losing to Swedish side Malmö FF in the Champions League third round qualifying match , and to Slovenian side Maribor in a Europa League qualifying match . While good league form saw Rangers in top spot after being unbeaten for the first 15 games , they were knocked out of the League Cup by Falkirk and the Scottish Cup by Dundee Utd at Ibrox . Rangers was placed into administration on 14 February 2012 resulting in the club being deducted 10 points as per SPL rules . Though Rangers avoided having Celtic win the championship at Ibrox on 25 March by winning the game 3 -- 2 , Rangers ultimately finished 20 points behind Celtic in second place . On 1 June 2012 , after four months in administration , a failure to reach a CVA agreement with creditors led to The Rangers Football Club plc ( since renamed RFC 2012 plc ) entering the process of liquidation . The administrators completed a sale of the business and assets to a new company , Sevco Scotland Ltd , which later renamed itself The Rangers Football Club Ltd . The new company failed to secure the transfer of Rangers ' previous place in the Scottish Premier League , but were later accepted into the Scottish Football League . Rangers were awarded associate membership and placed in the lowest division , the Third , rather than the First Division as the SPL and SFA had sought . The transfer of Rangers ' SFA membership was agreed by the SFA upon acceptance of a number of conditions , including a one - year transfer ban , in time for the club to begin the 2012 -- 13 season . With most key first team players having refused to transfer to the new company , a very different Rangers team lined up for the first league match in Third Division . Despite this , Rangers secured a comfortable 5 -- 1 victory over East Stirlingshire in front of a crowd of 49,118 , a world record for a football match in a fourth tier league . Away from home , Rangers started their league campaign with three successive draws before losing 1 -- 0 to Stirling Albion , at the time the bottom club . Rangers were defeated in the third round of the Scottish Challenge Cup by Queen of the South at Ibrox , in the quarter - finals of the Scottish League Cup at home to Inverness Caledonian Thistle and in the fifth round of the Scottish Cup by Dundee United . Rangers beat their own new record against Queens Park with an attendance of 49,463 and again against Stirling Albion with an attendance of 49,913 . Rangers clinched the Third Division title on 30 March after a goalless draw at Montrose . Apart from being defeated 2 -- 1 by Forfar Athletic in the first round of the League Cup on 3 August , season 2013 -- 14 got off to an excellent start with Rangers winning maximum league points in their first 15 games in League One , before being held to a draw at home by Stranraer on Boxing Day 2013 . Rangers secured the League One title and promotion to Scottish football 's second tier on 12 March 2014 and went on to end the season unbeaten in league football . Rangers also reached the final of the Scottish Challenge Cup , in which they lost to Raith Rovers and the semi-final of the Scottish Cup , in which they lost 3 -- 1 at Ibrox to Dundee United . Playing in the Scottish Championship in season 2014 -- 15 provided Rangers with a more difficult challenge , with the club losing home and away to both Hibernian and Hearts and also losing away to Queen of the South in the first half of the season . Rangers also failed to beat Alloa either home or away in the league before losing 3 -- 2 to Alloa in the semi-final of the Scottish Challenge Cup . Amid mounting criticism , McCoist submitted his resignation intending to honour his 12 months notice period but was placed on ' gardening leave ' and replaced by Kenny McDowall on a caretaker basis . McDowall remained in charge for just three months before resigning in March 2015 . During his time in charge , Rangers won just three matches . Rangers then named former player Stuart McCall as their third manager of the season for the remaining fixtures . Under McCall , Rangers finished third in the league and then reached the Premiership play - off final , which they lost 6 -- 1 on aggregate to Motherwell . Return to the top League In June 2015 it was announced that Mark Warburton had been appointed manager on a three - year deal . Rangers went on to win the 2015 -- 16 Scottish Championship and automatic promotion to the Scottish Premiership , ending their four - year stint in the lower divisions . The club also reached the 2016 Scottish Cup Final , beating Old Firm rivals Celtic in the semi-final at Hampden , before losing to Hibernian in the final . After a poor first half of the 2016 -- 17 season , Mark Warburton and David Weir left Rangers on 10 February 2017 , and Graeme Murty was placed in caretaker control of the Rangers first team . Pedro Caixinha eventually took over as permanent manager . Caixinha 's first full season started with Rangers suffering one of the worst results in their history . After winning 1 - 0 at Ibrox , Rangers lost 2 -- 0 to Luxembourg minnows Progrès Niederkorn , resulting in Rangers being knocked out 2 -- 1 on aggregate in the first qualifying round of the 2017 -- 18 Europa League . Progrès had never before won a tie and had only ever scored once before in European competition . After that disappointing start to the season the form did not improve , with notable results including a 2 -- 0 reverse to Celtic at home in the league and defeat to Motherwell in the Scottish League Cup semi-final by the same scoreline . On 26 October , a day after a 95th - minute equaliser at Ibrox by last - placed Kilmarnock saw Rangers draw 1 -- 1 , Caixinha was sacked and Graeme Murty took over as caretaker manager again . The Portuguese manager 's reign was described as `` a desperate mess from start to finish '' . In late December , after a search for a more experienced manager proved unsuccessful , including a failed attempt to appoint Aberdeen manager Derek McInnes , Murty ( who had won back - to - back games over Aberdeen and also defeated Hibernian away from home during his interim spell ) was appointed to the role until the end of the season . On 1 May 2018 , Murty 's second spell in charge ended prematurely when he was sacked as manager following a 5 -- 0 defeat to Celtic which resulted in Celtic winning their 7th consecutive league title . Rangers again ended the season in 3rd place , behind Celtic and Aberdeen for the second year in a row . On 4 May 2018 , former Liverpool and England captain Steven Gerrard was confirmed as the new manager of Rangers on a four - year contract . Gerrard 's era started successfully with Rangers defeating Macedonian club FK Shkupi 2 -- 0 in the first leg of the first qualifying round of the Europa League at home on 12 July and then drawing 0 -- 0 in Macedonia in the second leg , to advance to the second qualifying round . In Gerrard 's first domestic match on 5 August , the Light Blues drew 1 -- 1 away to Aberdeen in the Premiership . Crest and colours Crest Unusually for a football club , Rangers have two different official crests . Today the original scroll crest appears on the club 's strips whereas the lion rampant club crest is used by the media , on club merchandise and on official club documents . Both crests have undergone minor variations since their introduction . It is believed that the scroll crest , representing the letters RFC overlapping , has been used since the club 's formation in 1872 , although the oldest remaining piece of memorabilia containing this crest is from the 1881 -- 82 season . The scroll crest was replaced in 1959 with the lion rampant club crest which featured a lion rampant , an old - style football and the club 's motto Ready , which was shortened from Aye Ready ( meaning Always Ready in Scots ) , all surrounded by the team name , Rangers Football Club . The lion rampant club crest was modernised in 1968 ; the lion rampant , team name , club motto and old style football all remained . It was again updated ever so slightly in the early 1990s to the current version . The modern circular crest is regularly used on club merchandise and by the media ; it has never featured prominently on the club strip . In 1968 the scroll crest made a return appearing on the chest of the club shirt for the first time while the modernised club crest was still the club 's official logo . The scroll crest first appeared on the teams shorts for the start of the 1978 -- 79 season . Club crest evolution Lion rampant club crest 1959 -- 1968 . Never appeared on the shirt . Lion rampant club crest 1968 -- 1991 . Never appeared on the shirt . The current lion rampant club crest . Never appeared on the shirt . The way the scroll crest has appeared on the club shirt has varied slightly through the years . Between 1990 and 1994 ' Rangers Football Club ' and the ' Ready ' motto appeared above and below the Crest respectively . Between 1997 and 1999 the scroll crest featured within a shield . After a successful end to the season in 2003 , which delivered Rangers a Domestic Treble and their 50th league title ; five stars were added to the top of the scroll crest , one for every ten titles won by the club . The team wore a special crest on 8 December 2012 in a home league match against Stirling Albion , to commemorate the 140th anniversary of their formation . ' 1872 -- 2012 ' appeared above the scroll crest with the words ' 140 years ' featuring below . Kit crest evolution Scroll crest . Appeared on the chest of the Rangers shirt since 1968 . Scroll crest with 5 stars . Worn on the Rangers shirt since 2003 . Colours The club colours of Rangers F.C. are royal blue , white and red . However , for the majority of the first forty - eight years of Rangers existence the club played in a plain lighter blue home shirt . The only deviation from this was a four - season period from 1879 when the side wore the lighter shade of blue and white in a hooped style . Traditionally this is accompanied by white shorts ( often with royal blue and / or red trim ) and black socks with red turn - downs . Rangers moved from the lighter shade of blue to royal blue in 1921 , and have had a royal blue home shirt every year since . Black socks were first included in 1883 for five seasons before disappearing for eight years but became a more permanent fixture from 1896 onwards . When the red turn - downs were added to the socks in 1904 , the strip began to look more like the modern day Rangers home kit . Occasionally the home kit will be altered by the shorts and socks , sometimes replacing the black socks with white ones ; or replacing the white shorts and black socks combination with royal blue shorts and socks . The basic design of Rangers away strips has changed far more than the traditional home strip . Rangers original change strip , used between 1876 and 1879 , was all white featuring blue and white hooped socks and a light blue six pointed star on the chest . White and red have been the most common colours for Rangers alternate strips , though dark and light blue have also featured highly . In 1994 Rangers introduced a third kit . This is usually worn if both the home and away kits clash with their opponents . The colours used in the third kits have included combinations of white , red , dark and light blue as well as black . Orange and blue change strips , first seen in 1993 -- 94 , worn once in 2002 -- 03 and reintroduced in 2018 -- 19 , have courted controversy because the colours were seen as referencing the Orange Order . Selection of Rangers kits through history The blue shirt , white shorts and blue & white hooped socks . Worn 1873 -- 1879 A change kit featuring a white top . Worn 1916 -- 1918 , 1921 -- 1932 and 1933 -- 1934 The blue shirt , white shorts and black socks . Worn 1883 -- 1888 and 1896 -- 1904 The royal blue shirt with white collar and black socks with red tops . Worn 1921 -- 1957 The royal blue shirt and red socks with white tops . Worn 1968 -- 1973 and 2012 -- 2013 The royal blue shirt and black socks with red tops . Worn 1958 -- 1968 and 1973 -- 1978 Sponsors and manufacturers Since 1978 when Rangers signed a deal with Umbro they have had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1984 have had a kit sponsor . When Rangers played French sides AJ Auxerre and RC Strasbourg in the 1996 -- 97 Champions League and the 1997 -- 98 UEFA Cup respectively , due to a French ban on alcohol advertising the team wore the logo of Center Parcs instead of McEwan 's Lager . Later matches played in France ( when the club was sponsored by Carling ) saw the club have no shirt sponsor at all , versus AJ Auxerre in November 2006 and Olympique Lyonnais in October 2007 . The following tables detail the shirt sponsors and kit suppliers of Rangers by year : Kit suppliers Dates Supplier 1978 -- 1990 Umbro 1990 -- 1992 Admiral 1992 -- 1997 Adidas 1997 -- 2002 Nike 2002 -- 2005 Diadora 2005 -- 2013 Umbro 2013 -- 2018 Puma 2018 -- Present Hummel Front of shirt sponsors Dates Sponsor 1984 -- 1987 CR Smith 1987 -- 1999 McEwan 's Lager 1999 -- 2003 NTL 2003 -- 2010 Carling 2010 -- 2013 Tennent 's 2013 -- 2014 Blackthorn 2014 -- Present 32Red Back of shirt sponsors Dates Sponsor 2017 -- 2018 Utilita Stadium and training facility Main articles : Ibrox Stadium and Rangers Training Centre The club used a variety of grounds in Glasgow as a venue for home matches in the years between 1872 and 1899 . The first was Flesher 's Haugh , situated on Glasgow Green , followed by Burnbank in the Kelvinbridge area of the city , and then Kinning Park for ten years from the mid-1870s to the mid-1880s . From February of the 1886 -- 87 season , Cathkin Park was used until the first Ibrox Park , in the Ibrox area of south - west Glasgow , was inaugurated for the following season . Ibrox Stadium in its current incarnation was originally designed by the architect Archibald Leitch , a Rangers fan who also played a part in the design of , among others , Old Trafford in Manchester and Highbury in London . The stadium was inaugurated on 30 December 1899 , and Rangers defeated Hearts 3 -- 1 in the first match held there . A panorama of Ibrox Stadium from the Broomloan Road End . This picture was taken during the first match of the 2011 -- 12 SPL season , Rangers vs Heart of Midlothian . Rangers ' training facility is located in Auchenhowie , Glasgow ; it is named Murray Park ( since renamed ) after former chairman and owner Sir David Murray . It was proposed by then - manager Dick Advocaat upon his arrival at the club in 1998 . It was completed in 2001 at a cost of £ 14 million . The training centre was the first purpose - built facility of its kind in Scotland , and incorporates features including nine football pitches , a gym , a hydrotherapy pool , and a video - editing suite . Rangers ' youth teams are also accommodated at the centre , with around 140 players between under - 10 and under - 19 age groups using the facilities . International club teams playing in Scotland , as well as national sides , have previously used the centre for training , and Advocaat 's South Korea team used it for training prior to the 2006 World Cup . Supporters Main article : Rangers F.C. supporters See also : Club 1872 , Rangers Fans Fighting Fund , and 2008 UEFA Cup Final riots Rangers are one of the best supported clubs in Europe , the figure for the 2017 -- 18 season being in the 20 largest home league attendances in Europe . The club 's website lists over 150 supporters ' clubs in Great Britain and Northern Ireland , with 95 further clubs spread across over 20 countries around the world . One of Hong Kong 's most popular football clubs Hong Kong Rangers F.C. was set up by an expatriate fan . Rangers fans have contributed to several records for high attendances , including the highest home attendance for a league fixture , 118,567 on 2 January 1939 . Rangers record highest attendance was against Hibernian on 27 March 1948 in the Scottish Cup semi-final at Hampden Park . Rangers beat Hibernian 1 -- 0 in front of a packed 143,570 crowd . In 2008 , up to 200,000 Rangers supporters , many without match tickets , travelled to Manchester for the UEFA Cup Final . Despite most supporters behaving `` impeccably '' , Rangers fans were involved in serious trouble and rioting . A minority of fans rioted in the city centre , clashing violently with police and damaging property , resulting in 42 being arrested for a variety of offences . A panorama of Rangers supporters at the 2008 UEFA Cup final , in the Piccadilly Gardens fan zone . This picture was taken during the day , before the match against Zenit Saint Petersburg on 14 May 2008 . Rivalries Rangers fans ( right ) at an Old Firm match away to Celtic in 2004 . The club 's most distinct rivalry is with Glasgow neighbours Celtic F.C. ; the two clubs are collectively known as the Old Firm . Rangers ' traditional support is largely drawn from the Protestant Unionist community , whilst Celtic 's traditional support is largely drawn from the Catholic community . The first Old Firm match was won by Celtic and there have been over four hundred matches played to date . The Old Firm rivalry has fuelled many assaults , sometimes leading to deaths , on Old Firm derby days ; an activist group that monitors sectarian activity in Glasgow has reported that on Old Firm weekends , admissions to hospital emergency rooms have increased over normal levels and journalist Franklin Foer noted that in the period from 1996 to 2003 , eight deaths in Glasgow were directly linked to Old Firm matches , as well as hundreds of assaults . The bitter rivalry with Aberdeen developed following an incident in the 1979 League Cup final when Rangers ' Derek Johnstone provoked the fury of the Dons support with what they believed was a blatant dive but which resulted in the dismissal of Aberdeen 's Doug Rougvie and a Rangers victory . Then , the following season , Aberdeen 's John McMaster had to be given the kiss of life at Ibrox after a vicious stamp on his throat . Relations between fans were further soured during a league match on 8 October 1988 , when Aberdeen player Neil Simpson 's tackle on Rangers ' Ian Durrant resulted in Durrant being injured for two years . Resentment continued and in 1998 an article in Rangers match programme branded Aberdeen fans `` scum '' , although Rangers later issued a `` full and unreserved apology '' to Aberdeen and their supporters , which was accepted by Aberdeen . Fixtures have been described as `` even more of a powderkeg than Old Firm games '' . Rangers ' relaunch in the Third Division in the 2012 -- 13 season led to the club 's original rivalry with Queen 's Park being renewed for the first time since 1958 in the league . Rangers and Queen 's Park first played each other in March 1879 , some nine years before the start of the Old Firm rivalry . Matches with Queen 's Park were advertised as the `` Original Glasgow Derby '' by Rangers and the Scottish media ; and as the `` Oldest Derby in the World '' by Queen 's Park . Sectarianism Main article : Sectarianism in Glasgow During the 19th century , many immigrants came to Glasgow from Ireland -- this was a time of considerable anti-Catholic and anti-Irish sentiment in Scotland . The early success of Celtic , a club associated with the Irish and Catholic community , has been described as sharpening Rangers ' Protestant Unionist identity , contributing to the eventual absence of openly Catholic players from the team . From the early 20th century onwards , Catholics were not knowingly signed by the club , nor employed in other prominent roles as an ' unwritten rule ' . In 1989 , Rangers signed Mo Johnston , `` their first major Roman Catholic signing '' . Johnston was the first high - profile Catholic to sign for the club since the World War I era , though other Catholics had signed for Rangers before . Since Johnston 's signing , an influx of overseas footballers has contributed to Catholic players becoming commonplace at Rangers . In 1999 , Lorenzo Amoruso became the first Catholic captain of the club . Rangers partnered with Celtic to form the Old Firm Alliance , an initiative aimed at educating children from across Glasgow about issues like healthy eating and fitness , as well as awareness of anti-social behaviour , sectarianism and racism . The club 's Follow With Pride campaign was launched in 2007 to improve the club 's image and build on previous anti-sectarian and anti-racist campaigns . William Gaillard , UEFA 's Director of Communications , commended the SFA and Scottish clubs , including Rangers , for their actions in fighting discrimination . In September 2007 , UEFA praised Rangers for the measures the club has taken against sectarianism . However , sectarian chanting by supporters has continued to incur criticism and sanctions upon the club as well as convictions against individuals identified . In 1999 , the vice-chairman of The Rangers Football Club Ltd , Donald Findlay , resigned after being filmed singing sectarian songs during a supporters club event . UEFA 's Control and Disciplinary Body has punished Rangers for incidents during European ties , most notably Villarreal in 2006 , Osasuna in 2007 , and PSV Eindhoven in 2011 . In 2013 , allegations were made that members of the armed forces were involved in sectarian singing at Ibrox at a weekend set up by the club to celebrate the British armed forces . In February 2015 , following sectarian singing from Rangers fans at a match at Raith Rovers , the SPFL came in for criticism for their failure or inability to deal with the issue . The police and courts are taking action , however , as Rangers fans are being charged , convicted and jailed for sectarian behaviour . Friendships The fans of Rangers F.C. have a fan - friendship with the German club Hamburger SV , dating from the 1970s when Scots moved to the German port in search of work and reinforced by their shared affection for the midfielder Jörg Albertz . Ownership and finances Main articles : Ownership of Rangers F.C. and Administration and liquidation of The Rangers Football Club Plc Incorporation to limited company and then to a plc Rangers Football Club incorporated on 27 May 1899 , forming The Rangers Football Club Ltd . No single shareholding exceeded 50 % until 1985 when the Lawrence Group increased its shareholding in Rangers to a 52 % majority , following a deal with then club vice-chairman Jack Gillespie . In November 1988 , head of the Lawrence Group Lawrence Marlborough sold out to David Murray for £ 6 million . In 2000 , David Murray decided to list the company on the stock exchange , making it a public limited company . The name of the company was therefore changed to The Rangers Football Club plc . Craig Whyte , administration and liquidation On 6 May 2011 , Craig Whyte bought David Murray 's shares for £ 1 . On 13 February 2012 , Whyte filed legal papers at the Court of Session giving notice of his intention to appoint administrators . The next day , The Rangers Football Club plc -- which was subsequently renamed RFC 2012 plc -- entered administration over non-payment of £ 9 million in PAYE and VAT taxes to HM Revenue and Customs . In April the administrators estimated that the club 's total debts could top £ 134m which was largely dependent on the outcome of a First Tier Tax Tribunal concerning a disputed tax bill in relation to an Employee Benefit Trust ( `` EBT '' ) scheme employed by the club since 2001 . However , on 20 November 2012 , the Tribunal ruled in favour of Rangers . Had that decision been upheld the tax bill could have been significantly reduced from an estimated £ 74m to under £ 2m . An Upper Tribunal upheld the decision in 2014 . HMRC then appealed to the Court of Session , which ruled in November 2015 that Rangers should have paid tax and national insurance on the EBT payments . On 25 June 2012 , the Crown Office asked Strathclyde Police to investigate the purchase of Rangers and the club 's subsequent financial management during Whyte 's tenure . Charles Green agreed a deal with the administrators of The Rangers Football Club plc to purchase the company for £ 8.5 million if a proposed CVA was agreed or to purchase its business and assets for a £ 5.5 million if the proposed CVA were to be rejected . On 14 June 2012 , the formal rejection of the proposed CVA meant that the company would enter the liquidation process . The accountancy firm BDO were appointed to reveal why the company running the club failed . Current ownership Hours after the CVA 's rejection , a new company formed by Charles Green 's consortium , Sevco Scotland Ltd , completed the purchase of the business and assets of The Rangers Football Club Plc . The new company formally applied to acquire the SPL share of The Rangers Football Club plc on 18 June 2012 but , on 4 July , SPL clubs voted by 10 -- 1 to reject the application . Kilmarnock abstained and the old Rangers company voted in favour . Thereafter , an application to the Scottish Football League was successful with Rangers securing associate membership on 13 July 2012 at an SFL meeting by a vote of 29 -- 1 . The SFL member clubs voted that Rangers should enter the fourth tier of Scottish Football , Scottish Third Division for the 2012 -- 13 season , rather than the Scottish First Division . An application was made for a transfer of SFA membership on 29 June 2012 , with the new company applying for the transfer of the membership of The Rangers Football Club plc . Agreement was reached on the transfer with the new company accepting a number of conditions relating to the old company . At the end of 2012 , Rangers International Football Club plc became the holding company for the group , having acquired The Rangers Football Club Ltd on the basis of a one for one share exchange . Social responsibility Support for charities Main article : Rangers Charity Foundation The Rangers Charity Foundation was created in 2002 and participates in a wide range of charitable work , regularly involving Rangers staff and star players . The foundation also has partnerships with UNICEF , The Prostate Cancer Charity and Erskine , and is responsible for over £ 2.3 million in donations . As well as fundraising , the Rangers Charity Foundation regularly bring sick , disabled and disadvantaged children to attend matches and tours at Ibrox , with the chance to meet the players . Through its support of the Rangers Charity Foundation , the club has helped a number of charities with support and financial donations . In 2008 , the club became the first Scottish side to be selected as a partner club of UNICEF . The club 's Charity Foundation has backed initiatives in Togo and India as well as funding one million vaccinations for a children 's vaccination programme . The club has been a firm supporter of Erskine , a charity which provides long - term medical care for veterans of the British Armed Forces , and in 2012 , donated £ 25,000 to fund projects within their care homes . In January 2015 , Rangers hosted a charity match for the benefit of former player Fernando Ricksen who had been diagnosed with Motor neurone disease and this raised £ 320,000 for him and MND Scotland . Work in the community Alongside its work with numerous charities , the club and its Charity Foundation operate various initiatives within the community including courses to help Armed Forces veterans overcome addictions , to raise awareness of social issues and help unemployed people back into work . In October 2015 , the club launched its Ready2Succeed programme which was a ten - week course designed to develop participants confidence and employability skills by engaging with football and fitness . Rangers first - team players also visit the Royal Hospital for Sick Children in Glasgow every year during the festive period where they hand out presents to the children and donate money to the hospital activity fund . Popular culture This section contains a list of miscellaneous information . Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles . ( April 2018 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2002 former Rangers striker Ally McCoist starred in Robert Duvall 's film A Shot at Glory as Jackie McQuillan where he would play against Rangers in the Scottish Cup Final for `` Kilnockie F.C. '' , a fictional side . In 2003 a Scottish television documentary series filmed by BBC Scotland , Blue Heaven , followed aspiring young footballers at Rangers as they tried to forge a career in football . The series was originally broadcast in the winter of 2003 with a follow up episode in 2011 . In 2008 chef Gordon Ramsay returned to Rangers , the club he played for as a youth , to teach them how to cook in Series 4 , Episode 12 of The F Word . The club featured on BBC Scotland comedy Scotch and Wry in 1979 in a scene where Manager ( Rikki Fulton ) and Chief Scout ( Gregor Fisher ) unknowingly sign a young Catholic footballer ( Gerard Kelly ) but then try to void his contract to avoid publicly breaking the clubs `` No Catholic '' signing policy after finding out . Scottish comedian and boyhood Rangers supporter Lex McLean also mentioned Rangers in many of his sketches with BBC Scotland on his comedy series television show , Lex and Lex Again in the 1960s and The Lex McLean Show in 1972 . Owing to the notoriety of the `` Rangers Inter City Firm '' , a football firm associated with the club , Rangers have also featured in TV Documentaries and books about football hooliganism , including Series 1 Episode 5 of The Real Football Factories presented by English actor Danny Dyer on Bravo in 2006 where he visits his first Old Firm match and meets football casuals from Rangers , Celtic , Aberdeen , Hibernian , Dundee United and Dundee . Rangers have appeared in theatre a number of times in shows such as Follow Follow : The Rangers Story at the King 's Theatre in 1994 starring Scottish actors Barbara Rafferty , Alexander Morton , Jonathan Watson , Iain Robertson , Ronnie Letham and Stuart Bowman ; The Bigot at the Pavilion Theatre in 1996 , Singin ' I 'm No A Billy He 's A Tim at the Pavilion Theatre in 2009 , Divided City at the Citizens Theatre in 2011 and most recently , Billy and Tim and the Wee Glesga Ghost at the Pavilion Theatre in 2015 . The Hymn `` Follow On '' , also known in certain cases as `` Down in the Valley with My Saviour I Would Go '' or `` I Will Follow Jesus '' written by William Orcutt Cushing has been adopted as the anthem of Rangers , in their club song `` Follow Follow '' . The club has also adopted the anthem of `` The Best '' written by Mike Chapman and Holly Knight for when Rangers and the opposition team come onto the Ibrox pitch before kick off . Records Main article : List of Rangers F.C. records and statistics Club Record league percentage win 100 % 1898 -- 99 Highest Ever Attendance 143,570 vs Hibernian , 27 March 1948 British record home Attendance 118,567 vs Celtic , 2 January 1939 Highest European Attendance 100,000 vs Dynamo Kyiv , 16 September 1987 World record fourth tier Attendance 50,048 vs Berwick Rangers , 4 May 2013 Highest scoring match 14 -- 2 vs Whitehill , 29 September 1883 14 -- 2 vs Blairgowrie , 20 January 1934 Record league victory 10 -- 0 vs Hibernian , 24 December 1898 World record league titles won 54 World record trebles won 7 World record trophies won 119 Player Record appearances Dougie Gray , 940 appearances , 1925 -- 1947 Most league appearances Sandy Archibald , 513 appearances , 1917 -- 1934 Record goalscorer Jimmy Smith , 381 goals , 1929 -- 1946 Most league goals Jimmy Smith , 300 goals , 1929 -- 1946 Most Scotland caps whilst playing at Rangers Ally McCoist , 61 caps , 1983 -- 1998 Players First team squad As of 9 August 2018 Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player GK Allan McGregor DF James Tavernier ( captain ) MF Graham Dorrans 5 DF Lee Wallace 6 DF Connor Goldson ( vice-captain ) 7 FW Jamie Murphy 8 MF Ryan Jack 9 FW Umar Sadiq ( on loan from Roma ) 10 MF Ovie Ejaria ( on loan from Liverpool ) 13 GK Wes Foderingham 14 MF Ryan Kent ( on loan from Liverpool ) 15 DF Jon Flanagan 16 MF Andy Halliday 17 MF Ross McCrorie 18 MF Jordan Rossiter 19 DF Nikola Katić No . Position Player 20 FW Alfredo Morelos 21 MF Daniel Candeias 23 MF Lassana Coulibaly ( on loan from Angers ) 25 GK Jak Alnwick 26 DF Lee Hodson 28 GK Robby McCrorie 29 FW Zak Rudden 30 DF Kyle Bradley 31 DF Borna Barišić 33 MF Jamie Barjonas 36 DF Myles Beerman 37 MF Scott Arfield 39 MF Liam Burt 40 MF Glenn Middleton 45 FW Serge Atakayi On loan Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player 22 MF Greg Docherty ( on loan at Shrewsbury Town until 31 May 2019 ) 24 DF Aidan Wilson ( on loan at Forfar Athletic until 31 December 2018 ) MF Jason Holt ( on loan at Fleetwood Town until 31 May 2019 ) MF Carlos Peña ( on loan at Necaxa until 31 December 2018 ) No . Position Player FW Joe Dodoo ( on loan at Blackpool until 31 May 2019 ) FW Ryan Hardie ( on loan at Livingston until 31 May 2019 ) FW Eduardo Herrera ( on loan at Santos Laguna until 31 May 2019 ) Academy squads For more details on the academy squads , see Rangers F.C. Under - 20s and Academy . Retired and reserved numbers Main article : Retired numbers in football Number 12 is reserved for the fans ( often referred to as the 12th man ) Staff Board of Directors Rangers F.C. is owned and operated by The Rangers Football Club Limited ( `` TRFCL '' ) , which , in turn , is a subsidiary of the holding company Rangers International Football Club Plc ( `` RIFC '' ) . The latter company , RIFC , also owns other corporations related to Rangers including Rangers Retail Ltd , Rangers Media Ltd and Garrion Security Services Ltd who are responsible for providing match day security at Ibrox Stadium . As of 1 June 2018 Rangers International Football Club Plc Position Name Chairman Dave King Deputy Chairman Douglas Park Company Secretary James Blair Non-Executive Director John Bennett Non-Executive Director Alastair Johnston Non-Executive Director Graeme Park The Rangers Football Club Ltd Position Name Managing Director Stewart Robertson Company Secretary James Blair Director of Finance and Administration Andrew Dickson First team staff As of 6 July 2018 Position Name Manager Steven Gerrard Assistant Manager Gary McAllister First Team Coach Michael Beale Technical Coach Tom Culshaw Goalkeeping Coach Colin Stewart Director of Football Mark Allen Head of Scouting Andy Scoulding Club Scouts John Brown Billy McLaren David Swanick Scouting Coordinator Rob Clarkson Club Doctor Dr Mark Waller Head of Performance Jordan Milsom Head of Preparation Craig Flannigan Head of Strength and Conditioning Paraskevas Polychronopoulos Physiotherapist Steve Walker Masseur David Lavery Kit Executive Jimmy Bell Club staff As of 1 June 2018 Position Name Honorary Life President John Greig Club Ambassadors Richard Gough Mark Hateley Derek Johnstone Head of Commercial Scott Steedman Supporters Liaison Officer Greg Marshall Team managers For a list of team managers , see List of Rangers F.C. managers . Only 17 men have been manager of Rangers during the club 's 146 - year history . 9 men have taken charge of the side on a caretaker basis , while 5 men served as Secretaries choosing the team , prior to the appointment of the club 's first manager William Wilton in 1899 . The longest serving manager was Bill Struth who served for 34 years and 26 days . Rangers have had three foreign managers during their history ; Dick Advocaat ( 1 June 1998 to 12 December 2001 ) , Paul Le Guen ( 9 May 2006 to 4 January 2007 ) and Pedro Caixinha ( 11 March 2017 to 26 October 2017 ) . Graeme Souness is the only player - manager during Rangers ' history . The most successful manager in terms of the number of trophies won is Bill Struth with 18 League titles , 10 Scottish Cups and two League Cups , but the most successful manager in terms of trophies to time served is Walter Smith with seven league titles , three Scottish Cups and three League Cups in 7 years 42 days . Smith won three league titles , two Scottish Cups and three League Cups in the 4 years , 126 days of his second spell . Rangers ' other manager with notable success was William Waddell who won the European Cup Winner 's Cup during his 2 years and 175 - day stint . RFC managers Name Period William Wilton 1899 -- 1920 Bill Struth 1920 -- 1954 Scott Symon 1954 -- 1967 David White 1967 -- 1969 William Waddell 1969 -- 1972 Jock Wallace 1972 -- 1978 1983 -- 1986 John Greig 1978 -- 1983 Graeme Souness 1986 -- 1991 Walter Smith 1991 -- 1998 2007 -- 2011 Name Period Dick Advocaat 1998 -- 2001 Alex McLeish 2001 -- 2006 Paul Le Guen 2006 -- 2007 Ally McCoist 2011 -- 2014 Mark Warburton 2015 -- 2017 Pedro Caixinha 2017 Graeme Murty 2017 -- 2018 Steven Gerrard 2018 -- Honours See also : Reserves and Academy honours and Rangers F.C. honours in full As of June 2018 Domestic honours Scottish first - tier League Championships : 54 1890 -- 91 , 1898 -- 99 , 1899 -- 1900 , 1900 -- 01 , 1901 -- 02 , 1910 -- 11 , 1911 -- 12 , 1912 -- 13 , 1917 -- 18 , 1919 -- 20 , 1920 -- 21 , 1922 -- 23 , 1923 -- 24 , 1924 -- 25 , 1926 -- 27 , 1927 -- 28 , 1928 -- 29 , 1929 -- 30 , 1930 -- 31 , 1932 -- 33 , 1933 -- 34 , 1934 -- 35 , 1936 -- 37 , 1938 -- 39 , 1946 -- 47 , 1948 -- 49 , 1949 -- 50 , 1952 -- 53 , 1955 -- 56 , 1956 -- 57 , 1958 -- 59 , 1960 -- 61 , 1962 -- 63 , 1963 -- 64 , 1974 -- 75 , 1975 -- 76 , 1977 -- 78 , 1986 -- 87 , 1988 -- 89 , 1989 -- 90 , 1990 -- 91 , 1991 -- 92 , 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 Runners - up : ( 29 ) Scottish second - tier League Championships : 1 2015 -- 16 Scottish third - tier League Championships : 1 2013 -- 14 Scottish fourth - tier League Championships : 1 2012 -- 13 Scottish Cup : 33 1893 -- 94 , 1896 -- 97 , 1897 -- 98 , 1902 -- 03 , 1927 -- 28 , 1929 -- 30 , 1931 -- 32 , 1933 -- 34 , 1934 -- 35 , 1935 -- 36 , 1947 -- 48 , 1948 -- 49 , 1949 -- 50 , 1952 -- 53 , 1959 -- 60 , 1961 -- 62 , 1962 -- 63 , 1963 -- 64 , 1965 -- 66 , 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 , 1980 -- 81 , 1991 -- 92 , 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 Runners - up : ( 17 ) Scottish League Cup : 27 1946 -- 47 , 1948 -- 49 , 1960 -- 61 , 1961 -- 62 , 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 , 1970 -- 71 , 1975 -- 76 , 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 , 1981 -- 82 , 1983 -- 84 , 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 , 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 91 , 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 Runners - up : ( 7 ) Scottish Challenge Cup : 1 2015 -- 16 Runners - up : ( 1 ) European honours Main article : Rangers F.C. in European football European Cup Winners ' Cup : 1 1971 -- 72 Runners - up ( 2 ) : 1960 -- 61 , 1966 -- 67 UEFA Cup : Runners - up ( 1 ) : 2007 -- 08 UEFA Super Cup : Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1972 Doubles and trebles League Title , Scottish Cup , League Cup : 7 1948 -- 49 , 1963 -- 64 , 1975 -- 76 , 1977 -- 78 , 1992 -- 93 , 1998 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 League Title and Scottish Cup : 11 1927 -- 28 , 1929 -- 30 , 1933 -- 34 , 1934 -- 35 , 1949 -- 50 , 1952 -- 53 , 1962 -- 63 , 1991 -- 92 , 1995 -- 96 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2008 -- 09 League Title and League Cup : 10 1946 -- 47 , 1960 -- 61 , 1986 -- 87 , 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 91 , 1993 -- 94 , 1996 -- 97 , 2004 -- 05 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 Scottish Cup and League Cup : 4 1961 -- 62 , 1978 -- 79 , 2001 -- 02 , 2007 -- 08 Notable Statistics Rangers became the first British side to reach a UEFA - sanctioned European final in 1961 . UEFA Club Coefficient Rankings As of 1 June 2018 Ranking Country Club 17 / 18 Points Total Points National Association Points 262 FC Dinamo Brest 0.500 0.500 3.725 263 FC Shakhtyor Soligorsk 0.250 3.250 3.725 264 St Johnstone F.C. 0.250 2.500 3.725 265 Rangers F.C. 0.250 0.250 3.725 266 FC Torpedo - BelAZ Zhodino 0.650 1.250 3.725 267 Hibernian F.C. 0.800 1.000 3.725 268 Heart of Midlothian F.C. 0.800 0.500 3.725 Notable former players Main article : List of Rangers F.C. players See also : List of Rangers F.C. international footballers and Rangers F.C. Hall of Fame Club captains For further information , see Rangers club captains RFC Captains Name Period Tom Vallance 1876 -- 1882 David Mitchell 1882 -- 1894 John McPherson 1894 -- 1898 Robert Hamilton 1898 -- 1906 Robert Campbell 1906 -- 1916 Tommy Cairns 1916 -- 1926 Bert Manderson 1926 -- 1927 Tommy Muirhead 1927 -- 1930 David Meiklejohn 1930 -- 1938 Jimmy Simpson 1938 -- 1940 Jock Shaw 1940 -- 1957 George Young 1953 -- 1957 Ian McColl 1957 -- 1960 Eric Caldow 1960 -- 1962 Bobby Shearer 1962 -- 1965 John Greig 1965 -- 1978 Derek Johnstone 1978 -- 1983 John McClelland 1983 -- 1984 Name Period Craig Paterson 1984 -- 1986 Terry Butcher 1986 -- 1990 Richard Gough 1990 -- 1997 1997 -- 1998 Brian Laudrup Lorenzo Amoruso 1998 -- 2000 Barry Ferguson 2000 -- 2003 2005 -- 2007 2007 -- 2009 Craig Moore 2003 -- 2004 Stefan Klos 2004 -- 2005 Gavin Rae 2007 David Weir 2009 -- 2012 Steven Davis 2012 Carlos Bocanegra 2012 Lee McCulloch 2012 -- 2015 Lee Wallace 2015 -- 2018 James Tavernier 2018 - Goram Gough Butcher Jardine Greig Gascoigne Baxter Laudrup Cooper McCoist Hateley The `` Greatest Ever '' Rangers 11 chosen by fans in 1999 . The manager chosen was Walter Smith . Greatest ever team The following team was voted the greatest ever Rangers team by supporters in 1999 . When the vote was launched it was feared that younger voters would ignore the great service of many of the pre-war stars ( notably the most successful captain and most successful manager the club has ever had , Davie Meiklejohn and Bill Struth respectively ) . When the ballot was launched Donald Findlay stated it would be limited to post Second World War players because `` few can recall players of these earlier eras '' : Andy Goram Sandy Jardine Richard Gough Terry Butcher John Greig -- Voted greatest ever Ranger Brian Laudrup -- Voted Rangers ' greatest ever foreign player Paul Gascoigne Jim Baxter -- Voted third greatest ever Ranger Davie Cooper Ally McCoist -- Voted second greatest ever Ranger Mark Hateley Scotland Football Hall of Fame As of 2018 , 29 players and managers to have been involved with Rangers in their careers have entered the Scottish Football Hall of Fame : John Greig -- 2004 Inaugural Inductee Graeme Souness -- 2004 Inaugural Inductee Sir Alex Ferguson -- 2004 Inaugural Inductee Jim Baxter -- 2004 Inaugural Inductee Willie Woodburn -- 2004 Inaugural Inductee Alex McLeish -- 2005 Inductee Willie Waddell -- 2005 Inductee George Young -- 2005 Inductee Alan Morton -- 2005 Inductee Davie Cooper -- 2006 Inductee Brian Laudrup -- 2006 Inductee Sandy Jardine -- 2006 Inductee Willie Henderson -- 2006 Inductee Richard Gough -- 2006 Inductee Walter Smith -- 2007 Inductee Ally McCoist -- 2007 Inductee Eric Caldow -- 2007 Inductee Derek Johnstone -- 2008 Inductee Bill Struth -- 2008 Inductee David Meiklejohn -- 2009 Inductee Mo Johnston -- 2009 Inductee Andy Goram -- 2010 Inductee Robert Smyth McColl -- 2011 Inductee Terry Butcher -- 2011 Inductee Bob McPhail -- 2012 Inductee Scot Symon -- 2013 Inductee Davie Wilson -- 2014 Inductee Bobby Brown -- 2015 Inductee Jock Wallace -- 2016 Inductee Scotland roll of honour The Scotland national football team roll of honour recognises players who have gained 50 or more international caps for Scotland . The nine inductees to have won caps while playing for Rangers are : David Weir -- 2006 Inductee , 69 Caps Kenny Miller -- 2010 Inductee , 69 Caps Christian Dailly -- 2003 Inductee , 67 Caps Richard Gough -- 1990 Inductee , 61 Caps Ally McCoist -- 1996 Inductee , 61 Caps George Young -- 1956 Inductee , 54 Caps Graeme Souness -- 1985 Inductee , 54 Caps Colin Hendry -- 2001 Inductee , 51 Caps Alan Hutton -- 2016 Inductee , 50 Caps Scottish Sports Hall of Fame In the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame , 3 Rangers players have been selected , they are : Jim Baxter -- 2002 Inductee John Greig -- 2002 Inductee Ally McCoist -- 2007 Inductee Sponsors As of 31 July 2018 , Rangers are sponsored by : Official Club Sponsor -- 32Red Official Technical Kit Supplier -- Hummel Official Retail Partner -- Sports Direct Official Team Travel Partner - Thomas Cook Airlines Official Global Football Video Game Partner - Konami / Pro Evolution Soccer 2019 Official Soft Drink -- Coca - Cola Official Sports Drink -- Powerade Official Energy Partner -- Utilita Energy Official Insurance Partner -- Lifetime Protection Services Limited Official Tailors - Forbes Tailoring Official Vaping Partner -- Vapourized A full list of Rangers commercial partners and sponsors can be found on the official club website and in the Rangers matchday programme , available at every home game . See also Book : Rangers F.C. Football in Scotland References Jump up ^ However this attendance was unofficially exceeded prior to this match with 59,966 . But this attendance was not officially recorded . Jump up ^ Racism has been directed at players on the pitch at Rangers games , including at former Celtic player Bobo Balde . Jump up ^ Shared with Dumbarton F.C. after both clubs ended the season on 29 points . A play - off game at Cathkin Park on 21 May 1891 finished 2 -- 2 , so the clubs were declared joint champions . Jump up ^ Choices were limited to post World War II era players only . Jump up ^ THE RANGERS FOOTBALL CLUB LIMITED Company No . SC425159 Companies House . Retrieved 21 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Passion , pride , tradition and nastiness : Why Old Firm match is greatest derby in the world '' . Evening Times . 11 March 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Rivalries : Old Firm 's enduring appeal '' . FIFA. 16 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 26 March 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gammelsæter , Hallgeir ; Senaux , Benoit ( 2011 ) . The Organisation and Governance of Top Football Across Europe . Routledge . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 70533 - 5 . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-22951447 Jump up ^ Paul Smith ( 2013 ) . Scotland Who 's Who : International Players 1872 -- 2013 . Pitch Publishing . p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : `` 45,000 to see Rangers face blokes coming off night shift '' . Eurosport . Yahoo !. 17 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Founded : 1872 Biggest win : 10 -- 0 v Hibernian 1898 Most appearances : John Greig 755 ( 1960 -- 1978 ) ^ Jump up to : `` The on - field history of Rangers Football Club 1873 -- 2012 '' . BBC News . 14 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . The club 's origins date back to 1872 when Moses McNeil , his brother Peter , Peter Campbell and William McBeath formed their own team in Glasgow . The name Rangers was adopted from an English rugby club and the first game , against Callander FC , ended 0 -- 0 . The club 's official beginning came to be recognised as 1873 , when the first annual general meeting was held . By the time of the first Scottish Football League season in 1890 , Rangers had arrived at their current home of Ibrox , in the south east of Glasgow , via Burnbank and Kinning Park . Rangers finished joint top of the league with Dumbarton , and after a play - off ended 2 -- 2 , a decision was taken to share the title . This was the only time the league has ever been shared , and it marked the first senior honour for Rangers . Rangers won the Scottish Cup for the first time in 1894 , beating Celtic 3 -- 1 Three years later , the club recorded their first ever Scottish Cup win , beating Celtic 3 -- 1 in the 1894 final . Rangers won the trophy again in 1897 and 1898 with victories over Dumbarton and Kilmarnock . Jump up ^ `` Co founder of Glasgow Rangers Football Club , Rangers and Scotland Footballer -- a true Footballing Pioneer '' . Helensburgh Heroes . helensburghheroes.com . Archived from the original on 23 December 2012 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . McNeil won two caps for Scotland , the first Ranger to represent his country , the first on 25 March 1876 in a 4 -- 0 win over Wales and the second on 13 March 1880 in a 5 -- 4 win over England , in which he played alongside his brother , Henry . Henry McNeil won a total of 10 caps for his country and scored 5 goals . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers History '' . Evening Times . Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Rangers were born in March 1872 , after a group of teenage rowing enthusiasts watched a game of football in Glasgow Green . Brothers Peter and Moses McNeil and Peter Campbell and William McBeath got their heads together to give rise to the club , who played just two matches in their first year . It 's believed that Moses McNeil suggested the name ' Rangers ' after seeing it in a book about English rugby . The club played their first game in May 1872 at Flecher 's Haugh in Glasgow Green against Callander , a match that ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . The year 1873 is the official founding of Rangers as that was the year the elected office bearers . The first time the club donned blue shirts was their second game , against Clyde ( not the present - day club ) and won it 11 -- 0 . Five years after their founding , Rangers made it to their first major cup final against Vale of Leven . The game was played at First Hampden Park and it finished 1 -- 1 so a replay beckoned . Rangers refused to turn up for the replay and Vale were awarded the cup . The teams met the following year in the Charity Cup . Rangers won 2 -- 1 and the Glasgow Merchants ' Charity Cup was the first major trophy to be won by the team . The 1890 -- 91 season saw the inception of the Scottish Football League , and Rangers were one of ten original members . Rangers ' first ever league match took place on 16 August 1890 and resulted in a 5 -- 2 victory over Hearts . After finishing equal - top with Dumbarton a play - off was held at Cathkin Park to decide the champions . The match finished 2 -- 2 and the title was shared for the only time in its history -- the first of Rangers ' 54 championships . Jump up ^ `` Summer Soccer & Football Camps train with the best teams in world football '' . football-soccer-camps.com . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . After joining , Rangers finally reached their first final of the Scottish Cup in 1877 but were not victorious . The eternal rivalry , known as the Old Firm , between the two Glaswegian city teams , Rangers and Celtic has been ongoing since the first Old Firm match in 1888 , in which Rangers lost 5 -- 2 in a friendly against the Celtic team which was largely made up of `` guest players '' from Hibernians . Jump up ^ `` The Founding of Celtic Football Club 1888 '' . BBC Scotland . November 2005 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . It would be over six months later before the newly - constituted Celtic club played its first ever match , on 28 May 1888 which resulted in a 5 -- 2 win over Rangers , in what was called a ' friendly match ' . Jump up ^ `` The Founding Fathers '' . Rangers F.C. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . All those championships and cups would never have found their way into the Ibrox Trophy Room but for that encounter between Peter McNeil , his brother Moses , Peter Campbell and William McBeath . Their first match was an unlikely affair against Callander FC at Flesher 's Haugh on Glasgow Green . ... The result was 0 -- 0 , but that did n't matter . Rangers had been born . The name Rangers was adopted from an English rugby club . By their second fixture -- the only other they played that first year -- they had donned the light blue . It must have done the trick -- Rangers beat Clyde 11 -- 0 . By 1876 Rangers had their first international , Moses McNeil one of the four founders , who made his Scotland debut in a 4 -- 0 victory over Wales . The following year Rangers made the breakthrough reaching their first Scottish Cup Final . It took three matches to find a winner , and sadly it was their opponents Vale of Leven . After two drawn games , 0 -- 0 and 1 -- 1 , Rangers finally succumbed 3 -- 2 in the second replay . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers '' . Scottish Football League . July 2014 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers FC '' . UEFA. 30 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Founded by brothers Moses and Peter McNeil , Peter Campbell and William McBeath , Rangers shared their first championship with Dumbarton FC in 1890 / 91 then beat Celtic FC 3 -- 1 to win their first Scottish Cup in 1894 , clinching their first title outright by winning every game of the 1898 / 99 campaign . William Struth 's 34 years as manager from 1920 onwards ushered in the club 's first golden era ; Rangers won 18 league championships , ten Scottish Cups and two Scottish League Cups under Struth , including Scotland 's first domestic treble in the 1948 / 49 season . In 1961 , Rangers became the first British club to reach the final of a UEFA competition when they got to the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup final only to lose 4 -- 1 on aggregate to ACF Fiorentina ; they lost 1 -- 0 to FC Bayern München in the final of the same competition six years later before finally lifting the trophy in 1972 when beating FC Dinamo Moskva 3 -- 2 at the Camp Nou . ^ Jump up to : Forsyth , Roddy ( 22 September 2006 ) . `` A lot of bottle in Old Firm duels '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . The record Old Firm gate at a club ground was set on 2 Jan 1939 by a crowd of 118,567 at Ibrox . Jump up ^ `` The Dominant Force '' . Rangers F.C. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Sadly , Wilton was not to enjoy this extraordinary success which saw Rangers take the title 15 times in 21 seasons . With the Championship back at Ibrox , Wilton -- the club 's first manager -- died the day after the last game of the season in May 1920 , drowning in a boating accident . Struth , who was appointed his successor , lived to become a legend . He managed the club for 34 years , winning a glittering array of trophies -- 18 League Championships , 10 Scottish Cups and two League Cups . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Scott ( 30 December 2011 ) . `` The Joy of Six : new year football fixtures '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . The humiliated Rangers boss that day was Scot Symon , so it is with a pleasing symmetry that Symon was a player in the other record victory in an Old Firm match . Because while Celtic 's 7 -- 1 win is the biggest win in official competition , Rangers went one better in an unofficial wartime Scottish Southern League ne'erday game between the two rivals in 1943 . An Ibrox crowd of just over 30,000 watched a strong Rangers side including Symon , George Young and the legendary winger Willie Waddell rattle up an 8 -- 1 victory . Jump up ^ `` About Scot Symon '' . in.com . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . He returned to Rangers just one year later where he would steer them to six league championships . He also took Rangers into European football for the first time reaching two Cup Winners Cup finals which was a fine achievement by losing in both finals Jump up ^ Stone , Colin ( 5 January 2012 ) . `` Top 10 Glasgow Rangers Players of All Time '' . Bleacher Report . pp. 2 -- 11 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2012 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Regarded as one of Scotland 's greatest ever players , Jim Baxter can also be counted amongst the Rangers ' greats for his terrific achievements in the ' 60s . `` Slim Jim '' joined the club in 1960 for £ 17,500 , a record at the time , and went on to win 10 trophies in the five years he spent in Scotland . Jump up ^ Ripley , Dan ( 26 August 2010 ) . `` CHAMPIONS LEAGUE LOWDOWN : The teams to avoid , plum picks and all you need to know about the group stage draw '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Rangers : Semi-finalists -- 1960 Lost to Eintracht Frankfurt 12 -- 4 on aggregate in what remains a record scoreline in a European Cup semi-final . Jump up ^ Baird , Stuart . `` ' And the cry was `` No Defenders '' ' The Museum of Scottish Football at Hampden Park , Glasgow `` . Culture Wars . Institute of Ideas . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 23 August 2012 . Rangers were the first British team to reach a European final in 1961 Jump up ^ Womersley , Tara ( 19 June 2001 ) . `` Thousands pay tribute to victims of Ibrox disaster '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . David Murray , the chairman of Rangers , yesterday unveiled a bronze statue of John Greig , the captain who led his team against Celtic on the day of the accident . The statue lists the names of those who died in 1971 and 25 fans killed when wooden terraces collapsed during a match between Scotland and England in 1902 . Mr Greig then laid a wreath at the plinth of the statue . ... An inquiry , however , later discounted the theory and said that the crush was likely to have happened 10 minutes after the final whistle and to have been triggered by someone falling on the stairs . Jump up ^ `` Scotland XI vs Rangers / Celtic Select Official Programme of the Match '' . celticprogrammesonline.com. 27 January 1971 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Attendance : 81,405 Jump up ^ `` Destiny awaits Ibrox heroes '' . The Scotsman. 10 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . It is hard to take that after Celtic were able to celebrate as much as they liked in Lisbon , our club and supporters were denied a post-match presentation because the Spanish police completely misunderstood the fans ' on - field invasion at the end . I played with a stress fracture in my foot . A guy jumped on it late in the final and I ended up with another fracture on the other side , but the euphoria kept the pain away until I was called down to this little room to receive the trophy . It all passed in a blur , but I hobbled down there in agony with our manager Willie Waddell and a UEFA delegate and , in this cramped corner covered in Barcelona memorabilia , the delegate handed me the trophy and basically said : `` Here , take the cup Glasgow Rangers , now go away '' . When I got back to the dressing room all my team - mates were either in the bath or out of it . I felt sorry they did n't get to parade the trophy -- ultimately what we were playing for -- and even sorrier for all those people who had a paid a lot of money to travel to the Nou Camp and see that . Jump up ^ `` Rangers triumph in Europe 1972 '' . BBC Scotland . December 2005 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Rangers were handed a two - year ban by UEFA for their fans ' poor behaviour . Waddell succeeded in getting this reduced to one year , meaning Rangers could not defend their trophy . Waddell argued that the police had over-reacted , that the fans were drunk but not intent on violence , and that recent European finals had witnessed rejoicing Celtic , Bayern Munich and Ajax fans running on to the park and those occasions had been deemed acceptable . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Super Cup -- History '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 14 October 2008 . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Cup History And Archives '' . Scottish Football Association . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . 122,714 supporters packed into Hampden on 5 May 1973 for the Scottish Cup Final between Rangers and Celtic . Jump up ^ McKinney , David ( 26 July 1996 ) . `` Obituary : Jock Wallace '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jock Wallace was a giant of Scottish football . No other description can do justice to the man who ended Celtic 's domination of the game in the 1970s and who , as manager , led Rangers to two domestic trebles within three years , the Glasgow club winning the League title , the League Cup and the Scottish Cup . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Graeme Souness -- Smith is simply the best boss in the modern Ibrox era '' . Daily Mail . 9 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . There will be no more fitting way to mark his departure than to beat Celtic to another championship but Walter has already established himself as one of the finest managers Scotland has ever produced . He 's the best Rangers manager in the modern game . After Sir Alex Ferguson and Jock Stein , his record is fantastic ; his success is there for all to see . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers paying for overspending ways '' . The footy pie . February 2012 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Graham Souness lead the side to their first two championships as player - manager before his assistant , Walter Smith , took the reign , claiming another seven titles to equal a record set by Jock Stein at Celtic in the 1960s and 70s . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1992 / 93 : Rangers '' . UEFA. 10 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Premier Division 1996 -- 97 '' . Soccorbot . soccerbot.com. 27 June 2000 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Andy ( 13 May 2008 ) . `` Advocaat 's Rangers legacy '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . When Dick Advocaat became the Rangers manager in 1998 , it was a brave new dawn for the Ibrox club as chairman David Murray attempted to begin a new chapter in the club 's history following Walter Smith 's departure . Jump up ^ `` Rangers make history out of chaos '' . BBC Sport. 3 May 1999 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Celtic 0 -- 3 Rangers Rangers created history by winning the title at Celtic Park in a stormy Old Firm game which saw referee Hugh Dallas injured by a missile thrown from the pitch . Jump up ^ `` When Rangers can win the league '' . The Scotsman. 28 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . The biggest winning points margin in the history of the SPL was enjoyed by Rangers in 1999 / 00 , when they finished 21 points clear of Celtic . Jump up ^ `` Champions League group tables '' . BBC Sport. 2 November 1999 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers put Parma in the shade '' . BBC Sport. 12 August 1999 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Rangers 2 -- 0 Parma Rangers secured one of their most impressive European results in years , as Italian giants Parma crashed to defeat in the first leg of their Champions League qualifier Jump up ^ Forsyth , Roddy ( 12 November 2000 ) . `` Rangers ' £ 12m Flo gamble '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . DAVID MURRAY , the Rangers chairman , moved dramatically last night to end the crisis at Ibrox by setting a new Scottish transfer record of £ 12 million for Chelsea 's out - of - favour Norwegian international forward , Tore Andre Flo . Jump up ^ `` Kaiserslautern 3 -- 0 Rangers '' . BBC Sport. 7 December 2000 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . Full time : Kaiserslautern 3 -- 0 Rangers 92 mins The Fritz Walter Stadium erupts on the referee 's final whistle which brings down the curtain on Rangers ' European campaign . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers unveil McLeish '' . BBC Sport. 11 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2007 . Alex McLeish has been unveiled as Rangers ' 11th manager after a dramatic day at Ibrox . Jump up ^ `` Rangers complete Treble '' . BBC Sport. 31 May 2003 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2007 . Rangers capped a fabulous season with a hard - earned Scottish Cup win over Dundee at Hampden Park to seal the seventh domestic Treble in the club 's history . Jump up ^ `` Rangers win to clinch title '' . BBC Sport. 25 May 2003 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Rangers 6 -- 1 Dunfermline Athletic An injury - time penalty by Mikel Arteta clinched the SPL title for Rangers in an amazing afternoon at Ibrox . Rangers were 5 -- 1 up as the match entered the last few minutes , but with Celtic 4 -- 0 up at Rugby Park and still playing , they knew the championship was not yet theirs . Jump up ^ Grahame , Ewing ( 26 May 2003 ) . `` Six into one equals victory Rangers secure a world - record 50th championship as title showdown goes all the way to the wire '' . The Herald . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Rangers secure a world - record 50th championship Jump up ^ `` Rangers stay cool over huge losses '' . The Guardian . 30 September 2002 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Rangers chairman John McClelland has attempted to assure shareholders the club 's £ 52m debt is nothing to be alarmed over . Jump up ^ Salty ( 29 July 2011 ) . `` Aston Villa 's Alex McLeish , a look at his managerial career '' . Football blog . footballblog.co.uk . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . At this point McLeish was viewed as one of the hottest managers in the game . Success does n't last forever and Rangers financial state cost McLeish dear in 2003 . Many of his prize assets were sold and subsequently Celtic won the league comfortably . Also , Rangers failed to pick up a single trophy that season . Jump up ^ `` Magpies complete Boumsong signing '' . BBC Sport. 2 January 2005 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Boumsong joined Rangers from Auxerre on a free transfer last summer and made just 28 appearances for them before moving to England . Jump up ^ `` Rangers get Prso '' . BBC Sport. 9 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Rangers have confirmed the signing of Monaco 's Croatian striker Dado Prso . Jump up ^ `` Rangers sign Novo '' . BBC Sport. 6 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Rangers have completed the signing of Nacho Novo from Dundee but manager Alex McLeish insists his summer spending spree is not yet over . Jump up ^ `` Transfer window dealings '' . Daily Mail . 1 February 2005 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Barry Ferguson -- Blackburn to Rangers , £ 4.5 million rising to £ 5million depending on appearances . Jump up ^ `` Rangers in dramatic title triumph '' . BBC Sport. 22 May 2005 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2007 . Rangers pipped rivals Celtic to the Scottish Premier League title after a dramatic final day of the season . The Gers went into the final game two points behind their Glasgow rivals but a sensational late fightback by Motherwell gave them the title . Jump up ^ Jackson , Keith ( 22 April 2010 ) . `` Football flashback : Looking back on Rangers ' ' helicopter Sunday ' triumph in 2005 '' . Daily Record . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . NACHO Novo will be remembered forever as the man whose goal made the helicopter change direction . Jump up ^ `` Rangers 1 -- 1 Inter Milan '' . BBC Sport. 6 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2007 . Peter Lovenkrands was the goalscoring hero as Rangers became the first Scottish club to qualify from the group stages of the Champions League . ... Criticised by some for his tactics during a run without a win now stretching to 10 games , McLeish got it right on the European stage with the surprise inclusion of Lovenkrands as a lone striker . Jump up ^ `` Villarreal 1 -- 1 Rangers ( agg 3 -- 3 ) '' . BBC Sport. 7 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2007 . Rangers ' dream of becoming the first Scottish side in the quarter - finals of the Champions League ended as they lost on the away - goals rule to Villarreal . Jump up ^ `` McLeish to leave Rangers in May '' . BBC Sport. 9 February 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2007 . Alex McLeish will leave his position as Rangers manager at the end of the season , the club has confirmed Jump up ^ `` Rangers name Le Guen as manager '' . BBC Sport. 11 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Rangers have announced that Paul Le Guen will replace Alex McLeish as manager at the end of the season . Jump up ^ `` Rangers 0 -- 2 St Johnstone '' . BBC Sport. 8 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . St Johnstone recorded one of their finest results to stun Rangers at Ibrox and reach the CIS Cup semi-finals . Jump up ^ Glenn , Patrick ( 24 September 2006 ) . `` Gravesen piles pressure on Le Guen '' . The Observer . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Until Gravesen gave the home side the lead there was a wariness about both sides , which betrayed the number of players on each side who were making their first appearance in the conflict . If Celtic were expected to be dominant -- with Rangers reliant on the absorption of pressure and the counter-thrust -- Gordon Strachan and his players would also be mindful of the four - point advantage they held over their great rivals and the need not to risk having it damaged . Jump up ^ Murray , Ewan ( 15 December 2006 ) . `` Hutton sends Rangers clean through to Old Firm match '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 April 2011 . Paul Le Guen is satisfied his Rangers players will enter Sunday 's Old Firm match in as positive a frame of mind as possible after they sealed the top qualifying position from Group A and secured a second consecutive clean sheet . Jump up ^ Austin , Simon ( 5 January 2007 ) . `` Clash of cultures '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Paul Le Guen 's relationship with Barry Ferguson was never likely to be a marriage made in heaven . On one side was an authoritarian French manager used to having the final word and working with clean - living , tee - total players . On the other was a passionate Scottish captain who enjoyed talisman status with the fans and liked to work hard and play hard . There were reported to be differences between the duo soon after Le Guen took over at Ibrox seven months ago . And they came to the surface at a news conference before the last Old Firm derby on 17 December . Jump up ^ `` Le Guen and Rangers part company '' . BBC Sport. 4 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Rangers manager Paul Le Guen has left the club by mutual consent . ^ Jump up to : `` Smith installed as Rangers boss '' . BBC Sport. 10 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Walter Smith has quit as Scotland coach to become boss of Rangers for a second time after agreeing a three - year deal . Jump up ^ Moffat , Colin ( 12 December 2007 ) . `` Rangers 0 -- 3 Lyon '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Rangers crashed out of the Champions League and into the Uefa Cup with a disappointing home defeat to Lyon . Jump up ^ `` Rangers & Zenit chase Uefa glory '' . BBC Sport. 14 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Panathinaikos , Werder Bremen and Fiorentina have been dispatched , along with Sporting since Rangers qualified via their position in the Champions League group stage . Jump up ^ `` Zenit coach Advocaat insists Rangers should not change style of play for UEFA Cup final '' . Daily Mail . 12 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Rangers may have been criticised for their cautious approach in European games this season -- but Zenit St Petersburg boss Dick Advocaat insists Walter Smith should not change his style of play when the sides clash in the UEFA Cup final . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 15 May 2008 ) . `` Rangers run out of steam as Zenit lift Uefa Cup '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Zenit St Petersburg ( 0 ) 2 Rangers ( 0 ) 0 It is not only Scottish fuel stations that have been running on empty recently . The warning light began flashing on Rangers ' tank midway through the second half last night , their exhausting schedule finally catching up with them , allowing a superior and fresher Zenit side to lift the Uefa Cup . Jump up ^ News , Manchester Evening ( 19 April 2010 ) . `` Battle of Piccadilly '' . men . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 100,000 Rangers fans invade Manchester '' Daily Mail ( 14 May 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Rangers exit Champions League in Lithuania '' . CNN World Sport . CNN . 5 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Scottish giants Rangers slumped to a shock European exit when Linas Pilibaitis gave FBK Kaunas 2 -- 1 a aggregate win in their Champions League second qualifying round tie in Lithuania . Jump up ^ Forsyth , Roddy ( 24 May 2009 ) . `` Rejuvenated Rangers take SPL title in style with victory at Dundee United '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . With the boundless relief and joie de vivre of a man who has been reprieved on the steps of the gallows and installed in a palace , Rangers produced a climactic performance to snatch their first championship since 2005 at sun - drenched Tannadice . Jump up ^ Forsyth , Roddy ( 30 May 2009 ) . `` Rangers 1 Falkirk 0 : Match report '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . Rangers completed the second stage of their Scottish league and cup double in the baking heat of Hampden Park on Saturday thanks to a glorious goal from Nacho Novo , with his first touch of the ball only seconds after arriving as a half - time substitute for Kris Boyd . But the favourites were made to sweat throughout -- and not simply because of the sweltering conditions . Jump up ^ Murray , Ewan ( 21 March 2010 ) . `` Kenny Miller sees nine - man Rangers through to victory '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . It would , of course , be churlish not to recognise the winning mentality of a team who have lost just a single domestic fixture since Celtic lifted this trophy at their expense a year ago . Yet this win arrived in the most unlikely of circumstances , sealing the League Cup despite being down to nine men . Jump up ^ `` Rangers happy to prove doubters wrong after Cup win '' . BBC Sport. 20 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Rangers manager Walter Smith described the Co-operative Insurance Cup final win over Celtic as one of his `` best ever '' victories . Smith , coming to the end of his second spell in charge at Ibrox , clinched a 20th trophy as Rangers boss after the 2 -- 1 extra-time win at Hampden . Jump up ^ Moffat , Colin ( 16 May 2011 ) . `` Kilmarnock 1 -- 5 Rangers '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Rangers gave departing manager Walter Smith the perfect send - off as they wrapped up a third - consecutive Scottish Premier League title in style . A blistering opening saw Kyle Lafferty net twice inside seven minutes , either side of a Steven Naismith strike . Early in the second half , Nikica Jelavic smashed in a free kick and Lafferty completed his hat - trick with a composed finish . Jump up ^ `` Rangers crash out of Champions League after seeing red twice at Malmo '' . The Guardian . 3 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Rangers ' Champions League hopes were shattered as they crashed out of the competition at the hands of Malmo after being reduced to nine men in the qualifier in Sweden . Steven Whittaker and Madjid Bougherra were both shown straight red cards , before Malmo 's Ricardinho was also dismissed by the referee Vladislav Bezborodov at the Swedbank stadium Jump up ^ Campbell , Andy ( 25 August 2011 ) . `` Rangers 1 -- 1 NK Maribor ( agg 2 -- 3 ) '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Rangers exited the Europa League as Maribor claimed an aggregate victory to progress to the group stages . Jump up ^ `` Ally McCoist fuming as Falkirk kids dump Rangers out of cup '' . BBC Sport. 22 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Manager Ally McCoist believes his Rangers players have only themselves to blame for their shock League Cup defeat by a very youthful Falkirk line - up . Jump up ^ Campbell , Andy ( 5 February 2012 ) . `` Rangers 0 -- 2 Dundee Utd '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Dundee United knocked Rangers out of the Scottish Cup with a deserved fifth - round victory at Ibrox . Jump up ^ `` Rangers ' 10 - point deduction confirmed by SPL '' . BBC Sport. 14 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Rangers have been deducted 10 points after entering administration . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Clive ( 25 March 2012 ) . `` Rangers 3 -- 2 Celtic '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Reigning champions Rangers prevented the Scottish title being won on their own patch despite a dramatic late rally from nine - man runaway leaders Celtic . ^ Jump up to : `` RFC 2012 P.L.C. '' Companies House . UK Government . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . IncorporationDate 27 / 05 / 1899 PreviousNames CONDate 31 July 2012 CompanyName THE RANGERS FOOTBALL CLUB P.L.C. Jump up ^ Rangers in crisis : the final whistle sounds on Rangers ' 140 years of history The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 March 2013 Jump up ^ `` Interim Report to Creditors '' . Duff and Phelps . Rangers F.C. 10 July 2012 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . The continuation of trading operations enabled the Joint Administrators to put the CVA Proposal to the creditors of the Company and after the CVA Proposal was rejected by creditors , the Joint Administrators were able to secure a going concern sale of the business , history and assets of the Company to Sevco Jump up ^ `` Lord Nimmo Smith Commission '' ( pdf ) . Scottish Professional Football League . 28 February 2013 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . On 14 June 2012 a newly incorporated company , Sevco Scotland Limited , purchased substantially all the business and assets of Oldco , including Rangers FC , by entering into an asset sale and purchase agreement with the joint administrators . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers newco refused SPL entry after chairmen vote '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . BBC Scotland has learned that 10 of the 12 clubs were in opposition , with Kilmarnock abstaining and Rangers voting in favour . Jump up ^ Rangers in crisis : Ibrox newco to play in Third Division after SFL clubs vote Daily Record , 13 July 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Agreement on Transfer of Membership '' . Scottish Football Association . 27 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . We are pleased to confirm that agreement has been reached on all outstanding points relating to the transfer of the Scottish FA membership between Rangers FC ( In Administration ) , and Sevco Scotland Ltd , who will be the new owners of The Rangers Football Club . ^ Jump up to : `` Fourth - tier Rangers shatter world record '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 19 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Rangers manager Ally McCoist paid tribute to the troubled club 's fans after 49,118 packed into Ibrox to watch Saturday 's 5 -- 1 thrashing of East Stirling , a world record attendance for fourth - tier football . Jump up ^ `` Best attendances of Brazilian Championship of 4th Level '' ( in Portuguese ) . RSSSF Brasil . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . 1 Santa Cruz ( PE ) 0 × 0 Treze ( PB ) , 59.966 , 16 / 10 / 2011 , Estádio do Arruda Jump up ^ `` Stirling Albion 1 -- 0 Rangers '' . BBC Sport. 6 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Rangers suffered a shock first loss in the Third Division after crashing to defeat against bottom side Stirling Albion . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Clive ( 18 September 2012 ) . `` Ramsdens Cup : Rangers 2 -- 2 Queen of the South ( 3 -- 4 pens ) '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Rangers made a shock exit in the Ramsdens Cup after a penalty shoot - out defeat by Queen of the South at Ibrox . Jump up ^ Lamont , Alasdair ( 31 October 2012 ) . `` Rangers 0 -- 3 Inverness Caley Thistle '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Inverness Caledonian Thistle advanced to the semi-finals of the Scottish Communities League Cup for the first time with an ultimately comfortable defeat of Rangers . Jump up ^ Dundee United 3 -- 0 Rangers BBC , 2 February 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers v Queen 's Park Match facts '' . The Guardian . 20 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Attendance 49,463 ^ Jump up to : `` THE IRN - BRU SCOTTISH THIRD DIVISION '' . Sky Sports . 8 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . IBROX STADIUM ( ATT 49,913 ) Jump up ^ Rangers clinch Scottish League 1 title after 3 -- 0 win over Airdrieonians stv.tv . Retrieved 10 April 2014 Jump up ^ Raith Rovers 1 : 0 Rangers BBC . Retrieved 10 April 2014 Jump up ^ Rangers 1 : 3 Hibernian BBC , 29 September 2014 Jump up ^ Hibs 4 : 0 Rangers BBC.co.uk 27 December 2014 Jump up ^ Rangers 1 : 2 Hearts BBC , 10 August 2014 Jump up ^ Hearts 2 : 0 Rangers BBC , 22 November 2014 Jump up ^ Queen of the South 2 : 0 Rangers BBC , 12 December 2014 Jump up ^ Alloa 3 : 2 Rangers BBC 9 December 2014 Jump up ^ SPFL : Ally McCoist due to meet Rangers board on Wednesday Skysports , 17 December 2014 Jump up ^ Ally McCoist : Rangers manager leaves club & on gardening leave BBC News 21 December 2014 Jump up ^ `` Rangers : Stuart McCall appointed manager until summer '' . BBC Sport. 12 March 2015 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Motherwell 3 -- 0 Rangers '' -- BBC Sport , 31 May 2015 Jump up ^ `` Rangers appoint Mark Warburton as manager on three - year contract '' . The Guardian . London . 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers in Scottish Cup Final '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Richard . `` Scottish Cup final : Rangers 2 -- 3 Hibernian '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Club Statement '' . Rangers F.C. 10 February 2017 . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers : Mark Warburton replaced as manager ahead of Scottish Cup tie '' . BBC Sport. 10 February 2017 . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Progres Niederkorn 2 -- 0 Rangers ( agg 2 -- 1 ) '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers 0 -- 2 Celtic '' . BBC Sport. 23 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers 0 -- 2 Motherwell '' . BBC Sport. 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers : Pedro Caixinha sacked as manager after board meeting '' . BBC Sport. 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers back to winning ways with comfortable victory over Aberdeen '' . ESPN . 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Forsyth , Roddy ( 3 December 2017 ) . `` Aberdeen 1 Rangers 2 : Derek McInnes remains favourite for Ibrox job despite losing dress rehearsal at Pittodrie '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hibernian 1 -- 2 Rangers '' . BBC Sport. 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Graeme Murty : Rangers appoint interim boss as manager for rest of season '' . BBC Sport. 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers : Graeme Murty sacked as manager '' . BBC Sport. 1 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Premiership 2nd Phase '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard Confirmed As Manager '' . Rangers.co.uk. 4 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FK Shkupi 0 - 0 Rangers ( 0 - 2 Agg ) '' . Rangers F.C . Retrieved 23 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aberdeen 1 - 1 Rangers ) '' . Rangers F.C . Retrieved 5 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Badges of Rangers Football Club '' . Danbury Mint . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . The earliest badge featured the celebrated RFC scroll crest believed to have been used since 1872 . Then there 's the lion rampant and the club motto ' READY ' , which have appeared on Rangers ' badges since 1959 . Finally , see the evolution into the current badge , with the famous blue , white and red colours . Jump up ^ `` The Rangers Crest '' . Rangers F.C. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Although the ' RFC ' Scroll Crest was omitted in 1959 it made a welcome return in 1968 when it was placed on the club 's home jersey for the very first time . It was later added to the shorts a decade later for the start of the 1978 -- 79 season . Jump up ^ `` The Rangers Crest '' . Gersnet Online . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . From 1990 to 1994 ' Rangers Football Club ' and the ' Ready ' motto were placed above and below the Crest respectively . In 1997 -- 98 the Crest was placed in a shield but perhaps the most significant change was before the start of the 2003 / 04 campaign . Having clinched their 50th League Championship , a year in which Rangers secured a domestic Treble , the Club decided to add five stars above the Scoll Crest , one for every ten titles won . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers '' . Historical Football Kits . Dave Moor . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers Change Kits '' . Historical Football Kits . Dave Moor . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ladbrokes Scottish Premiership 2018 - 2019 '' . Historical Football Kits . Dave Moor . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Devlin , John ( 3 July 2009 ) . `` An alternative to alcohol '' . True Colours . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Rangers have actually sported the Center Parcs logo during the course of two seasons . It was first worn in the 1996 -- 97 Champions League match at Auxerre that the French side won 2 -- 1 . Then in 1997 -- 98 a new style Center Parcs logo was worn in the UEFA Cup first round first leg game in Strasbourg where again the ' Gers lost 2 -- 1 ( also wearing their change blue shorts ) Jump up ^ Lindsay , Clive ( 23 November 2006 ) . `` Auxerre 2 -- 2 Rangers '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ Moffat , Colin ( 2 October 2007 ) . `` Lyon 0 -- 3 Rangers '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ Ross , Kenny ( 8 March 2002 ) . `` Diadora in Gers kit deal '' . The Mirror . Jump up ^ `` Rangers secure new £ 6.5 m kit deal '' . The Scotsman. 4 March 2005 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Jim ( 3 March 2005 ) . `` Umbro nets Rangers sponsorship deal '' . This Money . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Announce New Kit Deal '' . Rangers F.C. 28 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Football Club sign kit deal with Puma '' . BBC News . 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Announce New Kit Deal With Hummel '' . Rangers F.C. 20 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old Firm pair to share sponsor '' . The Guardian . 25 February 1999 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magners shirt cash for Celtic ends Old Firm double deals '' . The Scotsman. 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Rob ( 20 March 1999 ) . `` Old Firm are united in £ 13m shirt deal '' . The Herald . Jump up ^ `` Carling to sponsor Old Firm '' . thegrocer.co.uk. 3 January 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic & Rangers sign sponsorship deal with Tennent 's '' . BBC Sport. 3 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic and Rangers confirm end of joint sponsorship deals after 14 years '' . STV Sport. 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blackthorn Deal Announced '' . Rangers F.C. 1 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gers Agree Shirt Deal With 32Red '' . Rangers F.C. 14 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 32Red Shirt Sponsorship Confirmed '' . Rangers F.C. 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Utilita Re-Energises Rangers '' . Rangers F.C. 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish football '' . Global Friends of Scotland . Scottish Government . June 2006 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2006 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Scotland 's contributions to the development of the game were equally impressive in other areas . Glaswegian born architect Archibald Leitch was the pioneering football stadium designer of his day -- by the 1920s 16 out of 22 of England 's First Division stadiums were Leitch designs . The most famous example of his work still in existence is probably Ibrox . ( This would undoubtedly please Leitch , who was a devout Rangers fan . ) Jump up ^ `` Rangers consider Ibrox expansion '' . BBC Sport. 6 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . The plans , one of three options being considered by the club , could see the stadium in Glasgow completely rebuilt with a new capacity of 70,000 . Rangers would retain the Bill Struth main stand , which is designated as a Category B listed building . Ibrox currently holds 51,082 fans , behind Hampden Park and Celtic Park . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Hugh ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Working with kids is its own reward for the man in charge at Murray Park '' . The Herald . Glasgow . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Ally McCoist , the manager , normally leaves Sinclair and his staff to choose the youngsters but sometimes will stipulate who he and the first - team staff want . `` That daily exposure is priceless , '' says Sinclair . `` The boys become comfortable with the staff and first - team players . If they were round there ( first - team pitches ) once every six months , it would be a trial but it is a regular process . ( Danny ) Wilson , ( John ) Fleck and Little were all steeped in that . '' Jump up ^ Smith , Paul ( 2012 ) . For Richer , for Poorer : The Murray Years . Random House . ISBN 9781780572826 . add quote Jump up ^ Bobby Sinnet ; Thomas Jamieson . `` Average Home League Game Attendances '' . fitbastats . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . 2013 / 2014 42,938 Jump up ^ `` UK Supporters Clubs '' . Rangers F.C. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . There are more than 600 registered supporters clubs with over 30,000 registered members and these continue to grow , in keeping with the vision the club initially had . Jump up ^ `` Global Supporters Clubs '' . Rangers F.C. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . It includes representatives from all over the globe -- including North America , Australasia and the Middle East -- as well as closer to home in the United Kingdom . There are also clubs registered in far - flung locations such as Azerbaijan , Nigeria , Hong Kong and Peru . Jump up ^ Scott , Les ( 2008 ) . End to End Stuff . Random House . p. 17 . ISBN 9780593060681 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . The Record attendance for a friendly match in the United Kingdom is 104,493 , who saw Rangers lose 3 -- 2 to Eintracht Frankfurt at Hampden Park on 17 October 1961 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers invasion : your views '' . BBC Manchester . 15 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2008 . It was always going to put a massive strain on the city . An invasion of up to 200,000 Rangers supporters for the UEFA Cup Final in Manchester swamped the city 's pubs and bars and the dedicated fan zones . Jump up ^ Nisbet , John ( 27 August 2010 ) . `` 150,000 Rangers fans descended on the city for the Uefa Cup final in 2008 '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . But the chief executive at Rangers , Martin Bain , insists there will be no repeat of the scenes of crowd misbehaviour which marred the club 's last visit to Manchester . Some 200,000 Rangers fans descended on the city for the Uefa Cup final in 2008 and trouble started when a giant screen failed to work . Jump up ^ `` Rangers fans clash with riot police after Uefa Cup final defeat '' . Metro. 14 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . GMP would like to stress that the vast majority of supporters have behaved impeccably and came to Manchester clearly intent on enjoying the carnival atmosphere . Jump up ^ Carter , Helen ; Orr , James ( 15 May 2008 ) . `` Rangers fans clashed with riot police '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . A full inquiry was under way today after Rangers fans clashed with riot police in Manchester last night after their team 's defeat by Zenit St Petersburg in the Uefa Cup final . Jump up ^ `` Rangers fans take long road home '' . BBC News . 15 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . A number of supporters clashed with riot police after a big screen in Manchester broke down . Officers later confirmed 42 people had been arrested . Jump up ^ `` CCTV shows fans chasing police '' . BBC News . 15 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Police in Manchester have released CCTV images showing up to 200 football fans chasing officers and attacking one of them after the Uefa Cup final . Jump up ^ Price , Catherine ( 2010 ) . 101 Places Not to See Before You Die . Harper Collins . pp. 174 , 175 . ISBN 9780061787768 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . On Old Firm weekends , admission rates for local hospitals increase ninefold , and the cumulative total for arrests at Old Firm games is the highest in the world . Jump up ^ Haggerty , Anthony ( 18 December 2011 ) . `` Old Firm do n't need a Messi or Ronaldo to be biggest derby in world , says Ali Russell '' . Daily Record . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . RANGERS operations chief Ali Russell insists the Old Firm rivalry is the biggest in the world -- because a billion fans tune in to watch two teams devoid of world stars . ^ Jump up to : When two tribes go to war The Herald ( Glasgow ) . Retrieved 30 November 2013 Jump up ^ Lawford , Mark ( 13 March 2009 ) . `` Sportsmail 's guide to illogical footballing rivalries '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Dons supporters chant ' We hate Rangers more than you ' when they play Celtic and a lot of this can be traced back to a challenge made by Neil Simpson on Ian Durrant in 1988 that kept the Rangers midfielder out of the game for nearly three years . Jump up ^ `` Rangers apologise to Aberdeen '' . The Independent . 18 November 1998 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2010 . RANGERS ISSUED a full public apology to Aberdeen last night for labelling a section of the Pittodrie club 's support `` scum '' in last Saturday 's Ibrox matchday programme . Stewart Milne , the Aberdeen chairman , protested to Bob Brannan , the Rangers chief executive , yesterday about the anonymous article which also branded the Dons ' team as `` under - achievers and money - grabbers '' Jump up ^ `` A history of bad blood '' . BBC Sport. 19 January 2002 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2010 . The catalyst for the recent venom between the two sets of supporters was the 1988 incident involving Neil Simpson and Iain Durrant . Jump up ^ Harris , Paul ( 15 May 2008 ) . `` A football match ? Manchester during the Uefa Cup Final felt more like a war zone '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . In the heat of the night : A masked thug in the middle of other Rangers fans confronts a police cordon in Manchester city centre Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` Rangers v Queen 's Park : Renewing an age - old rivalry '' . The Scotsman . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . IT HAS been billed by the Ibrox club as the `` original Glasgow derby '' . It might equally be argued that their hosting of Queen 's Park in the Third Division on Saturday is the newest Glasgow derby . ... Although the teams last met in a League Cup tie 21 years ago and regularly jousted in the Glasgow Cup in the two decades before that , there has not been a league meeting since 1958 , the year Queen 's Park last played top - flight football . The fact the confrontation has returned to the calendar in a wholly different form was best encapsulated by Rangers ambassador Sandy Jardine . Jump up ^ Fisher , Stewart ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` Old rivalry renewed '' . The Herald . Glasgow . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Queen 's Park and Rangers , two teams that first met competitively in a Scottish Cup tie in March 1879 , some nine years before Celtic were formed , meet in an Irn - Bru Third division encounter at Ibrox . Jump up ^ Forsyth , Roddy ( 19 October 2012 ) . `` Rangers and Queen 's Park ready to resurrect world 's oldest derby '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . The Old Firm collision it most certainly is not -- to the relief of Glasgow 's constabulary and A&E departments -- but Saturday afternoon 's visit of Queen 's Park to Ibrox will draw the UK 's second biggest crowd and resurrect a fixture that first appeared in the records in 1875 when the pair played a charity match in aid of fire victims . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Gary ; Giulianotti , Richard ( 2001 ) . Fear and loathing in world football . Berg Publishers . pp. 25 , 26 . ISBN 1 85973 463 4 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Primrose with associated with the most virulent anti-Catholic and anti-Irish sentiment , and was openly allied with the orange order . ^ Jump up to : Murray , William J. ( 2000 ) . The Old Firm : Sectarianism , Sport and Society in Scotland . John Donald Publishers . pp. 60 , 64 , 65,189 . ISBN 9780859765428 . Jump up ^ Giulianotti , Richard ( 1999 ) . Football : A Sociology of the Global Game . John Wiley & Sons . p. 18 . ISBN 9780745617695 . Historically Rangers have maintained a staunch Protestant and anti-Catholic tradition which includes a ban on signing Catholic players . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Tom ( 1987 ) . Glasgow , the Uneasy Peace : Religious Tension in Modern Scotland , 1819 -- 1914 . Manchester University Press ND . p. 300 . ISBN 9780719023965 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . The conflict in Ireland failed to be the catalyst which swept the religious cobwebs from the Ibrox - based club 's terraces and boardroom . One of its managers even had no qualms in the 1970s about urging his players to roar out the loyalist battle - cry ' No Surrender ' as they ran up the tunnel at Ibrox . Jump up ^ Souness , Graeme ; Gallacher , Ken ( 1989 ) . Graeme Souness : A Manager 's Diary . Mainstream Publishing . p. 17 . ISBN 9781851582242 . For years Rangers have been pilloried for what the majority of people saw as discrimination against one section of the population . Now we have shown that this unwritten policy at Ibrox is over . It 's finished . Done with . Jump up ^ Laing , Allan ( 11 July 1989 ) . `` Ibrox lands double coup with Johnston '' . The Herald . Glasgow . p. 1 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Rangers yesterday paraded their latest , and most controversial signing , Maurice Johnston , in the process demolishing any remaining they were sectarian , and upstaging their arch - rivals Celtic . Jump up ^ Kuper , Simon ( 2006 ) . Football Against the Enemy . Orion . ISBN 0 - 7528 - 4877 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kuper , Simon ( 18 March 2012 ) . `` Decline and fall of the Old Firm '' . New Statesman . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . In the past 15 years , both clubs have tried to stamp out bigotry , largely for pragmatic reasons . The IRA guff puts off sponsors and when the market in foreign footballers opened up in the 1990s , the old prohibition on signing Catholics became irksome for Rangers . Many of the foreign players who have since come to Glasgow must have struggled to remember whether they were playing for the Protestant team or the Catholic one . Jump up ^ `` Former Old Firm Italians give their take on derby clash '' . Daily Record . 7 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . I 've been Rangers ' first Catholic captain Jump up ^ Rumsby , Ben ( 18 February 2009 ) . `` SPL Remains tight - lipped over report on Parkhead chanting '' . The Scotsman . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . THE Scottish Premier League has confirmed it has received the match delegate 's report from the Old Firm derby but refused to divulge if alleged sectarian chanting from Rangers fans was mentioned within it . Jump up ^ `` Rangers to root out racists '' . The Guardian . 10 March 2003 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Rangers chairman John McClelland has vowed to root out the racist fans who booed whenever Celtic 's Bobo Balde and Momo Sylla had possession during his club 's Old Firm derby defeat on Saturday . Jump up ^ Wright , Angus ( 13 November 2006 ) . `` SFA praised for stance on bigotry '' . The Scotsman . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Education and prevention is what we are really looking at and Scotland is a great example of somewhere where that has done a tremendous amount in practically eradicating the worst features of discrimination . Jump up ^ Spiers , Graham ( 21 September 2007 ) . `` Uefa praises Rangers for action on bigotry '' . The Times . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Sekar , Satish ( 20 February 2009 ) . `` No Surrender to Bigotry '' . Empower - Sport British Supplement . Empower - Sport . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Both UEFA and FIFA hold Rangers up as a positive example of a club determined to tackle the problem that threatens its future . And the SFA joins in that praise . `` On the sectarianism front Rangers have tried to develop a policy across the Protestant / Catholic divide , '' says Mr Mitchell . `` They have imposed a large number of life bans on supporters who have been identified and found guilty of sectarian behaviour . '' And Rangers is not alone in taking such action . `` Generally speaking it is by the clubs , '' he says . `` If there is a criminal prosecution that has an effect as well , but the clubs themselves have taken that action off their own back , because they have the right to decide who can come into the stadium or not . '' Jump up ^ SPFL may take action against Rangers over sectarian singing The Herald ( Glasgow ) , 29 December 2015 Jump up ^ Rangers fan jailed for three months for sectarian chanting at football ground Daily Record ( Scotland ) , 26 October 2012 Jump up ^ `` Findlay songs inquiry launched '' . BBC News . 9 June 1999 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . The Faculty of Advocates is to investigate complaints against the leading Scottish lawyer Donald Findlay QC after he was captured on camera singing sectarian songs . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Jack ( 4 June 1999 ) . `` I 'm Catholic in a football sense '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Findlay , Scotland 's leading criminal lawyer , is a Protestant and proud of it . But he was embarrassed to be caught on video singing sectarian songs . They included `` The Billy Boys '' , a verse of which goes : `` We 're up to our knees in Fenian blood , Surrender or you die , We are the Billy Boys . '' Jump up ^ Humphrys , John ( 2 July 2002 ) . `` On the Ropes -- Donald Findlay QC '' ( Press release ) . BBC Press Office . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Donald Findlay QC tells John Humphrys about the effect singing sectarian , anti-Catholic songs at a party for Glasgow Rangers had on his life , and how he , at one stage , even contemplated suicide . Jump up ^ `` Rangers appeal upheld '' . UEFA. 25 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . UEFA appealed against the decision on 12 April by the Control and Disciplinary Body to find Rangers not guilty of alleged discriminatory chants by the club 's supporters at both legs of the tie , on 22 February at Ibrox and 7 March at El Madrigal . Rangers have been fined € 19,500 and severely warned about their responsibility for any future misconduct by their fans in relation to sectarian and discriminatory behaviour . Jump up ^ `` Uefa fine for Rangers and Osasuna '' . BBC Sport. 3 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Rangers have been fined £ 8,280 by Uefa for the behaviour of their fans during their match against Osasuna -- but the Spanish club must pay £ 31,000 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers to contest Uefa sectarian singing charge '' . BBC Sport. 7 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Rangers are to face a Uefa disciplinary hearing over allegations of sectarian singing during last month 's Europa Lague match away to PSV Eindhoven . The club 's chief executive Martin Bain says they are `` utterly dismayed '' by the decision and that they will defend the club 's position `` vigorously '' . Jump up ^ `` Uefa fines Rangers and bans fans for one away game '' . BBC Sport. 28 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 28 April 2011 . Uefa has fined Rangers 40,000 euros ( £ 35,652 ) and banned its fans from the next away European game for sectarian singing in a match at PSV Eindhoven . Jump up ^ Soldiers accused of sectarian singing at Ibrox The Scotsman . Retrieved 2 December 2013 Jump up ^ Sectarian chants provoke SPFL review of spectator misconduct BBC , 28 February 2015 Jump up ^ Three Rangers fans guilty of sectarian behaviour The Scotsman , 22 April 2015 Jump up ^ Magee , Will ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` Old Firm , New Bonds : The Politics Tying Big European Clubs to Celtic and Rangers '' . Vice News . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Teather , David ( 31 March 2000 ) . `` Rangers to float as it chases global glory '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 23 August 2012 . Rangers football club , on track for its 49th Scottish premier league title , announced plans yesterday to float the business on the stock market and disclosed that talks are under way with a number of potential media investors . Jump up ^ Currie , David ; Lamont , Alasdair ; McLaughlin , Chris ( 6 May 2011 ) . `` Craig Whyte completes takeover of Rangers for £ 1 '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Craig Whyte has completed his takeover of Rangers for £ 1 but amid continuing concerns by board members about his ability to invest sufficient funds . Jump up ^ `` Rangers FC signals intent to go into administration '' . BBC News . 13 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Rangers Football Club has confirmed it has filed legal papers at the Court of Session to appoint administrators . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Football Club enters administration '' . BBC News . 14 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . HMRC lodged its petition over alleged non-payment of about £ 9m in PAYE and VAT following Craig Whyte 's takeover . Jump up ^ `` Rangers in crisis : Administration was sparked by £ 9million bill for unpaid VAT and PAYE '' . Daily Record . 14 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . RANGERS went into administration today -- as it was revealed they had failed to pay £ 9million in VAT and PAYE from the current financial year . Jump up ^ `` Rangers ' estimated debts could top £ 134m '' . BBC News . 5 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Rangers ' administrators estimate that the club 's total debts could top £ 134m . Jump up ^ Grahams , Ewing ( 21 November 2012 ) . `` Rangers win ' Big Tax Case ' appeal over use of Employee Benefit Trusts '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ANONYMISED FORM OF THE DECISION '' ( pdf ) . Finance and Tax Tribunals . UK Government . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 27 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Philip . `` The Rangers Case -- Upper Tribunal Decision '' . pkfcooperparry.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HMRC wins Rangers tax case appeal '' . BBC News . 4 November 2015 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers in crisis : Police asked to probe Craig Whyte takeover '' . BBC News . 25 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . A criminal investigation is to be launched into Craig Whyte 's takeover of Rangers Football Club in May last year . Jump up ^ The dead end : Liquidation for Rangers after HMRC refuse CVA Daily Mail , 13 June 2012 Jump up ^ Farrell , Mike ( 12 June 2012 ) . `` Rangers liquidation now inevitable after CVA bid rejected by HMRC '' . STV Glasgow . STV . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Mr Green has previously stated that should the CVA fail his offer goes into an `` automatic mode '' to carry out a ' newco ' switch at the Ibrox club , where all assets are sold to a new business entity for £ 5.5 m and Rangers FC Plc , incorporated in 1899 , is liquidated . Jump up ^ `` Rangers tax case leaks : Sir David Murray makes ' criminal complaint ' '' . STV Glasgow . STV. 27 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . In June administrators Duff and Phelps confirmed it had failed to secure a route out of the insolvency event and the club 's assets were sold to a newco owned by a Charles Green - led consortium in a £ 5.5 m deal . The oldco , now RFC 2012 Plc , formerly The Rangers Football Club Plc , has been placed into liquidation . Jump up ^ `` Rangers chief Charles Green criticises Tannadice ticket plan '' . BBC Sport. 23 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2012 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . And Green , who bought Rangers ' assets after the company that formerly ran the club could not be saved from liquidation , believes the decision to sell tickets directly to visiting fans could spark trouble at the match . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Chris ( 29 January 2013 ) . `` SPL independent commission into Rangers player payments begins '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . The three - man commission will decide if the company that formerly ran Rangers broke Scottish Premier League rules . ... The commission will study the financial arrangements made by the Employee Benefit Trust scheme run by former Rangers owner Sir David Murray 's company , Murray International Holdings . ... The probe was launched before the company that ran Rangers -- The Rangers Football Club Plc -- was consigned to liquidation . The consortium now running the club , led by chief executive Charles Green , has refused to recognise or co-operate with the investigation . Jump up ^ Farrell , Mike ( 12 June 2012 ) . `` Rangers in Crisis '' . STV News . STV . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . The Ibrox club confirmed its planned company voluntary arrangement ( CVA ) escape from administration would now fail as the tax authorities revealed they felt it was in the `` public interest '' to liquidate Rangers FC plc , incorporated in 1899 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers liquidated as CVA formally rejected '' . The Scotsman. 14 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . GLASGOW RANGERS were today forced into liquidation after major creditor Her Majesty 's Revenue and Customs ( HMRC ) formally rejected an offer of a Company Voluntary Arrangement ( CVA ) from the club 's administrators . Jump up ^ `` Little black and white as Green faces closer scrutiny '' . The Herald . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Commission Decision '' ( PDF ) . Scottish Premier League . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Marjoribanks , Brain ( 13 July 2012 ) . `` Get out of here ! Rangers thrown down to third division after clubs vote against stricken club '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 14 September 2012 . On a historic day for the national game , 25 out of the 30 lower - league clubs ruled that the fallen Ibrox giants should start life in the bottom tier and not in the First Division . Jump up ^ `` Rangers : Newcastle 's Mike Ashley ready to buy Ibrox share '' . BBC Sport. 11 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Businessman Charles Green led a consortium to buy Rangers ' assets for £ 5.5 m and reformed the club as a new company . But the ' newco ' did not get the required votes for re-admittance to the SPL and instead , Rangers were relaunched in Division Three , drawing 2 -- 2 with Peterhead in their opening game . Jump up ^ `` Raith & Clyde criticise Rangers newco Division One plan '' . BBC Sport. 30 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Raith Rovers and Clyde insist plans to place the Rangers newco in Scottish Division One should not be forced upon Scottish Football League clubs . Jump up ^ `` Scottish FA issues Rangers update '' . Scottish Football Association . 17 July 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Green gives SFA details for membership bid '' . BBC Sport. 13 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . `` We have received an information pack from Sevco Scotland relevant to their membership application , '' said the SFA . Jump up ^ Rangers International Football Club plc londonstockexchange.com . Retrieved 27 January 2013 Jump up ^ `` Introducing The Foundation '' . Rangerscharity.org.uk . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Being a champion of charitable giving is our goal , and since our creation in 2002 we have donated over £ 1 million in cash awards and over £ 1,550,000 of in - kind support to hundreds of groups and individuals , making a combined total of over £ 2,500,000 Jump up ^ Farrell , Mike ( 6 March 2012 ) . `` Inquiry into Rangers charity match against AC Milan '' . STV Glasgow . STV . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . The charity , which has donated more than £ 2.3 m to various causes since it was set up in 2002 , has reduced the amount it will take from the game to 10 % , meaning the majority of the money raised will go to the club , which is currently in administration . ^ Jump up to : `` RANGERS '' . UNICEF . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Foundation Funds 1m Vaccines For Unicef '' . Rangers F.C. 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` £ 25k Donation To Erskine '' . Rangers Charity Foundation . 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 320k Raised From Ricksen Match '' . Rangers F.C. 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Glasgow Veterans United '' . Rangers F.C. 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers F.C. launch new employability project ' Ready2Succeed ' '' . Scottish Football Partnership . Thescottishfootballpartnership.com. 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Watson , Linzi ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` Rangers stars spread festive cheer to sick kids '' . The Herald . Jump up ^ `` Rangers ' homegrown hopefuls make for engaging talent show '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh : Johnston Press . 29 October 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Heavenly beginnings show how Rangers starlets have fallen from grace '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh : Johnston Press . 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon Ramsay 's F Word -- On Demand -- All 4 '' . www.channel4.com . Jump up ^ `` Kicking off '' . Daily Record . 6 May 2006 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singin ' I 'm No a Billy He 's a Tim '' . The Guardian . 9 June 2009 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singin ' I 'm No a Billy , He 's a Tim '' . Culture Northern Ireland . 16 September 2009 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers fans launch bid to get Tina Turner hit Simply The Best to No. 1 '' . The Daily Record . 21 April 2010 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Romanos , Joseph ( 2010 ) . Great Sporting Rivals ( Large Print 16pt ) . ReadHowYouWant.com . p. 139 . ISBN 9781458779663 . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ferrier , Bob ; McElroy , Robert ( 2005 ) . Rangers : The Complete Record . Breedon Books . ISBN 1 - 85983 - 481 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ferrier , Bob ; McElroy , Robert ( 1990 ) . Glasgow Rangers : Player by Player . The Crowood Press . ISBN 1 - 85223 - 404 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ferrier , Bob ; McElroy , Robert ( 1998 ) . Glasgow Rangers : Player by Player . The Crowood Press . ISBN 0 - 600 - 59495 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Potter , David ; Jones , Phil ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Scottish Football . Pitch Publishing . pp. 95 -- 103 , 294 . ISBN 1908051108 . ^ Jump up to : Rollin , Glenda ; Rollin , Jack ( 4 August 2011 ) . Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2011 -- 12 . Headline . pp. 758 -- 759 . ISBN 0755362322 . Jump up ^ Ferrier , Bob ; McElroy , Robert ( 1990 ) . Glasgow Rangers : Player by Player . The Crowood Press . ISBN 1 - 85223 - 404 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers Club Records '' . Jump up ^ `` Football titles world league : Rangers top , but who is most dominant ? '' . The Independent . 16 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Treble Wins '' . rssf.com . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dougie Gray -- Rangers Football Club , Official Website '' . Jump up ^ `` Sandy Archibald -- Rangers Football Club , Official Website '' . Jump up ^ `` Football mourns the loss of Rangers legend Jimmy Smith '' . HeraldScotland . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Smith -- Rangers Football Club , Official Website '' . Jump up ^ `` Ally McCoist -- Rangers Football Club , Official Website '' . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Football Association '' . Scottish Football Association . Archived from the original on 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hedworth , Alice . `` Squad Numbers Confirmed '' . Rangers F.C . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers FC squad '' . UEFA . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gers Dedicate No 12 Jersey To Fans '' . Rangers F.C. 3 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RIFC Board of Directors '' . Rangers F.C . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TRFCL Board of Directors '' . Rangers F.C . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Staff '' . Rangers F.C . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Team Picture 2016 -- 17 -- Ibrox Stadium as a 10 '' x8 '' ( 25x20cm ) Print `` . Rangers . Jump up ^ `` Greig Named Honorary President '' . Rangers F.C. 23 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gough Is Global Ambassador '' . Rangers F.C. 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Head of Commercial Appointed '' . Rangers F.C. 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Supporters Liaison Officer Appointed '' . Rangers F.C. 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McCoist confirmed as Smith 's successor '' . BBC Sport. 22 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Rangers have confirmed for the first time that Ally McCoist will take over as manager when Walter Smith steps down at the end of the season . Jump up ^ Taylor , Julian ( 4 January 2007 ) . `` Rangers reel as Le Guen departs '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . The club 's reserve - team coach , Ian Durrant , will take charge of training on Friday ahead of the club 's next match , a Tennent 's Scottish Cup tie , against Dunfermline Athletic on Sunday . Jump up ^ `` Former Managers '' . Rangers F.C . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 March 2014 . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Club Co-efficient Rankings '' . UEFA . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ List of Rangers F.C. players # Club captains Jump up ^ `` Rangers Greatest 11 '' . The official Rangers FC Website. 2011 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2013 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Football : Greig is voted greatest ever Ranger ! The Free Library , 1999 Jump up ^ Hall of Fame Archived 1 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Scottish Football Museum Jump up ^ `` International Roll of Honour '' . Scottish Football Association . Archived from the original on 11 October 2010 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Scottish Sports Hall of Fame Scottish Sports Jump up ^ Partnerships Archived 27 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Rangers FC Jump up ^ Rangers Announce New Kit Deal With Hummel Jump up ^ Gers Partner With Thomas Cook Sport Jump up ^ Rangers Announced As New PES 2019 Partner Club Jump up ^ Rangers Protect Launch Jump up ^ Rangers and Forbes Tailoring Partnership Jump up ^ Rangers And Vaporized Partnership Further reading General Books LLC ( 2010 ) . Scottish Football Clubs Statistics . General Books LLC . ISBN 9781156866054 . Armstrong , Gary ; Giulianotti , Richard ( 2001 ) . Fear and loathing in world football . Berg Publishers . ISBN 1 85973 463 4 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Barnes , Stuart ( 2010 ) . News of the World Football Annual 2006 / 2007 . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 9780007234233 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Ferrier , Bob ; McElroy , Robert ( 1990 ) . Glasgow Rangers : Player by Player . Crowood Press . ISBN 1 - 85223 - 404 - 0 . Ferrier , Bob ; McElroy , Robert ( 1998 ) . Glasgow Rangers : Player by Player . Crowood Press . ISBN 0 - 600 - 59495 - 5 . Ferrier , Bob ; McElroy , Robert ( 2005 ) . Rangers : The Complete Record . Breedon Books . ISBN 1 - 85983 - 481 - 7 . Gallagher , Tom ( 1987 ) . Glasgow , the Uneasy Peace : Religious Tension in Modern Scotland , 1819 -- 1914 . Manchester University Press ND . ISBN 9780719023965 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Giulianotti , Richard ( 1999 ) . Football : A Sociology of the Global Game . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9780745617695 . Kuper , Simon ( 1994 ) . Football Against the Enemy . Orion . ISBN 0 - 7528 - 4877 - 1 . Murray , William J. ( 2000 ) . The Old Firm : Sectarianism , Sport and Society in Scotland . John Donald Publishers . ISBN 9780859765428 . Potter , David ; Jones , Phil ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Scottish Football . Pitch Publishing . ISBN 1908051108 . Rollin , Glenda ; Rollin , Jack ( 4 August 2011 ) . Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2011 -- 12 . Headline . ISBN 0755362322 . Romanos , Joseph ( 2010 ) . Great Sporting Rivals ( Large Print 16pt ) . ReadHowYouWant.com . ISBN 9781458779663 . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Scott , Les ( 2008 ) . End to End Stuff . Random House . ISBN 9780593060681 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Smith , Paul ( 2012 ) . For Richer , for Poorer : The Murray Years . Random House . ISBN 9781780572826 . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Souness , Graeme ; Gallacher , Ken ( 1989 ) . Graeme Souness : A Manager 's Diary . Mainstream Publishing . ISBN 9781851582242 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rangers F.C. . Official `` Official website '' . Rangers F.C. Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . `` Rangers '' . Scottish Professional Football League . May 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . `` Rangers '' . Scottish Football League . August 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . `` Rangers Football Club : Team Profile '' . Scottish Premier League . May 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . `` Rangers '' . FIFA. 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . `` Rangers FC '' . UEFA. 31 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . `` Club 1872 '' . Club 1872 . 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . News Rangers F.C. on BBC Sport : Club news -- Recent results and fixtures Club information at Fitbastats.com Rangers Football Club Players Internationals Managers Chairmen Under - 20s & Academy Records and statistics Honours Current season Ownership History Club History Hall of Fame Past seasons Europe Administration and liquidation Home stadium Fleshers ' Haugh ( 1873 -- 1876 ) Kinning Park ( 1876 -- 1887 ) First Ibrox Park ( 1887 -- 1899 ) Ibrox Stadium ( 1899 -- present ) Training ground Rangers Training Centre Tragedies 1902 Ibrox disaster 1971 Ibrox disaster Supporters Rangers F.C. supporters Club 1872 Rangers Fans Fighting Fund Rivalries Old Firm Aberdeen rivalry Media Rangers TV Others Broxi Bear Iron Curtain Superleague Formula team Rangers Women 's team Rangers Charity Foundation Blue Heaven Signing policy Related articles 1972 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final 2008 UEFA Cup Final ( riots ) Rangers F.C. seasons 1874 -- 75 1875 -- 76 1876 -- 77 1877 -- 78 1878 -- 79 1879 -- 80 1880 -- 81 1881 -- 82 1882 -- 83 1883 -- 84 1884 -- 85 1885 -- 86 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 00 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Rangers F.C. matches Scottish Cup Finals 1877 1879 1894 1897 1898 1899 1903 1904 1905 1909 1921 1922 1928 1929 1930 1932 1934 1935 1936 1948 1949 1950 1953 1960 1962 1963 1964 1966 1969 1971 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1989 1992 1993 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2008 2009 2016 Scottish League Cup Finals 1947 ( April ) 1949 ( March ) 1951 1957 1960 1961 1963 1964 1965 1966 1970 1978 1979 ( March ) 1981 1982 1984 ( March ) 1984 ( October ) 1986 1989 1992 1993 1998 2002 2003 2005 2008 2009 2011 Scottish Challenge Cup Finals 2014 2016 European Cup Winners ' Cup Finals 1961 1967 1972 UEFA Cup Final 2008 European Super Cup 1972 ( unofficial ) Other matches Berwick Rangers 1 -- 0 Rangers ( 1967 ) Rangers 2 -- 2 Celtic ( 1987 ) Progrès Niederkorn 2 -- 0 Rangers ( 2017 ) Scottish Professional Football League `` Scottish Premier League ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Divisions Premiership Championship League One League Two Cup competitions League Cup Challenge Cup 2018 -- 19 Premiership teams Aberdeen Celtic Dundee Hamilton Academical Heart of Midlothian Hibernian Kilmarnock Livingston Motherwell Rangers St Johnstone St Mirren 2018 -- 19 Championship teams Alloa Athletic Ayr United Dundee United Dunfermline Athletic Falkirk Greenock Morton Inverness Caledonian Thistle Partick Thistle Queen of the South Ross County 2018 -- 19 League One teams Airdrieonians Arbroath Brechin City Dumbarton East Fife Forfar Athletic Montrose Raith Rovers Stenhousemuir Stranraer 2018 -- 19 League Two teams Albion Rovers Annan Athletic Berwick Rangers Clyde Cowdenbeath Edinburgh City Elgin City Peterhead Queen 's Park Stirling Albion Former teams East Stirlingshire Seasons 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Broadcasters Clubs Foreign players Hat - 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Al-Aqsa Mosque
Al - Aqsa mosque - wikipedia Al - Aqsa mosque This is an old revision of this page , as edited by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) at 22 : 59 , 23 August 2017 ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 22 : 59 , 23 August 2017 by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search `` al - Aqsa '' redirects here . For other uses , see al - Aqsa ( disambiguation ) . `` The template Infobox religious building is being considered for merging . '' Al - Aqsa Mosque المسجد الاقصى ‎ Masjid al - ' Aqṣā Location within the Old City of Jerusalem Basic information Location Old City of Jerusalem Geographic coordinates 31 ° 46 ′ 34 '' N 35 ° 14 ′ 09 '' E  /  31.77617 ° N 35.23583 ° E  / 31.77617 ; 35.23583 Coordinates : 31 ° 46 ′ 34 '' N 35 ° 14 ′ 09 '' E  /  31.77617 ° N 35.23583 ° E  / 31.77617 ; 35.23583 Affiliation Islam Country Israel , Palestinian National Authority Administration Jerusalem Islamic Waqf Leadership Imam ( s ) : Muhammad Ahmad Hussein Architectural description Architectural type Mosque Architectural style Early Islamic , Mamluk Date established 705 CE Specifications Direction of façade north - northwest Capacity 5,000 + Dome ( s ) 2 large + tens of smaller ones Minaret ( s ) 4 Minaret height 37 meters ( 121 ft ) ( tallest ) Materials Limestone ( external walls , minaret , facade ) stalactite ( minaret ) , Gold , lead and stone ( domes ) , white marble ( interior columns ) and mosaic Al - Aqsa Mosque ( Arabic : المسجد الاقصى ‎ ‎ Al - Masjid al - ' Aqṣā , IPA : ( ʔælˈmæsdʒɪd ælˈʔɑqsʕɑ ) ( listen ) , `` the Farthest Mosque '' ) , also known as Al - Aqsa and Bayt al - Maqdis , is the third holiest site in Islam and is located in the Old City of Jerusalem . Whilst the entire site on which the silver - domed mosque sits , along with the Dome of the Rock , seventeen gates , and four minarets , was itself historically known as the Al - Aqsa Mosque , today a narrower definition prevails , and the wider compound is usually referred to as al - Haram ash - Sharif ( `` the Noble Sanctuary '' ) , or the Temple Mount , the holiest site in Judaism . Muslims believe that Muhammad was transported from the Sacred Mosque in Mecca to al - Aqsa during the Night Journey . Islamic tradition holds that Muhammad led prayers towards this site until the seventeenth month after the emigration , when God directed him to turn towards the Kaaba . The mosque was originally a small prayer house built by Umar the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate , but was rebuilt and expanded by the Umayyad caliph Abd al - Malik and finished by his son al - Walid in 705 CE . The mosque was completely destroyed by an earthquake in 746 and rebuilt by the Abbasid caliph al - Mansur in 754 . His successor al - Mahdi rebuilt it again in 780 . Another earthquake destroyed most of al - Aqsa in 1033 , but two years later the Fatimid caliph Ali az - Zahir built another mosque which has stood to the present day . During the periodic renovations undertaken , the various ruling dynasties of the Islamic Caliphate constructed additions to the mosque and its precincts , such as its dome , facade , its minbar , minarets and the interior structure . When the Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099 , they used the mosque as a palace and the Dome of the Rock as a church , but its function as a mosque was restored after its recapture by Saladin in 1187 . More renovations , repairs and additions were undertaken in the later centuries by the Ayyubids , Mamluks , Ottomans , the Supreme Muslim Council , and Jordan . Today , the Old City is under Israeli control , but the mosque remains under the administration of the Jordanian / Palestinian - led Islamic Waqf . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-construction 2.2 Construction by the Umayyads 2.3 Earthquakes and reconstructions 2.4 Modern era 3 Architecture 3.1 Dome 3.2 Facade and porch 3.3 Interior 3.4 Ablution fountain 4 Religious significance in Islam 4.1 Isra and Mi'raj 4.2 First qibla 4.3 Religious status 5 Current situations 5.1 Administration 5.2 Access 5.3 Excavations 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Etymology Al - Masjid al - Aqsa translates from Arabic into English as `` the farthest mosque '' . The name refers to a chapter of the Quran called `` The Night Journey '' in which it is said that Muhammad traveled from Mecca to `` the farthest mosque '' , and then up to Heaven on a heavenly creature called al - Buraq al - Sharif . Al - Aqsa Mosque as a whole is confused with a particular building within it , also known as al - Jami ' al - Aqsa or al - Qibli or Masjid al - Jumah or al - Mughata ; these names refer to the southern building with the silver lead dome . For centuries , al - Masjid al - Aqsa referred not only to the mosque , but to the entire sacred sanctuary , while al - Jami ' al - Aqsa referred to the specific site of the mosque . This changed during the period of Ottoman rule ( c. early 16th century to 1917 ) when the sanctuary complex came to be known as al - Haram al - Sharif . History Pre-construction The al - Aqsa Mosque is located on the Temple Mount , referred to by Muslims today as the `` Haram al - Sharif '' ( `` The Noble Sanctuary '' ) , an enclosure expanded by King Herod the Great beginning in 20 BCE . The mosque resides on an artificial platform that is supported by arches constructed by Herod 's engineers to overcome the difficult topographic conditions resulting from the southward expansion of the enclosure into the Tyropoeon and Kidron valleys . At the time of the Second Temple , the present site of the mosque was occupied by the Royal Stoa , a basilica running the southern wall of the enclosure . The Royal Stoa was destroyed along with the Temple during the sacking of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE . It was once thought that Emperor Justinian 's `` Nea Ekklesia of the Theotokos '' , or the New Church of the God - Bearer , dedicated to the God - bearing Virgin Mary , consecrated in 543 and commonly known as the Nea Church , was situated where al - Aqsa Mosque was later constructed . However , remains identified as those of the Nea Church were uncovered in the south part of the Jewish Quarter in 1973 . Analysis of the wooden beams and panels removed from the mosque during renovations in the 1930s shows they are made from Cedar of Lebanon and cypress . Radiocarbon dating indicates a large range of ages , some as old as 9th - century BCE , showing that some of the wood had previously been used in older buildings . In 2012 , it was reported that Robert Hamilton , an archaeologist who worked on the Temple Mount after the 1927 Jericho earthquake , had discovered remains under al - Aqsa mosque that he did not publish in his book on the excavations . These included a mosaic like those used in Byzantine churches , and a Jewish mikveh from the Second Temple period . Construction by the Umayyads The mosque along the southern wall of Haram al - Sharif The current construction of the al - Aqsa Mosque is dated to the early Umayyad period of rule in Palestine . Architectural historian K.A.C. Creswell , referring to a testimony by Arculf , a Gallic monk , during his pilgrimage to Palestine in 679 -- 82 , notes the possibility that the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate , Umar ibn al - Khattab , erected a primitive quadrangular building for a capacity of 3,000 worshipers somewhere on the Haram ash - Sharif . However , Arculf visited Palestine during the reign of Mu'awiyah I , and it is possible that Mu'awiyah ordered the construction , not Umar . This latter claim is explicitly supported by the early Muslim scholar al - Muthahhar bin Tahir . According to several Muslim scholars , including Mujir ad - Din , al - Suyuti , and al - Muqaddasi , the mosque was reconstructed and expanded by the caliph Abd al - Malik in 690 along with the Dome of the Rock . Guy le Strange claims that Abd al - Malik used materials from the destroyed Church of Our Lady to build the mosque and points to possible evidence that substructures on the southeast corners of the mosque are remains of the church . In planning his magnificent project on the Temple Mount , which in effect would turn the entire complex into the Haram al - Sharif ( `` the Noble Sanctuary '' ) , Abd al - Malik wanted to replace the slipshod structure described by Arculf with a more sheltered structure enclosing the qibla ( `` direction '' ) , a necessary element in his grand scheme . However , the entire Haram al - Sharif was meant to represent a mosque . How much he modified the aspect of the earlier building is unknown , but the length of the new building is indicated by the existence of traces of a bridge leading from the Umayyad palace just south of the western part of the complex . The bridge would have spanned the street running just outside the southern wall of the Haram al - Sharif to give direct access to the mosque . Direct access from palace to mosque was a well - known feature in the Umayyad period , as evidenced at various early sites . Abd al - Malik shifted the central axis of the mosque some 40 meters ( 130 ft ) westward , in accord with his overall plan for the Haram al - Sharif . The earlier axis is represented in the structure by the niche still known as the `` mihrab of ' Umar . '' In placing emphasis on the Dome of the Rock , Abd al - Malik had his architects align his new al - Aqsa Mosque according to the position of the Rock , thus shifting the main north -- south axis of the Noble Sanctuary , a line running through the Dome of the Chain and the Mihrab of Umar . In contrast , Creswell , while referring to the Aphrodito Papyri , claims that Abd al - Malik 's son , al - Walid I , reconstructed the Aqsa Mosque over a period of six months to a year , using workers from Damascus . Most scholars agree that the mosque 's reconstruction was started by Abd al - Malik , but that al - Walid oversaw its completion . In 713 -- 14 , a series of earthquakes ravaged Jerusalem , destroying the eastern section of the mosque , which was subsequently rebuilt during al - Walid 's rule . In order to finance its reconstruction , al - Walid had gold from the dome of the Rock minted to use as money to purchase the material . The Umayyad - built al - Aqsa Mosque most likely measured 112 x 39 meters . Earthquakes and reconstructions In 746 , the al - Aqsa Mosque was damaged in an earthquake , four years before as - Saffah overthrew the Umayyads and established the Abbasid Caliphate . The second Abbasid caliph Abu Ja'far al - Mansur declared his intent to repair the mosque in 753 , and he had the gold and silver plaques that covered the gates of the mosque removed and turned into dinars and dirhams to finance the reconstruction which ended in 771 . A second earthquake damaged most of al - Mansur 's repairs , excluding those made in the southern portion in 774 . In 780 , the successor caliph Muhammad al - Mahdi had it rebuilt , but curtailed its length and increased its breadth . Al - Mahdi 's renovation is the first known to have written records describing it . In 985 , Jerusalem - born Arab geographer al - Muqaddasi recorded that the renovated mosque had `` fifteen naves and fifteen gates '' . The doors of the Saladin Minbar , early 1900s . The minbar was built on Nur al - Din 's orders , but installed by Saladin In 1033 , there was another earthquake , severely damaging the mosque . The Fatimid caliph Ali az - Zahir rebuilt and completely renovated the mosque between 1034 and 1036 . The number of naves was drastically reduced from fifteen to seven . Az - Zahir built the four arcades of the central hall and aisle , which presently serve as the foundation of the mosque . The central aisle was double the width of the other aisles and had a large gable roof upon which the dome -- made of wood -- was constructed . Persian geographer , Nasir Khusraw describes the Aqsa Mosque during a visit in 1047 : The Haram Area ( Noble Sanctuary ) lies in the eastern part of the city ; and through the bazaar of this ( quarter ) you enter the Area by a great and beautiful gateway ( Dargah ) ... After passing this gateway , you have on the right two great colonnades ( Riwaq ) , each of which has nine - and - twenty marble pillars , whose capitals and bases are of colored marbles , and the joints are set in lead . Above the pillars rise arches , that are constructed , of masonry , without mortar or cement , and each arch is constructed of no more than five or six blocks of stone . These colonnades lead down to near the Maqsurah ( enclosure ) . Jerusalem was captured by the Crusaders in 1099 , during the First Crusade . They named the mosque `` Solomon 's Temple '' , distinguishing it from the Dome of the Rock , which they named Templum Domini ( Temple of God ) . While the Dome of the Rock was turned into a Christian church under the care of the Augustinians , the al - Aqsa Mosque was used as a royal palace and also as a stable for horses . In 1119 , it was transformed into the headquarters of the Templar Knights . During this period , the mosque underwent some structural changes , including the expansion of its northern porch , and the addition of an apse and a dividing wall . A new cloister and church were also built at the site , along with various other structures . The Templars constructed vaulted western and eastern annexes to the building ; the western currently serves as the women 's mosque and the eastern as the Islamic Museum . After the Ayyubids under the leadership of Saladin reconquered Jerusalem following the siege of 1187 , several repairs and renovations were undertaken at al - Aqsa Mosque . In order to prepare the mosque for Friday prayers , within a week of his capture of Jerusalem Saladin had the toilets and grain stores installed by the Crusaders at al - Aqsa removed , the floors covered with precious carpets , and its interior scented with rosewater and incense . Saladin 's predecessor -- the Zengid sultan Nur al - Din -- had commissioned the construction of a new minbar or `` pulpit '' made of ivory and wood in 1168 -- 69 , but it was completed after his death ; Nur ad - Din 's minbar was added to the mosque in November 1187 by Saladin . The Ayyubid sultan of Damascus , al - Mu'azzam , built the northern porch of the mosque with three gates in 1218 . In 1345 , the Mamluks under al - Kamil Shaban added two naves and two gates to the mosque 's eastern side . After the Ottomans assumed power in 1517 , they did not undertake any major renovations or repairs to the mosque itself , but they did to the Noble Sanctuary as a whole . This included the building of the Fountain of Qasim Pasha ( 1527 ) , the restoration of the Pool of Raranj , and the building of three free - standing domes -- the most notable being the Dome of the Prophet built in 1538 . All construction was ordered by the Ottoman governors of Jerusalem and not the sultans themselves . The sultans did make additions to existing minarets , however . In 1816 , the mosque was restored by Governor Sulayman Pasha al - Adil after having been in a dilapidated state . Modern era See also : Al - Aqsa Intifada The dome of the mosque in 1982 . It was made of aluminum ( and looked like silver ) , but replaced with its original lead plating in 1983 . The first renovation in the 20th century occurred in 1922 , when the Supreme Muslim Council under Amin al - Husayni ( the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem ) commissioned Turkish architect Ahmet Kemalettin Bey to restore al - Aqsa Mosque and the monuments in its precincts . The council also commissioned British architects , Egyptian engineering experts and local officials to contribute to and oversee the repairs and additions which were carried out in 1924 -- 25 by Kemalettin . The renovations included reinforcing the mosque 's ancient Umayyad foundations , rectifying the interior columns , replacing the beams , erecting a scaffolding , conserving the arches and drum of the main dome 's interior , rebuilding the southern wall , and replacing timber in the central nave with a slab of concrete . The renovations also revealed Fatimid - era mosaics and inscriptions on the interior arches that had been covered with plasterwork . The arches were decorated with gold and green - tinted gypsum and their timber tie beams were replaced with brass . A quarter of the stained glass windows also were carefully renewed so as to preserve their original Abbasid and Fatimid designs . Severe damage was caused by the 1837 and 1927 earthquakes , but the mosque was repaired in 1938 and 1942 . On July 20 , 1951 , King Abdullah I was shot three times by a Palestinian gunman as he entered the mosque , killing him . His grandson Prince Hussein , was at his side and was also hit , though a medal he was wearing on his chest deflected the bullet . The mosque seen from the Western Wall plaza , 2005 On 21 August 1969 , a fire was started by a visitor from Australia named Denis Michael Rohan . Rohan was a member of an evangelical Christian sect known as the Worldwide Church of God . He hoped that by burning down al - Aqsa Mosque he would hasten the Second Coming of Jesus , making way for the rebuilding of the Jewish Temple on the Temple Mount . Rohan was subsequently hospitalized in a mental institution . In response to the incident , a summit of Islamic countries was held in Rabat that same year , hosted by Faisal of Saudi Arabia , the late king of Saudi Arabia . The al - Aqsa fire is regarded as one of the catalysts for the formation of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference ( OIC , now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ) in 1972 . In the 1980s , Ben Shoshan and Yehuda Etzion , both members of the Gush Emunim Underground , plotted to blow up the al - Aqsa mosque and the Dome of the Rock . Etzion believed that blowing up the two mosques would cause a spiritual awakening in Israel , and would solve all the problems of the Jewish people . They also hoped the Third Temple of Jerusalem would be built on the location of the mosque . On 15 January 1988 , during the First Intifada , Israeli troops fired rubber bullets and tear gas at protesters outside the mosque , wounding 40 worshipers . On 8 October 1990 , 22 Palestinians were killed and over 100 others injured by Israeli Border Police during protests that were triggered by the announcement of the Temple Mount Faithful , a group of religious Jews , that they were going to lay the cornerstone of the Third Temple . On 28 September 2000 , then - opposition leader of Israel Ariel Sharon and members of the Likud Party , along with 1,000 armed guards , visited the al - Aqsa compound ; a large group of Palestinians went to protest the visit . After Sharon and the Likud Party members left , a demonstration erupted and Palestinians on the grounds of the Haram al - Sharif began throwing stones and other projectiles at Israeli riot police . Police fired tear gas and rubber bullets at the crowd , injuring 24 people . The visit sparked a five - year uprising by the Palestinians , commonly referred to as the al - Aqsa Intifada , though some commentators , citing subsequent speeches by PA officials , particularly Imad Falouji and Arafat himself , claim that the Intifada had been planned months in advance , as early as July upon Yasser Arafat 's return from Camp David talks . On 29 September , the Israeli government deployed 2,000 riot police to the mosque . When a group of Palestinians left the mosque after Friday prayers ( Jumu'ah , ) they hurled stones at the police . The police then stormed the mosque compound , firing both live ammunition and rubber bullets at the group of Palestinians , killing four and wounding about 200 . On 5 November 2014 , Israeli police entered Al - Aqsa for the first time since capturing Jerusalem in 1967 , said Sheikh Azzam Al - Khatib , director of the Islamic Waqf . Previous media reports of ' storming Al - Aqsa ' referred to the Haram al - Sharif compound rather than the Al - Aqsa mosque itself . Architecture The mosque is situated at the Southern end of the Haram ash - Sharif The rectangular al - Aqsa Mosque and its precincts are 144,000 square meters ( 1,550,000 sq ft ) , although the mosque itself is about 35,000 square meters ( 380,000 sq ft ) and could hold up to 5,000 worshipers . It is 83 m ( 272 ft ) long , 56 m ( 184 ft ) wide . Unlike the Dome of the Rock , which reflects classical Byzantine architecture , the Al - Aqsa Mosque is characteristic of early Islamic architecture . Dome The silver - colored dome consists of lead sheeting Nothing remains of the original dome built by Abd al - Malik . The present - day dome was built by az - Zahir and consists of wood plated with lead enamelwork . In 1969 , the dome was reconstructed in concrete and covered with anodized aluminum , instead of the original ribbed lead enamel work sheeting . In 1983 , the aluminum outer covering was replaced with lead to match the original design by az - Zahir . Al - Aqsa 's dome is one of the few domes to be built in front of the mihrab during the Umayyad and Abbasid periods , the others being the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus ( 715 ) and the Great Mosque of Sousse ( 850 ) . The interior of the dome is painted with 14th - century - era decorations . During the 1969 burning , the paintings were assumed to be irreparably lost , but were completely reconstructed using the trateggio technique , a method that uses fine vertical lines to distinguish reconstructed areas from original ones . Facade and porch The facade of the mosque . It was constructed by the Fatimids , then expanded by the Crusaders , the Ayyubids and the Mamluks The facade of the mosque was built in 1065 CE on the instructions of the Fatimid caliph al - Mustansir Billah . It was crowned with a balustrade consisting of arcades and small columns . The Crusaders damaged the facade , but it was restored and renovated by the Ayyubids . One addition was the covering of the facade with tiles . The second - hand material of the facade 's arches includes sculpted , ornamental material taken from Crusader structures in Jerusalem . The facade consists of fourteen stone arches , most of which are of a Romanesque style . The outer arches added by the Mamluks follow the same general design . The entrance to the mosque is through the facade 's central arch . The porch is located at the top of the facade . The central bays of the porch were built by the Knights Templar during the First Crusade , but Saladin 's nephew al - Mu'azzam Isa ordered the construction of the porch itself in 1217 . Interior The al - Aqsa Mosque has seven aisles of hypostyle naves with several additional small halls to the west and east of the southern section of the building . There are 121 stained glass windows in the mosque from the Abbasid and Fatimid eras . About a fourth of them were restored in 1924 . Interior view of the mosque showing the central naves and columns The mosque 's interior is supported by 45 columns , 33 of which are white marble and 12 of stone . The column rows of the central aisles are heavy and stunted . The remaining four rows are better proportioned . The capitals of the columns are of four different kinds : those in the central aisle are heavy and primitively designed , while those under the dome are of the Corinthian order , and made from Italian white marble . The capitals in the eastern aisle are of a heavy basket - shaped design and those east and west of the dome are also basket - shaped , but smaller and better proportioned . The columns and piers are connected by an architectural rave , which consists of beams of roughly squared timber enclosed in a wooden casing . A great portion of the mosque is covered with whitewash , but the drum of the dome and the walls immediately beneath it are decorated with mosaics and marble . Some paintings by an Italian artist were introduced when repairs were undertaken at the mosque after an earthquake ravaged the mosque in 1927 . The ceiling of the mosque was painted with funding by King Farouk of Egypt . The minbar ( `` pulpit '' ) of the mosque was built by a craftsman named Akhtarini from Aleppo on the orders of the Zengid sultan Nur ad - Din . It was intended to be a gift for the mosque when Nur ad - Din would capture Jerusalem from the Crusaders and took six years to build ( 1168 -- 74 ) . Nur ad - Din died and the Crusaders still controlled Jerusalem , but in 1187 , Saladin captured the city and the minbar was installed . The structure was made of ivory and carefully crafted wood . Arabic calligraphy , geometrical and floral designs were inscribed in the woodwork . After its destruction by Rohan in 1969 , it was replaced by a much simpler minbar . In January 2007 , Adnan al - Husayni -- head of the Islamic waqf in charge of al - Aqsa -- stated that a new minbar would be installed ; it was installed in February 2007 . The design of the new minbar was drawn by Jamil Badran based on an exact replica of the Saladin Minbar and was finished by Badran within a period of five years . The minbar itself was built in Jordan over a period of four years and the craftsmen used `` ancient woodworking methods , joining the pieces with pegs instead of nails , but employed computer images to design the pulpit ( minbar ) . '' Ablution Fountain The mosque 's `` al - Kas '' ablution fountain The mosque 's main ablution fountain , known as al - Kas ( `` the Cup '' ) , is located north of the mosque between it and the Dome of the Rock . It is used by worshipers to perform wudu , a ritual washing of the hands , arms , legs , feet , and face before entry into the mosque . It was first built in 709 by the Umayyads , but in 1327 -- 28 Governor Tankiz enlarged it to accommodate more worshipers . Although originally supplied with water from Solomon 's Pools near Bethlehem , it currently receives water from pipes connected to Jerusalem 's water supply . In the 20th - century , al - Kas was provided taps and stone seating . The Fountain of Qasim Pasha , built by the Ottomans in 1526 and located north of the mosque on the platform of the Dome of the Rock , was used by worshipers for ablution and for drinking until the 1940s . Today , it stands as a monumental structure . Religious significance in Islam In Islam , the term `` al - Aqsa Mosque '' refers to the entire Noble Sanctuary . The mosque is believed to be the second house of prayer constructed after the Masjid al - Haram in Mecca . Post-Rashidun - era Islamic scholars traditionally identified the mosque as the site referred to in the sura ( Quranic chapter ) al - Isra ( `` the Night Journey '' ) . This specific verse in the Quran cemented the significant religious importance of al - Aqsa in Islam . The specific passage reads `` Praise be to Him who made His servant journey in the night from the sacred sanctuary to the remotest sanctuary . '' Muslims traditionally identify the `` sacred sanctuary '' as the Masjid al - Haram and the `` remotest sanctuary '' as the al - Aqsa Mosque , even though initially , Rashidun and Umayyad - era scholars were in disagreement about the location of the `` remotest sanctuary '' with some arguing it was actually located near Mecca . Eventually scholarly consensus determined that its location was indeed in Jerusalem . Abu Dhar narrated : I said , `` O Allah 's Apostle ! Which mosque was first built on the surface of the earth ? '' He said , `` Al - Masjid - ul - Haram ( in Mecca ) . '' I said , `` Which was built next ? '' He replied `` The mosque of Al - Aqsa ( in Jerusalem ) . '' I said , `` What was the period of construction between the two ? '' He said , `` Forty years . '' He added , `` Wherever ( you may be , and ) the prayer time becomes due , perform the prayer there , for the best thing is to do so ( i.e. to offer the prayers in time ) . '' `` '' Sahih al - Bukhari : Volume 4 , Book 55 , Hadith Number 585 Isra and Mi'raj According to the Quran and Islamic traditions , al - Aqsa Mosque is the place from which Muhammad went on a night journey ( al - isra ) during which he rode on Buraq , who took him from Mecca to al - Aqsa . Muhammad tethered Buraq to the Western Wall and prayed at al - Aqsa Mosque and after he finished his prayers , the angel Jibril ( Gabriel ) traveled with him to heaven , where he met several other prophets and led them in prayer . First qibla Interior view of the mosque showing the mihrab , indicating the qibla The historical significance of the al - Aqsa Mosque in Islam is further emphasized by the fact that Muslims turned towards al - Aqsa when they prayed for a period of sixteen or seventeen months after migration to Medina in 624 ; it thus became the qibla ( `` direction '' ) that Muslims faced for prayer . Muhammad later prayed towards the Kaaba in Mecca after receiving a revelation during a prayer session in the Masjid al - Qiblatayn . The qibla was relocated to the Kaaba where Muslims have been directed to pray ever since . The altering of the qibla was precisely the reason the Rashidun caliph Umar , despite identifying the mosque which Muhammad used to ascend to Heaven upon his arrival at the Noble Sanctuary in 638 , neither prayed facing it nor built any structure upon it . This was because the significance of that particular spot on the Noble Sanctuary was superseded in Islamic jurisprudence by the Kaaba in Mecca after the change of the qibla towards that site . According to early Quranic interpreters and what is generally accepted as Islamic tradition , in 638 CE Umar , upon entering a conquered Jerusalem , consulted with Ka'ab al - Ahbar -- a Jewish convert to Islam who came with him from Medina -- as to where the best spot would be to build a mosque . Al - Ahbar suggested to him that it should be behind the Rock `` ... so that all of Jerusalem would be before you . '' Umar replied , `` You correspond to Judaism ! '' Immediately after this conversation , Umar began to clean up the site -- which was filled with trash and debris -- with his cloak , and other Muslim followers imitated him until the site was clean . Umar then prayed at the spot where it was believed that Muhammad had prayed before his night journey , reciting the Quranic sura Sad . Thus , according to this tradition , Umar thereby reconsecrated the site as a mosque . Because of the holiness of Noble Sanctuary itself -- being a place where David and Solomon had prayed -- Umar constructed a small prayer house in the southern corner of its platform , taking care to avoid allowing the Rock to come between the mosque and the direction of Kaaba so that Muslims would face only Mecca when they prayed . Religious status Main articles : Holiest sites in Sunni Islam and Holiest sites in Shia Islam Jerusalem is recognized as a sacred site in Islam . Though the Quran does not mention Jerusalem by name , it has been understood by Islamic scholars since the earliest times that many passages in the Quran refer to Jerusalem . Jerusalem is also mentioned many times in the hadith . Some academics attribute the holiness of Jerusalem to the rise and expansion of a certain type of literary genre , known as al - Fadhail or history of cities . The Fadhail of Jerusalem inspired Muslims , especially during the Umayyad period , to embellish the sanctity of the city beyond its status in the holy texts . Others point to the political motives of the Umayyad dynasty which led to the sanctification of Jerusalem in Islam . Later medieval scripts , as well as modern - day political tracts , tend to classify al - Aqsa Mosque as the third holiest site in Islam . For example , Sahih al - Bukhari quotes Abu Darda as saying : `` the Prophet of God Muhammad said a prayer in the Sacred Mosque ( in Mecca ) is worth 100,000 prayers ; a prayer in my mosque ( in Medina ) is worth 1,000 prayers ; and a prayer in al - Aqsa Mosque is worth 500 prayers more than in any other mosque '' . In addition , the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation refers to the al - Aqsa Mosque as the third holiest site in Islam ( and calls for Arab sovereignty over it ) . Current situations Administration The Waqf Ministry of Jordan held control of the al - Aqsa Mosque until the 1967 Six - Day War . After Israel 's victory in that war , Israel transferred the control of the mosque and the northern Noble Sanctuary to the Islamic waqf trust , who are independent of the Israeli government . However , Israeli Security Forces are permitted to patrol and conduct searches within the perimeter of the mosque . After the 1969 arson attack , the waqf employed architects , technicians and craftsmen in a committee that carry out regular maintenance operations . The Islamic Movement in Israel and the waqf have attempted to increase Muslim control of the Temple Mount as a way of countering Israeli policies and the escalating presence of Israeli security forces around the site since the Second Intifada . Some activities included refurbishing abandoned structures and renovating . Muhammad Ahmad Hussein is the head imam and manager of the al - Aqsa Mosque and was assigned the role of Grand Mufti of Jerusalem in 2006 by Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas . Ownership of the al - Aqsa Mosque is a contentious issue in the Israel - Palestinian conflict . Israel claims sovereignty over the mosque along with all of the Temple Mount ( Noble Sanctuary ) , but Palestinians hold the custodianship of the site through the Islamic waqf . During the negotiations at the 2000 Camp David Summit , Palestinians demanded complete ownership of the mosque and other Islamic holy sites in East Jerusalem . Current Imams : Sheikh Abu Yusuf Sneia , Sheikh Ali Al Abbasi , Sheikh Sa'eed Qalqeeli , Sheikh Walid Access Palestinian Muslim reading the Quran inside al - Aqsa Mosque Muslim residents of Israel and Palestinians living in East Jerusalem are normally allowed to enter the Temple Mount and pray at the al - Aqsa Mosque without restrictions . Due to security measures , the Israeli government occasionally prevents certain groups of Muslims from reaching al - Aqsa by blocking the entrances to the complex ; the restrictions vary from time to time . At times restrictions have prevented all men under 50 and women under 45 from entering , but married men over 45 are allowed . Sometimes the restrictions are enforced on the occasion of Friday prayers , other times they are over an extended period of time . Restrictions are most severe for Gazans , followed by restrictions on those from West Bank . The Israeli government states that the restrictions are in place for security reasons . Until 2000 , non-Muslim visitors could enter the Al - Aqsa Mosque by getting a ticket from the Waqf . That procedure ended when the Second Intifada began . Fifteen years later , negotiation between Israel and Jordan might result in allowing visitors to enter once again . Excavations Main article : Excavations at the Temple Mount Several excavations outside the Temple Mount took place following the 1967 War . In 1970 , Israeli authorities commenced intensive excavations outside the walls next to the mosque on the southern and western sides . Palestinians believed that tunnels were being dug under the Al - Aqsa Mosque in order to undermine its foundations , which was denied by Israelis , who claimed that the closest excavation to the mosque was some 70 meters ( 230 ft ) to its south . The Archaeological Department of the Israeli Ministry of Religious Affairs dug a tunnel near the western portion of the mosque in 1984 . According to UNESCO 's special envoy to Jerusalem Oleg Grabar , buildings and structures on the Temple Mount are deteriorating due mostly to disputes between the Israeli , Palestinian and Jordanian governments over who is actually responsible for the site . In February 2007 , the Department started to excavate a site for archaeological remains in a location where the government wanted to rebuild a collapsed pedestrian bridge leading to the Mughrabi Gate , the only entrance for non-Muslims into the Temple Mount complex . This site was 60 meters ( 200 ft ) away from the mosque . The excavations provoked anger throughout the Islamic world , and Israel was accused of trying to destroy the foundation of the mosque . Ismail Haniya -- then Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority and Hamas leader -- called on Palestinians to unite to protest the excavations , while Fatah said they would end their ceasefire with Israel . Israel denied all charges against them , calling them `` ludicrous '' . See also Islam portal Jerusalem portal Islamic architecture Islam in Israel Islam in the Palestinian territories List of the oldest mosques in the world Masjid an - Nabawi Mosque of Omar Palestinian nationalism Notes Jump up ^ According to historian Oleg Grabar , `` It is only at a relatively late date that the Muslim holy space in Jerusalem came to be referred to as al - haram al - sharif ( literally , the Noble Sacred Precinct or Restricted Enclosure , often translated as the Noble Sanctuary and usually simply referred to as the Haram ) . While the exact early history of this term is unclear , we know that it only became common in Ottoman times , when administrative order was established over all matters pertaining to the organization of the Muslim faith and the supervision of the holy places , for which the Ottomans took financial and architectural responsibility . Before the Ottomans , the space was usually called al - masjid al - aqsa ( the Farthest Mosque ) , a term now reserved to the covered congregational space on the Haram , or masjid bayt al - maqdis ( Mosque of the Holy City ) or , even , like Mecca 's sanctuary , al - masjid al - haram . '' References Jump up ^ Al - Ratrout , H.A. , The Architectural Development of Al - Aqsa Mosque in the Early Islamic Period , ALMI Press , London , 2004 . Jump up ^ Grabar 2000 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Schieck , Robert ( 2008 ) in Geographical Dimension of Islamic Jerusalem , Cambridge Scholars Publishing ; see also Omar , Abdallah ( 2009 ) al - Madkhal li - dirasat al - Masjid al - Aqsa al - Mubarak , Beirut : Dar al - Kotob al - Ilmiyaah ; also by the same author the Atlas of Al - Aqsa Mosque ( 2010 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Al - Aqsa Mosque , Jerusalem '' . Atlas Travel and Tourist Agency . Archived from the original on 26 July 2008 . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lailat al Miraj '' . BBC News . BBC MMVIII . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Jarrar 1998 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Netzer , 2008 , pp. 161 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Nahman Avigad ( 1977 ) . `` A Building Inscription of the Emperor Justinian and the Nea in Jerusalem '' . Israel Exploration Journal . 27 ( 2 / 3 ) : 145 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Robert Schick ( 2007 ) . `` Byzantine Jerusalem '' . In Zeidan Kafafi ; Robert Schick . Jerusalem before Islam . Archaeopress . p. 175 . Jump up ^ N. Liphschitz , G. Biger , G. Bonani and W. Wolfli , Comparative Dating Methods : Botanical Identification and C Dating of Carved Panels and Beams from the Al - Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem , Journal of Archaeological Science , ( 1997 ) 24 , 1045 -- 1050 . Jump up ^ `` Second Temple - era mikveh discovered under Al - Aqsa mosque '' . Israel Hayom . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` In honor of Jerusalem Day , MKs get to dig into past '' . Jerusalem Post . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Elad , Amikam. ( 1995 ) . Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship Holy Places , Ceremonies , Pilgrimage BRILL , pp. 29 -- 43 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10010 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : le Strange , Guy . ( 1890 ) . Palestine under the Moslems , pp. 80 -- 98 . ^ Jump up to : Grafman and Ayalon , 1998 , pp. 1 -- 15 . ^ Jump up to : Ma'oz , Moshe and Nusseibeh , Sari. ( 2000 ) . Jerusalem : Points of Friction , and Beyond BRILL . pp. 136 -- 138 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 8843 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Al - Aqsa Mosque Archived 3 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Archnet Digital Library . Jump up ^ Jeffers , 2004 , pp. 95 -- 96 . Jump up ^ `` The travels of Nasir - i - Khusrau to Jerusalem , 1047 C.E '' . Homepages.luc.edu . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Pringle , 1993 , p. 403 . Jump up ^ Boas , 2001 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Lee . Saladin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem : the Muslims recapture the Holy Land in AD 1187 . 2004 : The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 8239 - 4217 - 1 Jump up ^ Madden , 2002 , p. 230 . ^ Jump up to : Al - Aqsa Guide Archived 6 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Friends of Al - Aqsa 2007 . Jump up ^ Pappe , Ilan ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 2 : In the Shadow of Acre and Cairo : The Third Generation '' . The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty : The Huyaynis 1700 -- 1948 . Saqi Books . ISBN 9780863568015 . ^ Jump up to : Yuvaz , 1996 , pp. 149 -- 153 . Jump up ^ `` The Burning of Al - Aqsa '' . Time Magazine . 29 August 1969 . p. 1 . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Madman at the Mosque '' . Time Magazine . 12 January 1970 . Retrieved 3 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Esposito , 1998 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Dumper , 2002 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Sprinzak 2001 , pp. 198 -- 199 . Jump up ^ OpenDocument Letter Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . 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Yavuz , Yildirim ( 1996 ) . `` The Restoration Project of the Masjid al - Aqsa by Mimar Kemalettin ( 1922 -- 26 ) '' . In Necipoğlu , Gülru . Muqarnas , Volume 13 : An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World . Brill . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10633 - 2 . Netzer , Ehud ( 2008 ) . The Architecture of Herod , the Great Builder . Baker Academic . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 3612 - 5 . Patel , Ismail ( 2006 ) . Virtues of Jerusalem : An Islamic Perspective . Al - Aqsa Publishers . ISBN 0 - 9536530 - 2 - 1 . Pringle , Denys ( 1993 ) . The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem : Volume 3 , The City of Jerusalem : A Corpus . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521390385 . Raby , Julian ( 2004 ) . Essays in Honour of J.M. Rogers . Brill . ISBN 90 - 04 - 13964 - 8 . Sprinzak , Ehud ( 2001 ) . `` From Messianic Pioneering to Vigilante Terrorism : The Case of the Gush Emunim Underground '' . In Rapoport , David . Inside Terrorist Organizations . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8179 - 2 . Shah , Niaz A. ( 2008 ) . Self - defense in Islamic and international law . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 230 - 60618 - 0 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Al - Aqsa Mosque . Noble Sanctuary : Al - Aqsa Mosque Timeline : Al - Aqsa Mosque , Aljazeera ( show ) Temple Mount Al - Aqsa Mosque Al - Qibli Chapel Fountain of Qasim Pasha Murabitat Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Walls Western Wall Little Western Wall Dung Gate Heritage Foundation Modesty guard Mughrabi Bridge Paratroopers at the Western Wall Placing notes Platoon of the Wall Pro -- Wailing Wall Committee Western Stone Western Wall camera Wilson 's Arch Women for the Wall Western Wall Tunnel Other walls Eastern Wall Southern Wall Hall of Hewn Stones Temples Solomon 's Temple Second Temple Third Temple The Temple Institute Archaeological remnants Dome of the Rock Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Fountain of Qayt Bay Antiquities Foundation Stone Acra Antonia Fortress Birket Israel Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount Excavations Hasmonean Baris Minarets Monastery of the Virgins Pool of Raranj Ptolemaic Baris Robinson 's Arch Royal Stoa Solomon 's Stables Struthion Pool Temple Mount Sifting Project Gates Al - Mawazin Golden Gate Huldah Gates Warren 's Gate Conflicts 1990 Temple Mount riots 2009 Temple Mount riots 2017 Temple Mount crisis 2017 Temple Mount shooting See also Status quo of Holy Land sites Islamic Museum Islamization Jerusalem Islamic Waqf Temple Mount and Eretz Yisrael Faithful Movement Entry restrictions Templum Domini Temple Denial Well of Souls Category ( show ) People and things in the Quran ( hide ) Characters God in Islam ( Allah ) Names of God found in the Quran Angels Israfil Izra'il / Azrael ( Malak al - Mawt ) Jibra'il / Gabriel ( Al - Ruh al - Amin ) and Holy Spirit ( Al - Ruh al - Qudus ) and Al - Ruh ( The Spirit ) Maalik Mika'il Harut and Marut Jinns Iblīs / Devil Shaitan / Satan Ifrit ( and Marid ) Qareen In Heaven ( Jannah ) Ghilman and Wildan Houri In Hell ( Jahannam ) Zabaniyya Zaqqum Prophets and apostles ( messengers ) of God Mentioned Ādam / Adam Alyasa ' / Elisha Ayyub / Job Dawud / David Dhul - Kifl / Ezekiel ? Harun / Aaron Hud / Eber ? Ibrahim / Abraham ( Khalilullah ) Idris / Enoch ? Ilyas / Elijah Imran / Joachim ( father of Maryam ) Isa / Jesus Isḥaq / Isaac Isma'il / Ishmael Dhabih Ullah Lut / Lot Muhammad or Ahmad / Paraclete Musa / Moses ( Kalimullah ) Nuh / Noah Saleh / Shelah ? Shuaib / Jethro Sulayman / Solomon Uzair / Ezra ? Yahya / John the Baptist Yaqub / Jacob ( Israel ) Yunus / Jonah ( Dhul - Nun , Sahib al - Hut ) Yūsuf / Joseph Zakariya / Zechariah Implied Ermia / Jeremiah Samuel Yusha ' ibn Nūn / Joshua Good people ( before Islam ) Mentioned Dhul - Qarnayn Luqman Maryam / Mary ( mother of Isa ) Talut / Saul Implicitly mentioned Asiyah bint Muzahim / Bithiah ? ( wife of Fir'aun ) Asif ibn Barkhiya Bilquis ( Queen of Saba / Sheba ) Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Beniamin / Benjamin Habib the Carpenter ( believer of Ya - Sin ) Kaleb / Caleb Khidr Magicians of Fir'aun Simon Cephas / Simon Peter Other people ( before Islam ) Mentioned Āzar ( uncle of Ibrahim ) Fir'aun / Pharaoh Haman Jalut / Goliath Qarun / Korah Sāmiri Implicitly mentioned Abraha Bal'am / Balaam Barṣīṣā Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Potiphar ( Al - Aziz ) Shaddad Simeon ( son of Ya'qub ) Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Valid ibn Rayyan ( king of Egypt in the account of Yūsuf ) Zuleika ( wife of al - Aziz ) Mentioned people ( after inception of Islam ) Abū Lahab Zayd ibn Harithah Relatives of prophets Specified good relatives Daughters of Lut / Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Elizabeth or ' Ishā ' ( wife of Zakariya ) Habil / Abel ( son of Adam ) Hawwa ' / Eve ( wife of Adam ) Kulthum / Miriam ( sister of Musa ) Saffurah / Zipporah ( wife of Musa ) and Layya ( Saffura 's sister ) Sarah ( wife of Ibrahim , mother of Isḥaq ) Yukabed / Jochebed ( mother of Musa ) Non-specified good relatives Abiona / Amtelai daughter of Karnebo ( mother of Ibrahim ) Bathsheba ( wife of Dawud ) Muhammad 's wives Daughters of Muhammad Hājar / Hagar ( wife of Ibrahim , mother of Isma'il ) Hannah / Anne daughter of Faquz ( mother of Maryam ) Imran / Amram ( father of Musa ) Lamech ( father of Nuh ) Rāhil / Rachel ( wife of Ya'qub ) Rahma / Dinah ( wife of Ayyub ) Shamkha bint Anush / Betenos ( mother of Nuh ) Son of Luqman Other relatives Brothers of Yūsuf Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ? Tārah / Terah ( father of Ibrahim ) Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ? ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) ( show ) Groups and tribes Tribes and ethnicities Mentioned ' Ād ( people of Hud ) Arabs and Ajam Children of Israel / Israelites Companions of the Rass People of Saba ' / Sheba People of Shu'aib ( people of Madyan and people of Aykah / Wood ) People of Tubba ' Quraysh Romans Thamud ( people of Saleh , companions of Hijr ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Implicitly mentioned Ahl al - Bayt Amalek Banu Hashim Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Groups Mentioned Christian apostles Disciples of Jesus Companions of Noah 's Ark Companions of Sabbath ( Aşḥāb al - Sabt ) Companions of the Cave / Seven Sleepers and Companions of al - Raqaim Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of the City ( People of Ya - Sin ) People of the Burned Garden ( Aşḥāb al - Jannah ) Ulu'l azm prophets Implicitly mentioned Ahl al - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Aus and Khazraj Copts Hezbollah Muhajirun ( The emigrants ) and Ansar ( The helpers ) Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Christians ( People of Injil ) Jews Kafir ( Infidels ) Majus Zoroastrians Munafiq Hypocrites Mushrik Polytheists Muslims People of the Book ( ‎ ′ Ahl al - Kitāb ) Sabians Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Rabbani / Rabbi Ruhban ( Christian monks ) ( show ) Locations , entities and events Locations Mentioned Ahqāf Al - Aqsa Mosque Arafat and Mash'ar al - Harām Bābil / Babylon Badr Door of Hittah Hijr / Hegra Holy Land ( Palestine and Levant ) Hunayn Iram Ka'bah / Kaaba ( Bayt al - Harām / Sacred House , Bayt al - ' Atīq / Ancient House ) Madyan / Midian Madinah / Medina ( formerly Yathrib ) Majma ' al - Bahrain Makkah / Mecca ( Umm al - Qura , Balad al - Amin , Bakkah ) Maqām Ibrahim Masjid al - Dirar Masjid al - Haram Mount Judi Mu'tafikat ( Sodom ) Rass Saba ' / Sheba Al - Safa and Al - Marwah Tur Sinā ' / Mount Sinai and Jabal al - Tur Egypt Valley of Tuwa Implicitly mentioned Antioch Antakya Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas and ' Ariha Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) and Al - Hijr of Isma'il Canaan Cave of Hira and Cave of Thawr Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār al - Nadwa Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Ma'rib Dam Masjid al - Nabawi ( Prophet 's Mosque ) Mesopotamia Nile River Nineveh Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Quba Mosque Sinai Desert and Tīh Desert Ta'if Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Mihrab Monastery Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Non-human physical entities Religious texts Injil / Gospel Quran Suhuf - i Ibrahim ( Scrolls of Abraham ) Tawrat / Torah , Suhuf - i - Musa ( Scrolls of Moses ) and Tablets of Stone Zabur Related animals Cow of Israelites and Golden calf Dog of Seven Sleepers Fish of Yunis Hoopoe of Sulayman She - Camel of Saleh Related objects Forbidden fruit of Adam Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tabut al - Sakina ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) Baal Lāt , ' Uzza and Manāt Wadd , Suwa ' , Yaghuth , Ya'uq and Nasr ( Jibt and Taghut Ansāb ) Events Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of the Trench ( Battle of the Confederates ) Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Hadith of the pond of Khumm Incident of Ifk Layla al - Mabit Mubahala The Farewell Pilgrimage ( Hujja al - Wada ' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Umrah al - Qaza Yawm al - Dār Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Bibilical name ( title or relationship ) ( show ) Mosques in Israel Israel Al - Bahr Mosque Hassan Bek Mosque Jezzar Pasha Mosque Mahmood Mosque Mahmoudiya Mosque Makam al - Nabi Sain Mosque Nebi Akasha Mosque Al - Muallaq Mosque Sidna Ali Mosque White Mosque ( Nazareth ) White Mosque ( Ramla ) East Jerusalem Abdeen Mosque Al - Aqsa Mosque Al - Yaqoubi Mosque Al - Khanqah al - Salahiyya Mosque Marwani Mosque Mosque of Omar Note : East Jerusalem is officially jurisdicted by Israel , but is not recognized as such by the international community Category : Mosques in Israel Islam in Israel Mosques by country ( show ) Mosques in Palestine West Bank Bilal ibn Rabah Mosque Fatima Khatun Mosque Great Mosque of Nablus Al - Hamadiyya Mosque Hanbali Mosque Jamal Abdel Nasser Mosque Al - Khadra Mosque Ibrahimi Mosque Al - Jawali Mosque Nabi Yahya Mosque an - Nasr Mosque Al - Nurayn Mosque Mosque of Omar Sheikh Ali al - Bakka Mosque Sultan Ibrahim Ibn Adham Mosque Gaza Strip Aybaki Mosque Great Mosque of Gaza Ibn Marwan Mosque Ibn Uthman Mosque Katib al - Wilaya Mosque Mahkamah Mosque Sayed al - Hashim Mosque Al - Shamah Mosque Umm al - Nasr Mosque East Jerusalem Abdeen Mosque Al - Aqsa Mosque Al - Khanqah al - Salahiyya Mosque Marwani Mosque Mosque of Omar Note : East Jerusalem is under de facto Israeli control , though claimed by Palestinians Category : Mosques in Palestine Islam in Palestine Mosques by country ( show ) Islamic structures on the Temple Mount Under the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf and the Sunni Islamic Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Mosque al - Aqsa Mosque Marwani Mosque Domes Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Fountains Fountain of Qasim Pasha Fountain of Qayt Bay Pool of Raranj Other structures Islamic Museum Al - Mawazin Minarets Minaret of Israel Bab al - Silsila Minaret Ghawanima Minaret al - Fakhariyya Minaret See also Islamization of the Temple Mount Jerusalem Islamic Waqf ( show ) Old City of Jerusalem and its walls World Heritage Site by UNESCO Judaism ( Sephardic / Ashkenazi Chief Rabbis ) General Southern Wall Western Wall Western Wall Tunnel Little Western Wall Orthodox Hurva Synagogue Ohel Yitzchak Synagogue Ramban Synagogue Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue Other Ari Synagogue Four Sephardic Synagogues Ohr ha - Chaim Synagogue Tzuf Dvash Synagogue Areas Christian Quarter Muristan Muslim Quarter Armenian Quarter Jewish Quarter Temple Mount Gates 1 . Jaffa 2 . Zion 3 . Dung 4 . Golden 5 . Lions 6 . Herod 7 . Damascus 8 . New ( Double , Single , Tanners ' ) Al - Mawazin Surrounding roads : Hativat Yerushalayim HaTsanhanim Jaffa Road Jericho Ma'ale HaShalom Ofel Sultan Suleiman Christianity `` Status quo '' Church of the Holy Sepulchre ( Deir Es - Sultan ) Via Dolorosa See also : New Church of the Theotokos Catholic ( Custody of the Holy Land ) Latin ( Patriarch ) Chapel of Simon of Cyrene Church of the Condemnation Church of the Flagellation Church of the Holy Family Church of Saint James Intercisus Co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus Church of Saint Mary of the Germans Church of Saint Mary of the Latins Convent of the Sisters of Zion : Church of Ecce Homo Monastery of Saint Saviour Church of Saint Anne Templum Domini Melkite Catholic ( Patriarch ) Cathedral of the Annunciation Armenian Catholic Church of Our Lady of the Spasm Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox ( Patriarch ) Church of Saint John the Baptist Oriental Orthodox Armenian Orthodox ( Patriarch ) Cathedral of Saint James Church of the Holy Archangels Church of Saint Toros Syriac Orthodox Monastery of Saint Mark Protestant Anglican Christ Church Lutheran Church of the Redeemer Islam ( Sunni Islamic Grand Mufti ) Noble Sanctuary ( Waqf ) Al - Aqsa Mosque Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Marwani Mosque Other Abdeen Mosque Al - Buraq mosque Al - Yaqoubi Mosque Al - Khanqah al - Salahiyya Mosque Mosque of Omar Remnants or rebuilt buildings in italic ( governing authority in small ) Jerusalem portal Israel portal Palestine portal Judaism portal Christianity portal Islam portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Aqsa_Mosque&oldid=796932635 '' Categories : 8th - century mosques Arabic architecture Islamic holy places Umayyad architecture Palestinian nationalism Ziyarat Al - Aqsa Mosque Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Use dmy dates from October 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from June 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015 Good articles Talk Article Talk View source More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kurdî Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray Zazaki 中文 Edit links This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia
the great mosque constructed in jerusalem at the site of the old temple is the
[ "Al-Aqsa Mosque (Arabic: المسجد الاقصى‎‎ Al-Masjid al-‘Aqṣā, IPA: [ʔælˈmæsdʒɪd ælˈʔɑqsˤɑ] ( listen), \"the Farthest Mosque\"), also known as Al-Aqsa and Bayt al-Maqdis, is the third holiest site in Islam and is located in the Old City of Jerusalem. Whilst the entire site on which the silver-domed mosque sits, along with the Dome of the Rock, seventeen gates, and four minarets, was itself historically known as the Al-Aqsa Mosque, today a narrower definition prevails,[note 1] and the wider compound is usually referred to as al-Haram ash-Sharif (\"the Noble Sanctuary\"),[3] or the Temple Mount, the holiest site in Judaism. Muslims believe that Muhammad was transported from the Sacred Mosque in Mecca to al-Aqsa during the Night Journey. Islamic tradition holds that Muhammad led prayers towards this site until the seventeenth month after the emigration, when God directed him to turn towards the Kaaba." ]
[ "Al-Aqsa Mosque" ]
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U-boat
U-boat - wikipedia U-boat Jump to : navigation , search This article is about German submarines . For the bootloader , see Das U-Boot . For other uses , see U-boat ( disambiguation ) . U-995 , a typical U-boat U-boat is the anglicised version of the German word U-Boot ( ˈuːboːt ) ( listen ) , a shortening of Unterseeboot , literally `` undersea boat '' . While the German term refers to any submarine , the English one ( in common with several other languages ) refers specifically to military submarines operated by Germany , particularly in the First and Second World Wars . Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships , they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role ( commerce raiding ) and enforcing a naval blockade against enemy shipping . The primary targets of the U-boat campaigns in both wars were the merchant convoys bringing supplies from Canada and other parts of the British Empire , and the United States to the United Kingdom and ( during the Second World War ) to the Soviet Union and the Allied territories in the Mediterranean . Austro - Hungarian navy submarines were also known as U-boats . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early U-boats ( 1850 - 1914 ) 2 World War I ( 1914 - 1918 ) 2.1 Classes 2.2 Surrender of the fleet 3 Interwar years ( 1919 - 1939 ) 4 World War II ( 1939 - 1945 ) 4.1 Torpedoes 4.2 U-boat developments 4.3 Classes 4.4 Countermeasures 4.5 Enigma machine 4.6 Battle of Bell Island 4.7 Operation Deadlight 5 Memorial 6 Post -- World War II and Cold War ( after 1945 ) 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early U-boats ( 1850 - 1914 ) ( edit ) The first submarine built in Germany , the three - man Brandtaucher , sank to the bottom of Kiel harbor on 1 February 1851 during a test dive . The inventor and engineer Wilhelm Bauer had designed this vessel in 1850 , and Schweffel & Howaldt constructed it in Kiel . Dredging operations in 1887 rediscovered Brandtaucher ; it was later raised and put on historical display in Germany . There followed in 1890 the boats WW1 and WW2 , built to a Nordenfelt design . In 1903 the Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft dockyard in Kiel completed the first fully functional German - built submarine , Forelle , which Krupp sold to Russia during the Russo - Japanese War in April 1904 . The SM U-1 was a completely redesigned Karp - class submarine and only one was built . The Imperial German Navy commissioned it on 14 December 1906 . It had a double hull , a Körting kerosene engine , and a single torpedo tube . The 50 % - larger SM U-2 ( commissioned in 1908 ) had two torpedo tubes . The U-19 class of 1912 -- 13 saw the first diesel engine installed in a German navy boat . At the start of World War I in 1914 , Germany had 48 submarines of 13 classes in service or under construction . During that war the Imperial German Navy used SM U-1 for training . Retired in 1919 , it remains on display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich . World war I ( 1914 - 1918 ) ( edit ) Main article : U-boat Campaign ( World War I ) On 5 September 1914 , HMS Pathfinder was sunk by SM U-21 , the first ship to have been sunk by a submarine using a self - propelled torpedo . On 22 September , U-9 sank the obsolete British warships HMS Aboukir , HMS Cressy and HMS Hogue ( the `` Live Bait Squadron '' ) in a single hour . In the Gallipoli Campaign in early 1915 in the eastern Mediterranean , German U-boats , notably the U-21 , prevented close support of allied troops by 18 pre-Dreadnought battleships by sinking two of them . For the first few months of the war , U-boat anticommerce actions observed the `` prize rules '' of the time , which governed the treatment of enemy civilian ships and their occupants . On 20 October 1914 , SM U-17 sank the first merchant ship , the SS Glitra , off Norway . Surface commerce raiders were proving to be ineffective , and on 4 February 1915 , the Kaiser assented to the declaration of a war zone in the waters around the British Isles . This was cited as a retaliation for British minefields and shipping blockades . Under the instructions given to U-boat captains , they could sink merchant ships , even potentially neutral ones , without warning . In February 1915 , a submarine U-6 ( Lepsius ) was rammed and both periscopes were destroyed off Beachy Head by the collier SS Thordis commanded by Captain John Bell RNR after firing a torpedo . On 7 May 1915 , SM U-20 sank the liner RMS Lusitania . The sinking claimed 1,198 lives , 128 of them American civilians , and the attack of this unarmed civilian ship deeply shocked the Allies . According to the ship 's manifest , Lusitania was carrying military cargo , though none of this information was relayed to the citizens of Britain and the United States who thought that the ship contained no ammunition or military weaponry whatsoever and it was an act of brutal murder . Munitions that it carried were thousands of crates full of ammunition for rifles , 3 - inch artillery shells , and also various other standard ammunition used by infantry . The sinking of the Lusitania was widely used as propaganda against the German Empire and caused greater support for the war effort . A widespread reaction in the U.S was not seen until the sinking of the ferry SS Sussex . The sinking occurred in 1915 and the United States entered the war in 1917 . The initial U.S. response was to threaten to sever diplomatic ties , which persuaded the Germans to issue the Sussex pledge that reimposed restrictions on U-boat activity . The U.S. reiterated its objections to German submarine warfare whenever U.S. civilians died as a result of German attacks , which prompted the Germans to fully reapply prize rules . This , however , removed the effectiveness of the U-boat fleet , and the Germans consequently sought a decisive surface action , a strategy that culminated in the Battle of Jutland . Although the Germans claimed victory at Jutland , the British Grand Fleet remained in control at sea . It was necessary to return to effective anticommerce warfare by U-boats . Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer , Commander in Chief of the High Seas Fleet , pressed for all - out U-boat war , convinced that a high rate of shipping losses would force Britain to seek an early peace before the United States could react effectively . Sinking of the Linda Blanche out of Liverpool by Willy Stöwer The renewed German campaign was effective , sinking 1.4 million tons of shipping between October 1916 and January 1917 . Despite this , the political situation demanded even greater pressure , and on 31 January 1917 , Germany announced that its U-boats would engage in unrestricted submarine warfare beginning 1 February . On 17 March , German submarines sank three American merchant vessels , and the U.S. declared war on Germany in April 1917 . Unrestricted submarine warfare in early 1917 was initially very successful , sinking a major part of Britain - bound shipping . Nevertheless , with the introduction of escorted convoys , shipping losses declined and in the end the German strategy failed to destroy sufficient Allied shipping . An armistice became effective on 11 November 1918 and all surviving German submarines were surrendered . Of the 360 submarines that had been built , 178 were lost , but more than 11 million tons of shipping had been destroyed . Of the 178 submarines destroyed , SM U-103 was sunk when the troopship RMS Olympic rammed it as it attempted to crash - dive , killing all on board . Classes ( edit ) Körting kerosene - powered boats Type U 1 , Type U 2 , Type U 3 , Type U 5 , Type U 9 , Type U 13 , Type U 16 , Type U 17 Mittel - U MAN diesel boats Type U 19 , Type U 23 , Type U 27 , Type U 31 , Type U 43 , Type U 51 , Type U 57 , Type U 63 , Type U 66 , Type Mittel U U-Cruisers and Merchant U-boats Type U 139 , Type U 142 , Type U 151 , Type UD 1 UB coastal torpedo attack boats Type UB I , Type UB II , Type UB III , Type UF , Type UG UC coastal minelayers Type UC I , Type UC II , Type UC III UE ocean minelayers Type UE I , Type UE II Surrender of the fleet ( edit ) Under the terms of armistice , all U-boats were to immediately surrender . Those in home waters sailed to the British submarine base at Harwich . The entire process was done quickly and in the main without difficulty , after which the vessels were studied , then scrapped or given to Allied navies . Stephen King - Hall wrote a detailed eyewitness account of the surrender . Interwar years ( 1919 - 1939 ) ( edit ) At the end of World War I , as part of the Paris Peace Conference , 1919 , the Treaty of Versailles restricted the total tonnage of the German surface fleet . The treaty also restricted the independent tonnage of ships and forbade the construction of submarines . However , a submarine design office was set up in the Netherlands and a torpedo research program was started in Sweden . Before the start of World War II , Germany started building U-boats and training crews , labeling these activities as `` research '' or concealing them using other covers . When this became known , the Anglo - German Naval Agreement limited Germany to parity with Britain in submarines . When World War II started , Germany already had 65 U-boats , with 21 of those at sea , ready for war . World war II ( 1939 - 1945 ) ( edit ) Main article : Battle of the Atlantic During World War II , U-boat warfare was the major component of the Battle of the Atlantic , which lasted the duration of the war . Germany had the largest submarine fleet of the revived German War Navy ( Kriegsmarine ) since 1935 into World War II ( 1939 - 1945 ) , since the Armistice of November 11th , 1918 , scuttled most of the old Imperial German Navy from the First World War and the following Treaty of Versailles of 1919 , had limited the surface navy of Germany 's new Weimar Republic to only six battleships ( of less than 10,000 tons each ) , six cruisers , and 12 destroyers . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill later wrote `` The only thing that really frightened me during the war was the U-boat peril . '' U-boat pens in Saint - Nazaire , France In the early stages of the war the U-boats were extremely effective in destroying Allied shipping due to the large gap in mid-Atlantic air cover . Cross-Atlantic trade in war supplies and food was extensive and critical for Britain 's survival . The continuous action surrounding British shipping became known as the Battle of the Atlantic , as the British developed technical defences such as ASDIC and radar , and the German U-boats responded by hunting in what were called `` wolfpacks '' where multiple submarines would stay close together , making it easier for them to sink a specific target . Britain 's vulnerable shipping situation existed until 1942 , when the tides changed as the U.S. merchant marine and Navy entered the war , drastically increasing the amount of tonnage of supplies sent across the Atlantic . The combination of increased tonnage and increased naval protection of shipping convoys made it much more difficult for U-boats to make a significant dent in British shipping . Once the United States entered the war , U-boats ranged from the Atlantic coast of the United States and Canada to the Gulf of Mexico , and from the Arctic to the west and southern African coasts and even as far east as Penang . The U.S. military engaged in various tactics against German incursions in the Americas ; these included military surveillance of foreign nations in Latin America , particularly in the Caribbean , to deter any local governments from supplying German U-boats . Because speed and range were severely limited underwater while running on battery power , U-boats were required to spend most of their time surfaced running on diesel engines , diving only when attacked or for rare daytime torpedo strikes . The more ship - like hull design reflects the fact that these were primarily surface vessels that could submerge when necessary . This contrasts with the cylindrical profile of modern nuclear submarines , which are more hydrodynamic underwater ( where they spend the majority of their time ) , but less stable on the surface . While U-boats were faster on the surface than submerged , the opposite is generally true of modern submarines . The most common U-boat attack during the early years of the war was conducted on the surface and at night . This period , before the Allied forces developed truly effective antisubmarine warfare tactics , which included convoys , was referred to by German submariners as `` die glückliche Zeit '' or The First Happy Time U-534 , Birkenhead Docks , Merseyside , England Torpedoes ( edit ) The U-boats ' main weapon was the torpedo , though mines and deck guns ( while surfaced ) were also used . By the end of the war , almost 3,000 Allied ships ( 175 warships ; 2,825 merchant ships ) were sunk by U-boat torpedoes . Early German World War II torpedoes were straight runners , as opposed to the homing and pattern - running torpedoes that were fielded later in the war . They were fitted with one of two types of pistol triggers : impact , which detonated the warhead upon contact with a solid object , and magnetic , which detonated upon sensing a change in the magnetic field within a few meters . One of the most effective uses of magnetic pistols would be to set the torpedo 's depth to just beneath the keel of the target . The explosion under the target 's keel would create a detonation shock wave , which could cause a ship 's hull to rupture under the concussive water pressure . In this way , even large or heavily armored ships could be sunk or disabled with a single , well - placed hit . In practice , however , the depth - keeping equipment and magnetic and contact exploders were notoriously unreliable in the first eight months of the war . Torpedoes often ran at an improper depth , detonated prematurely , or failed to explode altogether -- sometimes bouncing harmlessly off the hull of the target ship . This was most evident in Operation Weserübung , the invasion of Norway , where various skilled U-boat commanders failed to inflict damage on British transports and warships because of faulty torpedoes . The faults were largely due to a lack of testing . The magnetic detonator was sensitive to mechanical oscillations during the torpedo run , and to fluctuations in the Earth 's magnetic field at high latitudes . These were eventually phased out , and the depth - keeping problem was solved by early 1942 . Later in the war , Germany developed an acoustic homing torpedo , the G7 / T5 . It was primarily designed to combat convoy escorts . The acoustic torpedo was designed to run straight to an arming distance of 400 m and then turn toward the loudest noise detected . This sometimes ended up being the U-boat itself ; at least two submarines may have been sunk by their own homing torpedoes . Additionally , these torpedoes were found to be only effective against ships moving at greater than 15 knots ( 28 km / h ) . The Allies countered acoustic torpedoes with noisemaker decoys such as Foxer , FXR , CAT and Fanfare . The Germans , in turn , countered this by introducing newer and upgraded versions of the acoustic torpedoes , like the late - war G7es , and the T11 torpedo . However , the T11 torpedoes did not see active service . U-boats also adopted several types of `` pattern - running '' torpedoes that ran straight out to a preset distance , then traveled in either a circular or ladder - like pattern . When fired at a convoy , this increased the probability of a hit if the weapon missed its primary target . U-boat developments ( edit ) During World War II , the Kriegsmarine produced many different types of U-boats as technology evolved . Most notable is the Type VII , known as the `` workhorse '' of the fleet , which was by far the most - produced type , and the Type IX boats , which were larger versions of the VII designed for long - range patrols , some traveling as far as Japan and the east coast of the United States . With the increasing sophistication of Allied detection and subsequent losses , German designers began to fully realise the potential for a truly submerged boat . The Type XXI `` Elektroboot '' was designed to favor submerged performance , both for combat effectiveness and survival . It was the first true submersible . The Type XXI featured an evolutionary design that combined several different strands of the U-Boat development program , most notably from the Walter U-boats , the Type XVII , which featured an unsuccessful yet revolutionary hydrogen peroxide air - independent propellant system . These boats featured a streamlined hull design , which formed the basis of the later USS Nautilus nuclear submarine , and was adapted for use with more conventional propulsion systems . The larger hull design allowed for a greatly increased battery capacity , which enabled the XXI to cruise submerged for longer periods and reach unprecedented submerged speeds for the time . Throughout the war , an arms race evolved between the Allies and the Kriegsmarine , especially in detection and counterdetection . Sonar ( ASDIC in Britain ) allowed Allied warships to detect submerged U-boats ( and vice versa ) beyond visual range , but was not effective against a surfaced vessel ; thus , early in the war , a U-boat at night or in bad weather was actually safer on the surface . Advancements in radar became particularly deadly for the U-boat crews , especially once aircraft - mounted units were developed . As a countermeasure , U-boats were fitted with radar warning receivers , to give them ample time to dive before the enemy closed in , as well as more anti aircraft guns . However , by early to mid-1943 , the Allies switched to centimetric radar ( unknown to Germany ) , which rendered the radar detectors ineffective . U-boat radar systems were also developed , but many captains chose not to use them for fear of broadcasting their position to enemy patrols and lack of sufficient electronic countermeasures . Early on , the Germans experimented with the idea of the Schnorchel ( snorkel ) from captured Dutch submarines , but saw no need for them until rather late in the war . The Schnorchel was a retractable pipe that supplied air to the diesel engines while submerged at periscope depth , allowing the boats to cruise and recharge their batteries while maintaining a degree of stealth . It was far from a perfect solution , however . Problems occurred with the device 's valve sticking shut or closing as it dunked in rough weather ; since the system used the entire pressure hull as a buffer , the diesels would instantaneously suck huge volumes of air from the boat 's compartments , and the crew often suffered painful ear injuries . Waste disposal was a problem when the U-boats spent extended periods without surfacing , as it is today . Speed was limited to 8 knots ( 15 km / h ) , lest the device snap from stress . The Schnorchel also had the effect of making the boat essentially noisy and deaf in sonar terms . Finally , Allied radar eventually became sufficiently advanced that the Schnorchel mast could be detected beyond visual range . Several other pioneering innovations included acoustic - and electro - absorbent coatings to make them less of an ASDIC or RADAR target . The Germans also developed active countermeasures such as facilities to release artificial chemical bubble - making decoys , known as Bold , after the mythical kobold . Classes ( edit ) Type I : first prototypes Type II : small submarines used for training purposes Type V : uncompleted experimental midget submarines Type VII : the `` workhorse '' of the U-boats , with 700 active in World War II Type IX : these long - range U-boats operated as far as the Indian Ocean with the Japanese ( Monsun Gruppe ) , and the South Atlantic Type X : long - range minelayers and cargo transports Type XI : uncompleted experimental artillery boats Type XIV : used to resupply other U-boats ; nicknamed the Milchkuh ( `` Milk Cow '' ) Type XVII : small coastal submarines powered by high - test peroxide propulsion systems Type XXI : known as the Elektroboot ; first subs to operate primarily submerged Type XXIII : smaller version of the XXI used for coastal operations Midget submarines , including Biber , Hai , Molch , and Seehund Uncompleted U-boat projects Countermeasures ( edit ) Main article : Anti-submarine warfare Advances in convoy tactics , high - frequency direction finding ( referred to as `` Huff - Duff '' ) , radar , active sonar ( called ASDIC in Britain ) , depth charges , ASW spigot mortars ( also known as `` hedgehog '' ) , the intermittent cracking of the German Naval Enigma code , the introduction of the Leigh light , the range of escort aircraft ( especially with the use of escort carriers ) , the use of mystery ships , and the full entry of the U.S. into the war with its enormous shipbuilding capacity , all turned the tide against the U-boats . In the end , the U-boat fleet suffered extremely heavy casualties , losing 793 U-boats and about 28,000 submariners ( a 75 % casualty rate , the highest of all German forces during the war ) . Survivors from German submarine U-175 after being sunk by USCGC Spencer , 17 April 1943 At the same time , the Allies targeted the U-boat shipyards and their bases with strategic bombing . Enigma machine ( edit ) Main article : Enigma machine The British had a major advantage in their ability to read some German naval Enigma codes . An understanding of the German coding methods had been brought to Britain via France from Polish code - breakers . Thereafter , code books and equipment were captured by raids on German weather ships and from captured U-boats . A team including Alan Turing used special purpose `` Bombes '' and early computers to break new German codes as they were introduced . The speedy decoding of messages was vital in directing convoys away from wolf packs and allowing interception and destruction of U-boats . This was demonstrated when the Naval Enigma machines were altered in February 1942 and wolf - pack effectiveness greatly increased until the new code was broken . The German submarine U-110 , a Type IXB , was captured in 1941 by the Royal Navy , and its Enigma machine and documents were removed . U-559 was also captured by the British in October 1942 ; three sailors boarded her as she was sinking , and desperately threw all the code books out of the submarine so as to salvage them . Two of them , Able Seaman Colin Grazier and Lieutenant Francis Anthony Blair Fasson , continued to throw code books out of the ship as it went under water , and went down with it . Further code books were captured by raids on weather ships . U-744 was boarded by crew from the Canadian ship HMCS Chilliwack on 6 March 1944 , and codes were taken from her , but by this time in the war , most of the information was known . The U-505 , a Type IXC , was captured by the United States Navy in June 1944 . It is now a museum ship in Chicago at the Museum of Science and Industry . Battle of Bell Island ( edit ) Main article : Battle of the St. Lawrence Two events in the battle took place in 1942 when German U-boats attacked four allied ore carriers at Bell Island , Newfoundland . The carriers SS Saganaga and SS Lord Strathcona were sunk by U-513 on 5 September 1942 , while the SS Rosecastle and PLM 27 were sunk by U-518 on 2 November with the loss of 69 lives . When the submarine launched a torpedo at the loading pier , Bell Island became the only location in North America to be subject to direct attack by German forces in World War II . Operation Deadlight ( edit ) Main article : Operation Deadlight `` Operation Deadlight '' was the code name for the scuttling of U-boats surrendered to the Allies after the defeat of Germany near the end of the war . Of the 154 U-boats surrendered , 121 were scuttled in deep water off Lisahally , Northern Ireland , or Loch Ryan , Scotland , in late 1945 and early 1946 . Memorial ( edit ) Möltenort U-Boat Memorial Post -- World war II and cold war ( after 1945 ) ( edit ) U-15 , a Type 206 submarine , of the German Navy at the Kiel Week 2007 Type 212 submarine with air - independent propulsion of the German Navy in dock at HDW / Kiel From 1955 , the West German Bundesmarine was allowed to have a small navy . Initially two sunken Type XXIIIs and a Type XXI were raised and repaired . In the 1960s , the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) re-entered the submarine business . Because West Germany was initially restricted to a 450 tonne displacement limit , the Bundesmarine focused on small coastal submarines to protect against the Soviet Union ( Russian ) threat in the Baltic Sea . The Germans sought to use advanced technologies to offset the small displacement , such as amagnetic steel to protect against naval mines and magnetic anomaly detectors . The initial Type 201 was a failure because of hull cracking ; the subsequent Type 205 , first commissioned in 1967 , was a success , and 12 were built for the German navy . To continue the U-boat tradition , the new boats received the classic U designation starting with the U-1 . With the Danish government 's purchase of two Type 205 boats , the West German government realized the potential for the submarine as an export . Three of the improved Type 206 boats were later sold to the Israeli Navy , becoming the Gal - class . The German Type 209 diesel - electric submarine was the most popular export - sales submarine in the world from the late 1960s into the first years of the 21st century . With a larger 1,000 -- 1,500 tonne displacement , the class was very customizable and has seen service with 14 navies with 51 examples being built as of 2006 . Germany has brought the U-boat name into the 21st century with the new Type 212 . The 212 features an air - independent propulsion system using hydrogen fuel cells . This system is safer than previous closed - cycle diesel engines and steam turbines , cheaper than a nuclear reactor and quieter than either . While the Type 212 is also being purchased by Italy , the Type 214 has been designed as the follow - on export model and has been sold to Greece , South Korea and Turkey . In July 2006 , Germany commissioned its newest U-boat , the U-34 , a Type 212 . See also ( edit ) Military of Germany portal Submarine portal Submarine warfare List of U-boats of Germany List of U-boats never deployed List of successful U-boats List of successful U-boat commanders Das Boot , 1981 German U-boat film Aces of the Deep , 1994 U-boat simulator video game Silent Hunter III , 2005 U-boat simulator video game , third of a series Karl Dönitz Orkney Wireless Museum contains an example of a U-boat radio List of Knight 's Cross recipients of the U-boat service Sieglinde ( decoy ) Bold ( decoy ) U-boat Campaign ( World War I ) I - boat , Japanese equivalent References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` U-boat '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Showell , p. 23 Jump up ^ Compare : Chaffin , Tom ( 2010 ) . The H.L. Hunley : The Secret Hope of the Confederacy . Macmillan . p. 53 . ISBN 9781429990356 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 14 . Bauer 's boat made a promising start , diving in tests in the Baltic Sea 's Bay of Kiel to depths of more than fifty feet . In 1851 , however , during one of those tests , the boat malfunctioned . The Brandtaucher plunged fifty - four vertical feet and refused to ascend from the seafloor . Bauer and his crew -- leaving their craft on the bottom -- barely escaped with their lives . Jump up ^ Showell , p. 201 Jump up ^ Showell , pp. 22 , 23 , 25 , 29 Jump up ^ Showell , p. 30 Jump up ^ Showell , pp. 36 & 37 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 December 2008 . Retrieved 2 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` WWI U-Boats U-17 '' . Uboat.net . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Haley Dixon ( 21 June 2013 ) . `` Story of Captain 's courage resurfaces after 98 years '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Full text of `` A North Sea diary , 1914 -- 1918 / Commander Stephen King - Hall '' `` . Jump up ^ Hakim , Joy ( 1995 ) . A History of Us : War , Peace and all that Jazz . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 100 -- 104 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509514 - 6 . Jump up ^ Military History Online Jump up ^ Crocker III , H.W. ( 2006 ) . Do n't Tread on Me . New York : Crown Forum . p. 310 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 5363 - 6 . Jump up ^ Karl Dönitz . Memoirs : Ten Years and Twenty Days . Naval Institute Press . p. 482 . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 780 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Torpedoes '' . Jump up ^ Helgason , Gudmundur `` Captured U Boats '' UBoat.Net http://uboat.net/fates/captured.htm Further reading ( edit ) John Abbatiello . Anti-Submarine Warfare in World War I : British Naval Aviation and the Defeat of the U-Boats ( 2005 ) Buchheim , Lothar - Günther , Das Boot ( original German edition 1973 , eventually translated into English and many other Western languages ) . Movie adaptation in 1981 , directed by Wolfgang Petersen Gannon , Michael ( 1998 ) Black May . Dell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 440 - 23564 - 2 Gannon , Michael ( 1990 ) Operation Drumbeat . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 302 - 4 Gray , Edwyn A . The U-Boat War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 1994 ) Hans Joachim Koerver . German Submarine Warfare 1914 -- 1918 in the Eyes of British Intelligence , LIS Reinisch 2010 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 902433 - 79 - 4 Kurson , Robert ( 2004 ) . Shadow Divers : The True Adventure of Two Americans Who Risked Everything to Solve One of the Last Mysteries of World War II . Random House Publishing . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50858 - 9 Möller , Eberhard and Werner Brack . The Encyclopedia of U-Boats : From 1904 to the Present ( 2006 ) ISBN 1 - 85367 - 623 - 3 O'Connor , Jerome M. `` Inside the Grey Wolves ' Den . '' Naval History , June 2000 . The US Naval Institute Author of the Year feature describes the building and operation of the German U-boat bases in France . Preston , Anthony ( 2005 ) . The World 's Greatest Submarines . Stern , Robert C. ( 1999 ) . Battle Beneath the Waves : U-boats at war . Arms and Armor / Sterling Publishing . ISBN 1 - 85409 - 200 - 6 . Showell , Jak Mallmann . The U-boat Century : German Submarine Warfare , 1906 -- 2006 ( 2006 ) ISBN 1 - 59114 - 892 - 8 van der Vat , Dan . The Atlantic Campaign. Harper & Row , 1988 . Connects submarine and antisubmarine operations between World War I and World War II , and suggests a continuous war . Von Scheck , Karl . U122 : The Diary of a U-boat Commander . Diggory Press ISBN 978 - 1 - 84685 - 049 - 3 Georg von Trapp and Elizabeth M. Campbell . To the Last Salute : Memories of an Austrian U-Boat Commander ( 2007 ) Westwood , David . U-Boat War : Doenitz and the evolution of the German Submarine Service 1935 -- 1945 ( 2005 ) ISBN 1 - 932033 - 43 - 2 Werner , Herbert . Iron Coffins : A Personal Account of the German U-Boat Battles of World War II ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 35330 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to U-boat . TheSubPen The Sub `` Pen , '' your home for submarine and U-boat history . uboat.net Comprehensive reference source for WW I and WW II U-boat information . uboat-bases.com The German U-boat bases of the WW - II in France : Brest , Lorient , St - Nazaire , La Rochelle , Bordeaux . ubootwaffe.net Comprehensive reference source for WW II U-boat information . WWII German UBoats German sub sank near U.S. , The Augusta Chronicle U Boat Sanctuary -- Inside The Indestructible U Boat Bases In Brittany History Articles U-boats Battle of the Atlantic ( World War I ) Battle of the Atlantic ( World War II ) Mediterranean ( World War I ) Mediterranean ( World War II ) Operation Regenbogen Operation Deadlight U-boat lists Types Regions German Successful Never deployed Austro - Hungarian Foreign captured Uncompleted projects Commanders Successful Knight 's Cross recipients Erich Raeder Karl Dönitz Wolfpacks List of wolfpacks of World War II Blücher Borkum Dränger Eisbär Eisteufel Endrass Hai Hartmann Hecht Kiebitz Kreuzotter Leuthen Lohs Pfadfinder Pfeil Prien Raubgraf Rösing Rossbach Schill Schlieffen Seewolf Steinbrinck Siegfried Streitaxt Tümmler Vorwärts Weddigen West Wolf Major engagements Convoy SC 7 Convoy PQ 17 Battle of the St. Lawrence Convoy ONS 5 Black May Bismarck chase U-boat flotillas World War I II III IV Flanders Kurland Pola Constantinople World War II 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 10 . 11 . 12 . 13 . 14 . 18 . 19 . 20 . 21 . 22 . 23 . 24 . 25 . 26 . 27 . 29 . 30 . 31 . 32 . 33 . Capital ships sunk World War I HMS Britannia HMS Cornwallis French battleship Danton HMS Formidable Gaulois Russian battleship Peresvet HMS Majestic Italian battleship Regina Margherita HMS Russell French battleship Suffren HMS Triumph World War II HMS Ark Royal HMS Barham HMS Courageous HMS Eagle HMS Royal Oak Technology Sonar Depth charge Hedgehog Leigh light Q - ship Snorkel Elektroboot Concepts Submarine warfare Intensified submarine warfare Unrestricted submarine warfare Naval ships and warships in the Late Modern period Naval ship classes in service submarine auxiliary Operational zones Blue - water navy Brown - water navy Green - water navy Gun placement Broadside Central battery / casemate Turretes Aircraft carriers Aircraft cruiser Amphibious assault ship Anti-submarine warfare carrier Balloon carrier CAM ship Escort carrier Fighter catapult ship Fleet carrier Helicopter carrier Light aircraft carrier Merchant aircraft carrier Seaplane tender Submarine aircraft carrier Supercarrier Battleships Coastal defence ship Dreadnought Fast battleship Pre-dreadnought battleship Super-dreadnought ( Standard - type battleship ) Treaty battleship Cruisers Armored cruiser Battlecruiser Flight deck cruiser Heavy cruiser Pocket battleship Light cruiser Merchant raider Protected cruiser Strike cruiser Torpedo cruiser Unprotected cruiser Escort Aviso Convoy rescue ship Destroyer Destroyer escort Destroyer leader Escort destroyer Frigate Guided missile destroyer Kaibōkan Sloop Transport Amphibious transport dock Amphibious warfare ship Attack transport Dock landing ship Landing craft Landing craft carrier Landing Craft Support Landing Ship Heavy Landing ship , infantry Landing Ship Medium Landing Ship , Tank Landing Ship Vehicle Troopship Patrol craft Armed boarding steamer Armed yacht Coastal Motor Boat Corvette Gunboat Harbour Defence Motor Launch Motor Launch Naval drifter Naval trawler Ocean boarding vessel Patrol boat Q - ship Steam Gun Boat Submarine chaser Torpedo boat Fast attack craft E-boat MAS MGB Missile boat MTB MTM MTSM PT boat Shin'yō Mine warfare Danlayer Destroyer minesweeper Mine countermeasures vessel Mine planter Minehunter Minelayer Minesweeper Command and support Amenities ship Ammunition ship Auxiliary repair dock Auxiliary ship Collier Combat stores ship Command ship Crane vessel Depot ship Destroyer tender Dispatch boat Fast combat support ship General stores issue ship Hospital ship Naval tugboat Net laying ship Repair ship Replenishment oiler Submarine tender Submarines Attack submarine Ballistic missile submarine Coastal submarine Cruise missile submarine Cruiser submarine Deep - submergence vehicle DSRV Fleet submarine Midget submarine U-boat Miscellaneous Arsenal ship Barracks ship Breastwork monitor Capital ship Flagship Guard ship Littoral combat ship Monitor River monitor Training ship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U-boat&oldid=804859317 '' Categories : U-boats Submarines of Germany Submarines of the Imperial German Navy Submarines of the Kriegsmarine German Empire in World War I Germany in World War II Submarines World War I submarines World War II submarines Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 15 : 35 . 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when were u boats first used in ww1
[ "On 5 September 1914, HMS Pathfinder was sunk by SM U-21, the first ship to have been sunk by a submarine using a self-propelled torpedo. On 22 September, U-9 sank the obsolete British warships HMS Aboukir, HMS Cressy and HMS Hogue (the \"Live Bait Squadron\") in a single hour." ]
[ "5 September 1914" ]
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Response to intervention
Response to intervention - wikipedia Response to intervention Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In education , response to intervention ( commonly abbreviated RTI or RtI ) is an approach to academic intervention used in the United States to provide early , systematic , and appropriately intensive assistance to children who are at risk for or already underperforming as compared to appropriate grade - or age - level standards . RTI seeks to promote academic success through universal screening , early intervention , frequent progress monitoring , and increasingly intensive research - based instruction or interventions for children who continue to have difficulty . RTI is a multileveled approach for aiding students that is adjusted and modified as needed if they are failing . In terms of identifying students with specific learning disabilities ( SLD ) , RTI was proposed as an alternative to the ability -- achievement discrepancy model , which requires children to exhibit a significant discrepancy between their ability ( often measured by IQ testing ) and academic achievement ( as measured by their grades and standardized testing ) . Methods to identify students with SLD have been controversial for decades and proponents of RTI claim that the process brings more clarity to the Specific Learning Disability ( SLD ) category of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act ( IDEA 2004 ) , while opponents claim that RTI simply identifies low achieving students rather than students with learning disabilities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 School - wide screening 1.2 Teaching 1.3 Progress monitoring and tiered service delivery 1.3. 1 Tier 1 1.3. 2 Tier 2 1.3. 3 Tier 3 1.4 RTI implementation 1.5 Fidelity of implementation 2 Classification of RTI 3 Support for RTI 4 Relationship between IDEA and RTI 4.1 Evaluating SLD using RTI 5 Response to RTI 6 Concerns and criticisms of RTI for SLD classification 7 Technology application to RTI 8 See also 9 Notes 10 General references 11 Further reading Description ( edit ) RTI is originally a special education term that has broadened into general education framework that involves research - based instruction and interventions , regular monitoring of student progress , and the subsequent use of these data over time to make a variety of educational decisions , including , but not limited to SLD eligibility . To facilitate this broadened conception of RTI , a shift to labeling this as one of the approaches of a Multi-Tier System of Supports ( MTSS ) occurring in schools and the professional literature . Key to the RTI process is the application of scientifically based interventions that have been demonstrated to work in randomized controlled trials . A goal of the RTI process is to apply accountability to educational program by focusing on programs that work rather than programs that simply look , sound , or feel good . RTI follows a number of core assumptions : The educational system can effectively teach all children Early intervention is critical to preventing problems from getting out of control The implementation of a multi-tiered service delivery model is necessary A problem solving model should be used to make decisions between tiers Research based interventions should be implemented to the extent possible Progress monitoring must be implemented to inform instruction Data should drive decision making A learning disability is defined as a neurological disorder that affects the brain 's ability to receive , process , store , and respond to information . They are a group of disorders that can impact many areas of learning , including reading , writing , spelling , math , listening , and oral expression . In the process of identifying learning disabilities , RTI differs from the formerly standard `` ability -- achievement discrepancy '' approach in that decisions are based on outcomes of targeted interventions rather than mathematical discrepancies between scores achieved on standardized assessments . In the RTI process , service delivery is typically divided into three levels ( tiers ) of support , with the intensity of interventions increasing with each level . Tier 1 is focused specifically within the core curriculum , with instruction and interventions targeting all students . Approximately 80 % to 85 % of the general student body should be able to meet grade level norms without additional assistance beyond the first tier . Students who consistently do not perform within the expected level of performance through Tier 1 instruction are then provided with additional supplementary interventions at Tier 2 , which typically involves small group instruction . Approximately 3 % to 6 % of students will continue to have difficulties after Tier 2 interventions ; these students will then receive Tier 3 intervention services , which is the most intense level of intervention ( often one - on - one ) provided in the regular education environment . As RTI is a regular education initiative , all three tiers of services are intended to be provided as supplements to , not replacements for , the regular education curriculum ; there are some , however , who view Tier 3 as special education . School - wide screening ( edit ) The first level of data collected in the RTI process comes from universal school - wide screenings . These screening assessments are typically given to all students within targeted grade levels , and cover basic academic subjects such as reading and mathematics . Most screening measures aim to be practical and efficient to administer , with the goal of identifying students who may require further assessments and interventions . To evaluate student performance on the screening measures , scores are compared to specific criteria ( criterion referenced ) or to broad norms ( norm referenced ) . When specific criteria are used , cut scores are established to evaluate students against a specific level of proficiency ( e.g. , achieving a score of 15 or above ) ; in a normative comparison , students ' scores are compared against those of a larger group ( e.g. , scoring above the 25th percentile compared to a national sample of 3rd grade students ) . Screenings usually occur three times per year ( fall , winter , and spring ) , and the data from these assessments help to guide instruction through the three tiers of the RTI process . This is important not only for identifying students who are having difficulties , but also for identifying possible areas of improvement in the general classroom instruction in the cases where too many students fall below expectations . Because a single universal screening at the beginning of the year can over-identify students who require preventative intervention , the National Research Center on Learning Disabilities recommends that schools also integrate at least five weeks of weekly progress monitoring to identify students who require preventative intervention . Teaching ( edit ) Core curriculum in the classroom should be research - based and field tested . This means , based on evidence from congregating research , that the core curriculum contains all the fundamentals found necessary to efficiently teach reading and has a recognized record of achievement . Such curriculum is to be delivered by `` highly qualified '' teachers adequately trained to deliver the selected instruction as intended , that is , with fidelity to design . Progress monitoring and tiered service delivery ( edit ) Progress monitoring is a set of assessment procedures for determining the extent to which students are benefiting from classroom instruction and for monitoring effectiveness of curriculum . Curriculum - based measurement ( CBM ) is often used to collect data on interventions and their effectiveness to determine what works best for an individual student . Additional methods are attempted until students `` respond '' to the intervention and improve their skills . Students that do not respond , or respond at significantly low rates , may be deemed to have biologically based learning disabilities , rather than simply learning difficulties . Progress monitoring is the scientifically based practice of assessing students ' academic performance on a regular basis for three purposes : To determine whether children are profiting appropriately from the instructional program , including the curriculum To build more effective programs for the children who do not benefit To estimate rates of student improvement Three tiers of Scientifically Research - Based Interventions ( SRBIs ) of increasing intensity incorporate the key components of RTI and help ensure the academic growth and achievement of students . Tier 1 ( edit ) The first tier states that all students receive core classroom instruction that is differentiated and utilizes strategies and materials that are scientifically research - based . Assessment in the classroom should be ongoing and effective in that it clearly identifies the strengths and weaknesses for each learner . Any necessary interventions at this level are within the framework of the general education classroom and can be in the form of differentiated instruction , small group review , or one - on - one remediation of a concept . Progress monitoring in Tier 1 uses universal screening assessments to show individual student growth over time and to determine whether students are progressing as expected . In this process , data are collected , students are identified using benchmark scores , and measurable goals are set for the next data collection point for those who display difficulties . The team then follows a problem - solving process to determine interventions for at - risk students that will work within whole - class instructions . The classroom teacher implements the interventions , observations are conducted to ensure the fidelity of the classroom instruction , and the problem - solving team periodically reviews the progress of students . Tier 2 ( edit ) In the second tier , supplemental interventions may occur within or outside of the general education classroom , and progress monitoring occurs at more frequent intervals . Core instruction is still delivered by the classroom teacher , but small groups of similar instructional levels may work together under a teacher 's instruction and / or guidance . This type of targeted instruction is typically for 30 minutes per day , two to four days per week , for a minimum of nine weeks . This targeted instruction may occur in the general education setting or outside in a smaller group setting with a specialized teacher ( such as a Literacy Support teacher for struggling readers ) . In Tier 2 , the main purpose of progress monitoring is to determine whether interventions are successful in helping students learn at an appropriate rate . Decision rules are created to determine when a student might no longer require extra interventions , when the interventions need to be changed , or when a student might be identified for special education . Oral language abilities at the onset of reading intervention programs are an excellent predictor of final outcomes . Both English as a first language and English - language learners demonstrate that the greater the oral language impairment , the greater the associated growth from RTI . Phonics - based RTI programs are most effective prior to grade 1 , however , after grade 1 comprehension and mixed RTI programs are associated with greater effect sizes . Tier 3 ( edit ) Tier three is for students who require more intense , explicit and individualized instruction and have not shown sufficient response to Tier 1 and Tier 2 interventions . This type of targeted instruction is delivered for a minimum of two 30 - minute sessions every week for nine to twelve weeks . The interventions in this tier may be similar to those in Tier 2 except that they are intensified in focus , frequency , and duration . The instruction in Tier 3 is typically delivered outside of the general education classroom . Programs , strategies , and procedures are designed and employed to supplement , enhance , and support Tier 1 and Tier 2 instruction by remediation of the relevant area and development of compensatory strategies . If Tier 3 is not successful , a child is considered for the first time as potentially having a learning disability . In some cases , Tier 3 is considered to be special education , with instruction being provided to individual students or small groups by special education teachers in place of general education instruction ( rather than as a supplement ) . Initial goals are established through an individualized education program ( IEP ) , which is guided by the results of a comprehensive evaluation , and ongoing progress monitoring helps to direct the teaching process . Special education instruction likely will be considerably longer than the 10 to 12 weeks of supplemental instruction delivered in Tier 2 and beyond . The frequency of special education instruction depends upon student need , and the criteria to exit special education are specified and monitored so that placement can be flexible . RTI implementation ( edit ) The number of schools implementing RTI continues to grow and 61 % of schools surveyed in 2010 indicated that they had fully implemented or were in the process of implementing RTI . However , most schools in the survey indicated that the continued to focus on reading interventions at the elementary school . RTI is primarily implemented by grade - level teams or professional learning communities as part of a school - wide problem - solving plan , and previous research found that implementing RTI resulted in several positive outcomes such as reductions in students referred to and placed into special education , more students passing state accountability tests , and increased academic skills among students at - risk for reading failure . Fidelity of implementation ( edit ) In an RTI model , fidelity is important at both the school level ( e.g. , implementation of the process ) and the teacher level ( e.g. , implementation of instruction ) . Although the concept of fidelity of implementation is supported by research and is generally viewed as common sense , there are practical challenges associated with achieving high levels of fidelity . Factors that can reduce fidelity when implementing instruction include : Complexity of the interventions and the time required to implement them Inaccessibility of required materials and resources Low perceptions / expectations of effectiveness ( teachers may not fully commit to an intervention if they believe that it will not be effective , or if it is inconsistent with their teaching style ) Low numbers , expertise , and motivation of those who deliver the interventions Factors that can increase fidelity when implementing an RTI model include : Well - functioning professional learning communities Using a universal screener that is brief , aligned with the curriculum , result in reliable data , and is validated for screening decisions Using a data - management system that is easily accessible by classroom teachers Implementing interventions that address the skill deficit of students Identifying and addressing class - wide needs Establishing well - defined decision rules Clear leadership from the building principal Ongoing training and professional development Key stakeholders working together in a flexible manner to improve student learning Use of standard - protocol interventions for tier 2 Not making entitlement ( i.e. , special education disability identification ) decisions until the RTI system is in place and well established . Classification of RTI ( edit ) RTI is a general education process that is used in schools to ensure students receive the supports they need to be successful and excel in school . In the educational literature , RTI is often referred to as a Standard Protocol Approach , as a Problem Solving Model. , or as a hybrid of the two . However , some have challenged a dichotomous view of RTI because both models incorporate problem solving to identify the academic or social - emotional difficulty the student is having and both use a systematic , universal screening procedure during Tier 1 to determine which students are having difficulties meeting age or grade level benchmarks for a specific skill . Typically , Curriculum Based Measurement ( CBM ) or other predictive data are used to flag the students who are not meeting expected levels of performance . In the problem - solving model approach , the teacher typically refers the student to a problem - solving team to ascertain the challenges a student is having within the classroom . Using information collected from the classroom teacher and others , observations , etc. , the team determines what additional supports the student might need to address the learning gap . Standard - protocol approaches tend to rely more on grade - level teams and professional learning communities to make intervention decisions , but both approaches use a problem - solving procedure to make decisions , which makes the distinction somewhat meaningless . Many schools rely on grade - level teams to make intervention decision and use a standardized intervention for tier 2 , but then rely on a problem - solving team to develop individualized interventions for tier 3 . When a student is identified as having difficulties in school , a team provides interventions of increasing intensity to help the child catch up with the rest of his or her peers . When students continue to struggle , even when appropriate evidence - based practices have been delivered with fidelity , students may be referred for a special education evaluation . Parents can request a special education evaluation at any time in this process , however . While the RTI process can be a way to ensure that each student is afforded the opportunity to learn , some opponents feel that it allows school districts to avoid or delay identifying students who need special education services . Proponents would point out that RTI is not the process of identifying students with a learning disability by starting tiered interventions when a disability is suspected , but is the process of examining data that already exist from implementing a tiered intervention model , which should expedite the identification process . The expected outcome of RTI is improved instruction that will result in improved outcomes for all students Support for RTI ( edit ) There are at least four main reasons for implementing RTI : 1 ) to increase achievement for all students ; 2 ) to reduce racial / ethnic disproportionate representation of minority students in special education ; 3 ) to increase collaboration and integration of general and special education ; 4 ) and to identify students with learning disabilities through a different lens than the IQ - achievement discrepancy model . RTI proponents claim that when interventions work , fewer children , particularly minority children , are referred for special education , and that the RTI model acts as a safeguard , ensuring that a child is not given a label of a disability inappropriately . In addition , proponents state that RTI helps school districts by eliminating unnecessary referrals , which drain time and resources . Critics express concern , however , that in attempting to eliminate unnecessary referrals , RTI may also delay or eliminate necessary referrals . Proponents feel that response to intervention is the best opportunity for giving all students the additional time and support needed to learn at high levels , and see great benefit in that it applies to the classroom teachers , paraeducators , counselors , and the administration . The RTI process can help identify students who are at - risk , guide adjustments to instruction , monitor student progress , and then make other recommendations as necessary . The objective is that with minor adjustments or simple interventions , students may respond and achieve at higher levels . RTI is also very useful when working with students who have severe emotional problems . The structure and evaluation of RTI will help this particular group of students to be successful in the academic environment . Reading difficulties is one of the most common reasons students need intervention support . Reading goals can develop reading self - concept , which influence reading fluency skills and promotes the importance of goal setting in reading intervention programs . It is imperative that students monitor these goals and celebrate their progress . Students involved in multiple - component reading intervention programs show significant improvement , and students in different socioeconomic , racial , and intellectual quotient groups make equivalent gains . Relationship between IDEA and RTI ( edit ) The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) was revised and signed into law in 2004 and became effective in July 2006 . According to the law , a specific learning disability is a disorder of one or more of the basic psychological processes that adversely affects academic achievement in one or more domains ( e.g. , reading , writing , math , language ) . There are three methods of SLD identification under IDEA , as defined in § 300.8 ( c ) ( 10 ) ( OSERS Final Regulations - 8 / 06 ) : a discrepancy between `` ability '' and `` achievement '' failure to respond to scientific research - based intervention alternative research - based procedures for determining whether a child has a specific learning disability ( The `` third method '' is often considered a `` processing strengths and weaknesses '' model . ) The 2004 reauthorization of IDEA makes mention of RTI as a method of part of the process of identifying SLD : In diagnosing learning disabilities , schools are no longer required to use the discrepancy model . The act states that , `` a local educational agency shall not be required to take into consideration whether a child has a severe discrepancy between achievement and intellectual ability ( ... ) '' Response to intervention is specifically mentioned in the regulations in conjunction with the identification of a specific learning disability . IDEA 2004 states , `` a local educational agency may use a process that determines if the child responds to scientific , research - based intervention as a part of the evaluation procedures . '' Early Intervening Services ( EIS ) are prominently mentioned in IDEA for the first time . These services are directed at interventions for students prior to referral in an attempt to avoid inappropriate classification , which proponents claim an RTI model does . IDEA now authorizes the use of up to 15 % of IDEA allocated funds for EIS . RTI was included in the regulations due to considerable concerns raised by both the House and Senate Committees regarding proponents of RTI claims about the use of IQ tests to identify learning disabled students . There was also recognition in these committees of a growing body of scientific research supporting methods of pre-referral interventions that resolved learning difficulties short of classification . However , the final regulations also allow a third method of SLD identification , often considered a processing strengths and weaknesses model . The IDEA Committee Conference Report ( CCR ) discusses the use of scientifically based early intervention programs , describes a model response - to - intervention program , and recommends the development of the most effective implementation of responsiveness to intervention models . The report describes such a model as an essential service for reducing the need to label children as disabled . Evaluating SLD using RTI ( edit ) First , it should be noted that whatever procedures are used to evaluate students as eligible for special education in the category of specific learning disabilities ( SLD ) must conform to the requirements of the IDEA regulations ( 2006 ) , which indicate that a full and individual evaluation of a student suspected as having an SLD must address four qualifications . First , the evaluation must document that `` ... the child does not achieve adequately for the child 's age or to meet State - approved grade - level standards in one or more of the following areas , when provided with learning experiences and instruction appropriate for the child 's age or state - approved grade - level standards : oral expression , listening comprehension , written expression , basic reading skill , reading fluency skills , reading comprehension , mathematics calculation , mathematics problem - solving '' ( § 300.309 ( a ) ( 1 ) ) . Second , the evaluation must document that `` ... ( t ) he child does not make sufficient progress to meet age or State - approved grade - level standards in one or more of the areas identified ... when using a process based on the child 's response to scientific , research - based intervention ; or ( t ) he child exhibits a pattern of strengths and weaknesses in performance , achievement , or both , relative to age , State - approved grade - level standards , or intellectual development , that is determined by the group to be relevant to the identification of a specific learning disability , using appropriate assessments ( § 300.309 ( a ) ( 2 ) . Third , the evaluation must establish that the child 's academic deficiencies are not the results of `` ... visual , hearing , or motor disabilities ; mental retardation ; emotional disturbance ; cultural factors ; environmental or economic disadvantage ; or Limited English proficiency '' ( § 300.309 ( a ) ( 3 ) ) or of a lack of instruction ( ( § 300.309 ( a ) ( 4 ) ) . Notably , a child must demonstrate qualifications under all four of these criteria to be identified with an SLD . Kovaleski , VanDerHeyden and Shapiro ( 2013 ) used these IDEA regulations to operationalize how evaluation teams could utilize data collected during the provision of a multi-tier system of support in the evaluation process , particularly those data that inform the second SLD criterion of the child 's failure to make sufficient progress in response scientific , research - based intervention ( namely , RTI ) . Although evaluation teams may collect additional data after parents give permission for a full and individual evaluation , there should be ample data collected during three tiers of core instruction and robust intervention that can be analyzed to address all four of the SLD criteria . In regard to the first SLD criterion , students undergoing multiple tiers of support have typically undergone multiple assessments of their academic skills , including annual state tests , universal screenings of all students that schools typically conduct three times per year , and academic assessments by specialists who deliver increasingly intense academic interventions . To qualify under this first criterion , the preponderance of these data should indicate a significant academic deficiency in at least one of the identified areas . When using RTI as a component of eligibility decision - making , the school entity ( school district , state ) establishes a policy that identifies the option of using RTI to address the second SLD criterion ( and opts not to select the option to use an assessment of the student 's pattern of strengths and weaknesses ) . The determination that the student fails to make sufficient progress toward age or grade standards is based on an analysis of the progress - monitoring data that are collected during the provision of intensive intervention , typically at tiers 2 and 3 of a multi-tier system of support . These data consist of the results of short assessments of key academic indicators that are administered as often as once or twice weekly . These data are graphed and rates of improvement calculated so that school teams can determine whether their interventions are working . These data are then compared to the rates of improvement made by typically performing students to determine whether the interventions that are being implemented in general education are sufficient to allow the student to reach grade standards . If not , a need for special education is indicated , and the student meets the second qualification for SLD . The process for ruling out other disabilities or conditions when using RTI is similar to that employed in other special education evaluations , and consists of procedures to ensure that sensory or intellectual disabilities or environmental disadvantage or cultural / linguistic differences are not the true cause of the student 's assessed academic deficiencies . Establishing that the student 's deficiencies are not the result of a lack of instruction , however , requires that the evaluation team document that the school has sufficiently provided good core instruction in the basic skills and robust interventions when students have failed to profit from typical instructional practices . The evaluation team must also show evidence that the school personnel conducted repeated assessments of the student 's academic problems and communicated the results of those assessments to the student 's parents . Schools that use a multi-tier system of support at a high degree of fidelity can typically readily rule out lack of instruction as a cause of the student 's academic concerns . On the other hand , in enacting this provision , Congress was demonstrating a concern that students might be identified with a disability ( SLD ) when the actual cause of their academic failure was ineffective schooling . Identifying students with SLD in failing schools is arguably problematic . Response to RTI ( edit ) Criticisms point to delays in identifying students needing special education ( which was also a concern in a 2010 OSERS Memorandum ) , difficulties in accurately determining the presence of a learning disability , and the amount of training needed by general education teachers . RTI can require additional work for teachers , and a potentially significant change in expectations represents a great source of resistance toward RTI . Another criticism of RTI is that while its core assumptions include `` that the educational system can effectively teach all children , '' interpretations of the approach often do not account for gifted education . An inverted pyramid showing analogous increasing interventions for gifted children could be added to the model so that all children are addressed . A framework for such an approach has been developed by the Montana Office of Public Instruction . Concerns and criticisms of RTI for SLD classification ( edit ) Criticisms of the RTI model first surfaced in 2004 when IDEA identified it as a viable method for use in SLD eligibility determination Some feel that RTI is valuable for prevention , but see little empirical support for using RTI to determine learning disabilities , and have concern that it could be used to delay or deny services to children with learning disabilities . Some also argue that there are many unanswered questions about RTI implementation , and that proponents have tended to gloss over or ignore criticisms of the RTI approach . Several major research efforts have supported these contentions through findings suggesting that RTI does not produce reliable sets of responders and non-responders . If RTI does not produce reliable sets of responders / nonresponders , it would be difficult to use this approach to determine learning disabilities . Technology application to RTI ( edit ) Technology is becoming increasingly important in improving instructional practices and student achievement . Tools that educators can utilize within their classrooms include weblogs , wikis , RSS aggregators , social bookmarking , online photo galleries , audio / visual casting , Twitter , and social networking sites . Many of these tools can be used for team - based learning and in facilitating students ' use of higher forms of thinking such as analysis , evaluation , and synthesis . Properly integrated technology can increase student learning in areas such as motivation , collaborative learning , critical thinking , and problem solving . Some techniques that have been found to work in education include : identifying similarities and differences ; summarizing and note taking ; reinforcing effort and providing recognition ; assigning homework and practice ; utilizing graphic representations of concepts ; cooperative learning ; providing objectives and feedback ; generating and testing hypotheses ; providing cues and questions ; and using advanced organizers . Technology - rich environments can also be effective for at - risk students , and can motivate students to stay in school and hopefully lessen the achievement gap . Computer Assisted Instruction ( CAI ) , has been studied for its effects on lower achieving students . The effectiveness has been attributed to it being non-judgmental and motivational , while giving immediate and frequent feedback , individualizing learning to meet the students ' needs , allowing for more student autonomy , and providing multi-sensory components ( Barley et al. , 2002 , p. 97 ) . A review of 17 different studies found that CAI positively affected scores in mathematics and literacy for all grade levels and significantly improving scores for students labeled `` at - risk '' ( Barley et al. , 2002 , p. 105 ) . Technology can also effectively help teach basic literacy skills such as phonemic awareness , alphabetic principle , word recognition , alliteration , and comprehension . Today the use of specialized educational software applications can help support and enhance students ' literacy skills . Presentation software such as PowerPoint can be used to enhance young children learning experience . The use of pictures , colors , sounds , animation , slide designs , or slide transitions can be easily implemented into a literacy lesson , and such software has been used , for example , to help students with autism learn and respond to activity schedules . For young learners , the use of animation directs their attention to important features and prompts them to help ensure correct responses . Teachers can create literacy lessons with attention - grabbing elements such as moving graphic images . For example , a teacher might focus on the initial / d / sound in the word `` dog '' as an instructional goal ; a presentation slide for this would show a picture of a dog , and the teacher would select three possible letters to represent the initial sound in dog , such as / b / , / c / , and / d / . After showing the picture of the dog , and then displaying each of the three letter choices one - by - one , the teacher would ask the student what letter he or she thinks `` dog '' starts with . Other types of presentation software for literacy instruction , such as Photo Story , can allow teachers to add a variety of special effects , soundtracks , captions , and their own voice narration to the photo stories . See also ( edit ) Minimally invasive education Positive education Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ysseldyke , J. , Thurlow , M. , Graden , J. , Wesson , C. , Algozzine , B. , & Deno , S.L. ( 1983 ) . `` Generalizations from five years of research on assessment and decision - making : The University of Minnesota Institute '' . Exceptional Education Quarterly . 4 : 75 -- 93 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : National Association of State Directors of Special Education . ( 2005 ) . Response to intervention : Policy considerations and implementation . Alexandria , VA : NASDSE , Inc . ^ Jump up to : Rachel M. Stewart , Ronald C. Martella , Nancy E. Marchand - Martella and Gregory J. Benner ( 2005 ) . `` Three - Tier Models of Reading and Behavior '' ( PDF ) . JEIBI. 2 ( 3 ) : 115 -- 124 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Response to Intervention ( RTI ) : A Primer for Parents '' ( PDF ) . National Association of School Psychologists . Jump up ^ Gresham , F. , Reschly , D. , & Shinn , M.R. ( 2010 ) . `` RTI as a driving force in educational improvement : Historical legal , research , and practice perspectives '' . In M.R. Shinn & H.M. Walker . Interventions for academic achievement problems in a three - tier model , including RTI . Bethesda , MD : National Association of School Psychologists . pp. 47 -- 77 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Language & Math '' . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gresham , F.M. ( 2004 ) . `` Current status and future directions of school - based behavioral interventions '' . School Psychology Review . 33 ( 3 ) : 326 -- 343 . Jump up ^ Hale ( 2006 ) first presented a model that included Standard Protocol Model RTI at Tier 1 , Problem - Solving Model RTI at Tier 2 , and individualized special education at tier 3 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , J.R. ( December 2003 ) . Candidate measures for screening at - risk students . NRCLD Responsiveness - to - Intervention Symposium . Kansas City , MO . Retrieved April 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Deno , S.L. ( 1985 ) . `` Curriculum - based measurement : The emerging alternative '' . Exceptional Children . 52 ( 3 ) : 219 -- 232 . PMID 2934262 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , M.W. ; De Palma , M. ; Frijters , J. ; Steinbach , K. ; Temple , M. ; Benson , N. ; Lacerenza , L. ( 2008 ) . `` Interventions for reading difficulties : A comparison of response to intervention by ELL and EFL struggling readers '' . Journal of Learning Disabilities . 41 ( 4 ) : 333 -- 352 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022219408317859 . Jump up ^ Suggate , S.P. ( 2010 ) . `` Why what we teach depends on when : Grade and reading intervention modality moderate effect size '' . Developmental Psychology . 46 ( 6 ) : 1556 -- 1579 . doi : 10.1037 / a0020612 . PMID 20873927 . 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Helping at - risk students meet standards : A synthesis of evidence - based classroom practices . Centennial , CO : Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning . Jump up ^ Grabe ( 2007 ) . `` Using Animation in Microsoft PowerPoint to Enhance Engagement and Learning in Young Learners with Developmental Delay '' . Teaching Exceptional Children : 58 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Parette , H ; Blum , C. ; Hourcade , J.J ( January 2010 ) . `` Article '' . General references ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bol , Beste ; Kaplan , Melike D. ; Piskin , Burak ( April 2010 ) . `` Educational Blogging : Integrating Technology into Marketing Experience '' . Journal of Marketing Education . 32 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 63 . doi : 10.1177 / 0273475309335652 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Briere , D. , Myers , D. , & Simonsen , B. ( 2011 ) . `` Comparing a Behavioral check - in / check - out ( cico ) intervention to standard practice in an urban middle school setting using an experimental group design '' . Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions. 13 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 48 . doi : 10.1177 / 1098300709359026 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Cheney , D. , Lynass , L. , Mielenz , C. , Stage , S. ( 2011 ) . `` Three validity studies of the daily progress report in relationship to the check , connect , and expect Intervention '' . Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions. 35 ( 6 ) . doi : 10.9830 / 0712438942 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Dixon , S.G. , Eusebio , E.C. , Turton , W.J. , Wright , P.W.D. , & Hale , J.B. ( 2011 ) . `` Forest Grove School District v. T.A. Supreme Court case : Implications for school psychology practice '' . Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment . 29 : 103 -- 113 . doi : 10.1177 / 0734282910388598 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Fairbanks , S. , Simonsen , B. , & Sugai , G. ( 2008 ) . `` Class wide secondary and tertiary tier practices and systems '' . Teaching Exceptional Children . 40 ( 6 ) : 44 -- 52 . doi : 10.1177 / 004005990804000605 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Flanagan , D.P. , & Alfonso , V.C. , eds. ( 2010 ) . Essentials of specific learning disability identification . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Fletcher - Janzen , E. , & Reynolds , C.R. , eds. ( 2008 ) . Neuropsychological perspectives on learning disabilities in the era of RTI : Recommendations for diagnosis and intervention . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . pp. 14 -- 27 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Fuchs , D. , Hale , J.B. , & Kearns , D. ( 2011 ) . `` Cognitive and neuropsychological assessment data that inform educational intervention : An introduction to the special issue and critical analysis '' . Journal of Learning Disabilities . 44 : 99 -- 104 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022219411400019 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Hale , J.B. ( 2006 ) . `` Implementing IDEA with a three - tier model that includes response to intervention and cognitive assessment methods '' . School Psychology Forum : Research and Practice. 1 : 16 -- 27 . Hale , J.B. , Wycoff , K.L. , & Fiorello , C.A. ( 2010 ) . `` RTI and cognitive hypothesis testing for specific learning disabilities identification and intervention : The best of both worlds '' . In D.P. Flanagan & V.C. Alfonso . Essentials of specific learning disability identification . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . pp. 173 -- 202 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Heath , C. & Heath , D. ( 2007 ) . `` Introduction '' . Made to Stick : Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die . New York , NY : Random House . pp. 3 -- 24 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Hoyle , C.G. , Marshall , K.J. , & Yell , M.L. ( 2011 ) . `` Positive behavior supports : Tier two interventions in middle schools '' . Preventing School Failure . 55 ( 3 ) : 164 -- 170 . doi : 10.1080 / 1045988x. 2010.503975 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Lenhart , A. , Madden , M. , Macgill , A.R. , & Smith , A. ( December 19 , 2007 ) . `` Teen content creators '' . Pew Internet and American life project . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Machek , G.R. , & Nelson , J.M. ( 2010 ) . `` School psychologists ' perceptions regarding the practice of identifying reading disabilities : Cognitive assessment and response to intervention considerations '' . Psychology in the Schools . 47 ( 3 ) : 230 -- 245 . doi : 10.1002 / pits. 20467 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Marzano , R.J. , Pickering , D.J. , & Pollock , J.E. ( 2001 ) . Classroom instruction that works . Alexandria , VA : Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Mather , N. , & Gregg , N. ( 2006 ) . `` Specific learning disabilities : Clarifying , not eliminating , a construct '' . Professional Psychology : Research and Practice. 37 : 99 -- 106 . doi : 10.1037 / 0735 - 7028.37. 1.99 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) McIntosh , K. , Campbell , A.L. , Carter , D. , & Dickey , C. ( 2009 ) . `` Differential effects of a tier two behavior intervention based on function of problem behavior '' . Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions. 11 ( 2 ) : 82 -- 93 . doi : 10.1177 / 1098300708319127 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning . ( Eric Document Reproduction Service No . ED 427 087 ) `` National Educational Plan '' . 2005 . Retrieved September 25 , 2005 . National Center for Education Education Evaluation ( 2009 ) . `` Assisting Students Struggling with Mathematics : Response to Intervention ( RtI ) for Elementary and Middle Schools '' . NetDay News ( March 8 , 2005 ) . `` NetDay 's 2004 Survey results show 58 percent of students have cell phones , 60 percent e-mail or IM adults on a weekly basis '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2005 . Pavri , S. ( 2010 ) . `` Response to intervention in the social - emotional - behavioral domain : Perspectives from urban schools '' . Teaching Exceptional Children Plus . 6 ( 3 ) . Pilter , H. , Hubbell , E. , Kuhn , M. & Malenoski , K. ( 2007 ) . `` Introduction '' . Using Technology with Classroom Instruction that Works . MacRel , Colorado : ASCD . pp. 1 -- 14 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Reynolds , C.R. , & Shaywitz , S.E. ( 2009 ) . `` Response to intervention : Ready or not ? Or , from wait - to - fail to watch - them - fail '' . School Psychology Quarterly . 24 : 130 -- 145 . doi : 10.1037 / a0016158 . PMC 2823081 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Richardson , W. ( 2010 ) . Blogs , wikis , podcasts , and other powerful web tools for classrooms . Thousand Oaks , CA : Corwin . Russell , J. and D. Sorge ( 1999 ) . `` Training facilitators to enhance technology integration '' . Journal of Instruction Delivery Systems . 13 ( 4 ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Sadler , C. & Sugai , G. ( 2009 ) . `` Effective behavior and instructional support : A district model for early identification and prevention of reading and behavior problems '' . Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions. 11 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 46 . doi : 10.1177 / 1098300708322444 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Sayeski , K.L. , & Brown , M.R. ( 2011 ) . `` Developing a classroom management plan using a tiered approach '' . Teaching Exceptional Children . 44 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 17 . doi : 10.1177 / 004005991104400102 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Simonsen , B. , Sugai , G. , & Negron , M. ( 2008 ) . `` School wide positive behavior supports : Primary systems and practices '' . Teaching Exceptional Children . 40 ( 6 ) : 32 -- 40 . doi : 10.1177 / 004005990804000604 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Treleaven , L. , & Voolla , R. ( 2008 ) . `` Integrating the development of graduate attributes through constructive alignment '' . Journal of Marketing Education . 30 : 160 -- 167 . doi : 10.1177 / 0273475308319352 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Further reading ( edit ) JK Klingner , PA Edward ( 2006 ) . `` Cultural Considerations With Response to Intervention Models '' ( PDF ) . Reading Research Quarterly . 41 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 117 . doi : 10.1598 / RRQ. 41.1. 6 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) FM Gresham ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Comprehensive evaluation of learning disabilities : A response to intervention perspective '' ( PDF ) . The School Psychologist. 59 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 30 . PA Edwards ( 2006 ) . `` Cultural considerations with Response to Intervention models '' ( PDF ) . Reading Research Quarterly . AM VanDerHeyden , SR Jimerson ( 2006 ) . `` Using Response - to - Intervention to Enhance Outcomes for Children '' ( PDF ) . California School Psychologist. 10 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 32 . doi : 10.1007 / BF03340918 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 27 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) DW Barnett , EJ Daly III , KM Jones , FE Lentz Jr ( 2004 ) . `` Response to Intervention '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Special Education . 38 ( 2 ) : 66 -- 79 . doi : 10.1177 / 00224669040380020101 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Shinn , M.R. ( 2007 ) . `` Identifying Students at Risk , Monitoring Performance , and Determining Eligibility Within Response to Intervention : Research on Educational Need and Benefit from Academic Intervention '' . School Psychology Review . 36 ( 4 ) : 601 -- 617 . Jimerson , S.R. , Burns , M.K. , & VanDerHeyden , A.M. ( 2007 ) . `` Response to Intervention at School : The Science and Practice of Assessment and Intervention '' . In S.R. Jimerson , M.K. Burns , & A.M. VanDerHeyden . Handbook of Response to Intervention : The Science and Practice of Assessment and Intervention . New York : Springer . pp. 3 -- 9 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 0 - 387 - 49053 - 3_1 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Healy , K. , Vanderwood , M. , & Edelston , D. ( 2005 ) . `` Early Literacy Interventions for English Language Learners : Support for an RTI Model '' . The California School Psychologist. 10 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 63 . doi : 10.1007 / BF03340921 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Fuchs , D. , Compton , D.L. , Fuchs , L.S. , Bryant , J. , & Davis , G.N. ( 2008 ) . `` Making `` Secondary Intervention '' Work in a Three - Tier Responsiveness - to - Intervention Model : Findings from the First - grade Longitudinal Reading Study of the National Research Center on Learning Disabilities `` . Read Write. 21 ( 4 ) : 413 -- 436 . doi : 10.1007 / s11145 - 007 - 9083 - 9 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Fuchs , L.S. , & Fuchs , D. ( 2006 ) . `` A Framework for Building Capacity for Responsiveness to Intervention '' ( PDF ) . School Psychology Review . 35 ( 4 ) : 621 -- 626 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Response_to_intervention&oldid=842552567 '' Categories : Educational psychology Special education Educational assessment and evaluation Education policy Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from June 2007 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2011 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 05 : 27 . About Wikipedia
a response to intervention (rti) program involves three tiers. during the first tier students
[ "The first tier states that all students receive core classroom instruction that is differentiated and utilizes strategies and materials that are scientifically research-based. Assessment in the classroom should be ongoing and effective in that it clearly identifies the strengths and weaknesses for each learner. Any necessary interventions at this level are within the framework of the general education classroom and can be in the form of differentiated instruction, small group review, or one-on-one remediation of a concept." ]
[ "receive core classroom instruction that is differentiated and utilizes strategies and materials that are scientifically research-based" ]
1316841995459808583
NFL regular season
NFL regular season - wikipedia NFL regular season Jump to : navigation , search The National Football League ( NFL ) regular season begins the weekend after Labor Day in early September and ends in December or early January . It consists of 256 games , where each team ( 32 total ) plays 16 games during a 17 - week period . Since 2012 , the NFL schedule generally has games in one of five time slots during the week . The first game of the week is played on Thursday night , kicking off at 8 : 25 PM ( ET ) . The majority of games are played on Sunday , most kicking off at 1 : 00 PM ( ET ) , some late afternoon games starting at 4 : 05 or 4 : 25 PM ( ET ) . Additionally , one Sunday night game is played every week at 8 : 30 PM ( ET ) . One Monday night game then starts at 8 : 30 PM ( ET ) every week with the exception of the first week of the regular season , in which two Monday night games are played back - to - back ( the second game always occurring on the West coast ) , as well as the last week of the season , in which no Monday night game is held . In addition to these regularly scheduled games , there are occasionally games at other times , such as a Saturday afternoon or evening , or the annual Thanksgiving Day games in which three games are played . During the final week of the regular season , all games are held on Sunday . In place since 2006 , the current broadcasting contract establishes broadcast partners for each game . The Sunday afternoon games are broadcast either on CBS or Fox . CBS has the broadcast rights for teams in the American Football Conference while Fox has the rights for teams in the National Football Conference . In games where teams from both conferences play each other , the network with the broadcast rights for the `` away '' team will broadcast the game . In each local television market , three Sunday afternoon games are shown . One of the two networks gets a doubleheader , while the other network has the right to broadcast a single game ; the networks alternate weeks when each has the right to the doubleheader . Doubleheader games are broadcast at 1 : 00 ( ET ) and 4 : 25 PM ( ET ) . The network with the single game will have an official kick - off time at either 1 : 00 PM ( ET ) or 4 : 05 PM ( ET ) . In addition to the regular Sunday afternoon games , there are three prime time games each week . The Thursday night game is broadcast by the NFL Network ( with , starting in 2016 , five of those Thursday games also being simulcast by CBS and another five on NBC ) . The Sunday night game is broadcast by NBC , while the Monday night game is broadcast by ESPN . The NFL uses a strict scheduling algorithm to determine which teams play each other from year to year , based on the current division alignments and the final division standings from the previous season . The current formula has been in place since 2002 , the last year that the NFL expanded its membership . Generally , each team plays the other three teams in its own division twice , all four teams from a single division in the AFC once , all four teams from a single division in the NFC once , and two additional intraconference games based on the standings from the previous season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Game times 2 History 3 Scheduling formula 3.1 Current formula 3.2 Past formulas 3.2. 1 1995 -- 1998 NFL scheduling formula 3.2. 2 1978 -- 1994 NFL scheduling formula 3.2. 3 Regular season expansion proposals 4 Scheduled division matchups 5 Regular season games played outside the U.S. 6 Disruptions of the schedule 6.1 Conflicts with other sports leagues and organizations 6.2 Labor disputes 6.3 Natural disasters 6.4 Other major news events 7 See also 8 References Game times ( edit ) Main article : NFL on television Since 1990 , the majority of NFL regular - season games are played on Sundays at 1 pm , or around 4 : 00 to 4 : 25pm ET ( see below ) , with the late afternoon ( ET ) games usually reserved either for matches hosted in the Pacific Time Zone or Mountain Time Zone , or for one or more marquee contests . The current NFL television contract awards the American broadcast of these games to Fox or CBS , with Fox showing games where the visiting team is from the NFC and CBS showing games where the visiting team is from the AFC . Each of these Sunday afternoon games is televised on a regional basis to a few or several areas around the country . On each Sunday of the regular season , either CBS or Fox air two games in a doubleheader package , while the other network may show only one game . Late games scheduled to air on the network showing only one game are scheduled to start at 4 : 00pm EST , while the second game of a doubleheader will kick off later at 4 : 25pm ; this is to avoid conflicts with 1 : 00pm games that have run late . The schedule allows for 4 other regular time slots , in which these games are broadcast nationally across the country : One Sunday night game , which has been regularly scheduled since 1987 , and has aired on NBC since 2006 . One Monday Night Football game , which has been regularly scheduled since 1970 , and has been appearing on ESPN since 2006 . Also since 2006 , two games have been on the first Monday of the season . The practice of holding a Monday night game during the last week of the season ended after the 2002 season due to , among other reasons , low ratings , and a competitive imbalance involved for potential playoff teams who would have one less day of rest before the postseason . On Thursday nights since 2006 , one game has been played and aired on the NFL Network on the weeks including and after Thanksgiving Day . In addition , during the day on Thanksgiving , the NFL has played Thanksgiving Day games since 1920 ; by tradition the Dallas Cowboys and the Detroit Lions always host these afternoon games , and in recent years there has been a night game as well on Thanksgiving . Beginning with the 2012 season , the NFL has played games on Thursday nights for the whole season . Should there be a need for it , an occasional Saturday afternoon or night game , only in mid to late December , due to the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 . December Saturday games have been a part of the schedule every season since 1970 , except for 2013 . Since the 2006 season , the NFL has used a `` flexible scheduling '' system for the last seven weeks of the regular season when there is a Sunday night game . In 2014 , that was expanded to include weeks 5 -- 17 . Flex scheduling ensures quality matchups on Sunday nights and it allows for surprise teams to play in primetime . History ( edit ) Number of regular season games per team 1935 -- 1936 12 games 1937 -- 1942 , 1946 11 games ( 12 weeks ) 1943 -- 1945 10 games ( 12 weeks ) 1947 -- 1960 12 games ( variable weeks ) 1961 -- 1965 , 1967 - 1977 14 games ( 14 weeks ) 1966 14 games ( 15 weeks , odd number of teams ) 1978 -- 1981 , 1983 -- 1986 , 1988 -- 1989 16 games ( 16 weeks ) 1982 9 games ( 17 weeks , strike ) 15 games ( 16 weeks , strike ) 1990 -- 1992 , 1994 -- 2000 , 2002 -- present 16 games ( 17 weeks ) 1993 16 games ( 18 weeks , additional bye week ) 2001 16 games ( 18 weeks , September 11 attacks ) In its early years after 1920 , the NFL did not have a set schedule , and teams played as few as eight and as many as sixteen games , many against independent professional , college , or amateur teams . From 1926 through 1946 , they played from eleven to fourteen games per season , depending on the number of teams in the league . From 1947 through 1960 , each NFL team played 12 games per season . The American Football League began play in 1960 and introduced a balanced schedule of 14 games per team over a fifteen - week season , in which each of the eight teams played each of the other teams twice , with one bye week . Competition from the new league caused the NFL to expand and follow suit with a fourteen - game schedule in 1961 . Also in 1961 , the U.S. Congress passed the Sports Broadcasting Act in response to a court decision which ruled that the NFL 's method of negotiating television broadcasting rights violated antitrust laws . The law allows the league to sell the rights to all regular season and postseason games to the networks , but prohibits the league from directly competing with high school and college football games . Since high school and college teams typically play games on Friday and Saturday , respectively , the NFL can not hold games on those days until those seasons generally end in mid-December . From 1961 through 1977 , the NFL schedule consisted of fourteen regular season games played over fourteen weeks , except in 1966 . Opening weekend typically was the weekend after Labor Day , or rarely two weekends after Labor Day . Teams played six or seven exhibition games . In 1966 ( and 1960 ) , the NFL had an odd number of franchises , so one team was idle each week . In 1978 , the league changed the schedule to include sixteen regular season games and four exhibition games . From 1978 through 1989 , the sixteen games were played over sixteen weeks . In 1990 , the NFL re-introduced a bye week to the schedule , which it had not had since 1966 . Each team played sixteen regular season games over seventeen weeks . During the season , on a rotating basis , each team would have the weekend off . As a result , opening weekend was moved up to Labor Day weekend . The league had an odd number of teams ( 31 ) from 1999 to 2001 . During that period , at least one team had to be given a bye on any given week . For the 1993 season , the league experimented with the schedule by adding a second bye week for each team , resulting in an 18 - week regular season . In 2001 , the September 11th attacks resulted in the league postponing its week 2 games , leading to another 18 - week season . Since the 2002 season , the league has scheduled a nationally televised regular season kickoff game on the Thursday night after Labor Day , prior to the first Sunday of NFL games to kick off the season . The first one , featuring the San Francisco 49ers and the New York Giants , was held on September 5 , 2002 largely to celebrate New York City 's resilience in the wake of the September 11 , 2001 attacks . Since 2004 , the NFL has indicated that the opening game will normally be hosted by the defending Super Bowl champions as the official start of their title defense . Under this scheduling system , the earliest the regular season could begin is September 4 , as it was in the 2008 and 2014 seasons , due to September 1 falling on a Monday , while the latest possible is September 10 , as it was in the 2009 and 2015 seasons , due to September 1 falling on a Tuesday . Scheduling formula ( edit ) Current formula ( edit ) POS NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West 1st Eagles Vikings Saints Rams 2nd Cowboys Lions Panthers Seahawks 3rd Redskins Packers Falcons Cardinals 4th Giants Bears Buccaneers 49ers POS AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West 1st Patriots Steelers Jaguars Chiefs 2nd Bills Ravens Titans Chargers 3rd Dolphins Bengals Colts Raiders 4th Jets Browns Texans Broncos This chart of the 2017 season standings displays an application of the NFL scheduling formula . The Philadelphia Eagles in 2017 ( highlighted in green ) finished in first place in the NFC East . Thus , in 2018 , the Eagles will play two games against each of its division rivals ( highlighted in light blue ) , one game against each team in the NFC South and AFC South ( highlighted in yellow ) , and one game each against the first - place finishers in the NFC North and NFC West ( highlighted in orange ) . Currently , the thirteen different opponents each team faces over the 16 - game regular season schedule are set using a pre-determined formula : Each team plays twice against each of the other three teams in its division : once at home , and once on the road ( six games ) . Each team plays once against each of the four teams from another division within its own conference , with the assigned division based on a three - year rotation : two at home , and two on the road ( four games ) . Each team plays once against one team from each of the remaining two divisions within its conference , based on the final division standings from the prior season : one at home , one on the road ( two games ) . Each team plays once against each of the four teams from a division in the other conference , with the assigned division based on a four - year rotation : two at home , and two on the road ( four games ) . Under this formula , all teams are guaranteed to play every other team in their own conference at least once every three years , and to play every team in the other conference exactly once every four years . The formula also guarantees a similar schedule for every team in a division each season , as all four teams will play fourteen out of their sixteen games against common opponents or each other . Non-divisional intraconference match - ups can occur over consecutive years if two teams happen to finish in the same place consistently . For example , even though the Colts and Patriots are in different divisions within the same conference , the two teams played each other every season between 2003 and 2012 , largely because both teams often finished in first place in their divisions each previous season . Similarly , the Redskins and the Rams played each other each season from 2008 to 2012 because both teams often landed in fourth place in their divisions . Outside intradivisional match - ups ( each of which is played twice - yearly ) , the home team for each match - up is also determined by the league according to a set rotation designed to largely alternate home and away designations over successive years . This rotation was slightly adjusted in 2010 for teams playing against the NFC West and AFC West , after several east - coast teams ( such as the New England Patriots and New York Jets in 2008 ) all had to make four cross-country trips to play games in San Diego , San Francisco , Oakland , and Seattle in one season . Although this scheduling formula determines each of the thirty - two teams ' respective opponents , the league usually does not release the final regular schedule with specific dates and times until the spring ; the NFL needs several months to coordinate the entire season schedule to align with various secondary objectives , such as accommodating various scheduling conflicts and maximizing potential TV ratings . Since 2010 , the last week of the regular season has consisted solely of divisional match - ups , in an attempt to discourage playoff - bound teams from resting their starters and playing their reserves . Past formulas ( edit ) Prior to 2002 ( when the league expanded to 32 teams ) the league used similar scheduling rubrics , though they were adjusted for the number of teams and divisions . From 1970 to 1994 , and again from 1999 to 2001 , the league did not have equal numbers of teams in every division , so not every team 's opposition could be determined by the same means . While teams playing against their division rivals twice each has been a tradition since at least the AFL -- NFL merger , not all teams would play the same amount of divisional games between the divisions due to the imbalances that had existed . The AFC Central in between 1999 and 2001 , consisting of six teams resulting in part from the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , forced teams to play ten intradivision games in a 16 - game schedule . The only time since the merger that the league has been completely `` balanced '' has been from 1995 to 1998 ( with six divisions of five teams each ) and since 2002 ( with eight divisions of four teams each ) . From 1978 up to 2002 , most teams always played four of the teams from a division in the other conference on a rotating basis ( with certain exceptions differing between time periods ) , while lacking a rotary schedule within its own conference ; this meant that while a team would be more likely to play every team in the other conference on a regular basis , they could go far longer without playing every team in their own . For example , between 1970 ( when the leagues merged ) and 2002 ( when the current schedule was introduced ) the Denver Broncos and the Miami Dolphins played only 6 times , including a stretch where they met only once between 1976 and 1997 . POS AFC East AFC Central AFC West 1st Bills Bengals Raiders 2nd Dolphins Oilers Chiefs 3rd Colts Steelers Seahawks 4th Jets Browns Chargers 5th Patriots Broncos POS NFC East NFC Central NFC West 1st Giants Bears 49ers 2nd Eagles Buccaneers Saints 3rd Redskins Lions Rams 4th Cowboys Packers Falcons 5th Cardinals Vikings This is an example of the formula used for determining opponents for teams that finished in last place in each of the five - team divisions between 1978 and 1994 , when the league consisted of 28 teams playing 16 games each . The 1990 New England Patriots finished in last place in the AFC East . Therefore , in 1991 , they played all of their division rivals ( marked in red ) twice each , one game against each team in the four - team AFC Central ( marked in yellow ) , two games against the last - place finisher in the AFC West ( marked in orange ) , and one game each against the last - place finishers in the NFC East and NFC Central ( marked in blue ) . POS AFC East AFC Central AFC West 1st Patriots Steelers Broncos 2nd Bills Bengals Chiefs 3rd Colts Jaguars Chargers 4th Dolphins Oilers Raiders 5th Jets Ravens Seahawks POS NFC East NFC Central NFC West 1st Cowboys Packers Panthers 2nd Eagles Vikings 49ers 3rd Redskins Bears Rams 4th Cardinals Buccaneers Falcons 5th Giants Lions Saints This is an example of the formula used for determining a team 's opponents between 1995 and 1998 , when the league consisted of six divisions of five teams each . The 1996 San Francisco 49ers finished in 2nd place in the NFC West . Therefore , in 1997 , the 49ers played all their division rivals ( marked in red ) twice each , one game each against the other second - place finishers in the NFC ( marked in orange ) , one game against one additional team in the NFC East and NFC Central , and one game against each team in the AFC West ( marked in yellow ) except for the 4th - place Raiders . 1995 -- 1998 NFL scheduling formula ( edit ) When the divisions were balanced between 1995 and 1998 , each team would play a home and away series against their divisional rivals ( 8 games ) , two teams from each of the other divisions within the conference ( two having finished the same place , and two others determined by where they placed in the standings ) , and four teams from a division in the other conference by the aforementioned rotary basis ( where the team placed in the standings determines which team in the interconference division they will not play , and that team would have the `` polar opposite '' place ( i.e. : 1st is the polar opposite of 5th ) in their division ) . An example of which can be seen to the right . 1978 -- 1994 NFL scheduling formula ( edit ) The scheduling formula before 1995 was very similar , except in a modified format to fit not having fully balanced divisions . During these years , teams in five - team divisions who did not finish last would not normally face a 5th place team outside their division , whether or not those teams were intraconference . There was a special so - called `` last place '' or `` fifth - place '' schedule for teams who finished in last place in a five - team division . In addition to their division games , a team who finished in last place in the previous season would also primarily play the other teams who finished in last place in their respective divisions ( the intraconference one would be played twice to fill a void otherwise taken by a third team that finished the same place ) , plus all the clubs in the four team division in their conference . An example of this is also shown to the right . The teams in a four - team division played only six divisional games , as opposed to the eight that teams in five - team divisions had played . This void would be filled by having to play against the 5th place teams in their conference in addition to their regular scheduling , hence tying to the `` fifth - place '' schedule . Regular season expansion proposals ( edit ) There have been proposals to expand the regular season schedule to 17 or 18 games per team . Current Commissioner Roger Goodell has said he favors expanding it to 18 games . However , a longer regular season proposal was defeated in the 2011 labor negotiations between the owners and the players association . One of the proposals for the 17th and 18th games is to have every team play at least one game abroad every year . Another idea being put forth by Houston Texans owner Bob McNair is to move the traditional regional rivalries that are currently played in the preseason ( such as the Governor 's Cups ) into a permanent annual part of each NFL team 's schedule . The NFL Players ' Association opposes extending the season , largely because of injury concerns , and extending the season would require that such an extension be included in the next collective bargaining agreement . The collective bargaining agreement signed in 2011 maintained the sixteen game regular season schedule . Scheduled division matchups ( edit ) This chart displays the current schedule of division match - ups , based on the three - year intra-conference and four - year inter-conference rotations in place since 2002 . In each year , all four teams in each division listed at the top will play one game against all four teams in both of the divisions to which it has been assigned -- one from the AFC , the other from the NFC . Scheduled division matchups Season Conf . AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West 2018 AFC South West East North South East North West NFC North South East West South West East North 2019 AFC North East West South East West South North NFC East West South North North East West South 2020 AFC West South North East North South West East NFC West East North South West South North East 2021 AFC South West East North West North East South NFC South North West East South West East North Regular season games played outside the U.S. ( edit ) Main article : NFL International Series To date , several NFL regular season games have been played outside the U.S. The first was the 2005 game between the Arizona Cardinals and the San Francisco 49ers , which was played in Mexico City . In October 2006 , NFL club owners approved a plan to stage up to two international regular season games per season beginning in 2007 and continuing through at least 2011 . The New York Giants and the Miami Dolphins played at Wembley Stadium in London on October 28 , 2007 for the first of these games . A second game in London took place on Sunday 26 October 2008 , when the San Diego Chargers took on the nominal ' home team ' New Orleans Saints , also at Wembley . The New England Patriots were the designated visitors when they beat the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 35 - 7 on October 25 , 2009 . The long term plan was originally to have two international games played every year , on a 16 - year rotating schedule that would guarantee that each team would get to play twice over that span : once as the home team and once as the away team . This was abandoned when the St. Louis Rams , who are co-owned with Arsenal , a prominent soccer team in London , signed a three - year agreement to be the home team in the International Series games in London . This plan has since been re-established after the Rams announced that they would not be returning to England in 2013 ; the Rams would return to London as host team in 2016 . Since , the NFL has announced that the Jacksonville Jaguars will play one home game a season at Wembley , up to and including 2016 , later extended to 2020 . Their first game , versus the San Francisco 49ers , saw the 49ers winning comfortably . A second game was played at Wembley for the first time , with the Minnesota Vikings hosting and beating the Pittsburgh Steelers . Meanwhile , a record three fixtures were announced from the 2014 season , with the Jacksonville Jaguars hosting the Dallas Cowboys , the Atlanta Falcons hosting the Detroit Lions and the Oakland Raiders hosting the Miami Dolphins at Wembley . The Buffalo Bills played one regular season game each year from 2008 through 2013 in Toronto as part of the Bills Toronto Series ; two preseason games were also played as part of the same series . Poor ticket sales , fan disgust in Buffalo and the death of Bills owner Ralph Wilson prompted the cancellation of the series in 2014 . Disruptions of the schedule ( edit ) See also : Canceled NFL games and Temporary NFL home stadiums Conflicts with other Sports leagues and organizations ( edit ) From the beginnings of the NFL , most teams shared stadiums with Major League Baseball teams , with the MLB teams holding leases giving them priority . The NFL was required to schedule around September baseball games . In October , this frequently resulted in NFL teams having to reschedule on short notice if the MLB team in their city made the playoffs . On some occasions , the NFL game could be moved to Saturday or Monday . The NFL would often schedule October division games so that teams would be able to swap home game dates if it appeared that the MLB playoff schedule would make a stadium unavailable to the NFL . Perhaps the most extreme case was in 1973 , when the New York Jets played at Shea Stadium and were forced to play their first six games on the road due to the Mets playing in the World Series . As more MLB teams started to move into baseball - only stadiums by the 1990s and 2000s , this became less of a problem . Currently , the only remaining shared NFL - MLB venue is the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , which houses the Oakland Raiders and the Oakland Athletics . Additionally , three NFL teams currently share a venue with a Major League Soccer team -- the New England Patriots share Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution , while the Seattle Seahawks share CenturyLink Field with the Seattle Sounders FC and the Los Angeles Chargers share the StubHub Center with the LA Galaxy . However , there are some NFL and MLB venues that share parking lots -- most notably , the respective teams in Philadelphia , Baltimore and Seattle . In 2013 , the Super Bowl XLVII champion Baltimore Ravens were forced to open on the road due to this fact , as their MLB counterparts , the Baltimore Orioles , were scheduled at home on the same day as the Week 1 NFL Kickoff game and declined to either reschedule or relocate their game . ( MLB typically releases the schedule for an upcoming season during September of the previous season , forcing the NFL to accommodate the scheduling needs of teams who share parking lots or stadiums with MLB teams , while MLS typically releases their season schedule well ahead of the NFL 's schedule release . ) The Super Bowl XLVIII champion Seattle Seahawks averted this conflict for the 2014 season opener , as their MLB counterparts , the Seattle Mariners , played on the road ; their respective venues also share the same parking lot . The Seattle Sounders FC also played on the road during the opening week of the 2014 NFL season , assuring no scheduling conflicts . The Buffalo Bills also hosted one game a year at the Rogers Centre , which is the home of the Toronto Blue Jays , but this was only an issue in the preseason , since all such regular season games were scheduled after the end of the MLB World Series . NFL teams have also shared stadiums with NCAA college football teams and bowl games , either temporarily or permanently , but the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 prohibits the NFL from scheduling games on the same days as college football games . Labor disputes ( edit ) The 1982 and 1987 seasons were both shortened by labor disputes . The 1982 strike lasted 57 days . Weeks 3 through 10 were canceled , but an additional week was added to make a 9 - game schedule . The 1982 playoff matchups were determined by conference standings only . The 1987 strike and subsequent lockout lasted 24 days but only one week of the schedule was lost . Weeks 4 through 6 were played with replacement players . The rest of the season was played as originally scheduled , for a total of 15 games per team . In the event that the 2011 NFL season had been disrupted because of a then - ongoing labor dispute , the NFL had arranged its schedule to facilitate easier cancellations and postponements . In addition to an emergency scenario of an eight - game schedule beginning in late November , the NFL also arranged its full - length schedule such that weeks 2 and 4 had no division games , week 17 had all division games , and all week 3 matchups could be moved into each team 's respective bye week . The league also had a contingency plan to postpone Super Bowl XLVI one week , which ( assuming a full playoff schedule ) would allow a 13 - game schedule with five division games for each team to be played beginning as late as October 16 . Natural disasters ( edit ) Several games have been postponed or relocated because of natural disasters . A few days before the start of the 2005 NFL Season , the Louisiana Superdome was severely damaged by Hurricane Katrina , and much of the city of New Orleans was destroyed . The New Orleans Saints ' eight scheduled home games were moved to other locations , including Giants Stadium , the Alamodome in San Antonio , and Tiger Stadium on the campus of Louisiana State University . On September 14 , 2008 , the Houston Texans were scheduled to host the Baltimore Ravens . The game was postponed until November 9 because of Hurricane Ike ( which caused some damage to Reliant Stadium ) and several other changes had to be made to the schedule . The roof of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome collapsed on December 12 , 2010 after a severe heavy snowstorm , resulting in the stadium being unusable for the remainder of the season . The last two of the Minnesota Vikings ' home games had to be moved : one to Ford Field in Detroit ( which also led to the game being postponed the following Monday night ) and another to TCF Bank Stadium , the University of Minnesota 's college football stadium . The Miami Dolphins have been involved in a number of games that were moved to a different time and date . A few of those games would include 1992 against the New England Patriots ( Hurricane Andrew ) , 2004 against the Tennessee Titans ( Hurricane Ivan ) and the Pittsburgh Steelers ( Hurricane Jeanne ) , 2005 against the Kansas City Chiefs ( Hurricane Wilma ) , 2017 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( Hurricane Irma ) , and others . In December 2010 , a Minnesota Vikings -- Philadelphia Eagles game originally scheduled for the afternoon of Sunday , December 26 , a time at which it could have been successfully completed , had two weeks earlier been flexed by NBC to Sunday night and was postponed to Tuesday , December 28 , due to a strong Nor'easter . In 2014 , the Week 12 visit of the Jets to Buffalo was moved to Detroit ( and from Sunday to Monday ) due to severe snow in Western New York the previous week . Other Major news events ( edit ) The American Football League , the precursor to today 's American Football Conference , postponed Week 12 of the 1963 season because of the assassination of President Kennedy , on Friday , November 22 . The AFL 's games were made up by adding a 15th week to a 14 - week schedule . The older and more established National Football League went ahead and played as scheduled on Sunday , November 24 , 1963 . In 2001 , Week 2 of the season was postponed because of the September 11 attacks . At the end of the originally planned 17 - week schedule , Week 2 games were played on Sunday , January 6 and Monday , January 7 , 2002 . The post-season schedule was moved back a week , including Super Bowl XXXVI due to the lack of a bye week before the game . See also ( edit ) List of National Football League seasons NFL preseason NFL playoffs Major League Baseball schedule Season structure of the NHL References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CBS & NBC To Share ' Thursday Night Football ' With NFL Network ; League Eyes `` Tri-Cast '' With Digital Partner `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ NFL pushes late doubleheader games back to 4 : 25 p.m. ET Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/flexible-schedules ^ Jump up to : Sensei , Andrew . `` Sports Law '' . Tulane University Law School . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2002 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Niners edge Giants on late field goal 16 - 13 '' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Creating the NFL Schedule NFL Football Operations '' . operations.nfl.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Scales , Kristi . `` SCHEDULE RELEASE : SO HOW DOES THE NFL DETERMINE THE COWBOYS ' SCHEDULE ? '' . 5 Points Blue . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=4009230 NFL to make West Coast road format more reasonable Jump up ^ `` NFL schedule navigated World Series , other conflicts '' . Sports Business Journal . April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` The Art and Science of Scheduling Meet in the N.F.L. Office '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL 's final week only division games '' . ESPN . April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Vs. Miami Dolphins '' . The Football Database . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Yahoo ! Sports Jump up ^ N.F.L. Owners Will Vote to Lengthen Season , Goodell Says Jump up ^ http://aol.sportingnews.com/nfl/story/2011-07-26/no-18-game-season-is-a-victory-for-the-nfls-players Jump up ^ Associated Press . NFL looking closely at expanding to 17 games with international flavor ESPN.com , 10 May 2007 . Jump up ^ If NFL adopts suggestion for annual regional rivalries , what would they be ? . USA Today ( 2010 - 10 - 19 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution approved for international games '' . NFL.com. 2006 - 10 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` London to host 2007 regular - season game '' . NFL.com. 2007 - 01 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins will host Giants in a game in London '' . ESPN.com. 2007 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Game report on BBC website Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Gasper , Christopher L. ( October 26 , 2009 ) . `` Towers of London '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000270612/article/colin-kaepernick-leads-san-francisco-49ers-over-jacksonville-jaguars Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013092906/2013/REG4/steelers@vikings#menu=highlights&tab=recap&recap=fullstory Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000268789/article/six-nfl-teams-set-for-2014-international-series-games-in-london Jump up ^ `` Pats Coach Says Hurricane Andrew Has Hurt His Team '' . Sun Sentinel . October 15 , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Jeanne moves back Steelers - Dolphins '' . USA Today . September 26 , 2004 . Jump up ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2198438 Jump up ^ `` To avoid Wilma , NFL moves Chiefs - Dolphins game to Friday '' . USA Today . October 21 , 2005 . National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFL_regular_season&oldid=826831254 '' Categories : National Football League Moveable holidays ( US Labor Day date based ) Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 06 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how many nfl games in a season total
[ "The National Football League (NFL) regular season begins the weekend after Labor Day in early September and ends in December or early January. It consists of 256 games, where each team (32 total) plays 16 games during a 17-week period. Since 2012, the NFL schedule generally has games in one of five time slots during the week. The first game of the week is played on Thursday night, kicking off at 8:25 PM (ET). The majority of games are played on Sunday, most kicking off at 1:00 PM (ET), some late afternoon games starting at 4:05 or 4:25 PM (ET). Additionally, one Sunday night game is played every week at 8:30 PM (ET). One Monday night game then starts at 8:30 PM (ET) every week with the exception of the first week of the regular season, in which two Monday night games are played back-to-back (the second game always occurring on the West coast), as well as the last week of the season, in which no Monday night game is held. In addition to these regularly scheduled games, there are occasionally games at other times, such as a Saturday afternoon or evening, or the annual Thanksgiving Day games in which three games are played. During the final week of the regular season, all games are held on Sunday." ]
[ "256" ]
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Monique Coleman
Monique Coleman - wikipedia Monique Coleman Monique Coleman Coleman in February 2011 Adrienne Monique Coleman ( 1980 - 11 - 13 ) November 13 , 1980 ( age 37 ) Orangeburg , South Carolina , U.S. Alma mater DePaul University Occupation Actress , philanthropist , entrepreneur , dancer , singer Years active 1995 -- present Spouse ( s ) Walter Jordan ( m . 2012 ) Adrienne Monique Jordan ( née Coleman ; born November 13 , 1980 ) , known professionally as Monique Coleman , is an American actress , dancer , singer , entrepreneur , and philanthropist best known for her co-starring role in Disney 's High School Musical movies , in which she plays Taylor McKessie . Coleman also had a recurring role on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , as a school girl named Mary -- Margaret , along with Ashley Tisdale . She also competed in the third edition of ABC 's Dancing with the Stars , finishing in fourth place . Most recent , Coleman was named the first ever UN Youth Champion for the International Year of Youth and is currently on a world tour to raise awareness of challenges facing youth . Coleman launched her online talk show Gimme Mo ' , a show dedicated to empowering today 's youth on September 8 , 2010 . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Dancing with the Stars 2.2 UN Youth Champion 3 Philanthropy 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 6 Awards 7 References 8 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) Adrienne Monique Coleman was born in Orangeburg , South Carolina . She started her acting career in theatre and television at a very young age in Columbia , South Carolina . She currently lives in Los Angeles . Her training began at the Workshop Theatre School of Dramatic Arts where she performed in over 15 plays . An acting class taught by a guest teacher actually turned out to be an audition , and resulted in her booking her first commercial . Then Coleman began auditioning for anything she could in the Southeast region , landing several local and regional commercials , as well as a few supporting roles in films . In addition to acting , Coleman was very involved in her community and school where she did everything from performing in plays to competing in forensic tournaments , volunteering with abused children , running track , and even cheerleading . Monique Coleman went to Heathwood Hall Episcopal School . Then she attended The Theatre School at DePaul University in Chicago , earning her BFA in Acting in 2002 . Monique Coleman also visited the American Farm School in Greece in 2012 . Career ( edit ) Coleman made her first lead in the independent feature entitled Mother of the River which was shot in the historic Charleston , South Carolina . The film won numerous awards at film festivals in Chicago . Two years later , Coleman appeared as Young Donna in The Family Channel Movie The Ditch digger 's Daughters for which she was nominated for a Young Artists Award of Hollywood . During her sophomore year of high school , Coleman wrote , directed , produced , and starred in her own one - person play entitled `` Voices from Within '' with standing room only -- audience numbering in the hundreds . On stage in Chicago , Coleman starred in productions of Noises Off , Polaroid Stories , The Real Thing and The Colored Museum . In 2005 , Coleman had the honor of working opposite one of her heroes -- the legendary James Earl Jones when she played Leesha in the 2005 Hallmark TV Movie The Reading Room . She received a 2006 Camie Award for the role and represented the film at the NAACP Image Awards . Coleman during the High School Musical : The Concert In 2006 , Coleman rose to prominence in High School Musical , where she portrayed Taylor McKessie , the best friend of the new girl , Gabriella Montez ( Vanessa Hudgens ) . Before then , she was a recurring guest star in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody episodes , `` Forever Plaid '' , `` Not So Suite 16 '' , `` Neither a Borrower Nor a Speller Bee '' and `` A Prom Story '' along with Hudgens . Coleman has had seven other guest appearances on television including , Boston Public , Gilmore Girls , Malcolm in the Middle , Strong Medicine , 10 - 8 : Officers on Duty , Married to the Kellys , and Veronica Mars . Coleman was also in the first ever Disney Channel Games in 2006 , on the Blue Team ( with Brenda Song , Corbin Bleu , Cole Sprouse , Vanessa Hudgens , and Jason Earles and Brandon Baker ) . She won with both teams . She showcased her ballroom skills in `` Dance With Me '' , while she partnered with National Youth Latin Champion Jared Murillo . Drew Seeley was the soloist . She is the host of 3 Minute Game Show : High School Musical Edition on Disney Channel . She recorded a song called `` Christmas Vacation '' for the holiday album entitled A Disney Channel Holiday . In 2007 , she appeared in High School Musical 2 . In 2008 , she again repeated her role as Taylor McKessie in High School Musical 3 . Dancing with the Stars ( edit ) Coleman competed in the Fall 2006 third edition of ABC 's Dancing with the Stars reality dance competition . She was paired with professional partner Louis van Amstel throughout the competition . van Amstel and the judges praised her for `` taking risks '' during the competition . The pair appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show before they were eliminated and performed the same dance they performed in week 2 's episode . She was eliminated from Dancing With The Stars on November 1 , 2006 , finishing fourth in the competition . She was the last female in the contest that year . Coleman was very gracious in defeat , and appeared on the Jimmy Kimmel Live ! show on the same night as the Results Show to thank her fans for their votes and support . In the beginning of late December 2007 , Coleman partook in the Dancing with the Stars tour that took her across America along with other former competitors until early February 2008 . Week Dance Song Carrie Ann 's Score Len 's Score Bruno 's Score Total Status Foxtrot `` Baby Love '' -- The Supremes 6 6 7 19 Safe Mambo `` Bop to the Top '' -- Ashley Tisdale feat . Lucas Grabeel 9 8 9 26 Safe Jive `` The Heat Is On '' -- Glenn Frey 9 9 9 27 Safe Waltz `` If I Were a Painting '' -- Kenny Rogers 8 8 8 24 Bottom 2 5 Rumba `` So Nice '' -- Bebel Gilberto 9 9 9 27 1st Place 6 Samba `` ABC '' -- The Jackson 5 9 7 7 23 No Elimination Due to Sara Evans 's Withdrawal 7 Quickstep Paso Doble `` Luck Be a Lady '' -- Frank Sinatra `` The Reflex '' -- Duran Duran 9 9 9 9 9 9 27 27 54 / 60 77 / 90 ( / 90 due to Evans 's withdrawal in Week 6 ( 6 + 7 ) ) Bottom 2 8 Tango Cha Cha Cha `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' -- Rockwell `` Ghostbusters '' -- Ray Parker Jr . 8 9 8 10 8 10 24 29 53 / 60 UN youth Champion ( edit ) At a ceremony at UN headquarters in New York , Coleman was presented with a letter of recognition of her new role by Assistant Secretary - General Jomo Kwame Sundaram of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs.In presenting the letter , Mr. Sundaram said Coleman will work `` to raise awareness about the challenges young people face and will highlight the positive contribution they make to their communities . '' Coleman said that receiving the designation of Youth Champion was `` beyond an honour '' and that she would use her new position to promote global efforts to achieve the anti-poverty Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) , which have a 2015 deadline , with a special emphasis on the empowerment of youth . The International Year was launched on August 12 and runs through August 11 , 2011 , and among its aims is to advance the participation of young people on global , regional and national issues that affect them . Philanthropy ( edit ) Coleman worked with dosomething.org to produce a `` Do Something U '' video tutorial . The video targets young activists who need a bit of guidance and inspiration to help them carry out their ideas for their communities to fruition . Coleman 's video tutorial focused on teaching youth the best way to utilize social media to spread word of ideas and actions . Personal Life ( edit ) Monique Coleman married Walter Jordan on February 14 , 2012 ( Valentine 's Day ) in a private ceremony in Koh Samui , Thailand . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Filmography Role Notes 1995 Mother of the River Dofimae Short - Film The Ditchdigger 's Daughters Young Donna TV Movie 2005 The Reading Room Leesha TV Movie 2006 On Line Jessie Short - Film 2006 High School Musical Taylor McKessie TV Movie 2007 High School Musical 2 Taylor McKessie TV Movie 2008 High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Taylor McKessie 2008 Order Unnamed Video Short Promise Rings Veronica Baylerd We Are Family Elise Post-production 2014 Free the Nipple Roz 2015 Naomi and Ely 's No Kiss List Girl - Robin 2017 Distortion Woman Short - Film ; Post-Production Television Year Title Role Notes 2003 Strong Medicine Tanya Episode : `` Misdiagnosis Murder '' 2003 -- 2004 Boston Public Molly Episodes : `` Chapter Sixty - Nine '' ; `` Chapter Seventy - Eight '' ; `` Chapter Eighty - One '' Gilmore Girls Andy Episode : `` The Nanny and the Professor '' 10 - 8 : Officers on Duty Maya Barnes Episode : `` Love Do n't Love Nobody '' Married to the Kellys Waitress Episode : `` Chris And Mary Fight '' Malcolm in the Middle Andrea Episode : `` Malcolm Visits College '' Method & Red Unknown Episode : `` Kill Bill Volume 3 '' 2005 Veronica Mars Gabrielle Pollard Episode : `` Lord of the Bling '' 2005 -- 2006 The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Mary Margaret Episodes : `` A Prom Story '' ; `` Forever Plaid '' ; `` Not So Suite 16 '' ; `` Neither a Borrower Nor a Speller Bee '' ; `` Kept Man '' ; `` Volley Dad '' 2006 Dancing with the Stars Herself / Contestant Season 3 The View Herself / Co-Host Guest 2009 Bones Becca Hedgepeth Episode : `` The Salt in the Wounds '' The Cleveland Show Fontaisha ( Voice Role ) Episode : `` Our Gang '' The Electric Company Herself 2014 Downtown Girls Morgan Episode : `` The Inception '' 2015 Stitchers Solaris Episode : `` Future Tense '' 2015 The Fourth Door Lain Protagonist 2015 Here We Go Again Kayla Protagonist 2016 High School Musical : 10th Anniversary Herself Special 2016 Miranda 's Rights Emily Pilot ; Post-production 2017 Guidance Katina Howard Main role ; season 3 Awards ( edit ) 19th Annual Young Artist Awards ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Best Performance in a TV MOVIE or FEATURE FILM : Young Ensemble -- `` Ditchdigger 's Daughter '' Best Family TV MOVIE / PILOT / MINI-SERIES ( CABLE ) -- The Ditchdigger 's Daughters , Family Channel Character and Morality in Entertainment Awards ( CAMIE ) 2006 -- The Reading Room Teen Choice Awards 2006 Award for Choice TV Show : Comedy / Musical -- High School Musical American Music Award 2007 for High School Musical 2 Teen Choice Awards 2009 Award for Choice Movie : Music / Dance -- High School Musical 3 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Monique Coleman . TVguide.com . Accessed 2011 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Pat Berman ( January 4 , 2007 ) . Music Preview : Monique Coleman brings Disney 's ' High School ' cheer to the fans . Post-Gazette . Accessed 2009 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Monique Coleman biography Jump up ^ Monique Coleman Biography at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The Ditchdigger 's Daughter at IMDB Jump up ^ `` High School Musical , Monique Coleman '' . Londonnet.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ The Reading Room at IMDB.com Jump up ^ Awards Jump up ^ `` Monique 's luck runs out on ' Dancing ' -- Dancing With the Stars -- MSNBC.com '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ TV Guide , TV Listings , Online Videos , Entertainment News and Celebrity News TVGuide.com Jump up ^ `` dosomething.org '' . dosomething.org . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` change the world with social media '' . Seventeen.com . Jump up ^ TeenIdols4You.com Jump up ^ DisneyDreaming.com Jump up ^ `` 19th Annual Awards '' . Youngartistawards.org . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ The Reading Room ( 2005 ) ( TV ) Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2009 '' . Teenchoiceawards.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monique Coleman . Monique Coleman on IMDb Monique Coleman at TV.com Monique Coleman 's Official Site WorldCat Identities BNE : XX4443482 BNF : cb15111364j ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 8138 9089 LCCN : no2007102473 MusicBrainz : bbd62d53 - 912b - 421f - 9a1f - 4d6261550a80 SUDOC : 162171633 VIAF : 59382380 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monique_Coleman&oldid=851719064 '' Categories : 1980 births Living people People from Orangeburg , South Carolina African - American actresses American television actresses DePaul University alumni Participants in American reality television series Actresses from South Carolina 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2018 , at 04 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays the girl in high school musical
[ "Adrienne Monique Jordan (née Coleman; born November 13, 1980),[1] known professionally as Monique Coleman, is an American actress, dancer, singer, entrepreneur, and philanthropist best known for her co-starring role in Disney's High School Musical movies, in which she plays Taylor McKessie. Coleman also had a recurring role on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, as a school girl named Mary–Margaret, along with Ashley Tisdale. She also competed in the third edition of ABC's Dancing with the Stars, finishing in fourth place. Most recent, Coleman was named the first ever UN Youth Champion for the International Year of Youth and is currently on a world tour to raise awareness of challenges facing youth. Coleman launched her online talk show Gimme Mo' , a show dedicated to empowering today's youth on September 8, 2010.\n", "Adrienne Monique Jordan (née Coleman; born November 13, 1980),[1] known professionally as Monique Coleman, is an American actress, dancer, singer, entrepreneur, and philanthropist best known for her co-starring role in Disney's High School Musical movies, in which she plays Taylor McKessie. Coleman also had a recurring role on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, as a school girl named Mary–Margaret, along with Ashley Tisdale. She also competed in the third edition of ABC's Dancing with the Stars, finishing in fourth place. Most recent, Coleman was named the first ever UN Youth Champion for the International Year of Youth and is currently on a world tour to raise awareness of challenges facing youth. Coleman launched her online talk show Gimme Mo' , a show dedicated to empowering today's youth on September 8, 2010.\n" ]
[ "Adrienne Monique Jordan", "known professionally as Monique Coleman" ]
-5669586863283091025
Heart (symbol)
Heart ( symbol ) - wikipedia Heart ( symbol ) This article is about the graphical symbol . For the symbolic or metaphorical use of the word , see Heart § Symbolism . For other uses , see Heart ( disambiguation ) . This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( September 2017 ) A conventional heart symbol The heart shape ( ♥ ) is an ideograph used to express the idea of the `` heart '' in its metaphorical or symbolic sense as the center of emotion , including affection and love , especially romantic love . The `` wounded heart '' indicating lovesickness came to be depicted as a heart symbol pierced with an arrow ( Cupid 's ) , or heart symbol `` broken '' in two or more pieces . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins of symbol 1.2 Earliest use 1.3 Renaissance and early modern 1.4 Modern 2 Heraldry 3 Botanical symbolism 4 Encoding 5 Parametrisation 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Inline citations 7.2 Works cited 7.3 General references 8 External links History ( edit ) Origins of symbol ( edit ) Greek . In the 6th - 5th century BC , the heart shape was used to represent the heart - shaped fruit of the plant Silphium , a plant possibly used as a contraceptive Many species in the parsley family have estrogenic properties , and some , such as wild carrot , were used to induce abortion . Silver coins from Cyrene of the 6 -- 5th BC bear a similar design , sometimes accompanied by a silphium plant and is understood to represent its seed or fruit . Earliest use ( edit ) The earliest known visual depiction of a heart symbol , as a lover hands his heart to the beloved lady , in a manuscript of the Roman de la poire , mid-13th century . The combination of the heart shape and its use within the heart metaphor developed at the end of the Middle Ages , although the shape has been used in many ancient epigraphy monuments and texts . With possible early examples or direct predecessors in the 13th to 14th century , the familiar symbol of the heart representing love developed in the 15th century , and became popular in Europe during the 16th . Before the 14th century , the heart shape was not associated with the meaning of the heart metaphor . The geometric shape itself is found in much earlier sources , but in such instances does not depict a heart , but typically foliage : in examples from antiquity fig leaves , and in medieval iconography and heraldry typically the leaves of ivy and of the water - lily . One possible early use in the 11th century could be found in the manuscript , Al - Maqamat written by Al Hariri of Basra . The manuscript includes an illustration of a farewell greeting between two men while astride their camels , with the heart shape seen prominently over their heads . The first known depiction of a heart as a symbol of romantic love dates to the 1250s . It occurs in a miniature decorating a capital ' S ' in a manuscript of the French Roman de la poire ( National Library FR MS . 2086 , plate 12 ) . In the miniature a kneeling lover ( or more precisely , an allegory of the lover 's `` sweet gaze '' or douz regart ) offers his heart to a damsel . The heart here resembles a pine cone ( held `` upside down '' , the point facing upward ) , in accord with medieval anatomical descriptions . However , in this miniature what suggests a heart shape is only the result of a lover 's finger superimposed on an object ; the full shape outline of the object is partly hidden , and therefore unknown . Moreover , the French title of the manuscript that features the miniature translates into `` Novel Of The Pear '' in English . Thus the heart shaped object would be a pear ; the conclusion that a pear represents a heart is dubious . Opinions therefore differ over this being the first depiction of a heart as symbol of romantic love . Giotto in his 1305 painting in the Scrovegni Chapel ( Padua ) shows an allegory of charity ( caritas ) handing her heart to Jesus Christ . This heart is also depicted in the pine cone shape based on anatomical descriptions of the day ( still held `` upside down '' ) . Giotto 's painting exerted considerable influence on later painters , and the motive of Caritas offering a heart is shown by Taddeo Gaddi in Santa Croce , by Andrea Pisano on the bronze door of the south porch of the Baptisterium in Florence ( c. 1337 ) , by Ambrogio Lorenzetti in the Palazzo Publico in Siena ( c. 1340 ) and by Andrea da Firenze in Santa Maria Novella in Florence ( c. 1365 ) . The convention of showing the heart point upward switches in the late 14th century and becomes rare in the first half of the 15th century . The `` scalloped '' shape of the now - familiar heart symbol , with a dent in its base , arises in the early 14th century , at first only lightly dented , as in the miniatures in Francesco Barberino 's Documenti d'amore ( before 1320 ) . A slightly later example with a more pronounced dent is found in a manuscript from the Cistercian monastery in Brussels ( MS 4459 -- 70 , fol 192v . Royal Library of Belgium ) . The convention of showing a dent at the base of the heart thus spread at about the same time as the convention of showing the heart with its point downward . The modern indented red heart has been used on playing cards since the late 15th century . Various hypotheses attempted to connect the `` heart shape '' as it evolved in the Late Middle Ages with instances of the geometric shape in antiquity . Such theories are modern , proposed from the 1960s onward , and they remain speculative , as no continuity between the supposed ancient predecessors and the late medieval tradition can be shown . Specific suggestions include : the shape of the seed of the silphium plant , used in ancient times as an herbal contraceptive , and stylized depictions of features of the human female body , such as the female 's breasts , buttocks , pubic mound , or spread vulva . Renaissance and early modern ( edit ) Mosaic of the Empress Zoe in the Hagia Sophia , 1239 Heart shapes can be seen on the Bible Jesus holds in the Empress Zoë mosaic in the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul , but a reference to the organ was probably not intended . It probably dates from 1239 . Likewise , heart shapes can be seen on various stucco reliefs and wall panels excavated from the ruins of Ctesiphon , the Persian capital ( circa 90 BC -- 637 AD ) . The Luther rose was the seal that was designed for Martin Luther at the behest of Prince John Frederick , in 1530 , while Luther was staying at the Coburg Fortress during the Diet of Augsburg . Luther wrote an explanation of the symbol to Lazarus Spengler : `` a black cross in a heart , which retains its natural color , so that I myself would be reminded that faith in the Crucified saves us . ' For one who believes from the heart will be justified ' ( Romans 10 : 10 ) . '' The aorta remains visible , as a protrusion at the top centered between the two `` chambers '' indicated in the symbol , in some depictions of the Sacred Heart well into the 18th century , and is partly still shown today ( although mostly obscured by elements such as a crown , flames , rays , or a cross ) but the `` hearts '' suit did not have this element since the 15th century . The heart symbol reached Japan with the Nanban trade of 1543 to 1614 , as evidenced by an Edo period Samurai helmet ( dated c. 1630 ) , which includes both the rounded and indented forms of the heart symbol , representing the heart of Marishiten , goddess of archers . The chanson Belle , Bonne , Sage by Baude Cordier , written in the shape of a heart , in the Chantilly Codex . This is one of two dedicatory pieces placed at the beginning of the older ( late 14th century ) corpus , probably to replace the original first fascicle , which is missing . Early depiction of the Heart of Jesus in the context of the Five Wounds ( the wounded heart here depicting Christ 's wound inflicted by the Lance of Longinus ) in a 15th - century manuscript ( Cologne Mn Kn 28 - 1181 fol. 116 ) 1486 depiction of the Five Wounds Miniature from the Petit Livre d'Amour ( c. 1500 ) , showing the author Pierre Sala ( fr ) depositing his heart in a marguerite flower ( symbolizing his mistress , who was called Marguerite ) . Also worth mentioning is the miniature on fol . 13r , showing two women catching winged hearts in a net . The Luther rose , 1706 print after the 1530 design . Hearts suit in a 1540s German deck of playing cards The Danish `` Heart Book '' , a heart - shaped manuscript of love ballads from the 1550s . Augustine of Hippo holding a heart in his hand which is set alight by a ray emanating from divine Truth ( Veritas ) , painting by Philippe de Champaigne , ca . 1650 . Allegorical painting of the Sacred Heart of Jesus . The central heart radiates hearts gathered up by Putti . By Robert la Longe , ca . 1705 . Leaden heart of Raesfeld chapel ( funerary casket containing the heart of Christoph Otto von Velen , d . 1733 ) 18th - century depiction of the Sacred Heart from the vision of Marguerite Marie Alacoque ( d . 1690 ) . The heart is both `` heart shaped '' and drawn anatomically correct , with both the aorta and the pulmonary artery visible , with the crucifix placed inside the aorta . Another anatomically correct Sacred Heart , painted in c. 1770 by José de Páez . Modern ( edit ) Since the 19th century , the symbol has often been used on Valentine 's Day cards , candy boxes , and similar popular culture artifacts as a symbol of romantic love . The use of the heart symbol as a logograph for the English verb `` to love '' derives from the use in `` I ♥ NY , '' introduced in 1977 . Heart symbols were used to symbolize `` health '' or `` lives '' in video games ; influentially so in The Legend of Zelda ( 1986 ) . Super Mario Bros. 2 ( 1987 , 1988 ) had a `` life bar '' composed of hexagons , but in 1990s remakes of these games , the hexagons were replaced by heart shapes . Since the 1990s , the heart symbol has also been used as an ideogram indicating health outside of the video gaming context , e.g. its use by restaurants to indicate heart - healthy nutrient content claim ( e.g. `` low in cholesterol '' ) . A copyrighted `` heart - check '' symbol to indicate heart - healthy food was introduced by the American Heart Association in 1995 . A heart - shaped `` Map of Woman 's Heart '' ( 1830s ) Two burning hearts , coloured pink , illustration on a Victorian - era Valentine 's Day card . A `` Vinegar Valentine '' card from the 1870s , with a red heart symbol pierced by six arrows . The traditional `` heart shape '' appears on a 1910 Valentine 's Day card . Sheet music cover of `` Look in His Eyes '' , from the musical Have a Heart ( 1913 ) . Wedding ring of groom and a bride with shadow in form of heart - symbolic sense of love Heraldry ( edit ) `` Heart field '' or `` heart shield '' are terms for an inescutcheon placed en surtout . Coat of arms of the Principality of Lüneburg , originating with William of Winchester , Lord of Lüneburg ( d . 1213 ) who married Helena , daughter of Valdemar I of Denmark , and therefore adopted the `` Danish tincture '' to the arms of his father , Henry the Lion . The earliest heart - shaped charges in heraldry appear in the 12th century ; the hearts in the coat of arms of Denmark go back to the royal banner of the kings of Denmark , in turn based on a seal used as early as the 1190s . However , while the charges are clearly heart - shaped , they did not in origin depict hearts , or symbolize any idea related to love . Instead they are assumed to have depicted the leaves of the water - lily . Early heraldic heart - shaped charges depicting the leaves of water - lilies are found in various other designs related to territories close to rivers or a coastline ( e.g. Flags of Frisia ) . Inverted heart symbols have been used in heraldry as stylized testicles ( coglioni in Italian ) as in the canting arms of the Colleoni family of Milan . A seal attributed to William , Lord of Douglas ( of 1333 ) shows a heart shape , identified as the heart of Robert the Bruce . The authenticity of this seal is `` very questionable '' , i.e. it could possibly date to the late 14th or even the 15th century . Heraldic charges actually representing hearts became more common in the early modern period , with the Sacred Heart depicted in ecclesiastical heraldry , and hearts representing love appearing in bourgeois coats of arms . Hearts also later became popular elements in municipal coats of arms . Botanical Symbolism ( edit ) Main article : Silphium There has been some conjecture regarding the link between the traditional heart symbol and images of the fruit of Silphium , a ( probably ) extinct plant known to classical antiquity and belonging to the genus Ferula , used as a condiment and medicine , ( the medicinal properties including contraceptive and abortifacient activity , linking the plant to sexuality and love ) . Silver coins from the ancient Libya of the 6th - 5th BC bear images strongly reminiscent of the heart symbol , sometimes accompanied by images of the Silphium plant . The related Ferula species Asafoetida - which was actually used as an inferior substitute for Silphium - is regarded as an aphrodisiac in Tibet and India , suggesting yet a third amatory association relating to Silphium . Ancient silver coin from Cyrene , Libya depicting the heart - shaped ' seed ' ( actually fruit ) of Silphium . Example of a heart - shaped mericarp fruit in a plant ( Heracleum sphondylium ) belonging , like the unidentified Silphium , to the Parsley family , Apiaceae . Ferula assa - foetida a species of Giant Fennel belonging to the same genus as the ancient Silphium and regarded as having similar properties , while being an inferior substitute for the plant . Ferula tingitana : a possible identity for Silphium . Encoding ( edit ) This section contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . A common emoticon for the heart is <3 . In Unicode several heart symbols are available : Glyph Description HTML code Alt codes ♡ U + 2661 WHITE HEART SUIT & # x2661 ; or & # 9825 ; ♥ U + 2665 BLACK HEART SUIT & # x2665 ; or & # 9829 ; or &hearts ; Alt + 3 ❤ U + 2764 HEAVY BLACK HEART & # x2764 ; or & # 10084 ; ❥ U + 2765 ROTATED HEAVY BLACK HEART BULLET & # x2765 ; or & # 10085 ; ❣ U + 2763 HEAVY HEART EXCLAMATION MARK ORNAMENT & # x2763 ; or & # 10083 ; And from the Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs range associated with emoji : Glyph Description HTML code 🎔 U + 1F394 HEART WITH TIP ON THE LEFT & # x1f394 ; 💑 U + 1F491 COUPLE WITH HEART & # x1f491 ; 💓 U + 1F493 BEATING HEART & # x1f493 ; 💔 U + 1F494 BROKEN HEART & # x1f494 ; 💕 U + 1F495 TWO HEARTS & # x1f495 ; 💖 U + 1F496 SPARKLING HEART & # x1f496 ; 💗 U + 1F497 GROWING HEART & # x1f497 ; 💘 U + 1F498 HEART WITH ARROW & # x1f498 ; 💙 U + 1F499 BLUE HEART & # x1f499 ; 💚 U + 1F49A GREEN HEART & # x1f49a ; 💛 U + 1F49B YELLOW HEART & # x1f49b ; 💜 U + 1F49C PURPLE HEART & # x1f49c ; 💝 U + 1F49D HEART WITH RIBBON & # x1f49d ; 💞 U + 1F49E REVOLVING HEARTS & # x1f49e ; 💟 U + 1F49F HEART DECORATION & # x1f49f ; In Code page 437 , the original character set of the IBM PC , the value of 3 ( hexadecimal 03 ) represents the heart symbol . This value is shared with the non-printing ETX control character , which overrides the glyph in many contexts . The Unicode character of the letter ghan of the Georgian alphabet ( ღ ) has seen some use as a surrogate heart symbol in online communication . Parametrisation ( edit ) A number of parametrisations of approximately heart - shaped curves have been described . The best - known of these is the cardioid , which is an epicycloid with one cusp ; though as the cardioid lacks the point , it may be seen as a stylized water - lily leaf , a so - called seeblatt , rather than a heart . Other curves , such as the implicit curve ( x + y − 1 ) − x y = 0 , may produce better approximations of the heart shape . A cardioid generated by a rolling circle ( animated ) Implicit heart curve ( x + y − 1 ) − x y = 0 Parametric plot of the curve ( 16 sin 3 ⁡ t 13 cos ⁡ t − 5 cos ⁡ 2 t − 2 cos ⁡ 3 t − cos ⁡ 4 t ) ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle ( \ binom ( 16 \ sin ^ ( \ scriptscriptstyle 3 ) t ) ( 13 \ cos ( ) t - 5 \ cos 2t - 2 \ cos 3t - \ cos 4t ) ) ) Heart by Hamid Naderi Yeganeh Implicit heart surface Simple form made from two perpendicular lines and two circular arcs . heart curve on ti - 89 graphics calculator parametric equation of heart curve on ti - 89 graphics calculator See also ( edit ) Cordata , Cordatum and Cordatus , Latin adjectives meaning heart - shaped Seeblatt References ( edit ) Inline citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Favorito , E.N. ; Baty , K. ( February 1995 ) . `` The Silphium Connection '' . Celator. 9 ( 2 ) : 6 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Did the ancient Romans use a natural herb for birth control ? , The Straight Dope , October 13 , 2006 Jump up ^ Riddle , John M. ( 1994 ) . Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance . harvard university press . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0674168763 . Jump up ^ Buttrey , T.V. ( Spring -- Summer 1992 ) . `` The Coins and the Cult '' ( PDF ) . Expedition. 34 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 59 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Kemp ( 2011 ) , 96 -- 99 . Jump up ^ https://www.topic.com/the-pleasure-principles ^ Jump up to : Vinken ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Vinken ( 2001 ) : `` The change from the spherical to the scalloped form of the heart base happened more or less in train with the differing way in which the heart was held , and has dominated visual representations of the heart ever since . '' Jump up ^ A Brief History of Playing Cardes , by Charles Knutson , Renaissance Magazine 2001 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : The Shape of My Heart : Where did the ubiquitous Valentine 's symbol come from ? by Keelin McDonell , Slate.com , Tuesday , Feb. 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sowing the seeds of love , The Age , by Luke Benedictus , February 12 , 2006 ; use as contraceptive : Pliny the Elder , XXII , Ch. 49 Jump up ^ proposed by Gloria Steinem in the 1998 introduction to the Vagina Monologues online copy ; `` For example , the shape we call a heart -- whose symmetry resembles the vulva far more than the asymmetry of the organ that shares its name -- is probably a residual female genital symbol . It was reduced from power to romance by centuries of male dominance . '' , based on an earlier suggestion by Tanzer ( 1969 ) that the shape was used as a symbol indicating brothels in ancient Pompeii ) . Tanzer ( 1969 ) . The Common People of Pompeii . A study of the graffiti . With illustrations and a map Jump up ^ Roundel with radiating palmettes . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 , from http://metmuseum.org/exhibitions/view?exhibitionId={60853040-AE7E-4162-8FA7-525505D6B633}&oid=322631 Jump up ^ Fragments of stucco roundels in situ , Taq - i Kisra , south building , Ctesiphon , Iraq , 1931 -- 32 . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 , from http://www.metmuseum.org/met-around-the-world/images/wb_large/wb_Ctesiphon2.jpg Jump up ^ `` Wall panel with a guinea fowl ( Sasanian ) ( 32.150. 13 ) '' . In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art , 2000 --. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/32.150.13 ( March 2012 ) Jump up ^ gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca Archived 2006 - 10 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , i-p-c-s.org `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 17 . antiquemapsandprints.com , obviously more research is needed here . Jump up ^ Samurai helmet representing the flaming jewel , by Unkai Mitsuhisa ca 1630 , Ann and Gabriel Barbier - Mueller Collection , exhibited at Boston Fine Arts Museum , April -- August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Subsequently the heart symbol became a shorthand for enthusiasm for everything form software to Yorkshire terriers . It was a stamp that validated lifestyles . People could ♥ their grandchildren or line dancing or Buddha . '' Stephen Amidon , Thomas Amidon , The Sublime Engine : A Biography of the Human Heart ( 2011 ) , p. 193 . Jump up ^ `` the heart - check mark that began to appear on a wide array of food packaging in 1995 . The symbol consists of a heart branded with a bold , efficient check mark . It is copyrighted by the American Heart Association ( AHA ) which licences it for a nominal fee to companies whose products meet the organization 's criteria for saturated fat and cholesterol content . '' Stephen Amidon , Thomas Amidon , The Sublime Engine : A Biography of the Human Heart ( 2011 ) , p. 193 . Jump up ^ C. Weyers in : Stengel ( ed . ) , Archiv für Diplomatik : Schriftgeschichte , Siegel , und Wappenkunde , Volume 54 , 2008 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Woodward , John and George Burnett ( 1969 ) . Woodward 's a treatise on heraldry , British and foreign , page 203 . Originally published 1892 , Edinburgh : W. & A.B. Johnson . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 4464 - 1 . LCCN 02 - 20303 Jump up ^ McAndrew , Scotland 's Historic Heraldry , 2006 , p. 141 Jump up ^ McAndrew 2006 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Favorito , E.N. ; Baty , K. ( February 1995 ) . `` The Silphium Connection '' . Celator. 9 ( 2 ) : 6 -- 8 . Jump up ^ T.V. Buttrey , `` The Coins and the Cult '' , Expedition magazine vol. 34 , Nos. 1 -- 2 `` Special Issue : Gifts to the Goddesses -- Cyrene 's Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone '' , Spring -- Summer 1992 . Jump up ^ Koerper , H. ; Kolls , A.L. ( 1999 ) . `` The silphium motif adorning ancient libyan coinage : Marketing a medicinal plant '' . Economic Botany. 53 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 143 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02866492 . JSTOR 4256173 . Jump up ^ http://thepoisondiaries.tumblr.com/post/42771270639/aphrodisiac-asafoetida-ferula-asa-foetida Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. , `` Cardioid '' from MathWorld . Jump up ^ Eric W. Weisstein , `` Heart Curve . '' From MathWorld Jump up ^ `` Hamid Naderi Yeganeh , `` Heart '' ( November 2014 ) `` . American Mathematical Society . November 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Works cited ( edit ) Martin Kemp , `` The Heart '' in Christ to Coke : How Image Becomes Icon , Oxford University Press , 2011 , 81 -- 113 . P.J. Vinken ( 2000 ) , The Shape of the Heart : A Contribution to the Iconology of the Heart ( illustrated ed . ) , Elsevier Health Sciences , ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 82987 - 0 General references ( edit ) Vinken , P ( 2001 ) , `` How the heart was held in medieval art '' , The Lancet , 358 ( 9299 ) : 2155 -- 2157 , doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 01 ) 07224 - 5 , PMID 11784647 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHeart ( symbol ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata The Heart Symbol -- Origin , History And Significance ( essay by cardiologist Armin Dietz ) List of Unicode Heart Symbols Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_(symbol)&oldid=852484258 '' Categories : 15th - century introductions Heart Heraldic charges Late Middle Ages Pictograms Playing cards Romance Symbols Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2013 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2013 Articles needing the year an event occurred from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית მარგალური Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 08 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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when did the heart become associated with love
[ "The first known depiction of a heart as a symbol of romantic love dates to the 1250s. It occurs in a miniature decorating a capital 'S' in a manuscript of the French Roman de la poire (National Library FR MS. 2086, plate 12). In the miniature a kneeling lover (or more precisely, an allegory of the lover's \"sweet gaze\" or douz regart) offers his heart to a damsel. The heart here resembles a pine cone (held \"upside down\", the point facing upward), in accord with medieval anatomical descriptions. However, in this miniature what suggests a heart shape is only the result of a lover's finger superimposed on an object; the full shape outline of the object is partly hidden, and therefore unknown. Moreover, the French title of the manuscript that features the miniature translates into \"Novel Of The Pear\" in English. Thus the heart shaped object would be a pear; the conclusion that a pear represents a heart is dubious. Opinions therefore differ over this being the first depiction of a heart as symbol of romantic love.[7] Giotto in his 1305 painting in the Scrovegni Chapel (Padua) shows an allegory of charity (caritas) handing her heart to Jesus Christ. This heart is also depicted in the pine cone shape based on anatomical descriptions of the day (still held \"upside down\"). Giotto's painting exerted considerable influence on later painters, and the motive of Caritas offering a heart is shown by Taddeo Gaddi in Santa Croce, by Andrea Pisano on the bronze door of the south porch of the Baptisterium in Florence (c. 1337), by Ambrogio Lorenzetti in the Palazzo Publico in Siena (c. 1340) and by Andrea da Firenze in Santa Maria Novella in Florence (c. 1365). The convention of showing the heart point upward switches in the late 14th century and becomes rare in the first half of the 15th century.[7]\n" ]
[ "the 1250s" ]
6599784648583749556
Orange Is the New Black
Orange Is the New Black - Wikipedia Orange Is the New Black Jump to : navigation , search Orange Is the New Black Genre Comedy - drama Created by Jenji Kohan Based on Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison by Piper Kerman Starring Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs Uzo Aduba Danielle Brooks Natasha Lyonne Taryn Manning Selenis Leyva Adrienne C. Moore Dascha Polanco Nick Sandow Yael Stone Samira Wiley Jackie Cruz Lea DeLaria Elizabeth Rodriguez Jessica Pimentel Theme music composer Regina Spektor Opening theme `` You 've Got Time '' Composer ( s ) Scott Doherty Brandon Jay Gwendolyn Sanford Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English ( main language ) Spanish No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 65 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jenji Kohan Liz Friedman ( pilot ) Sara Hess Tara Herrmann Producer ( s ) Neri Kyle Tannenbaum Location ( s ) New York Camera setup Single - camera Running time 51 -- 92 minutes Production company ( s ) Lionsgate Television Tilted Productions Distributor Lionsgate Television Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 1080p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) 4K Audio format Dolby Digital Plus 5.1 with Descriptive Video Service track Original release July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) -- present External links Website www.netflix.com/orangeisthenewblack Orange Is the New Black ( sometimes abbreviated to OITNB ) is an American comedy - drama web television series created by Jenji Kohan for Netflix . The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir , Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , about her experiences at FCI Danbury , a minimum - security federal prison . Orange Is the New Black premiered on July 11 , 2013 on the streaming service Netflix . In February 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth , and seventh season . The fifth season was released on June 9 , 2017 . The series is produced by Tilted Productions in association with Lionsgate Television . Orange Is the New Black has become Netflix 's most - watched original series . It has received critical acclaim and many accolades . For its first season , the series garnered 12 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , winning three . A new Emmy rule in 2015 forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama . For its second season , the series received four Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , and Uzo Aduba won for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Orange Is the New Black is the first series to score Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories . The series has also received six Golden Globe Award nominations , six Writers Guild of America Award nominations , a Producers Guild of America Award , an American Film Institute award , and a Peabody Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.2. 1 Inmates 2.2. 2 Staff 2.2. 3 Others 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 5 Broadcast 5.1 Ratings 6 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 13 June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 13 June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 13 June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 5 13 June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The series revolves around Piper Chapman ( Taylor Schilling ) , a woman in her 30s living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary , a minimum - security women 's federal prison ( initially operated by the `` Federal Department of Corrections , '' a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons , and later acquired by Management & Correction Corporation ( MCC ) , a private prison company ) in upstate New York . Piper had been convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her girlfriend Alex Vause ( Laura Prepon ) , an international drug smuggler . The offense had occurred 10 years prior to the start of the series and in that time Piper had moved on to a quiet , law - abiding life among New York 's upper middle class . Her sudden and unexpected indictment severely disrupted her relationships with her fiancé , family and friends . In prison , Piper is reunited with Alex ( who named Piper in her trial , resulting in Piper 's arrest ) and they re-examine their relationship . Simultaneously , Piper must learn how to survive in prison and how to overcome its numerous , inherent struggles . Episodes often feature flashbacks of significant events from various inmates ' and prison guards ' pasts . These flashbacks typically explain how the inmate came to be in prison or develop the character 's backstory . The show pays close attention to how corruption , drug smuggling , funding cuts , overcrowding and guard brutality affect the prisoners ' health and well - being and the prison 's basic ability to fulfil its fundamental responsibilities and ethical obligations as a federal corrections institution . One of the show 's key conflicts involves the prison Director of Human Activities , Joe Caputo , whose efforts and aims as a warden constantly conflict with the business interests of MCC , which acquired the facility when it was about to be shut down . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black characters Main cast ( edit ) Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman , inmate Laura Prepon as Alex Vause , inmate Michael Harney as Sam Healy , correctional officer Michelle Hurst as Miss Claudette Pelage , inmate ( season 1 ) Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red '' Reznikov , inmate Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom , Piper 's fiancé ( season 1 -- 2 , guest season 5 ) Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren , inmate Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee '' Jefferson , inmate Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols , inmate Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett , inmate Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza , inmate Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy '' Hayes , inmate Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz , inmate Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo , Director of Human Activities , later Warden Yael Stone as Lorna Morello , inmate Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington , inmate ( seasons 1 -- 4 , guest season 5 ) Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca '' Gonzales , inmate Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo '' Black , inmate Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz , former inmate Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz , inmate Recurring cast ( edit ) Main article : List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Inmates ( edit ) Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset Annie Golden as Norma Romano Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson Julie Lake as Angie Rice Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy Constance Shulman as Erica `` Yoga '' Jones Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang Tamara Torres as Gerrman `` Weeping Woman '' Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa `` Miss Rosa '' Cisneros ( seasons 1 -- 2 , guest season 3 ) Madeline Brewer as Tricia Miller ( season 1 ) Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso ( season 2 -- present ) Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin ( season 2 -- present ) Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne `` Vee '' Parker ( season 2 ) Emily Althaus as Maureen Kukudio ( season 3 -- present ) Blair Brown as Judy King ( season 3 -- present ) Ruby Rose as Stella Carlin ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Rosal Colon as Carmen `` Ouija '' Aziza ( season 4 -- present ) Francesca Curran as Helen Van Maele ( season 4 -- present ) Daniella De Jesus as `` Zirconia '' Cabrera ( season 4 -- present ) Asia Kate Dillon as Brandy Epps ( season 4 -- present ) Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight ( season 4 -- present ) Arianda Fernandez as Michelle Carreras ( season 4 -- present ) Kelly Karbacz as Kasey Sankey ( season 4 -- present ) Miriam Morales as Ramona `` Pidge '' Contreras ( season 4 -- present ) Jolene Purdy as Stephanie Hapakuka ( season 4 -- present ) Amanda Stephen as Alison Abdullah ( season 4 -- present ) Staff Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill Matt Peters as Joel Luschek Alysia Reiner as Natalie `` Fig '' Figueroa Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Matt McGorry as John Bennett ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Pablo Schreiber as George `` Pornstache '' Mendez ( seasons 1 -- 3 , guest season 5 ) Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Alan Aisenberg as Baxter `` Gerber '' Bayley ( season 3 -- present ) Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson / `` Amelia Von Barlow '' ( season 3 -- present ) Jimmy Gary Jr. as Felix Rikerson ( season 3 -- present ) James McMenamin as Charlie `` Donuts '' Coates ( season 3 -- present ) Mike Birbiglia as Danny Pearson ( seasons 3 - 4 ) Marsha Stephanie Blake as Berdie Rogers ( season 3 ) Nick Dillenburg as Ryder Blake ( season 4 -- present ) Evan Arthur Hall as Stratman ( season 4 -- present ) Mike Houston as Lee Dixon ( season 4 -- present ) Brad William Henke as Desi Piscatella ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) John Palladino as Josh ( season 4 -- present ) Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough ( season 4 -- present ) Michael Torpey as Thomas `` Humps '' Humphrey ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Others Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Berto Colon as Cesar ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Ian Paola as Yadriel ( season 2 -- present ) John Magaro as Vince Muccio ( season 3 -- present ) Mary Steenburgen as Delia Powell - Mendez ( season 3 , guest season 5 ) Production ( edit ) The series cast at The Paley Center For Media 's PaleyFest 2014 event honoring the show Show creator Jenji Kohan read Piper Kerman 's memoir after a friend sent it to her . She then set up a meeting with Kerman to pitch her on a TV adaptation , which she notes she `` screwed up '' as she spent most of the time asking Kerman about her experiences she described in the book rather than selling her on the show . This appealed to Kerman as it let her know that she was a fan and she signed off on the adaptation . Kohan would later go on to describe the main character , Piper Chapman , as a `` trojan horse '' for the series , allowing it to focus on characters whose demographics would not normally be represented on TV . In July 2011 , it was revealed that Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13 - episode TV adaptation of Kerman 's memoirs with Kohan as creator . In November 2011 , negotiations were finalized and the series had been greenlit . Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling , the first to be cast , in the lead role as Piper Chapman , followed by Jason Biggs as Piper 's fiancé Larry Bloom . Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series . Abigail Savage , who plays Gina , and Alysia Reiner , who plays Fig , had auditioned for role of Alex Vause . Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman , however Kohan felt she would not worry about her ( in prison ) , noting a `` toughness and a presence to her that was n't right for the character . '' Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex. Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols , but she was not considered `` tough enough '' for the character ; she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead . Likability was important for Morello , whom casting director Jen Euston deemed `` a very helpful , nice , sweet Italian girl . '' Laverne Cox , a black transgender woman , was cast as Sophia Burset , a transgender character . The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women - in - prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role . Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex , but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols ; `` ( Kohan knew ) she could do Nicky with her eyes closed . She was perfect , '' said Euston . Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren . Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett . This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host , but he declined . The role instead went to Robert Stanton , who plays the fictional host Maury Kind . The series is set in a fictional prison in Litchfield , New York , which is a real town in upstate New York , but it does not have a federal penitentiary . The series began filming in the old Rockland Children 's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County , New York , on March 7 , 2013 . The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself . On June 27 , 2013 , prior to the series premiere , Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes . For the second season , Uzo Aduba , Taryn Manning , Danielle Brooks , and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars . Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts , but returned for season 3 as a regular . On May 5 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a third season , as revealed by actress Laura Prepon . For the third season , several actors were promoted to series regulars , including Selenis Leyva , Adrienne C. Moore , Dascha Polanco , Nick Sandow , Yael Stone , and Samira Wiley . Both Jason Biggs and Pablo Schreiber were confirmed as not returning for the third season , but Schreiber appeared in the 10th episode of the third season . The series was renewed for a fourth season on April 15 , 2015 , prior to its third - season premiere . For the fourth season , Jackie Cruz and Lea DeLaria were promoted to series regulars ; with Elizabeth Rodriguez also being promoted by the season 's sixth episode . On February 5 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth and seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 93 % ( 40 reviews ) 79 ( 32 reviews ) 98 % ( 42 reviews ) 89 ( 31 reviews ) 96 % ( 24 reviews ) 83 ( 53 reviews ) 95 % ( 39 reviews ) 86 ( 19 reviews ) 5 74 % ( 35 reviews ) 67 ( 20 reviews ) Members of the cast and crew with their Peabody Award , May 2014 Orange Is the New Black has received critical acclaim , particularly praised for humanizing prisoners and for its depiction of race , sexuality , gender and body types . The first season received positive reviews from critics , review aggregator Metacritic gave it a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics , indicating favorable reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , season one has a 93 % approval rating based on 40 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus is `` Orange Is the New Black is a sharp mix of black humor and dramatic heft , with interesting characters and an intriguing flashback structure . '' Hank Stuever , television critic for The Washington Post , gave Orange Is the New Black a perfect score . In his review of the series , he stated : `` In Jenji Kohan 's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series , Orange Is the New Black , prison is still the pits . But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories , all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat . '' Maureen Ryan , of The Huffington Post , wrote : `` Orange is one of the best new programs of the year , and the six episodes I 've seen have left me hungry to see more . '' The second season also received critical acclaim . Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98 % , with an average rating of 9.1 out of 10 based on 42 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama , Orange Is the New Black 's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor 's standard for female - led television excellence . Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review , calling the first six episodes `` not only as great as the first season , but arguably better . '' The third season received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , it has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 24 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 96 % rating with an average score of 8.2 out of 10 based on 53 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Thanks to its blend of potent comedy and rich character work , Orange is the New Black remains a bittersweet pleasure in its third season . '' The fourth season received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , it has a score of 86 out of 100 based on 19 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 95 % rating with an average score of 8.6 out of 10 based on 39 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Orange is the New Black is back and better than ever , with a powerful fourth season full of compelling performances by the ensemble cast . '' James Poniewozik of The New York Times reviewed the fourth season as `` Do you measure the quality of a TV season as a beginning - to - end average or by how well it ends ? By the first yardstick , Season 4 is ambitious but uneven ; by the latter , it 's the series ' best . '' The fifth season has received `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Metacritic , it has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 20 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 76 % rating with an average score of 7.47 out of 10 based on 33 reviews . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Orange Is the New Black Orange Is the New Black has received many accolades since its debut . The series has garnered 16 Emmy Award nominations and four wins . For its first season , it received 12 Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , winning three . Taylor Schilling received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Television Series -- Drama . In 2013 , the American Film Institute selected the series as one of the Top 10 Television Programs of the Year . A new Emmy rule in 2015 , classifying half - hour shows as comedies and hour - long shows as dramas , forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama for its second season . That year , the series received four Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , and Aduba won her second Emmy Award , for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Orange Is the New Black became the first series to receive Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories . For its second season , the series also received three Golden Globe Award nominations : Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy , Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy for Schilling , and Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film for Aduba . At the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards , the series won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Aduba won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series . For its third season , Orange Is the New Black won Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series ( Aduba ) . It received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy . The series has also received , among other accolades , six Writers Guild of America Award nominations , five Satellite Awards , four Critics ' Choice Television Awards , a GLAAD Media Award , an American Cinema Editors Award , a Producers Guild of America Award , and a Peabody Award . Broadcast ( edit ) Netflix is famously tight - fisted when it comes to offering up viewership data about its original series . But execs with the streaming giant have repeatedly confirmed that OITNB is its most - watched original series . That has been backed up by the efforts of outside measurement companies to track viewing in the Netflix eco-system . -- Variety The series began airing on broadcast television in New Zealand on TV2 on August 19 , 2013 . It premiered in Australia on October 9 , 2013 , on Showcase . The second season began on Showcase on July 16 , 2014 , and the third season premiered on June 11 , 2015 . The first season began airing on broadcast television in the UK on Sony Channel from April 19 , 2017 . In April 2017 , it was reported that a cybercriminal had stolen the first ten episodes of the fifth season in a security breach of a post-production company . Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands , and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online . Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement . Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven - day period following the leak of the episodes . It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix releases it in June . Ratings ( edit ) Orange Is the New Black generated more viewers and hours viewed in its first week than the other Netflix original series House of Cards and Arrested Development . In October 2013 , Netflix stated that the show is a `` tremendous success '' for the streaming platform . `` It will end the year as our most watched original series ever and , as with each of our other previously launched originals , enjoys an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV . '' As reported in February 2016 , Orange Is the New Black remains Netflix 's most - watched original series . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Orange Is the New Black is one of the shows most watched in urban areas , and despite its `` minority - rich ensemble cast , '' the series `` appeals more to a white audience . '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael J. Harney was credited as main cast for season 5 but did not make a single appearance . See also ( edit ) Incarceration of women in the United States Prison -- industrial complex Women in Prison ( 1987 ) List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters List of LGBT characters in television and radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dunne , Susan ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Danbury Women 's Prison Setting For Netflix Original Series '' . The Hartford Courant . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Duo Cast in Netflix 's ' Orange Is The New Black ' , Don Stark Upped on VH 's ' Bounce ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Sets Premiere Date for Jenji Kohan 's ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 5 Set for June Release at Netflix '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Denham , Jess ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix renews Orange is the New Black for three more series '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Emmys rules and quirks that explain the 2015 nominations '' . Vox . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Boss Jenji Kohan on Running the Show Her Way '' . Variety . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Creator Jenji Kohan Talks ORANGE IS THE NEW BLACK , Her Research Into Prison Life , and Graphic Sex Scenes '' . Collider . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange ' Creator Jenji Kohan : ' Piper Was My Trojan Horse ' '' . NPR . August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix Eyeing Second Original Series -- Comedy From Weeds Creator Jenji Kohan '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix , Lionsgate TV Closing Deal For Jenji Kohan 's ' Orange Is The New Black ' Comedy '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Taylor Schilling To Star in Jenji Kohan 's Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Jason Biggs to Co-Star in Netflix 's ' Orange Is the New Black ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jung , E. Alex ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Fig Explains the ' Beer Can ' Scene '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Boo Was n't Originally Supposed To Be A Part Of ' Orange Is The New Black ' ( VIDEO ) '' . HuffPost . August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Down , Steve ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Yael Stone on Orange is the New Black : ' I was n't Sapphic enough to play Nicky ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Orley , Emily ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` How The `` Orange Is The New Black '' Cast Came To Be `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Diane ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Why You Should Watch ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Advocate . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black 's Uzo Aduba : ' How would make someone think I 'd be right for Crazy Eyes ? ' '' . News Corp Australia . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Ira Glass ' Politely Declined ' Role on ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Is the ' Orange is New Black ' Prison Real ? Yes , and it is Located Near Utica '' . WIBX 950 AM . January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Serico , Chris ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix series ' Orange is the New Black ' filming in Rockland '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pate , Caroline ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' Title Sequence Uses Actual Former Prisoners '' . Bustle . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Renews Original Series `` Orange Is the New Black '' for Second Season '' ( Press release ) . Netflix . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Uzo Aduba Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black ' , Steven Culp In ' Revolution ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 3 : Laura Prepon Back as Series Regular ! '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' renewed for 3rd season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simms , Andrew ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' season 3 promotes Dascha Polanco to series regular '' . Hypable . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' : Jason Biggs Not Returning to Season 3 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Gregory E. ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pornstache ' out ahead of ' Orange ' season 3 '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huggins , Sarah ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` Pablo Schreiber 's Pornstache has an ' OITNB ' Season 3 surprise in store for fans '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Renewed for Season 4 by Netflix '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB , Kimmy Schmidt , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Lea DeLaria Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abramson , Seth ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` How ' Orange Is the New Black ' humanizes inmates '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Has ' Orange is the New Black ' Changed the Way We Think of Prisoners ? Former Inmates Say No , But There 's Progress Ahead '' . Bustle . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Andy ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Great Orange Is the New Black Is Suddenly the Best Netflix Series Yet '' . Grantland . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Rorke , Robert ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' ignites a TV revolution for women '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . McClelland , Mac ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Orange is the New Black : Girls Gone Wrong '' . Rolling Stone ( 1237 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Ross , L.A. ( March 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Cast Dishes on Prison Sex , Women Calling the Shots , and What Red Did '' . TheWrap . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Gennis , Sadie ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Trans Actress Laverne Cox Breaks New Ground with Orange Is the New Black '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Schroeder , Audra ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` How `` Orange Is the New Black '' changed the way we talk about TV `` . The Daily Dot . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Poniewozik , James ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Dead Tree Alert : Orange Is the New Black Is the New Way of Talking About TV '' . Time . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 1 '' . Metacritic. 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steuver , Hank ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's Orange Is the New Black : Brilliance behind bars '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Review : Subversive Netflix Prison Drama Proves Addictive '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 2 '' . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wiegland , David ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' review : Me vs. we '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 3 '' . Metacritic. 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 4 '' . Metacritic. 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black : It 's About Time '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Is The New Black '' . Television Academy . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange is the New Black '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2013 '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Emmys Rules and Quirks that Explain the 2015 Nominations '' . Vox . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Award Winners 2015 : Full List '' . Variety . January 25 , 2015 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 30 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Nominees & Winners '' . Writers Guild of America . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards 2014 : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards Winners : Full List '' . Variety . May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` George Takei , `` Orange is the New Black , '' `` Concussion '' among # GLAADAwards recipients in New York City `` . GLAAD . May 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' Among Nominees for ACE Eddie Awards for Film Editing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Awards : ' Orange Is the New Black ' Wins Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Comedy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New Black ( Netflix ) '' . Peabody Awards . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is The New Black '' . TVNZ . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Airdate : Orange is the New Black '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most anticipated returning shows in 2014 '' . Foxtel . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New Black S3 : same time as the US '' . Foxtel . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sony Channel U.K. Takes ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hacker Releases New Episodes of ' Orange Is the New Black '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perlroth , Nicole ; Haag , Matthew ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Hacker Leaks Episodes From Netflix Show and Threatens Other Networks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner , Jeff ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Demand for ' Orange Is the New Black ' Spiked Following Hack '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Andy ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Brilliant ' Orange ' '' . Grantland . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kafka , Peter ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's No - Name Show Beating `` House of Cards '' and `` Arrested Development '' `` . All Things Digital . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ha , Anthony ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix : ' Orange Is The New Black ' Is Our Most - Watched Original , But Our TV Exclusives Are Even Bigger '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Brian Anthony ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Is Netflix 's Most - Watched Original Series '' . Mashable . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Orange is the New Black renewed for three additional seasons '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Weatherford Millette , Sarah . `` The Representation of Latinas in Orange Is the New Black . '' MA Thesis . George Mason University , 2015 . Piper Kerman On Her Story That Inspired The Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black . June 2014 . The Diane Rehm Show . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orange Is the New Black . 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where does orange is the new black film
[ "The series is set in a fictional prison in Litchfield, New York, which is a real town in upstate New York, but it does not have a federal penitentiary.[22] The series began filming in the old Rockland Children's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County, New York, on March 7, 2013.[23] The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself.[24]" ]
[ "Rockland Children's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County, New York" ]
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Atlanta Falcons
Atlanta Falcons - wikipedia Atlanta Falcons Jump to : navigation , search Atlanta Falcons Current season Established June 30 , 1965 ; 52 years ago ( June 30 , 1965 ) First season : 1966 Play in Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia Headquartered in Flowery Branch , Georgia Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1966 -- present ) Eastern Conference ( 1966 ) Western Conference ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Coastal Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC West ( 1970 -- 2001 ) NFC South ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Black , Red , Silver , White Mascot Freddie Falcon Personnel Owner ( s ) Arthur Blank CEO Rich McKay President Rich McKay General manager Thomas Dimitroff Head coach Dan Quinn Team history Atlanta Falcons ( 1966 -- present ) Team nicknames The Dirty Birds , Grits Blitz ( 1977 defense ) Championships League championships ( 0 ) Conference championships ( 2 ) NFC : 1998 , 2016 Division championships ( 6 ) NFC West : 1980 , 1998 NFC South : 2004 , 2010 , 2012 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 13 ) NFL : 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1991 , 1995 , 1998 , 2002 , 2004 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2016 Home fields Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium ( 1966 -- 1991 ) Georgia Dome ( 1992 -- 2016 ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( 2017 -- present ) The Atlanta Falcons are a professional American football team based in Atlanta , Georgia . The Falcons compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) South division . The Falcons joined the NFL in 1965 as an expansion team , after the NFL offered then - owner Rankin Smith a franchise to keep him from joining the rival American Football League ( AFL ) . In their 51 years of existence , the Falcons have compiled a record of 350 -- 450 -- 6 ( 341 -- 437 -- 6 in the regular season and 9 -- 13 in the playoffs ) , winning division championships in 1980 , 1998 , 2004 , 2010 , 2012 , and 2016 . The Falcons have appeared in two Super Bowls , the first being during the 1998 season in Super Bowl XXXIII , where they lost to the Denver Broncos 34 -- 19 , and the second being a 34 -- 28 overtime defeat by the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LI . The Falcons played their home games at the Georgia Dome in downtown Atlanta from the 1992 to 2016 NFL seasons . Construction began on Mercedes - Benz Stadium in May 2014 , and play began there in the 2017 season . Their headquarters and practice facilities are located at a 50 - acre site in Flowery Branch , Georgia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Professional football comes to Atlanta 1.2 1966 -- 1977 : Early struggles 1.3 1978 -- 1989 1.4 1989 -- 1996 1.5 1997 -- 2000 : The Dan Reeves era 1.6 2001 -- 2006 1.7 2007 1.8 2008 -- 2014 : The Mike Smith era 1.8. 1 2008 1.8. 2 2009 1.8. 3 2010 1.8. 4 2011 1.8. 5 2012 1.8. 6 2013 1.8. 7 2014 1.9 2015 -- present : The Dan Quinn era 1.9. 1 2015 1.9. 2 2016 1.9. 3 2017 2 Stadiums 3 Logo and uniforms 4 Rivalries 4.1 New Orleans Saints 4.2 Carolina Panthers 5 Statistics 5.1 Season - by - season records 5.2 Record vs. opponents 5.3 Single game records 5.4 Single season records 5.5 Career records 6 Players 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 6.3 Retired numbers 6.4 Ring of Honor 6.5 Georgia Sports Hall of Fame 6.6 Starting quarterbacks 6.7 Draft history 7 Coaching staff 7.1 Head coaches 7.2 Current staff 8 Radio and television 8.1 Radio affiliates 8.1. 1 Georgia 8.1. 2 Alabama 8.1. 3 Mississippi 8.1. 4 South Carolina 8.1. 5 Tennessee 9 See also 10 Notes and references 11 External links . Franchise history ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see History of the Atlanta Falcons . Professional Football comes to Atlanta ( edit ) Professional football first came to Atlanta in 1962 , when the American Football League staged two preseason contests , with one featuring the Denver Broncos vs. the Houston Oilers and the second pitting the Dallas Texans against the Oakland Raiders . Two years later , the AFL held another exhibition , this time with the New York Jets taking on the San Diego Chargers . In 1965 , after the Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium ( then known simply as Atlanta Stadium ) was built , the city of Atlanta felt the time was right to start pursuing professional football . One independent group which had been active in NFL exhibition promotions in Atlanta applied for franchises in both the American Football League and the National Football League , acting entirely on its own with no guarantee of stadium rights . Another group reported it had deposited earnest money for a team in the AFL . With everyone running in different directions , some local businessmen worked out a deal and were awarded an AFL franchise on June 7 , 1965 , contingent upon acquiring exclusive stadium rights from city officials . NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle , who had been moving slowly in Atlanta matters , was spurred by the AFL interest and headed on the next plane down to Atlanta to block the rival league 's claim on the city of Atlanta . He forced the city to make a choice between the two leagues . By June 30 , the city picked Rankin Smith and the NFL . The Atlanta Falcons franchise began on June 30 , 1965 , when NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle granted ownership to 41 - year - old Rankin Smith Sr. Smith , an Executive Vice President of Life Insurance Company of Georgia at the time , paid $8.5 million the highest price in NFL history at the time for a franchise . Former commissioner Pete Rozelle and Smith made the deal in about five minutes and the Atlanta Falcons brought the largest and most popular sport to the city of Atlanta . The Atlanta expansion franchise became the 15th NFL franchise , and they were awarded the first pick in the 1966 NFL draft as well as the final pick in each of the first five rounds . The Falcons drafted All - American linebacker Tommy Nobis from the University of Texas with the first pick of the draft , making him the first - ever Falcon . The league also held the 1966 NFL Expansion Draft six weeks later in which the Falcons selected unprotected players from existing franchises . Although the Falcons selected many good players in those drafts , they still were not able to win right away . The Atlanta Falcons Football Club received its nickname on August 29 , 1965 . Miss Julia Elliott , a school teacher from Griffin , Georgia , was singled out from many people who suggested `` Falcons '' as the nickname for the new franchise . Elliott wrote : `` the Falcon is proud and dignified , with great courage and fight . It never drops its prey . It is deadly and has a great sporting tradition . '' 1966 -- 1977 : early struggles ( edit ) The Falcons had their first season in 1966 , and their first preseason game on August 1 , 1966 , losing to the Philadelphia Eagles . Under head coach Norb Hecker they lost their first nine regular - season games in 1966 and secured their first victory on the road against the New York Giants . The team finished the 1960s with only 12 wins . The Falcons had their first Monday Night Football game in Atlanta during the 1970 season , losing 20 -- 7 to the Miami Dolphins . The only two winning seasons in this twelve - year period were 1971 and 1973 . 1978 -- 1989 ( edit ) The Falcons ' defense taking on Denver Broncos quarterback John Elway during a 1985 game . In the 1978 season , the Falcons qualified for the playoffs for the first time and won the Wild Card game against the Eagles 14 -- 13 . The following week , they lost to the Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 20 in the Divisional Playoffs . In the 1980 season , after a nine - game winning streak , the Falcons posted a franchise then - best record of 12 -- 4 and captured their first NFC West division title . The next week , their dream season ended at home with a loss to the Cowboys 30 -- 27 in the divisional playoffs . In the strike - shortened 1982 season , the Falcons made the playoffs but lost to the Minnesota Vikings , 30 -- 24 . Falcons coach Leeman Bennett was fired after the loss . The team would then have losing seasons for the next eight years . 1989 -- 1996 ( edit ) In 1989 , the Falcons drafted cornerback Deion Sanders in the first round , who helped them for the next four years , setting many records for the franchise . `` Neon Deion '' ( a.k.a. `` Prime Time '' ) had a flashy appeal and helped bring media attention to one of the league 's most anonymous franchises . Sanders was also famous for playing on major league baseball teams ( the New York Yankees and the Atlanta Braves ) while simultaneously playing in the NFL . The Falcons playing against the Los Angeles Rams during a 1991 away game . After defeating the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Wild Card game , the Falcons ' 1991 season ended in a divisional playoff loss to the Washington Redskins . In 1991 , the Falcons drafted Brett Favre as the thirty - third overall pick . During his rookie season , he played in two games where he amassed a record of 4 passing attempts with 0 receptions and 2 interceptions . The following February , Favre was traded to the Green Bay Packers . In 1992 , the Atlanta Falcons opened a new chapter in their history moving into the newly constructed Georgia Dome , where the team has defeated all 31 other NFL teams at least during its time there . 1997 -- 2000 : the Dan Reeves era ( edit ) In 1998 , under recently acquired head coach Dan Reeves , quarterback Chris Chandler and running back Jamal Anderson the `` Dirty Bird '' Falcons had their greatest season to date . On November 8 , they beat the New England Patriots 41 -- 10 , ending a streak of 22 losses at cold - weather sites . The team finished with a franchise - best 14 -- 2 regular season record and the NFC West division championship . On January 17 , 1999 , the Falcons upset the top - seeded Vikings at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in the NFC Championship Game 30 -- 27 , in an exciting overtime victory . However , in their first - ever Super Bowl appearance , they lost 34 -- 19 to the defending champion Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXXIII . In the second game of the Falcons 1999 season , running back Jamal Anderson , who had been a key player in the Falcons ' 1998 success , suffered a season - ending knee injury . The Falcons finished the season with a very disappointing 5 -- 11 regular season record . In 2000 , the Falcons suffered through another horrendous season finishing 4 -- 12 and once again missing the playoffs . 2001 -- 2006 ( edit ) In the 2001 NFL draft , the Falcons orchestrated a trade with the San Diego Chargers , acquiring the first overall pick ( which was used on quarterback Michael Vick ) in exchange for wide receiver - return specialist Tim Dwight and the fifth overall pick ( used on running back LaDainian Tomlinson ) . The Falcons finished the 2001 season with a record of 7 -- 9 and missed the playoffs . Jessie Tuggle retired following 14 seasons in Atlanta . On December 6 , 2001 , Arthur M. Blank reached a preliminary agreement with the Falcons ' Taylor Smith to purchase the team . In a special meeting prior to Super Bowl XXXVI in New Orleans on February 2 , 2002 , NFL owners voted unanimously to approve the purchase . The 2002 season saw the Falcons return to the playoffs with a regular season record of 9 -- 6 -- 1 , tying the Pittsburgh Steelers . It was Vick 's first year as the starter , and the team , with newly acquired running back Warrick Dunn , delivered the Green Bay Packers their first home playoff loss ever . A 20 - 6 loss to the Donovan McNabb - led Philadelphia Eagles the following week , however , ended the Falcons ' season . On March 19 , 2003 , the Falcons presented their new logo . During the 2003 preseason Vick broke his leg and missed the first twelve games of the season . After losing 7 straight games , the decision was made to release head coach Dan Reeves . Wade Phillips acted as interim coach for the final 3 games . Although the Falcons won 3 of their last 4 games after the return of Vick , they ended up with a 5 -- 11 record that year . In 2004 , a new head coach , Jim L. Mora , was hired and Vick returned for the full season . The Falcons went 11 -- 5 , winning their third division title and earning a first - round bye into the playoffs . In the divisional playoffs , the Falcons defeated the St. Louis Rams , 47 -- 17 , in the Georgia Dome , advancing to the NFC Championship Game , which they lost to the Eagles , 27 -- 10 . The Falcons again fell short of achieving back - to - back winning seasons in 2005 , going 8 -- 8 . In 2006 , Michael Vick became the first quarterback in league history to rush for more than 1,000 yards in a season , with 1,039 . After finishing the season 7 -- 9 , however , coach Jim Mora was dismissed and Bobby Petrino , the University of Louisville 's football coach , replaced him . Before the 2007 season began , Vick was suspended indefinitely by the NFL after pleading guilty to charges involving dog fighting in the state of Virginia . On December 10 , 2007 , Vick received a 23 - month prison sentence and was officially cut from the Atlanta roster . 2007 ( edit ) Main article : 2007 Atlanta Falcons season For the 2007 season , the Falcons were forced to start Joey Harrington at quarterback . On December 11 , 13 games into his first NFL season as head coach , Bobby Petrino resigned without notice to coach at the University of Arkansas , leaving the beleaguered players only a note in the locker room . Secondary Coach Emmitt Thomas was named interim coach for the final three games of the season on December 12 . The Falcons ended the year with a dismal 4 -- 12 record . 2008 -- 2014 : the Mike Smith era ( edit ) Mike Smith After the tumultuous and disappointing 2007 season , the Falcons made a number of moves , hiring a new General Manager and head coach , drafting a new starting quarterback , and signing a starting running back . On January 13 , 2008 , the Falcons named former Patriots director of college football scouting Thomas Dimitroff General Manager . On January 23 , Jacksonville Jaguars defensive coach and former linebackers coach for the 2000 Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens Mike Smith was named the Falcons ' new head coach . Chargers back - up RB Michael Turner agreed to a 6 - year deal , $30 million deal on March 2 . On April 26 , Matt Ryan ( quarterback from Boston College ) was drafted third overall in the 2008 NFL draft by the Falcons . 2008 ( edit ) Main article : 2008 Atlanta Falcons season The Falcons finished the 2008 regular season with a record of 11 -- 5 , and the # 5 seed in the playoffs . On December 21 , 2008 , Atlanta beat the Minnesota Vikings 24 -- 17 to clinch a wild card spot , earning a trip to the playoffs for the first time since 2004 . The Falcons would go on to lose in the wild - card round of the 2008 NFL playoffs to the eventual NFC champion Arizona Cardinals , 30 -- 24 . Matt Ryan started all 16 games in his rookie season and was named the Associated Press Offensive Rookie of the Year . First - year head coach Mike Smith was named 2008 NFL Coach of the Year . 2009 ( edit ) Main article : 2009 Atlanta Falcons season Although they failed to make the playoffs in 2009 the team rallied to win their final three regular season games to record back - to - back winning seasons for the first time in franchise history . The Falcons defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 20 -- 10 in the final game of the season to improve their record to 9 -- 7 . Main article : 2010 Atlanta Falcons season In 2010 , with a regular season record of 13 -- 3 , the Falcons secured a third straight winning season , their fourth overall divisional title , and the top overall seed in the NFC playoffs ; however , the Falcons were overpowered by the eventual Super Bowl XLV champion Green Bay Packers in the NFC Divisional Playoffs 48 -- 21 . The Falcons scored 414 points -- the fifth-most in franchise history . The team sent an NFL - high and franchise - best nine players to the 2011 Pro Bowl . 2011 ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Atlanta Falcons season The Falcons made a surprise trade up with the Cleveland Browns in the 2011 NFL draft to select Alabama wide receiver Julio Jones sixth overall . In exchange , the Falcons gave up their first - , second - and fourth - round draft picks in 2011 , and their first and fourth draft picks in 2012 . Jones , along with teammates Tony Gonzalez and Roddy White , have since been dubbed Atlanta 's `` Big Three '' ( based on their total number of reception yards ) . On August 30 , 2011 , Sports Illustrated senior writer Peter King , who correctly predicted the 2011 Super Bowl , made his predictions for the 2011 season and picked the Falcons to defeat the San Diego Chargers in the 2012 Super Bowl . The Falcons finished the season at 10 -- 6 , securing the fifth seed after a Week 17 beatdown of Tampa Bay in which the Falcons pulled their starters after leading 42 -- 0 just 23 minutes into the game . The Falcons then went on to play the New York Giants in a 2011 NFC Wild Card Game at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey . The first half was a defensive struggle , with the first points coming off of a safety by the Falcons , giving Atlanta a 2 -- 0 lead . In the 2nd quarter , though , Eli Manning connected with Hakeem Nicks for a short touchdown pass to make it 7 -- 2 Giants heading into the 2nd half . Then the Giants took control , as Manning threw for two more TD passes to Mario Manningham and Nicks and the defense completed its shutout of the Falcons to give the New York Giants the win , 24 -- 2 , and the Falcons their third straight playoff loss with Matt Ryan and Mike Smith . After the season Defense Coordinator Brian VanGorder accepted a coaching job at Auburn University , and the offensive coordinator Mike Mularkey took the head coaching job in Jacksonville . 2012 ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Atlanta Falcons season Atlanta exploded out of the gate , going a franchise best 8 -- 0 and remaining the last unbeaten team in the NFL that year . Their hopes to get an undefeated season came to an end with a 27 -- 31 loss to the division rival Saints . Julio Jones had a remarkable second year , grabbing 10 touchdowns and 1,198 yards . The Falcons finished the season 13 -- 3 , and clinched the number one seed in the NFC playoffs . The Falcons played the Seattle Seahawks in their first playoff game . Although they went down 28 -- 27 with only 31 seconds left on the clock , Matt Ryan led the team to their first playoff victory , 30 -- 28 . It was the only playoff victory in the Mike Smith era . The Atlanta Falcons then advanced to face the San Francisco 49ers . The Falcons seized control of the game early with a Matt Bryant field goal , a trio of Matt Ryan touchdown passes caught by Julio Jones and Tony Gonzalez coupled with outstanding defensive play . By the end of the half , the score was 24 -- 14 . The tides of the game began to shift in the second half as the 49ers rallied back with a pair of Frank Gore touchdown runs . Atlanta 's offense attempted to reply but were ultimately shut down by the 49er defense . A few series later , late in the 4th quarter with little time remaining , Atlanta found themselves in a 4th and 4 situation at the 10 - yard line . The Falcons needed just 10 more yards to secure victory and advance to their first Super Bowl berth in 14 years . Matt Ryan fired a pass to Roddy White which was ultimately broken up by inside linebacker NaVorro Bowman , resulting in a 28 -- 24 defeat . 2013 ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Atlanta Falcons season Following the success of the previous season , the Falcons were an expected Super Bowl contender . However , injuries hampered the team 's performance and the team finished the season 4 -- 12 . With that , the streak of consecutive winning seasons came to an end and Mike Smith had his first losing season as a head coach . Tony Gonzalez , in his final season in the NFL , was selected to the 2014 Pro Bowl as a starter representing Team Rice . Following the conclusion of the 2012 season , director of player personnel Les Snead departed the team to join the St. Louis Rams and Dave Caldwell , assistant to general manager Thomas Dimitroff , left the team to join the Jacksonville Jaguars . Scott Pioli , former GM of the New England Patriots , was announced as the Falcons ' new assistant GM . Mike Smith was given a one - year extension on his contract as head coach . The Falcons had the 6th overall pick in the 2014 NFL draft with which they selected Jake Matthews , who played as offensive tackle for Texas A&M . 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 Atlanta Falcons season Despite having another rough season , the Falcons still had an opportunity to qualify for the playoffs at the end of the regular season . The Falcons hosted the Carolina Panthers in their regular season finale , with the winners clinching the NFC South division . Unfortunately , the Falcons lost in a 34 -- 3 blowout as Matt Ryan threw two interceptions that were returned for touchdowns and got sacked six times . The Falcons finished the season 6 -- 10 , marking the second consecutive losing season for the team . The following day , Mike Smith was fired after seven seasons as head coach . The Falcons would soon hire Seattle Seahawks defensive coordinator Dan Quinn as the team 's 16th head coach . The Falcons had the 8th overall pick in the 2015 NFL draft with which they selected Vic Beasley , a defensive end from Clemson University . 2015 -- present : the Dan Quinn era ( edit ) 2015 ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Atlanta Falcons season Dan Quinn In February 2015 , the team was investigated by the NFL for alleged use of artificial crowd noise in the Georgia Dome . The Falcons lost a 2016 NFL Draft selection as a result of the league 's investigation . Dan Quinn 's first season saw a 5 -- 0 start , the team 's best start in four years . They would then struggle throughout the rest of the season by losing 8 of their last 11 games , resulting in an 8 -- 8 record . They did , however , give the Panthers their only regular season loss . The Falcons used their first - round pick in the 2016 NFL Draft on safety Keanu Neal from the University of Florida . 2016 ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Atlanta Falcons season In the Falcons ' 25th and final season in the Georgia Dome , Atlanta lost their Week 1 game to the Buccaneers 24 -- 31 . The Falcons would then win their next four including one over the Panthers , when the franchise set new records . Matt Ryan threw for 503 yards , and Julio Jones caught twelve passes for 300 yards . With a 41 -- 13 thrashing of the San Francisco 49ers in Week 15 , the Falcons improved to 9 -- 5 and secured their first winning season since 2012 . One week later , the Falcons defeated the Panthers in Charlotte , North Carolina and clinched their first NFC South division title since 2012 . In their last regular season game at the Georgia Dome , the Falcons defeated the New Orleans Saints , and secured an 11 -- 5 record and a first round bye . In the divisional round of the playoffs , Atlanta defeated the Seahawks 36 -- 20 in the Georgia Dome , and hosted their last game at the Dome against the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game on January 22 , 2017 . The Falcons defeated the Packers 44 -- 21 to advance to Super Bowl LI as the NFC champions . Atlanta was up 28 -- 3 late in the third quarter , and the New England Patriots scored 31 unanswered points , with the last 6 in the first - ever overtime in the Super Bowl . The Patriots ' 25 - point comeback was the largest in Super Bowl history . In 2016 , the Falcons scored 540 points in the regular season , the seventh-most in NFL history , tied with the Greatest Show on Turf ( the 2000 St. Louis Rams ) . However , the Falcons defense gave up 406 points , 27th in the league . 2017 ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Atlanta Falcons season The Falcons moved into their new home , the Mercedes - Benz Stadium , this season . Their first game ever played at the new stadium was a preseason loss to the Arizona Cardinals . The first regular season game at the new stadium was a rematch of the 2016 -- 17 NFC Championship , with Atlanta defeating Green Bay 34 -- 23 . Stadiums ( edit ) Main article : Mercedes - Benz Stadium The Falcons have called only two stadiums home in their 51 years of existence , and will have a third home in their history in the late summer of 2017 . The first was the Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium , sharing with the Atlanta Braves Major League Baseball team until 1991 . In 1992 , the Georgia Dome was built , and the Falcons played there from its opening to the 2016 season . The Dome has been frequently used for college football , including Georgia State football and college bowl games such as the Peach Bowl . In an effort to replace the aging Georgia Dome and potentially host a future Super Bowl , team owner Arthur Blank proposed a deal with the city of Atlanta to build a new state - of - the - art stadium not far from where the Georgia Dome is located . Blank will contribute $800 million and the city of Atlanta will contribute an additional $200 million via bonds backed by the city 's hotel / motel tax towards the construction of a retractable roof stadium . Blank will contribute additional money for cost overruns if it is needed . The team will provide up to $50 million towards infrastructure costs that were n't included in the construction budget and to retire the remaining debt on the Georgia Dome . In addition , Blank 's foundation and the city will each provide $15 million for development in surrounding neighborhoods . Though the total cost of the stadium was initially estimated to be around $1 billion , the total cost was revised to $1.5 billion according to Blank . In March 2013 , the Atlanta City Council voted 11 -- 4 in favor of building the stadium . The retractable roof Mercedes - Benz Stadium broke ground in May 2014 , and will begin hosting the Falcons ' and Atlanta United 's Major League Soccer games in 2017 . Logo and uniforms ( edit ) Atlanta Falcons uniform : 1971 -- 1989 Atlanta Falcons uniform : 1997 -- 2002 The Atlanta Falcons ' colors are red , black , silver and white . When the team debuted in 1966 , the Falcons wore red helmets with a black falcon crest logo . In the center of the helmet was a center black stripe surrounded by two gold stripes and two white stripes . These colors represented the two college rival schools in the state of Georgia ; rival schools Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets ( White and Gold ) and the Georgia Bulldogs ( Red and Black ) . Although the gold was later taken out , the white remains to this day . They wore white pants and either black or white jerseys . At first , the falcon crest logo was also put on the jersey sleeves , but it was replaced by a red and white stripe pattern four years later . They switched from black to red jerseys in 1971 , and the club began to wear silver pants in 1978 . A prototype white helmet was developed for the team prior to the 1974 season but was never worn . In 1990 , the uniform design changed to black helmets , silver pants , and either black or white jerseys . The numbers on the white jerseys were black , but were changed to red in 1997 . ( The red numerals could be seen on the away jerseys briefly in 1990 . ) Both the logo and uniforms changed in 2003 . The logo was redesigned with red and silver accents to depict a more powerful , aggressive falcon , which now more closely resembles the capital letter F . Although the Falcons still wore black helmets , the new uniforms featured jerseys and pants with red trim down the sides . The uniform design consisted of either black or white jerseys , and either black or white pants . During that same year , a red alternate jersey with black trim was also introduced . The Falcons also started wearing black cleats with these uniforms . In 2004 , the red jerseys became the primary jerseys , and the black ones became the alternate , both worn with white pants . In select road games , the Falcons wear black pants with white jerseys . The Falcons wore an all - black combination for home games against their archrivals , the New Orleans Saints , winning the first two contests ( 24 -- 21 in 2004 and 36 -- 17 in 2005 ) , but losing 31 -- 13 in 2006 . The Falcons wore the all black combination against the New Orleans Saints for four straight seasons starting in 2004 , With the last time being in 2007 , losing 34 -- 14 . They wore the combination again in 2006 , against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 2 . The Falcons won that game , 14 -- 3 . The Falcons also wore their all - black uniform in 2007 against the New York Giants , and in 2008 against the Carolina Panthers and against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( for the second time ) . In the 1980s , the Falcons wore their white uniforms at home most of the time because of the heat . When the Falcons started playing in a dome , the team switched to their dark uniforms for home games but have worn their white uniforms at home a few times since switching to the dome . It was announced at the 2009 state of the franchise meeting that the Falcons would wear 1966 throwback uniforms for a couple games during the 2009 season . The Atlanta Falcons wore 1966 throwback jerseys for two home games in 2009 -- against the Carolina Panthers on September 20 and against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on November 29 . The Falcons won both of those games . They donned the throwbacks again for 2 games in 2010 , against Baltimore and San Francisco , winning both of those games as well . Rivalries ( edit ) New Orleans Saints ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) Main article : Falcons -- Saints rivalry In every season except for their debut season , the Falcons have shared a division with the New Orleans Saints ( first the NFC West , and now the NFC South ) . Over this time , a heated rivalry has developed between the two cities ' franchises . Atlanta leads the series 51 -- 45 . Carolina Panthers ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) Main article : Falcons -- Panthers rivalry In addition , the Falcons share a similar , yet smaller , rivalry with the Carolina Panthers , with both teams having been in the NFC West from the Panthers ' founding in 1995 to the NFL realignment in 2002 , where they have been in the NFC South since then . The Falcons lead the series 27 -- 17 . Statistics ( edit ) Season - by - season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Atlanta Falcons seasons Record vs. opponents ( edit ) Includes postseason records Source : Note : W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties Team Percent Last result Last date Last locale Postseason St. Louis / Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals 14 15 0 . 483 W 38 -- 19 November 27 , 2016 Atlanta , Georgia 0 -- 1 postseason Baltimore Ravens 0 . 400 L 7 -- 29 October 19 , 2014 Baltimore , Maryland Buffalo Bills 7 0 . 636 W 34 -- 31 ( OT ) December 1 , 2013 Toronto , Ontario * ( Falcons as away team ) Carolina Panthers 27 17 0 . 614 W 33 -- 16 December 24 , 2016 Charlotte , North Carolina Chicago Bears 13 14 0 . 481 W 23 -- 17 September 10 , 2017 Chicago , Illinois Cincinnati Bengals 5 8 0 . 385 L 10 -- 24 September 14 , 2014 Cincinnati , Ohio Cleveland Browns 11 0 . 214 L 24 -- 26 November 23 , 2014 Atlanta , Georgia Dallas Cowboys 10 14 0 . 417 W 39 -- 28 September 27 , 2015 Arlington , Texas 0 -- 2 postseason Denver Broncos 6 8 0 . 429 W 23 -- 16 October 9 , 2016 Denver , Colorado 0 -- 1 postseason Detroit Lions 12 24 0 . 333 L 21 -- 22 October 26 , 2014 London , England * ( Falcons as home team ) Green Bay Packers 14 15 0 . 483 W 34 -- 23 September 17 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Stadium 2 -- 2 postseason Houston Texans 0 . 500 W 48 -- 21 October 4 , 2015 Atlanta , Georgia Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 14 0 . 125 L 21 -- 24 November 22 , 2015 Atlanta , Georgia Jacksonville Jaguars 0 . 500 W 23 -- 17 December 20 , 2015 Jacksonville , Florida Kansas City Chiefs 6 0 . 333 L 28 -- 29 December 4 , 2016 Atlanta , Georgia San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 8 0 . 800 L 30 -- 33 ( OT ) October 23 , 2016 Atlanta , Georgia St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 28 47 . 377 W 42 -- 14 December 11 , 2016 Los Angeles , California 1 -- 0 postseason Miami Dolphins 8 0 . 333 L 23 -- 27 September 22 , 2013 Miami Gardens , Florida Minnesota Vikings 10 17 0 . 370 L 10 -- 20 November 29 , 2015 Atlanta , Georgia 1 -- 1 postseason New England Patriots 6 8 0 . 429 L 28 -- 34 February 5 , 2017 Houston , Texas * ( Falcons as home team ) 0 -- 1 postseason New Orleans Saints 50 45 0 . 526 W 38 -- 32 January 1 , 2017 Atlanta , Georgia 1 -- 0 postseason New York Giants 12 11 0 . 522 W 24 -- 20 September 20 , 2015 East Rutherford , New Jersey 0 -- 1 postseason New York Jets 6 5 0 . 545 L 28 -- 30 October 7 , 2013 Atlanta , Georgia Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 7 7 0 . 500 W 35 -- 28 September 18 , 2016 Oakland , California Philadelphia Eagles 13 16 . 450 L 15 -- 24 November 13 , 2016 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 1 -- 2 postseason Pittsburgh Steelers 13 . 156 L 20 -- 27 December 14 , 2014 Atlanta , Georgia San Francisco 49ers 30 46 . 396 W 41 -- 13 December 18 , 2016 Atlanta , Georgia 1 -- 1 postseason Seattle Seahawks 6 10 0 . 375 W 36 -- 20 January 14 , 2017 Atlanta , Georgia 2 -- 0 postseason Tampa Bay Buccaneers 23 24 0 . 489 W 43 -- 28 November 3 , 2016 Tampa , Florida Houston Oilers / Tennessee Titans 7 7 0 . 500 W 10 -- 7 October 25 , 2015 Nashville , Tennessee Washington Redskins 9 14 . 396 W 25 -- 19 ( OT ) October 11 , 2015 Atlanta , Georgia 0 -- 1 postseason Total 350 449 6 . 439 9 -- 12 (. 429 ) * Notes International Series Single game records ( edit ) Rushing : Michael Turner , 220 ( September 7 , 2008 ) Passing : Matt Ryan , 503 ( October 2 , 2016 ) Passing touchdowns : Wade Wilson , 5 ( December 13 , 1992 ) Receptions : William Andrews , 15 ( September 15 , 1981 ) Receiving yards : Julio Jones , 300 ( October 2 , 2016 ) Interceptions : Several Falcons , 2 , most recently Robert Alford , 2 ( October 2 , 2016 ) Field goals : Norm Johnson , 6 ( November 13 , 1994 ) Total touchdowns : T.J. Duckett , 4 ( December 12 , 2004 ) and Michael Turner 4 ( November 23 , 2008 ) Points scored : T.J. Duckett , 24 ( December 12 , 2004 ) and Michael Turner , 24 ( November 23 , 2008 ) Sacks : Chuck Smith , 5 ( October 12 , 1997 ) Single season records ( edit ) Passing attempts : 651 Matt Ryan ( 2013 ) Passing completions : 439 Matt Ryan ( 2013 ) Passing yards : 4,944 Matt Ryan ( 2016 ) Passing touchdowns : 38 Matt Ryan ( 2016 ) Passing interceptions : 25 Bobby Hebert ( 1996 ) Completion percentage : 69.9 Matt Ryan ( 2016 ) Passing rating : 117.1 Matt Ryan ( 2016 ) Rushing attempts : 410 Jamal Anderson ( 1998 ) Rushing yards : 1,846 Jamal Anderson ( 1998 ) Rushing touchdowns : 17 Michael Turner ( 2008 ) Receiving catches : 136 Julio Jones ( 2015 ) Receiving yards : 1,871 Julio Jones ( 2015 ) Receiving touchdowns : 15 Andre Rison ( 1993 ) Quarterback sacks : 16.5 John Abraham ( 2008 ) Pass interceptions : 10 Scott Case ( 1988 ) Field goal attempts : 40 Jay Feely ( 2002 ) Field goals made : 34 Matt Bryant ( 2016 ) Points : 158 Matt Bryant ( 2016 ) Total touchdowns : 17 Michael Turner ( 2008 ) Career records ( edit ) Passing attempts : 5,064 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Passing completions : 3,288 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Passing yards : 37,701 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Passing touchdowns : 240 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Passing interceptions : 141 Steve Bartkowski ( 1975 -- 85 ) Passing rating : 93.6 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Rushing attempts : 1,587 Gerald Riggs ( 1982 -- 88 ) Rushing yards : 6,631 Gerald Riggs ( 1982 -- 88 ) Rushing yards by a QB : 3,859 Michael Vick ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Rushing touchdowns : 60 Michael Turner ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Receiving catches : 808 Roddy White ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Receiving yards : 10,863 Roddy White ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Receiving touchdowns : 63 Roddy White ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Quarterback sacks : 68.5 John Abraham ( 2006 -- 2012 ) Pass interceptions : 39 Rolland Lawrence ( 1973 -- 80 ) Field goal attempts : 224 Morten Andersen ( 1995 -- 2000 , 2006 -- 2007 ) Field goals made : 196 Matt Bryant ( 2009 -- present ) Points : 892 Matt Bryant ( 2009 -- present ) Total touchdowns : 63 Roddy White ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Pass interception return yards : 658 Rolland Lawrence ( 1973 -- 80 ) Pass interception returned for touchdowns : 3 Deion Sanders ( 1989 -- 1993 ) and Kevin Mathis ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Punt return yards : 1,723 Allen Rossum ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Kickoff return yards : 5,489 Allen Rossum ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Longest punt : 75 John James ( 1972 -- 1981 ) and Harold Alexander ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Longest field goal : 59 Morten Andersen ( 1995 -- 2000 , 2006 -- 2007 ) and Matt Bryant ( 2009 -- present ) Players ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) Atlanta Falcons roster view talk Quarterbacks 2 Matt Ryan 8 Matt Schaub Running backs 40 Derrick Coleman FB 26 Tevin Coleman 24 Devonta Freeman 25 Brian Hill 28 Terron Ward Wide receivers 18 Taylor Gabriel 14 Justin Hardy 11 Julio Jones 19 Andre Roberts 12 Mohamed Sanu 15 Nick Williams Tight ends 81 Austin Hooper 85 Eric Saubert 80 Levine Toilolo Offensive linemen 63 Ben Garland G 64 Sean Harlow G 67 Andy Levitre G 51 Alex Mack C 70 Jake Matthews T 68 Austin Pasztor T 74 Ty Sambrailo T 73 Ryan Schraeder T 71 Wes Schweitzer G Defensive linemen 99 Adrian Clayborn DE 95 Jack Crawford DT 97 Grady Jarrett DT 98 Takkarist McKinley DE 92 Dontari Poe DT 50 Brooks Reed DE 90 Derrick Shelby DE 91 Courtney Upshaw DE Linebackers 44 Vic Beasley OLB 59 De'Vondre Campbell OLB 56 Jermaine Grace OLB 36 Kemal Ishmael OLB 45 Deion Jones MLB 42 Duke Riley OLB 52 Jordan Tripp MLB Defensive backs 23 Robert Alford CB 37 Ricardo Allen FS 29 C.J. Goodwin CB 27 Damontae Kazee FS 22 Keanu Neal SS 20 Sharrod Neasman SS 30 Deji Olatoye CB 34 Brian Poole CB 21 Desmond Trufant CB 33 Blidi Wreh - Wilson CB Special teams 5 Matt Bosher P 3 Matt Bryant K 47 Josh Harris LS Reserve lists 32 Jalen Collins CB ( Susp . ) 13 Devin Fuller WR ( IR ) 96 Martin Ifedi DE ( IR ) 41 Quincy Mauger CB ( IR ) 53 LaRoy Reynolds MLB ( IR ) Practice squad 35 Marcelis Branch FS 76 Daniel Brunskill T 87 Deante Burton WR 75 Jamil Douglas G 89 Alex Gray TE 17 Marvin Hall WR 55 J'Terius Jones DE 9 Trevor Knight QB 82 Joshua Perkins TE 93 Tani Tupou DE 94 Joe Vellano DT Rookies in italics Roster updated September 19 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 5 Inactive , 11 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of famers ( edit ) Atlanta Falcons Hall of Famers No . Player Position Tenure Year inducted -- Norm Van Brocklin Head Coach 1968 -- 1974 1971 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1967 1998 29 Eric Dickerson RB 1993 1999 21 Deion Sanders CB 1989 -- 1993 2011 56 Chris Doleman DE 1994 -- 1995 2012 87 Claude Humphrey DE 1968 -- 1978 2014 Brett Favre QB 1991 2016 5 Morten Andersen 1995 -- 2000 , 2006 -- 2007 2017 Sanders and Humphrey are the only two players in the Hall of Fame that have been inducted based substantially on their service with the Falcons . Andersen spent eight of his 25 NFL seasons with the Falcons , and remains the team 's all - time scoring leader , but he also played his first 13 NFL seasons with the New Orleans Saints , also leading that team 's career scoring list . Retired numbers ( edit ) Atlanta Falcons Retired Numbers No . Player Position Tenure 10 Steve Bartkowski QB 1975 -- 1985 31 William Andrews RB 1979 -- 1983 , 1986 57 Jeff Van Note 1969 -- 1986 60 Tommy Nobis LB 1966 -- 1976 Ring of Honor ( edit ) The Atlanta Falcons organization does not officially retire jersey numbers , but considers certain players ' jerseys worthy of being honored . The Falcons Ring of Honor , which is featured in the rafters of the Georgia Dome , honors individual players . Atlanta Falcons Ring of Honor No . Player Position Tenure Inducted 10 Steve Bartkowski QB 1975 -- 1985 21 Deion Sanders CB 1989 -- 1993 31 William Andrews RB 1979 -- 1983 , 1986 42 Gerald Riggs RB 1982 -- 1988 2013 57 Jeff Van Note 1969 -- 1986 2006 58 Jessie Tuggle LB 1987 -- 2000 60 Tommy Nobis LB 1966 -- 1976 78 Mike Kenn 1978 -- 1994 2008 87 Claude Humphrey DE 1968 -- 1978 2008 Georgia Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Georgia Sports Hall of Fame Starting quarterbacks ( edit ) Main article : List of Atlanta Falcons starting quarterbacks Draft history ( edit ) Main article : List of Atlanta Falcons first - round draft picks Main article : Atlanta Falcons draft history Main article : 1966 NFL expansion draft Coaching staff ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Atlanta Falcons head coaches In their history , the Atlanta Falcons have had 15 head coaches . Coach Years Record Notes Norb Hecker 1966 -- 1968 4 -- 26 -- 1 (. 129 ) Fired after three games in 1968 . Norm Van Brocklin 1968 -- 1974 39 -- 48 -- 3 (. 433 ) Fired after eight games in 1974 . Marion Campbell 1974 -- 1976 6 -- 19 (. 240 ) Fired after five games in 1976 . Pat Peppler 1976 3 -- 6 (. 333 ) Interim head coach . Leeman Bennett 1977 -- 1982 46 -- 41 (. 529 ) Dan Henning 1983 -- 1986 22 -- 41 -- 1 (. 344 ) Marion Campbell 1987 -- 1989 11 -- 36 (. 234 ) Retired after 12 games in 1989 . Jim Hanifan 1989 0 -- 4 (. 000 ) Interim head coach . Jerry Glanville 1990 -- 1993 27 -- 37 (. 422 ) June Jones 1994 -- 1996 19 -- 29 (. 396 ) Dan Reeves 1997 -- 2003 49 -- 59 -- 1 (. 450 ) Wade Phillips 2003 2 -- 1 (. 667 ) Interim head coach . Jim Mora 2004 -- 2006 26 -- 22 (. 542 ) Bobby Petrino 2007 3 -- 10 (. 231 ) Resigned after 13 games to take over Arkansas Razorbacks . Emmitt Thomas 2007 1 -- 2 (. 333 ) Interim head coach . Mike Smith 2008 -- 2014 66 -- 46 (. 589 ) Dan Quinn 2015 -- present 19 -- 13 (. 594 ) Current staff ( edit ) Atlanta Falcons staff Front Office Owner / Chairman -- Arthur Blank President / CEO -- Rich McKay General Manager -- Thomas Dimitroff Assistant General Manager -- Scott Pioli Director of Pro Personnel -- Joel Collier Director , Football Operations -- Nick Polk Director of College Scouting -- Steve Sabo National Scout -- Ruston Webster National Scout -- Phil Emery Head Coaches Head Coach -- Dan Quinn Assistant to the Head Coach -- Steve Scarnecchia Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Steve Sarkisian Quarterbacks -- Bush Hamdan Running Backs -- Keith Carter Wide Receivers / Passing Game Coordinator / Assistant HC - Raheem Morris Tight Ends -- Wade Harman Offensive Line -- Chris Morgan Assistant Offensive Line -- Kyle Flood Offensive Assistant -- Charlie Jackson Offensive Assistant -- Charlie Weis , Jr . Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Marquand Manuel Defensive Passing Game Coordinator - Jerome Henderson Defensive Line -- Bryant Young Linebackers -- Jeff Ulbrich Secondary -- Doug Mallory Defensive Assistant - Dave Brock Defensive Assistant -- Jess Simpson Defensive Assistant -- Justin Outten Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Keith Armstrong Assistant Special Teams -- Eric Sutulovich Special Teams Intern -- Lance Schulters Strength and Conditioning Athletic Performance Manager -- A.J. Neibel Head Strength and Conditioning -- Jesse Ackerman Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Jonas Beauchemin → Coaching staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television ( edit ) Falcons ' flagship radio station is WZGC 92.9 The Game . Wes Durham , son of longtime North Carolina Tar Heels voice Woody Durham , is the Falcons ' play - by - play announcer , with former Atlanta Falcons QB and pro football veteran , Dave Archer serving as color commentator . In 2014 , The CW owned - and - operated station WUPA became the official television station of the Falcons , gaining rights to its preseason games , which are produced by CBS Sports . In the regular season , the team 's games are seen on Fox 's O&O affiliate WAGA . When the Falcons challenge an AFC team , CBS affiliate WGCL will air those games while Sunday night games are televised on WXIA , the local NBC affiliate . Radio affiliates ( edit ) Map of radio affiliates . Source : Georgia ( edit ) City Call sign Frequency Albany WSRA - AM 1250 AM Athens WRFC - AM 960 AM Atlanta WZGC - FM 92.9 FM Brunswick WSFN - AM 790 AM Clarkesville WDUN - FM 102.9 FM Columbus WDAK - AM 540 AM Columbus WBOJ 1270 AM Dalton WBLJ - AM 1230 AM Douglas WDMG - AM 860 AM Gainesville WDUN 550 AM Griffin WKEU - AM 1450 AM Griffin WKEU - FM 88.9 FM Hogansville WVCC - AM 720 AM Jesup WLOP - AM 1370 AM Jesup WIFO - FM 105.5 FM LaGrange WMGP - FM 98.1 FM Louisville WPEH - AM 1420 AM Louisville WPEH - FM 92.1 FM Macon WMAC - AM 940 AM Milledgeville WMVG - AM 1450 AM Newnan WCOH - AM 1400 AM Rome WATG - FM 95.7 FM Sandersville WJFL - FM 101.9 FM Savannah WSEG - AM 1400 AM Savannah WSEG - FM 104.3 FM Statesboro WPTB - AM 850 AM Swainsboro WJAT - AM 800 AM Thomaston WTGA - FM 101.1 FM Toccoa WNEG - AM 630 AM Valdosta WVGA 105.9 FM Vidalia WVOP - AM 970 AM Waycross WFNS - AM 1350 AM Alabama ( edit ) City Call sign Frequency Foley WHEP - AM 1310 AM Mississippi ( edit ) City Call sign Frequency Jackson WYAB - FM 103.9 FM South Carolina ( edit ) City Call sign Frequency Clemson WCCP - FM 104.9 FM Tennessee ( edit ) City Call sign Frequency Chattanooga WALV - FM 105.1 FM See also ( edit ) Atlanta portal National Football League portal Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rise Up : Team History '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Atlanta Falcons Media Guide . Atlanta Falcons . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hubbuch , Bart ( January 7 , 2012 ) . `` Queens - born owner models Falcons after hometown team '' . New York Post . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Corporate Headquarters and Training Facility '' . claycorp.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Team History '' . Nflteamhistory.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 NFL Draft '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved September 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Atlanta Falcons . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise nicknames '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . January 1 , 2005 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Blank buys Falcons from Smith family '' . December 17 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Falcons unveil new logo '' ( Press release ) . Atlanta Falcons . March 19 , 2003 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2003 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons : Thomas Dimitroff '' . atlantafalcons.com . Jump up ^ `` Coaches '' . atlantafalcons.com . Jump up ^ `` Recent news on Michael Turner -- Unsigned Free Agent -- Rotoworld.com '' . rotoworld.com . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Stats at NFL.com '' . nfl.com . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan -- Atlanta Falcons -- 2015 Player Profile -- Rotoworld.com '' . rotoworld.com . Jump up ^ Singer , Mike ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Atlanta 's Jacquizz Rodgers emerging as Falcons top back '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Galleries '' . CNN . September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers use opportunistic defense to crush Falcons , win NFC South '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Atlanta Falcons fire coach Mike Smith '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises LLC . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stites , Adam . `` Dan Quinn named Atlanta Falcons head coach '' . SB Nation . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Matt . `` 2015 NFL Draft Results : Complete List of Picks , Analysis of Major Storylines '' . Bleacher Report . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schefter , Adam ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` NFL investigating Atlanta Falcons for fake crowd noise at Georgia Dome '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta Falcons lose 2016 pick for pumping fake noise '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots ' Tom Brady earns 4th Super Bowl MVP trophy with epic comeback '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons tied Greatest Show on Turf for record 7th most points scored ever '' . The Falcoholic . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Atlanta Falcons Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons , city officials agree on financing terms for new $1 billion stadium '' . ESPN.go.com . March 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saporta , Maria . `` New Falcons stadium cost ' rises up ' -- again -- another $100 million '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . American City Business Journals . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta City Council approves Falcons stadium funding '' . myfoxatlanta.com . March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Evolution of the Falcons ' colors . Atlanta Falcons . February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons unveil new uniforms at fan rally '' ( Press release ) . Atlanta Falcons. April 24 , 2003 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2003 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Team Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference. 2008 . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/atl/head-to-head.htm Jump up ^ `` Michael Vick : Career Stats at NFL.com '' . nfl.com . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons -- Ring of Honor '' . atlantafalcons.com . Jump up ^ `` History of Atlanta Falcons Head Coaches '' . Atlanta Falcons . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney . `` 92.9 / The Game becomes a Falcons affiliate '' . Radio & TV Talk with Rodney Ho . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons Announce New Local TV Partner '' . atlantafalcons.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.atlantafalcons.com/on-the-air/falcons-radio-network/radio-affiliate-stations.html Jump up ^ Braves New Home In Chattanooga Is Brewer Media 's ESPN 105.1 The Zone External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atlanta Falcons . Official website Atlanta Falcons Founded in 1966 Based in Atlanta , Georgia Headquartered in Flowery Branch , Georgia Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Players Quarterbacks Head coaches Expansion draft Draft history First - round draft picks Stadiums Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium Georgia Dome Mercedes - Benz Stadium Culture Rankin M. Smith , Sr . Arthur Blank The Dirty Bird Dance Freddie Falcon Michael Vick dog fighting investigation Cheerleaders Lore Gary Anderson 's missed field goal Rivalries Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Division championships ( 6 ) 1980 1998 2012 2016 Conference championships ( 2 ) 1998 2016 Ring of Honor 10 21 31 42 57 58 60 78 87 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 52 ) 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1993 1997 1998 2017 Links to related articles National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Sports teams based in Georgia Baseball MLB Atlanta Braves IL Gwinnett Braves SAL Rome Braves CPL Savannah Bananas Basketball NBA Atlanta Hawks WNBA Atlanta Dream NBA G League College Park ( beginning in 2019 -- 20 ) ECBL Fort Gordon Eagles Savannah Storm Football NFL Atlanta Falcons NAL Columbus Lions Georgia Firebirds WFA Atlanta Phoenix LFL Atlanta Steam EIF Southern Steam AAL Atlanta Havoc Georgia Doom Hockey ECHL Atlanta Gladiators SPHL Macon Mayhem Lacrosse MLL Atlanta Blaze NLL Georgia Swarm Roller derby WFTDA Atlanta Rollergirls Classic City Rollergirls Soul City Sirens Rugby league USARL Atlanta Rhinos Rugby union RSL Life University GRU Savannah Shamrocks RFC Soccer MLS Atlanta United FC PDL Tormenta FC NPSL Atlanta Silverbacks Georgia Revolution Ultimate AUDL Atlanta Hustle Sports teams based in or near Atlanta , Georgia Baseball MLB Atlanta Braves IL Gwinnett Braves Basketball NBA Atlanta Hawks WNBA Atlanta Dream G League College Park ( beginning in 2019 -- 20 ) ABA Atlanta Aliens Atlanta Experience Atlanta Wildcats East Point Jaguars Georgia Gwizzlies WBA Marietta Storm Football NFL Atlanta Falcons WFA Atlanta Phoenix USWFL Atlanta Heartbreakers LFL Atlanta Steam Hockey ECHL Atlanta Gladiators NA3HL Atlanta Capitals Lacrosse MLL Atlanta Blaze NLL Georgia Swarm Roller derby WFTDA Atlanta Rollergirls Rugby league USA Rugby League Atlanta Rhinos Rugby union RSL Life University Soccer MLS Atlanta United FC ( 2017 ) NPSL Atlanta Silverbacks Georgia Revolution College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Georgia Tech Georgia State Kennesaw State City of Atlanta Fulton County Atlanta metropolitan area Georgia United States Topics Architecture Arts Crime Cuisine Demographics Economy Festivals Geography History Timeline Media Museums Music Neighborhoods Nicknames Parks People Religion Skyscrapers Tourism Transportation Tree canopy Education Colleges and universities Private schools Public schools Government City Council Fire Atlanta Housing Authority Invest Atlanta development authority Mayors Police Sports Atlanta Braves Atlanta Dream Atlanta Falcons Atlanta Hawks Atlanta United FC Georgia State Panthers Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Related Georgia State Capitol Miss Freedom Sister cities Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlanta_Falcons&oldid=801189694 '' Categories : American football teams in Atlanta Atlanta Falcons National Football League teams Sports clubs established in 1965 1965 establishments in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles to be expanded from June 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 06 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the atlanta falcons become a team
[ "\n\nAtlanta Falcons\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished June 30, 1965; 52 years ago (June 30, 1965)\nFirst season: 1966\nPlay in Mercedes-Benz Stadium\nAtlanta, Georgia\nHeadquartered in Flowery Branch, Georgia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1966–present)\n\nEastern Conference (1966)\nWestern Conference (1967–1969)\n\nCoastal Division (1967–1969)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nNFC West (1970–2001)\nNFC South (2002–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nBlack, Red, Silver, White[1]\n \n\n\nMascot\nFreddie Falcon\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nArthur Blank\n\n\nCEO\nRich McKay\n\n\nPresident\nRich McKay\n\n\nGeneral manager\nThomas Dimitroff\n\n\nHead coach\nDan Quinn\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nAtlanta Falcons (1966–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\nThe Dirty Birds, Grits Blitz (1977 defense)\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\nLeague championships (0)\n\n\n\nConference championships (2)\n\nNFC: 1998, 2016\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (6)\n\nNFC West: 1980, 1998\nNFC South: 2004, 2010, 2012, 2016\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (13)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1978, 1980, 1982, 1991, 1995, 1998, 2002, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2016\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nAtlanta–Fulton County Stadium (1966–1991)\nGeorgia Dome (1992–2016)\nMercedes-Benz Stadium (2017–present)\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "June 30, 1965" ]
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Public Accounts Committee (India)
Public Accounts committee ( India ) - wikipedia Public Accounts committee ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search The Public Accounts Committee ( PAC ) is a committee of selected members of Parliament , constituted by the Parliament of India , for the auditing of the revenue and the expenditure of the Government of India . The PAC is formed every year with a strength of not more than 22 members of which 15 are from Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Parliament , and 7 from Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Parliament . The term of office of the members is one year . The Chairman is appointed by the Speaker of Lok Sabha . Since 1967 , the chairman of the committee is selected from the opposition . Earlier , it was headed by a member of the ruling party . Its chief function is to examine the audit report of Comptroller and Auditor General ( CAG ) after it is laid in the Parliament . CAG assists the committee during the course of investigation . None of the 22 members shall be a minister in the government . The present PAC is headed by Mapanna Mallikarjun Kharge Senior Congress MP of Gulbarga , Karnataka . The term of office of members of the committee does not exceed one year at a time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Probes 1.1 2G spectrum scam 1.2 Demonetization of November 8 , 2016 2 Chairpersons 2.1 Pre-independence 2.2 After independence 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Probes ( edit ) 2G spectrum scam ( edit ) In 2011 , the Public Accounts Committee probed the 2G spectrum scam which brought the committee to public attention . The committee , on 4 April 2011 , summoned Ratan Tata , chairman of the Tata group , and Niira Radia , corporate lobbyist regarding the scam . The PAC asked Congress members to apologise to Comptroller and Auditor General of India for making allegations against it . Demonetization of November 8 , 2016 ( edit ) On the eve of November 8 , 2016 , Prime Minister of Republic of India Shri Narendra Modi announced `` Notes of Rs500 and Rs 1000 will not remain a legal tender by midnight '' . Being an unprecedented step it was much highlighted in the national and international news with a number of people criticizing the move and government acclaiming it as a surgical strike against black money . But public account committee headed by senior Congress leader KV Thomas took a serious note of the move and started probing the move wherein it decided to call RBI Governor Urjit Patel , Finance Secretary Ashok Lavasa and Economic Affairs Secretary Shaktikanta Das and a decision was taken unanimously by all the members of the committee . Chairpersons ( edit ) Pre-independence ( edit ) Sr. No . Name Term of office W.M. Hailey 1922 Sir Basil P. Blackett 1922 - 27 Sir Bhupendra Nath Mitra 1928 Sir George Schuster 1929 - 31 5 Sir Alan Parson 1932 6 A.H. Lloyd 1933 7 Sir James Grigg 1934 - 36 8 J.C. Nixon 1937 9 Sir James Grigg 1938 10 Sir Jeremy Raisman 1939 - 41 11 C.E. Jones 1942 12 Sir Jeremy Raisman 1943 12 Sir Cyril Jones 1944 13 Sir Archibald Rowlands 1945 14 Sir Eric Coates 1946 15 John Mathai 16 Liaquat Ali Khan After independence ( edit ) Sr. No . Name Term of office Political party ( Alliance ) R.K. Shanmukham Chetty 1947 - 48 Congress John Mathai 1948 - 49 B. Das 1950 - 55 V.B. Gandhi 1955 - 57 5 T.N. Singh 1957 - 59 6 N.G. Ranga 1959 7 P. Subbarayan 1959 - 60 8 Upendranath Barman 1960 - 61 9 C.R. Pattabhiraman 1961 - 62 10 Mahavir Tyagi 1962 - 64 11 R.K. Khadilkar 1963 - 64 12 R.R. Morarka 1964 - 67 13 Minoo Masani 1967 - 69 Swatantra 14 Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1969 - 71 BJS 15 Era Sezhiyan 1971 - 73 DMK 16 Jyotirmoy Basu 1973 - 75 CPI ( M ) 17 Hirendranath Mukherjee 1975 - 77 CPI 18 C.M. Stephen 1977 - 78 Congress 19 P.V. Narasimha Rao 1978 - 79 20 T.A. Pai 1979 ( up to July 30 , 1979 ) 21 R. Venkataraman August 2 , 1979 - 1980 22 Chandrajit Yadav 1980 - 81 JNP ( S ) 23 Satish Chandra Agarwal 1981 - 83 BJP 24 Sunil Maitra 1983 - 84 CPI ( M ) 25 E. Ayyapu Reddy 1985 - 87 TDP 26 Amal Dutta 1987 - 89 CPI ( M ) 27 P. Kolandaivelu ADMK 28 Santosh Mohan Dev 1990 - 91 Congress 29 Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1991 - 93 BJP 30 Bhagwan Shankar Rawat 1993 - 95 31 Ram Naik 1995 - 96 32 Murli Manohar Joshi 1996 - 98 33 Manoranjan Bhakta 1998 - 99 Congress 34 N.D. Tiwari 1999 - March 1 , 2002 34 N. Janardhana Reddy March 15 , 2002 - April 30 , 2002 35 Buta Singh 2002 - 2004 upto 6 / 2 / 2004 36 Prof. Vijay Kumar Malhotra 2004 - 2008 BJP 36 52 . Prof. Kuruppassery Varkey Thomas 2013 - 2015 Source : 53 . Mallikarjun Kharge 2017 - See also ( edit ) Parliament of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Public Accounts Committee Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/KV-Thomas-takes-over-as-PAC-chairman/articleshow/40491640.cms . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) ; Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Archive News - The Hindu '' . Hindu.com . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tata was candid , Radia evasive on 2G , says PAC chief Joshi - Indian Express '' . IndianExpress.com . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Reporter , B.S. ( 23 November 2011 ) . `` Cong members should apologise to CAG : PAC '' . Retrieved 27 February 2017 -- via Business Standard . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Public Accounts Committee to call RBI Governor in January to review economic impact - The Economic Times on Mobile '' . EconomicTimes.com . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 11. pdf External links ( edit ) business - News - msn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Accounts_Committee_(India)&oldid=779375111 '' Categories : Committees of the Parliament of India Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2017 , at 14 : 54 . About Wikipedia
who appoints the chairman of public accounts committee
[ "The PAC is formed every year with a strength of not more than 22 members of which 15 are from Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament, and 7 from Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament.[1] The term of office of the members is one year. The Chairman is appointed by the Speaker of Lok Sabha. Since 1967, the chairman of the committee is selected from the opposition. Earlier, it was headed by a member of the ruling party. Its chief function is to examine the audit report of Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) after it is laid in the Parliament. CAG assists the committee during the course of investigation. None of the 22 members shall be a minister in the government." ]
[ "Speaker of Lok Sabha" ]
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Shot clock
Shot clock - wikipedia Shot clock This article may contain too much repetition or redundant language . Please help improve it by merging similar text or removing repeated statements . ( August 2018 ) After Mitch McGary attempts a finger roll layup late in the first half of the 2012 -- 13 Big Ten Conference men 's basketball season opener on January 3 ( left ) , the Michigan Wolverines and Northwestern Wildcats anticipate ( center ) and pursue ( right ) the rebound . The possession demonstrates the end - of - half intricacies of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's former 35 - second shot clock ( red LED ) when possession changes and the game clock ( white LED ; note the decimal point ) is below 35 seconds . A shot clock is used in some sports to quicken the pace of the game . It is normally associated with basketball , but is also used in snooker , pro lacrosse , water polo , korfball , and ten - pin bowling . It is analogous with the play clock used in American and Canadian football . In basketball , the shot clock is a timer designed to increase the game 's pace and scoring . The offensive team must attempt to get the ball into the basket by the ball leaving the player 's hand before the shot clock expires , and the shot must either touch the rim or enter the basket . If the offensive team fails to register a field goal attempt within the time limit , they are assessed a violation resulting in a turnover to their opponents ; if the ball hits or enters the rim after the clock expires , it is not a violation so long as it left the player 's hand before expiration . The maximum time limit of the shot clock varies by level of play and league : The National Basketball Association has had a 24 - second limit since first introducing the clock in the 1950s ; and college basketball for both men and women has a 30 - second limit . The WNBA had a 30 - second clock originally ; since 2006 the limit is 24 seconds , just like in the NBA . Contents 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Creation 1.3 Use and reaction 1.4 Adoption by other leagues 2 Operation 3 Similar rules in basketball 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Stall tactics to limit big man George Mikan ( # 99 ) led to the shot clock 's creation by the NBA . The NBA ( National Basketball Association ) had problems attracting fans ( and positive media coverage ) before the shot clock 's inception . This was due to teams running out the clock once they were leading in a game ; without the shot clock , teams passed the ball nearly endlessly without penalty . If one team chose to stall , the other team ( especially if behind ) would often commit fouls to get the ball back following the free throw . Very low - scoring games with many fouls were common , which bored fans . The most extreme case occurred on November 22 , 1950 , when the Fort Wayne Pistons defeated the Minneapolis Lakers by a record - low score of 19 -- 18 , including 3 -- 1 in the fourth quarter . The Pistons held the ball for minutes at a time without shooting ( they attempted 13 shots for the game ) in order to limit the impact of the Lakers ' dominant George Mikan . The Pistons ' performance led the St. Paul Dispatch to write `` ( The Pistons ) gave pro basketball a great black eye . '' NBA President Maurice Podoloff said , `` In our game , with the number of stars we have , we of necessity run up big scores . '' A few weeks after the Pistons / Lakers game , the Rochester Royals and Indianapolis Olympians played a six - overtime game with only one shot in each overtime - in each overtime period , the team who had the ball first held the ball for the entirety of the period before attempting a last - second shot . The NBA tried several rule changes in the early 1950s to speed up the game and reduce fouls before eventually adopting the shot clock . Creation ( edit ) The shot clock first came to use in 1954 in Syracuse , New York , where Syracuse Nationals ( now the Philadelphia 76ers ) owner Danny Biasone and general manager Leo Ferris experimented using a 24 - second version during a scrimmage game . According to Biasone , `` I looked at the box scores from the games I enjoyed , games where they did n't screw around and stall . I noticed each team took about 60 shots . That meant 120 shots per game . So I took 2,880 seconds ( 48 minutes ) and divided that by 120 shots . The result was 24 seconds per shot . '' Biasone and Ferris then convinced the NBA to adopt it for the 1954 -- 55 season , a season in which the Nationals won the NBA Championship . Syracuse Nationals General Manager Leo Ferris has emerged in the discussion as one of those involved in the creation and development of the shot clock . Along with Danny Biasone and Emil Barboni , a scout for the Nats , Leo Ferris was a key figure in developing the 24 - second clock . Jack Andrews , longtime basketball writer for The Syracuse Post-Standard , often recalled how Ferris would sit at Danny Biasone 's Eastwood bowling alley , scribbling potential shot clock formulas onto a napkin . Ferris , who loved mathematics , ended up dividing the number of seconds in a 48 - minute game ( 2,880 ) by the average number of shots taken in a game ( 120 ) to get to the 24 - second time limit per possession . While he and Biasone often share in the credit for the shot clock , it was Ferris who was singled out by business manager Bob Sexton at the 1954 team banquet for pushing the shot clock rule . Use and reaction ( edit ) The Shot Clock Monument in Syracuse , New York . Close - up of Syracuse 's Shot Clock Monument . When it was first introduced by the NBA , the 24 - second shot clock made players so nervous that it hardly came into play , as players were taking fewer than 20 seconds to shoot . According to Syracuse star Dolph Schayes , `` We thought we had to take quick shots -- a pass and a shot was it -- maybe 8 -- 10 seconds ... But as the game went on , we saw the inherent genius in Danny 's 24 seconds -- you could work the ball around ( the offensive zone ) for a good shot . '' The shot clock , together with some rule changes concerning fouls , revolutionized NBA basketball . In the last pre-clock season ( 1953 -- 54 ) , teams averaged 79 points per game ; in the first year with the clock ( 1954 -- 55 ) , the average was 93 points , which went up to 107 points by its fourth year in use ( 1957 -- 58 ) . The advent of the shot clock ( and the resulting increase in scoring ) coincided with an increase in attendance , which increased 40 % within a few years to an average of 4,800 per game . The shot clock received near - universal praise for its role in improving the style of play in the NBA . Coach and referee Charley Eckman said , `` Danny Biasone saved the NBA with the 24 - second rule . '' Boston Celtic all - star Bob Cousy said , `` Before the new rule , the last quarter could be deadly . The team in front would hold the ball indefinitely , and the only way you could get it was by fouling somebody . In the meantime , nobody dared take a shot and the whole game slowed up . With the clock , we have constant action . I think it saved the NBA at that time . It allowed the game to breathe and progress . '' League president Maurice Podoloff called the adoption of the shot clock `` the most important event in the NBA . '' The league itself states , `` Biasone 's invention rescue ( d ) the league . '' Adoption by other leagues ( edit ) Two later pro leagues that rivaled the NBA adopted a modified version of the shot clock . The American Basketball League used a 30 - second shot clock for its two years in existence ( 1961 -- 1963 ) . The American Basketball Association also adopted a 30 - second clock when it launched in 1967 -- 68 , switching to the NBA 's 24 - second length for its final season ( 1975 -- 76 ) . In the 1969 -- 70 season , women 's collegiate basketball ( at the time sanctioned by the Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women ) used a 30 - second shot clock on an experimental basis , officially adopting it for the 1970 -- 71 season . Unlike the women 's side , there was initial resistance to the implementation of a shot clock for men 's NCAA basketball , due to fears that smaller colleges would be unable to compete with powerhouses in a running game . However , after extreme results like an 11 -- 6 Tennessee win over Temple in 1973 , support for a men 's shot clock began to build . The NCAA introduced a 45 - second shot clock for the men 's game in the 1985 -- 86 season , reducing it to 35 seconds in the 1993 -- 94 season and 30 seconds in the 2015 -- 16 season . The NAIA also reduced the shot clock to 30 seconds for men 's basketball starting in 2015 -- 16 . From its inception in 1975 , the Philippine Basketball Association adopted a 25 - second shot clock . This was because the shot clocks then installed at the league 's main venues , the Araneta Coliseum and Rizal Memorial Coliseum ( the latter no longer used by the league ) , could only be set at 5 - second intervals . The league later adopted a 24 - second clock starting from the 1995 season . The Metropolitan Basketball Association in the Philippines used the 23 - second clock from its maiden season in 1998 . In Filipino college basketball , the NCAA Basketball Championship ( Philippines ) and the UAAP Basketball Championship adopted a 30 - second clock ; they switched to 24 seconds starting with the 2001 -- 02 season , the first season to start after the FIBA rule change in 2001 . Operation ( edit ) In the NBA ( since 1954 ) , Women 's National Basketball Association ( since 2006 ) , and FIBA play ( since 2000 ; 30 - second from 1956 to 2000 ) , the shot clock counts down 24 seconds , thus often being called the `` 24 - second clock . '' If a shot is attempted and hits or enters the rim , or if the defensive team gains possession via a rebound , steal , or out - of - bounds play , the shot clock resets . Failure by the offense to attempt a shot that hits the rim within the prescribed time results in a `` shot clock violation '' and a loss of possession to the other team . Three signals indicate when the shot clock expires -- a shot clock signal , illuminated lights on the shot clock ( NBA , FIBA , Euroleague , and many venues using an NBA - style transparent shot clock ) , and in the NBA and FIBA play ( starting in July 2018 ) , a yellow LED light strip on the backboard . In the 2011 -- 12 NBA season and 2014 -- 15 Euroleague , the last five seconds of the shot clock were modified to include tenths of a second , allowing offensive players to see precisely how much time they have to shoot and officials to determine any last - second shots easily . The rule has been adopted by FIBA starting in 2018 . In the 2016 - 17 NBA season , a new ' official timekeeper ' deal for the NBA with Swiss watch manufacturer Tissot introduced a new united official game clock / shot clock system , putting both timing systems under the same system for the first time . Tissot also became official timekeeper for the WNBA in the 2017 season . Furthermore , the shot clock is not reset on a foul in the frontcourt . Rule changes in the NBA since 1998 , and in FIBA after 2010 state the shot clock will be reset only if 13 seconds or fewer are on the shot clock , after which it is reset to 14 seconds . The NBA and Euroleague have different rules on the shot clock reset on jump balls ; while both leagues have jump balls retained by the offense are reset to 14 seconds ( if 13 seconds or fewer are on the shot clock ) , in the NBA , if the defense causes the jump ball , the shot clock is not reset if the offense keeps control of the ball unless under 5.0 seconds of time remain , where it is reset to 5.0 seconds . Also in FIBA / WNBA play , if the offence retains control of a ball following a rebound , the shot clock is reset to 14 seconds . Since the 2015 -- 16 season , all American college basketball uses a 30 - second shot clock , while Canadian university basketball uses a 24 - second clock . The American women 's game has used a 30 - second clock since the 1970s , but the men 's game did not adopt a shot clock until 1985 . The men 's limit was originally 45 seconds , and was shortened to 35 seconds in 1993 before going to 30 seconds in 2015 . The National Federation of State High School Associations ( NFHS ) , which sets rules for high school basketball in the U.S. , does not mandate the use of a shot clock , instead leaving the choice to use a clock and its duration up to each individual state association . Proposals to adopt a national shot clock for high school basketball have been voted down by the NFHS as recently as 2011 . Currently , eight U.S. states require the use of a shot clock of 30 / 35 seconds in high school competition : California , Maryland , Massachusetts , New York , North Dakota , Rhode Island , South Dakota , and Washington . Shot clock length in basketball Organization Duration NBA 24 seconds 14 seconds ( offensive retains control after fouls ) WNBA U Sports ( Canadian universities ) NCAA , NAIA 30 seconds United States high school basketball 30 / 35 seconds ( some states only ) FIBA 24 seconds ( full - court game ) 14 seconds ( reset when offense retains ball ) 12 seconds ( 3x3 half - court ) Shot clock length in other sports Sport Organization Duration Lacrosse MLL 60 seconds NLL 30 seconds Ringette N / A 30 seconds Water polo FINA 30 seconds Canoe polo ICF 60 seconds Ten - pin bowling PBA 25 seconds Korfball IKF 25 seconds Snooker Snooker Shoot - Out 15 seconds ( first five minutes ) 10 seconds ( last five minutes ) Carom billiards ( Three - cushion billiards ) World Championship European Championship World Cup 40 seconds ( 3 time - outs ( 40 sec . ) possible ) Similar rules in basketball ( edit ) The shot clock and its enforcement is used in concert with the rule that requires an offensive team to advance the ball across half - court and into the offensive zone ( or front court ) within a referee 's count ( this rule was first introduced in 1933 , predating the shot clock by over 2 decades ) . In men 's college basketball , the offense must advance the ball to the front court within 10 seconds , the same length used by FIBA and the NBA until they adopted an 8 - second limit in 2000 and 2001 , respectively . Failure by the offense to advance the ball to the front court within the time limit results in a turnover to the other team . Generally , the 10 - second ( or 8 - second ) count is independent from the shot clock 's operation ; in fact , a referee may count the 8 or 10 seconds through a visible motion of his hand or arm . Women 's college basketball introduced the 10 - second limit in 2013 -- 2014 , and provided that officials will not count the ten seconds but `` will use the shot clock to determine if a 10 - second violation has occurred . '' As a general reference , it refers to the shot clock reaching 15 ( FIBA / ( W ) NBA ; because the NBA shot clock registers tenths in the final five seconds , the violation occurs once the clock registers 15.9 seconds on the console , which is posted as 15 on the clock ) or 20 ( college ) before a violation can be called . See also ( edit ) Pitch clock , used in baseball Play clock , used in American and Canadian football . Four corners offense , offensive stall strategy in basketball Stall Count , used in the sport of Ultimate . Time limit , the same concept applied to video games . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , the Boston Celtics scored an average of 79.7 points per game from 1946 -- 47 to 1953 -- 54 ; from 1954 -- 55 to 1961 -- 62 , after the introduction of the shot clock , they scored an average of 113.1 points per game . See databaseBasketball.com entry Archived 2006 - 04 - 30 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Tall Tales : The Glory Years of the NBA , in the Words of the Men Who Played , Coached , and Built Pro Basketball , by Terry Pluto ( 1992 ) , pgs. 23 -- 31 ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Shot Clock Archived 2012 - 01 - 28 at WebCite '' NBA . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Gary M. ( 2005 ) . Wilt , 1962 : The Night of 100 Points and the Dawn of a New Era . New York : Crown . pp. 31 -- 2 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 5160 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 33 Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : 24 - Second Shot Clock Rescues League '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Pluto , pg. 29 Jump up ^ `` National efforts to honor Syracuse hoops pioneers : Good day to remember Earl Lloyd , Leo Ferris '' . syracuse.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` A question for a Hall of Fame dinner in Syracuse : When will Leo Ferris make it in ? '' . syracuse.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Long - forgotten Leo Ferris helped devise NBA 's 24 - second clock , first used 61 years ago today '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Pluto , pg. 28 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 33 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : `` 1954 -- 55 SEASON OVERVIEW '' NBA . Jump up ^ `` History of the Shot Clock '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Archived from the original on 28 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Official 2008 NCAA Women 's Basketball Records Book , p. 245 Jump up ^ Strange , Mike ( 2007 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Temple set stage for shot clock '' . The Knoxville News - Sentinel. Scripps Interactive Newspaper Group . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Official 2008 NCAA Men 's Basketball Records Book , p. 278 Jump up ^ `` Shorter shot clock , fewer timeouts among changes coming in 2015 - 16 '' . ESPN.com . June 8 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rule changes for NAIA , too '' . The Salina Journal . Associated Press . June 10 , 2015 -- via News OK . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( December 24 , 2011 ) . `` New points of emphasis in NBA officiating '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBA , watchmaker Tissot announce multiyear partnership '' . ESPN . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Halley , Jim ( 5 May 2011 ) . `` Focus on high school shot clock heats up as states make move -- USATODAY.com '' . USA Today . ISSN 0734 - 7456 . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Article 8 Stalling '' ( PDF ) . 3x3 Rules of the Game . FIBA . January 13 , 2012 . p. 2 . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Official Tournament Rules , p. 4 Union Mondiale de Billard ( UMB ) . Retrieved 30 April 2017 Jump up ^ Johnson , Greg ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Women 's basketball puts 10 - second backcourt rule in effect for first time '' . NCAA . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 18 . External links ( edit ) 24 Seconds to Shoot snopes.com Basketball Outline of basketball General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shot_clock&oldid=854648791 '' Categories : Basketball terminology Basketball equipment Rules of basketball Timers Basketball in Syracuse , New York Snooker terminology Time measurement systems Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Wikipedia articles needing style editing from August 2018 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Français עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Svenska 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 21 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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what happens when you get a shot clock violation
[ "In basketball, the shot clock is a timer designed to increase the game's pace and scoring.[1] The offensive team must attempt to get the ball into the basket by the ball leaving the player's hand before the shot clock expires, and the shot must either touch the rim or enter the basket. If the offensive team fails to register a field goal attempt within the time limit, they are assessed a violation resulting in a turnover to their opponents; if the ball hits or enters the rim after the clock expires, it is not a violation so long as it left the player's hand before expiration. The maximum time limit of the shot clock varies by level of play and league: The National Basketball Association has had a 24-second limit since first introducing the clock in the 1950s; and college basketball for both men and women has a 30-second limit. The WNBA had a 30-second clock originally; since 2006 the limit is 24 seconds, just like in the NBA.\n" ]
[ "turnover to their opponents" ]
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Computer animation
Computer animation - wikipedia Computer animation Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An example of computer animation which is produced in the `` motion capture '' technique Computer animation is the process used for generating animated images . The more general term computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) encompasses both static scenes and dynamic images , while computer animation only refers to the moving images . Modern computer animation usually uses 3D computer graphics , although 2D computer graphics are still used for stylistic , low bandwidth , and faster real - time renderings . Sometimes , the target of the animation is the computer itself , but sometimes film as well . Computer animation is essentially a digital successor to the stop motion techniques using 3D models , and traditional animation techniques using frame - by - frame animation of 2D illustrations . Computer - generated animations are more controllable than other more physically based processes , constructing miniatures for effects shots or hiring extras for crowd scenes , and because it allows the creation of images that would not be feasible using any other technology . It can also allow a single graphic artist to produce such content without the use of actors , expensive set pieces , or props . To create the illusion of movement , an image is displayed on the computer monitor and repeatedly replaced by a new image that is similar to it , but advanced slightly in time ( usually at a rate of 24 , 25 or 30 frames / second ) . This technique is identical to how the illusion of movement is achieved with television and motion pictures . For 3D animations , objects ( models ) are built on the computer monitor ( modeled ) and 3D figures are rigged with a virtual skeleton . For 2D figure animations , separate objects ( illustrations ) and separate transparent layers are used with or without that virtual skeleton . Then the limbs , eyes , mouth , clothes , etc. of the figure are moved by the animator on key frames . The differences in appearance between key frames are automatically calculated by the computer in a process known as tweening or morphing . Finally , the animation is rendered . For 3D animations , all frames must be rendered after the modeling is complete . For 2D vector animations , the rendering process is the key frame illustration process , while tweened frames are rendered as needed . For pre-recorded presentations , the rendered frames are transferred to a different format or medium , like digital video . The frames may also be rendered in real time as they are presented to the end - user audience . Low bandwidth animations transmitted via the internet ( e.g. Adobe Flash , X3D ) often use software on the end - users computer to render in real time as an alternative to streaming or pre-loaded high bandwidth animations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Explanation 2 History 3 Animation methods 4 Modeling 5 Equipment 6 Facial animation 7 Realism 8 Films 9 Animation studios 10 Web animations 11 Detailed examples and pseudocode 12 Computer - assisted vs. computer - generated 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Citations 14.2 Works cited 15 External links Explanation ( edit ) To trick the eye and the brain into thinking they are seeing a smoothly moving object , the pictures should be drawn at around 12 frames per second or faster . ( A frame is one complete image . ) With rates above 75 - 120 frames per second , no improvement in realism or smoothness is perceivable due to the way the eye and the brain both process images . At rates below 12 frames per second , most people can detect jerkiness associated with the drawing of new images that detracts from the illusion of realistic movement . Conventional hand - drawn cartoon animation often uses 15 frames per second in order to save on the number of drawings needed , but this is usually accepted because of the stylized nature of cartoons . To produce more realistic imagery , computer animation demands higher frame rates . Films seen in theaters in the United States run at 24 frames per second , which is sufficient to create the illusion of continuous movement . For high resolution , adapters are used . History ( edit ) Main article : History of computer animation See also : Timeline of computer animation in film and television Early digital computer animation was developed at Bell Telephone Laboratories in the 1960s by Edward E. Zajac , Frank W. Sinden , Kenneth C. Knowlton , and A. Michael Noll . Other digital animation was also practiced at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . In 1967 , a computer animation named `` Hummingbird '' was created by Charles Csuri and James Shaffer . In 1968 , a computer animation was created , depicting a cat moving around . In 1971 , a computer animation called `` Metadata '' was created , showing various shapes . An early step in the history of computer animation was the sequel to the 1973 film Westworld , a science - fiction film about a society in which robots live and work among humans . The sequel , Futureworld ( 1976 ) , used the 3D wire - frame imagery , which featured a computer - animated hand and face both created by University of Utah graduates Edwin Catmull and Fred Parke . This imagery originally appeared in their student film A Computer Animated Hand , which they completed in 1972 . Developments in CGI technologies are reported each year at SIGGRAPH , an annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques that is attended by thousands of computer professionals each year . Developers of computer games and 3D video cards strive to achieve the same visual quality on personal computers in real - time as is possible for CGI films and animation . With the rapid advancement of real - time rendering quality , artists began to use game engines to render non-interactive movies , which led to the art form Machinima . The very first full length computer animated television series was ReBoot , which debuted in September 1994 ; the series followed the adventures of characters who lived inside a computer . The first feature - length computer animated film was Toy Story ( 1995 ) , which was made by Pixar . It followed an adventure centered around toys and their owners . This groundbreaking film was also the first of many fully computer - animated movies . Animation methods ( edit ) In this . gif of a 2D Flash animation , each ' stick ' of the figure is keyframed over time to create motion . In most 3D computer animation systems , an animator creates a simplified representation of a character 's anatomy , which is analogous to a skeleton or stick figure . The position of each segment of the skeletal model is defined by animation variables , or Avars for short . In human and animal characters , many parts of the skeletal model correspond to the actual bones , but skeletal animation is also used to animate other things , with facial features ( though other methods for facial animation exist ) . The character `` Woody '' in Toy Story , for example , uses 700 Avars ( 100 in the face alone ) . The computer does n't usually render the skeletal model directly ( it is invisible ) , but it does use the skeletal model to compute the exact position and orientation of that certain character , which is eventually rendered into an image . Thus by changing the values of Avars over time , the animator creates motion by making the character move from frame to frame . There are several methods for generating the Avar values to obtain realistic motion . Traditionally , animators manipulate the Avars directly . Rather than set Avars for every frame , they usually set Avars at strategic points ( frames ) in time and let the computer interpolate or tween between them in a process called keyframing . Keyframing puts control in the hands of the animator and has roots in hand - drawn traditional animation . In contrast , a newer method called motion capture makes use of live action footage . When computer animation is driven by motion capture , a real performer acts out the scene as if they were the character to be animated . His / her motion is recorded to a computer using video cameras and markers and that performance is then applied to the animated character . Each method has its advantages and as of 2007 , games and films are using either or both of these methods in productions . Keyframe animation can produce motions that would be difficult or impossible to act out , while motion capture can reproduce the subtleties of a particular actor . For example , in the 2006 film Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , Bill Nighy provided the performance for the character Davy Jones . Even though Nighy does n't appear in the movie himself , the movie benefited from his performance by recording the nuances of his body language , posture , facial expressions , etc . Thus motion capture is appropriate in situations where believable , realistic behavior and action is required , but the types of characters required exceed what can be done throughout the conventional costuming . Modeling ( edit ) 3D computer animation combines 3D models of objects and programmed or hand `` keyframed '' movement . These models are constructed out of geometrical vertices , faces , and edges in a 3D coordinate system . Objects are sculpted much like real clay or plaster , working from general forms to specific details with various sculpting tools . Unless a 3D model is intended to be a solid color , it must be painted with `` textures '' for realism . A bone / joint animation system is set up to deform the CGI model ( e.g. , to make a humanoid model walk ) . In a process known as rigging , the virtual marionette is given various controllers and handles for controlling movement . Animation data can be created using motion capture , or keyframing by a human animator , or a combination of the two . 3D models rigged for animation may contain thousands of control points -- for example , `` Woody '' from Toy Story uses 700 specialized animation controllers . Rhythm and Hues Studios labored for two years to create Aslan in the movie The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , which had about 1,851 controllers ( 742 in the face alone ) . In the 2004 film The Day After Tomorrow , designers had to design forces of extreme weather with the help of video references and accurate meteorological facts . For the 2005 remake of King Kong , actor Andy Serkis was used to help designers pinpoint the gorilla 's prime location in the shots and used his expressions to model `` human '' characteristics onto the creature . Serkis had earlier provided the voice and performance for Gollum in J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings trilogy . Equipment ( edit ) A ray - traced 3 - D model of a jack inside a cube , and the jack alone below . Computer animation can be created with a computer and an animation software . Some impressive animation can be achieved even with basic programs ; however , the rendering can take a lot of time on an ordinary home computer . Professional animators of movies , television and video games could make photorealistic animation with high detail . This level of quality for movie animation would take hundreds of years to create on a home computer . Instead , many powerful workstation computers are used . Graphics workstation computers use two to four processors , and they are a lot more powerful than an actual home computer and are specialized for rendering . A large number of workstations ( known as a `` render farm '' ) are networked together to effectively act as a giant computer . The result is a computer - animated movie that can be completed in about one to five years ( however , this process is not composed solely of rendering ) . A workstation typically costs $2,000 - 16,000 with the more expensive stations being able to render much faster due to the more technologically - advanced hardware that they contain . Professionals also use digital movie cameras , motion / performance capture , bluescreens , film editing software , props , and other tools used for movie animation . Facial animation ( edit ) Main article : Computer facial animation The realistic modeling of human facial features is both one of the most challenging and sought after elements in computer - generated imagery . Computer facial animation is a highly complex field where models typically include a very large number of animation variables . Historically speaking , the first SIGGRAPH tutorials on State of the art in Facial Animation in 1989 and 1990 proved to be a turning point in the field by bringing together and consolidating multiple research elements and sparked interest among a number of researchers . The Facial Action Coding System ( with 46 `` action units '' , `` lip bite '' or `` squint '' ) , which had been developed in 1976 , became a popular basis for many systems . As early as 2001 , MPEG - 4 included 68 Face Animation Parameters ( FAPs ) for lips , jaws , etc. , and the field has made significant progress since then and the use of facial microexpression has increased . In some cases , an affective space , the PAD emotional state model , can be used to assign specific emotions to the faces of avatars . In this approach , the PAD model is used as a high level emotional space and the lower level space is the MPEG - 4 Facial Animation Parameters ( FAP ) . A mid-level Partial Expression Parameters ( PEP ) space is then used to in a two - level structure -- the PAD - PEP mapping and the PEP - FAP translation model . Realism ( edit ) Realism in computer animation can mean making each frame look photorealistic , in the sense that the scene is rendered to resemble a photograph or make the characters ' animation believable and lifelike . Computer animation can also be realistic with or without the photorealistic rendering . One of the greatest challenges in computer animation has been creating human characters that look and move with the highest degree of realism . Part of the difficulty in making pleasing , realistic human characters is the uncanny valley , the concept where the human audience ( up to a point ) tends to have an increasingly negative , emotional response as a human replica looks and acts more and more human . Films that have attempted photorealistic human characters , such as The Polar Express , Beowulf , and A Christmas Carol have been criticized as `` creepy '' and `` disconcerting '' . The goal of computer animation is not always to emulate live action as closely as possible , so many animated films instead feature characters who are anthropomorphic animals , fantasy creatures and characters , superheroes , or otherwise have non-realistic , cartoon - like proportions . Computer animation can also be tailored to mimic or substitute for other kinds of animation , traditional stop - motion animation ( as shown in Flushed Away or The Lego Movie ) . Some of the long - standing basic principles of animation , like squash & stretch , call for movement that is not strictly realistic , and such principles still see widespread application in computer animation . Films ( edit ) Play media CGI film made using Machinima CGI short films have been produced as independent animation since 1976 . An early example of an animated feature film to incorporate CGI animation was the 1983 Japanese anime film Golgo 13 : The Professional . The popularity of computer animation ( especially in the field of special effects ) skyrocketed during the modern era of U.S. animation . The first completely computer - animated movie was Toy Story ( 1995 ) , but VeggieTales is the first American fully 3D computer animated series sold directly ( made in 1993 ) ; its success inspired other animation series , such as ReBoot in 1994 . Animation Studios ( edit ) Main article : List of animation studios The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some notable producers of computer - animated feature films include : Animal Logic -- Films include Happy Feet ( 2006 ) , Walking with Dinosaurs ( 2013 ) and The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Blue Sky Studios -- Films include Ice Age ( 2002 ) , Rio ( 2011 ) , The Peanuts Movie ( 2015 ) DreamWorks Animation -- Films include Shrek ( 2001 ) , Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) , How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Illumination Entertainment -- Films include Despicable Me ( 2010 ) , Minions ( 2015 ) , The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) , Sing ( 2016 ) Industrial Light & Magic -- Films include Rango ( 2011 ) and Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Pacific Data Images -- Films include Antz ( 1998 ) , Shrek ( 2001 ) * Pixar Animation Studios -- Films include Toy Story ( 1995 ) , A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) , Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) , Cars ( 2006 ) Reel FX Animation Studios -- Films include Free Birds ( 2013 ) and The Book of Life ( 2014 ) Sony Pictures Animation -- Films include Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 ) , The Smurfs ( 2011 ) , Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Sony Pictures Imageworks -- Films include The Angry Birds Movie ( 2016 ) Walt Disney Animation Studios -- Films include Tangled ( 2010 ) , Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) , Frozen ( 2013 ) Warner Animation Group -- Films include The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) , and Storks ( 2016 ) Triggerfish Animation Studios -- Films include Zambezia ( film ) ( 2013 ) , Khumba ( 2014 ) Web animations ( edit ) The popularity of websites that allow members to upload their own movies for others to view has created a growing community of amateur computer animators . With utilities and programs often included free with modern operating systems , many users can make their own animated movies and shorts . Several free and open source animation software applications exist as well . The ease at which these animations can be distributed has attracted professional animation talent also . Companies such as PowToon and GoAnimate attempt to bridged the gap by giving amateurs access to professional animations as clip art . The oldest ( most backward compatible ) web - based animations are in the animated GIF format , which can be uploaded and seen on the web easily . However , the raster graphics format of GIF animations slows the download and frame rate , especially with larger screen sizes . The growing demand for higher quality web - based animations was met by a vector graphics alternative that relied on the use of a plugin . For decades , Flash animations were the most popular format , until the web development community abandoned support for the Flash player plugin . Web browsers on mobile devices and mobile operating systems never fully supported the Flash plugin . By this time , internet bandwidth and download speeds increased , making raster graphic animations more convenient . Some of the more complex vector graphic animations had a slower frame rate due to complex rendering than some of the raster graphic alternatives . Many of the GIF and Flash animations were already converted to digital video formats , which were compatible with mobile devices and reduced file sizes via video compression technology . However , compatibility was still problematic as some of the popular video formats such as Apple 's QuickTime and Microsoft Silverlight required plugins . YouTube , the most popular video viewing website , was also relying on the Flash plugin to deliver digital video in the Flash Video format . The latest alternatives are HTML5 compatible animations . Technologies such as JavaScript and CSS animations made sequencing the movement of images in HTML5 web pages more convenient . SVG animations offered a vector graphic alternative to the original Flash graphic format , SmartSketch . YouTube offers an HTML5 alternative for digital video . APNG ( Animated PNG ) offered a raster graphic alternative to animated GIF files that enables multi-level transparency not available in GIFs See also : Comparison of HTML5 and Flash Detailed examples and pseudocode ( edit ) In 2D computer animation , moving objects are often referred to as `` sprites . '' A sprite is an image that has a location associated with it . The location of the sprite is changed slightly , between each displayed frame , to make the sprite appear to move . The following pseudocode makes a sprite move from left to right : var int x : = 0 , y : = screenHeight / 2 ; while x < screenWidth drawBackground ( ) drawSpriteAtXY ( x , y ) / / draw on top of the background x : = x + 5 / / move to the right Computer animation uses different techniques to produce animations . Most frequently , sophisticated mathematics is used to manipulate complex three - dimensional polygons , apply `` textures '' , lighting and other effects to the polygons and finally rendering the complete image . A sophisticated graphical user interface may be used to create the animation and arrange its choreography . Another technique called constructive solid geometry defines objects by conducting boolean operations on regular shapes , and has the advantage that animations may be accurately produced at any resolution . Computer - assisted vs. computer - generated ( edit ) To animate means , figuratively , to `` give life to '' . There are two basic methods that animators commonly use to accomplish this . Computer - assisted animation is usually classed as two - dimensional ( 2D ) animation . Drawings either hand drawn ( pencil to paper ) or interactively drawn ( on the computer ) using different assisting appliances and are positioned into specific software packages . Within the software package , the creator places drawings into different key frames which fundamentally create an outline of the most important movements . The computer then fills in the `` in - between frames '' , a process commonly known as Tweening . Computer - assisted animation employs new technologies to produce content faster than is possible with traditional animation , while still retaining the stylistic elements of traditionally drawn characters or objects . Three examples of films produced using computer - assisted animation are Beauty and the Beast , The Road to El Dorado and Tarzan . Computer - generated animation is known as three - dimensional ( 3D ) animation . Creators design an object or character with an X , a Y and a Z axis . No pencil - to - paper drawings create the way computer generated animation works . The object or character created will then be taken into a software , key framing and tweening are also carried out in computer generated animation but are also a lot of techniques used that do not relate to traditional animation . Animators can break physical laws by using mathematical algorithms to cheat , mass , force and gravity rulings . Fundamentally , time scale and quality could be said to be a preferred way to produce animation as they are two major things that are enhanced by using computer generated animation . Another positive aspect of CGA is the fact one can create a flock of creatures to act independently when created as a group . An animal 's fur can be programmed to wave in the wind and lie flat when it rains instead of programming each strand of hair separately . A few examples of computer - generated animation movies are Toy Story , Frozen , and Shrek . See also ( edit ) Animation portal Computer graphics portal Animation Animation database Autodesk Avar ( animation variable ) Computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab Computer representation of surfaces Hand - Over Humanoid animation List of animation studios List of computer - animated films List of computer - animated television series Medical animation Morph target animation Machinima ( recording video from games and virtual worlds ) Motion capture Procedural animation Ray tracing Rich Representation Language Skeletal animation Timeline of computer animation in film and television Virtual artifact Wire - frame model 12 basic principles of animation References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Parent 2012 , pp. 100 -- 101 , 255 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , pp. 390 -- 394 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , pp. 69 -- 75 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 404 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , pp. 282 -- 288 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Means 2011 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , pp. 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , pp. 95 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 430 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 432 . ^ Jump up to : Masson 1999 , p. 302 . Jump up ^ `` Our Story '' , Pixar , 1986 - 2013 . Retrieved on 2013 - 02 - 15 . `` The Pixar Timeline , 1979 to Present '' . Pixar . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Parent 2012 , pp. 193 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Parent 2012 , pp. 324 -- 326 . Jump up ^ Parent 2012 , pp. 111 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , pp. 94 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Parent 2012 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Beane 2012 , p. 2 - 15 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , pp. 110 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Parke & Waters 2008 , p. xi . ^ Jump up to : Magnenat Thalmann & Thalmann 2004 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Pereira & Ebrahimi 2002 , p. 404 . Jump up ^ Pereira & Ebrahimi 2002 , pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Paiva , Prada & Picard 2007 , pp. 24 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , pp. 160 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Parent 2012 , pp. 14 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( 2004 - 11 - 10 ) . `` The Polar Express '' . Salon . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Herman , Barbara ( 2013 - 10 - 30 ) . `` The 10 Scariest Movies and Why They Creep Us Out '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Paul ( 2004 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Review : ' Polar Express ' a creepy ride '' . CNN . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Digital Actors in ' Beowulf ' Are Just Uncanny -- New York Times , November 14 , 2007 Jump up ^ Neumaier , Joe ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Blah , humbug ! ' A Christmas Carol 's 3 - D spin on Dickens well done in parts but lacks spirit '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Mary Elizabeth ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Disney 's ' A Christmas Carol ' : Bah , humbug ! '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Beck , Jerry ( 2005 ) . The Animated Movie Guide . Chicago Review Press . p. 216 . ISBN 1569762228 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Sito 2013 , pp. 82 , 89 . Jump up ^ Kuperberg 2002 , pp. 112 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Masson 1999 , p. 284 . ^ Jump up to : Roos , Dave ( 2013 ) . `` How Computer Animation Works '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Works cited ( edit ) Library resources about Computer animation Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Beane , Andy ( 2012 ) . 3D Animation Essentials . Indianapolis , Indiana : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 14748 - 1 . Kuperberg , Marcia ( 2002 ) . A Guide to Computer Animation : For TV , Games , Multimedia and Web . Focal Press . ISBN 0 - 240 - 51671 - 0 . Magnenat Thalmann , Nadia ; Thalmann , Daniel ( 2004 ) . Handbook of Virtual Humans . Wiley Publishing . ISBN 0 - 470 - 02316 - 3 . Masson , Terrence ( 1999 ) . CG 101 : A Computer Graphics Industry Reference . Digital Fauxtography Inc . ISBN 0 - 7357 - 0046 - X . Means , Sean P. ( December 28 , 2011 ) . `` Pixar founder 's Utah - made Hand added to National Film Registry '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Paiva , Ana ; Prada , Rui ; Picard , Rosalind W. ( 2007 ) . `` Facial Expression Synthesis using PAD Emotional Parameters for a Chinese Expressive Avatar '' . Affective computing and intelligent interaction . Springer Science + Business Media . ISBN 3 - 540 - 74888 - 1 . Parent , Rick ( 2012 ) . Computer Animation : Algorithms and Techniques . Ohio : Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 415842 - 9 . Pereira , Fernando C.N. ; Ebrahimi , Touradj ( 2002 ) . The MPEG - 4 Book . New Jersey : IMSC Press . ISBN 0 - 13 - 061621 - 4 . Parke , Frederic I. ; Waters , Keith ( 2008 ) . Computer Facial Animation ( 2nd ed . ) . Massachusetts : A.K. Peters , Ltd . ISBN 1 - 56881 - 448 - 8 . Sito , Tom ( 2013 ) . Moving Innovation : A History of Computer Animation . Massachusetts : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 01909 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Computer animation . Galería 3D , Half a century of 3D Computer Animations ( 1962 - 2002 ) Animation topics By country Bangladesh Bhutan China Taiwan Czech Republic Estonia India Japan Korea Malaysia Philippines Portugal Romania Spain Thailand United States Vietnam History Azerbaijan Bangladesh Brazil Canada China France Hungary Iran Korea Japan Russia United Kingdom United States Industry Animator List Animation department Animation director Story artist Animation studios List Animation database Biologist simulators Animation film festivals international regional Highest - grossing films ( Openings weekends ) Outsourcing International Animation Day Works Films Based on cartoons Computer - animated Feature - length Lost or unfinished Package Short Short series Stop - motion Series Direct - to - video Internet Television Techniques Traditional Limited animation Masking Rotoscoping Stop motion Barrier grid Clay strata - cut Cutout ( silhouette ) Graphic Model go motion Object Pixilation Puppetoon Computer ( history , timeline ) 2D Flash PowerPoint SVG CSS Digital puppetry 3D Cel shading Crowd Morph target Motion capture Non-photorealistic rendering Procedural Skeletal Machinima Digital puppetry Virtual cinematography Other methods Blocking Chuckimation Drawn - on - film Flip book Inbetweening Kinegram Paint - on - glass Pinscreen Pixel art Pose to pose Rubber hose Sand Syncro - Vox Zoetrope Variants Abstract animation ( visual music ) Adult animation Animated cartoon Animated sitcom Animated documentary Cartoon pornography Educational animation Erotic animation Independent animation Instructional animation Related topics Animation music Mickey Mousing Character animation model sheet walk cycle lip sync off - model Twelve principles Motion comic Films with live action and animation highest grossing Cartoon physics Cartoon violence Most expensive animated films Book Category Portal Major fields of computer science Note : This template roughly follows the 2012 ACM Computing Classification System . 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Rebellion Lettrist Mumblecore Neorealist New French Extremity New German New Generation New Hollywood New Nollywood New Queer No wave Nuevo Cine Mexicano Parallel cinema Persian Film Poetic realist Polish Film School Poliziotteschi Praška filmska škola Prussian film Pure Film Movement Remodernist Romanian New Wave Spaghetti Western Socialist realist Social realist Kitchen sink realism Soviet Parallel Structural Surrealist Sword - and - sandal Telefoni Bianchi Third Cinema Yugoslav Black Wave By audience Adult Chick flick Children 's Family Guy - cry Stag Teen Woman 's By format , technique , approach , or production 3D Actuality Animation anime cartoon computer stop - motion traditional Anthology Art B movie Black - and - white Blockbuster Bollywood Cinéma vérité Classical Hollywood cinema Collage Color Compilation Composite Cult midnight movie Database cinema Docufiction Ethnofiction Experimental Abstract Feature Featurette Film à clef Film noir Film - poem Found footage Grindhouse Hyperlink cinema Independent Guerrilla filmmaking Interstitial art Live action animation Low - budget Major studio Making - of Masala Message picture Meta - film Mockbuster Musical short Mythopoeia Neorealist No budget Paracinema Participatory Poetry Postmodernist Reverse motion Sceneggiata Semidocumentary Serial Shinpa Short Silent Socialist realist Sound Underground Video nasty Z movie GND : 4199710 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&oldid=842670071 '' Categories : Computer animation Computer graphics Animation techniques Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2018 USA - centric Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 22 : 19 . 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what is the meaning of cg in animation
[ "Computer animation is the process used for generating animated images. The more general term computer-generated imagery (CGI) encompasses both static scenes and dynamic images, while computer animation only refers to the moving images. Modern computer animation usually uses 3D computer graphics, although 2D computer graphics are still used for stylistic, low bandwidth, and faster real-time renderings. Sometimes, the target of the animation is the computer itself, but sometimes film as well." ]
[ "computer-generated" ]
-7943366651978348648
Yamaha YZ450F
Yamaha YZ450F - wikipedia Yamaha YZ450F Yamaha YZ450F Manufacturer Yamaha Motor Company Class Motocross Engine DOHC , multivalve , water - cooled , four - stroke , single The Yamaha YZ450F is a four - stroke racing motocross bike built by Yamaha Motor Corporation . It was the successor to the previous YZ426F which was discontinued in 2003 . It is credited by Cycle World and Dirt Rider magazines as the bike that started the four - stroke dirt bike revolution . It is a replacement for the YZ250 , which is slowly being phased out . The 2006 YZ250F and YZ450F were the first production motorcycles equipped with titanium suspension springs . The WR450F is the enduro version of the YZ450F . Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 First generation : YZ400F 1998 -- 2000 3 Second generation : YZ426F 2001 -- 2002 4 Third generation YZ450F 2003 -- 2005 5 Fourth generation YZ450F 2006 -- 2009 6 Fifth generation YZ450F 2010 - 2013 7 References 8 External links Introduction ( edit ) For many years , the motocross world almost exclusively used two - stroke engines . AMA racing classes had two classes : 125 cc and 250 cc two - strokes , with no provision for four strokes . Most riders considered four - stroke engine technology to be largely utilitarian and uncompetitive , relegated solely for trail riding . In 1996 , the AMA changed racing rules to allow 450 cc four strokes to compete in the same racing class as 250 cc two - strokes . Yamaha engineer Yoshiharu Nakayama first came up with the idea of creating the first competitive four - stroke race motocross bike . The Yamaha YZ400F was developed to fit into this category . It solved the power dilemma by borrowing superbike technology and giving the YZ a five - valve head , liquid cooling and a 12.5 - 1 compression ratio . In 1997 , Yamaha rocked the motocross world with the introduction of the YZ400M prototype , a concept motorcycle which borrowed much technology from road racing . The YZM was far ahead of all competition among four - stroke motocross bikes . Doug Henry piloted the YZ400M to its first victory in 1997 at the Las Vegas Supercross . This was the first time any four - stroke had won an AMA event . The YZ400M was the predecessor of the production YZ400F , which was released the next year . First Generation YZ400F Production 1998 - 2000 Predecessor YZ250 2 - stroke Successor YZ426F Engine Five - valve , 400 cc , compression ratio 12.5 : 1 Transmission 5 - speed Weight 250 lb ( 110 kg ) ( dry ) First generation : YZ400F 1998 -- 2000 ( edit ) Yamaha introduced the YZ400F in production in 1998 after a successful AMA season in 1997 . It was `` the first modern production four - stroke motocrosser that was directly competitive against two - strokes . '' Initially , Yamaha targeted a dry weight of 233 pounds ( 106 kg ) ( on par with the 250 two - strokes of the time ) , but by production , the bike weighed 250 pounds . The bike had an 11,600 rpm redline power and torque close to its 250 cc two - stroke rivals . It benefited from engine compression braking , which allowed the engine to slow the bike down during deceleration , giving the brakes a rest . The 1998 YZ400F was the first bike to come stock with a Keihin FCR carburetor . In 1998 , Doug Henry won the AMA National Motocross Championship aboard the YZF , becoming the first rider to win a championship on a four - stroke motorcycle . This victory is considered by some to be the major turning point in the motocross world -- for the first time , four strokes were considered a competitive racing machine . Second generation YZ426F Production 2000 - 2003 Predecessor YZ400F Successor YZ450F Engine Titanium five - valve , 426 cc , 95mm x 60.1 mm stroke , compression ratio 12.5 : 1 Transmission 5 - speed Suspension Kayaba Brakes Disks Wheelbase 58.7 in Fuel capacity 2.1 gallons ( 7.95 L ) Second generation : YZ426F 2001 -- 2002 ( edit ) In 2000 , Yamaha updated the YZ400F , increasing the displacement to 426 cc for greater power and throttle response . In addition , the carburetor and jets were updated to ease the YZ400F 's starting woes . The next year , in 2001 , Yamaha replaced the previous steel valves with titanium ones . The new valves were more than forty percent lighter than the previous valves , allowing for lighter and softer valve springs , in turn allowing a quicker revving engine , improved throttle response , higher rev ceilings , and more power . The crankshaft was also reshaped and the whole assembly was redesigned for quicker throttle response and , Yamaha claimed , `` less high - end horsepower loss . '' In addition to motor modifications , a few changes were made to the transmission to help contain the power and ensure longevity . The suspension also received a bit of an overhaul with the goal being reduced weight and smoother action throughout the stroke . Yamaha also designed a new exhaust pipe design so that exhaust header removal would no longer be required when replacing the oil filter . Carburetor tuning was modified to deal with starting and off - idle take off difficulties . Also in 2001 the subframe was changed from a steel to a blue painted aluminum style . In 2002 the blue painting was stopped and left to a bare aluminum look . Motorcycle.com says that `` The gas tank is reasonably thin and allows good forward and backward movement while providing something nicely shaped to hold onto with your knees . In fact , the entire ergonomic package on this YZF is well thought out . The handlebars have a nice bend to them and are well - placed for good rider control and legroom . The footpegs are well - made units with a wide platform and sit in a position that keeps them from dragging in ruts without cramping a rider 's legs . '' In 2002 Yamaha remapped the digital CD ignition system which delivers a more precise spark and optimal timing for faster , stronger response during hard acceleration , and less kickback during starting . Also an all - new swingarm which is lighter and stronger for reduced weight , greater rigidity and more compliant rear suspension action . While an anodized finish gives the bike a tricked out look . The 426 also includes a larger pivot shift for increased durability . A larger rear brake disc was also added which means greater stopping power . Third Generation YZ450F Production 2003 - 2005 Predecessor YZ426F Engine Titanium five - valve , 449 cc , 95.0 x 63.4 mm , compression ratio 12.3 : 1 Transmission 2003 - 2004 : 4 - speed 2005 : 5 - speed Frame type Steel Related YZ250F , WR450F Third generation YZ450F 2003 -- 2005 ( edit ) For 2003 , the YZF received the biggest update in its history . First , the engine displacement was increased with 449 cc in compliance to the new AMA Motocross maximum displacement rule , the engine now produced over 52 hp ( 39 kW ) . Next , the frame and plastic were updated for a new , sleeker look . Additionally , the YZF 's weight was decreased from its original 250 lb ( 110 kg ) to 233 lb ( 106 kg ) . The bike made tremendous power ; however , many thought that the bike had too much power for a motocross track . The 2005 YZ450F was the first YZ450F to feature KYB twin chamber cartridge forks . Fourth generation YZ450F 2006 -- 2009 ( edit ) Fourth Generation YZ450F Production 2006 - 2009 Predecessor YZ450F Engine Titanium five - valve , 449 cc , 95.0 x 63.4 mm , compression ratio 12.3 : 1 Transmission 5 - speed Frame type Aluminum Fuel capacity 1.9 gal Related YZ250F , WR450F The YZ450F received a major update in 2006 , with over 300 parts changed and improved . The power was smoothed out , and the bike was made easier to ride , putting to rest the complaint that the YZ had too much power . The transmission was returned to a more traditional five - speed . An all - new aluminum single backbone frame shaved another 10 pounds off the weight . The 2006 saw KYB SSS forks . 2007 saw camshaft and exhaust changes , moving power from low - RPMs to mid-RPMs. 2008 - 2009 furthered pushed the powerband to mid-RPMs . Fifth generation YZ450F 2010 - 2013 ( edit ) Fifth Generation YZ450F Production 2010 - Present Engine Rear slant , titanium four - valve , 449 cc , 97.0 mm x 60.8 mm stroke , compression ratio 12.5 : 1 Transmission 5 - speed Related WR450F , YZ450FX September 8 , 2009 , Yamaha introduced its all - new YZ450F with fuel injection . The engine cylinder is rearward slanted , the crank rod angle has been changed to provide a more complete combustion , the 5 - valve head is now a 4 - valve head , the gas tank is located under the seat , the exhaust pipe exits the rear of the cylinder , and the air intake is now in the front of the bike . They have a new bi-lateral frame which allows for new improved steering and the new engine components . The entire package comes together to create a bike that is mass - centralized . The bike was introduced by Yamaha Factory Motocross rider James Stewart. The top speed has been recorded at 80 mph stock . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Jimmy ( January 2002 ) , `` The Main Event : Honda CRF450R lines up against KTM 520 SX and Yamaha YZ426F '' , Cycle World , 41 ( 1 ) , pp. 70 ff ( 8 ) Jump up ^ Hoffman , Scott ( February 2002 ) , `` Concept 2003 YZ450F imminent future '' , Dirt Rider , Primedia Enterprises , pp. 28ff ( 3 ) , It was less than a year ago that innuendos regarding ' an all - new Yamaha YZ450F ' circumnavigated the motocross world . The gossip was far less shocking compared to when Yamaha first unveiled its works YZ400M in ' 97 and its plans to build a competitive motocross four - stroke , although it still held merit . This was also mixed in with Honda 's breaking news of its project four - stroke motocross bike , the CRF45OR . Nevertheless , Yamaha forged its name into the hooks five years ago and its revolutionary machine will forever be remembered as the catalyst that sparked the fire under the smoldering world of four - stroke motocrossers . Jump up ^ `` Titanium spring improves motocross motorcycles '' , Advanced Materials & Processes , 164 ( 7 ) , p. 9 , July 2006 , For model year 2006 , the Yamaha YZ125 and YZ250 two - stroke and the YZ250F and YZ450F four - stroke motocross motorcycles all carry titanium shock springs , marking the first time production motorcycles from any manufacturer have been fitted with titanium suspension springs as original equipment , reports Timet Automotive , Morgantown , Pa . Yamaha claims the new springs offer `` outstanding strength and fatigue tolerance '' and reduce unsprung weight for improved suspension performance . ^ Jump up to : `` 2001 Yamaha YZ426F : MD Ride Review '' . motorcycledaily.com . Jump up ^ `` Page not found ! '' ( PDF ) . www.amaproracing.com . Jump up ^ `` YZ426F : Miracle Machine ? -- Motocross News , Race Reports , Videos , Photos , Interviews , How - Tos '' . transworldmotocross.com . ^ Jump up to : Motorcycle Hall of Fame : Doug Henry Archived 2010 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ GT Thunder Test Bench Jump up ^ `` Year 2001 Yamaha YZ426F '' . Motorcycle.com. 2000 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Year 2001 Yamaha YZ426F '' . motorcycle.com . Jump up ^ `` New Yamaha Dirt Bikes For 2002 : Off-Road.com '' . Dirtbike.off-road.com. 2005 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` First Impression : 2004 Yamaha YZ450F -- Motocross News , Race Reports , Videos , Photos , Interviews , How - Tos '' . transworldmotocross.com . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Yamaha YZ450F - First Ride - MotorcycleUSA.com '' . motorcycle-usa.com . External links ( edit ) The Long History of Reverse - Cylinder Engine Designs - motocrossactionmag.com Yamaha motorcycles Standard XS400 XS500 XS650 XS750 XS850 XS1100 Yamaha XSR900 SR500 SRX 400 / 600 FZX250 FZX750 XJ600 / FJ600 XJ600 Diversion XJ900 XJ900 Diversion XJR400 XJR1200 Yamaha XZ550 XJR1300 YX600 Radian YBR125 FZ150i FZ16 FZ8 & FAZER8 FZ1 MT - 125 MT - 25 MT - 03 MT - 07 MT - 09 MT - 10 Sport TZR50 TZR125 TZR250 FZ700 FZ750 Fazer FZ400R RD250LC RD350 RD350LC RD500LC FZ750 FZR250 FZR400 FZR600 FZR750 FZR1000 YSR50 YZF600R YZF750 YZF1000R YZF - R6 YZF - R7 YZF - R1 YZF - R125 YZF - R15 YZF - R25 YZF - R3 SZR660 TRX850 FZS600 Fazer FZ6 M - Slaz MotoGP YZR500 YZR - M1 Touring / Sport touring Venture Royale FJ1100 FJ1200 FJR1300 GTS1000 Tracer 700 Tracer 900 Power cruiser V - Max / VMAX BT1100 Bulldog MT - 01 MT - 03 Cruisers XS Special 400 650 750 850 1100 XJ Maxim 400 550 650 700 750 1100 XV Virago 125 250 400 500 535 750 920 1100 XV Road Star / Wildstar 1600A 1600ALE 1600AS 1600AT ( Silverado ) 1600ATLE ( Silverado ) 1700A 1700AM 1700AT ( Silverado ) 1700ATM ( Silverado ) XV1900 XVS Drag Star / V Star 125 250 400 650 950 1100 1300 ( Midnight Star ) XVZ Royal Star 13A ( Royal Star / Boulevard ) 13AT ( Tour Classic ) 13LT ( Tour Deluxe ) 13TF ( Venture ) Supermoto XT660X Dual - sport / Enduro / Off - road XT125R XT125X XTZ 125 XT 225 TDR250 XT250 WR250F XT350 WR400F WR426F WR450F XT600E XT660R XT660Z Ténéré XTZ660 Ténéré XTZ750 Super Ténéré TDM850 XT1200Z Super Ténéré YZE750 YZE850T Agricultural TW200 AG100 AG175 AG200 Motocross YZ85 YZ125 YZ250 YZ250F YZ400F YZ426F YZ450F Scooter TMAX Aerox Lagenda Majesty Mio Nouvo QT50 Vino Classic Vino 125 X-City XF50X Zuma Zuma 125 V50M Tricycle Tricity First models Yamaha YA - 1 Yamaha DT - 1 Commons hide Yamaha motorcycle timeline , 1990s -- present Type 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 Standard \ Naked FZX250 FZX750 XJ600 / FJ600 XJ600 Diversion XJ900 XJ900 XJR400 XJR400 XJR1200 XJR1300 YX600 Radian Sport TZR250 FZR250 FZR400 FZR600 Both FZR600 and YZF600R Both YZF600R and YZF - R6 YZF - R6 FZ750 FZR750 YZF750 YZF - R7 FZR1000 YZF1000R Both YZF1000R and YZF - R1 YZF - R1 SZR660 TRX850 FZ6 FZ1 MotoGP YZR500 YZR - M1 Touring \ Sport touring FJ1200 FJR1300 GTS1000 Power Cruiser V - Max VMAX BT1100 Bulldog MT - 01 MT - 03 Cruisers XV125 / Virago 125 XV250 / Virago 250 XV400 / Virago 400 XV500 / Virago 500 XV535 / Virago 535 ( US sales ended in 2000 ) XV750 / Virago 750 XV1100 / Virago 1100 XV1600 / Road Star / Wildstar XV1700 / Road Star Warrior XV1900 / Midnight Star / Roadliner XVS125 / Drag Star 125 / V Star 125 XVS250 / Drag Star 250 / V Star 250 XVS400 / Drag Star 400 / V Star 400 XVS650 / Drag Star 650 / V Star 650 V Star 950 XVS1100 / Drag Star 1100 / V Star 1100 XVS1300 / Midnight Star XVZ 1300 / Royal Star XVZ 1300 / Venture Royale XVZ 1300 / Royal Star Venture XVZ 1300 / Royal Star Tour Deluxe Supermoto XT660 X Dual - sport \ Off - road TDM850 TDR250 XT125 R XT125 X XT600 E XT660 R XTZ660 Ténéré XT660Z Ténéré XTZ750 Super Ténéré XT1200Z Super Ténéré Motocross YZ125 YZ250F YZ400F YZ426F YZ450F Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamaha_YZ450F&oldid=841876975 '' Categories : Yamaha motorcycles Off - road motorcycles Motorcycles introduced in 1998 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 17 : 07 . 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how many gears does a 2003 yz450f have
[ "\nThird Generation YZ450F\n\nProduction\n2003-2005\n\n\nPredecessor\nYZ426F\n\n\nEngine\nTitanium five-valve, 449 cc, 95.0 x 63.4mm, compression ratio 12.3:1\n\n\nTransmission\n2003-2004: 4-speed 2005: 5-speed\n\n\nFrame type\nSteel\n\n\nRelated\nYZ250F, WR450F\n\n" ]
[ "4" ]
8710437038175697634
Baby Now That I've Found You
Baby Now That I 've Found You - wikipedia Baby Now That I 've Found You `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' Single by The Foundations from the album From the Foundations B - side `` Come on Back to Me '' Released Summer 1967 ( UK ) December 1967 ( North America ) Format 7 '' Genre Pop Length 2 : 44 Label Pye , Uni Songwriter ( s ) Tony Macaulay , John MacLeod Producer ( s ) Tony Macaulay The Foundations singles chronology `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' ( 1967 ) `` Back on My Feet Again '' ( 1968 ) `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' ( 1967 ) `` Back on My Feet Again '' ( 1968 ) `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' is a song written by Tony Macaulay and John MacLeod . Part of the song was written in the same bar of a Soho tavern where Karl Marx is supposed to have written Das Kapital . The lyrics are a plea that an unnamed subject not break up with the singer . Contents 1 Original recording and The Foundations 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Other versions 4 Use in film 5 Singles released 6 References 7 External links Original recording and the Foundations ( edit ) In 1967 , The Foundations released it as their début single . After receiving airplay on the newly - launched BBC Radio 1 , it took off and by November it was number one in the British charts . It met with great success , becoming a number 11 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 and topping the UK Singles Chart for two weeks in November 1967 . The song also reached number 1 on the Canadian RPM magazine charts 10 February 1968 . Another version of the song was recorded by The Foundations in 1968 that featured Colin Young , Clem Curtis ' replacement . This was on a Marble Arch album that featured newer stereo versions of their previous hits . Original lead singer of the Foundations , Clem Curtis recorded his own version of it and it was released on the Opium label OPIN 001 as a 7 '' single and a 12 '' version OPINT001 in 1987 . In the late 1980s , Clem Curtis and Alan Warner teamed up to recut `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' and `` Build Me Up Buttercup '' as well as other hits of The Foundations . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 - 68 ) Peak position Australia Go - Set 21 Belgium 19 Canada RPM Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands 13 New Zealand 16 Norway 6 South Africa 10 UK U.S. Billboard Hot 100 11 U.S. Record World 9 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Rank UK 13 Chart ( 1968 ) Rank Canada 46 U.S. Billboard 83 U.S. Cash Box 47 Other versions ( edit ) The song has been covered by a number of other artists . One of the earlier versions was a rocksteady version was recorded by Alton Ellis for his 1967 album Sings Rock and Soul . Lana Cantrell recorded it for her 1968 Lana album . The same year The Marble Arch Orchestra recorded an instrumental version of the song for their album Tomorrow 's Standards . In 1978 Donny and Marie Osmond recorded it for the soundtrack album for their film Goin ' Coconuts . The song was also recorded by Dan Schafer , in 1977 on Tortoise International Records , an RCA Records subsidiary . Dan Schafer 1977 Tortoise International / RCA 45 single In March 2012 , this version was included on the compilation album , Perhaps ... the Very Best of Dan Schafer . The song was a 1995 country hit for Alison Krauss from the album Now That I 've Found You : A Collection . Her version appeared in the Australian comedy film , The Castle . It peaked at number 49 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . In the Philippines the song was recorded by MYMP for their album MYMP Live at the Music Museum . South American artist Daniel Boaventura has also recorded a version which appears on his Songs 4 U album . Use in film ( edit ) The Foundations ' recording of the song appeared on the soundtrack to the film Shallow Hal . The Alison Krauss version was featured in the 1997 Australian comedy , The Castle . Her rendition was also featured in the end credits of the 2001 film Delivering Milo . Singles released ( edit ) The Foundations -- `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' / `` Come On Back to Me '' , PYE 7N 17366 ( UK ) , 1967 The Foundations -- `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' / `` Build Me Up Buttercup '' , Flashbacks FBS6 ( UK ) The Foundations -- `` Build Me Up Buttercup '' / `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' , Eric 192 Big Ben ( Ben Atkins ) -- `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' / `` Would I Better Gone ? '' , Enterprise ENA - 9061 , 1972 Vicki Sue Robinson -- `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' / `` Thanks A Million '' , RCA 10282 , 1975 Dan Schafer -- `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' , RCA / Tortoise International , Inc VB 11292 , 1977 Clem Curtis & The Foundations -- `` Baby Now That I 've Found You '' ( Extended Version ) / `` Baby Now That I 've Found You '' ( 7 '' Version ) , Baby Now That I 've Found You ( Busk Mix ) Opium Records OPINT 001 , 1987 Any Trouble -- `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' / `` Bricks & Mortar '' , EMI America EA 166 , ( US ) 1984 Alison Krauss & Union Station -- `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' / `` Oh , Atlanta '' / `` Every Time You Say Goodbye '' , CRCDS 4 ( Holland ) , 1995 ( CD single ) Lauren Waterworth -- `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' / `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rockasteria : The Foundations - Baby , Now That I Found You ( 1967 - 76 uk , excellent multi blended solid soul , with tight grooves and bluesy feeling , double disc set ) '' . Rockasteria.blogspot.com. 2012 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . ) . Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 112 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Dopson , Roger . Baby , Now That I 've Found You , Sequel Records NEECD 300 ( 1st ed . ) . UK : Sequel REcords . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart UK Top 100 - 22nd February 2014 The UK Charts Top 40 '' . Theofficialcharts.com . Archived from the original on 8 April 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clem Curtis & The Foundations - Baby Now That I 've Found You ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Songs from the Year 1967 '' . Tsort.info . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Baby Now That I 've Found You '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Springbok Radio SA Top 20 '' . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1967 '' . top-source.info . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ ( Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 2 / 17 / 68 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1968 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1967 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1968 / Top 100 Songs of 1968 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1967 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 3 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` A Whiter Shade of Pale - Versions - Martin 's Collection - M '' . Awsop-versions.com . Archived from the original on 23 January 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Discography '' . Osmondmania.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dan Schafer ( 2 ) - Baby , Now That I 've Found You ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com. 2011 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record label '' . Timashley.tripod.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' Perhaps ... the Very Best of ' '' . Cdbaby.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Castle ( 1997 ) : Soundtracks '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2013 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 -- 2012 . Record Research , Inc. p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 203 - 8 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Big Ben Atkins Single Discography '' . Geocities.jp . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Vicki Sue Robinson : Baby , Now That I 've Found You b / w Thanks a Million ( 7 '' ) `` . DiscoMusic.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Foundations Eric Allandale Steve Bingham Pat Burke Tony Gomez Tim Harris Alan Warner Colin Young Arthur Brown Clem Curtis Mike Elliot Peter MacBeth Singles `` Baby Now That I 've Found You '' `` Back on My Feet Again '' `` Any Old Time ( You 're Lonely and Sad ) '' `` Build Me Up Buttercup '' `` In the Bad Bad Old Days ( Before You Loved Me ) '' `` Born to Live , Born to Die '' `` My Little Chickadee '' `` Take a Girl Like You '' Other songs `` I Can Take or Leave Your Loving '' `` Solomon Grundy '' `` That Same Old Feeling '' `` We Are Happy People '' Related articles Tony Macaulay John Macleod Hue Montgomery The Ramong Sound Book Alison Krauss & Union Station Alison Krauss Barry Bales Ron Block Jerry Douglas Dan Tyminski John Pennell Jeff White Brent Truitt Mike Harman Adam Steffey Tim Stafford Studio albums Different Strokes Too Late to Cry Two Highways I 've Got That Old Feeling Every Time You Say Goodbye I Know Who Holds Tomorrow So Long So Wrong Forget About It New Favorite Lonely Runs Both Ways Paper Airplane Windy City Compilation albums Now That I 've Found You : A Collection Live A Hundred Miles or More : A Collection Essential Alison Krauss With Robert Plant Raising Sand Singles `` When You Say Nothing at All '' `` Baby Now That I 've Found You '' `` Baby Mine '' `` The Lucky One '' `` Missing You '' `` Please Read the Letter '' `` Rich Woman '' Featured singles `` Teach Your Children '' `` Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart '' `` It 's Not Over '' `` Buy Me a Rose '' `` Whiskey Lullaby '' Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Alison Brown Robert Plant Viktor Krauss Up ! Close and Personal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby_Now_That_I%27ve_Found_You&oldid=850168364 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1995 singles The Foundations songs Pye Records singles Uni Records singles Debut singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Alison Krauss & Union Station songs Songs written by John Macleod ( songwriter ) Songs written by Tony Macaulay 1967 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from February 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 02 : 58 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who wrote baby now that i found you
[ "\"Baby, Now That I've Found You\" is a song written by Tony Macaulay and John MacLeod.[2] Part of the song was written in the same bar of a Soho tavern where Karl Marx is supposed to have written Das Kapital.[3] The lyrics are a plea that an unnamed subject not break up with the singer.\n", "\"Baby, Now That I've Found You\" is a song written by Tony Macaulay and John MacLeod.[2] Part of the song was written in the same bar of a Soho tavern where Karl Marx is supposed to have written Das Kapital.[3] The lyrics are a plea that an unnamed subject not break up with the singer.\n" ]
[ "Tony Macaulay", "John MacLeod" ]
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Red Hot Chilli Pipers
Red Hot Chilli Pipers - wikipedia Red Hot Chilli Pipers Not to be confused with Red Hot Chili Peppers . Red Hot Chilli Pipers Red Hot Chilli Pipers logo Background information Origin Scotland Genres Celtic Rock Years active 2002 -- present Labels REL Records Ltd Associated acts Stuart Cassells , The Scott Wood Band , Dougie McCance Website www.redhotchillipipers.co.uk Members Kevin MacDonald Willie Armstrong Deirdre Brennan Chris Judge Steven Black Dougie McCance Grant Cassidy Marco Coffolla Mike Berrich Tyler Fry Gregor Kincaid David Ross Gary O'Hagen Paul Jennings Alan McGeoch Ben Holloway Jay Hepburn Harry Richards Ian Thomson Craig Munro Kyle Howie Andrew Low Past members Scott Wood Steven Graham Gregor James McPhie Nick Hawryliw Stuart Cassells Ryan Butler Kyle Warren Alex Kosak Malcolm McEwan Red Hot Chilli Pipers are an ensemble consisting of pipers , guitarists , keyboards and drummers formed in Scotland in 2002 . They entered and won the BBC talent show When Will I Be Famous ? in 2007 . Their name is a play on the American band the Red Hot Chili Peppers . In 2004 , the group appeared on the main stage at T in the Park with the headline band , the rock group The Darkness . They appeared on BBC Radio 1 on the Greg James show in July 2013 and The Radio 1 Breakfast Show with Nick Grimshaw in 2014 . The band currently has Grant Cassidy -- an 8 time world champion snare drummer . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Discography 3 Tours and performances 3.1 When Will I Be Famous 3.2 After TV appearance 4 Musicianship 5 Former members 6 Awards and nominations 6.1 Scottish Live Act of the Year 6.2 BBC 's ' When Will I Be Famous ' 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Since their formation the Red Hot Chilli Pipers have combined guitars , keyboards , drums and their bagpipes to create ' bagrock ' sound . The Red Hot Chilli Pipers perform a fusion of traditional pipe tunes and contemporary pieces . Notable covers performed have included `` We Will Rock You '' by Queen , `` Clocks '' by Coldplay and `` Smoke on the Water '' by Deep Purple as well as `` Chasing Cars '' by Snow Patrol , `` Do n't Stop Believing '' by Journey . Their biggest hit to date is of course the platinum selling and award winning Jazz Badger . The band has released 6 studio albums as of 2016 , of which their first , their 2005 release The Red Hot Chilli Pipers , was the least successful . Their 2007 album Bagrock to the Masses went platinum in Scotland and silver in Great Britain . Their third album and first live album , Blast Live ( 2008 ) , went triple platinum in Scotland . Their fourth release Music for the Kilted Generation , however , is The Red Hot Chilli Pipers ' best International record , reaching Number 2 on the US Amazon Chart. and was only held off of the top spot due to Adele 's record - breaking album , 21 . Their album titled Music for the Kilted Generation , is a parody of Music for the Jilted Generation by The Prodigy . The band signed a contract in December 2012 for a new album to be released in 2013 , including tracks from bands like Coldplay and Journey . Breathe was released in July 2013 on CD and iTunes . The group appears on the soundtrack of How to Train Your Dragon 2 . Discography ( edit ) 2005 -- The Red Hot Chilli Pipers 2007 -- Bagrock to the Masses 2008 -- Blast Live 2010 -- Music for the Kilted Generation 2012 -- Braveheart 2013 -- Breathe 2014 -- Live at the Lake 2014 2016 -- Octane Tours and performances ( edit ) Red Hot Chilli Pipers in Koblenz 2011 Red Hot Chilli Pipers - Wacken Open Air 2016 The group 's highest profile performance 's have been on the Main Stage at T in the Park in 2004 where they performed alongside The Darkness , and in 2014 when they performed on the Main Stage again in their own right . When Will I be Famous ( edit ) In 2007 , the Red Hot Chilli Pipers appeared on the BBC show When Will I be Famous ? hosted by Graham Norton . The band were in the episode and competed against seven others . The eight contestants were paired into a head - to - head showdown in which the winner would be decided by 101 preregistered viewers who were dubbed the `` Armchair Judges '' . The four winners of these head - to - heads would then compete against each other in the second show with the winner being decided by an open public phone vote . In their first head - to - head showdown , The Red Hot Chilli Pipers were pitted against the `` Stringfever '' , a four - member string quartet . The Red Hot Chilli Pipers won the head - to - head 51 - 50 and went on to win the weekly prize of ten thousand pounds . After tv appearance ( edit ) In 2010 , The Red Hot Chilli Pipers completed an 11 - date sold - out tour of Scotland , as well as an 11 - week tour of Germany and a 7 - week tour of America . They also toured Saudi Arabia , Malaysia , India and most of Europe . They performed concerts in New York and Beijing as well as at the Hebridean Celtic Festival in Stornoway . Musicianship ( edit ) With a total of 4 degrees from the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland , many of the band members past & present have competed at the highest level of bagpiping and drumming for many years . Founder and Former Musical Director Cassells received ' BBC Radio Scotland Young Traditional Musician of the Year ' in 2005 and became the first person ever to attain a degree in bagpipes from the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland ( Formerly the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama ) . The snare drummer and percussionist , Grant Cassidy is an 8 time Juvenile Solo World Drumming Champion and in 2016 placed 7th in the adult section of the World Solo Drumming Championships held in Glasgow , Scotland . Former members ( edit ) On 23 September 2011 , founder and frontman Stuart Cassells , left the band . Stuart decided that , after almost ten years , it was time to pursue new goals and opportunities . Cassells said , `` I have had some absolutely amazing times in the band and I would never have imagined the success we 've had . I want to thank all the great musicians I 've had the pleasure of performing with and I 'm excited about the new chapter in my life '' . Prior to leaving , Stuart had been struggling with ' focal hand dystonia ' , more commonly known as writer 's cramp since 2008 . Speaking to The Daily Record on the subject , Cassells said , `` My left hand refused to stay on the chanter . It was like my left hand was n't my own , it would n't stay still , like someone else was controlling it . I knew in my head how I wanted to play but I could n't because my hands would curl right up and tense up and move involuntarily . They were n't doing what they were supposed to do . The brain was sending far too many signals to my hands . '' Stuart tried various treatments throughout this period , including surgery to release a trapped nerve , physiotherapy and botox injections into his arm to relax the muscles . In efforts to help him play the bagpipes , he had McCallum Bagpipes manufacture him a custom chanter that uses flute keys to cover the holes instead of requiring the player to cover them . However , he was still unable to play them and left the band . It is hoped that he will recover and rejoin the band . A recent World Pipe Band Championship winner with the Field Marshal Montgomery Pipe Band , Kyle Warren , replaced him . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Scottish Live Act of the Year ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2007 Red Hot Chilli Pipers Scottish Live Act of the Year Won Red Hot Chilli Pipers Scottish Live Act of the Year Won BBC 's ' When Will I Be Famous ' ( edit ) Winners 2007 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gavin Cumine ( 31 May 2008 ) , `` Bagrock with the Red Hot Chilli Pipers : it 's a total blast '' , The Times Jump up ^ James , Greg ( 9 July 2013 ) . `` Here We Go Again ... '' BBC . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chilli Pipers cover Avicii 's Wake Me Up '' . BBC . 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , David ( 7 August 2012 ) . `` Red Hot Chilli Pipers No2 in US chart -- Daily Record '' . Daily Record . Jump up ^ Composer John Powell talks How To Train Your Dragon 2 Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chilli Pipers - Product Categories CDs '' . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Anon ( March 2007 ) . `` BBC -- When Will I Be Famous ? -- Contestants '' . BBC . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Anon ( 2013 ) . `` Royal Conservatoire Graduates '' . rsamd.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 23 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Anon ( 23 September 2011 ) . `` Stuart Cassells leaves Red Hot Chilli Pipers '' . The College of Piping . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Coventry , Laura ( 9 August 2010 ) . `` Medical condition almost cost me my career , says Red Hot Chilli Piper founder Stuart Cassells -- Daily Record '' . Daily Record . Glasgow . ISSN 0956 - 8069 . OCLC 500344244 . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website MusicBrainz : 5d341431 - 7002 - 4dcf - 9da8 - 1d25f5bd0ed7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Hot_Chilli_Pipers&oldid=839506666 '' Categories : Great Highland bagpipe players Scottish pipe bands Musical groups established in 2002 2002 establishments in Scotland Scottish rock music groups Hidden categories : Use British English from September 2013 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 21 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the red hot chilli pipers form
[ "Red Hot Chilli Pipers are an ensemble consisting of pipers, guitarists, keyboards and drummers formed in Scotland in 2002. They entered and won the BBC talent show When Will I Be Famous?[1] in 2007. Their name is a play on the American band the Red Hot Chili Peppers.\n" ]
[ "2002" ]
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Sherlock Holmes
Sherlock Holmes - wikipedia Sherlock Holmes Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Sherlock Holmes ( disambiguation ) . Sherlock Holmes Sherlock Holmes character Sherlock Holmes in a 1904 illustration by Sidney Paget . First appearance A Study in Scarlet Created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Information Gender Male Occupation Consulting detective Family Mycroft Holmes ( brother ) Nationality British Sherlock Holmes ( / ˈʃɜːrlɒk ˈhoʊmz / ) is a fictional private detective created by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . Known as a `` consulting detective '' in the stories , Holmes is known for his proficiency with observation , forensic science , and logical reasoning that borders on the fantastic , which he employs when investigating cases for a wide variety of clients , including Scotland Yard . First appearing in print in 1887 ( in A Study in Scarlet ) , the character 's popularity became widespread with the first series of short stories in The Strand Magazine , beginning with `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' in 1891 ; additional tales appeared from then until 1927 , eventually totalling four novels and 56 short stories . All but one are set in the Victorian or Edwardian eras , between about 1880 and 1914 . Most are narrated by the character of Holmes 's friend and biographer Dr. Watson , who usually accompanies Holmes during his investigations and often shares quarters with him at the address of 221B Baker Street , London , where many of the stories begin . Though not the first fictional detective , Sherlock Holmes is arguably the best known , with Guinness World Records listing him as the `` most portrayed movie character '' in history . Holmes 's popularity and fame are such that many have believed him to be not a fictional character but a real individual ; numerous literary and fan societies have been founded that pretend to operate on this principle . Widely considered a British cultural icon , the character and stories have had a profound and lasting effect on mystery writing and popular culture as a whole , with the original tales as well as thousands written by authors other than Conan Doyle being adapted into stage and radio plays , television , films , video games , and other media for over one hundred years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration for the character 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Family and early life 2.2 Life with Watson 2.3 The Great Hiatus 2.4 Retirement 3 Personality and habits 3.1 Drug use 3.2 Finances 3.3 Attitudes towards women 3.3. 1 Irene Adler 4 Knowledge and skills 4.1 Holmesian deduction 4.2 Disguises 4.3 Agents 4.4 Combat 4.4. 1 Pistols 4.4. 2 Cane and sword 4.4. 3 Riding crop 4.4. 4 Boxing 4.4. 5 Martial arts 4.4. 6 Physical strength 5 Influence 5.1 Forensic science 5.2 The detective story 5.3 Scientific literature 6 Legacy 6.1 `` Elementary , my dear Watson '' 6.2 The Great Game 6.3 Societies 6.4 Museums 6.5 Other honours 7 Adaptations and derived works 7.1 Related and derivative writings 7.2 Adaptations in other media 7.3 Copyright issues 8 Works 8.1 Novels 8.2 Short story collections 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Inspiration for the character Edgar Allan Poe 's C. Auguste Dupin is generally acknowledged as the first detective in fiction and served as the prototype for many that were created later , including Holmes . Conan Doyle once wrote , `` Each ( of Poe 's detective stories ) is a root from which a whole literature has developed ... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it ? '' Conan Doyle repeatedly said that Holmes was inspired by the real - life figure of Joseph Bell , a surgeon at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh , whom Doyle met in 1877 and had worked for as a clerk . Like Holmes , Bell was noted for drawing broad conclusions from minute observations . However , he later wrote to Doyle : `` You are yourself Sherlock Holmes and well you know it '' . Sir Henry Littlejohn , Chair of Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Edinburgh Medical School , is also cited as an inspiration for Holmes . Littlejohn , who was also Police Surgeon and Medical Officer of Health in Edinburgh , provided Doyle with a link between medical investigation and the detection of crime . Other inspirations have been considered . One is thought to be Francis `` Tanky '' Smith , a policeman and master of disguise who went on to become Leicester 's first private detective . Another might be Maximilien Heller , by French author Henry Cauvain . It is not known if Conan Doyle read Maximilien Heller , but in this 1871 novel ( sixteen years before the first adventure of Sherlock Holmes ) , Henry Cauvain imagined a depressed , anti-social , polymath , cat - loving , and opium - smoking Paris - based detective . Fictional character Biography Family and early life The cover page of Beeton 's Christmas Annual issue which contains Holmes 's first appearance in 1887 ( A Study in Scarlet ) . Details about Sherlock Holmes 's life , except for the adventures in the books , are scarce in Conan Doyle 's original stories . Nevertheless , mentions of his early life and extended family paint a loose biographical picture of the detective . An estimate of Holmes 's age in `` His Last Bow '' places his year of birth at 1854 ; the story , set in August 1914 , describes him as sixty years of age . His parents are not mentioned in the stories , although Holmes mentions that his `` ancestors '' were `` country squires '' . In `` The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter '' , he claims that his grandmother was sister to the French artist Vernet , without further clarifying whether this was Claude Joseph , Carle , or Horace Vernet . Holmes 's brother Mycroft , seven years his senior , is a government official who appears in `` The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter '' , `` The Final Problem '' , and `` The Adventure of the Bruce - Partington Plans '' and is mentioned in `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' . Mycroft has a unique civil service position as a kind of human database for all aspects of government policy . He lacks Sherlock 's interest in physical investigation , however , preferring to spend his time at the Diogenes Club . Holmes says that he first developed his methods of deduction as an undergraduate ; his earliest cases , which he pursued as an amateur , came from fellow university students . A meeting with a classmate 's father led him to adopt detection as a profession , and he spent six years after university as a consultant before financial difficulties led him to accept John H. Watson as a fellow lodger in 1881 ( when the first published story , A Study in Scarlet , begins ) . The two take lodgings at 221B Baker Street , London , an apartment at the upper ( north ) end of the street , up seventeen steps . Life with Watson Holmes and Watson in a Sidney Paget illustration for `` Silver Blaze '' . Holmes worked as a detective for twenty - three years , with physician John Watson assisting him for seventeen . They were roommates before Watson 's 1887 marriage and again after his wife 's death . Their residence is maintained by their landlady , Mrs. Hudson . Most of the stories are frame narratives , written from Watson 's point of view as summaries of the detective 's most interesting cases . Holmes frequently calls Watson 's writing sensational and populist , suggesting that it fails to accurately and objectively report the `` science '' of his craft : Detection is , or ought to be , an exact science and should be treated in the same cold and unemotional manner . You have attempted to tinge it ( `` A Study in Scarlet '' ) with romanticism , which produces much the same effect as if you worked a love - story ... Some facts should be suppressed , or , at least , a just sense of proportion should be observed in treating them . The only point in the case which deserved mention was the curious analytical reasoning from effects to causes , by which I succeeded in unravelling it . -- Sherlock Holmes on John Watson 's `` pamphlet '' , The Sign of the Four Nevertheless , Holmes 's friendship with Watson is his most significant relationship . When Watson is injured by a bullet , although the wound turns out to be `` quite superficial '' , Watson is moved by Holmes 's reaction : It was worth a wound ; it was worth many wounds ; to know the depth of loyalty and love which lay behind that cold mask . The clear , hard eyes were dimmed for a moment , and the firm lips were shaking . For the one and only time I caught a glimpse of a great heart as well as of a great brain . All my years of humble but single - minded service culminated in that moment of revelation . The Great Hiatus Holmes and Moriarty struggle at the Reichenbach Falls ; drawing by Sidney Paget . The first set of Holmes stories was published between 1887 and 1893 . Wishing to devote more time to his historical novels , Conan Doyle killed off Holmes in a final battle with the criminal mastermind Professor James Moriarty in `` The Final Problem '' ( published 1893 , but set in 1891 ) . After resisting public pressure for eight years , the author wrote The Hound of the Baskervilles ( serialised in 1901 -- 1902 , with an implicit setting before Holmes 's death ) . In 1903 , Conan Doyle wrote `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' , set in 1894 ; Holmes reappears , explaining to a stunned Watson that he had faked his death in `` The Final Problem '' to fool his enemies . `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' marks the beginning of the second set of stories , which Conan Doyle wrote until 1927 . Holmes aficionados refer to the period from 1891 to 1894 -- between his disappearance and presumed death in `` The Final Problem '' and his reappearance in `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' -- as the Great Hiatus ( though 1908 's `` The Adventure of Wisteria Lodge '' is described as taking place in 1892 due to an error on Conan Doyle 's part ) . The earliest known use of this expression is in the article `` Sherlock Holmes and the Great Hiatus '' by Edgar W. Smith , published in the July 1946 issue of The Baker Street Journal . Retirement In `` His Last Bow '' , Holmes has retired to a small farm on the Sussex Downs and taken up beekeeping as his primary occupation . The move is not dated precisely , but can be presumed to predate 1904 ( since it is referred to retrospectively in `` The Second Stain '' , first published that year ) . The story features Holmes and Watson coming out of retirement to aid the war effort . Only one other adventure , `` The Adventure of the Lion 's Mane '' ( narrated by Holmes ) , takes place during the detective 's retirement . Personality and habits Sidney Paget illustration from `` The Adventure of the Golden Pince - Nez '' Watson describes Holmes as `` bohemian '' in his habits and lifestyle . Described by Watson in The Hound of the Baskervilles as having a `` cat - like '' love of personal cleanliness , Holmes is an eccentric with no regard for contemporary standards of tidiness or good order . In `` The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual '' , Watson says : Although in his methods of thought he was the neatest and most methodical of mankind ... ( he ) keeps his cigars in the coal - scuttle , his tobacco in the toe end of a Persian slipper , and his unanswered correspondence transfixed by a jack - knife into the very centre of his wooden mantelpiece ... He had a horror of destroying documents ... Thus month after month his papers accumulated , until every corner of the room was stacked with bundles of manuscript which were on no account to be burned , and which could not be put away save by their owner . In many of the stories , Holmes dives into an apparent mess to find an item most relevant to a mystery . The detective starves himself at times of intense intellectual activity , such as during `` The Adventure of the Norwood Builder '' -- wherein , according to Watson : ( Holmes ) had no breakfast for himself , for it was one of his peculiarities that in his more intense moments he would permit himself no food , and I have known him to presume upon his iron strength until he has fainted from pure inanition . Maria Konnikova points out in an interview with D.J. Grothe that Holmes practices what is now called mindfulness , concentrating on one thing at a time , and almost never `` multitasks . '' She adds that in this he predates the science showing how helpful this is to the brain . Sidney Paget , whose illustrations in The Strand Magazine iconicised Holmes and Watson . Although his chronicler does not consider Holmes 's habitual use of a pipe ( or his less frequent use of cigarettes and cigars ) a vice per se , Watson -- a physician -- occasionally criticises the detective for creating a `` poisonous atmosphere '' of tobacco smoke . Holmes acknowledges Watson 's disapproval in `` The Adventure of the Devil 's Foot '' : `` I think , Watson , that I shall resume that course of tobacco - poisoning which you have so often and so justly condemned '' . His companion condones the detective 's willingness to bend the truth ( or break the law ) on behalf of a client -- lying to the police , concealing evidence or breaking into houses -- when he feels it morally justifiable , but condemns Holmes ' manipulation of innocent people in `` The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton '' . Holmes derives pleasure from baffling police inspectors with his deductions and has supreme confidence -- bordering on arrogance -- in his intellectual abilities . While the detective does not actively seek fame and is usually content to let the police take public credit for his work , Holmes is pleased when his skills are recognised and responds to flattery . Police outside London ask Holmes for assistance if he is nearby , even during a vacation . Watson 's stories and newspaper articles reveal Holmes 's role in the cases , and he becomes well known as a detective ; so many clients ask for his help instead of ( or in addition to ) that of the police that , Watson writes , by 1895 Holmes has `` an immense practice '' . Government officials and royalty are among those he serves . A Prime Minister and the King of Bohemia visit 221B Baker Street to request Holmes 's assistance ; the government of France awards him its Legion of Honour for solving a case ; Holmes declines a knighthood `` for services which may perhaps some day be described '' ; the King of Scandinavia is a client ; and he aids the Vatican at least twice . The detective acts on behalf of the British government in matters of national security several times . As shooting practice during a period of boredom , Holmes decorates the wall of his Baker Street lodgings with a `` patriotic '' VR ( Victoria Regina ) in `` bullet - pocks '' from his revolver . While the detective is usually dispassionate and cold , during an investigation he is animated and excitable . He has a flair for showmanship , preparing elaborate traps to capture and expose a culprit ( often to impress observers ) . Except for that of Watson , Holmes avoids casual company ; when Watson proposes visiting a friend 's home for rest , Holmes only agrees after learning that `` the establishment was a bachelor one , and that he would be allowed the fullest freedom '' . In `` The Adventure of the Gloria Scott '' , he tells the doctor that during two years at college he made only one friend , Victor Trevor : `` I was never a very sociable fellow , Watson , always rather fond of moping in my rooms and working out my own little methods of thought , so that I never mixed much with the men of my year ; ... my line of study was quite distinct from that of the other fellows , so that we had no points of contact at all '' . The detective is similarly described by Stamford in A Study in Scarlet . Holmes relaxes with music in `` The Red - Headed League '' , taking the evening off from a case to listen to Pablo de Sarasate play violin . His enjoyment of vocal music , particularly Wagner 's , is evident in `` The Adventure of the Red Circle '' . Drug use 1891 Sidney Paget Strand portrait of Holmes for `` The Man with the Twisted Lip '' Holmes occasionally uses addictive drugs , especially in the absence of stimulating cases . He uses cocaine , which he injects in a seven - percent solution with a syringe kept in a Morocco leather case . Although Holmes also dabbles in morphine , he expresses strong disapproval when he visits an opium den ; both drugs were legal in late - 19th - century England . Watson and Holmes use tobacco , smoking cigarettes , cigars , and pipes , and the detective is an expert at identifying tobacco - ash residue . As a physician , Watson strongly disapproves of his friend 's cocaine habit , describing it as the detective 's `` only vice '' , and concerned about its effect on Holmes 's mental health and intellect . In `` The Adventure of the Missing Three - Quarter '' , Watson says that although he has `` weaned '' Holmes from drugs , he remains an addict whose habit is `` not dead , but merely sleeping '' . Finances During his career , Holmes works for the most powerful monarchs and governments of Europe ( including his own ) , wealthy aristocrats and industrialists , and impoverished pawnbrokers and governesses . Although when the stories begin Holmes initially needed Watson to share the rent for their residence at 221B Baker Street , by the time of `` The Final Problem '' , he says that his services to the government of France and the royal house of Scandinavia had left him with enough money to retire comfortably . The detective is known to charge clients for his expenses and claim any reward offered for a problem 's solution ; in `` The Adventure of the Speckled Band '' he says that Helen Stoner may pay any expenses he incurs and asks the bank in `` The Red - Headed League '' to reimburse him for money spent solving the case . Holmes has his wealthy banker client in `` The Adventure of the Beryl Coronet '' pay the costs of recovering the stolen gems , and claims the reward posted for their recovery . In `` The Problem of Thor Bridge '' , the detective says , `` My professional charges are upon a fixed scale . I do not vary them , save when I remit ( omit ) them altogether '' . In this context , a client is offering to double his fee , and it is implied that wealthy clients habitually pay Holmes more than his standard fee . The detective tells Watson , in `` A Case of Identity '' , about a gold snuff box received from the King of Bohemia after `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' and about a valuable ring given to him by the Dutch royal family ; in `` The Adventure of the Bruce - Partington Plans '' , he receives an emerald tie pin from Queen Victoria . In `` The Adventure of the Priory School '' , Holmes rubs his hands with glee when the Duke of Holdernesse mentions his ₤ 6,000 fee , the amount of which surprises even Watson ( at a time where annual expenses for a rising young professional were in the area of ₤ 500 ) . However , in `` The Adventure of Black Peter '' , Watson notes that Holmes would refuse to help even the wealthy and powerful if their cases did not interest him . Attitudes towards women 1904 Sidney Paget illustration of `` The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton '' As Doyle wrote to Joseph Bell , `` Holmes is as inhuman as a Babbage 's calculating machine and just about as likely to fall in love '' . Holmes says in The Valley of Fear , `` I am not a whole - souled admirer of womankind '' , and in `` The Adventure of the Second Stain '' finds `` the motives of women ... inscrutable ... How can you build on such quicksand ? Their most trivial actions may mean volumes ... their most extraordinary conduct may depend upon a hairpin or a curling tongs '' . In The Sign of the Four , he says , `` I would not tell them too much . Women are never to be entirely trusted -- not the best of them '' . Watson calls him `` an automaton , a calculating machine '' , and the detective replies : `` It is of the first importance not to allow your judgement to be biased by personal qualities . A client is to me a mere unit -- a factor in a problem . The emotional qualities are antagonistic to clear reasoning . I assure you that the most winning woman I ever knew was hanged for poisoning three little children for their insurance - money '' . At the end of The Sign of Four , Watson reveals to Holmes that `` Miss Morstan has done me the honour to accept me as a husband in prospective . '' He gave a most dismal groan . ' I feared as much , ' said he . ' I really can not congratulate you . ' I was a little hurt . ' Have you any reason to be dissatisfied with my choice ? ' I asked . ' Not at all . I think she is one of the most charming young ladies I ever met , and might have been most useful in such work as we have been doing . She had a decided genius that way ; ... But love is an emotional thing , and whatever is emotional is opposed to that true cold reason which I place above all things . I should never marry myself , lest I bias my judgement . ' Watson says in `` The Adventure of the Copper Beeches '' that the detective inevitably `` manifested no further interest in the client when once she had ceased to be the centre of one of his problems '' . In `` The Lion 's Mane '' , Holmes writes , `` Women have seldom been an attraction to me , for my brain has always governed my heart , '' indicating that he has been attracted to women on occasion , but has not been interested in pursuing relationships with them . Ultimately , however , in `` The Adventure of the Devil 's Foot '' , he claims outright that `` I have never loved '' . Despite his overall attitude , Holmes is adept at effortlessly putting his clients at ease , and Watson says that although the detective has an `` aversion to women '' , he has `` a peculiarly ingratiating way with ( them ) '' . Watson notes in `` The Adventure of the Dying Detective '' that Mrs. Hudson is fond of Holmes because of his `` remarkable gentleness and courtesy in his dealings with women . He disliked and distrusted the sex , but he was always a chivalrous opponent '' . In `` The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton '' , the detective easily manages to become engaged under false pretenses in order to obtain information about a case , but also abandons the woman once he has the information he requires . Irene Adler Main article : Irene Adler Irene Adler is a retired American opera singer and actress who appears in `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' . Although this is her only appearance , she is one of the most notable female characters in the stories : the only woman who has ever challenged Holmes intellectually , and one of only a handful of people who ever bested him in a battle of wits . For this reason , Adler is the frequent subject of pastiche writing . The beginning of the story describes the high regard in which Holmes holds her : To Sherlock Holmes she is always the woman . I have seldom heard him mention her under any other name . In his eyes she eclipses and predominates the whole of her sex . It was not that he felt any emotion akin to love for Irene Adler ... yet there was but one woman to him , and that woman was the late Irene Adler , of dubious and questionable memory . Five years before the story 's events , Adler had a brief liaison with Crown Prince of Bohemia Wilhelm von Ormstein while she was prima donna of the Imperial Opera of Warsaw . Recently engaged to the daughter of the King of Scandinavia and fearful that , if his fiancée 's family learned of this impropriety , their marriage would be called off , Ormstein hires Holmes to regain a photograph of Adler and himself . Adler slips away before Holmes can succeed , leaving only a photograph of herself ( alone ) and a note to Holmes that she will not blackmail Ormstein . Her memory is kept alive by the photograph of Adler that Holmes received for his part in the case . Knowledge and skills In the first novel , A Study in Scarlet , Holmes ' background is presented . In early 1881 , he is a chemistry student with a number of eccentric interests , almost all of which make him adept at solving crimes . Shortly after meeting Holmes , Watson assesses the detective 's abilities : Knowledge of Literature -- nil . Knowledge of Philosophy -- nil . Knowledge of Astronomy -- nil . Knowledge of Politics -- Feeble . Knowledge of Botany -- Variable . Well up in belladonna , opium and poisons generally . Knows nothing of practical gardening . Knowledge of Geology -- Practical , but limited . Tells at a glance different soils from each other . After walks , has shown me splashes upon his trousers , and told me by their colour and consistence in what part of London he had received them . Knowledge of Chemistry -- Profound . Knowledge of Anatomy -- Accurate , but unsystematic . Knowledge of Sensational Literature -- Immense . He appears to know every detail of every horror perpetrated in the century . Plays the violin well . Is an expert singlestick player , boxer and swordsman . Has a good practical knowledge of British law . Arthur Conan Doyle , A Study in Scarlet Subsequent stories reveal that Watson 's early assessment was incomplete in places and inaccurate in others . At the end of A Study in Scarlet , Holmes demonstrates a knowledge of Latin . Despite Holmes 's supposed ignorance of politics , in `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' he immediately recognises the true identity of `` Count von Kramm '' . His speech is peppered with references to the Bible , Shakespeare , and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , and the detective quotes a letter from Gustave Flaubert to George Sand in the original French . At the end of `` A Case of Identity '' , Holmes quotes Hafez . In The Hound of the Baskervilles , the detective recognises works by Martin Knoller and Joshua Reynolds : `` Excuse the admiration of a connoisseur ... Watson wo n't allow that I know anything of art , but that is mere jealousy since our views upon the subject differ '' . In `` The Adventure of the Bruce - Partington Plans '' , Watson says that in November 1895 , `` Holmes lost himself in a monograph which he had undertaken upon the Polyphonic Motets of Lassus '' , considered `` the last word '' on the subject . Holmes is also a cryptanalyst , telling Watson in `` The Adventure of the Dancing Men '' : `` I am fairly familiar with all forms of secret writing , and am myself the author of a trifling monograph upon the subject , in which I analyse one hundred and sixty separate ciphers '' . In A Study in Scarlet , Holmes claims to be unaware that the earth revolves around the sun since such information is irrelevant to his work ; after hearing that fact from Watson , he says he will immediately try to forget it . The detective believes that the mind has a finite capacity for information storage , and learning useless things reduces one 's ability to learn useful things . The later stories move away from this notion : in the second chapter of The Valley of Fear , he says , `` All knowledge comes useful to the detective '' , and near the end of `` The Adventure of the Lion 's Mane '' , the detective calls himself `` an omnivorous reader with a strangely retentive memory for trifles '' . The detective is particularly skilled in the analysis of physical evidence , including latent prints ( such as footprints , hoof prints , and bicycle tracks ) to identify actions at a crime scene ( A Study in Scarlet , `` The Adventure of Silver Blaze '' , `` The Adventure of the Priory School '' , The Hound of the Baskervilles , `` The Boscombe Valley Mystery '' ) ; using tobacco ashes and cigarette butts to identify criminals ( `` The Adventure of the Resident Patient '' , The Hound of the Baskervilles ) ; comparing typewritten letters to expose a fraud ( `` A Case of Identity '' ) ; using gunpowder residue to expose two murderers ( `` The Adventure of the Reigate Squire '' ) ; comparing bullets from two crime scenes ( `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' ) ; analyzing small pieces of human remains to expose two murders ( `` The Adventure of the Cardboard Box '' ) , and an early use of fingerprints ( `` The Norwood Builder '' ) . Holmes demonstrates a knowledge of psychology in `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' , luring Irene Adler into betraying where she hid a photograph based on the premise that an unmarried woman will save her most valued possession from a fire . Another example is in `` The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle '' , where Holmes obtains information from a salesman with a wager : `` When you see a man with whiskers of that cut and the ' Pink ' un ' protruding out of his pocket , you can always draw him by a bet ... I daresay that if I had put 100 pounds down in front of him , that man would not have given me such complete information as was drawn from him by the idea that he was doing me on a wager '' . Holmesian deduction Poster for the 1900 play Sherlock Holmes by Conan Doyle and actor William Gillette Holmes 's primary intellectual detection method is abductive reasoning . Holmesian deduction consists primarily of observation - based inferences , such as his study of cigar ashes . `` From a drop of water '' , he writes , `` a logician could infer the possibility of an Atlantic or a Niagara without having seen or heard of one or the other '' . In `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' , Holmes deduces that Watson had gotten wet lately and had `` a most clumsy and careless servant girl '' . When Watson asks how Holmes knows this , the detective answers : It is simplicity itself ... my eyes tell me that on the inside of your left shoe , just where the firelight strikes it , the leather is scored by six almost parallel cuts . Obviously they have been caused by someone who has very carelessly scraped round the edges of the sole in order to remove crusted mud from it . Hence , you see , my double deduction that you had been out in vile weather , and that you had a particularly malignant boot - slitting specimen of the London slavey . In the first Holmes story , A Study in Scarlet , Dr. Watson compares Holmes to C. Auguste Dupin , Edgar Allan Poe 's fictional detective , who employed a similar methodology . To this Holmes replies : `` No doubt you think you are complimenting me ... In my opinion , Dupin was a very inferior fellow ... He had some analytical genius , no doubt ; but he was by no means such a phenomenon as Poe appears to imagine '' . Alluding to an episode in `` The Murders in the Rue Morgue '' , where Dupin deduces what his friend is thinking despite their having walked together in silence for a quarter of an hour , Holmes remarks : `` That trick of his breaking in on his friend 's thoughts with an apropos remark ... is really very showy and superficial '' . Nevertheless , Holmes later performs the same ' trick ' on Watson in `` The Adventure of the Cardboard Box '' . Deductive reasoning allows Holmes to learn a stranger 's occupation , such as the retired Marine sergeant in A Study in Scarlet ; the ship 's - carpenter - turned - pawnbroker in `` The Red - Headed League '' , and the billiard - marker and retired artillery non-commissioned officer in `` The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter '' . By studying inanimate objects , he makes deductions about their owners ( Watson 's pocket watch in The Sign of the Four and a hat , pipe , and walking stick in other stories ) . The detective 's guiding principle , as he says in The Sign of the Four and elsewhere in the stories , is : `` When you have eliminated the impossible , whatever remains , however improbable , must be the truth '' . Conan Doyle does paint Holmes as fallible ( this being a central theme of `` The Adventure of the Yellow Face '' ) . Disguises Holmes displays a strong aptitude for acting and disguise . In several stories ( `` The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton '' , `` The Man with the Twisted Lip '' , `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' and `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' ) , to gather evidence undercover he uses disguises so convincing that Watson fails to recognise him . In others ( `` The Adventure of the Dying Detective '' and , again , `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' ) , Holmes feigns injury or illness to incriminate the guilty . In the latter story , Watson says , `` The stage lost a fine actor ... when ( Holmes ) became a specialist in crime '' . Agents Until Watson 's arrival at Baker Street Holmes largely worked alone , only occasionally employing agents from the city 's underclass ; these agents included a host of informants , such as Langdale Pike , a `` human book of reference upon all matters of social scandal '' , and Shinwell Johnson , aka `` Porky '' Johnson , who acted as Holmes ' `` agent in the huge criminal underworld of London ... '' . The most well known of Holmes ' agents are a group of street children he called `` the Baker Street Irregulars '' . The Irregulars appear in three stories : A Study in Scarlet , The Sign of the Four , and `` The Adventure of the Crooked Man '' . Combat British Army ( Adams ) Mark III , which differed from the Mark II in its ejector - rod design Webley Bulldog 1868 Webley RIC Pistols Holmes and Watson carry pistols with them -- in Watson 's case , his old service weapon ( probably a Mark III Adams revolver , issued to British troops during the 1870s ) . In the stories , the pistols are used ( or displayed ) on a number of occasions . In `` The Musgrave Ritual '' Holmes is described as decorating the wall of his flat with a patriotic VR ( Victoria Regina ) of bullet holes . Holmes and Watson shoot the eponymous hound in The Hound of the Baskervilles , and in `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' Holmes pistol - whips Colonel Sebastian Moran . In `` The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist '' , `` The Adventure of Black Peter '' , and `` The Adventure of the Dancing Men '' , Holmes or Watson use a pistol to capture the criminals , and the detective uses Watson 's revolver to reconstruct a crime in `` The Problem of Thor Bridge '' . A Webley Bulldog ( carried by Holmes ) , Webley RIC , and Webley - Government ( `` WG '' ) army revolver have been associated with Holmes and Watson . Cane and sword As a gentleman , Holmes often carries a stick or cane . He is described by Watson as an expert at singlestick and uses his cane twice as a weapon . In A Study in Scarlet , Watson describes Holmes as an expert swordsman , and in `` The Adventure of the Gloria Scott '' the detective practises fencing . Riding crop In several stories , Holmes carries a riding crop , threatening to thrash a swindler with it in `` A Case of Identity '' . With a `` hunting crop '' , Holmes knocks a pistol from John Clay 's hand in `` The Red - Headed League '' and drives off the adder in `` The Adventure of the Speckled Band '' . In `` The Six Napoleons '' , he uses his crop ( described as his favourite weapon ) to break open one of the plaster busts . Boxing Holmes is an adept bare - knuckle fighter ; in The Sign of the Four , he introduces himself to McMurdo , a prize fighter , as `` the amateur who fought three rounds with you at Alison 's rooms on the night of your benefit four years back . '' McMurdo remembers : `` Ah , you 're one that has wasted your gifts , you have ! You might have aimed high if you had joined the fancy . '' `` The Adventure of the Gloria Scott '' mentions that Holmes trained as a boxer , and in `` The Yellow Face '' , Watson says : `` He was undoubtedly one of the finest boxers of his weight that I have ever seen '' . The detective occasionally engages in hand - to - hand combat with his adversaries ( in `` The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist '' and `` The Adventure of the Naval Treaty '' ) and is always victorious . Martial arts In `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' , Holmes tells Watson that he used martial arts to fling Moriarty to his death in the Reichenbach Falls : `` I have some knowledge ... of baritsu , or the Japanese system of wrestling , which has more than once been very useful to me '' . `` Baritsu '' is Conan Doyle 's version of bartitsu , which combined jujitsu with boxing and cane fencing . Physical strength The detective is described ( or demonstrated ) as possessing above - average physical strength . In `` The Adventure of the Speckled Band '' , Dr. Roylott demonstrates his strength by bending a fire poker in half . Watson describes Holmes as laughing , `` ' I am not quite so bulky , but if he had remained I might have shown him that my grip was not much more feeble than his own . ' As he spoke he picked up the steel poker and , with a sudden effort , straightened it out again . '' In `` The Yellow Face '' , Holmes 's chronicler says , `` Few men were capable of greater muscular effort . '' Influence Sidney Paget illustration of Holmes for `` The Adventure of the Abbey Grange '' Forensic science The Sherlock Holmes stories helped marry forensic science , particularly Holmes ' acute observation of small clues , and literature . He uses trace evidence ( such as shoe and tire impressions ) , fingerprints , ballistics , and handwriting analysis to evaluate his theories and those of the police . Some of the detective 's investigative techniques , such as fingerprint and handwriting analysis , were in their infancy when the stories were written ; Holmes frequently laments the contamination of a crime scene , and crime - scene integrity has become standard investigative procedure . Because of the small scale of much of his evidence ( tobacco ash , hair , or fingerprints ) , the detective often uses a magnifying glass at the scene and an optical microscope at his Baker Street lodgings . He uses analytical chemistry for blood residue analysis and toxicology to detect poisons ; Holmes 's home chemistry laboratory is mentioned in `` The Adventure of the Naval Treaty '' . Ballistics feature in `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' when spent bullets are recovered and matched with a suspected murder weapon . Holmes observes the dress and attitude of his clients and suspects , noting style and state of wear of their clothes , skin marks ( such as tattoos ) , contamination ( such as ink stains or clay on boots ) , their state of mind , and physical condition in order to deduce their origins and recent history . 19th - century Seibert microscope He also applies this method to walking sticks ( The Hound of the Baskervilles ) and hats ( `` The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle '' ) , with details such as medallions , wear , and contamination yielding information about their owners . In 2002 , the Royal Society of Chemistry bestowed an honorary fellowship on Holmes for his use of forensic science and analytical chemistry in popular literature , making him ( as of 2010 ) the only fictional character thus honoured . The detective story Although Holmes is not the original fictional detective ( he was influenced by Edgar Allan Poe 's C. Auguste Dupin and Émile Gaboriau 's Monsieur Lecoq ) , his name has become synonymous with the role . The investigating detective ( such as Agatha Christie 's Hercule Poirot and Dorothy L. Sayers ' Lord Peter Wimsey ) became a popular character for a number of authors . Scientific literature John Radford ( 1999 ) speculated on Holmes 's intelligence . Using Conan Doyle 's stories as data , he applied three methods to estimate the detective 's intelligence quotient and concluded that his IQ was about 190 . Snyder ( 2004 ) examined Holmes 's methods in the context of mid - to late - 19th - century criminology , and Kempster ( 2006 ) compared neurologists ' skills with those demonstrated by the detective . Didierjean and Gobet ( 2008 ) reviewed the literature on the psychology of expertise , using Holmes as a model . Legacy `` Elementary , my dear Watson '' Sherlock Holmes Museum , London Study Drawing room The phrase `` Elementary , my dear Watson '' is never uttered by Holmes in the sixty stories written by Conan Doyle . He often observes that his conclusions are `` elementary '' , however , and occasionally calls Watson `` my dear Watson '' . One of the nearest approximations of the phrase appears in `` The Adventure of the Crooked Man '' when Holmes explains a deduction : `` ' Excellent ! ' I cried . ' Elementary , ' said he . '' William Gillette is widely considered to have originated the phrase with the formulation , `` Oh , this is elementary , my dear fellow '' , allegedly in his 1899 play Sherlock Holmes . However , the script was revised numerous times over the course of some three decades of revivals and publications , and the phrase is present in some versions of the script , but not others . The exact phrase , as well as close variants , can be seen in newspaper and journal articles as early as 1909 ; there is some indication that it was clichéd even then . The phrase `` Elementary , my dear fellow , quite elementary '' appears in P.G. Wodehouse 's novel , Psmith in the City ( 1909 -- 1910 ) , and `` Elementary , my dear Watson , elementary '' in his 1915 novel Psmith , Journalist ( neither spoken by Holmes ) . The exact phrase `` Elementary , my dear Watson '' is used by protagonist Tom Beresford in Agatha Christie 's 1922 novel The Secret Adversary . It also appears at the end of the 1929 film The Return of Sherlock Holmes , the first Holmes sound film . The phrase became familiar with the American public in part due to its use in The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes radio series , broadcast from 1939 to 1947 . The Great Game Main article : Sherlockian game Russ Stutler 's view of 221B Baker Street Conan Doyle 's 56 short stories and four novels are known as the `` canon '' by Holmes aficionados . Early canonical scholars included Ronald Knox in Britain and Christopher Morley in New York . Morley founded the Baker Street Irregulars -- the first society devoted to the Holmes canon -- in 1934 . The Sherlockian game ( also known as the Holmesian game , the Great Game , or simply the Game ) attempts to resolve anomalies and clarify details about Holmes and Watson from the Conan Doyle canon . The Game , which treats Holmes and Watson as real people ( and Conan Doyle as Watson 's literary agent ) , combines history with aspects of the stories to construct biographies and other scholarly analyses of these aspects . Ronald Knox is credited with inventing the Game . One detail analyzed in the Game is Holmes 's birthdate , with Morley contending that the detective was born on 6 January 1854 . Laurie R. King also speculated about Holmes 's birthdate , based on A Study in Scarlet and `` The Adventure of the Gloria Scott '' ; details in `` Gloria Scott '' indicate that Holmes finished his second ( and final ) year of university in 1880 or 1885 . Watson 's account of his own wounding in the Second Afghan War and return to England in A Study in Scarlet place his moving in with Holmes in early 1881 or 1882 . According to King , this suggests that Holmes left university in 1880 ; if he began university at age 17 , his birth year would probably be 1861 . Another topic of analysis is the university Holmes attended . Dorothy L. Sayers suggested that , given details in two of the Adventures , the detective must have studied at Cambridge rather than Oxford : `` of all the Cambridge colleges , Sidney Sussex ( College ) perhaps offered the greatest number of advantages to a man in Holmes 's position and , in default of more exact information , we may tentatively place him there '' . Holmes 's emotional and mental health have long been subjects of analysis in the Game . At their first meeting , in A Study in Scarlet , the detective warns Watson that he gets `` in the dumps at times '' and does n't open his `` mouth for days on end '' . Leslie S. Klinger ( editor of The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes ) has suggested that Holmes exhibits signs of bipolar disorder , with intense enthusiasm followed by indolent self - absorption . Other modern readers have speculated that Holmes may have Asperger 's syndrome , based on his intense attention to details , lack of interest in interpersonal relationships , and tendency to speak in monologues . The detective 's isolation and distrust of women is said to suggest a desire to escape , with William Baring - Gould ( author of Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street : A Life of the World 's First Consulting Detective ) and others -- including Nicholas Meyer , in his novel The Seven Percent Solution -- implying a family trauma , the murder of Holmes 's mother , as the cause . Societies Statue of Holmes in an Inverness cape and a deerstalker cap on Picardy Place in Edinburgh ( Conan Doyle 's birthplace ) In 1934 , the Sherlock Holmes Society ( in London ) and the Baker Street Irregulars ( in New York ) were founded . Both are still active , although the Sherlock Holmes Society was dissolved in 1937 and revived in 1951 . The London society is one of many worldwide who arrange visits to the scenes of Holmes adventures , such as the Reichenbach Falls in the Swiss Alps . The two societies founded in 1934 were followed by many more Holmesian circles , first in the U.S. ( where they are known as `` scion societies '' -- offshoots -- of the Baker Street Irregulars ) and then in England and Denmark . There are at least 250 Sherlockian societies worldwide , including Australia , India , and Japan ( whose society has 80,000 members ) . Museums For the 1951 Festival of Britain , Holmes 's living room was reconstructed as part of a Sherlock Holmes exhibition , with a collection of original material . After the festival , items were transferred to The Sherlock Holmes ( a London pub ) and the Conan Doyle collection housed in Lucens , Switzerland by the author 's son , Adrian . Both exhibitions , each with a Baker Street sitting - room reconstruction , are open to the public . In 1990 , the Sherlock Holmes Museum opened on Baker Street in London , followed the next year by a museum in Meiringen ( near the Reichenbach Falls ) dedicated to the detective . A private Conan Doyle collection is a permanent exhibit at the Portsmouth City Museum , where the author lived and worked as a physician . Other honours Widely considered a British cultural icon , the London Metropolitan Railway named one of its 20 electric locomotives deployed in the 1920s for Sherlock Holmes . He was the only fictional character so honoured , along with eminent Britons such as Lord Byron , Benjamin Disraeli , and Florence Nightingale . A number of London streets are associated with Holmes . York Mews South , off Crawford Street , was renamed Sherlock Mews , and Watson 's Mews is near Crawford Place . Adaptations and derived works The popularity of Sherlock Holmes has meant that many writers other than Arthur Conan Doyle have created tales of the detective in a wide variety of different media , with varying degrees of fidelity to the original characters , stories , and setting . According to The Alternative Sherlock Holmes : Pastiches , Parodies , and Copies by Peter Ridgway Watt and Joseph Green , the first known period pastiche dates from 1893 . Titled `` The Late Sherlock Holmes '' , it came from the pen of Doyle 's close friend , J.M. Barrie , who was to create Peter Pan a decade later . A common take is creating a new story fully detailing an otherwise - passing canonical reference ( such as an aside mentioning the `` giant rat of Sumatra , a story for which the world is not yet prepared '' in `` The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire '' ) . Other adaptations have seen the character taken in radically different directions or placed in different times or even universes . For example , Holmes falls in love and marries in Laurie R. King 's Mary Russell series , is re-animated after his death to fight future crime in the animated series Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century , and is meshed with the setting of H.P. Lovecraft 's Cthulhu Mythos in Neil Gaiman 's `` A Study in Emerald '' ( which won the 2004 Hugo Award for Best Short Story ) . An especially influential pastiche was Nicholas Meyer 's The Seven - Per - Cent Solution , a 1974 New York Times bestselling novel in which Holmes 's cocaine addiction has progressed to the point of endangering his career . It was made into a film of the same name in 1976 and popularised the pastiche - writing trend of introducing clearly identified and contemporaneous historical figures ( such as Oscar Wilde , Aleister Crowley , or Jack the Ripper ) into tales featuring Holmes , something Conan Doyle himself never did . Related and derivative writings Main article : Sherlock Holmes pastiches Further information : List of authors of new Sherlock Holmes stories In addition to the Holmes canon , Conan Doyle 's 1898 `` The Lost Special '' features an unnamed `` amateur reasoner '' intended to be identified as Holmes by his readers . The author 's explanation of a baffling disappearance argued in Holmesian style , pokes fun at his own creation . Similar Conan Doyle short stories are the early `` The Field Bazaar '' , `` The Man with the Watches '' , and 1924 's `` How Watson Learned the Trick '' , a parody of the Watson -- Holmes breakfast - table scenes . The author wrote other material , especially plays , featuring Holmes . Much of it appears in Sherlock Holmes : The Published Apocrypha , edited by Jack Tracy ; The Final Adventures of Sherlock Holmes , edited by Peter Haining , and The Uncollected Sherlock Holmes , compiled by Richard Lancelyn Green . In terms of writers other than Doyle , authors as diverse as Anthony Burgess , Neil Gaiman , Dorothy B. Hughes , Stephen King , Tanith Lee , A.A. Milne , and P.G. Wodehouse have all written Sherlock Holmes pastiches . Notably , famed American mystery writer John Dickson Carr collaborated with Arthur Conan Doyle 's son , Adrian Conan Doyle , on The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes , a pastiche collection from 1954 . In 2011 , Anthony Horowitz published a Sherlock Holmes novel , The House of Silk , presented as a continuation of Conan Doyle 's work and with the approval of the Conan Doyle estate . In early 2014 , a sequel , Moriarty , was announced and published . Some authors have written tales centred on characters from the canon other than Holmes . M.J. Trow has written a series of seventeen books using Inspector Lestrade as the central character , beginning with The Adventures of Inspector Lestrade in 1985 . Carole Nelson Douglas ' Irene Adler series is based on `` the woman '' from `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' , with the first book ( 1990 's Good Night , Mr. Holmes ) retelling that story from Adler 's point of view . Martin Davies has written three novels where Baker Street housekeeper Mrs. Hudson is the protagonist . Mycroft Holmes has been the subject of several efforts : Enter the Lion by Michael P. Hodel and Sean M. Wright ( 1979 ) , a four - book series by Quinn Fawcett , and 2015 's Mycroft , by former NBA star Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . John Gardner , Michael Kurland , and Kim Newman , amongst many others , have all written tales in which Holmes 's nemesis Professor Moriarty is the main character . Anthologies edited by Michael Kurland and George Mann are entirely devoted to stories told from the perspective of characters other than Holmes and Watson . In the 1980 Italian novel The Name of the Rose by Umberto Eco , the central character William of Baskerville alludes to The Hound of the Baskervilles , and his description in the beginning of the book is a tribute to Dr. Watson 's description of Sherlock Holmes when he first makes his acquaintance in A Study in Scarlet . Laurie R. King recreated Holmes in her Mary Russell series ( beginning with 1994 's The Beekeeper 's Apprentice ) , set during the First World War and the 1920s . Her Holmes , semi-retired in Sussex , is stumbled upon by a teenaged American girl . Recognising a kindred spirit , he trains her as his apprentice and subsequently marries her . As of 2016 , the series includes fourteen novels and a novella tied into a book from King 's Kate Martinelli series ( The Art of Detection ) . The Final Solution , a 2004 novella by Michael Chabon , concerns an unnamed but long - retired detective interested in beekeeping who tackles the case of a missing parrot belonging to a Jewish refugee boy . Mitch Cullin 's novel A Slight Trick of the Mind ( 2005 ) takes place two years after the end of the Second World War , and explores an old and frail Sherlock Holmes ( now 93 ) as he comes to terms with a life spent in emotionless logic ; this was also adapted into a film , 2015 's Mr. Holmes . Adaptations in other media Main article : Adaptations of Sherlock Holmes Further information : List of actors who have played Sherlock Holmes Basil Rathbone as Holmes Guinness World Records has listed Holmes as the `` most portrayed movie character '' , with more than 70 actors playing the part in over 200 films . His first screen appearance was in the 1900 Mutoscope film , Sherlock Holmes Baffled . The detective has appeared in many foreign - language versions , including a Russian miniseries broadcast in November 2013 . William Gillette 's 1899 play Sherlock Holmes , or The Strange Case of Miss Faulkner was a synthesis of four Conan Doyle stories : `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' , `` The Final Problem '' , `` The Adventure of the Copper Beeches '' , and A Study in Scarlet . In addition to its popularity , the play is significant because it , rather than the original stories , introduced the key visual qualities commonly associated with Holmes today : his deerstalker hat and calabash pipe . It also formed the basis for the Gillette 's 1916 film , Sherlock Holmes . In his lifetime , Gillette performed as Holmes some 1,300 times . In the early 1900s , H.A. Saintsbury took over the role from Gillette for a tour of the play . Between this play and Conan Doyle 's own stage adaptation of `` The Adventure of the Speckled Band '' , Saintsbury portrayed Holmes over 1,000 times . Basil Rathbone played Holmes and Nigel Bruce played Watson in fourteen U.S. films ( two for 20th Century Fox and a dozen for Universal Pictures ) from 1939 to 1946 , and in The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes on the Mutual radio network from 1939 to 1946 ( before the role of Holmes passed to Tom Conway ) . While the Fox films were period pieces , the Universal films were distinctive for abandoning Victorian Britain and moving to a then - contemporary setting in which Holmes occasionally battled Nazis . The 1984 -- 1985 Italian / Japanese anime series Sherlock Hound adapted the Holmes stories for children , with its characters being anthropomorphic dogs . The series was co-directed by Hayao Miyazaki . Between 1979 and 1986 , Soviet television produced a series of five television films , The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson . The series were split into eleven episodes and starred Vasily Livanov as Holmes and Vitaly Solomin as Watson . Livanov was appointed an Honorary Member of the Order of the British Empire for a performance ambassador Anthony Brenton described as `` one of the best I 've ever seen '' . Jeremy Brett as Holmes in the Granada series Jeremy Brett is considered the definitive Holmes by critic Julian Wolfreys . Brett played the detective in four series of Sherlock Holmes for Britain 's Granada Television from 1984 to 1994 and appeared as Holmes on stage . Watson was played by David Burke and Edward Hardwicke in the series . Bert Coules penned The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams / Andrew Sachs as Watson , based on throwaway references in Doyle 's short stories and novels . He also produced original scripts for this series , which was also issued on CD . Coules had previously dramatised the entire Holmes canon for Radio Four . Benedict Cumberbatch as Holmes in Sherlock The 2009 film Sherlock Holmes , which earned Robert Downey Jr. a Golden Globe Award for his portrayal of Holmes and which co-starred Jude Law as Watson , focuses on Holmes 's antisocial personality . Downey and Law returned for a 2011 sequel , Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows . As of May 2016 , a script for a third film is ready and the aim is to begin shooting before the end of the year ; further sequels are acknowledged as possible . Benedict Cumberbatch plays a modern version of the detective ( with Martin Freeman as John Watson ) in the BBC One TV series Sherlock , which premiered on 25 July 2010 . In the series , created by Mark Gatiss and Steven Moffat , the stories ' original Victorian setting is replaced by present - day London . Cumberbatch 's Holmes uses modern technology ( including texting and blogging ) to help solve crimes . Similarly , on 27 September 2012 , Elementary premiered on CBS . Set in contemporary New York , the series features Jonny Lee Miller as Sherlock Holmes and Lucy Liu as a female Dr. Joan Watson . The 2015 film Mr. Holmes starred Ian McKellen as a retired Sherlock Holmes living in Sussex , in 1947 , who grapples with an unsolved case involving a beautiful woman . The film is based on Mitch Cullin 's 2005 novel A Slight Trick of the Mind . Holmes has also appeared in video games , including the Adventures of Sherlock Holmes series of seven titles . The detective is based on Jeremy Brett 's portrayal , with the series 's plot independent of the Conan Doyle stories . Copyright issues The copyright for Conan Doyle 's works expired in the United Kingdom and Canada at the end of 1980 , was revived in 1996 and expired again at the end of 2000 . The author 's works are now in the public domain in those territories . All works published in the United States before 1923 are in the public domain ; this includes all the Sherlock Holmes stories , except for some of the short stories collected in The Case - Book of Sherlock Holmes . Conan Doyle 's heirs registered the copyright to The Case - Book in 1981 in accordance with the Copyright Act of 1976 . On 14 February 2013 , Leslie S. Klinger ( lawyer and editor of The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes ) filed a declaratory judgement suit against the Conan Doyle estate in the Northern District of Illinois asking the court to acknowledge that the characters of Holmes and Watson were public domain in the U.S. The court ruled in Klinger 's favour on 23 December , and the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed its decision on 16 June 2014 . The case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court , which declined to hear the case , letting the appeals court 's ruling stand . This final step resulted in the characters from the Holmes stories , along with all but ten of the Holmes stories , being in the public domain in the U.S. Works Main article : Canon of Sherlock Holmes Novels A Study in Scarlet ( published 1887 in Beeton 's Christmas Annual ) The Sign of the Four ( published 1890 in Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( serialised 1901 -- 1902 in The Strand ) The Valley of Fear ( serialised 1914 -- 1915 in The Strand ) Short story collections The short stories , originally published in magazines , were later collected in five anthologies : The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( stories published 1891 -- 1892 in The Strand ) The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes ( stories published 1892 -- 1893 in The Strand ) The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( stories published 1903 -- 1904 in The Strand ) His Last Bow : Some Later Reminiscences of Sherlock Holmes ( stories published 1908 -- 1917 ) The Case - Book of Sherlock Holmes ( stories published 1921 -- 1927 ) See also Sherlock Holmes portal Novels portal Fictional characters portal Victorian era portal Popular culture references to Sherlock Holmes HOLMES 2 ( police computer system ) Inductive reasoning List of detectives , constables , and agents in Sherlock Holmes List of Holmesian studies Giovanni Morelli References ^ Jump up to : Sherlock Holmes : pipe dreams , Daily Telegraph 15 December 2009 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Rule , Sheila ( 5 November 1989 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes 's Mail : Not Too Mysterious '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Aislinn ( 4 February 2008 ) . `` Winston Churchill did n't really exist , say teens '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One in five Britons think Sherlock Holmes , Miss Marple and even Blackadder were genuine historical figures '' . Mail Online . 5 April 2011 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Sova , Dawn B. ( 2001 ) . Edgar Allan Poe : A to Z ( Paperback ed . ) . New York : Checkmark Books . pp. 162 -- 163 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4161 - X . Jump up ^ Knowles , Christopher ( 2007 ) . Our Gods Wear Spandex : The Secret History of Comic Book Heroes . San Francisco : Weiser Books . p. 67 . ISBN 1 - 57863 - 406 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lycett , Andrew ( 2007 ) . The Man Who Created Sherlock Holmes : The Life and Times of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . Free Press . pp. 53 -- 54 , 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7523 - 1 . Jump up ^ Barring - Gould , William S . The Annotated Sherlock Holmes . Clarkson N. Potter , Inc. p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 50291 - 7 . Jump up ^ Doyle , A. Conan ( 1961 ) . The Boys ' Sherlock Holmes , New & Enlarged Edition . Harper & Row . p. 88 . Jump up ^ `` Top Hat Terrace ( Leicester ) '' . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Peter D. O'Neill , foreword to Maximilien Heller '' . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Fue Sherlock Holmes un plagio ? '' . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maximilien Holmes . How Intertextuality Influences Translation , by Sandro Maria Perna , Università degli Studi di Padova 2013 / 14 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Klinger , Leslie ( 2005 ) . The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes . New York : W.W. Norton . p. xlii . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05916 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle , Arthur Conan ( 1893 ) . The Original illustrated ' Strand ' Sherlock Holmes ( 1989 ed . ) . Ware , England : Wordsworth . pp. 354 -- 355 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85326 - 896 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Gloria Scott '' Jump up ^ Conan Doyle , Arthur ( 1892 ) , `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' , The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 1577 - 2 1661 at Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Veiled Lodger '' Jump up ^ The Sign of the Four ; Chapter 1 The Science of Deduction ; p. 90 ; Copyright Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle ; Edition published in 1992 -- Barnes & Noble , Inc. `` . ^ Jump up to : `` The Adventure of the Three Garridebs '' Jump up ^ Riggs , Ransom ( 2009 ) . The Sherlock Holmes Handbook . The methods and mysteries of the world 's greatest detective . Philadelphia : Quirk Books . pp. 115 -- 118 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59474 - 429 - 7 . Jump up ^ Conan Doyle , Arthur ( 1903 ) . `` The Adventure of the Norwood Builder '' , Strand Magazine . Jump up ^ Konnikova , Maria . `` How to Think Like Sherlock Holmes '' . Point of Inquiry . Center for Inquiry . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Hound of the Baskervilles Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton '' and `` The Adventure of the Illustrious Client '' Jump up ^ In The Adventure of the Naval Treaty , Holmes remarks that , of his last fifty - three cases , the police have had all the credit in forty - nine . ^ Jump up to : `` The Adventure of the Reigate Squire '' Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Reigate Squire '' and `` The Adventure of the Illustrious Client '' are two examples . Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of Black Peter '' Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Second Stain '' Jump up ^ `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Golden Pince - Nez '' Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Noble Bachelor '' Jump up ^ The Hound of the Baskervilles and `` The Adventure of Black Peter '' Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Bruce - Partington Plans '' , `` The Adventure of the Naval Treaty '' , and after retirement , `` His Last Bow '' . Jump up ^ See , for example , Inspector Lestrade at the end of `` The Adventure of the Norwood Builder '' . Jump up ^ Dalby , J.T. ( 1991 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes 's Cocaine Habit '' . Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine . 8 : 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ `` The Sign of Four '' Jump up ^ `` Wages and Cost of Living in the Victorian Era '' . The Victorian Web . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Liebow , Ely ( 1982 ) . Dr. Joe Bell : Model for Sherlock Holmes . Popular Press . p. 173 . ISBN 9780879721985 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes Quotes '' . The Chronicles of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quotes '' . The Chronicles of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Conan Doyle , Arthur ( 1986 ) . The Complete Sherlock Holmes , Volume 2 . Bantam Books . p. 480 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ The Complete Illustrated Sherlock Holmes , Omega Books Ltd. , 1986 , ISBN 1 - 85007 - 055 - 5 , p. 92 Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes Adventures '' . Discovering Arthur Conan Doyle . Archived from the original on 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Klinger , Leslie ( 1999 ) . `` Lost in Lassus : The missing monograph '' . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Rennison , Nicholas ( 2007 ) . Sherlock Holmes : The Unauthorized Biography . New York : Grove Press . p. 70 . ISBN 9781555848736 . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander Bird ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Abductive Knowledge and Holmesian Inference '' . In Tamar Szabo Gendler and John Hawthorne . Oxford studies in epistemology . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 928590 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Sebeok & Umiker - Sebeok 1984 , pp. 19 -- 28 , esp . p. 22 Jump up ^ Matthew Bunson ( 19 October 1994 ) . Encyclopedia Sherlockiana . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 79826 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Smith ( 1994 ) . Fact and feeling : Baconian science and the nineteenth - Century literary imagination . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 14354 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : A Study in Scarlet Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Adventure of the Yellow Face '' Jump up ^ The Hound of the Baskervilles Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes Quotes '' . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Arthur Conan Doyle ( 1891 ) . A Scandal in Bohemia . Jump up ^ Doyle , Arthur Conan . The Complete Sherlock Holmes . Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday , 1930 . p 1038 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Arthur Conan . The Complete Sherlock Holmes . Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday , 1930 . p 987 . Jump up ^ `` The Guns of Sherlock Holmes '' . Archived from the original on 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ See `` The Red - Headed League '' and `` The Adventure of the Illustrious Client '' . Jump up ^ `` The Mystery of Baritsu '' . The Bartitsu Society . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NI chemist honours Sherlock Holmes '' . BBC News . 16 October 2002 . Retrieved 19 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Radford , John ( 1999 ) . The Intelligence of Sherlock Holmes and Other Three - pipe Problems . Sigma Forlag . ISBN 82 - 7916 - 004 - 3 . Jump up ^ Snyder LJ ( 2004 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes : Scientific detective '' . Endeavour. 28 ( 3 ) : 104 -- 108 . PMID 15350761 . doi : 10.1016 / j. endeavour. 2004.07. 007 . Jump up ^ Kempster PA ( 2006 ) . `` Looking for clues '' . Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 13 ( 2 ) : 178 -- 180 . PMID 16459091 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jocn. 2005.03. 021 . Jump up ^ Didierjean , A & Gobet , F ( 2008 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes -- An expert 's view of expertise '' . British Journal of Psychology . 99 ( Pt 1 ) : 109 -- 125 . PMID 17621416 . doi : 10.1348 / 000712607X224469 . ^ Jump up to : Mikkelson , Barbara and David ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` Sherlock Holms ' Elementary , My Dear Watson ' '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Fred ( 30 October 2006 ) . The Yale Book of Quotations . Yale University Press . p. 215 . ISBN 978 - 0300107982 . Jump up ^ `` Elementary , My Dear Watson '' . Quote Investigator . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Smallwood , Karl ( 27 August 2013 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes Never Said `` Elementary , My Dear Watson '' `` . todayifoundout.com . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Sher , Aubrey ( 15 August 2013 ) . Those Great Old - Time Radio Years . Xlibris . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Liukkonen , Petri . `` Ronald Arbuthnott Knox '' . Books and Writers ( kirjasto.sci.fi ) . Finland : Kuusankoski Public Library . Archived from the original on 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Morley '' . Retrieved 13 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlockian.Net : Societies '' . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Montague , Sarah ( 13 January 2011 ) . `` A Study in Sherlock '' . WNYC : New York , New York Public Radio . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The world of Holmes and Watson '' . Sherlockian.Net . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Baker Street Irregulars Weekend '' . Bsiweekend.com. 5 November 2011 . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LRK on : Sherlock Holmes : Laurie R. King : Mystery Writer '' . Laurie R. King . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Dorothy L. Sayers , `` Holmes 's College Career '' , for the Baker Street Studies , edited by H.W. Bell , 1934 . In the foreword to Unpopular Opinions , in which her essay appeared , Sayers says that the `` game of applying the methods of the Higher Criticism to the Sherlock Holmes canon ... has become a hobby among a select set of jesters here and in America '' . Jump up ^ Lisa Sanders ( 4 December 2009 ) . `` Hidden Clues '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Two Sherlock Holmes museums in Switzerland ? Elementary ! '' . Swissinfo . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Portsmouth City Museum '' . Portsmouth Museums and Records . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Reed , Brian ( 1934 ) . Railway Engines of the World . Oxford University Press . p. 133 . Jump up ^ `` Action & Mystery exhibition inspired by GREAT British icons '' . Gov.uk. 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Mews News . Lurot Brand . Published Summer 2009 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Sanson , Ian . 27 October 2011 . `` The House of Silk by Anthony Horowitz -- Review '' The Guardian . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 10 April 2014 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes returns in new Anthony Horowitz book , Moriarty '' . Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Haft , Adele J. ; White , Jane G. ; White , Robert J ( 1999 ) . The Key to the `` Name of the Rose '' . The University of Michigan Press . Jump up ^ Tuska , Jon ( 1978 ) . The Detective in Hollywood . New York : Doubleday . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 12093 - 7 . Jump up ^ Podolyan , Olga ( 13 November 2013 ) . `` In the new ' Sherlock Holmes ' everything is new '' ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Allen Eyles ( 1986 ) . Sherlock Holmes : A Centenary Celebration . Harper & Row . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015620 - 1 . Jump up ^ Clements , Jonathan ; McCarthy , Helen ( 2006 ) . The Anime Encyclopedia : A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 ( 2nd edition ( Revised & Expanded Edition ) ed . ) . Stone Bridge Press . pp. 580 -- 581 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933330 - 10 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ List of Honorary Awards January - June 2006 , Foreign and Commonwealth Office - UK Ministry of Foreign Affairs Jump up ^ Wolfreys , Julian ( 1996 ) . Adventures of Sherlock Holmes . Ware , England : Wordworth Editions . p. ix . ISBN 1 - 85326 - 033 - 9 . Holmes was reinvented definitively by Jeremy Brett ... It is Brett 's Holmes ... which comes closest to Conan Doyle 's original intentions . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC - Cult Presents : Sherlock Holmes - Bert Coules Interview '' . Jump up ^ `` Bert Coules : writer , director , speaker '' . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bert Coules : Holmes writer and dramatiser for Radio 4 '' . BBC.co.uk . September 2005 . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Charles Prepolec . `` BBC Radio - Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes : Reviewed '' . Jump up ^ `` HFPA -- Nominations and Winners '' . Goldenglobes.org . Archived from the original on 11 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sherlock Holmes 3 ' : Producer Joel Silver Confirms Filming May Start This Fall ; Teases More Sequels '' . Collider. 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Vanessa ( 18 July 2010 ) . `` The Guardian . Sherlock Holmes is back ... sending texts and using nicotine patches '' . London . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Holmes '' . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Itzkoff , Dave ( 19 January 2010 ) . `` For the Heirs to Holmes , a Tangled Web '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Litwak , Mark ( 12 March 2013 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Public Domain '' . Independent Filmmaker Project ( IFP ) . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Techdirt article '' . Techdirt article . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Elementary My Dear Watson ... It 's Called the Public Domain ... Or is It ? '' . Techdirt.com. 24 December 2009 . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Holmes belongs to the world '' . Free Sherlock ! . 14 February 2013 . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Stempel , Jonathan ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes belongs to the public , U.S. court rules '' . Reuters . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes belongs to us all : Supreme Court declines to hear case '' . LA Times . 3 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . Further reading Accardo , Pasquale J. ( 1987 ) . Diagnosis and Detection : Medical Iconography of Sherlock Holmes . Madison , NJ : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . ISBN 0 - 517 - 50291 - 7 . Baring - Gould , William ( 1967 ) . The Annotated Sherlock Holmes . New York : Clarkson N. Potter . ISBN 0 - 517 - 50291 - 7 . Baring - Gould , William ( 1962 ) . Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street : The Life of the World 's First Consulting Detective . New York : Clarkson N. Potter . OCLC 63103488 . Blakeney , T.S. ( 1994 ) . Sherlock Holmes : Fact or Fiction ? . London : Prentice Hall & IBD . ISBN 1 - 883402 - 10 - 7 . Bradley , Alan ( 2004 ) . Ms Holmes of Baker Street : The Truth About Sherlock . Alberta : University of Alberta Press . ISBN 0 - 88864 - 415 - 9 . Campbell , Mark ( 2007 ) . Sherlock Holmes . London : Pocket Essentials . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12823 - 7 . Dakin , David ( 1972 ) . A Sherlock Holmes Commentary . Newton Abbot : David & Charles . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 5493 - 0 . Duncan , Alistair ( 2008 ) . Eliminate the Impossible : An Examination of the World of Sherlock Holmes on Page and Screen . London : MX Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904312 - 31 - 4 . Duncan , Alistair ( 2009 ) . Close to Holmes : A Look at the Connections Between Historical London , Sherlock Holmes and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . London : MX Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904312 - 50 - 5 . Duncan , Alistair ( 2010 ) . The Norwood Author : Arthur Conan Doyle and the Norwood Years ( 1891 -- 1894 ) . London : MX Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904312 - 69 - 7 . Fenoli Marc , Qui a tué Sherlock Holmes ? ( Who shot Sherlock Holmes ? ) , Review L'Alpe 45 , Glénat - Musée Dauphinois , Grenoble - France , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7234 - 6902 - 9 Green , Richard Lancelyn ( 1987 ) . The Sherlock Holmes Letters . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press . ISBN 0 - 87745 - 161 - 3 . Hall , Trevor ( 1969 ) . Sherlock Holmes : Ten Literary Studies . London : Duckworth . ISBN 0 - 7156 - 0469 - 4 . Hall , Trevor ( 1977 ) . Sherlock Holmes and his creator . New York : St Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 71719 - 9 . Hammer , David ( 1995 ) . The Before - Breakfast Pipe of Mr. Sherlock Holmes . London : Wessex Pr . ISBN 0 - 938501 - 21 - 6 . Harrison , Michael ( 1973 ) . The World of Sherlock Holmes . London : Frederick Muller Ltd . Jones , Kelvin ( 1987 ) . Sherlock Holmes and the Kent Railways . Sittingborne , Kent : Meresborough Books . ISBN 0 - 948193 - 25 - 5 . Keating , H.R.F. ( 2006 ) . Sherlock Holmes : The Man and His World . Edison , NJ : Castle . ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2112 - 0 . Kestner , Joseph ( 1997 ) . Sherlock 's Men : Masculinity , Conan Doyle and Cultural History . Farnham : Ashgate . ISBN 1 - 85928 - 394 - 2 . King , Joseph A. ( 1996 ) . Sherlock Holmes : From Victorian Sleuth to Modern Hero . Lanham , US : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 3180 - 5 . Klinger , Leslie ( 2005 ) . The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05916 - 2 . Klinger , Leslie ( 1998 ) . The Sherlock Holmes Reference Library . Indianapolis : Gasogene Books . ISBN 0 - 938501 - 26 - 7 . Knowles , Christopher ( 2007 ) . Our Gods Wear Spandex : The Secret History of Comic Book Heroes . San Francisco : Weiser Books . ISBN 1 - 57863 - 406 - 7 . Lester , Paul ( 1992 ) . Sherlock Holmes in the Midlands . Studley , Warwickshire : Brewin Books . ISBN 0 - 947731 - 85 - 7 . Lieboe , Eli . Doctor Joe Bell : Model for Sherlock Holmes . Bowling Green , Ohio : Bowling Green University Popular Press , 1982 ; Madison , Wisconsin : University of Wisconsin Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87972 - 198 - 5 Mitchelson , Austin ( 1994 ) . The Baker Street Irregular : Unauthorised Biography of Sherlock Holmes . Romford : Ian Henry Publications Ltd . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 4325 - 3 . Payne , David S. ( 1992 ) . Myth and Modern Man in Sherlock Holmes : Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and the Uses of Nostalgia . Bloomington , Ind : Gaslight 's Publications . ISBN 0 - 934468 - 29 - X . Redmond , Christopher ( 1987 ) . In Bed with Sherlock Holmes : Sexual Elements in Conan Doyle 's Stories . London : Players Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 4325 - 3 . Redmond , Donald ( 1983 ) . Sherlock Holmes : A Study in Sources . Quebec : McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 0391 - 9 . Rennison , Nick ( 2007 ) . Sherlock Holmes . The Unauthorized Biography . London : Grove Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 4325 - 9 . Richards , Anthony John ( 1998 ) . Holmes , Chemistry and the Royal Institution : A Survey of the Scientific Works of Sherlock Holmes and His Relationship with the Royal Institution of Great Britain . London : Irregulars Special Press . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 7156 - 1 . Riley , Dick ( 2005 ) . The Bedside Companion to Sherlock Holmes . New York : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 7156 - 1 . Riley , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Highways and Byways of Sherlock Holmes . London : P. &D . Riley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 874712 - 78 - 7 . Roy , Pinaki ( Department of English , Malda College ) ( 2008 ) . The Manichean Investigators : A Postcolonial and Cultural Rereading of the Sherlock Holmes and Byomkesh Bakshi Stories . New Delhi : Sarup and Sons . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7625 - 849 - 4 . Sebeok , Thomas ; Umiker - Sebeok , Jean ( 1984 ) . `` ' You Know My Method ' : A Juxtaposition of Charles S. Peirce and Sherlock Holmes '' . In Eco , Umberto ; Sebeok , Thomas . The Sign of Three : Dupin , Holmes , Peirce . Bloomington , IN : History Workshop , Indiana University Press . pp. 11 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35235 - 4 . OCLC 9412985 . Previously published as chapter 2 , pp. 17 -- 52 of Sebeok , Thomas ( 1981 ) . The Play of Musement . Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 39994 - 6 . LCCN 80008846 . OCLC 7275523 . Shaw , John B. ( 1995 ) . Encyclopedia of Sherlock Holmes : A Complete Guide to the World of the Great Detective . London : Pavilion Books . ISBN 1 - 85793 - 502 - 0 . Smith , Daniel ( 2009 ) . The Sherlock Holmes Companion : An Elementary Guide . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84513 - 458 - 7 . Sova , Dawn B. ( 2001 ) . Edgar Allan Poe : A to Z ( Paperback ed . ) . New York : Checkmark Books . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4161 - X . Starrett , Vincent ( 1993 ) . The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes . London : Prentice Hall & IBD . ISBN 978 - 1 - 883402 - 05 - 1 . Tracy , Jack ( 1988 ) . The Sherlock Holmes Encyclopedia : Universal Dictionary of Sherlock Holmes . London : Crescent Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 65444 - X . Tracy , Jack ( 1996 ) . Subcutaneously , My Dear Watson : Sherlock Holmes and the Cocaine Habit . Bloomington , Ind. : Gaslight Publications . ISBN 0 - 934468 - 25 - 7 . Wagner , E.J. ( 2007 ) . La Scienza di Sherlock Holmes . Torino : Bollati Boringheri . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12823 - 7 . Weller , Philip ( 1993 ) . The Life and Times of Sherlock Holmes . Simsbury : Bracken Books . ISBN 1 - 85891 - 106 - 0 . Wexler , Bruce ( 2008 ) . The Mysterious World of Sherlock Holmes . London : Running Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7624 - 3252 - 3 . External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : Sherlock Holmes Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sherlock Holmes Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sherlock Holmes . Library resources about Sherlock Holmes Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries `` For the Heirs to Holmes , a Tangled Web '' - New York Times article ( 18 January 2010 ) `` The Burden of Holmes '' - Wall Street Journal article The Sherlock Holmes Society of London ( founded 1951 ) Discovering Sherlock Holmes at Stanford University Chess and Sherlock Holmes essay by Edward Winter , Sir Arthur Conan Doyle audio books by Lit2Go from the University of South Florida . Sherlock Holmes plaques on openplaques.org The Sherlock Holmes Collections at the University of Minnesota ( special collections and rare books ) Sherlock Holmes related articles Arthur Conan Doyle 's Sherlock Holmes Canon Adaptations Popular culture Novels A Study in Scarlet ( 1887 ) The Sign of the Four ( 1890 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1902 ) The Valley of Fear ( 1915 ) Story collections The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1892 ) The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes ( 1894 ) The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1905 ) His Last Bow ( 1917 ) The Case - Book of Sherlock Holmes ( 1927 ) Characters Sherlock Holmes Dr. Watson Professor Moriarty Sebastian Moran Irene Adler Inspector Lestrade Mycroft Holmes Baker Street Irregulars Uncollected stories `` The Lost Special '' `` How Watson Learned the Trick '' Lists List of cases List of investigators Universe 221B Baker Street Baritsu Diogenes Club The Dynamics of an Asteroid A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem Related Sherlock fandom Sherlockian game Sherlockiana Sherlock Holmes Museum The Sherlock Holmes Holmesian studies The Strand Magazine Naked Is the Best Disguise Undershaw Portal Literature adaptations of Sherlock Holmes Young Sherlock Holmes by Andy Lane Death Cloud ( 2010 ) Red Leech ( 2010 ) Black Ice ( 2011 ) Fire Storm ( 2011 ) The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes by Adrian Conan Doyle and John Dickson Carr `` The Adventure of the Seven Clocks '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Gold Hunter '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Wax Gamblers '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Highgate Miracle '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Black Baronet '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Sealed Room '' ( 1954 `` The Adventure of Foulkes Rath '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Abbas Ruby '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Dark Angels '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Two Women '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Deptford Horror '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Red Widow '' ( 1954 ) by Nicholas Meyer The Seven - Per - Cent Solution ( 1974 ) The West End Horror ( 1976 ) The Canary Trainer ( 1993 ) Mary Russell series by Laurie R. King The Beekeeper 's Apprentice A Monstrous Regiment of Women A Letter of Mary The Moor O Jerusalem Justice Hall The Game Locked Rooms The Language of Bees The God of the Hive Pirate King Garment of Shadows Dreaming Spies by David Stuart Davies Sherlock Holmes and the Hentzau Affair ( 1991 ) The Tangled Skein ( 1995 ) The Scroll of the Dead ( 1998 ) Shadow of the Rat ( 1999 ) The Veiled Detective ( 2004 ) The Devil 's Promise ( 2014 ) The Ripper Legacy ( 2016 ) by Barrie Roberts Sherlock Holmes and the Man from Hell ( 1997 ) Sherlock Holmes and the Railway Maniac ( 2002 ) by Anthony Horowitz The House of Silk ( 2011 ) Moriarty ( 2014 ) Other works Pursuit of the House - Boat ( 1897 ) A Double Barrelled Detective Story ( 1902 ) The Ultimate Crime ( 1976 ) The Last Sherlock Holmes Story ( 1978 ) `` The Doctor 's Case '' ( 1987 ) The Whitechapel Horrors ( 1993 ) All - Consuming Fire ( 1994 ) The Strange Case of Mrs. Hudson 's Cat ( 1997 ) The Mandala of Sherlock Holmes ( 1999 ) Shadows Over Baker Street ( 2003 ) `` A Study in Emerald '' ( 2003 ) Sherlock Holmes : The Way of All Flesh ( 2004 ) The Final Solution ( 2004 ) A Slight Trick of the Mind ( 2005 ) The Italian Secretary ( 2005 ) Erasing Sherlock ( 2006 ) Sherlock Holmes : The Unauthorized Biography ( 2006 ) Sherlock Holmes Was Wrong ( 2007 ) The Boy Sherlock Holmes ( 2007 -- 12 ) Gaslight series ( 2008 ) Dust and Shadow ( 2009 ) The Devil and Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Sherlock Holmes : The Breath of God ( 2011 ) Dead Man 's Land ( 2013 ) The Albino 's Treasure ( 2015 ) Parody The Enola Holmes Mysteries Everybody 's Favorite Duck The Adventure of the Peerless Peer The Fossil Island Lizzie Newton : Victorian Mysteries Sherlock Bones Solar Pons Stoker and Holmes Thuppariyum Sambu Related Sherlock Holmes : Consulting Detective The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes Screen adaptations of Sherlock Holmes Silent films Sherlock Holmes Baffled ( 1900 ) Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ; or , Held for Ransom ( 1905 ) Sherlock Holmes in the Great Murder Mystery ( 1908 ) Arsène Lupin contra Sherlock Holmes ( 1910 ) Der Hund von Baskerville ( 1914 ) Detektiv Braun ( 1914 ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1914 British film ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1914 US film ) The Valley of Fear ( 1916 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1916 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1922 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1929 ) Stoll series The Dying Detective ( 1921 ) The Devil 's Foot ( 1921 ) The Man with the Twisted Lip ( 1921 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1921 ) The Sign of Four ( 1923 ) Wontner series The Sleeping Cardinal ( 1931 ) The Missing Rembrandt ( 1932 , lost ) The Sign of Four ( 1932 ) The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes ( 1935 ) Silver Blaze ( 1937 ) Rathbone - Bruce series The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1939 ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1939 ) Voice of Terror ( 1942 ) Secret Weapon ( 1942 ) Sherlock Holmes in Washington ( 1943 ) Sherlock Holmes Faces Death ( 1943 ) The Spider Woman ( 1944 ) The Scarlet Claw ( 1944 ) The Pearl of Death ( 1944 ) The House of Fear ( 1945 ) The Woman in Green ( 1945 ) Pursuit to Algiers ( 1945 ) Terror by Night ( 1946 ) Dressed to Kill ( 1946 ) Maslennikov series Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson ( 1979 ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson ( 1980 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1981 ) The Treasures of Agra ( 1983 ) The Twentieth Century Approaches ( 1986 ) By actor Clive Brook The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1929 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1932 ) Peter Cushing The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1959 ) The Masks of Death ( 1984 ) Christopher Lee The Deadly Necklace ( 1962 ) The Leading Lady ( 1991 ) Incident at Victoria Falls ( 1991 ) Robert Downey Jr . Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 ) A Game of Shadows ( 2011 ) Television films Christopher Plummer Silver Blaze ( 1977 ) Murder by Decree ( 1979 ) Ian Richardson The Sign of Four ( 1983 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1983 ) Murder Rooms ( 2000 ) Matt Frewer The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 2000 ) The Sign of Four ( 2001 ) The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire ( 2002 ) The Royal Scandal ( 2003 ) Ian Hart ( as Watson ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 2002 ) The Case of the Silk Stocking ( 2004 ) Other films The Speckled Band ( 1931 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1932 ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1933 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1937 ) A Study in Terror ( 1965 ) The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes ( 1970 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1972 ) Sherlock Holmes in New York ( 1976 ) The Seven - Per - Cent Solution ( 1976 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1982 ) Sherlock Holmes and the Baskerville Curse ( 1983 ) The Case of Marcel Duchamp ( 1984 ) Young Sherlock Holmes ( 1985 ) The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1987 ) Hands of a Murderer ( 1990 ) The Crucifer of Blood ( 1991 ) 1994 Baker Street : Sherlock Holmes Returns ( 1993 ) The Hound of London ( 1993 ) Sherlock : Case of Evil ( 2002 ) Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars ( 2007 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Holmes & Watson . Madrid Days ( 2012 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Comedies , pastiches , and parodies The Mystery of the Leaping Fish ( 1916 ) The Limejuice Mystery or Who Spat in Grandfather 's Porridge ? ( 1930 ) Lelíček ve službách Sherlocka Holmese ( 1932 ) The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes ( 1937 ) The Case of the Screaming Bishop ( 1944 ) Deduce , You Say ! ( 1956 ) They Might Be Giants ( 1971 ) The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes ' Smarter Brother ( 1975 ) The Return of the World 's Greatest Detective ( 1976 ) Sherlock Pink ( 1976 ) The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It ( 1977 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1978 ) The Private Eyes ( 1980 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Without a Clue ( 1988 ) The Adventures of Shirley Holmes ( 1997 ) Zero Effect ( 1998 ) A Samba for Sherlock ( 2001 ) Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler ( 2006 ) Aria the Scarlet Ammo ( 2008 ) Tantei Opera Milky Holmes ( 2009 ) Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) The Empire of Corpses ( 2015 ) Gnomeo & Juliet : Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) Holmes and Watson ( 2018 ) Television series Sherlock Holmes ( 1951 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1954 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1965 -- 68 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1967 -- 68 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1968 ) Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson ( 1979 -- 80 ) Young Sherlock : The Mystery of the Manor House ( 1982 ) The Baker Street Boys ( 1983 ) Sherlock Hound ( 1984 -- 85 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1984 -- 94 ) episodes Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Murder Rooms : The Dark Beginnings of Sherlock Holmes ( 2000 ) Sherlock ( 2010 -- present ) Sherlock Yack ( 2011 -- present ) Elementary ( 2012 -- present ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2013 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2014 ) Video game adaptations of Sherlock Holmes Individual games Sherlock Robin of Sherlock Sherlock Holmes : Hakushaku Reijō Yūkai Jiken Young Sherlock : The Legacy of Doyle 221B Baker Street Sherlock : The Riddle of the Crown Jewels Meitantei Holmes : M - Kara no Chousenjou Consulting Detective series Consulting Detective Consulting Detective Vol. II Consulting Detective Vol . III Adventures of Sherlock Holmes series The Mystery of the Mummy The Case of the Silver Earring The Awakened Sherlock Holmes Versus Arsène Lupin Sherlock Holmes Versus Jack the Ripper The Testament of Sherlock Holmes Crimes & Punishments The Devil 's Daughter Casual games Frogwares The Mystery of Osborne House The Hound of the Baskervilles Other games The Lost Files of Sherlock Holmes series Dai Gyakuten Saiban : Naruhodō Ryūnosuke no Bōken Sherlock Holmes franchise media Authors Stage Sherlock Holmes ( 1899 play ) The Burglar and the Lady ( 1905 play ) Baker Street ( 1965 musical ) Sherlock Holmes : The Musical ( 1988 ) Radio The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1939 -- 47 ) BBC Radio ( 1989 -- 98 ) The Newly Discovered Casebook of Sherlock Holmes ( 1999 ) The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 2002 -- 10 ) Music `` The Tiger of San Pedro '' The Tale of the Giant Rat of Sumatra ( 1974 parody album ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 soundtrack ) Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows ( 2011 soundtrack ) Art Statue in London Comics Baker Street Victorian Undead Other works 221B Baker Street ( board game ) Arthur Conan Doyle Bibliography Sherlock Holmes A Study in Scarlet ( 1887 ) The Sign of the Four ( 1890 ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1892 ) The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes ( 1894 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1902 ) The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1904 ) The Valley of Fear ( 1914 ) His Last Bow ( 1917 ) The Case - Book of Sherlock Holmes ( 1927 ) Professor Challenger The Lost World ( 1912 ) The Poison Belt ( 1913 ) The Land of Mist ( 1926 ) `` When the World Screamed '' ( 1928 ) `` The Disintegration Machine '' ( 1929 ) Other novels The Mystery of Cloomber ( 1889 ) Micah Clarke ( 1889 ) The Firm of Girdlestone ( 1890 ) The White Company ( 1891 ) The Doings of Raffles Haw ( 1892 ) Beyond the City ( 1892 ) The Refugees ( 1893 ) The Parasite ( 1894 ) The Stark Munro Letters ( 1895 ) The Exploits of Brigadier Gerard ( 1896 ) Rodney Stone ( 1896 ) The Tragedy of the Korosko ( 1898 ) A Duet , with an Occasional Chorus ( 1899 ) Adventures of Gerard ( 1903 ) Sir Nigel ( 1906 ) The Maracot Deep ( 1929 ) Short stories `` J. Habakuk Jephson 's Statement '' ( 1884 ) `` Lot No. 249 '' ( 1892 ) `` The Club - Footed Grocer '' ( 1898 ) `` The Brown Hand '' ( 1899 ) `` The Terror of Blue John Gap '' ( 1910 ) `` The Horror of the Heights '' ( 1913 ) Danger ! and Other Stories ( 1918 ) Other `` The Inner Room '' ( 1898 ) The Vital Message ( 1919 ) Related Charles Altamont Doyle James Doyle Richard Doyle John Doyle The Great Wyrley Outrages Undershaw ( home ) VIAF : 173636607 LCCN : no2013039964 ISNI : 0000 0004 1895 3969 GND : 118816322 SELIBR : 382774 SUDOC : 027515362 BNF : cb119538882 ( data ) NLA : 59899753 NKC : jo2016908848 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlock_Holmes&oldid=800640879 '' Categories : Sherlock Holmes Edwardian era Crime film characters Thriller film characters Fictional characters introduced in 1887 Fictional chemists Fictional cocaine users Fictional criminologists Fictional English people Fictional gentleman detectives Martial artists characters in literature Fictional private investigators Fictional smokers Fictional violinists Sherlock Holmes characters Victorian culture Revived fictional characters Hidden categories : Articles with Project Gutenberg links CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from August 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 20 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was the first sherlock holmes book published
[ "First appearing in print in 1887 (in A Study in Scarlet), the character's popularity became widespread with the first series of short stories in The Strand Magazine, beginning with \"A Scandal in Bohemia\" in 1891; additional tales appeared from then until 1927, eventually totalling four novels and 56 short stories. All but one are set in the Victorian or Edwardian eras, between about 1880 and 1914. Most are narrated by the character of Holmes's friend and biographer Dr. Watson, who usually accompanies Holmes during his investigations and often shares quarters with him at the address of 221B Baker Street, London, where many of the stories begin." ]
[ "1887" ]
8865495147042640009
List of countries by military expenditures
List of countries by Military expenditures - wikipedia List of countries by Military expenditures Jump to : navigation , search Countries by military expenditures ( % of their GDP ) in 2014 , based on data from the World Bank Countries by military expenditures ( absolute ) in 2014 , based on data from the World Bank This article is a list of countries by military expenditure in a given year . Military expenditure figures are presented in United States dollars based on either constant or current exchange rates . These results can vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of each country 's currency . Such fluctuations may change a country 's ranking from one year to the next . The first list is based on the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ( SIPRI ) 2017 Fact Sheet , which includes a list on the world 's top 15 military spenders in 2016 , based on current market exchange rates . The second list is based on the 2016 edition of `` The Military Balance '' published by the International Institute for Strategic Studies ( IISS ) using average market exchange rates . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 Notes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links List ( edit ) List by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2017 Fact Sheet ( for 2016 ) SIPRI Military Expenditure Database List by the International Institute for Strategic Studies Top 15 Defence Budgets 2015 Rank Country Spending ( $ Bn . ) % of GDP World total 1,686 01 United States 611.2 3.3 02 China 215.7 1.9 03 Russia 69.2 5.3 04 Saudi Arabia 63.7 10 05 India 55.9 2.5 06 France 55.7 2.3 07 United Kingdom 48.3 1.9 08 Japan 46.1 1.0 09 Germany 41.1 1.2 10 South Korea 36.8 2.7 11 Italy 27.9 1.5 12 Australia 24.3 2.0 13 Brazil 22.8 1.3 14 United Arab Emirates 22.8 5.7 15 Israel 17.8 5.8 16 Canada 15.5 1.0 17 Spain 14.9 1.2 18 Turkey 14.9 2.0 19 Iran 12.3 3.0 20 Algeria 10.6 6.7 21 Singapore 9.9 3.4 22 Republic of China 9.9 1.9 23 Pakistan 9.9 3.4 24 Colombia 9.9 3.4 25 Poland 9.7 2.0 26 Netherlands 9.2 1.2 27 Oman 9.0 16.7 28 Indonesia 7.7 0.9 29 Mexico 6.8 0.6 30 Kuwait 6.3 6.5 Rank Country Spending ( $ Bn . ) 01 United States 597.5 02 China 145.8 03 Saudi Arabia 81.9 04 Russia 65.6 05 United Kingdom 56.2 06 India 48.0 07 France 46.8 08 Japan 41.0 09 Germany 36.7 10 South Korea 33.5 11 Brazil 24.3 12 Australia 22.8 13 Italy 21.6 14 Iraq 21.1 15 Israel 18.6 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : SIPRI estimate . Jump up ^ The figures for Saudi Arabia include expenditure for public order and safety and might be slightly overestimated . Jump up ^ Data from 2014 . See also ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Global annual military spending tops $1.2 trillion Arms industry Military budget List of countries by past military expenditure List of countries by military expenditure per capita List of countries by Global Militarization Index Military budget of the United States Military budget of the People 's Republic of China Military budget of the Russian Federation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Trends in World Military Expenditure , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies ( 11 February 2015 ) . The Military Balance 2015 . London : Routledge . ISBN 1857437667 . Jump up ^ `` Data for all countries from 1988 -- 2016 in constant ( 2015 ) USD ( pdf ) '' ( PDF ) . SIPRI . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 15 Defence Budgets 2015 '' . International Institute for Strategic Studies . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) SIPRI military expenditure database ( sipri.org ) ( hide ) Lists of countries by military rankings Strength Military and paramilitary personnel Military equipment Aircraft carriers Nuclear weapons Finance Arms exports Arms imports Military budget ( per capita ) Militarization index Peacekeeping Global Peace Index Global Terrorism Index UN peacekeepers List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures&oldid=802541598 '' Categories : Military comparisons lists of countries Government finances Military economics Military budgets Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 20 : 38 . About Wikipedia
who spends the most money on their military
[ "\n\n\n\nRank\nCountry\nSpending\n($ Bn.)\n % of GDP\n\n\n\nWorld total\n1,686\n2.2\n\n\n01\n United States\n611.2\n3.3\n\n\n02\n China[a]\n215.7\n1.9\n\n\n03\n Russia\n69.2\n5.3\n\n\n04\n Saudi Arabia[a][b]\n63.7\n10\n\n\n05\n India\n55.9\n2.5\n\n\n06\n France\n55.7\n2.3\n\n\n07\n United Kingdom\n48.3\n1.9\n\n\n08\n Japan\n46.1\n1.0\n\n\n09\n Germany\n41.1\n1.2\n\n\n10\n South Korea\n36.8\n2.7\n\n\n11\n Italy\n27.9\n1.5\n\n\n12\n Australia\n24.3\n2.0\n\n\n13\n Brazil\n22.8\n1.3\n\n\n14\n United Arab Emirates[c]\n22.8\n5.7\n\n\n15\n Israel\n17.8\n5.8\n\n\n16\n Canada\n15.5\n1.0\n\n\n17\n Spain\n14.9\n1.2\n\n\n18\n Turkey\n14.9\n2.0\n\n\n19\n Iran\n12.3\n3.0\n\n\n20\n Algeria\n10.6\n6.7\n\n\n21\n Singapore\n9.9\n3.4\n\n\n22\n Republic of China\n9.9\n1.9\n\n\n23\n Pakistan\n9.9\n3.4\n\n\n24\n Colombia\n9.9\n3.4\n\n\n25\n Poland\n9.7\n2.0\n\n\n26\n Netherlands\n9.2\n1.2\n\n\n27\n Oman\n9.0\n16.7\n\n\n28\n Indonesia\n7.7\n0.9\n\n\n29\n Mexico\n6.8\n0.6\n\n\n30\n Kuwait\n6.3\n6.5\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRank\nCountry\nSpending\n($ Bn.)\n\n\n01\n United States\n597.5\n\n\n02\n China\n145.8\n\n\n03\n Saudi Arabia\n81.9\n\n\n04\n Russia\n65.6\n\n\n05\n United Kingdom\n56.2\n\n\n06\n India\n48.0\n\n\n07\n France\n46.8\n\n\n08\n Japan\n41.0\n\n\n09\n Germany\n36.7\n\n\n10\n South Korea\n33.5\n\n\n11\n Brazil\n24.3\n\n\n12\n Australia\n22.8\n\n\n13\n Italy\n21.6\n\n\n14\n Iraq\n21.1\n\n\n15\n Israel\n18.6\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "United States" ]
-5078703986937267583
Rani Gaidinliu
Rani Gaidinliu - Wikipedia Rani Gaidinliu Jump to : navigation , search Rani Gaidinliu A painting of Gaidinliu ( 1915 - 01 - 26 ) 26 January 1915 Nungkao , Manipur , British India 17 February 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 17 ) ( aged 78 ) Longkao , Manipur , India Nationality Indian Other names Gaidiliu Occupation Spiritual and political leader of the Zeliangrong Nagas Known for Armed resistance against the British Raj Gaidinliu ( 1915 -- 1993 ) was a Naga spiritual and political leader who led a revolt against British rule in India . At the age of 13 , she joined the Heraka religious movement of her cousin Haipou Jadonang . The movement later turned into a political movement seeking to drive out the British from Manipur and the surrounding Naga areas . Within the Heraka faith , she came to be considered an incarnation of the Goddess Cherachamdinliu . Gaidinliu was arrested in 1932 at the age of 16 , and was sentenced to life imprisonment by the British rulers . Jawaharlal Nehru met her at Shillong Jail in 1937 , and promised to pursue her release . Nehru gave her the title of `` Rani '' ( `` Queen '' ) , and she gained local popularity as Rani Gaidinliu . She was released in 1947 after India 's independence , and continued to work for the upliftment of her people . An advocate of the ancestral Naga religious practices , she staunchly resisted the conversion of Nagas to Christianity . She was honoured as a freedom fighter and was awarded a Padma Bhushan by the Government of India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 As Haipou Jadonang 's disciple 3 Rebellion and incarceration 4 Life in independent India 5 Death 6 Legacy 7 References Early life ( edit ) Gaidinliu was born on 26 January 1915 at Nungkao ( or Longkao ) village in the present - day Tousem sub-division of Tamenglong District , Manipur . She was from the Rongmei tribe ( also known as Kabui ) . She was the fifth of eight children , including six sisters and a younger brother , born to Lothonang Pamei and Kachaklenliu . The family belonged to the ruling clan of the village . She did not have a formal education due to the lack of schools in the area . As Haipou Jadonang 's disciple ( edit ) In 1927 , when she was just 13 , Gaidinliu joined the Heraka movement of her cousin Haipou Jadonang , who had emerged as a prominent local leader . Jadonang 's movement was a revival of the Naga tribal religion . It also aimed to end the British rule and establish the self - rule of the Nagas ( Naga Raj ) . It attracted a number of followers from the Zeliangrong tribes ( the Zeme , Liangmai and Rongmei ) . With the arrival of guns from Cachar , it turned into an armed rebellion against the British policies of forced labour and ruthless oppression . Persuaded by Jadonang 's ideology and principles , Gaidinliu became his disciple and a part of his movement against the British . In three years , by the age of 16 , she became a leader of guerrilla forces fighting against the British rulers . Rebellion and incarceration ( edit ) After Jadonang was arrested and hanged by the British in 1931 , Gaidinliu emerged as his spiritual and political heir . She openly rebelled against the British rule , exhorting the Zeliangrong people not to pay taxes . She received donations from the local Nagas , many of whom also joined her as volunteers . The British authorities launched a manhunt for her . She evaded arrest by the police , moving across villages in what are now Assam , Nagaland and Manipur . The Governor of Assam dispatched the 3rd and 4th battalions of the Assam Rifles against her , under the supervision of the Naga Hills Deputy Commissioner JP Mills . Monetary rewards were declared for information leading to her arrest : this included a declaration that any village providing information on her whereabouts will get a 10 - year tax break . Her forces engaged the Assam Rifles in armed conflicts in the North Cachar Hills ( 16 February 1932 ) and the Hangrum village ( 18 March 1932 ) . In October 1932 , Gaidinliu moved to the Pulomi village , where her followers started building a wooden fortress . While the fortress was under construction , an Assam Rifles contingent headed by Captain MacDonald launched a surprise attack on the village on 17 October 1932 . Gaidinliu , along with her followers , was arrested without any resistance near the Kenoma village . Gaidinliu denied that she had any role in the attack on the Hangrum post of the Assam Rifles or the construction of the fort . In December 1932 , her followers from the Leng and the Bopungwemi villages murdered the Kuki chowkidar ( watchman ) of the Lakema Inspection Bungalow in the Naga Hills , suspecting him to be the informer who led to her arrest . Gaidinliu was taken to Imphal , where she was convicted on the charges of murder and abetment of murder after a 10 - month trial . She was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Political Agent 's Court for abetment of murder . Most of her associates were either executed or jailed . From 1933 to 1947 she served time at the Guwahati , Shillong , Aizawl and Tura jails . Many rebels proclaimed her and Jadonang to be their inspiration in refusing to pay taxes to the British . However , her movement declined after the last of her followers , Dikeo and Ramjo , were arrested in 1933 . Jawaharlal Nehru met her at the Shillong Jail in 1937 and he promised to pursue her release . His statement , published in the Hindustan Times , described Gaidinliu as a daughter of the hills and he gave her the title ' Rani ' or Queen of her people . Nehru wrote to the British MP Lady Astor to do something for the release of Rani Gaidinliu but the Secretary of State for India rejected her request stating that trouble may rise again if Rani was released . Life in independent India ( edit ) After the Interim Government of India was set up in 1946 , Rani Gaidinliu was released on Prime Minister Nehru 's orders from Tura jail , having spent 14 years in various prisons . She continued to work for the upliftment of her people after her release . She stayed at Vimrap village of Tuensang with her younger brother Marang till 1952 . In 1952 , she was finally allowed to move back to her native village of Longkao . In 1953 , Prime Minister Nehru visited Imphal where Rani Gaidinliu met and conveyed to him the gratitude and goodwill of her people . Later she met Nehru in Delhi to discuss the development and welfare of Zeliangrong people . Gaidinliu was opposed to the Naga National Council ( NNC ) insurgents , who advocated secessionism from India . Instead , she campaigned for a separate Zeliangrong territory within the Union of India . The rebel Naga leaders criticized Gaidinliu 's movement for the integration of Zeliangrong tribes under one administrative unit . They were also opposed to her working for the revival of the traditional Naga religion of animism or Heraka . The NNC leaders considered her actions an obstacle to their own movement . The Baptist leaders deemed the Heraka revival movement anti-Christian and she was warned of serious consequences if she were not to change her stand . In order to defend the Heraka culture and to strengthen her position , she went underground in 1960 . She organized a private army of about a thousand men equipped rifles to defend and press for her demand for a single Zeliangrong district . In response to Phizo 's declaration of the `` Naga Federal Government '' , she set up her own quasi-administration named the `` Zeliangrong Government of Rani Party '' . In 1964 , the overground Zeliangrong leaders in consultation with underground leaders led by Rani Gaidinliu , demanded `` a separate Zeliangrong Administrative Unit or Political Unit '' within the Union of India . On 29 January 1965 , her followers kidnapped and killed nine Naga rebels from the Ngulong village of the Kohima district , causing great uproar . In 1966 , after six years of hard underground life in old age , under an agreement with the Government of India , Rani Gaidinliu came out from her jungle hideout to work for the betterment of her people through peaceful , democratic and non-violent means . She went to Kohima on 20 January 1966 , and met the Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in Delhi on 21 February 1966 , demanding the creation of a separate Zeliangrong administrative unit . On 24 September 320 of her followers surrendered at Henima . Some of them were absorbed into the Nagaland Armed Police . During her stay at Kohima , she was conferred `` Tamrapatra Freedom Fighter Award '' in 1972 , the Padma Bhushan ( 1982 ) and the Vivekananda Seva Award ( 1983 ) . Death ( edit ) In 1991 , Gaidinliu returned to her birthplace Longkao , where she died on 17 February 1993 at the age of 78 . The Governor of Manipur , Chintamani Panigrahi , the Home Secretary of Nagaland , officials from Manipur and many people from all parts of the North Eastern region attended her funeral at her native village . In Imphal , the Chief Minister of Manipur R.K. Dorendro Singh , Deputy Chief Minister , Rishang Keishing and others paid floral tributes and a general holiday was declared by the State Government . Rani Gaidinliu was also conferred the Birsa Munda Award posthumously . The Government of India issued a postal stamp in her honour in 1996. The Government of India issued a commemorative coin in her honour in 2015 . Legacy ( edit ) Because of the Heraka movement 's hostility towards Christianity , Gaidinliu 's heroics were not acknowledged highly among the Nagas , most of whom had converted to Christianity by the 1960s . The Naga nationalist groups do n't recognize her either , because she was considered close to the Government of India . When the Hindu nationalist Sangh Parivar aligned with the Heraka movement in the 1970s , the perception that she was a promoter of Hinduism grew stronger among the Christian Nagas . In 2015 , when the Central government and T.R. Zeliang 's state government decided to construct a Gaidinliu memorial hall , several civil society organizations in the Nagaland state opposed the move . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kusumlata Nayyar ( 2002 ) . Rani Gaidinliu . Ocean Books . ISBN 978 - 81 - 88322 - 09 - 1 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Arkotong Longkumer ( 4 May 2010 ) . Reform , Identity and Narratives of Belonging : The Heraka Movement in Northeast India . Continuum International Publishing Group . pp. 162 -- 176 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 3970 - 3 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Rani Gaidinliu - the true freedom fighter , India-north-east.com Jump up ^ 97th birth anniversary of Rani Gaidinliu observed . Assam Tribune , 30 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The Rani Of The Nagas by Pritam Sengupta . Outlook , 22 August 2005 . Jump up ^ S.S. Shashi ( 1996 ) . Encyclopaedia Indica : India , Pakistan , Bangladesh . Anmol Publications . p. 1270 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7041 - 859 - 7 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ History Of the Frontier Areas Bordering On Assam 1883 - 1941 by Sir Robert Reid , page 86 . Jump up ^ Amit Kumar Nag ( 1976 ) . Rani Gaidinliu : A Study of the Jadonang Movement of the Nagas . Tribal Mirror Publications . p. 18 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Padma Awards '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . 2015 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Rani Gaidinliu . Eastern Panorama . Jump up ^ Remembering Rani Gaidinliu and her legacy Jump up ^ Rulers & Royalty on Stamps Jump up ^ Commemorative Coin Jump up ^ Rahul Karmakar ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) . `` Rani Gaidinliu : A Naga queen and BJP 's spin machine '' . Hindustan Times . Jump up ^ Prasanta Mazumdar ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Nagaland Outfit Joins Chorus Against Rani Memorial '' . Indian Express . ( hide ) Padma Bhushan award recipients ( 1980 -- 1989 ) 1980 Sunil Gavaskar 1981 Vainu Bappu Prafulla Desai A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Gopinath Mohanty Amritlal Nagar Mrinal Sen Avabai Bomanji Wadia 1982 Jasbir Singh Bajaj Sundaram Balachander Gottipati Brahmaiah Rani Gaidinliu Khadim Hussain Khan Stella Kramrisch Jal Minocher Mehta Grace Morley Syed Zahoor Qasim Kamal Ranadive P.N. Pattabhirama Sastri Jhabarmal Sharma Ajit Ram Verma Richard Attenborough Doraiswamy Iyengar V.G. Jog K. Sankaran Nair Prem Nazir Swraj Paul , Baron Paul Rajkumar K.G. Ramanathan Kershasp Tehmurasp Satarawala Subodh Chandra Sengupta Adi M. Sethna Arun Kumar Sharma Benudhar Sharma Bhalindra Singh Umrao Singh 1984 Horace Alexander Michael Ferreira Sivaji Ganesan Jnan Prakash Ghosh Kotha Satchidananda Murthy Hosur Narasimhaiah Sripada Pinakapani Ishwari Prasad B.C. Sanyal Marie Seton Archana Sharma Obaid Siddiqi Natwar Singh Ganda Singh Vijay Tendulkar Baldev Upadhyaya 1985 Durga Das Basu Shiba P. Chatterjee Virender Lal Chopra Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon Santidev Ghosh Bhimsen Joshi Sadat Abul Masud Kalanidhi Narayanan Bernard Peters Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai Gopala Ramanujam S. Ramaseshan Amarjit Singh Tribhuvandas Luhar Gurbachan Singh Talib Bhalchandra Udgaonkar Srinivasan Varadarajan 1986 Pushpa Mittra Bhargava Ela Bhatt Manohar Lal Chibber Aminuddin Dagar V. Krishnamurthy Jean Riboud Sidney Dillon Ripley Rajeev Sethi Martand Singh Badri Nath Tandon Gulshan Lal Tandon R.K. Trivedi Balamani Amma Kishori Amonkar Nikhil Banerjee Roddam Narasimha R.D. Pradhan Annada Shankar Ray Julio Ribeiro Man Mohan Sharma Farokh Udwadia Mohammad Yunus 19th Kushok Bakula Rinpoche Ram Prakash Bambah Kartar Singh Duggal Ashok Sekhar Ganguly Abid Hussain Shreyans Prasad Jain Kelucharan Mohapatra Bal Ram Nanda Akkineni Nageswara Rao Pratury Trirumala Rao Renuka Ray B.V. Sreekantan Satya Pal Wahi Fenner Brockway , Baron Brockway Banoo Jehangir Coyaji Girija Devi Kattingeri Krishna Hebbar Girilal Jain Anna Rajam Malhotra M.V. Mathur Ashesh Prosad Mitra Russi Mody Suresh Shankar Nadkarni Narinder Singh Randhawa Yoshio Sakurauchi Lakshman Singh Prakash Narain Tandon # Posthumous conferral 1954 -- 1959 1960 -- 1969 1970 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 VIAF : 3414689 LCCN : n81044316 ISNI : 0000 0003 7420 026X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rani_Gaidinliu&oldid=794699085 '' Categories : 1915 births 1993 deaths Naga people Animists Indian independence activists from Manipur Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work Indian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment Prisoners and detainees of British India People from Tamenglong district 20th - century Indian educators 20th - century Indian women Women from Manipur Women Indian independence activists Indian women social workers Hidden categories : Use Indian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Use dmy dates from January 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া हिन्दी മലയാളം ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2017 , at 15 : 07 . 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who raised the banner of revolt against the british government in manipur
[ "Gaidinliu (1915–1993) was a Naga spiritual and political leader who led a revolt against British rule in India.[1] At the age of 13, she joined the Heraka religious movement of her cousin Haipou Jadonang. The movement later turned into a political movement seeking to drive out the British from Manipur and the surrounding Naga areas. Within the Heraka faith, she came to be considered an incarnation of the Goddess Cherachamdinliu.[2] Gaidinliu was arrested in 1932 at the age of 16, and was sentenced to life imprisonment by the British rulers. Jawaharlal Nehru met her at Shillong Jail in 1937, and promised to pursue her release. Nehru gave her the title of \"Rani\" (\"Queen\"), and she gained local popularity as Rani Gaidinliu." ]
[ "Gaidinliu" ]
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Game of Thrones (season 7)
Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) -- August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Game of Thrones episodes The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16 , 2017 , and concluded on August 27 , 2017 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each , the seventh season consisted of only seven . Like the previous season , it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show 's main plotlines , featuring major events such as Daenerys Targaryen arriving in Westeros with her army and three dragons and waging war against the Lannisters , Jon Snow forging an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army , Arya and Bran returning to Winterfell and reuniting with their sister Sansa , and the army of the dead breaching the Wall ( with the help of a reanimated wight dragon ) and entering the Seven Kingdoms . HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21 , 2016 , three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season , and began filming on August 31 , 2016 . The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia and Iceland . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington . The season introduces several new cast members , including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 2.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 2.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 2.2. 3 In the Riverlands 2.2. 4 In King 's Landing 2.2. 5 In Oldtown 2.2. 6 At Dragonstone 2.2. 7 In flashbacks 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Casting 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Promotion 3.7 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Ratings 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Home media 5.3 Illegal distribution 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 At the Twins , Arya fatally poisons the remaining lords of House Frey . The White Walkers march toward the Wall , where Tollett allows Bran and Meera inside . At Winterfell , despite Sansa 's disapproval , Jon secures the loyalties of Houses Umber and Karstark , who fought alongside Ramsay in the Battle of the Bastards . At the Citadel , Samwell steals books that reveal a large reservoir of dragonglass in Dragonstone , and sends word to Jon . He later finds Jorah in a cell . In the Riverlands , Arya meets a group of friendly Lannister soldiers , who take her intention to kill Cersei as a joke . Thoros shows Sandor a vision in the fire . The revelation leads him to believe in the Lord of Light . In King 's Landing , Jaime tells Cersei of the crucial need for allies . She welcomes Euron , who proposes marriage to her in exchange for his Iron Fleet and a chance to kill Theon and Yara . Cersei declines citing trust as a concern , so Euron promises to return with a `` gift '' to prove his loyalty . Daenerys arrives at Dragonstone , the home of House Targaryen once occupied by Stannis , with her army and dragons . 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 Daenerys sends the Dornishmen with Yara 's fleet to Sunspear and the Unsullied to Casterly Rock , deciding to place King 's Landing under siege . She questions Varys ' loyalty and threatens to burn him alive if he ever betrays her . Melisandre arrives and encourages her to invite Jon Snow to Dragonstone . Grey Worm and Missandei consummate their relationship . Cersei gathers several lords , asking for their fealties and elevating Randyll Tarly as Warden of the South . Qyburn shows Cersei a prototype ballista capable of killing dragons . Arya meets with Hot Pie and learns of Jon 's ascension to King in the North , halting plans to travel to King 's Landing and instead setting course for Winterfell . After receiving Samwell 's letter , Jon leaves for Dragonstone in hopes of convincing Daenerys to support the fight against the White Walkers . He leaves Sansa in charge and aggressively warns Littlefinger to keep his distance . Samwell applies a forbidden treatment on Jorah 's Greyscale infection . Euron 's fleet attacks Yara 's . Obara and Nymeria are killed , while Ellaria , Tyene , and Yara are captured . Theon shows flashes of his time as Reek , hesitating to challenge Euron before fleeing the carnage by jumping into the sea . 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 Jon arrives at Dragonstone . Daenerys demands his fealty . He refuses and focuses instead on convincing her to fight the Army of the Dead . Following Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys grants Jon access to the island 's dragonglass . Melisandre hides her presence from Jon and leaves for Volantis . Bran arrives at Winterfell and reveals his newfound role as the Three - Eyed Raven to Sansa . In King 's Landing , Euron returns with Ellaria and Tyene as a gift for Cersei , who promises to marry him after the war is won . She also awards him co-control of her military alongside Jaime . Cersei administers the same poison to Tyene used to kill Myrcella , forcing Ellaria to watch her daughter 's impending death . In Oldtown , a healed Jorah leaves to find Daenerys . Ebrose forgives Samwell . Grey Worm and the Unsullied attack Casterly Rock , only to find it mostly abandoned . Jaime led most of the Lannister forces in an attack on Highgarden , while Euron 's fleet ambushes and destroys the Unsullied 's ships . The Lannister forces overwhelm Olenna 's army . Jaime induces Olenna to drink poison , offering her a quick and painless death . After drinking it , she confesses to poisoning Joffrey . 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 Arya returns to Winterfell , where she reunites with Sansa and spars with Brienne , both of whom are unnerved by her exceptional fighting skills . Bran unemotionally bids farewell to Meera , divulging that he is no longer the boy she accompanied through the North . Littlefinger presents Bran with the dagger that was previously used in his attempted assassination . Cersei assures the Iron Bank a full return on their investment , as a train carrying gold from Highgarden is on its way to King 's Landing . In a cave filled with dragonglass , Jon reveals ancient paintings to Daenerys depicting the First Men and the Children of the Forest joining forces against the undead . Later , Daenerys learns of the sacking of Highgarden by Lannister forces and realizes her attack on Casterly Rock was a distraction . Despite Tyrion 's protests , she decides to take action . Led by Daenerys riding Drogon , the Dothraki cavalry catches the Lannister army by surprise and decimate or capture its remaining forces . Drogon is wounded during the fight by a spear fired from the scorpion ballista being manned by Bronn . Jaime mounts a desperate charge on horseback at a vulnerable Daenerys , but Drogon spews fire in time to thwart the attack . Bronn tackles Jaime into the river in time to save him . 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 Jaime and Bronn return to King 's Landing . Against Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys has Drogon burn Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive for remaining allegiant to Cersei , forcing the other captives to pledge fealty to the former . Jorah arrives at Dragonstone and reunites with Daenerys . Maester Wolkan alerts Jon and the Citadel about the approaching wights to the Eastwatch by the Sea . Jon decides to travel beyond the Wall and capture a wight in order to convince Cersei for a temporary alliance . Davos smuggles Tyrion inside King 's Landing , where he secretly meets with Jaime and offers an armistice , which Cersei accepts , informing Jaime that she is pregnant . Davos rendezvouses with Gendry and returns him to Dragonstone . With the Citadel ignoring Wolkan 's letter , Samwell steals several books and leaves with Gilly and Little Sam . At Winterfell , Littlefinger notices Arya spying on him and leads her to take a letter written by Sansa from his room . Jon , Jorah , and Gendry , joined by the Hound , the Brotherhood , and a group of the Free Folk led by Tormund , leave Eastwatch and pass the Wall , intending to capture a wight as evidence for Cersei that the Army of the Dead is real . 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 At Winterfell , Littlefinger plots to isolate Sansa . Tensions between Arya and Sansa grow following Arya 's discovery of the letter Sansa sent as a child begging for Robb 's fealty to Joffrey . Sansa discovers Arya 's bag of faces she took from Braavos . At Dragonstone , Tyrion counsels Daenerys about her upcoming negotiations with Cersei . Beyond the Wall , Jon leads a raiding party to capture a wight to bring South as evidence of the White Walkers ' existence . After successfully capturing one , the group is besieged by the White Walker army . Jon has Gendry return to Eastwatch and send a raven to Daenerys to request her help . Thoros freezes to death overnight . Daenerys arrives and saves the group from the wights , with the help of her dragons . The Night King , leader of the White Walkers , throws an ice spear at Viserion , one of Daenerys ' dragons , and kills it . Daenerys flies off , along with the raiding party , but is unable to save Jon . Benjen Stark intervenes and sacrifices himself to allow Jon to escape . When Jon and Daenerys are reunited , Jon pledges himself and the North to Daenerys as Queen . The Night King resurrects Viserion , making the dragon a part of his army . 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 At King 's Landing , the wight is presented to the Lannisters . Cersei demands Jon 's neutrality in the Great War , but he upholds his oath to Daenerys , provoking Cersei to leave . Tyrion meets privately with Cersei , apparently persuading her to ally . Cersei later reveals to Jaime that she was lying and instead intends to use the Golden Company of Braavos to secure her hold on Westeros . Disgusted , Jaime deserts her and rides north . Bound for White Harbor , Jon and Daenerys make love . At Dragonstone , Theon earns the respect of his men and leads them to rescue Yara . At Winterfell , Littlefinger sows dissent using Arya 's threatening demeanor with Sansa , who assembles a trial . After listing Littlefinger 's acts of treason against House Stark and the North , Sansa has Arya execute him . Samwell arrives at Winterfell and meets with Bran , where both discuss Jon 's parentage . They realise Jon is a trueborn Targaryen named Aegon and valid heir to the Iron Throne , with his parents -- Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark -- having married in secret . At Eastwatch , an undead Viserion damages the Wall , allowing the Army of the Dead to march south . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Carice van Houten as Melisandre Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Conleth Hill as Varys John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear . In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Neil Fingleton as giant wight Ian Whyte as giant wight In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie In King 's Landing ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Anton Lesser as Qyburn Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris In Oldtown ( edit ) Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose At Dragonstone ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Brendan Cowell as Harrag Staz Nair as Qhono In flashbacks ( edit ) Aisling Franciosi as Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Robert Aramayo as Ned Stark Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season . The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 7 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 2 and 3 ) , Matt Shakman ( episodes 4 and 5 ) and Alan Taylor ( episode 6 ) . This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season . Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director , with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons . Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer , after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season . She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons , as well as the end of the sixth season . Writing ( edit ) Depending upon the release of George R.R. Martin 's forthcoming The Winds of Winter , the seventh season may comprise original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series . According to previous reports , some of the show 's sixth season had consisted of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin . Filming ( edit ) The shores of Gaztelugatxe were used as a location for filming Season 7 . Filming began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , and ended in February 2017 . In an interview with the showrunners , it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming . The showrunners stated `` We 're starting a bit later because , you know , at the end of this season , winter is here , and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more . We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim , gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot . '' Girona , Spain did not return as one of the filming locations . Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing . It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland , Spain and Iceland , with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016 . The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville , Cáceres , Almodóvar del Río , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika , Las Atarazanas , the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe , an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo . The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum , which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season . Some scenes were filmed in Iceland . Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik , Croatia , which is used for location of King 's Landing . The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta , Canada . Casting ( edit ) Deadline reported on June 21 , 2016 , that the five main cast members , Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons . It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season . It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation , for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons . On August 31 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a `` significant '' role . It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast , with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma , who had previously played the role in `` Blood of My Blood '' . The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris , who did not appear in the sixth season , Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie , who last appeared in the fourth season , and Joe Dempsie as Gendry , who last appeared in the third season and maintains his status as starring cast member . Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances . British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season . Guitarist / vocalist of American heavy metal band Mastodon , Brent Hinds , has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance . This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series , following his appearance ( along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher ) in the fifth season . Episodes ( edit ) On April 21 , 2016 , HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones , just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season . According to an interview with co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating at the time of the interview that they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Director Jack Bender , who worked on the show 's sixth season , said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes . Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame , as Weiss said `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed on July 18 , 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16 . According to a report by Entertainment Weekly , the seventh season of the series includes its longest episode , with the finale running for 81 minutes . The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode . The first five episodes mostly run longer than average ( 55 minutes ) , at 59 , 59 , 63 , 50 , and 59 minutes respectively . The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale , `` The Winds of Winter '' , which ran 69 minutes . Promotion ( edit ) On July 23 , 2016 , a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs , and shots of crew members creating sets and props . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28 , 2016 , showcasing Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Arya Stark . On March 1 , 2017 , HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for a cross-promotional partnership . At least 19 individual teams participate with this promotion . On March 8 , 2017 , HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin , Texas , which teases the battle of `` ice vs. fire '' . Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event , along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . On March 9 , 2017 , HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16 , 2017 . It was accompanied by a teaser trailer . On March 30 , 2017 , the first official promo for the show was released , highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen , Jon Snow , and Cersei Lannister . On April 20 , 2017 , HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season . On May 22 , 2017 , HBO released several new photos from the new season . On May 23 , 2017 , HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King . The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24 , 2017 . The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever , being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms , in the first 24 hours . The second official trailer was released on June 21 , 2017 . The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12 , 2017 . Music ( edit ) See also : Game of Thrones : Season 7 ( soundtrack ) Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the seventh season has a 96 percent approval rating from 37 critics with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 , and a 93 % average episode score , with the site 's consensus reading `` After a year - long wait , Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones . '' Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release . The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well . In the UK , the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days , setting a new record for Sky Atlantic . Compared to the previous season , HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent . HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region , with a 29 percent climb . In Germany , the show went up 210 percent , in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase . In the United States , the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television , and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included . Over the season , the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platform . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Dragonstone '' July 16 , 2017 4.7 10.11 1.1 2.62 5.8 12.74 `` Stormborn '' July 23 , 2017 4.3 9.27 1.4 3.08 5.7 12.37 `` The Queen 's Justice '' July 30 , 2017 4.3 9.25 1.1 2.72 5.4 11.97 `` The Spoils of War '' August 6 , 2017 4.6 10.17 1.7 3.76 6.3 13.94 5 `` Eastwatch '' August 13 , 2017 5.0 10.72 1.6 3.67 6.6 14.41 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' August 20 , 2017 4.7 10.24 1.6 3.74 6.3 13.98 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' August 27 , 2017 5.7 12.07 1.4 3.35 7.1 15.44 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries . While in some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Home media ( edit ) The season will be released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12 , 2017 . Illegal distribution ( edit ) The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired . On August 4 , 2017 , it was reported that , two days before its original broadcast , the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India , one of HBO 's international network partners . The leaked copy has the `` for internal viewing only '' watermark . On July 31 , 2017 , due to a security breach , HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data . However , `` this was not related to this episode leak '' , according to The Verge . On August 16 , 2017 , four days before its intended release , it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed . Data from by piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming , with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy . On average , each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HBO Renews Hit Series `` Game of Thrones , '' `` Silicon Valley '' and `` Veep '' for 2017 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Opam , Kwame ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 premieres on July 16th '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - game of thrones on hbo '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin revealed 3 huge shocks to Game of Thrones producers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series - best audience with Season 7 premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy ( R ) - and Golden Globe - Winning HBO Series `` Game of Thrones '' Returns for Seventh Season July 16 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Sarah ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Gendry 's back ! The lost son of King Baratheon will return during the 7th season of ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game Of Thrones ' Photos Hint At Season 7 Clues '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones star is delighted to be back at Castle Black '' . The Shield Gazette . October 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Jacob ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : First Photos '' . Variety . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Dan ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` PICTURE EXCLUSIVE : Game Of Thrones cast film battle scenes for new series in Northern Ireland ... a day after scooping 12 awards at the Emmys '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # WinterIsComing # Belfast # Irishthrones Just a casual walk amongst the green fields of Corbet and i bump into these people ! ! '' . Twitter . September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Parkinson CV '' . Independent Talent . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Photos and Special Effects Featurette '' . / Film . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # watchersOTthewall # Irishthrones # Belfast These are a few more sightings of many ! ! Care to work out what the plot might be hehe ? ? '' . Twitter . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` @ IrishThrones @ WatchersOTWall @ magnificentMR @ GameOfThrones More pics for your theories ! ! '' . Twitter . October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Game Of Thrones Season 7 Trailer : ' Fight Every Battle ! ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer : `` The Great War is Here '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Everything We Know So Far '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 spoilers : Tom Hopper lands recast role '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Expect to See a Lot More of Braavos in Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Jim Broadbent in first season 7 role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Jim Broadbent on Game of Thrones , public school , and his ' arrogant , pompous ' Sense Of An Ending role ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Gemma Whelan on Yara 's Sexuality and Freezing on Set '' . Vulture . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Jessica Henwick 's Sandsnake almost vanished from show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Everyone 's Least Favorite ' Game Of Thrones ' Characters Are Returning In Season 7 '' . Uproxx . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 directors revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` What We Can Expect from Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noble , Matt ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' director Jeremy Podeswa dishes Jon Snow death , teases season six ( Exclusive Video ) '' . GoldDerby . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` The incredible locations that will star in Game of Thrones season 7 '' . Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Premiere Pushed to Summer 2017 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones team on season 7 , who should be on Iron Throne '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riefe , Jordan ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Parodies Proliferate as Filming Wraps on Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Production Delayed '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trivedi , Sachin ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Braavos may not be featured ; Multiple battles near castles '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMMY ® - AND GOLDEN GLOBE - WINNING HBO SERIES GAME OF THRONES TO BEGIN PRODUCTION ON SEASON SEVEN THIS SUMMER '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ZUMAIA Y ZONA NORTE : '' . Facebook . August 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Atarazanas será escenario del rodaje de la séptima temporada de ' Juego de Tronos ' '' . El Correoweb . September 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Juego de Tronos ' grabará en Trujillo el 18 de noviembre '' . Hoy.es . August 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We have had confirmation that The Dark Hedges at Stranocum in Ireland will be used for # GameOfThrones Season 7 filming this week # KingsRoad '' . Twitter . October 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE -- Game of Thrones is back in Dubrovnik '' . The Dubrovnik Times . December 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mertz , Emily ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' was in Banff to film some scenes with wolves '' . Global News . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Stars Set For Potential Season 8 On HBO With Big Raises '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Are These Characters `` Safe '' After Renewing Contracts Through Season 8 ? `` . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Robert De Niro 's Making How Much ? ! TV Is Becoming an ATM for Top Talent '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Bastille ' film cameo in battle sequence ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Huff , Lauren ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran to Appear in ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toney , Jordan ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Mastodon 's Brent Hinds is returning back to ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 7 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Director Jack Bender Talks Direwolf Deaths , Lost , and Holding That Door '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Boom , Daniel ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 finale will be pretty damn long '' . CNET . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Will Have the Show 's Longest Episode Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Finale Is Practically Movie - Length '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Setaro , Shawn ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Drops Season 7 Teaser '' . Complex . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kiberley ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Does First Season 7 Footage Hint at Stark Reunion ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Starks back on form as Game of Thrones season 7 teaser trailer airs '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Teams With Major League Baseball For Cross Promotions '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 first poster teases ice vs. fire '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Watch the Haunting First Season 7 Teaser Trailer Now '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones first season 7 photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones unleashes epic season 7 dragon war photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 : The Night King Is Coming in Eerie New Poster '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer Snags 61 Million Views In First 24 Hours , HBO Says '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Premiere as HBO Brings Winter to Downtown L.A. '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones boom : Ratings hit 30 million viewers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rules the cable Live + 3 ratings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' finale reaches all - time highs : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornnush , Jonathon ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 Blu - Ray , DVD , Digital Download Release Dates , Bonus Features Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Rob ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 premiere was pirated a staggering 90 million times '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones episode 4 leaks online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones script and other HBO episodes reportedly leak online following hack '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Game of Thrones episode leaks online before TV broadcast '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` HBO has accidentally broadcast this week 's Game of Thrones '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Pirated Over a Billion Times '' . TorrentFreak . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website -- ( U.S. ) Official website -- ( U.K. ) Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)&oldid=804373108 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Português Română Русский Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 15 : 47 . 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when is the finale of got season 7
[ "The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017.[1][2][3] Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven.[4] Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series.[5][better source needed] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss." ]
[ "August 27, 2017" ]
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Broccoli
Broccoli - wikipedia Broccoli Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Broccoli ( disambiguation ) . Broccoli Species Brassica oleracea Cultivar group Italica Origin Italy , more than 2,000 years ago Broccoli is an edible green plant in the cabbage family whose large flowering head is eaten as a vegetable . The word broccoli comes from the Italian plural of broccolo , which means `` the flowering crest of a cabbage '' , and is the diminutive form of brocco , meaning `` small nail '' or `` sprout '' . Broccoli is often boiled or steamed but may be eaten raw . Broccoli is classified in the Italica cultivar group of the species Brassica oleracea . Broccoli has large flower heads , usually green in color , arranged in a tree - like structure branching out from a thick , edible stalk . The mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves . Broccoli resembles cauliflower , which is a different cultivar group of the same species . Broccoli is a result of careful breeding of cultivated Brassica crops in the northern Mediterranean starting in about the 6th century BC . Since the time of the Roman Empire , broccoli has been considered a uniquely valuable food among Italians . Broccoli was brought to England from Antwerp in the mid-18th century by Peter Scheemakers . Broccoli was first introduced to the United States by Southern Italian immigrants , but did not become widely popular until the 1920s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Varieties 2 Production 2.1 Cultivation 2.2 Pests 3 Nutrition 4 Taste 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Varieties Broccoli plants in a nursery There are three commonly grown types of broccoli . The most familiar is Calabrese broccoli , often referred to simply as `` broccoli '' , named after Calabria in Italy . It has large ( 10 to 20 cm ) green heads and thick stalks . It is a cool season annual crop . Sprouting broccoli has a larger number of heads with many thin stalks . Purple cauliflower is a type of broccoli grown in Europe and North America . It has a head shaped like cauliflower , but consisting of tiny flower buds . It sometimes , but not always , has a purple cast to the tips of the flower buds . Other cultivar groups of Brassica oleracea include cabbage ( Capitata Group ) , cauliflower and Romanesco broccoli ( Botrytis Group ) , kale and collard greens ( Acephala Group ) , kohlrabi ( Gongylodes Group ) , Brussels sprouts ( Gemmifera Group ) , and kai - lan ( Alboglabra Group ) . Rapini , sometimes called `` broccoli raab '' among other names , forms similar but smaller heads , and is actually a type of turnip ( Brassica rapa ) . Broccolini or `` Tenderstem broccoli '' is a cross between broccoli and Chinese broccoli . Beneforté is a variety of broccoli containing 2 -- 3 times more glucoraphanin that was produced by crossing broccoli with a wild Brassica variety , Brassica oleracea var villosa . Production Broccoli production -- 2014 includes cauliflower , millions of tonnes Country Production People 's Republic of China 9.3 India 8.6 United States Spain 0.6 Mexico 0.5 Italy 0.4 World 24.2 In 2014 , global production of broccoli ( combined for production reports with cauliflowers ) was 24.2 million tonnes , with China and India together accounting for 74 % of the total ( table ) . Secondary producers , each having one million tonnes or less annually , were the United States , Spain , Mexico and Italy ( table ) . The US Department of Agriculture reported that national production just of broccoli in 2014 was 0.95 million tonnes , nearly all of which was grown in California . Cultivation Broccoli is a cool - weather crop that does poorly in hot summer weather . Broccoli grows best when exposed to an average daily temperature between 18 and 23 ° C ( 64 and 73 ° F ) . When the cluster of flowers , also referred to as a `` head '' of broccoli , appear in the center of the plant , the cluster is green . Garden pruners or shears are used to cut the head about an inch from the tip . Broccoli should be harvested before the flowers on the head bloom bright yellow . While the heading broccoli variety performs poorly in hot weather , mainly due to insect infestation , the sprouting variety is more resistant , though attention must be paid to sucking insects ( such as aphids ) , caterpillars and whiteflies . Spraying of bacillus thuringiensis can control caterpillar attacks , while a citronella vase may ward off whiteflies . Pests Mostly introduced by accident to North America , Australia and New Zealand , `` cabbage worms '' , the larvae of Pieris rapae , the small white butterfly are a common pest in broccoli . Nutrition Broccoli , raw ( edible parts ) Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 141 kJ ( 34 kcal ) Carbohydrates 6.64 g Sugars 1.7 g Dietary fiber 2.6 g Fat 0.37 g Protein 2.82 g Vitamins Vitamin A equiv . beta - Carotene lutein zeaxanthin ( 4 % ) 31 μg ( 3 % ) 361 μg 1403 μg Thiamine ( B1 ) ( 6 % ) 0.071 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) ( 10 % ) 0.117 mg Niacin ( B3 ) ( 4 % ) 0.639 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) ( 11 % ) 0.573 mg Vitamin B6 ( 13 % ) 0.175 mg Folate ( B9 ) ( 16 % ) 63 μg Vitamin C ( 107 % ) 89.2 mg Vitamin E ( 5 % ) 0.78 mg Vitamin K ( 97 % ) 101.6 μg Minerals Calcium ( 5 % ) 47 mg Iron ( 6 % ) 0.73 mg Magnesium ( 6 % ) 21 mg Manganese ( 10 % ) 0.21 mg Phosphorus ( 9 % ) 66 mg Potassium ( 7 % ) 316 mg Sodium ( 2 % ) 33 mg Zinc ( 4 % ) 0.41 mg Other constituents Water 89.3 g Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database As shown on the table , a 100 gram serving of raw broccoli provides 34 kcal and is an excellent source ( 20 % or higher of the Daily Value , DV ) of vitamin C and vitamin K. Raw broccoli also contains moderate amounts ( 10 -- 19 % DV ) of several B vitamins and the dietary mineral manganese , whereas other essential nutrients are in low content . Broccoli has low content of carbohydrates , protein , fat , and dietary fiber . Boiling broccoli reduces the levels of sulforaphane , with losses of 20 -- 30 % after five minutes , 40 -- 50 % after ten minutes , and 77 % after thirty minutes . However , other preparation methods such as steaming , microwaving , and stir frying had no significant effect on the compounds . Broccoli also contains the carotenoid compounds lutein and zeaxanthin in amounts about 6 times lower than in kale . Taste The perceived bitterness of cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli varies from person to person , but the functional underpinnings of this variation are not known . Some research reports that the gene TAS2R38 may be responsible for bitter taste perception in broccoli . Other factors , such as isothiocyanates and polyphenols , are also likely involved in bitterness perception . Gallery Close - ups of broccoli florets Sicilian purple broccoli Romanesco broccoli ( actually a cauliflower cultivar ) , showing fractal forms Broccoli in flower See also Agriculture portal Food portal Broccolini References Jump up ^ Buck , P. A ( 1956 ) . `` Origin and taxonomy of broccoli '' ( PDF ) . Economic Botany. 10 ( 3 ) : 250 -- 253 . doi : 10.1007 / bf02899000 . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephens , James . `` Broccoli -- Brassica oleracea L. ( Italica group ) '' . University of Florida . p. 1 . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` broccoli '' . Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary ( 11th ed . ) . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87779 - 809 - 5 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Broccoli Leaves Are Edible '' . Garden Betty . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Maggioni , Lorenzo ; Bothmer , Roland ; Poulsen , Gert ; Branca , Ferdinando ( 2010 ) . `` Origin and Domestication of Cole Crops ( Brassica oleracea L . ) : Linguistic and Literary Considerations '' . Economic Botany. 64 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 123 . doi : 10.1007 / s12231 - 010 - 9115 - 2 . Jump up ^ Nonnecke , Ib ( November 1989 ) . Vegetable Production . Springer - Verlag New York , LLC . p. 394 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 442 - 26721 - 6 . Jump up ^ Smith , J.T. Nollekins and His Times , 1829 vol. 2 : 101 : `` Scheemakers , on his way to England , visited his birth - place , bringing with him several roots ( sic ) of brocoli , a dish till then little known in perfection at our tables . '' Jump up ^ Denker , Joel ( 2003 ) . The world on a plate . U of Nebraska Press . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 6014 - 6 . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Dixon , G.R. ( 2007 ) . Vegetable brassicas and related crucifers . Wallingford : CABI . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85199 - 395 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` About Beneforte '' . superbroccoli.info . ^ Jump up to : `` Production / Crops , Quantities by Country for Cauliflowers and Broccoli for 2014 '' . Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations , Statistics Division ( FAOSTAT ) . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` California Drought : Crop Sectors '' . US Department of Agriculture , Economic Research Service -. 3 February 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Smith , Powell ( June 1999 ) . `` HGIC 1301 Broccoli '' . Clemson University . Retrieved 25 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Liptay , Albert ( 1988 ) . Broccoli . World Book , Inc . Jump up ^ Takeguma , Massahiro ( 26 May 2013 ) . `` Cultivo da Couve Brócolis ( Growing Sprouting Broccoli ) '' . Jump up ^ editors , J. Richard and Joan E. Heitzman ; Jim Rathert , principal photographer ; Kathy Love and LuAnne Larsen , ( 1996 ) . Butterflies and moths of Missouri . Jefferson City , MO : Missouri Dept. of Conservation . ISBN 1 - 887247 - 06 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Warwick Medical School , University of Warwick ( 15 May 2007 ) . `` Research Says Boiling Broccoli Ruins Its Anti Cancer Properties '' . ^ Jump up to : Bongoni , R ; Verkerk , R ; Steenbekkers , B ; Dekker , M ; Stieger , Markus ( 2014 ) . `` Evaluation of Different Cooking Conditions on Broccoli ( Brassica oleracea var . italica ) to Improve the Nutritional Value and Consumer Acceptance '' . Plant foods for human nutrition . 69 ( 3 ) : 228 -- 234 . doi : 10.1007 / s11130 - 014 - 0420 - 2 . PMID 24853375 . Jump up ^ `` Maximizing The Anti-Cancer Power of Broccoli '' . Science Daily . 5 April 2005 . Jump up ^ Lipchock SV , Mennella JA , Spielman AI , Reed DR ( 2013 ) . `` Human bitter perception correlates with bitter receptor messenger RNA expression in taste cells '' . Am J Clin Nutr. 98 ( 4 ) : 1136 -- 43 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 113.066688 . PMC 3778862 . PMID 24025627 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Wooding S , Gunn H , Ramos P , Thalmann S , Xing C , Meyerhof W ( 2010 ) . `` Genetics and bitter taste responses to goitrin , a plant toxin found in vegetables '' . Chem Senses. 35 ( 8 ) : 685 -- 92 . doi : 10.1093 / chemse / bjq061 . PMID 20551074 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Broccoli . PROTAbase on Brassica oleracea ( cauliflower and broccoli ) List of North American broccoli cultivars , USDA / ARS Vegetable Laboratory Lee , Lisa - Ann ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Creating a broccoli for all seasons to hedge against climate change '' . newatlas.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . ( hide ) Brassica oleracea Brassica oleracea Acephala group Broccoflower Broccoli Broccoli sprouts Broccolini Brussels sprout Cabbage Cauliflower Collard greens Gai lan Kale Kohlrabi Red cabbage Romanesco broccoli Savoy cabbage Spring greens See also List of cabbage dishes Taxon identifiers Wd : Q47722 EoL : 1248606 FOC : 241000001 GBIF : 3042863 GRIN : 105447 ITIS : 530961 NCBI : 36774 PLANTS : BROLI GND : 4222003 - 8 NDL : 01030639 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broccoli&oldid=800728394 '' Categories : Edible plants Food plant cultivars Inflorescence vegetables Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from January 2013 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Italian - language text Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen ລາວ Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 09 : 12 . 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which vegetable gets its name from the latin word small nail
[ "Broccoli is an edible green plant in the cabbage family whose large flowering head is eaten as a vegetable." ]
[ "Broccoli" ]
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In My Feelings
In My Feelings - wikipedia In My Feelings 2018 Drake song For other uses , see In My Feelings ( disambiguation ) . `` In My Feelings '' Single by Drake from the album Scorpion Released July 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) Genre Bounce Length 3 : 37 Label Young Money Cash Money Songwriter ( s ) Aubrey Graham Benny Workman Darius Harrison Caresha Brownlee Jatavia Johnson Stephen Garrett James Scheffer Rex Zamor Dwayne Carter Renetta Lowe - Bridgewater Orville Hall Phillip Price Noah Shebib Producer ( s ) TrapMoneyBenny Blaqnmild 40 ( add. ) Drake singles chronology `` Do n't Matter to Me '' ( 2018 ) `` In My Feelings '' ( 2018 ) `` Nonstop '' ( 2018 ) Music video `` In My Feelings '' on YouTube `` In My Feelings '' is a song by Canadian musician Drake from his fifth studio album Scorpion ( 2018 ) . It was released to rhythmic and contemporary hit radio on July 30 , 2018 , as the album 's fifth single . The song features additional vocals by the City Girls , though they are not credited on the official version . The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for ten weeks and broke several records . Contents 1 Composition and samples 2 Release and reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 5 Personnel 6 Charts 7 Certifications 8 Release history 9 See also 10 References Composition and samples ( edit ) `` In My Feelings '' is a bounce track , similar to Drake 's previous single `` Nice for What '' . Upon its release , several outlets reported that the song and `` Kiki '' was about Keshia Chanté , Drake 's first girlfriend and childhood friend from Toronto . It was also reported that `` KB '' was K'yanna Barber , a resident of Oakland , California . Drake also makes references to Jennifer Lopez ( `` Jenny '' ) , who he briefly dated in 2016 , and Quality Control duo City Girls , made up of members Yung Miami ( `` Resha '' ) and JT . The City Girls also provide uncredited vocals . The track samples `` Smoking Gun ( Acapella Version ) '' by Magnolia Shorty for the breakdown . `` Lollipop '' by Lil Wayne is also sampled and the track ends with audio from the episode `` Champagne Papi '' from the television series Atlanta . The song was later slightly altered and re-uploaded to streaming sites with additional sampled vocals from Lil Wayne . Release and reception ( edit ) The song inspired an Internet meme dance challenge known as the `` Kiki Challenge '' , `` In My Feelings Challenge '' or `` DoTheShiggy '' , the latter being a reference to the comedian Shiggy , who posted a video on his Instagram account of him dancing to the song ; this video was credited for inspiring the challenge . The dance challenge is to walk outside of moving vehicles ( ghost riding ) and dance in oncoming traffic . Originating in the US , the challenge later spread to other parts of the world where in some countries it caused controversy and public concern . The challenge is banned in roads of EDSA and other public roads in the Philippines . The Fader deemed the bounce track as the highlight of the double album , with writer Ben Dandrige - Lemco saying , `` it takes a whole 20 songs to get to the best part of the album , ' In My Feelings ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter 's Jonny Coleman felt that the song , along with `` Nice for What '' , `` might be two of the most enduring tracks ( in the album ) '' . Andy Hutchins of Time called the song `` a disastrous misunderstanding of New Orleans bounce . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) In the Billboard magazine issue dated July 14 , 2018 , `` In My Feelings '' debuted at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 , one of seven top 10 entries by Drake that week . The following week , partly due to the rising popularity of the dance challenge associated with the song , it ascended to the top spot of the chart , becoming Drake 's sixth number - one single on the chart . On the issue dated July 28 , 2018 , `` In My Feelings '' broke the streaming record for the most streams in a single week with 116.2 million streams , and retained the top spot on the chart . It also reached number one on the Canadian Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart . In the UK , it did not enter the charts on the first week due to chart rules , but the next week , due to the popularity of the dance challenge , it entered at number four . A week later , it rose to number one . `` In My Feelings '' spent four weeks at the top of the chart , before being replaced by `` Shotgun '' . The success of `` In My Feelings '' made Drake the record holder for most number one hits among rappers in the history of the Hot 100 chart . Music video ( edit ) The song 's music video was shot on July 23 , 2018 in New Orleans and was directed by Karena Evans , whom Drake previously worked with on the videos for `` God 's Plan '' , `` Nice for What '' , and `` I 'm Upset '' earlier in the year . The song 's music video was released on August 2 , 2018 , on Drake 's YouTube channel . `` KeKe '' is played by La La Anthony while her mother is played by Phylicia Rashad . The video takes place in New Orleans and shows people dancing to the song , including Yung Miami of the City Girls and bounce music legend Big Freedia . Comedian Shiggy , who has been credited with inventing the viral `` In My Feelings Challenge '' , makes a cameo as a production assistant as well as a dancer in the video . At the end of the music video , a small montage of celebrities and internet influencers participating in the `` In My Feelings Challenge '' is displayed . A few of these people include Will Smith , DJ Khaled , Ciara , Steve Aoki , Odell Beckham Jr. , Dua Lipa , Millie Bobby Brown , Liza Koshy , Noah Schnapp , Ryan Seacrest , Shay Mitchell , Bobby Berk , Tan France , Karamo Brown , Antoni Porowski , Jonathan Van Ness , and J - Hope ( BTS ) . As of September 2018 , the music video on YouTube has amassed more than 130 million views . Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes and Tidal . Noah `` 40 '' Shebib -- production , recording Noel `` Gadget '' Campbell -- mixing Harley Arsenault -- mixing assistance , recording assistance Greg Moffet -- mixing assistance , recording assistance Ronald Moonoo -- mixing assistance Blaqnmild -- production TrapMoneyBenny -- production Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Argentina ( Argentina Hot 100 ) 59 Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 12 Australia ( ARIA ) Australia Urban ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 12 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 Airplay ) 66 Brazil Streaming ( Pro-Música ) 8 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 50 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 5 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece International Digital ( IFPI ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 46 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Mexico Airplay ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Portugal ( AFP ) Romania ( Airplay 100 ) 26 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Singapore ( RIAS ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 21 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 6 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 20,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 100,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label ( s ) Ref . United States July 10 , 2018 Rhythmic contemporary Young Money Cash Money Republic Contemporary hit radio United Kingdom July 27 , 2018 Italy August 24 , 2018 Universal See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2018 ( Australia ) List of number - one digital tracks of 2018 ( Australia ) List of number - one urban singles of 2018 ( Australia ) List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one digital songs of 2018 ( Canada ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Denmark ) List of number - one songs of 2018 ( Lebanon ) List of number - one songs of 2018 ( Malaysia ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles of 2018 ( Portugal ) List of number - one songs of 2018 ( Singapore ) List of number - one singles of the 2010s ( Sweden ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of UK R&B Singles Chart number ones of 2018 List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2018 List of Billboard Rhythmic number - one songs of the 2010s List of number - one Billboard Streaming Songs of 2018 List of number - one digital songs of 2018 ( U.S. ) List of number - one R&B / hip - hop songs of 2018 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 - Rhythmic Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 - Mainstream Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drake Releases New Album Scorpion : Listen '' . Pitchfork . June 29 , 2018 . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh . `` Four Ways Drake 's ' In My Feelings ' Helped Him Make History This Week '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dandridge - Lemco , Ben ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's `` In My Feelings '' is easily the best song on Scorpion `` . The Fader . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mamo , Heran ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` Here Are the Lyrics to Drake 's ' In My Feelings ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Keshia Keke Chante is Getting a lot of Messages Over In My Feelings '' . Complex . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who Is ' KeKe ' In Drake 's Song ' In My Feelings ? ' '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Was Drake Talking About Former ' 106 & Park ' Hose Keshia Chante In ' In My Feelings ' - Essence '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gaydos , Ryan ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's ' KeKe ' from hit song revealed as cliche comments pile up '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chilled With The Real Kiki From ' In My Feelings ' This Weekend '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Apparently This Is the Real ' Kiki ' Drake Is Singing About on `` In My Feelings '' `` . Complex . July 13 , 2018 . Retrieved September 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Genius ( July 5 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's `` In My Feelings '' Explained - Song Stories `` . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Saponara , Michael ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Every Sample on Drake 's ' Scorpion ' Album '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://kulturehub.com/shiggy-instagram-comedy-drake/ Jump up ^ `` Drake 's `` In My Feelings '' Lyrics Have Inspired A Viral Dance Challenge And It 's Hilarious `` . Pop Buzz . July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's New Song `` In My Feelings '' Sparks Dance Challenge `` . Highsnobiety . July 7 , 2018 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's latest album has already sparked a new dance challenge '' . Mashable . July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NTSB Issues Warning Over Drake ' In My Feelings ' Challenge : Jumping Out Of Cars is ' Foolish and Dangerous ' '' . Billboard . July 26 , 2018 . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Jonny ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Drake Overplays His Hand on Bloated Double Album ' Scorpion ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hutchins , Andy ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Scorpion Finds Drake Struggling to Keep It All Together '' . Time . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh . `` Drake 's ' In My Feelings ' Gives Him His Third U.K. No. 1 Hit '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Dethrones Drake Atop Billboard Hot 100 as ' In My Feelings ' Replaces ' Nice for What ' at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's ' In My Feelings ' Tops Billboard Hot 100 for Second Week With Record - Breaking 116.2 Million U.S. Streams '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Genius on Instagram : `` Drake replaced himself at no . 1 on the hot 100 once again with `` In My Feelings '' 😲 `` '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Filming In My Feelings Video in New Orleans '' . Complex . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake - In My Feelings '' . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ DrakeVEVO ( August 2 , 2018 ) , Drake - In My Feelings , retrieved September 15 , 2018 Jump up ^ Scorpion ( CD liner notes ) . Drake . Republic Records . 2018 . 86318 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Scorpion / Drake TIDAL '' . Tidal . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina Hot 100 -- Semana del 20 de Octubre del 2018 '' . Billboard Argentina ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 17 al 23 de Septiembre , 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 40 Urban Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2018 . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Streaming Chart '' ( in Portuguese ) . Pro-Música Brasil . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201829 into search . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake : In My Feelings '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI -- Greek Charts '' . IFPI . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` George Ezra tops Official Irish Singles Chart , Ariana is highest new entry '' . Official Charts Company . July 20 , 2018 . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles In Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Streaming ( Del 27 de julio al 2 de agosto 2018 ) '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Airplay : September 15 , 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 33 , 2018 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved August 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . VG - lista . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 100 -- 28 octombrie 2018 '' ( in Romanian ) . Kiss FM . October 28 , 2018 . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 29 '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association ( Singapore ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 4 , 2018 . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201828 into search . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Canciones -- Semana 30 : del 20.07. 2018 al 26.07. 2018 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . September 17 , 2018 . Retrieved September 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2018 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved September 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved September 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' ( in Spanish ) . elportaldemusica.es . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . Type Drake in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select In My Feelings and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Drake -- In My Feelings '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type In My Feelings in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 1 -- Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . BBC . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2018 . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DRAKE ' In my feelings ' - ( Radio Date : 24 / 08 / 2018 ) '' . radiodate.it . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Drake songs Discography Comeback Season `` Replacement Girl '' So Far Gone `` Successful '' `` Best I Ever Had '' `` I 'm Goin ' In '' We Are Young Money `` Every Girl '' `` BedRock '' Thank Me Later `` Fireworks '' `` Over '' `` Up All Night '' `` Fancy '' `` Miss Me '' `` Find Your Love '' `` 9AM in Dallas '' Take Care `` Over My Dead Body '' `` Headlines '' `` Crew Love '' `` Take Care '' `` Marvins Room '' `` We 'll Be Fine '' `` Make Me Proud '' `` Lord Knows '' `` HYFR ( Hell Ya Fucking Right ) '' `` The Motto '' Nothing Was the Same `` Tuscan Leather '' `` Furthest Thing '' `` Started from the Bottom '' `` Wu - Tang Forever '' `` Worst Behavior '' `` From Time '' `` Hold On , We 're Going Home '' `` The Language '' `` Too Much '' `` Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2 '' `` All Me '' If You 're Reading This It 's Too Late `` Energy '' `` Preach '' What a Time to Be Alive `` Jumpman '' Views `` Controlla '' `` One Dance '' `` Pop Style '' `` Too Good '' `` Hotline Bling '' More Life `` Free Smoke '' `` No Long Talk '' `` Passionfruit '' `` Get It Together '' `` Madiba Riddim '' `` Blem '' `` Gyalchester '' `` Portland '' `` Sacrifices '' `` Teenage Fever '' `` KMT '' `` Glow '' `` Since Way Back '' `` Fake Love '' `` Ice Melts '' Scary Hours / Scorpion `` God 's Plan / Diplomatic Immunity '' `` Nonstop '' `` Emotionless '' `` I 'm Upset '' `` Mob Ties '' `` Nice for What '' `` In My Feelings '' `` Do n't Matter to Me '' Other singles `` Forever '' `` 0 to 100 / The Catch Up '' `` Charged Up '' `` Back to Back '' `` Right Hand '' `` Summer Sixteen '' `` Sneakin ' '' `` Two Birds , One Stone '' `` No Frauds '' `` Signs '' `` Yes Indeed '' As featured artist `` 100 '' `` 4 My Town ( Play Ball ) '' `` Amen '' `` Aston Martin Music '' `` Back on Road '' `` Believe Me '' `` Big Amount '' `` Blessings '' `` Both '' `` Cabaret '' `` Champion '' `` Come and See Me '' `` Come Closer '' `` Deuces ( Remix ) '' `` Diced Pineapples '' `` Digital Girl ( Remix ) '' `` Enough Said '' `` Fall for Your Type '' `` Fed Up '' `` Feel Love '' `` For Free '' `` Fuckin ' Problems '' `` Gonorrhea '' `` I Do It '' `` I Invented Sex '' `` I 'm on One '' `` In the Morning '' `` It 's Good '' `` Know Bout Me '' `` Lemon ( Remix ) '' `` Live For '' `` Look Alive '' `` Love Me '' `` Loving You No More '' `` Mia '' `` Mine '' `` Moment 4 Life '' `` Money to Blow '' `` Mr. Wrong '' `` No Complaints '' `` No Guns Allowed '' `` No Lie '' `` No New Friends '' `` No Shopping '' `` No Stylist '' `` Odio '' `` Only '' `` Poetic Justice '' `` Pop That '' `` R.I.C.O. '' `` Recognize '' `` Right Above It '' `` Right Here '' `` Round of Applause '' `` Say Something '' `` She Will '' `` Sicko Mode '' `` Stay Schemin ' '' `` Still Got It '' `` The One '' `` The Zone '' `` Throw It in the Bag ( Remix ) '' `` To the Max '' `` Trophies '' `` Truffle Butter '' `` Tuesday '' `` Un-Thinkable ( I 'm Ready ) ( Remix ) '' `` Unusual '' `` Used to This '' `` Walk It Talk It '' `` Wavin ' Flag ( Haiti Mix ) '' `` We in This Bitch 1.5 '' `` What 's My Name ? '' `` What Up '' `` Where Ya At '' `` Who Do You Love ? '' `` Why You Always Hatin ? '' `` Work '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_My_Feelings&oldid=866412450 '' Categories : 2018 singles 2018 songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Drake ( musician ) songs Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Malaysia Number - one singles in Singapore Number - one singles in Sweden Songs written by 40 ( record producer ) Songs written by Drake ( musician ) Songs written by Jim Jonsin Songs written by Lil Wayne Songs written by Static Major UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles 2018 controversies Music controversies Challenges Internet memes introduced in the 2010s Music memes Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with short description Use mdy dates from October 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 04 : 36 ( UTC ) . 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who is featured on drake in my feelings
[ "\"In My Feelings\" is a song by Canadian musician Drake from his fifth studio album Scorpion (2018). It was released to rhythmic and contemporary hit radio on July 30, 2018, as the album's fifth single.[1][2] The song features additional vocals by the City Girls, though they are not credited on the official version.[3] The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for ten weeks and broke several records.[4]\n" ]
[ "the City Girls" ]
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United States presidential line of succession
United States Presidential line of succession - wikipedia United States Presidential line of succession Jump to : navigation , search The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which persons may become or act as President of the United States if the incumbent President becomes incapacitated , dies , resigns , or is removed from office ( by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate ) . The line of succession is set by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices . The succession follows the order of Vice President , Speaker of the House of Representatives , President pro tempore of the Senate , and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States . The Cabinet currently has fifteen members , beginning with the Secretary of State , and followed by the rest in the order of their positions ' creation . Those heads of department who are ineligible to act as President are also ineligible to succeed the President by succession , for example most commonly if they are not a natural - born U.S. citizen . Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency , and in 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission raised a number of other issues with the current line of succession . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current order 2 Eligibility 2.1 Eligibility requirements 2.2 Acting officers 3 Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 4 Constitutional provisions 5 Acting President and President 6 History of succession law set by Congress 6.1 Presidential Succession Act 1792 6.2 Presidential Succession Act 1886 6.3 Presidential Succession Act 1947 6.4 Postmaster General removed 1971 6.5 Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 7 Successions beyond Vice President 8 Constitutional concerns 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Current order ( edit ) The current presidential order of succession is as follows : Key Eligible Democrat ( D ) Eligible Republican ( R ) Eligible Independent ( I ) Eligible unknown Not eligible No . Office Current officer Vice President Mike Pence ( R ) Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan ( R ) President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch ( R ) Secretary of State Rex Tillerson ( R ) 5 Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin ( R ) 6 Secretary of Defense James Mattis ( I ) 7 Attorney General Jeff Sessions ( R ) 8 Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke ( R ) 9 Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue ( R ) 10 Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross ( R ) 11 Secretary of Labor Alex Acosta ( R ) 12 Secretary of Health and Human Services Eric Hargan ( R ) Acting 13 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson ( R ) -- Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao ( R ) 14 Secretary of Energy Rick Perry ( R ) 15 Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos ( R ) 16 Secretary of Veterans Affairs David Shulkin ( I ) 17 Secretary of Homeland Security Elaine Duke ( I ) Acting ^ Jump up to : This listing assumes that acting officers whose prior appointment required Senate confirmation are eligible for the line of succession . See Acting officers below . Jump up ^ Not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . Cabinet officers are in line according to the chronological order of their department 's creation or the department of which their department is the successor ( the Department of Defense being successor to the Department of War , and the Department of Health and Human Services being successor to the Department of Health , Education and Welfare ) . Eligibility ( edit ) Eligibility requirements ( edit ) To be eligible to serve as President , a person must be a natural - born U.S. citizen , at least 35 years of age , and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years . These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U.S. Constitution , Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 , and in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ( e ) ) . Acting officers ( edit ) Acting officers may be eligible . In 2009 , the Continuity of Government Commission , a private non-partisan think tank , reported , The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation . The 1886 Act refers to `` such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named ... '' The current act merely refers to `` officers appointed , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . '' Read literally , this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post ( even for example , the second or third in command within a department ) . It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office . Though there is some dispute over this provision , the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession . ( We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession . ) Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 ( edit ) Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt , President Harry S. Truman proposed that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be granted priority in the line of succession over the Cabinet so as to ensure the President would not be able to appoint his successor to the Presidency . The Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the President , while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials . The Speaker is chosen by the U.S. House of Representatives , and every Speaker has been a member of that body for the duration of their term as Speaker , though this is not technically a requirement ; the President pro tempore is chosen by the U.S. Senate and customarily the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service fills this position . The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and President pro tempore in line , ahead of the members of the Cabinet in the order in which their positions were established . In his speech supporting the changes , Truman noted that the House of Representatives is more likely to be in political agreement with the President and Vice President than the Senate . The succession of a Republican to a Democratic Presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation . However , when the changes to the succession were signed into law , they placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the Vice President . Some of Truman 's critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then - current holder of the latter rank , Senator Kenneth McKellar . Further motivation may have been provided by Truman 's preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession , rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius , Jr . Constitutional provisions ( edit ) The line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution : Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 makes the Vice President first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the President nor Vice President can serve . The current such law governing succession is the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ) . Section 3 of the 20th Amendment provides that if the President - elect dies before his term begins , the Vice President - elect becomes President on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the President - elect was elected . The section also provides that if , on Inauguration Day , a president has not been chosen or the President - elect does not qualify for the presidency , the Vice President - elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the President - elect qualifies . Finally , Section 3 allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither a President - elect nor a Vice President - elect is eligible or available to serve . The 25th Amendment , ratified in 1967 , clarified Article II , Section 1 : that the Vice President is the direct successor of the President . He or she becomes President if the President dies , resigns or is removed from office . The amendment also provides for the situation where the President is temporarily disabled , such as if the President has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit . The amendment also provides for Vice Presidential succession , by requiring Vice Presidential vacancies to be filled by the President and confirmed by both houses of the Congress . Previously , whenever a Vice President had succeeded to the Presidency or had otherwise left the office empty ( through death , resignation , or removal from office ) , the Vice Presidency remained vacant until the next Presidential and Vice Presidential terms began . Acting President and President ( edit ) Main article : Acting President of the United States New President Lyndon Johnson was sworn in aboard Air Force One , following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 . Article II , Section 1 of the United States Constitution provides that : In case of the removal of the President from office , or of his death , resignation , or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office , the same shall devolve on the Vice President ... until the disability be removed , or a President elected . This originally left open the question whether `` the same '' refers to `` the said office '' or only `` the powers and duties of the said office . '' Some historians , including Edward Corwin and John D. Feerick , have argued that the framers ' intention was that the Vice President would remain Vice President while executing the powers and duties of the Presidency ; however , there is also much evidence to the contrary , the most compelling of which is Article I , section 3 , of the Constitution itself , the relevant text of which reads : The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate , but shall have no vote , unless they be equally divided . The Senate shall chuse ( sic ) their other officers , and also a President pro tempore , in the absence of the Vice President , or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States . This text appears to answer the hypothetical question of whether the office or merely the powers of the Presidency devolved upon the Vice President on his succession . Thus , the 25th Amendment merely restates and reaffirms the validity of existing precedent , apart from adding new protocols for Presidential disability . Not everyone agreed with this interpretation when it was first actually tested , and it was left to Vice President John Tyler , the first presidential successor in U.S. history , to establish the precedent that was respected in the absence of the 25th Amendment . In 1841 , John Tyler became the first person to succeed to the presidency . Upon the death of President William Henry Harrison in 1841 and after a brief hesitation , Tyler took the position that he was the President and not merely acting President upon taking the presidential oath of office . However , some contempories -- including John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay and other members of Congress Whig party leaders and even Tyler 's own cabinet -- believed that he was only acting as President and did not have the office itself . Nonetheless , Tyler adhered to his position , even returning , unopened , mail addressed to the `` Acting President of the United States '' sent by his detractors. Tyler 's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title `` President , '' and this precedent was followed thereafter . The question was finally resolved by Section 1 of the 25th Amendment , which specifies that `` In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation , the Vice President shall become President . '' The Amendment does not specify whether officers other than the Vice President can become President rather than Acting President in the same set of circumstances . The Presidential Succession Act refers only to other officers acting as President rather than becoming President . History of succession law set by Congress ( edit ) Presidential succession Act 1792 ( edit ) Main article : Presidential Succession Act Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1792 The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 was the first succession law passed by Congress . The act was contentious because the Federalists did not want the then Secretary of State , Thomas Jefferson , who had become the leader of the Democratic - Republicans , to follow the Vice President in the succession . There were also separation of powers concerns over including the Chief Justice of the United States in the line . The compromise they worked out established the President pro tempore of the Senate as next in line after the Vice President , followed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives . In either case , these officers were to `` act as President of the United States until the disability be removed or a president be elected . '' The Act called for a special election to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred ( unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October , in which case the election would occur the following year ; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term , in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled ) . The people elected President and Vice President in such a special election would have served a full four - year term beginning on March 4 of the next year , but no such election ever took place . Presidential succession Act 1886 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1886 In 1881 , after the death of President Garfield , and in 1885 , after the death of Vice President Hendricks , there had been no President pro tempore in office , and as the new House of Representatives had yet to convene , no Speaker either , leaving no one at all in the line of succession after the vice president . When Congress convened in December 1885 , President Cleveland asked for a revision of the 1792 act , which was passed in 1886 . Congress replaced the President pro tempore and Speaker with officers of the President 's Cabinet with the Secretary of State first in line . In the first 100 years of the United States , six former Secretaries of State had gone on to be elected President , while only two congressional leaders had advanced to that office . As a result , changing the order of the line of succession seemed reasonable . Presidential succession Act 1947 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1947 The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , signed into law by President Harry S. Truman , added the Speaker of the House and President pro tempore back in the line , but switched the two from the 1792 order . It remains the sequence used today . Since the reorganization of the military in 1947 had merged the War Department ( which governed the Army ) with the Department of the Navy into the Department of Defense , the Secretary of Defense took the place in the order of succession previously held by the Secretary of War . The office of Secretary of the Navy , which had existed as a Cabinet - level position since 1798 , had become subordinate to the Secretary of Defense in the military reorganization , and so was dropped from the line of succession in the 1947 Succession Act . Postmaster General removed 1971 ( edit ) Until 1971 , the Postmaster General , the head of the Post Office Department , was a member of the Cabinet , initially the last in the presidential line of succession before new officers were added . Once the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service , a special agency independent of the executive branch , the Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet and was thus removed from the line of succession . Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 ( edit ) The United States Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002 . On March 9 , 2006 , pursuant to the renewal of the Patriot Act as Pub. L. 109 -- 177 , the Secretary of Homeland Security was added to the line of succession . The order of Cabinet members in the line has always been the same as the order in which their respective departments were established . Despite custom , many in Congress had wanted the Secretary to be placed at number eight on the list -- below the Attorney General , above the Secretary of the Interior , and in the position held by the Secretary of the Navy prior to the creation of the Secretary of Defense -- because the Secretary , already in charge of disaster relief and security , would presumably be more prepared to take over the presidency than some of the other Cabinet secretaries . Despite this , the 2006 law explicitly specifies that the `` Secretary of Homeland Security '' follows the `` Secretary of Veterans Affairs '' in the succession , effectively at the end of the list . Successions beyond Vice President ( edit ) David Rice Atchison 's tombstone ( Plattsburg , Missouri ) , including the claim `` President of the United States for One Day '' While nine Vice Presidents have succeeded to the office upon the death or resignation of the President , and two Vice Presidents have temporarily served as acting President , no other officer has ever been called upon to act as President . On March 4 , 1849 , President Zachary Taylor 's term began , but he declined to be sworn in on a Sunday , citing religious beliefs , and the Vice President was not sworn either . As the last President pro tempore of the Senate , David Rice Atchison was thought by some to be next in line after the Vice President , and his tombstone claims that he was US President for the day . However , Atchison took no oath of office to the presidency either , and his term as Senate President pro tempore had by then expired . In 1865 , when Andrew Johnson assumed the Presidency on the death of Abraham Lincoln , the office of Vice President became vacant . At that time , the Senate President pro tempore was next in line to the presidency . In 1868 , Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and subjected to trial in the Senate , and if he had been convicted and thereby removed from office , Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Wade would have become acting President . This posed a conflict of interest , as Wade 's `` guilty '' vote could have been decisive in removing Johnson from office and giving himself presidential powers and duties . ( Johnson was acquitted by a one - vote margin . ) In his book The Shadow Presidents , which he published in 1979 , Michael Medved describes a situation that arose prior to the 1916 election , when the First World War was raging in Europe . In view of the contemporary international turmoil , President Woodrow Wilson thought that if he lost the election it would be better for his opponent to begin his administration straight away , instead of waiting through the lame duck period , which at that time had a duration of almost four months . President Wilson and his aides formed a plan to exploit the rule of succession so that his rival Charles Evans Hughes could take over the Presidency as soon as the result of the election was clear . The plan was that Wilson would appoint Hughes to the post of Secretary of State . Wilson and his Vice President Thomas R. Marshall would then resign , and as the Secretary of State was at that time designated next in line of succession , Hughes would become President immediately . As it happened , President Wilson won re-election , so the plan was never put into action . New President Gerald Ford is sworn in following the resignation of Richard Nixon on August 9 , 1974 . Since the 25th Amendment 's ratification , its Second Section , which addresses Vice Presidential succession as noted above , has been invoked twice . During the 1973 Vice Presidential vacancy , House Speaker Carl Albert was first in line . As the Watergate scandal made President Nixon 's removal or resignation possible , Albert would have become Acting President and -- under Title 3 , Section 19 ( c ) of the U.S. Code -- would have been able to `` act as President until the expiration of the then current Presidential term '' on January 20 , 1977 . Albert openly questioned whether it was appropriate for him , a Democrat , to assume the powers and duties of the presidency when there was a public mandate for the Presidency to be held by a Republican . Albert announced that should he need to assume the Presidential powers and duties , he would do so only as a caretaker . However , with the nomination and confirmation of Gerald Ford to the Vice Presidency , which marked the first time the Second Section of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked , these series of events were never tested . Albert again became first - in - line during the first four months of Ford 's Presidency , before the confirmation of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller , which marked the second time Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked . In 1981 , when President Ronald Reagan was shot , Vice President George H.W. Bush was traveling in Texas . Secretary of State Alexander Haig responded to a reporter 's question regarding who was running the government by stating : Constitutionally , gentlemen , you have the President , the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order , and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President , he will do so . He has not done that . As of now , I am in control here , in the White House , pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him . If something came up , I would check with him , of course . A bitter dispute ensued over the meaning of Haig 's remarks . Most people believed that Haig was referring to the line of succession and erroneously claimed to have temporary Presidential authority , due to his implied reference to the Constitution . Haig and his supporters , noting his familiarity with the line of succession from his time as White House Chief of Staff during Richard Nixon 's resignation , said he only meant that he was the highest - ranking officer of the Executive branch on - site , managing things temporarily until the Vice President returned to Washington . Constitutional concerns ( edit ) Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency . James Madison , one of the authors of the Constitution , raised similar constitutional questions about the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 in a 1792 letter to Edmund Pendleton . Two of these issues can be summarized : The term `` Officer '' in the relevant clause of the Constitution is most plausibly interpreted to mean an `` Officer of the United States '' , who must be a member of the Executive or Judicial Branch . The Speaker and the President pro tempore are not officers in this sense . Under the principle of separation of powers , the Constitution specifically disallows legislative officials from also serving in the executive branch . For the Speaker or the Senate President pro tempore to become Acting President , they must resign their position , at which point they are no longer in the line of succession . This is seen by some to form a constitutional paradox . However , the current Act specifies that the Speaker becomes President `` upon his resignation as Speaker '' and as a member of Congress , allowing for a seamless transition . In 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has `` at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention '' , specifically : The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington , D.C. In the event of a nuclear , chemical , or biological attack , it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated . Doubt ( such as those expressed above by James Madison ) that congressional leaders are eligible to act as President . A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the `` largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest - serving Senator of the majority party '' . For example , from January 20 , 2001 , to June 6 , 2001 , the President pro tempore was then - 98 - year - old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina . A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term , as the President , Speaker , and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other . A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments , without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary . The fact that , should a Cabinet member begin to act as President , the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker ( or the Senate , a new President pro tempore ) , who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time . The absence of a provision where a President is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant ( for example , if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the President and killed the Vice President ) . See also ( edit ) Central Locator System Designated survivor List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots United States presidential line of succession in fiction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 19 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Presidential order of succession '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Continuity of the Presidency , '' Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 , p. 34 . ( Archived by WebCite at ( 1 ) Accessed : 2012 - 05 - 23 ) Jump up ^ `` Special Message to the Congress on the Succession to the Presidency . June 19 , 1945 '' by President Harry S. Truman ; from the American Presidency Project archives ^ Jump up to : Wildavsky , Aaron B. ( 2003 ) . Horowitz , Irving , ed . The revolt against the masses and other essays on politics and public policy ( Google Books ) . Transaction Publishers . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0960 - 5 . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading - '' . kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr . ( Autumn 1974 ) . `` On the Presidential Succession '' . Political Science Quarterly . 89 ( 3 ) : 475 , 495 -- 496 . JSTOR 2148451 . ^ Jump up to : Rankin , Robert S. ( Feb 1946 ) . `` Presidential Succession in the United States '' . The Journal of Politics . 8 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 56 . JSTOR 2125607 . doi : 10.2307 / 2125607 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott , Philip ( Dec 2005 ) . `` Accidental Presidents : Death , Assassination , Resignation , and Democratic Succession '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 35 ( 4 ) : 627 , 638 . JSTOR 27552721 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2005. 00269. x . Jump up ^ Crapol , Edward P. ( 2006 ) . John Tyler : the accidental president . UNC Press Books . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3041 - 3 . OCLC 469686610 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton Thomas ; Willsey , Joseph H. ( 1895 ) . Harper 's Book of Facts : a Classified History of the World ; Embracing Science , Literature , and Art . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 884 . LCCN 01020386 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postmasters General '' . postalmuseum.si.edu . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ US Congress ( 2005 ) . USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act OF 2005 . 109th Congress Public Law 177 . Retrieved on October 29 , 2015 from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ177/html/PLAW-109publ177.htm . Jump up ^ `` 1801 : President for a Day -- March 4 , 1849 '' . May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Mikkelson ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` President for a Day '' . snopes . Jump up ^ Medved , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Shadow Presidents : The Secret History of the Chief Executives and Their Top Aides . New York , U.S.A. : Times Books . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0816 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Haig '' , Time , April 2 , 1984 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 6 : James Madison to Edmund Pendleton '' . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Presidential Succession Act 1947 Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link Further reading ( edit ) Ask Gleaves : Presidential Succession from the website of Grand Valley State University 3 U.S.C. § 19 -- `` Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' Presidential Succession Act of 1792 , 1 Stat. 239 ( from the American Memory website of the Library of Congress `` Presidential Line of Succession Examined '' , a September 20 , 2003 article from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel `` WI Presidential Succession Act of 1947 held unconstitutional '' , David Tenner , Usenet group : soc. history. what - if , January 14 , 2003 . Fools , Drunkards , & Presidential Succession from the Federalist Society website Testimony of M. Miller Baker from the U.S. Senate website External links ( edit ) The Presidency : Preserving Our Institutions Second report of the Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 ( includes the text of the Presidential Succession Acts of 1792 , 1886 and 1947 ) Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Rex Tillerson ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( James Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Eric Hargan ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( David Shulkin ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Elaine Duke ) Jump up ^ Never confirmed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and thus ineligible for the presidential line of succession . Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Birth Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Pension and benefits Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession US Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Orders of succession Monarchies Bahrain Belgium Bhutan Brunei Denmark Japan Jordan Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malaysia Monaco Morocco Netherlands Norway Saudi Arabia Spain Swaziland Sweden Thailand Tonga United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms Presidencies Argentina Austria Brazil Colombia D.R. Congo Dominican Republic France Finland Germany Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy South Korea Mexico Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Sri Lanka Taiwan United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_line_of_succession&oldid=808541303 '' Categories : United States presidential succession Continuity of government in the United States Vice Presidency of the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 13 : 58 . 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who takes over as president if both the president and the vice president die
[ "The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which persons may become or act as President of the United States if the incumbent President becomes incapacitated, dies, resigns, or is removed from office (by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate). The line of succession is set by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947[1] as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices. The succession follows the order of Vice President, Speaker of the House of Representatives, President pro tempore of the Senate, and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States. The Cabinet currently has fifteen members, beginning with the Secretary of State, and followed by the rest in the order of their positions' creation. Those heads of department who are ineligible to act as President are also ineligible to succeed the President by succession, for example most commonly if they are not a natural-born U.S. citizen." ]
[ "Speaker of the House of Representatives" ]
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India national football team
India national football team - Wikipedia India national football team This article is about the men 's team . For the women 's team , see India women 's national football team . India Nickname ( s ) Blue Tigers Association All India Football Federation Confederation AFC ( Asia ) Sub-confederation SAFF ( South Asia ) Head coach Stephen Constantine Captain Sunil Chhetri Most caps Sunil Chhetri ( 101 ) Top scorer Sunil Chhetri ( 64 ) Home stadium Various FIFA code IND First colours Second colours FIFA ranking Current 97 ( 7 June 2018 ) Highest 94 ( February 1996 ) Lowest 173 ( March 2015 ) Elo ranking Current 159 8 ( 10 June 2018 ) Highest 30 ( March 1952 ) Lowest 186 ( September 2015 ) First international Pre-independence : Australia 5 -- 3 India ( Sydney , Australia ; 3 September 1938 ) Post-independence : India 1 -- 2 France ( London , England ; 31 July 1948 ) Biggest win Australia 1 -- 7 India ( Sydney , Australia ; 12 December 1956 ) India 6 -- 0 Cambodia ( New Delhi , India ; 17 August 2007 ) Biggest defeat Soviet Union 11 -- 1 India ( Moscow , Soviet Union ; 16 September 1955 ) Asian Cup Appearances 3 ( first in 1964 ) Best result Runners - up , 1964 The India national football team ( Hindi : भारत राष्ट्रीय फुटबॉल संघ ) represents India in international football and is controlled by the All India Football Federation . Under the global jurisdiction of FIFA and governed in Asia by the AFC , the team is also part of the South Asian Football Federation . The team , which was once considered one of the best teams in Asia , had its golden era during the 1950s and early 1960s . During this period , under the coaching of Syed Abdul Rahim , India won gold during the 1951 and 1962 Asian Games , while finishing fourth during the 1956 Summer Olympics . India has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup finals , although the team did qualify by default for the 1950 World Cup after all the other nations in their qualification group withdrew . However , India also withdrew prior to the beginning of the tournament . The team has also appeared three times in the Asia 's top football competition , the AFC Asian Cup . Their best result in the competition occurred in 1964 when the team finished as runners - up . India also participate in the SAFF Championship , the top regional football competition in South Asia . They have won the tournament six times since it began in 1993 . Despite India not achieving the same results as their golden era , the team has seen a steady resurgence since the beginning of the 21st century . Besides the SAFF Championship triumphs , under the guidance of Bob Houghton , India won the restarted Nehru Cup in 2007 and 2009 while also managing to emerge victorious during the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup . The Challenge Cup victory allowed India to once again qualify for the Asian Cup for the first time in 27 years . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 Golden years ( 1950s -- 1960s ) 1.3 Decline ( 1970s -- 2000 ) 1.4 Resurgence ( 2000 -- 2011 ) 1.5 2011 -- present 2 Coaching staff 3 Players 3.1 Current squad 3.2 Recent call - ups 3.3 Past squads 3.3. 1 AFC Asian Cup 3.3. 2 Summer Olympics 4 Results and schedule 4.1 2017 4.2 2018 4.3 2019 5 Competitive records 5.1 FIFA World Cup 5.2 AFC Asian Cup 5.3 Summer Olympics 5.4 Other honours 6 Head coaches 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Football teams consisting of entirely Indian players started to tour Australia , Japan , Indonesia , and Thailand during the late 1930s . After the success of several Indian football clubs abroad , the All India Football Federation ( AIFF ) was formed in 1937 . The national team played their first match as an independent nation in 1948 in the first round of the 1948 Summer Olympics against France . Using mainly barefooted players , India were defeated 2 -- 1 in London . Golden years ( 1950s -- 1960s ) ( edit ) In 1950 , India managed to qualify for the 1950 FIFA World Cup finals , which was scheduled to take place in Brazil . This was was not due to any success on the pitch , but due to the fact that all their opponents during the qualifying withdrew from the pre-tournament qualifiers . However , India themselves withdrew from the World Cup finals before the tournament was to begin . The All India Football Federation gave various reasons for the team 's withdrawal , including travel costs , lack of practice time , and valuing the Olympics above the World Cup . Despite the reason given out from the AIFF , many football historians and pundits have repeated the tale that India withdrew from the World Cup due to FIFA imposing a rule banning players from playing barefoot . However , according to the then captain of India , Sailen Manna , the story of the team not being allowed to play due to wanting to play barefoot was not true . Since then , India has not come close to qualifying for another World Cup . Despite not participating in the World Cup in 1950 , the following years after , from 1951 to 1964 , are usually considered to be the `` golden era '' of Indian football . India , coached by Hyderabad City Police head coach Syed Abdul Rahim , became one of the best teams in Asia . In March 1951 , Rahim lead India to their first ever triumph during the 1951 Asian Games . Hosted in India , the team defeated Iran 1 -- 0 in the gold medal match to gain their first trophy . Sahu Mewalal scored the winning goal for India in that match . The next year India went back to the Olympics but were once again defeated in the first round , this time by Yugoslavia and by a score of 10 -- 1 . Upon returning to India , the AIFF made it mandatory for footballers to wear boots . After taking the defeat in Finland , India participated in various minor tournaments , such as the Colombo Cup , which they won three times from 1953 to 1955 . In 1954 , India returned to the Asian Games as defending champions in Manila . Despite their achievement three years prior , India were unable to go past the group stage as the team finished second in Group C during the tournament , two points behind Indonesia . Two years later , during the 1956 Summer Olympics , India went on to achieve the team 's greatest result in a competitive tournament . The team finished in fourth place during the Summer Olympics football tournament , losing the bronze - medal match to Bulgaria 3 -- 0 . The tournament is also known for Neville D'Souza 's hat - trick against Australia in the quarterfinals . D'Souza's hat - trick was the first hat - trick scored by an Asian in Olympic history . After their good performance during the Summer Olympics , India participated in the 1958 Asian Games in Tokyo . The team once again finished fourth , losing the bronze - medal match to Indonesia 4 -- 1 . The next year the team traveled to Malaysia where they took part in the Merdeka Cup and finished as the tournament runners - up . India began the 1960s with 1960 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers . Despite the qualifiers for the West Zone being held in Kochi , India finished last in their qualification group and thus failed to qualify for the tournament . Despite the set - back , India went on to win the gold medal during the Asian Games for the second time in 1962 . The team defeated South Korea 2 -- 1 to win their second major championship . Two years later , following their Asian Games triumph , India participated in the 1964 AFC Asian Cup after all the other teams in their qualification group withdrew . Despite their automatic entry into the continental tournament , India managed to finish as the runners - up during the tournament , losing out to the hosts , Israel , by two points . This remains India 's best performance in the AFC Asian Cup . Decline ( 1970s -- 2000 ) ( edit ) India returned to the Asian Games in 1966 . Despite their performance two years prior during the AFC Asian Cup , India could not go beyond the group stage as the team finished third , behind Japan and Iran . Four years later , during the 1970 Asian Games , India came back and took third place during the tournament . The team defeated Japan 1 -- 0 during the bronze - medal match . In 1974 , India 's performance in the Asian Games once again sharply declined as they finished the 1974 edition in last place in their group , losing all three matches , scoring two , and conceding 14 goals in the first round . India then showed steady improvement during the 1978 tournament , finishing second in their group of three . The team were then knocked - out in the next round , finishing last in their group with three defeats from three matches . The 1982 tournament proved to be better for India as the side managed to qualify for the quarter - finals before losing to Saudi Arabia 1 -- 0 . In 1984 , India managed to qualify for the AFC Asian Cup for the first time since their second place triumph in 1964 . During the 1984 tournament , India finished in last place in their five team group in the first round . India 's only non-defeat during the tournament came against Iran , a 0 -- 0 draw . Despite India 's decline from a major football power in Asia , the team still managed to assert its dominance as the top team in South Asia . India managed to win the football competition of the South Asian Games in 1985 and then again won the gold medal in 1987 . The team then began the 1990s by winning the inaugural SAFF Championship in 1993 . The team ended the 20th century by winning the SAFF Championship again in 1997 and 1999 . Resurgence ( 2000 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) Sunil Chhetri celebrating after scoring during the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup . India 's first competitive matches of the 21st century were the 2002 FIFA World Cup first round qualifiers . Despite a very bright start , defeating the United Arab Emirates 1 -- 0 , drawing Yemen 1 -- 1 , as well as two victories over Brunei , including a 5 -- 0 victory in Bangalore , India finished a point away from qualification for the next round . In 2003 , India took part in the 2003 SAFF Championship . The team qualified for the semi-finals but fell to Bangladesh 2 -- 1 . Later in 2003 , India participated in the Afro - Asian Games being held in Hyderabad . Under the coaching of Stephen Constantine , India managed to make it to the final of the tournament after defeating Zimbabwe , a team ranked 85 places above India in the FIFA rankings at the time , 5 -- 3 . Despite the major victory , during the gold - medal match India were defeated 1 -- 0 by Uzbekistan U21 . Due to this achievement , Constantine was voted as the Asian Football Confederation 's Manager of the Month for October 2003 . The tournament result also gave India more recognition around the country and around the world . India celebrating after winning the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup . Constantine was replaced by Syed Nayeemuddin in 2005 but the Indian head coach only lasted for a little over a year as India suffered many heavy defeats during the 2007 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers . During this time India were defeated 6 -- 0 by Japan , 3 -- 0 by Saudi Arabia and Yemen respectively at home , and 7 -- 1 away in Jeddah . Former Malmö and China coach Bob Houghton was brought in as head coach in May 2006 . Under Houghton , India witnessed massive improvement in their football standing . In August 2007 , Houghton won the country the restarted Nehru Cup after India defeated Syria 1 -- 0 in the final . Pappachen Pradeep scored the winning goal for India that match . The next year , Houghton lead India during the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup , which was hosted in Hyderabad and Delhi . During the tournament , India breezed through the group stage before defeating Myanmar in the semi-finals . In the final against Tajikistan , India , through a Sunil Chhetri hat - trick , won the match 4 -- 1 . The victory not only earned India the championship but it also allowed India to qualify for the 2011 AFC Asian Cup , the nation 's first Asian Cup appearance in 27 years . In order to prepare for the Asian Cup , Houghton had the team stay together as a squad for eight months from June 2010 till the start of the tournament , meaning the players would not play for their clubs . India were drawn into Group C for the Asian Cup with Australia , South Korea , and Bahrain . Despite staying together as a team for eight months , India lost all three of their matches during the Asian Cup , including a 4 -- 0 defeat to Australia . Despite the results , India were still praised by fans and pundits for their valiant efforts during the tournament . 2011 -- present ( edit ) After participating the 2011 AFC Asian Cup , India 's quest to qualify for the 2015 edition of the tournament began in February 2011 with AFC Challenge Cup qualifiers . Bob Houghton decided to change the makeup of the India squad , replacing many of the aging players from the Asian Cup with some young players from the AIFF development side in the I - League , Indian Arrows . Even with a young side , India managed to qualify for the AFC Challenge Cup with ease . Despite the good result though with a young side , the AIFF decided to terminate the contract of Bob Houghton . After having Dempo coach , Armando Colaco , as interim head coach , the AIFF signed Savio Medeira as head coach in October 2011 . Despite leading India to another SAFF Championship victory , Medeira lead India to their worst performance in the AFC Challenge Cup in March 2012 . The team lost all three of their group matches , unable to score a single goal during the tournament . After the tournament , Medeira was replaced as head coach by Dutchman , Wim Koevermans . Koeverman 's first job as head coach was the 2012 Nehru Cup . India won their third successive Nehru Cup , defeating Cameroon 's B side on penalties . In March 2013 , India failed to qualify for the 2014 AFC Challenge Cup and thus also failed to qualify for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup . The team also failed to retain the SAFF Championship , losing 2 -- 0 to Afghanistan in the 2013 final . After more bad results in friendlies , Koevermans resigned as head coach in October 2014 . By March 2015 , after not playing any matches , India reached their lowest FIFA ranking position of 173 . A couple months prior , Stephen Constantine was re-hired as the head coach after first leading India more than a decade before . Constantine 's first major assignment back as the India head coach were the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . After making it through the first round of qualifiers , India crashed out during the second round , losing seven of their eight matches and thus , once again , failed to qualify for the World Cup . Despite failure to qualify for the World Cup , India managed to reach the third round of 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers after defeating Laos in the play - off round on aggregate 7 -- 1 . On 11 October 2017 , India secured qualification for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup after a 4 -- 1 victory over Macau . Coaching staff ( edit ) Position Name Head coach Stephen Constantine Assistant coach Shanmugam Venkatesh Goalkeeping coach Rogerio Ramos Sports Scientist Danny Deigan AIFF Technical Director Savio Medeira Players ( edit ) Current squad ( edit ) The following players were called up to the India squad for the 2018 Intercontinental Cup . Caps and goals correct as of 10 June 2018 , after the match against Kenya No . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club 1GK Vishal Kaith ( 1996 - 07 - 22 ) 22 July 1996 ( age 22 ) 0 0 Pune City 16 1GK Amrinder Singh ( 1993 - 05 - 27 ) 27 May 1993 ( age 25 ) 0 Mumbai City 23 1GK Gurpreet Singh Sandhu ( 1992 - 02 - 03 ) 3 February 1992 ( age 26 ) 24 0 Bengaluru 2DF Subashish Bose ( 1995 - 08 - 18 ) 18 August 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 Mumbai City 2DF Salam Ranjan Singh ( 1995 - 12 - 04 ) 4 December 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 East Bengal 2DF Lalruatthara ( 1995 - 01 - 07 ) 7 January 1995 ( age 23 ) 0 Kerala Blasters 5 2DF Sandesh Jhingan ( 1993 - 07 - 21 ) 21 July 1993 ( age 25 ) 26 Kerala Blasters 6 2DF Jerry Lalrinzuala ( 1998 - 07 - 30 ) 30 July 1998 ( age 20 ) 5 0 Chennaiyin 20 2DF Pritam Kotal ( 1993 - 08 - 09 ) 9 August 1993 ( age 25 ) 26 0 Delhi Dynamos 21 2DF Narayan Das ( 1993 - 09 - 25 ) 25 September 1993 ( age 24 ) 26 Goa 22 2DF Anas Edathodika ( 1987 - 02 - 15 ) 15 February 1987 ( age 31 ) 13 0 Kerala Blasters 7 3MF Anirudh Thapa ( 1998 - 01 - 15 ) 15 January 1998 ( age 20 ) 7 0 Chennaiyin 8 3MF Mohammed Rafique ( 1992 - 09 - 20 ) 20 September 1992 ( age 25 ) 12 East Bengal 14 3MF Rowllin Borges ( 1992 - 06 - 05 ) 5 June 1992 ( age 26 ) 24 NorthEast United 15 3MF Udanta Singh ( 1996 - 06 - 14 ) 14 June 1996 ( age 22 ) 13 Bengaluru 17 3MF Pronay Halder ( 1993 - 02 - 25 ) 25 February 1993 ( age 25 ) 12 Goa 18 3MF Laldanmawia Ralte ( 1992 - 12 - 19 ) 19 December 1992 ( age 25 ) 0 East Bengal 19 3MF Halicharan Narzary ( 1994 - 05 - 10 ) 10 May 1994 ( age 24 ) 21 0 Kerala Blasters 24 3MF Ashique Kuruniyan ( 1997 - 06 - 17 ) 17 June 1997 ( age 21 ) 0 Pune City 9 4FW Alen Deory ( 1996 - 01 - 12 ) 12 January 1996 ( age 22 ) 0 Shillong Lajong 10 4FW Balwant Singh ( 1986 - 12 - 15 ) 15 December 1986 ( age 31 ) 9 Mumbai City 11 4FW Sunil Chhetri ( Captain ) ( 1984 - 08 - 03 ) 3 August 1984 ( age 34 ) 101 64 Bengaluru 12 4FW Jeje Lalpekhlua ( 1991 - 01 - 07 ) 7 January 1991 ( age 27 ) 51 22 Chennaiyin Recent call - ups ( edit ) The following players have also been called up to the India squad within the last twelve months . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club Latest call - up GK Sanjiban Ghosh ( 1991 - 07 - 06 ) 6 July 1991 ( age 27 ) 0 0 Jamshedpur Intercontinental Cup Prep . Camp GK Subrata Pal ( 1986 - 12 - 24 ) 24 December 1986 ( age 31 ) 66 0 Jamshedpur v. Myanmar ; 14 November 2017 GK Albino Gomes ( 1994 - 02 - 07 ) 7 February 1994 ( age 24 ) 0 0 Delhi Dynamos v. Macau ; 5 September 2017 GK Rehenesh TP ( 1993 - 02 - 13 ) 13 February 1993 ( age 25 ) 0 0 NorthEast United v. Saint Kitts and Nevis ; 24 August 2017 DF Davinder Singh ( 1995 - 09 - 22 ) 22 September 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 0 Mumbai City Intercontinental Cup Prep . Camp DF Nishu Kumar ( 1997 - 01 - 01 ) 1 January 1997 ( age 21 ) 0 0 Bengaluru v. Kyrgyzstan ; 27 March 2018 DF Sarthak Golui ( 1997 - 11 - 03 ) 3 November 1997 ( age 20 ) 0 0 Pune City v. Myanmar ; 14 November 2017 DF Arnab Mondal ( 1989 - 09 - 25 ) 25 September 1989 ( age 28 ) 27 East Bengal v. Macau ; 11 October 2017 DF Fulganco Cardozo ( 1988 - 01 - 23 ) 23 January 1988 ( age 30 ) Chennaiyin v. Kyrgyzstan ; 13 June 2017 DF Chinglensana Singh ( 1996 - 11 - 23 ) 23 November 1996 ( age 21 ) 0 0 Goa v. Kyrgyzstan ; 13 June 2017 MF Bikash Jairu ( 1992 - 03 - 12 ) 12 March 1992 ( age 26 ) 11 0 Jamshedpur Intercontinental Cup Prep . Camp MF Dhanpal Ganesh ( 1994 - 06 - 13 ) 13 June 1994 ( age 24 ) 6 0 Chennaiyin Intercontinental Cup Prep . Camp MF Seiminlen Doungel ( 1994 - 01 - 03 ) 3 January 1994 ( age 24 ) 0 NorthEast United Intercontinental Cup Prep . Camp MF Souvik Chakrabarti ( 1991 - 07 - 12 ) 12 July 1991 ( age 27 ) 0 0 Jamshedpur Intercontinental Cup Prep . Camp MF Vinit Rai ( 1997 - 10 - 10 ) 10 October 1997 ( age 20 ) 0 0 Delhi Dynamos Intercontinental Cup Prep . Camp MF Eugeneson Lyngdoh ( 1986 - 09 - 10 ) 10 September 1986 ( age 31 ) 24 0 ATK v. Myanmar ; 14 November 2017 MF Jackichand Singh ( 1992 - 03 - 17 ) 17 March 1992 ( age 26 ) 16 Kerala Blasters v. Myanmar ; 14 November 2017 MF Nikhil Poojari ( 1995 - 09 - 03 ) 3 September 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 East Bengal v. Myanmar ; 14 November 2017 MF Germanpreet Singh ( 1996 - 06 - 24 ) 24 June 1996 ( age 22 ) 0 Chennaiyin v. Myanmar ; 14 November 2017 MF Seityasen Singh ( 1992 - 03 - 12 ) 12 March 1992 ( age 26 ) 5 0 Delhi Dynamos v. Saint Kitts and Nevis ; 24 August 2017 MF Milan Singh ( 1992 - 05 - 15 ) 15 May 1992 ( age 26 ) 0 Kerala Blasters v. Saint Kitts and Nevis ; 24 August 2017 MF Cavin Lobo ( 1988 - 04 - 04 ) 4 April 1988 ( age 30 ) 8 0 East Bengal v. Kyrgyzstan ; 13 June 2017 MF Isaac Vanlalsawma ( 1996 - 09 - 15 ) 15 September 1996 ( age 21 ) 0 0 Pune City v. Kyrgyzstan ; 13 June 2017 FW Manvir Singh ( 1995 - 11 - 06 ) 6 November 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 Goa Intercontinental Cup Prep . Camp FW Hitesh Sharma ( 1997 - 12 - 25 ) 25 December 1997 ( age 20 ) 0 0 ATK v. Kyrgyzstan ; 27 March 2018 FW C.K. Vineeth ( 1988 - 02 - 28 ) 28 February 1988 ( age 30 ) 7 0 Kerala Blasters v. Macau ; 11 October 2017 FW Robin Singh ( 1990 - 05 - 09 ) 9 May 1990 ( age 28 ) 30 5 ATK v. Macau ; 5 September 2017 FW Sumeet Passi ( 1995 - 04 - 18 ) 18 April 1995 ( age 23 ) Jamshedpur v. Saint Kitts and Nevis ; 24 August 2017 FW Daniel Lalhlimpuia ( 1997 - 09 - 12 ) 12 September 1997 ( age 20 ) 0 Delhi Dynamos v. Kyrgyzstan ; 13 June 2017 Past squads ( edit ) AFC Asian Cup ( edit ) 1964 AFC Asian Cup 1984 AFC Asian Cup 2011 AFC Asian Cup Summer Olympics ( edit ) 1948 Summer Olympics 1952 Summer Olympics 1956 Summer Olympics 1960 Summer Olympics Results and schedule ( edit ) For all past match results of the national team , see the team 's results page . 2017 ( edit ) Cambodia v India 22 March 2017 Friendly Cambodia 2 -- 3 India show Phnom Penh , Cambodia 17 : 00 IST Laboravy 36 ' Vathanaka 62 ' Report Chhetri 35 ' Lalpekhlua 49 ' Jhingan 52 ' Stadium : Olympic Stadium Referee : Võ Minh Trí ( Vietnam ) Myanmar v India 28 March 2017 2019 ACQ Myanmar 0 -- 1 India show Yangon , Myanmar 17 : 00 IST Report Chhetri 90 ' Stadium : Thuwunna Stadium Attendance : 12,205 Referee : Yu Ming Hsun ( Chinese Taipei ) India v Nepal 6 June 2017 Friendly India 2 -- 0 Nepal show Mumbai , India Jhingan 60 ' Lalpekhlua 78 ' Report Stadium : Mumbai Football Arena Referee : Pranjal Banerjee ( India ) India v Kyrgyzstan 13 June 2017 2019 ACQ India 1 -- 0 Kyrgyzstan show Bangalore , India 20 : 00 IST Chhetri 69 ' Report Stadium : Sree Kanteerava Stadium Attendance : 6,213 Referee : Yudai Yamamoto ( Japan ) India v Mauritius 19 August 2017 Tri-Nation Series India 2 -- 1 Mauritius show Mumbai , India R. Singh 37 ' B. Singh 62 ' Report Jocelyn 15 ' Stadium : Mumbai Football Arena Referee : Dilan Perera ( Sri Lanka ) India v Saint Kitts and Nevis 24 August 2017 Tri-Nation Series India 1 -- 1 Saint Kitts and Nevis show Mumbai , India J. Singh 38 ' Report Amory 71 ' Stadium : Mumbai Football Arena Referee : Dilan Perera ( Sri Lanka ) Macau v India 5 September 2017 2019 ACQ Macau 0 -- 2 India show Taipa , Macau Report B. Singh 57 ' , 82 ' Stadium : Estádio Campo Desportivo Attendance : 600 Referee : Ahmed Faisal ( Jordan ) India v Macau 11 October 2017 2019 ACQ India 4 -- 1 Macau show Bangalore , India 19 : 30 UTC + 5 : 30 Borges 28 ' Chhetri 60 ' Ho Man Fai 70 ' ( o.g ) Lalpekhlua 90 + 2 ' Report Torrão 37 ' Stadium : Sree Kanteerava Stadium Attendance : 4,131 Referee : Yaqoob Abdul Baki ( Oman ) India v Myanmar 14 November 2017 2019 ACQ India 2 -- 2 Myanmar show Margao , India 20 : 00 UTC + 5 : 30 Chhetri 13 ' ( pen . ) Lalpekhlua 69 ' Report Yan Naing Oo 1 ' Kyaw Ko Ko 19 ' Stadium : Fatorda Stadium Attendance : 5,546 Referee : Liu Kwok Man ( Hong Kong ) 2018 ( edit ) Kyrgyzstan v India 27 March 2018 2019 ACQ Kyrgyzstan 2 -- 1 India show Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan Zemlianukhin 2 ' Murzaev 72 ' Report Lalpekhlua 88 ' Stadium : Dolen Omurzakov Stadium Attendance : 9,588 Referee : Ammar Al - Jeneibi ( United Arab Emirates ) India v Chinese Taipei 1 June 2018 Intercontinental Cup India 5 -- 0 Chinese Taipei show Mumbai , India Chhetri 14 ' , 34 ' , 60 ' U. Singh 48 ' Halder 78 ' Report Stadium : Mumbai Football Arena Attendance : 2,569 Referee : Nivon Robesh Gamini ( Sri Lanka ) India v Kenya 4 June 2018 Intercontinental Cup India 3 -- 0 Kenya show Mumbai , India Chhetri 68 ' ( pen . ) , 90 + 2 ' Lalpekhlua 71 ' Report Stadium : Mumbai Football Arena Attendance : 8,890 Referee : Hettikamkanamge Perera ( Sri Lanka ) India v New Zealand 7 June 2018 Intercontinental Cup India 1 -- 2 New Zealand show Mumbai , India Chhetri 48 ' Report De Jong 49 ' Dyer 86 ' Stadium : Mumbai Football Arena Referee : Hettikamkanamge Perera ( Sri Lanka ) India v Kenya 10 June 2018 Intercontinental Cup India 2 -- 0 Kenya show Mumbai , India Chhetri 8 ' , 29 ' Report Stadium : Mumbai Football Arena Referee : Nivon Robesh Gamini ( Sri Lanka ) India v Sri Lanka 5 September 2018 SAFF G.S. India Sri Lanka show Dhaka , Bangladesh Stadium : Bangabandhu National Stadium India v Maldives 9 September 2018 SAFF G.S. India Maldives show Dhaka , Bangladesh Stadium : Bangabandhu National Stadium China PR v India 13 October 2018 Friendly China PR India show China Report India v Saudi Arabia November 2018 Friendly India Saudi Arabia show TBD Oman v India 27 December 2018 Friendly Oman India show TBD Report 2019 ( edit ) Thailand v India 6 January 2019 Asian Cup G.S. Thailand India show Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates Stadium : Al Nahyan Stadium India v United Arab Emirates 10 January 2019 Asian Cup G.S. India United Arab Emirates show Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates Stadium : Zayed Sports City Stadium India v Bahrain 14 January 2019 Asian Cup G.S. India Bahrain show Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates Stadium : Sharjah Stadium Competitive records ( edit ) FIFA World Cup ( edit ) India has never participated in a FIFA World Cup finals . After gaining independence in 1947 , India managed to qualify for the World Cup held in 1950 . This was due to Myanmar ( then known as Burma ) , Indonesia , and the Philippines withdrawing from qualification . However , prior to the start of the tournament , India themselves withdrew due to the expenses required in getting the team to Brazil . Other reasons cited for why India withdrew include FIFA not allowing Indian players to play in the tournament barefoot and the All India Football Federation not considering the World Cup an important tournament compared to the Olympics . After withdrawing from the 1950 FIFA World Cup , India did n't enter the qualifying rounds of the tournament between 1954 and 1982 . Since the 1986 qualifiers , with the exception of the 1990 edition of the tournament , the team started to participate in qualifiers but have yet to qualify for the tournament again . FIFA World Cup record FIFA World Cup Qualification record Year Round Position Pld GF GA Pld GF GA 1930 Did not enter Did not enter 1934 1938 1950 Qualified but withdrew None 1954 Denied by FIFA None 1958 Did not enter Did not enter 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 Did not qualify 6 7 6 1990 Withdrew from qualification 1994 8 6 8 22 1998 7 2002 6 11 5 2006 6 18 0 6 2014 0 5 2018 10 7 7 18 2022 To be determined To be determined Total 0 / 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 10 11 22 43 86 AFC Asian Cup ( edit ) Main article : India at the AFC Asian Cup India have qualified for the AFC Asian Cup three times . The team played their first Asian Cup in 1964 . During this tournament India finished as the runners - up , their best major tournament performance yet . Since then India has failed to progress beyond the first round of the Asian Cup with their most recent participation being the 2011 Asian Cup . Year Round Matches Wins Draws Losses GF GA 1956 Did not enter 1960 Did not qualify 1964 Runners - up 0 5 1968 Did not qualify 1972 1976 1980 1984 Round 1 0 0 7 1988 Did not qualify 1992 2000 2007 2011 Round 1 0 0 13 2015 Did not qualify 2019 Qualified Totals 3 / 16 10 7 8 23 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Summer Olympics record Year Result Position Pld GF GA 1908 -- 1936 Did not enter 1948 Round 1 11th 0 0 1952 Preliminaries -- 0 0 10 1956 Semi-finals 4th 0 5 9 1960 Round 1 13th 0 6 1964 -- 1988 Did not qualify 1992 -- present See India national under - 23 team Total Semi-finals 4 / 17 8 6 10 27 Other honours ( edit ) AFC Challenge Cup ( 1 ) : 2008 SAFF Championship ( 6 ) : 1993 , 1997 , 1999 , 2005 , 2011 , 2015 Nehru Cup ( 3 ) : 2007 , 2009 , 2012 Asian Games ( 2 ) : 1951 , 1962 Head coaches ( edit ) Since independence , there have been eighteen different head coaches for the India national team , with ten of them being foreign coaches . The most successful head coach for India was Syed Abdul Rahim , who lead India to gold in both the 1951 and 1962 Asian Games while also achieving a fourth - place finish during the 1956 Summer Olympics . The most successful foreign head coach for India was Bob Houghton , who coached the side from 2006 to 2011 . With Houghton in charge , India won the Nehru Cup twice and the AFC Challenge Cup in 2008 which allowed India to participate in their first AFC Asian Cup for 27 years . List of head coaches of India Balaidas Chatterjee ( 1948 ) Syed Abdul Rahim ( 1950 -- 1963 ) Harry Wright ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Various ( 1964 -- 1972 ) Pradip Banerjee ( 1972 -- 1981 ) Bob Bootland ( 1982 ) Joe Kinnear ( 1983 ) Milovan Ćirić ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Pradip Banerjee ( 1985 ) Syed Nayeemuddin ( 1986 ) Amal Dutta ( 1987 -- 1988 ) József Gelei ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Jiří Pešek ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Rustam Akramov ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Syed Nayeemuddin ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Sukhwinder Singh ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Stephen Constantine ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Sukhwinder Singh ( 2005 ) Syed Nayeemuddin ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Bob Houghton ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Armando Colaco ( 2011 ) Savio Medeira ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Wim Koevermans ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Stephen Constantine ( 2015 -- ) See also ( edit ) Association football portal Football in India portal Football in India India women 's national football team India national under - 23 football team India national under - 20 football team India national under - 17 football team India women 's national under - 19 football team India women 's national under - 17 football team I - League Indian Super League Indian Women 's League Women 's football in India List of India national football team hat - tricks Women 's football in India Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ From 1964 to 1972 , India had many managers but many of them were never recorded . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Arpit Nath , Joshua ( 3 September 2016 ) . `` Historic ! Indian Football Team Just Thrashed Puerto Rico , Ranked 38 Places Above Them '' . India Times . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8230 ^ Jump up to : `` Sunil Chhetri '' . national - football - teams . Jump up ^ `` India jump four spots to enter top 150 of FIFA men 's rankings '' . Scroll . TheField Scroll. 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India slip to 172 in latest FIFA rankings '' . IndianExpress . IndianExpress. 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Football Elo Ratings : India '' . World Football Elo Ratings . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triumphs and Disasters : The Story of Indian Football , 1889 -- 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Kapadia , Novy ( 2 July 2013 ) . `` The 1950 FIFA World Cup : A missed opportunity for India '' . SportsKeeda . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Lisi ( 2007 ) , p. 49 Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil -- Overview '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Wayback Machine '' . Web.archive.org. 2010 - 06 - 14 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Article written by Somnath Sengupta ( 2010 - 12 - 26 ) . `` Legends of Indian Football : Rahim Saab '' . Thehardtackle.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Ghoshal , Amoy . `` Indian football team at the Asian Games : 1951 New Delhi '' . SportsKeeda . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Colombo Cup '' . IndianFootball.De . Jump up ^ `` Asian Games 1954 '' . RSSSF . ^ Jump up to : `` Melbourne , 1956 '' . FIFA . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1958 Tokyo Asian Games '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1959 Merdeka Cup '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1960 Seoul Asia Cup Qualifiers '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1962 D'Jakarta Asian Games '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1964 Tel Aviv Asia Cup '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1966 Bangkok Asian Games '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1970 Bangkok Asian Games '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Games 1974 '' . RSSSF . Jump up ^ `` Asian Games 1978 '' . RSSSF . Jump up ^ `` Asian Games 1982 '' . RSSSF . ^ Jump up to : Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1984 Singapore Asia Cup '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` South Asian Games '' . IndianFootball.De . ^ Jump up to : `` SAFF CHAMPIONSHIP : REMEMBERING INDIA 'S SAFF TITLE TRIUMPHS '' . The Hard Tackle. 27 August 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup qualifying '' . RSSSF . Jump up ^ `` SAFF 2003 '' . RSSSF . ^ Jump up to : `` Constantine 's rising stock '' . IndianFootball.De . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uzbekistan win football gold '' . Rediff. 23 October 2003 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National football team 's coach sacked '' . Hindustan Times . 9 March 2006 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Asian Cup 2007 '' . RSSSF . Jump up ^ `` Bob Houghton is India 's football coach '' . Rediff. 28 May 2006 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nehru Cup 2007 '' . RSSSF . Jump up ^ `` India win AFC Challenge Cup '' . Rediff.com. 13 August 2008 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Rizvi , Ahmed ( 7 July 2009 ) . `` Houghton prepares in earnest '' . The National . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Asian Cup 2011 : Group C preview '' . The World Game . 9 November 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` INDIA IN AFC ASIAN CUP 2011 : PERFORMANCE REVIEW '' . The Hard Tackle. 20 January 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sengupta , Rahul ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` AIFF Announces New Look Indian Squad For The AFC Challenge Cup Qualifiers '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Deb , Debapriya ( 27 March 2011 ) . `` 2012 AFC CHALLENGE CUP QUALIFIERS : TEAM INDIA PERFORMANCE REPORT CARD -- PART 1 '' . The Hard Tackle . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Englishman Bob Houghton sacked as Manager of India '' . Caught OffSide. 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Coach Profile -- Savio Medeira '' . WIFA . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ De Sousa , Jonathan ( 15 March 2012 ) . `` INDIAN FOOTBALL : AFC CHALLENGE CUP 2012 REVIEW -- A LOOK AT THE BLUE TIGERS '' . The Hard Tackle . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wim Koevermans named as new India senior team coach '' . Goal.com. 15 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India beat Cameroon to win third successive Nehru Cup title '' . India Today . 2 September 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India Lose To Myanmar In AFC Challenge Cup Qualifiers '' . NDTV Sports . 7 March 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Noronha , Anselm ( 11 September 2013 ) . `` Afghanistan are the SAFF Championship 2013 champions , beat India 2 - 0 '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian football team goes down to Palestine ; coach Koevermans resigns '' . Rediff. 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India slip to 172 in latest FIFA rankings '' . Indian Express . 5 November 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Constantine appointed Indian men 's football head coach '' . Indian Express . 16 January 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sequiera , Sean ( 5 September 2016 ) . `` 2018 World Cup qualification was never possible for India : Stephen Constantine '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India thrashes Laos '' . The Hindu . 7 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India qualify for AFC Asian Cup 2019 '' . Goal.com. 11 October 2017 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` We Plan on Winning Each of these Games : Constantine '' . The All India Football Federation . 31 May 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India v Kenya '' . ESPN . 10 June 2018 . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Choudhury , Chandrahas ( 11 June 2014 ) . `` Blame India 's World Cup Drought on the Shoes '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Indian National Team 's World Cup qualifying : '' . Indianfootball.de . Archived from the original on 14 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Nations Cup 1964 '' . RSSSF . Jump up ^ Mishra , Rishav ( 6 January 2013 ) . `` Indian Football 's Golden Age '' . Quora ( Indian Sports ) . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nandi , Dhirtiman ( 23 August 2015 ) . `` Performance Of Foreign Coaches In Indian National Football Team '' . IndianFootballNetwork . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to India national football team . All India Football Federation India national football team General All India Football Federation History Kits Notable players Managers Results Hat - tricks Venues Salt Lake Stadium J.N. Stadium , New Delhi J.N. Stadium , Kochi J.N. Stadium , Chennai Ambedkar Stadium Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium Fatorda Stadium Trivandrum International Stadium Records Competitive record AFC Asian Cup record Player records All - time records Other teams Men 's U-23 U-20 U-17 Women 's W U-19 Football in India National teams Men India U-23 U-20 U-17 Women India U-19 U-16 League competitions Level 1 I - League ( Official league ) Indian Super League Indian Women 's League Level 2 I - League 2nd Division State / District Assam Chennai Delhi Goa Jamshedpur Karnataka Kerala Kolkata Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Mumbai Odisha ( Men 's ) Odisha ( Women 's ) Pune Punjab Sikkim Telangana Uttarakhand Cup competitions AIFF cups Santosh Trophy Super Cup Past tournaments Federation Cup ( 1977 -- 2017 ) Super Cup ( 1997 -- 2011 ) Other cups Durand Cup Other Indian football seasons State associations Defunct leagues Lists List of clubs Stadiums by capacity AIFF History Footballers League champions National men 's football teams of Asia ( AFC ) Southeast Asia ( AFF ) Australia Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Timor - Leste Vietnam Central Asia ( CAFA ) Afghanistan Iran Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East Asia ( EAFF ) China PR Chinese Taipei Guam Hong Kong Japan Korea DPR Korea Republic Macau Mongolia Northern Mariana Islands South Asia ( SAFF ) Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka West Asia ( WAFF ) Bahrain Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Defunct Malaya North Vietnam South Vietnam South Yemen Former Israel ( moved to UEFA in 1994 ) Kazakhstan ( moved to UEFA in 2002 ) New Zealand ( formed the OFC in 1966 ) Provisional Associate Member - Not a member of FIFA National teams of India Major teams ( World level ) Badminton Cricket Ind A M U19 Blind Field hockey Kabaddi Motorsport ( A1 Team ) Rollball Softball Squash Tennis Continental level Basketball M U19 M U17 M 3x3 W U19 W U17 W 3x3 Football M U23 M U19 M U17 M U14 W U19 Volleyball Minor teams Baseball Beach soccer Handball Ice hockey M U20 M U18 Korfball Netball Racquetball Roller hockey Rugby league Rugby union Rugby 7 's Water polo Multi-sport event Asian Games Commonwealth Games Lusophony Games Olympics Youth Paralympics Universiade World Games Asian Games football men 's tournament winners 1951 India 1954 Republic of China 1958 Republic of China 1962 India 1966 Burma 1970 Burma 1970 South Korea 1974 Iran 1978 North Korea 1978 South Korea 1982 Iraq 1986 South Korea 1990 Iran 1994 Uzbekistan 1998 Iran 2002 Iran 2006 Qatar 2010 Japan 2014 South Korea Squads India squad -- 1984 AFC Asian Cup 1 Atanu 2 Dorji 3 T. Dey 4 Chatterjee 5 Roy 6 Banerjee 7 Panji 8 K. Dey 9 Thapa 10 Ali ( c ) 11 Biswajit 12 Pereira 14 Singh 15 Mani 16 Subrata 17 Afonso 18 Majeed 20 Sankhwalkar Coach : Ćirić India squad -- 2011 AFC Asian Cup 1 Pal 2 G. Singh 3 Manju 4 Masih 5 Anwar Ali 6 B. Singh 7 Pradeep 8 R. Singh 9 Yadav 10 Miranda 11 Chhetri 12 Deepak 13 Sandhu 14 Gawli 15 Bhaichung ( c ) 16 Mehraj 17 Surkumar 18 Rafi 19 Gouramangi 20 Climax 21 Subhasish 22 Nabi 23 Dias Coach : Houghton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_national_football_team&oldid=854717050 '' Categories : India national football team Asian national association football teams National sports teams of India 1948 establishments in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2017 Use Indian English from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using Template : Football kit with incorrect pattern parameters Articles containing Hindi - language text Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 08 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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who is the captain of indian football team now
[ "IndiaNickname(s)\nBlue Tigers[1]Association\nAll India Football FederationConfederation\nAFC (Asia)Sub-confederation\nSAFF (South Asia)Head coach\nStephen ConstantineCaptain\nSunil Chhetri[2]Most caps\nSunil Chhetri (101)[3]Top scorer\nSunil Chhetri (64)[3]Home stadium\nVariousFIFA code\nIND\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst colours\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSecond colours\n\n\nFIFA rankingCurrent\n97 (7 June 2018)Highest\n94[4] (February 1996)Lowest\n173[5] (March 2015)Elo rankingCurrent\n159 8 (10 June 2018)Highest\n30[6] (March 1952)Lowest\n186[6] (September 2015)First international\nPre-independence: Australia 5–3 India (Sydney, Australia; 3 September 1938)Post-independence: India 1–2 France (London, England; 31 July 1948)Biggest win\n Australia 1–7 India (Sydney, Australia; 12 December 1956) India 6–0 Cambodia (New Delhi, India; 17 August 2007)Biggest defeat\n Soviet Union 11–1 India (Moscow, Soviet Union; 16 September 1955)Asian CupAppearances\n3 (first in 1964)Best result\nRunners-up, 1964" ]
[ "Sunil Chhetri" ]
-2213251210295764680
Debby Ryan
Debby Ryan - wikipedia Debby Ryan Jump to : navigation , search For the college basketball coach , see Debbie Ryan . Debby Ryan Ryan at the 2011 Gracie Awards Deborah Ann Ryan ( 1993 - 05 - 13 ) May 13 , 1993 ( age 24 ) Huntsville , Alabama , U.S. Education Fossil Ridge High School Occupation Actress singer model Years active 2006 -- present Website debbyryan.com Musical career Genres Folk indie pop Labels Ryan River Studio Associated acts The Never Ending Deborah Ann Ryan ( born May 13 , 1993 ) is an American actress and singer . Ryan started acting in professional theatres at the age of seven ; in 2007 she appeared in the Barney & Friends straight - to - DVD film Barney : Let 's Go to the Firehouse and then was discovered in a nationwide search by Disney . She is also known for appearing in the 2008 feature film The Longshots as Edith . In 2009 , she guest starred in an episode of Wizards of Waverly Place in `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' as Bailey Pickett along with her other cast mates from The Suite Life on Deck . Then , in 2010 , she starred in the film 16 Wishes , which was the most watched cable program on the day of its premiere on the Disney Channel . 16 Wishes introduced Ryan to new audiences ; the movie received high viewership in the adults demographic ( 18 -- 34 ) . Soon after that , Ryan starred in the independent theatrical film , What If ... , which premiered on August 20 , 2010 . From 2011 -- 2015 Ryan starred as the titular nanny on the Disney Channel originally series Jessie ; she also directed an episode of the series that aired on May 15 , 2015 . She starred in the 2012 Disney Channel Original Movie Radio Rebel , in which she portrayed Tara Adams , a shy high school student who adopts the radio persona of Radio Rebel . In 2013 , she formed the band The Never Ending . Beginning in July 2015 , Ryan performed with The Never Ending as an opening act on the North American leg of Fifth Harmony 's Reflection Tour . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 2006 -- 10 : The Suite Life on Deck 2.2 2011 -- 15 : Jessie and music 2.3 2016 -- present : Focus on acting 3 Personal life 4 Artistry 5 Other ventures 5.1 Philanthropy 5.2 Fashion 6 Filmography 7 Discography 7.1 Singles 7.2 Promotional singles 7.3 Other appearances 7.4 Music videos 7.5 Production and songwriting credits 8 Awards and nominations 9 References 10 External links Early Life Ryan was born in Huntsville , Alabama . Her father was in the military , so she moved to numerous places in Europe . She lived in Germany until she was 10 and can speak both English and German . She started performing in professional theaters at the age of seven on an American base in Germany . She returned to the United States in 2003 and was raised in Texas . In a 2009 People Magazine interview , she described herself as a `` nerd '' in school . She was bullied in middle school for being a mascot and a member of the school 's chess club . Career 2006 -- 10 : the Suite Life on Deck Ryan at the premiere for Up , in 2009 Ryan began appearing in various television commercials in her early teenage years . In 2006 she made her television debut on the show Barney and Friends . Ryan 's first film role was in 2007 as a guest character in Barney : Let 's Go to the Firehouse , she played the role of a teenager . She appeared in several commercials for iDog and various board games ; she was in an iDog Dance commercial in 2008 . Ryan also had a major role in the Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer feature film The Longshots as Edith . Ryan played one of the main characters , Bailey Pickett , on the Disney Channel Original Series , The Suite Life on Deck , which is a sequel to the hit Disney Channel series , The Suite Life of Zack & Cody . The series 's pilot aired on September 26 , 2008 in the United States and it became the most watched series premiere in Canada on the Family channel . The character is a very intelligent girl who boarded the ship to leave the fictional town of Kettlecorn , Kansas , where she lived on a farm , because she hated the fact that the town is so small . The series was 2008 's number one top scripted television series for teens , beating the veteran series Hannah Montana and Wizards of Waverly Place in the ratings . The series was also 2009 's top rated scripted series , outpacing other teenage shows . In 2009 , Ryan landed a starring role in the independent feature film , What If ... , alongside Kevin Sorbo and Kristy Swanson . The film was shot in Grand Rapids and Manistee , Michigan in July 2009 and was released in theaters on August 20 , 2010 . The film is produced by Pure Flix Entertainment and centers on a Christian family . In October 2009 , Ryan hosted the first Tween Girl Summit Music Festival . `` Tween girls are drawn to talented performers who emanate the joy of life , and we are so happy to have teen favorite Debby Ryan as the first host of The Tween Summit Music Festival , '' said Denise Restauri , founder of The Tween Summit , AllyKatzz.com and AK Tweens . Ryan was set to headline the `` Terrific Teen Tour '' , a concert series which co-headlined Mitchel Musso , Jasmine Richards and Savannah Outen , that would start on July 9 , 2009 and end on July 14 but the tour was canceled owing to schedule conflicts . The tour would have been Ryan 's debut as a live musician . In 2010 , she starred in the young adult film 16 Wishes . In addition , the movie introduced Ryan to new audiences , such as the contemporary adult audience since the movie received high viewership in the adults demographic . Ryan noted that to prepare for her role in 16 Wishes , she watched numerous Brat Pack movies . 2011 -- 15 : Jessie and Music Ryan performing live with The Never Ending , in 2014 On March 25 , 2011 Ryan starred in The Suite Life Movie , based on the show she had starred in . On March 29 , she released the promotional single `` Made of Matches '' , theme of Discovery Family television show R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour # Made of Matches . The Suite Life of Zack & Cody finished its run on May 6 , 2011 . On July 6 , she released her debut solo single , the alternative hip hop song We Ended Right , featuring Chad Hively & Chase Ryan . The song was released from her own label , the Ryan River Studio , founded with her brother , Chase Ryan . Also in 2011 , it was announced that Ryan landed her own Disney Channel series called Jessie , which debuted in September 2011 . The show follows a girl who moves from Texas to New York City to become a star but becomes a nanny instead for a family with four children . Jessie is a show she also helped create , relating that she wanted her character to relate to herself . Ryan directed the season three episode `` Coffee Talk , '' making her the youngest female to ever direct a Disney Channel production . Additionally , in a shift towards a more mature role , she guest starred in an episode of the show Private Practice as a recovering drug addict . On February 17 , 2012 , she starred in another Disney Channel movie entitled Radio Rebel as Tara , a very shy teenage who dreads speaking to anyone in the school , but in the privacy of her bedroom , she incorporates the most famous radialist of internet under the nicknake ' Radio Rebel ' . She released the cover version of `` We Got the Beat '' , by The Go - Go 's , as promotional single for the film on February 21 . On August 31 , 2012 she voiced the character Spike in the Tinker Bell film Secret of the Wings . Also in 2012 , she formed the indie band The Never Ending with the guitarist Kyle Moore and the drummer Johnny Franco . Ryan commented that her musical style includes folk , indie pop and country . She cited as musical influences for their debut work some artistas as The Lumineers , Mumford & Sons , April Smith and the Great Picture Show and Tom Petty . In 2013 , Ryan starred in the film Kristin 's Christmas Past as Haddie . She recorded an appearance in the film Muppets Most Wanted , released in March 21 , 2014 , as Savana , but the scene was deleted . After , the scenes was later reinstated in the Blu - ray release 's extended version . On June 1 , Ryan and The Never Ending released the debut single , `` Mulholland Drive '' , with a premiere in the Billboard website . The debut EP One was released on June 24 , featuring album art from a circus - theme . She also appeared in the show TV series Mighty Med as Jade and was guest mentor in the fifth season of Fashion Police . On April 17 , 2015 , an episode of Girl Meets World premiered featuring Ryan as Aubrey Macavoy . On June 23 , 2015 , The Never Ending debuted their new single , titled `` Secondhand '' . 2016 -- present : focus on acting In 2016 Ryan was cast of the NBC police series The Mysteries of Laura in season two as Lucy Diamond , Laura 's drugged and trouble - making younger paternal half - sister and the half - aunt of Nicholas and Harrison . At the same time , Ryan was confirmed in the cast of comedy series Sing It ! . The show debuted on May 25 , 2016 at YouTube Red , a paid service of streaming original series and movies , similar to Netflix . Ryan played Holli Holiday , a famous and egocentric singer , who uses the fictional talent show Sing It ! to self - promote . The character was inspired by Paula Abdul . On August 22 Ryan was confirmed in the VH1 drama series Daytime Divas , based on the book Satan 's Sisters by former The View - host Star Jones . The series will be debut in 2017 . She will play Maddie Finn , an ex-host of The Lunch Hour and rival of Kibby , who wants to return to the show . In June 2017 , Ryan announced via her Instagram that Netflix had ordered Insatiable to series , after previously being passed on by The CW . Personal Life Ryan is a Christian . She plays several instruments , including the guitar , piano , and keyboard . Ryan was in a relationship with Twenty One Pilots drummer Josh Dun from May 2013 to September 2014 . In a March 10 , 2015 Teen Vogue interview , she revealed that her relationship with Dun was good but she had been in an abusive relationship with someone else . She described that relationship as professional rather than romantic , but said `` it was such emotional manipulation to the point where it became physical . '' In the interview , she stated that she decided to partner with Mary Kay and Love is Respect for their anti-domestic - violence campaign `` Do n't Look Away . '' Ryan is quoted as saying , `` The second someone puts their hand on you , a boundary has been crossed . '' In April 2016 , Ryan was arrested for driving under the influence . Initially , she was charged with felony DUI , but it was later reduced to two misdemeanors . She was released after posting $100,000 bail . On June 30 , 2016 , under a plea agreement , she pled no contest to reckless driving and was sentenced to three years of probation , community service , and a DUI program . Artistry In a 2009 People Magazine interview , Ryan stated that her Suite Life co-star , Brenda Song , is her acting idol . In a March 2009 interview , Ryan revealed she also looks up to Meryl Streep , calling Streep `` so profoundly thought - provoking and life - changing '' . She has said that her other role models include Anne Hathaway , Rachel McAdams , and Tobey Maguire . When asked about musical tastes , she said , `` I love jazz ! I love singing it . I also love country ! My brother loves rock ; he also has this chill Jason Mraz - like style . So basically , my answer is : jazz - country - rock - alternative ? I have no idea ! But I honestly would love to make country music '' . Other ventures Philanthropy Ryan is involved in Disney 's Friends for Change . She was featured in a commercial on Disney Channel . The charity helps explain how kids can help preserve the planet and invites them to go to the Friends for Change website to register and pledge , offering them the chance to help choose how Disney will invest $1 million in environmental programs . Ryan will be taking part in Disney 's Friends for Change Games , which will feature over 30 Disney Channel and Disney XD stars competing in fun and physical challenges inspired by good actions for the environment . The stars will be broken up into teams and each team will play on behalf of an environmental charity . Ryan had been taking part as Captain of the Blue Team playing to benefit Ocean Conservancy . In May 2012 , Ryan traveled to Udaipur , India , as part of Disney 's Friends for Change 's partnership with international charity Free The Children . The trip was hosted by Me to We , a social enterprise and partner of Free The Children . During her visit she volunteered to help build a new school in Lai Gow and met with local community members to learn about their culture . Her experience was filmed and aired between programs on Disney Channel starting on June 28 , 2012 . Fashion In July 2012 , Ryan started work on a clothing line for 2013 . She said she was in the beginning stages of building herself a fashion brand and revealed that she has been looking into designers and interviewing brands she might like to work with . Filmography Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2006 Barney and Friends Debby Recurring role ( Season 10 ) 2008 Jonas Brothers : Living the Dream Herself Episode : `` Hello Hollywood '' 2008 -- 11 The Suite Life on Deck Bailey Pickett Main role ; 62 episodes 2009 Wizards of Waverly Place Bailey Pickett Episode : `` Cast Away ( To Another Show ) '' 2009 Hannah Montana Bailey Pickett Episode : `` Super ( stitious ) Girl '' 16 Wishes Abigail `` Abby '' Jensen Television film 2011 The Suite Life Movie Bailey Pickett Television film 2011 R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour : The Series Stefani Howard Episode : `` Wrong Number '' 2011 PrankStars Herself Episode : `` Something to Chew On '' 2011 Private Practice Hayley Episode : `` The Breaking Point '' 2011 -- 15 Jessie Jessie Prescott Lead role ; 98 episodes 2012 Zeke and Luther Courtney Mills Episode : `` There 's No Business Like Bro Business '' 2012 The Glades Christa Johnson Episode : `` Fountain of Youth '' 2012 Radio Rebel Tara Adams Television film 2012 Austin & Ally Jessie Prescott Episode : `` Austin & Jessie & Ally All Star New Year '' 2013 We Day Host 7th edition 2013 Good Luck Charlie Jessie Prescott Episode : `` Good Luck Jessie : NYC Christmas '' 2013 Kristin 's Christmas Past Haddie Television film 2014 Mighty Med Jade / Remix Episode : `` Guitar Superhero '' 2014 Ultimate Spider - Man Jessie Prescott Voice ; episode : `` Halloween Night at the Museum '' 2014 Fashion Police Guest mentor Episode : `` Debby Ryan and Jamie Chung '' 2015 Girl Meets World Aubrey Episode : `` Girl Meets Demolition '' 2015 Goldie & Bear Thumbelina Voice ; episode : `` Thumbulina 's Wild Ride '' 2015 -- 16 The Mysteries of Laura Lucy Diamond Recurring role ( season 2 ) 2016 Sing It ! Holli Holiday Main role ; 10 episodes 2017 Daytime Divas Maddie Finn Episodes : `` Lunch Is on Us '' and `` Shut It Down '' TBA Insatiable Patty Lead role ; In production Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2007 Barney : Let 's Go to the Firehouse Teenage Girl 2008 The Longshots Edith Smith What If ... Kimberly `` Kim '' Walker 2012 Secret of the Wings Spike Voice role 2014 Muppets Most Wanted Savana 2017 Rip Tide Cora 2017 Cover Versions Maple Post-production 2017 Grace Nicole Post-production 2018 Life of the Party Jennifer Post-production Discography For the discography with her band , see The Never Ending § Discography . Singles Single Year Album `` We Ended Right '' ( featuring Chad Hively and Chase Ryan ) 2011 Non-album single Promotional singles Single Year Album `` Made of Matches '' 2011 Non-album single `` We Got the Beat '' 2012 Radio Rebel Other appearances Song Year Other ( s ) artist ( s ) Album `` Hakuna Matata '' N / A Disneymania 7 `` A Wish Comes True Everyday '' 16 Wishes `` Open Eyes '' `` Hey , Jessie '' 2012 Make Your Mark : Ultimate Playlist `` Deck the Halls '' Disney Channel Holiday Playlist `` Favorite Time of Year '' 2013 Holidays Unwrapped `` Face 2 Face '' Ross Lynch Austin & Ally : Turn It Up `` Best Year '' 2014 N / A Disney Channel : Play It Loud Music videos Song Year Director Notes `` A Wish Comes True Every Day '' Peter DeLuise `` Open Eyes '' `` Deck the Halls '' N / A `` Made of Matches '' 2011 Neill Fearnley `` We Got the Beat '' 2012 Peter Howitt `` Ever Enough '' 2013 Mark Staubach A Rocket To The Moon 's music video Production and songwriting credits ( show ) Production and songwriting Song Year Artist ( s ) Album Notes `` Feel My Heart '' 2009 Chase Ryan Feel My Heart Co-producer `` Saying Goodbye '' `` Still Need You '' `` Forecast '' `` Dream This Town '' `` Open Eyes '' Debby Ryan 16 Wishes Songwriter `` Made of Matches '' N / A Songwriter , Producer `` Innocent Love '' Chase Ryan Innocent Love Co-producer `` We Ended Right '' 2011 Debby Ryan , Chase Ryan and Cad Hively Radio Rebel Songwriter , Co-producer `` Mulholland Drive 2014 The Never Ending One Co-producer `` Ruthless '' `` Before I Go Upstairs '' `` Call Me Up '' `` When the Dark Falls '' `` Best Year '' Debby Ryan Disney Channel : Play It Loud Awards and nominations Year Association Work Result Ref . 2008 Celebrity Love Awards Favorite Actress The Suite Life on Deck Nominated 2009 Favorite Actress Nominated Poptastic Awards Favorite Television Actress Nominated Female Newcomer Won Celebrity Love Awards Favorite Actress Nominated Hollywood Teen TV Awards Teen Pick Actress : Comedy Nominated Body Peace Award Outstanding Advocate Won Nickelodeon UK Kids ' Choice Awards Best Television Actress Won 2011 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Movie , Miniseries or Special Leading or Supporting Young Actress 16 Wishes Nominated 2012 Popstar Awards TV Actress Jessie Won Female Style Idol Herself Nominated Teen Icon Awards `` Iconic Heart '' Nominated 2014 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Jessie Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress : Comedy Nominated 2015 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Nominated References ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift , Katy Perry Helped Inspire Debby Ryan 's Debut Album '' . MTV . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan ( TheDebbyRyan ) on Twitter '' . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . it 's Deborah ; call me Debs . Jump up ^ Fan 's Dayyy ! . Debby Ryan 's official YouTube channel . September 16 , 2009 . Event occurs at 2 : 19 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . My full name is Deborah Ann ... ^ Jump up to : `` Debby Ryan `` Jessie '' `` . Disney Channel Media Net . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Debby Ryan -- Made of Matches '' . Cartoon Doll . October 23 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Premiere Of ' 16 Wishes ' Is Friday Cable 's No. 1 Telecast In Total Viewers '' . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friday Cable Ratings : 16 Wishes Premieres Big ; Party Down , Gravity Finales Finish Small -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cable TV Top 25 : BET Awards , 16 Wishes , USA / Algeria Match Top Week 's Cable Shows '' . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2010 . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Debby Ryan is directing an episode of Disney Channel hit ' Jessie ' '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ BRIE HIRAMINE ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Debby Ryan Is Going on Tour With Fifth Harmony '' . J - 14 . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Debby Ryan '' . Spartanburg Herald - Journal . December 2 , 2008 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the co-stars : Debby Ryan '' ( May 2009 ) . People Magazine . `` I 'm a nerd . I was in chess club . I went to mascot camp . In eighth grade I was the mascot of my school : a wildcat . I still have the old costume in my dressing room . It reminds me every day to go big and have energy '' Jump up ^ Debby Ryan Teen Magazine interview Archived March 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan 's important message '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan : The Dream '' . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel MediaNet '' . Disney Channel MediaNet . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2008 . Retrieved September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Scott Campbell ( October 20 , 2008 ) . The Suite Life on Deck sets sail on Family Channel with record - breaking premiere ratings . ca.news.finance.yahoo.com . Accessed December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel / DisneyChannel.com Highlights For 2008 '' . Business Wire . Retrieved December 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Suite Life on Deck Season 3 '' . Disney Channel Media Net . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan on the set of What If ! '' . shineon-media.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan films What If in Michigan '' . magicneverends.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` What If Movie wraps filming '' . Associated Content . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Channel 's Debby Ryan Set to Host the First Allykatzz Tween Summit Music Festival '' . channel.isp.netscape.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wachovia Center - TTT - CANCELLED '' . Wachovia Center . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Terrific Teen Tour '' . Wachoviaarena.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan gets ' ' 16 Wishes ' ' '' . Blog.scholastic.com . June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Zack & Cody Continue The ' Suite ' Adventure With The Premiere Of `` The Suite Life Movie , '' Friday , March 25 On Disney Channel `` . The Walt Disney Company . February 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` As Featured in R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour : Wrong Number by Debby Ryan '' . iTunes . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` We Ended Right ( feat . Chad Hively & Chase Ryan ) -- Single by Debby Ryan -- iTunes United States '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` We Ended Right ( feat . Chad Hively & Chase Ryan ) -- Single by Debby Ryan -- iTunes Australia '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . Apple . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Lacey ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` Suite Life starlet gets own Disney Channel series '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sheets , Jill ( July 2011 ) . `` Chit Chatting with Debby Ryan '' . Relate Magazine . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abel , Alex ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` How I Did It : Debby Ryan On Being The Youngest Ever Disney Director '' . Seventeen.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Original Soundtrack Radio Rebel '' . AllMusic . October 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW : Debby Ryan '' . Fanlala . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan Talks Music , Disney & Hollywood '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Peter Serafinowicz , Dexter Fletcher cast in ' The Muppets ... Again ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Never Ending Song Premiere : Hear ' Mulholland Drive ' From Debby Ryan 's Band '' . Billboard . January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan Announces Debut Album ' One ' '' . Billboard . May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan Shares Sneak Peek Photo From Circus - Themed Music Video '' . Teen Infonet . January 2014 . Jump up ^ Nivea Serrao ( April 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Girl Meets World ' fan recap : Demolition Debby '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Music -- Secondhand : The Never Ending '' . BackstageGoss . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fun times on SING IT '' . The Fine Bros. November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sing It - Mandeville Films '' . Mand Films . November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Red Originals : Serien und Filme mit PewDiePie , Fine Brothers und Co . '' . BroadMark . November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Debby Ryan Channels Her Inner Paula Abdul on YouTube Red 's ' American Idol ' Send - Up , ' SING IT ! ' '' . Entertainment Online . November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Satan 's Sisters Series Coming to VH1 Based on Star Jones ' Book '' . Nadiric Creative Media . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 Announces Cast Of Star Jones ' Drama Series Daytime Divas '' . VH1 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Daytime Divas ' : Kelly Osbourne , La La Anthony , Six More Join Cast '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan Has A New Netflix Show And It 'll Be Your Next Obsession '' . Jump up ^ `` Netflix in talks to pick up Debby Ryan 's failed CW pilot Insatiable '' . June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Sabienna . `` Debby Ryan 's New Netflix Show Sounds Like A Throwback To Dark ' 90s Teen Movies In The Best Way '' . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan 's Religion and Political Views '' . Hollowverse . August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan 's `` Suite '' Life Leads to `` What If '' Role `` . Christiancinema.com . January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TigerBeatTV . `` OMG ! What Is INSIDE Debby 's Purse ! ( Tiger Beat & BOP ) '' . www.youtube.com . Tiger Beat TV . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan Instagram : ' Jessie ' Star and Boyfriend Josh Dun Named Hot , Young Couple of 2014 ? '' . Fashion & Style . March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan 's New Year 's Eve Kiss With Boyfriend Joshua Dun '' . Disney Dreaming . January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Firman , Tehrene ( March 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Debby Ryan Is Campaigning Against Dating Violence -- and Opening Up About Her Own Abuse '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marquina , Sierra ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` Debby Ryan Reveals She Was in an Abusive Relationship : Once Someone `` Puts Their Hand on You , '' It 's Over `` . US Weekly . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney star Debby Ryan arrested for drunk driving '' . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Channel star arrested for DUI '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan Pleads No Contest to Reckless Driving in DUI Case '' . PopCrush . Jump up ^ Francesca Bacardi . `` Disney Star Debby Ryan Pleads No Contest in DUI Case '' . ENews . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Friends For Change Disney '' . Disney.go.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Walt Disney Company launches Disney 's Friends for Change '' . Disney Channel . May 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Username * . `` Tiffany Thornton and Jason Earles Host The Disney Friends for Change Games '' . Fanlala.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Free The Children -- Disney '' . Free The Children . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan in India for Friends For Change '' . YouTube . June 28 , 2012 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan Is Working On A Clothing Line '' . Disney Dreaming . May 14 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Girl Meets World Spoiler Photos : `` Girl Meets What The What '' `` . KSiteTV . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Insatiable ' : Netflix Picks Up Ex-CW Pilot Starring Debby Ryan To Series '' . Jump up ^ `` We Ended Right ( feat . Chad Hively & Chase Ryan ) -- Single '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Steven ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` A Rocket To The Moon `` Never Enough '' ( Mark Staubach , Dir . ) `` . VideoStatic . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Chase Ryan -- Feel My Heart -- EP '' . iTunes . October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Debby Ryan -- Open Eyes '' . AllMusic . October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chase Ryan -- Innocent Love '' . iTunes . October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Original Soundtrack Radio Rebel '' . AllMusic . October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zack & Cody Cast Awards '' . Fanstream . July 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Popstar ! Poptastic Awards Nominees ! '' . Popstar Online . July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hollywood Teen TV Awards hollywoodtentv.com . Accessed July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Body Peace Awards '' . 2010 . Retrieved June 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Young Artist Awards youngartistawards.org/ . Accessed February 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Popstar ! Poptastic Awards Nominees ! 2012 '' . Popstar Online . July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vote for J - 14 's Teen Icon Awards ! -- J - 14 Magazine '' . J-14.com . September 14 , 2010 . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kids Everywhere Have Spoken and the Nominees Are in for Nickelodeon 's 27th Annual Kids ' Choice Awards ! '' . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice News '' . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for KCA 2015 '' . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Debby Ryan . Official website Debby Ryan on IMDb Debby Ryan Singles `` We Ended Right '' Promotional singles `` Made of Matches '' `` We Got the Beat '' Related articles The Never Ending Bailey Pickett Disney 's Friends for Change VIAF : 159982200 LCCN : no2010185940 MusicBrainz : d6c8b5ff - 9e25 - 40f0 - 9d8e - bd637efff604 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debby_Ryan&oldid=800557576 '' Categories : Debby Ryan 1993 births 20th - century Christians 21st - century American actresses 21st - century Christians Actors from Huntsville , Alabama Actresses from Alabama Actresses from Texas American child actresses American child singers American Christians American female singer - songwriters American film actresses American pop singers American singer - songwriters American stage actresses American television actresses Living people Military brats Musicians from Huntsville , Alabama Walt Disney Records artists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from July 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hCards Articles prone to spam from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Türkmençe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 08 : 14 . 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who plays bailey on suite life on deck
[ "Deborah Ann Ryan[2][3] (born May 13, 1993)[4] is an American actress and singer.[5] Ryan started acting in professional theatres at the age of seven; in 2007 she appeared in the Barney & Friends straight-to-DVD film Barney: Let's Go to the Firehouse and then was discovered in a nationwide search by Disney. She is also known for appearing in the 2008 feature film The Longshots as Edith. In 2009, she guest starred in an episode of Wizards of Waverly Place in \"Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana\" as Bailey Pickett along with her other cast mates from The Suite Life on Deck. Then, in 2010, she starred in the film 16 Wishes, which was the most watched cable program on the day of its premiere on the Disney Channel. 16 Wishes introduced Ryan to new audiences; the movie received high viewership in the adults demographic (18–34).[6][7][8] Soon after that, Ryan starred in the independent theatrical film, What If..., which premiered on August 20, 2010." ]
[ "Deborah Ann Ryan" ]
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The North Star (anti-slavery newspaper)
The North Star ( anti-slavery newspaper ) - wikipedia The North Star ( anti-slavery newspaper ) Jump to : navigation , search June 2 , 1848 issue February 22 , 1856 issue For other newspapers named North Star , see North Star ( disambiguation ) # Newspapers The North Star was a nineteenth - century anti-slavery newspaper published from the Talman Building in Rochester , New York by abolitionist Frederick Douglass . The paper commenced publication on December 3 , 1847 and ceased as The North Star in June 1851 when it merged with Gerrit Smith 's Liberty Party Paper ( based in Syracuse , New York ) to form Frederick Douglass ' Paper . The North Star 's slogan was `` Right is of no Sex -- Truth is of no Color -- God is the Father of us all , and we are all Brethren . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Editorial perspective and breadth 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Inspiration ( edit ) In 1846 , Frederick Douglass was first inspired to publish The North Star after subscribing to The Liberator , a weekly newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison . The Liberator was a newspaper established by Garrison and his supporters founded upon moral principles . The North Star title was a reference to the directions given to runaway slaves trying to reach the Northern states and Canada : Follow the North Star . Published weekly , The North Star was four pages long and sold by subscription at the cost of $2 per year to more than 4,000 readers in the United States , Europe , and the West Indies . The first of its four pages focused on current events concerning abolitionist issues . The Garrisonian Liberator was founded upon the notion that the Constitution was fundamentally pro-slavery and that the Union ought to be dissolved . Douglass disagreed but supported the nonviolent approach to the emancipation of slaves by education and moral suasion . Under the guidance of the abolitionist society , Douglass became well acquainted with the pursuit of the emancipation of slaves through a New England religious perspective . Garrison had earlier convinced the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society to hire Douglass as an agent , touring with Garrison and telling audiences about his experiences in slavery Douglass worked with another abolitionist , Martin R. Delany , who traveled to lecture , report , and generate subscriptions to The North Star . Editorial perspective and breadth ( edit ) Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary ( show ) Child labour Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Historical ( show ) Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region ( show ) Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S. Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human trafficking Virgin Islands Central , East , and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe Britain Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion ( show ) Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance ( show ) Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related ( show ) Common law Indentured servitude Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Wage slavery Emancipation Day Douglass ' thoughts toward political inaction changed when he attended the National Convention of Colored Citizens , an antislavery convention in Buffalo , New York , in August 1843 . One of the many speakers present at the convention was Henry Highland Garnet . Formerly a slave in Maryland , Garnet was a Presbyterian minister who supported violent action against slaveholders . Garnet 's demands of independent action addressed to the American slaves remained one of the leading issues of change for Douglass . During a nineteen - month stay in Britain and Ireland , several of Douglass ' supporters bought his freedom and assisted with the purchase of a printing press . With this assistance Douglass was determined to begin an African - American newspaper that would engage the anti-slavery movement politically . On his return to the United States in March 1847 , Douglass shared his ideas of The North Star with his mentors . Ignoring the advice of the American Anti-Slavery Society , Douglass moved to Rochester , New York to publish the first edition . When questioned on his decision to create The North Star , Douglass is said to have responded , `` I still see before me a life of toil and trials ... , but , justice must be done , the truth must be told ... I will not be silent . '' In covering politics in Europe , literature , slavery in the United States , and culture generally in both The North Star and Frederick Douglass ' Paper , Douglass achieved an unconstrained independence to write freely on topics from the California Gold Rush to Uncle Tom 's Cabin to Charles Dickens 's Bleak House . See also ( edit ) African American portal Abolitionist publications References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Retrofitting Rochester : Talman Building '' . Rochester Democrat and Chronicle . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : David B. Chesebrough , Frederick Douglass ; Oratory from Slavery , ( Connecticut : Greenwood Press , 1998 ) , 16 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The North Star ( Reason ) : American Treasures of the library of Congress '' . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Abolitionist Movement . '' History Net : Where History Comes Alive. `` . Jump up ^ `` The North Star ( American Newspaper ) -- Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Jump up ^ William S. McFeely , Frederick Douglass ( New York : W.W. Norton and Company , 1991 ) , 84 - 206 . Jump up ^ William S. McFeely , Frederick Douglass ( New York : W.W. Norton and Company , 1991 ) , 15 - 16 . Jump up ^ William S. McFeely , Frederick Douglass ( New York : W.W. Norton and Company , 1991 ) , 146 - 147 . Jump up ^ Janet Neary and Hollis Robbins , `` African American Literature of the Gold Rush , '' Mapping Region in Early American Writing . Eds . Edward Watts , Keri Holt , and John Funchion . Athens : University of Georgia Press ( 2015 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Ira Berlin , `` Who Freed the Slaves ; Emancipation and Its Meaning '' , in Blight and Simpson ed . Union and Emancipation ; Essays on Politics and Race in the Civil War Era ( Kent , Kent State University Press , 1234 ) , p121 . External links ( edit ) The North Star , The North Star : Complete December 3 , 1847 -- April 17 , 1851 , Accessible Archives ( subscription required ) . The North Star , The North Star : Online Collection , Lavery Library , St. John Fisher College ( selected issues only ) . `` Our Paper and Its Prospects '' , The North Star , December 3 , 1847 . Underground Railroad People William L. Chaplin Levi Coffin Richard Dillingham Calvin Fairbank Thomas Garrett Laura Smith Haviland Daniel Hughes William Cooper Nell Harriet Forten Purvis Robert Purvis John Rankin Hetty Reckless Gerrit Smith William Still Harriet Beecher Stowe Charles Turner Torrey Sojourner Truth Harriet Tubman Frances Harper Delia Webster Places List of Underground Railroad sites houses churches Levi Coffin House Bialystoker Synagogue Bilger 's Rocks Wilson Bruce Evans House Cyrus Gates Farmstead Sites in Indiana Allen Chapel Town Clock Church Kelton House F. Julius LeMoyne House John Rankin House Gerrit Smith Estate John Freeman Walls Historic Site Events Pearl incident ( 1848 ) Jerry Rescue ( 1851 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 book ) Dred : A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp ( 1856 book ) Oberlin -- Wellington Rescue ( 1858 ) Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) Topics Songs of the Underground Railroad Abolitionism in the United States Abolitionism opponents of slavery African - American opponents publications Fugitive slaves Fugitive slave laws 1850 Quilts Slave catcher The Underground Railroad Records ( 1872 book ) Related National Underground Railroad Freedom Center Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park visitor center The Railroad to Freedom : A Story of the Civil War ( 1932 book ) A Woman Called Moses ( 1978 miniseries ) Roots of Resistance ( 1989 documentary ) The Quest for Freedom ( 1992 film ) Freedom : The Underground Railroad ( 2013 board game ) Underground ( 2016 TV series ) See also : Slavery in the United States and Slavery in Canada African - American press Newspapers Active Northeast Bay State Banner Our Time Press New Pittsburgh Courier New York Amsterdam News Philadelphia Tribune Southeast African - American News and Issues Atlanta Daily World Atlanta Inquirer Atlanta Voice Baltimore Afro - American Black Chronicle The Carolina Times The Charlotte Post Chattanooga News Chronicle Florida Sentinel Bulletin The Florida Star Houston Defender Houston Forward Times Jackson Advocate The Louisiana Weekly Louisville Defender The Miami Times New Journal and Guide The New Orleans Tribune Northern Kentucky Herald Richmond Free Press Roanoke Tribune Savannah Tribune Tennessee Tribune Tri-State Defender The Village Beat The Washington Afro American The Washington Informer The Washington Sun Winston - Salem Chronicle Midwest The Call Call and Post The Chicago Defender The Cincinnati Herald Dayton Defender Frost Illustrated Gary Crusader Indianapolis Recorder Iowa Bystander Michigan Chronicle The Michigan Citizen The Michigan FrontPage Omaha Star The St. Louis American St. Louis Argus St. Louis Sentinel West The Facts Los Angeles Sentinel The Oakland Post Richmond Post The Sacramento Observer San Francisco Bay View The Skanner Seattle Medium National The Final Call Defunct Boston Guardian California Eagle Chicago Bee The City Sun The Cleveland Gazette The Colored American ( New York City ) The Colored American ( Washington , D.C. ) Dallas Express The Equator Freedom 's Journal Indianapolis Freeman Ink newspaper The Liberator Louisville Leader Muhammad Speaks Negro World The Negro Star New York Age The North Star The Philadelphia Independent Pittsburgh Courier The Rights of All The Washington Bee Western Appeal The Winter Park Advocate The Woman 's Era Magazines Black Enterprise Black Issues Book Review BLK Clutch The Colored American Magazine The Crisis Ebony Emerge Essence The Fader Fire ! ! The Grio The Horizon Jet King Negro Digest Our Women and Children Rags N Riches Magazine Right On ! The Root Sister 2 Sister Tint Transition Magazine Visions Metro Weekly Organizations National Association of Black Journalists National Newspaper Publishers Association Corporations Perry Publishing and Broadcasting Real Times See also : National Association of Black Journalists Hall of Fame Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_North_Star_(anti-slavery_newspaper)&oldid=806543941 '' Categories : Abolitionist newspapers of the United States African - American newspapers Defunct newspapers of New York ( state ) Frederick Douglass History of Rochester , New York Media in Rochester , New York Publications established in 1847 Publications disestablished in 1851 1847 establishments in New York ( state ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 18 : 30 . 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when did frederick douglass published the north star
[ "The North Star was a nineteenth-century anti-slavery newspaper published from the Talman Building in Rochester, New York by abolitionist Frederick Douglass.[1] The paper commenced publication on December 3, 1847 and ceased as The North Star in June 1851 when it merged with Gerrit Smith's Liberty Party Paper (based in Syracuse, New York) to form Frederick Douglass' Paper.[2] The North Star's slogan was \"Right is of no Sex—Truth is of no Color—God is the Father of us all, and we are all Brethren.\"[3]", "The North Star was a nineteenth-century anti-slavery newspaper published from the Talman Building in Rochester, New York by abolitionist Frederick Douglass.[1] The paper commenced publication on December 3, 1847 and ceased as The North Star in June 1851 when it merged with Gerrit Smith's Liberty Party Paper (based in Syracuse, New York) to form Frederick Douglass' Paper.[2] The North Star's slogan was \"Right is of no Sex—Truth is of no Color—God is the Father of us all, and we are all Brethren.\"[3]" ]
[ "commenced publication on December 3, 1847", "ceased as The North Star in June 1851" ]
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2017 FA Cup Final
2017 FA Cup final - wikipedia 2017 FA Cup final 2017 FA Cup Final The match programme cover Event 2016 -- 17 FA Cup Arsenal Chelsea Date 27 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 27 ) Venue Wembley Stadium , London Man of the Match Alexis Sánchez ( Arsenal ) Referee Anthony Taylor ( Cheshire ) Attendance 89,472 Weather Scattered clouds 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) ← 2016 2018 → The 2017 FA Cup Final was the 136th final of the FA Cup , the world 's oldest football cup competition . It took place on 27 May 2017 at Wembley Stadium in London , England and was contested between London rivals Arsenal and Chelsea . Arsenal won the game 2 -- 1 to secure a record 13th title , while manager Arsène Wenger became the most successful manager in the tournament 's history with seven wins . The winners would enter the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Europa League group stage , had they not already qualified for the UEFA Champions League via other competitions . This was a rematch of the 2002 FA Cup Final and the first final since 2003 in which both sides split the league games against each other during the course of the season , with a 3 -- 0 victory by Arsenal in September 2016 , and a 3 -- 1 win by Chelsea in February 2017 . The game was broadcast live in the United Kingdom by both BBC and BT Sport . BBC One provided the free - to - air coverage and BT Sport 2 was the pay - TV alternative . In North America , this was the first FA Cup Final to be televised by CTV in Canada and by FOX in the United States . Due to the circumstances surrounding his appearance , and performance on the day , Arsenal fans and former players have dubbed the game The Mertesacker Final . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route to the final 1.1 Arsenal 1.2 Chelsea 2 Pre-match 3 Match 3.1 Summary 3.2 Details 3.3 Statistics 4 References Route to the final ( edit ) Arsenal ( edit ) In all results below , the score of the finalist is given first . Round Opposition Score 3rd Preston North End ( A ) 2 -- 1 4th Southampton ( A ) 5 -- 0 5th Sutton United ( A ) 2 -- 0 QF Lincoln City ( H ) 5 -- 0 SF Manchester City ( N ) 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Key : ( H ) = Home venue ; ( A ) = Away venue ; ( N ) = Neutral venue . Arsenal , as a Premier League team , started their campaign in the third round . In it , they were drawn away at Football League Championship Preston North End . At Deepdale , Arsenal won 2 -- 1 with goals from Aaron Ramsey and Olivier Giroud . In the Fourth Round , Arsenal drew fellow Premier League Southampton . At St Mary 's Stadium , Arsenal won 5 -- 0 with two goals from Danny Welbeck and a hat - trick from Theo Walcott . In the Fifth Round , Arsenal were drawn against non-league National League Sutton United away . At Gander Green Lane , Arsenal won 2 -- 0 with goals from Lucas Pérez and Walcott . The match was also noted for Sutton United 's reserve goalkeeper Wayne Shaw being investigated by The FA and Gambling Commission for eating a pie pitchside despite there being betting odds on him doing so . In the quarter - finals , Arsenal were drawn at home against National League Lincoln City . At the Emirates Stadium , Arsenal won 5 -- 0 with goals from Walcott , Giroud , an own goal by Luke Waterfall , Alexis Sánchez and Ramsey . In the semi-final at neutral Wembley Stadium , Arsenal played against Premier League Manchester City and reached the final after a 2 -- 1 win with goals from Nacho Monreal and Sánchez . Chelsea ( edit ) In all results below , the score of the finalist is given first . Round Opposition Score 3rd Peterborough United ( H ) 4 -- 1 4th Brentford ( H ) 4 -- 0 5th Wolverhampton Wanderers ( A ) 2 -- 0 QF Manchester United ( H ) 1 -- 0 SF Tottenham Hotspur ( N ) 4 -- 2 Key : ( H ) = Home venue ; ( A ) = Away venue ; ( N ) = Neutral venue . Players of Chelsea celebrating a goal in semi-final match against Tottenham Hotspur Chelsea also started in the third round where they were drawn at home against League One side Peterborough United . At Stamford Bridge , Chelsea won 4 -- 1 with two goals from Pedro and a goal each from Michy Batshuayi and Willian despite having club captain John Terry sent off . In the fourth round , they were drawn with Championship team Brentford at home . Chelsea won 4 -- 0 with goals from Pedro , Willian , Branislav Ivanović and Batshuayi . In the fifth round , Chelsea were drawn away against Championship Wolverhampton Wanderers . At Molineux Stadium , Chelsea won 2 -- 0 with goals from Pedro and Diego Costa . In the Quarter - finals , they were drawn against fellow Premier League side and FA Cup holders Manchester United . At Stamford Bridge , Chelsea won 1 -- 0 thanks to a goal from N'Golo Kanté . In the semi-finals at Wembley Stadium , Chelsea were drawn against fellow Premier League and London rivals , Tottenham Hotspur . Chelsea reached the final with a 4 -- 2 win with two goals from Willian and a goal each from Eden Hazard and Nemanja Matić . Pre-match ( edit ) Arsenal were appearing in the final of the FA Cup for the 20th time , the club 's third in four years . They had won the cup twelve times previously ( in 1930 , 1936 , 1950 , 1971 , 1979 , 1993 , 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 and 2015 ) and were beaten in the final seven times , most recently in 2001 . By comparison , Chelsea were making their 12th appearance in a FA Cup final . The club won the cup seven times ( 1970 , 1997 , 2000 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 and 2012 ) and lost four finals . Arsenal and Chelsea had previously met 13 times in the FA Cup . Arsenal held an advantage in those meetings , winning seven of the last eight . Chelsea , however , won the last FA Cup tie , a 2 -- 1 victory in April 2009 . This was the second FA Cup final to feature both sides ; the first was won by Arsenal in 2002 . Chelsea manager Antonio Conte was on course to win the domestic double in his first season at the club . The most recent meeting between the two teams was a league encounter in February 2017 . Chelsea beat Arsenal by three goals to one , a result which moved them 12 points clear in first position . The win was significant given Chelsea lost the reverse fixture 3 -- 0 in September 2016 , a `` watershed moment '' in their season according to BBC journalist Phil McNulty . While Arsenal struggled to build momentum throughout autumn and winter , Chelsea manager Antonio Conte 's tactical switch from 4 -- 3 -- 3 to 3 -- 4 -- 3 thereafter resulted in a 13 - match winning run . They won the Premier League with two matches to spare , and later set a new divisional record for the most wins ( 30 ) . Arsenal ended the season in fifth place , their lowest placing under manager Arsène Wenger , and missed out on UEFA Champions League football for the first time in 20 years . Wenger 's future had been cast into doubt following a bad run of form in February and March , which saw the team lose 10 -- 2 on aggregate against Bayern Munich in the Champions League , and four of their five league matches . To arrest the decline , Wenger adopted a similar tactical change to Conte , playing three defenders at the back . Arsenal went on to win eight of their last nine fixtures , but Wenger admitted his team were outsiders for the final : `` This time we are not favourites , it 's quite even or maybe Chelsea are ahead , so it 's a bit similar to what happened in the semi-final against Manchester City . That 's part of what makes it all exciting as well . '' Of his future he said , `` It will not be my last match anyway , because I will stay , no matter what happens , in football . '' `` Mertesacker is going to be crucial for Arsenal if he plays ; he will have to play very well if Arsenal are to have any chance . If he does n't play well then Chelsea are going to cut through Arsenal like a knife through butter . '' Paul Merson 's pre-match assessment Conte described Wenger as one of the greats in football , and felt he would remain as Arsenal manager come the season 's end . `` He has done a fantastic job . Sometimes in England I think you undervalue the achievement of qualifying for the Champions League . Only this season they have n't qualified for the Champions League , '' he continued . Conte reiterated the importance of his players keeping their focus and wanted Chelsea to `` pay great attention and focus '' to their opponents . Hazard , who was playing in his first FA Cup final , was eager to win the competition : `` For Chelsea , for such a big club like this , you need to win one , two , three trophies every season if you can . Now we have the possibility to win another trophy so all the players are ready for that . It 's such a great competition for the fans . '' Chelsea and Arsenal were expected to line up in a 3 -- 4 -- 3 formation . Whereas the former club had no injury or suspension worries , Arsenal had doubts over the fitness of Petr Čech and Shkodran Mustafi , and were already without defenders Laurent Koscielny ( suspension ) and Gabriel ( ankle injury ) . Per Mertesacker was expected to start ; the Germany international only featured once for Arsenal 's first team during the season . The day before the final The Guardian reported that Wenger chose David Ospina to start in goal ahead of Čech . Both clubs received an allocation of approximately 28,000 tickets . For adults , these were priced £ 45 , £ 65 , £ 85 and £ 115 , with concessions in place . Chelsea supporters were situated in the west side of the ground , while Arsenal 's were allocated in the east . The remaining 14,000 tickets were distributed to volunteers involved in the FA 's work . Finalists stood to receive £ 900,000 minimum , the winners earned £ 1.8 million . Security at Wembley Stadium was tightened in the wake of the Manchester Arena bombing ; as a security measure Arsenal cancelled a screening of the game at their ground . Both clubs cancelled plans for open top bus victory parades . Sol Campbell and Eddie Newton came onto the pitch to greet the supporters and place the trophy on a plinth . As they departed , the traditional Cup Final hymn , `` Abide with Me '' was sung by representatives of eight clubs , including Lincoln City , Guernsey , Millwall and Sutton United . The teams emerged moments later led by their managers , and players were greeted by Prince William , Duke of Cambridge . Soprano Emily Haig sang the national anthem and a minute 's silence was then held to honour the victims of the Manchester attack . Prince William , Andy Burnham , the Mayor of Greater Manchester and FA chairman Greg Clarke lay wreaths on the pitch in tribute . Match ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) Moses receiving a red card in the second half Despite what was expected to be a tight affair , Arsenal dominated the early proceedings and opened the scoring with a goal from Alexis Sánchez in the 4th minute , shooting past the advancing goalkeeper from six yards out with his right foot . The goal was initially flagged as offside due to Aaron Ramsey being in an offside position . After discussing with his linesman , referee Anthony Taylor overrode the decision and awarded Arsenal the goal due to Ramsey not attempting to play the ball . Sánchez also handled the ball in the lead up to the goal but this was not seen by the referee . Arsenal then hit the post twice from close range in the first half through Aaron Ramsey and Danny Welbeck . In the second half , Victor Moses received a second yellow card for diving in the penalty box in the 68th minute , leaving Chelsea with ten men . Chelsea equalised through Diego Costa in the 76th minute when he controlled the ball on his chest in the penalty area before shooting low to the left with his right foot . Three minutes later Aaron Ramsey scored for Arsenal by heading in an Olivier Giroud cross from the left from six yards out . Details ( edit ) 27 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 27 ) 17 : 30 BST Arsenal 2 -- 1 Chelsea Sánchez 4 ' Ramsey 79 ' Report Costa 76 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 89,472 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( Cheshire ) Arsenal Chelsea GK 13 David Ospina CB 16 Rob Holding 53 ' CB Per Mertesacker ( c ) CB 18 Nacho Monreal RM 24 Héctor Bellerín CM 8 Aaron Ramsey 9 ' CM 29 Granit Xhaka 81 ' LM 15 Alex Oxlade - Chamberlain 82 ' RF 11 Mesut Özil CF 23 Danny Welbeck 78 ' LF 7 Alexis Sánchez 90 + 3 ' Substitutes : GK 33 Petr Čech MF 34 Francis Coquelin 83 ' 82 ' MF 35 Mohamed Elneny 90 + 3 ' FW 9 Lucas Pérez FW 12 Olivier Giroud 78 ' FW 14 Theo Walcott FW 17 Alex Iwobi Manager : Arsène Wenger GK 13 Thibaut Courtois CB 28 César Azpilicueta CB 30 David Luiz CB 24 Gary Cahill ( c ) RM 15 Victor Moses 57 ' , 68 ' CM 7 N'Golo Kanté 59 ' CM 21 Nemanja Matić 61 ' LM Marcos Alonso RF 11 Pedro 72 ' CF 19 Diego Costa 88 ' LF 10 Eden Hazard Substitutes : GK Asmir Begović DF 5 Kurt Zouma DF 6 Nathan Aké DF 26 John Terry MF Cesc Fàbregas 61 ' MF 22 Willian 72 ' FW 23 Michy Batshuayi 88 ' Manager : Antonio Conte Man of the Match : Alexis Sánchez ( Arsenal ) Assistant referees : Gary Beswick ( Durham ) Marc Perry ( Birmingham ) Fourth official : Bobby Madley ( West Yorkshire ) Fifth official : Adam Nunn ( Wiltshire ) Match rules 90 minutes . 30 minutes of extra time if necessary . Penalty shoot - out if scores still level . Seven named substitutes . Maximum of three substitutions , with a fourth allowed in extra time . Statistics ( edit ) Statistic Arsenal Chelsea Goals scored Possession 52.4 % 47.6 % Shots on target 6 5 Shots off target 7 7 Corner kicks 7 5 Offsides 0 0 Yellow cards Red cards 0 Source : References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor - made for FA Cup Final '' . TheFA.com . The Football Association . 26 April 2017 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History for London Heathrow , United Kingdom '' . Weather Wunderground. 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 -- 18 UEFA access list '' ( PDF ) . UEFA . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup Final 2017 across the BBC '' . BBC News . 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Chelsea : Live stream the FA Cup final online or watch on TV with BT Sport '' . BT Sport. 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jeremy ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` Arsenal captain Per Mertesacker could be forced to start FA Cup final '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ Cross , John ( 27 May 2017 ) . `` FA Cup Final player ratings as Sanchez steals the show at Wembley '' . Jump up ^ `` ' It 's special because it 's my final season ' '' . www.arsenal.com . Jump up ^ Rose , Gary ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Preston North End 1 -- 2 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 2017 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Southampton 0 -- 5 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Sutton United 0 -- 2 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Aarons , Ed . `` Wayne Shaw leaves Sutton United amid investigations over pie - eating stunt '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Rose , Gary ( 2017 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Arsenal 5 -- 0 Lincoln City '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Alexis Sanchez hits extra-time winner as Arsenal edge FA Cup thriller against Manchester City '' . Eurosport. 2017 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Reddy , Luke ( 2017 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Chelsea 4 -- 1 Peterborough United '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 4 -- 0 Brentford '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Wolverhampton Wanderers 0 -- 2 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Chelsea 1 -- 0 Manchester United '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 2017 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Chelsea 4 -- 2 Tottenham Hotspur '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal vs Chelsea , match preview '' . Sky Sports . 26 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 27 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal vs Chelsea 2002 FA Cup finalists -- where are they now ? '' . The Telegraph . 26 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eden Hazard mesmerises Arsenal to tighten Chelsea 's Premier League grip '' . The Observer . London . 5 February 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 4 February 2017 ) . `` Chelsea 3 -- 1 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 18 December 2016 ) . `` Arsenal : Are Arsene Wenger 's side spurning title chance again ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 12 May 2017 ) . `` Chelsea are Premier League champions : How did Antonio Conte do it ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Are Chelsea champions of the year - on - year football points swing ? '' . theguardian.com. 31 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bull , JJ ; Wilson , Jeremy ( 21 May 2017 ) . `` How Liverpool secured Champions League spot as Arsenal fell short '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Brus , Mark ( 18 March 2017 ) . `` Arsene Wenger achieves new low in the Premier League as Arsenal lose to West Brom '' . Metro . London . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final manager focus : Antonio Conte v Arsene Wenger '' . BT Sport. 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wenger -- Breaking record not my priority '' . Arsenal F.C. 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Olley , James ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` FA Cup Final will not determine Arsene Wenger 's future '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Merson , Paul ( 27 May 2017 ) . `` Paul Merson 's FA Cup final prediction : Chelsea set for comfortable win over Arsenal '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup final : Arsene Wenger one of the game 's greats -- Antonio Conte '' . BBC Sport. 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Burrows , Ben ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Chelsea boss Antonio Conte does n't think FA Cup final will be Arsene Wenger 's last game in charge of Arsenal '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hytner , David ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Arsenal v Chelsea : match preview '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jeremy ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` Arsenal captain Per Mertesacker could be forced to start FA Cup final '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hytner , David ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Arsène Wenger drops Petr Cech and gives David Ospina nod for FA Cup final '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Emirates FA Cup Final details confirmed '' . The Football Association . 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Luke ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` Arsenal and Chelsea supporters allocated 28,000 tickets for next month 's FA Cup final at Wembley '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Joe ( 27 May 2017 ) . `` FA Cup prize money 2017 : How much prize money will Arsenal or Chelsea receive for winning the trophy ? '' . City A.M . London . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ De Menezes , Jack ( 25 May 2017 ) . `` Arsenal cancel FA Cup final screening at Emirates Stadium due to security threat after Manchester terror attack '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea cancel Premier League victory parade in light of Manchester terror attack '' . The Telegraph . 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arsenal 2 -- 1 Chelsea : 2017 FA Cup final -- as it happened '' . theguardian.com. 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Emirates FA Cup Final details confirmed '' . The Football Association . 19 May 2017 . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 2 Chelsea 1 '' . BBC Sport. 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 2 Chelsea 1 : Aaron Ramsey seals Arsene Wenger 's record seventh FA Cup win in magnificent final '' . The Telegraph . 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Ramsey fires Arsenal to FA Cup final win over 10 - man Chelsea '' . Guardian . 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of the FA Challenge Cup competition '' ( PDF ) . The Football Association . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match statistics '' . Sky Sports . 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . FA Cup Seasons 1871 -- 72 1872 -- 73 1873 -- 74 1874 -- 75 1875 -- 76 1876 -- 77 1877 -- 78 1878 -- 79 1879 -- 80 1880 -- 81 1881 -- 82 1882 -- 83 1883 -- 84 1884 -- 85 1885 -- 86 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Qualifying rounds 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Finals 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 History Trophy List of finals Third - 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Austro-Prussian War
Austro - Prussian war - wikipedia Austro - Prussian war Jump to : navigation , search Austro - Prussian War ( Seven Weeks ' War ) Part of the wars of German unification Battle of Königgrätz , by Georg Bleibtreu . Oil on canvas , 1869 . Date 14 June -- 26 July 1866 ( 1 month and 12 days ) Location Bohemia , Germany , Italy and Adriatic Sea Result Prussian - led German and Italian victory Territorial changes Prussia annexes parts of Bavaria , Hanover , Hesse - Kassel , parts of Hesse - Darmstadt , Holstein , Schleswig , Nassau , and Frankfurt Italy annexes Venetia and part of Friuli Dissolution of the German Confederation Formation of the North German Confederation Exclusion of Austria from Germany Formation of Austria - Hungary Belligerents Prussian - led German Confederation states Prussia Brunswick Mecklenburg - Schwerin Saxe - Coburg & Gotha Saxe - Altenburg Mecklenburg - Strelitz Oldenburg Anhalt Schwarzburg Waldeck Lippe Saxe - Lauenburg Lübeck Bremen Hamburg Italy Austrian - led German Confederation states Austria Bavaria Saxony Hanover Württemberg Hesse - Kassel Baden Hesse - Darmstadt Nassau Saxe - Meiningen Reuss - Greiz Schaumburg - Lippe Frankfurt Commanders and leaders Wilhelm I Otto von Bismarck Helmuth von Moltke Vittorio Emanuele II Alfonso La Marmora Bettino Ricasoli Franz Joseph I Albrecht von Teschen Ludwig von Benedek Strength 637,262 437,262 200,000 517,123 407,223 38,000 26,500 20,000 18,400 7,000 5,000 Casualties and losses 39,990 Breakdown ( show ) Total losses 28,793 4,454 battle deaths 6,427 disease deaths 16,217 wounded 785 missing 910 captured 11,197 1,633 battle deaths 3,926 wounded 553 missing 5,085 captured 132,414 Breakdown ( show ) Total losses 106,796 9,123 battle deaths 18,952 disease deaths 35,236 wounded 12,365 missing 31,120 captured 17,693 379 battle deaths 1,051 wounded 16,263 captured or missing 3,840 348 battle deaths 2,095 wounded 1,397 captured or missing 2,094 241 battle deaths 1,273 wounded 580 captured or missing 1,078 88 battle deaths 444 wounded 546 captured or missing 717 67 battle deaths 452 wounded 198 captured or missing 196 24 battle deaths 115 wounded 57 captured or missing Austro - Prussian War and Third Italian War of Independence Custoza Hühnerwasser Podol Nachod Lake Garda Trautenau Burkersdorf Langensalza Skalitz Münchengrätz Schweinschädel Gitschin Königgrätz Kissingen Tauberbischofsheim Valtellina Vezza d'Oglio Lissa Bezzecca Blumenau The Austro - Prussian War or Seven Weeks ' War ( also known as the Unification War , Prussian -- German War , German Civil War , War of 1866 , Brothers War , or Fraternal War , and in Germany as the German War ) was a war fought in 1866 between the German Confederation under the leadership of the Austrian Empire and its German allies on one side and the Kingdom of Prussia with its German allies on the other , that resulted in Prussian dominance over the German states . Prussia had also allied with the Kingdom of Italy , linking this conflict to the Third Independence War of Italian unification . The major result of the war was a shift in power among the German states away from Austrian and towards Prussian hegemony , and impetus towards the unification of all of the northern German states in a Kleindeutsches Reich that excluded the German Austria . It saw the abolition of the German Confederation and its partial replacement by a North German Confederation that excluded Austria and the other South German states . The war also resulted in the Italian annexation of the Austrian province of Venetia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Causes 1.1 Nationalism 1.2 Bismarck 1.3 France 1.4 Unpopular rulers 1.5 Military factors 1.5. 1 Rival military systems 1.5. 2 Speed of mobilization 1.5. 3 Speed of concentration 1.5. 4 Armaments and tactics 1.6 Economic factors 2 Alliances 3 Course of the war 3.1 Major battles 4 Aftermath and consequences 4.1 For the defeated parties 4.2 For the neutral parties and Liechtenstein 5 Austria 's desire for revenge 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Causes ( edit ) For centuries , Central Europe was split into large states and hundreds of tiny entities , each maintaining its independence with the assistance of outside powers , particularly France . Austria , the personal territory of the Habsburg Emperors , was traditionally considered the leader of the German states , but Prussia was becoming increasingly powerful and by the late 18th century was ranked as one of the great powers of Europe . Francis II 's abolition of the office of Holy Roman Emperor in 1806 , intended to prevent Napoleon from seizing it , also deprived him of his imperial authority over most of German - speaking Europe , though little true authority remained by that time ; he did , however , retain control of an extensive multi-ethnic empire after Napoleon 's defeat . After 1815 , the German states were once again reorganized into a loose confederation : the German Confederation , under Austrian leadership . The pretext for the conflict was found in the dispute between Prussia and Austria over the administration of Schleswig - Holstein , which the two of them had conquered from Denmark and agreed to jointly occupy at the end of the Second Schleswig War in 1864 . When Austria brought the dispute before the German Diet and also decided to convene the Diet of Holstein , Prussia declared that the Gastein Convention had thereby been nullified and invaded Holstein . When the German Diet responded by voting for a partial mobilization against Prussia , Bismarck claimed that the German Confederation was ended . Crown Prince Frederick `` was the only member of the Prussian Crown Council to uphold the rights of the Duke of Augustenburg and oppose the idea of a war with Austria which he described as fratricide '' . Although he supported unification and the restoration of the medieval empire , `` Fritz could not accept that war was the right way to unite Germany . '' Map of Austro - Prussian war Battle of Königgrätz between Prussian and Austrian soldiers ( 1866 ) Nationalism ( edit ) Partly in reaction to the triumphant French nationalism of Napoleon I and partly as an organic feeling of commonality glorified during the Romantic era , German nationalism became a potent force during this period . The ultimate aim of most German nationalists was the gathering of all Germans under one state . Two ideas of national unity eventually came to the fore -- one including and one excluding Austria . The US newspaper The New York Times summarized its views of German nationalism shortly after the outbreak of the war : There is , in political geography , no Germany proper to speak of . There are Kingdoms and Grand Duchies , and Duchies and Principalities , inhabited by Germans , and each separately ruled by an independent sovereign with all the machinery of State . Yet there is a natural undercurrent tending to a national feeling and toward a union of the Germans into one great nation , ruled by one common head as a national unit . Bismarck ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There are many interpretations of Otto von Bismarck 's behaviour before the Austrian - Prussian war , which concentrate mainly on whether he had a master plan that resulted in this war , the North German Confederation and the unification of Germany . Bismarck maintained that he orchestrated the conflict in order to bring about the North German Confederation , the Franco - Prussian War and the eventual unification of Germany . However , historians such as A.J.P. Taylor dispute his interpretation and believe that Bismarck did not have a master plan , but rather was an opportunist who took advantage of the favourable situations that presented themselves . Taylor thinks Bismarck manipulated events into the most beneficial solution possible for Prussia . On 22 February 1866 , Count Karolyi , Austrian ambassador in Berlin , sent a dispatch to the Minister of Foreign Affairs , Count Alexander Mensdorff - Pouilly . He explained to him that Prussian public opinion had become extremely sensitive about the Duchies issue and that he had no doubt that `` this artificial exaggeration of the danger by public opinion formed an essential part of the calculations and actions of Count Bismarck ( who considered ) the annexation of the Duchies ... a matter of life and death for his political existence ( and wished ) to make it appear such for Prussia too . '' Possible evidence can be found in Bismarck 's orchestration of the Austrian alliance during the Second Schleswig War against Denmark , which can be seen as his diplomatic `` masterstroke '' . Taylor also believes that the alliance was a `` test for Austria rather than a trap '' and that the goal was not war with Austria , contradicting what Bismarck later gave in his memoirs as his main reason for establishing the alliance . It was in the Prussian interest to gain an alliance with Austria to defeat Denmark and settle the issue of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein . The alliance can be regarded as an aid to Prussian expansion , rather than a provocation of war against Austria . Many historians believe that Bismarck was simply a Prussian expansionist , rather than a German nationalist , who sought the unification of Germany . It was at the Gastein Convention that the Austrian alliance was set up to lure Austria into war . Bismarck made an alliance with Italy , committing it to the war if Prussia entered one against Austria within three months , which was an obvious incentive for Bismarck to go to war with Austria within three months to divert Austrian strength away from Prussia . The timing of the declaration was perfect , because all other European powers were either bound by alliances that forbade them from entering the conflict , or had domestic problems that had priority . Britain had no stake economically or politically in war between Prussia and Austria . Russia was unlikely to enter on the side of Austria , due to ill will over Austrian support of the anti-Russian alliance during the Crimean War and Prussia had stood by Russia during the January Uprising in Poland whereas Austria had not . France ( edit ) France was also unlikely to enter on the side of Austria , because Bismarck and Napoleon III met in Biarritz and allegedly discussed whether or not France would intervene in a potential Austro - Prussian war . The details of the discussion are unknown but many historians think Bismarck was guaranteed French neutrality in the event of a war . Italy was already allied with Prussia , which meant that Austria would be fighting both with no major allies of its own . Bismarck was aware of his numerical superiority but still `` he was not prepared to advise it immediately even though he gave a favourable account of the international situation '' . When the Prussian victory became clear , France attempted to extract territorial concessions in the Palatinate and Luxembourg . In his speech to the Reichstag on 2 May 1871 , Bismarck said : It is known that even on 6 August 1866 , I was in the position to observe the French ambassador make his appearance to see me in order , to put it succinctly , to present an ultimatum : to relinquish Mainz , or to expect an immediate declaration of war . Naturally I was not doubtful of the answer for a second . I answered him : `` Good , then it 's war ! '' He travelled to Paris with this answer . A few days after one in Paris thought differently , and I was given to understand that this instruction had been torn from Emperor Napoleon during an illness . The further attempts in relation to Luxemburg are known . Unpopular rulers ( edit ) Unpopular rulers sought foreign war as a way to gain popularity and unite the feuding political factions . In Prussia King William I was deadlocked with the liberal parliament in Berlin . In Italy King Victor Emmanuel II faced increasing demands for reform from the Left . In Austria Emperor Franz Joseph saw the need to reduce growing ethnic strife by uniting the several nationalities against a foreign enemy . Military factors ( edit ) Memorial to Battery of the Dead at Chlum commemorates some of the heaviest fighting during Battle of Königgrätz ( 3 July 1866 ) Bismarck may well have been encouraged to go to war by the advantages of the Prussian army against the Austrian Empire . Taylor wrote that Bismarck was reluctant to pursue war as it `` deprived him of control and left the decisions to the generals whose ability he distrusted '' . ( The two most important personalities within the Prussian army were the War Minister Albrecht Graf von Roon and Chief of the General Staff Helmuth Graf von Moltke . ) Taylor suggested that Bismarck was hoping to force Austrian leaders into concessions in Germany , rather than provoke war . The truth may be more complicated than simply that Bismarck , who famously said that `` politics is the art of the possible '' , initially sought war with Austria or was initially against the idea of going to war with Austria . Rival military systems ( edit ) In 1862 , von Roon had implemented several army reforms that ensured that all Prussian citizens were liable to conscription . Before this date , the size of the army had been fixed by earlier laws that had not taken population growth into account , making conscription inequitable and unpopular for this reason . While some Prussian men remained in the army or the reserves until they were forty years old , about one man in three ( or even more in some regions where the population had expanded greatly as a result of industrialisation ) was assigned minimal service in the Landwehr , the home guard . Introducing universal conscription for three years increased the size of the active duty army and provided Prussia with a reserve army equal in size to that which Moltke deployed against Austria . Had France under Napoleon III attempted to intervene against the Prussians , they could have faced him with equal or superior numbers of troops . Prussian conscript service was one of continuous training and drill , in contrast to the Austrian army where some commanders routinely dismissed infantry conscripts to their homes on permanent leave soon after their induction into the army , retaining only a cadre of long - term soldiers for formal parades and routine duties . Austrian conscripts had to be trained almost from scratch when they were recalled to their units on the outbreak of war . The Prussian army was thus better trained and disciplined than the Austrian army , particularly in the infantry . While Austrian cavalry and artillery were as well - trained as their Prussian counterparts with Austria possessing two elite divisions of heavy cavalry , weapons and tactics had advanced since the Napoleonic Wars and cavalry charges had been rendered obsolete . Speed of mobilization ( edit ) Battle of Königgrätz : Prince Friedrich Karl is cheered on by his Prussian troops . The Prussian army was locally based , organised in Kreise ( military districts , lit. : circles ) , each containing a Korps headquarters and its component units . Most reservists lived close to their regimental depots and could be swiftly mobilised . Austrian policy was to ensure that units were stationed far from home to prevent them from taking part in separatist revolts . Conscripts on leave or reservists recalled to their units during mobilization faced a journey that might take weeks before they could report to their units , making the Austrian mobilisation much slower than that of the Prussian Army . Speed of concentration ( edit ) The railway system of Prussia was more extensively developed than that within Austria . Railways made it possible to supply larger numbers of troops than hitherto and allowed the rapid movement of troops within friendly territory . The better Prussian rail network allowed the Prussian army to concentrate more rapidly than the Austrians . Moltke , reviewing his plans to Roon stated , `` We have the inestimable advantage of being able to carry our Field Army of 285,000 men over five railway lines and of virtually concentrating them in twenty - five days ... Austria has only one railway line and it will take her forty - five days to assemble 200,000 men . '' Moltke had also said earlier , `` Nothing could be more welcome to us than to have now the war that we must have . '' The Austrian army under Ludwig von Benedek in Bohemia ( the present - day Czech Republic ) might previously have been expected to enjoy the advantage of the `` central position '' , by being able to concentrate on successive attacking armies strung out along the frontier , but the quicker Prussian concentration nullified this advantage . By the time the Austrians were fully assembled , they would be unable to concentrate against one Prussian army without having the other two instantly attack their flank and rear , threatening their lines of communication . Armaments and tactics ( edit ) Dreyse needle gun Prussian infantry were equipped with the Dreyse needle gun , a bolt - action rifle capable of far more rapid fire than the muzzle - loading Lorenz rifles of the Austrian army . In the Franco - Austrian War of 1859 , French troops had taken advantage of the fact that the rifles of the time fired high if sighted for long range . By rapidly closing the range , French troops could come to close quarters without sustaining too many casualties from the Austrian infantry . After the war , the Austrians had adopted the same methods , which they termed the Stoßtaktik ( `` shock tactics '' ) . Although they had some warnings of the Prussian weapon , they ignored these and retained Stoßtaktik . The Austrian artillery had breech - loading rifled guns , while the Prussian army retained many muzzle - loading smooth bore cannon . New Krupp breech - loading cannons were only slowly being introduced but the shortcomings of the Austrian army prevented the artillery from being decisive . Economic factors ( edit ) The Battle of Königgrätz . In 1866 , the Prussian economy was rapidly growing , partly as a result of the Zollverein , which gave Prussia an advantage in the war . Prussia could equip its armies with breech - loading rifles and later with new Krupp breech - loading artillery but the Austrian economy was suffering from the effects of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and the Second Italian War of Independence . Austria had only one bank , the Creditanstalt and the state was heavily in debt . Historian Christopher Clark wrote that there is little to suggest that Prussia had an overwhelming economic and industrial advantage over Austria and wrote that a larger portion of the Prussian population was engaged in agriculture than in the Austrian population and that Austrian industry could produce the most sophisticated weapons in the war ( rifled artillery ) . The Austro - Prussian War ended quickly and was fought mainly with existing weapons and munitions , which reduced the influence of economic and industrial power relative to politics and military culture . Alliances ( edit ) Prussian artillery at the Battle of Langensalza . Oil painting by Georg von Boddien . Before the war started both the Austrian and Prussian governments sought to rally allies in Germany . On 15 June Bismarck offered territorial compensation in the Grand Duchy of Hesse to the Electorate of Hesse , if Elector Frederick William were to ally with Prussia . The proposition grievously offended Frederick William 's `` legitimist sensibilities '' and the monarch joined the Austrians , despite the Hessian Landtag voting for neutrality . King George V of Hanover during the spring of 1866 was contacted by Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph about establishing a coalition against the Prussians . The Hanoverian monarch concluded that his kingdom would fall if it were to fight against the Prussian armies . Most of the German states sided with Austria against Prussia , even though Austria had declared war . Those that sided with Austria included the Kingdoms of Saxony , Bavaria , Württemberg , and Hanover . Southern states such as , Baden , Hesse - Kassel ( or Hesse - Cassel ) , Hesse - Darmstadt , and Nassau also joined with Austria . Many of the German princes allied with the Habsburgs principally out of a desire to keep their thrones . Some of the northern German states joined Prussia , in particular Oldenburg , Mecklenburg - Schwerin , Mecklenburg - Strelitz , and Brunswick . The Kingdom of Italy participated in the war with Prussia , because Austria held Venetia and other smaller territories wanted by Italy to complete the process of Italian unification . In return for Italian aid against Austria , Bismarck agreed not to make a separate peace until Italy had obtained Venetia . Notably , the other foreign powers abstained from this war . French Emperor Napoleon III , who expected a Prussian defeat , chose to remain out of the war to strengthen his negotiating position for territory along the Rhine , while the Russian Empire still bore a grudge against Austria from the Crimean War . Alliances of the Austro - Prussian War , 1866 Kingdom of Prussia Austrian Empire Neutral to Prussia Duchy of Brunswick Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg - Schwerin Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Duchy of Saxe - Altenburg Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg - Strelitz Grand Duchy of Oldenburg Duchy of Anhalt Schwarzburg - Sondershausen Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont Principality of Lippe Saxe - Lauenburg Free City of Lübeck Bremen Hamburg Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Saxony Kingdom of Hanover Kingdom of Württemberg Electorate of Hesse Grand Duchy of Baden Grand Duchy of Hesse Duchy of Nassau Duchy of Saxe - Meiningen Principality of Reuss - Greiz Principality of Schaumburg - Lippe Free City of Frankfurt Luxembourg Duchy of Limburg Grand Duchy of Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt Liechtenstein Principality of Reuss - Gera Disputed Territory Duchy of Holstein Duchy of Schleswig Course of the war ( edit ) Cavalry clash at the Battle of Nachod The first war between two major continental powers in seven years , it used many of the same technologies as the American Civil War , including railways to concentrate troops during mobilization and telegraphs to enhance long - distance communication . The Prussian Army used von Dreyse 's breech - loading needle gun , which could be rapidly loaded while the soldier was seeking cover on the ground , whereas the Austrian muzzle - loading rifles could only be loaded slowly , and generally from a standing position . The main campaign of the war occurred in Bohemia . Prussian Chief of General Staff Helmuth von Moltke had planned meticulously for the war . He rapidly mobilized the Prussian army and advanced across the border into Saxony and Bohemia , where the Austrian army was concentrating for an invasion of Silesia . There , the Prussian armies , led nominally by King William I , converged , and the two sides met at the Battle of Königgrätz ( Hradec Králové ) on 3 July . The Prussian Elbe Army advanced on the Austrian left wing , and the First Army on the center , prematurely ; they risked being counter-flanked on their own left . Victory therefore depended on the timely arrival of the Second Army on the left wing . This was achieved through the brilliant work of its Chief of Staff , Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal . Superior Prussian organization and élan decided the battle against Austrian numerical superiority , and the victory was near total , with Austrian battle deaths nearly seven times the Prussian figure . Austria rapidly sought peace after this battle . Austrian victory at the Battle of Lissa Except for Saxony , the other German states allied to Austria played little role in the main campaign . Hanover 's army defeated Prussia at the Second Battle of Langensalza on 27 June 1866 , but , within a few days , they were forced to surrender by superior numbers . Prussian armies fought against Bavaria , Württemberg , Baden and the Hessian states on the river Main , reaching Nuremberg and Frankfurt . The Bavarian fortress of Würzburg was shelled by Prussian artillery , but the garrison defended its position until armistice day . The Austrians were more successful in their war with Italy , defeating the Italians on land at the Battle of Custoza ( 24 June ) , and on sea at the Battle of Lissa ( 20 July ) . However , Italy 's `` Hunters of the Alps '' led by Garibaldi defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Bezzecca on 21 July , conquered the lower part of Trentino , and moved towards Trento . The Prussian peace with Austria forced the Italian government to seek an armistice with Austria on 12 August . According to the Treaty of Vienna , signed on 12 October , Austria ceded Veneto to France , which , in turn , ceded it to Italy . Major battles ( edit ) Austrian uhlans under Colonel Rodakowski attack Italian Bersaglieri during the Battle of Custozza 24 June , Battle of Custoza : Austrian army defeats Italian army . 27 June , Battle of Trautenau ( Trutnov ) : Austrians check Prussian advance but with heavy losses . 27 June , Battle of Langensalza : Hanover 's army defeats Prussia 's . However , Hanover surrenders two days later . 29 June , Battle of Gitschin ( Jičín ) : Prussians defeat Austrians . 3 July , Battle of Königgrätz ( Sadová ) : decisive Prussian victory against Austrians . 10 July , Battle of Kissingen : Prussians defeat the Bavarians ( 7th Army Corps of the German Confederation ) 20 July , Battle of Lissa ( Vis ) : the Austrian fleet decisively defeats the Italian one . 21 July , Battle of Bezzecca : Giuseppe Garibaldi 's `` Hunters of the Alps '' defeat an Austrian army . 22 July ( last day of the war ) , Battle of Lamacs ( Lamač ) : Austrians defend Bratislava against Prussian army . 24 July , Battle of Tauberbischofsheim , the Federal 8th Corps ( Württemberg , Baden , Hesse and Nassau ) is defeated by Prussia and northern Württemberg is occupied . Aftermath and consequences ( edit ) Aftermath of the Austro - Prussian War . Prussia Territories annexed by Prussia Prussian allies Austria Austrian allies Neutral members of the German Confederation In order to prevent `` unnecessary bitterness of feeling or desire for revenge '' and forestall intervention by France or Russia , Bismarck pushed King William I of Prussia to make peace with the Austrians rapidly , rather than continue the war in hopes of further gains . William had `` planned to install both the crown prince of Hanover and the nephew of the elector of Hesse as titular grand dukes in small territorial residuals of their dynastic inheritance '' by opposition in the government cabinet , including Crown Prince Frederick to the annexation of several German states . The Austrians accepted mediation from France 's Napoleon III . The Peace of Prague on 23 August 1866 resulted in the dissolution of the German Confederation , Prussian annexation of many of Austria 's former allies , and the permanent exclusion of Austria from German affairs . This left Prussia free to form the North German Confederation the next year , incorporating all the German states north of the Main River . Prussia chose not to seek Austrian territory for itself , and this made it possible for Prussia and Austria to ally in the future , since Austria felt threatened more by Italian and Pan-Slavic irredentism than by Prussia . The war left Prussia dominant in German politics ( since Austria was now excluded from Germany and no longer the top German power ) , and German nationalism would encourage the remaining independent states to ally with Prussia in the Franco - Prussian War in 1870 , and then to accede to the crowning of King William of Prussia as German Emperor in 1871 . The united German states would become one of the most influential of all the European powers . For the defeated parties ( edit ) In addition to war reparations , the following territorial changes took place : Austria : Surrendered the province of Venetia to France , but then Napoleon III handed it to Italy as agreed in a secret treaty with Prussia . Austria then lost all official influence over member states of the former German Confederation . Austria 's defeat was a telling blow to Habsburg rule ; the Empire was transformed via the Austro - Hungarian Compromise of 1867 into the dual monarchy of Austria - Hungary in the following year . Additionally Austria was also excluded from Germany . Schleswig and Holstein : Became the Prussian Province of Schleswig - Holstein . Hanover : Annexed by Prussia , became the Province of Hanover . Hesse - Darmstadt : Surrendered to Prussia the small territory it had acquired earlier in 1866 on the extinction of the ruling house of Hesse - Homburg . The northern half of the remaining land joined the North German Confederation . Nassau , Hesse - Kassel , Frankfurt : Annexed by Prussia . Combined with the territory surrendered by Hesse - Darmstadt to form the new Province of Hesse - Nassau . Saxony , Saxe - Meiningen , Reuss - Greiz , Schaumburg - Lippe : Spared from annexation but joined the North German Confederation in the following year . For the neutral parties and liechtenstein ( edit ) The North German Confederation after the war . The war meant the end of the German Confederation . Those states who remained neutral during the conflict took different actions after the Prague treaty : Liechtenstein : Became an independent state and declared permanent neutrality , while maintaining close political ties with Austria . They had sent 80 men out but did not engage in any fighting . Limburg and Luxembourg : The Treaty of London ( 1867 ) declared both of these states to be part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . Limburg became the Dutch province of Limburg . Luxembourg was guaranteed independence and neutrality from its three surrounding neighbors ( Belgium , France , and Prussia ) , but it rejoined the German customs union , the Zollverein , and remained a member until its dissolution in 1919 . Reuss - Schleiz , Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach , Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt : Joined the North German Confederation . Austria 's desire for revenge ( edit ) The Austrian Chancellor Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust was `` impatient to take his revenge on Bismarck for Sadowa '' . As a preliminary step , the Ausgleich with Hungary was `` rapidly concluded '' . Beust `` persuaded Francis Joseph to accept Magyar demands which he had until then rejected '' , but Austrian plans fell short of French hopes ( e.g. Archduke Albrecht , Duke of Teschen proposed a plan which required the French army to fight alone for six weeks in order to allow Austrian mobilisation ) . Victor Emmanuel II and the Italian government wanted to join this potential alliance , but Italian public opinion was bitterly opposed so long as Napoleon III kept a French garrison in Rome protecting Pope Pius IX , thereby denying Italy the possession of its capital ( Rome had been declared capital of Italy in March 1861 , when the first Italian Parliament had met in Turin ) . Napoleon III was not strictly opposed to this ( in response to a French minister of State 's declaration that Italy would never lay its hands on Rome , the Emperor had commented `` You know , in politics , one should never say ' never ' '' ) and had made various proposals for resolving the Roman Question , but Pius IX rejected them all . Despite his support for Italian unification , Napoleon could not press the issue for fear of angering Catholics in France . Raffaele de Cesare , an Italian journalist , political scientist , and author , noted that : The alliance , proposed two years before 1870 , between France , Italy , and Austria , was never concluded because Napoleon III ... would never consent to the occupation of Rome by Italy ... He wished Austria to avenge Sadowa , either by taking part in a military action , or by preventing South Germany from making common cause with Prussia ... If he could ensure , through Austrian aid , the neutrality of the South German States in a war against Prussia , he considered himself sure of defeating the Prussian army , and thus would remain arbiter of the European situation . But when the war suddenly broke out , before anything was concluded , the first unexpected French defeats overthrew all previsions , and raised difficulties for Austria and Italy which prevented them from making common cause with France . Wörth and Sedan followed each other too closely . The Roman question was the stone tied to Napoleon 's feet -- that dragged him into the abyss . He never forgot , even in August 1870 , a month before Sedan , that he was a sovereign of a Catholic country , that he had been made Emperor , and was supported by the votes of the conservatives and the influence of the clergy ; and that it was his supreme duty not to abandon the Pontiff ... For twenty years Napoleon III had been the true sovereign of Rome , where he had many friends and relations ... Without him the temporal power would never have been reconstituted , nor , being reconstituted , would have endured . Another reason that Beust 's desired revanche against Prussia did not materialize was the fact that , in 1870 , the Hungarian Prime Minister Gyula Andrássy was `` vigorously opposed '' . See also ( edit ) Wars and battles involving Prussia Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , pp. 183 - 184 . Jump up ^ Rudolf Winziers ( April 17 , 2001 ) . `` Unification War 1866 '' . Royal Bavarian 5th Infantry . Archived from the original on 7 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2003 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Balfour 1964 , pp. 67 - 68 . Jump up ^ `` The Situation of Germany '' . The New York Times . 1 July 1866 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Stephen , Nineteenth Century Europe , The Macmillan Press Ltd , 1992 , p. 39 - 40 Jump up ^ Feuchtwanger , Edgar ( 2014 ) . Bismarck : A Political History . Routledge . p. 125 . ISBN 9781317684329 . Jump up ^ Hollyday 1970 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Wawro , `` The Habsburg ' Flucht Nach Vorne ' in 1866 : Domestic Political Origins of the Austro - Prussian War '' , International History Review ( 1995 ) 17 # 2 pp 221 - 248 . Jump up ^ McElwee ( 1970 ) , p. 60 ) Jump up ^ McElwee ( 1970 ) , pp. 63 - 64 Jump up ^ McElwee ( 1970 ) , p. 52 Jump up ^ Wolmar , Christian ( 2010 ) `` Blood , Iron and Gold : How the Railways Transformed the World '' p. 96 Jump up ^ Clark , Christopher . Iron Kingdom : The Rise and Downfall of Prussia . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Schmitt , Hans A. Prussia 's Last Fling : The Annexation of Hanover , Hesse , Frankfurt , and Nassau , June 15 - October 8 , 1866 . Central European History 8 , No. 4 ( 1975 ) , pp. 316 - 347 . Jump up ^ Bismarck , the Man and the Statesman , Volume 2 , Smith , Elder , 1898 , p. 48 Jump up ^ Albertini , Luigi ( 1952 ) . The Origins of the War of 1914 , Volume I. Oxford University Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Aronson , Theo ( 1970 ) . The Fall of the Third Napoleon . Cassell & Company Ltds . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Aronson , Theo ( 1970 ) . The Fall of the Third Napoleon . Cassell & Company Ltds . p. 56 . Jump up ^ de Cesare , Raffaele ( 1909 ) . The Last Days of Papal Rome . Archibald Constable & Co . In Benja we trust . pp. 439 -- 443 . Jump up ^ Albertini , Luigi ( 1952 ) . The Origins of the War of 1914 , Volume I. Oxford University Press . p. 6 . Bibliography ( edit ) Balfour , M. ( 1964 ) . The Kaiser and his Times . Boston MA : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 39300 - 661 - 1 . Barry , Quintin . Road to Koniggratz : Helmuth von Moltke and the Austro - Prussian War 1866 ( 2010 ) excerpt and text search Bassett - Powell , Bruce . Armies of Bismarck 's Wars : Prussian 1860 - 67 ( 2013 ) Publisher = Casemate ( 1 ) Bond , Brian . `` The Austro - Prussian War , 1866 , '' History Today ( 1966 ) 16 # 8 , pp 538 -- 546 . Clodfelter , M. ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 ( 4th ed . ) . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786474707 . Hollyday , FBM ( 1970 ) , Bismarck , Great Lives Observed , Prentice - Hall Hozier , H.M. The Seven Weeks ' War : the Austro - Prussian Conflict of 1866 ( 2012 ) McElwee , William ( 1974 ) . The Art of War : Waterloo to Mons . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 20214 - 0 . Taylor , A.J.P. . The Habsburg Monarchy 1809 -- 1918 ( 2nd ed. 1948 ) . Taylor , A.J.P. . Bismarck : the Man and Statesman , 1955 . Showalter , Dennis E. The Wars of German Unification ( 2004 ) Wawro , G. ( 1997 ) . The Austro - Prussian War : Austria 's War with Prussia and Italy in 1866 . Cambridge : CUP . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62951 - 9 . Wawro , G. ( 2003 ) . The Franco -- Prussian War : The German Conquest of France in 1870 -- 1871 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 58436 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Austro - Prussian War . Further information about the war ( in German ) Coordinates : 43 ° 28 ′ 26 '' N 1 ° 33 ′ 11 '' W  /  43.474 ° N 1.553 ° W  / 43.474 ; - 1.553 Unification of Germany States Austrian Empire ( later Austria - Hungary ) Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Hanover Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Saxony Kingdom of Württemberg more Unions German Confederation Zollverein German Empire ( 1848 / 1849 ) ( constitution ) Erfurt Union North German Confederation ( constitution ) German Empire ( constitution ) Events Vormärz 1814 -- 15 Congress of Vienna 1819 Carlsbad Decrees 1832 Hambach Festival 1833 Frankfurter Wachensturm 1848 Revolutions 1848 -- 49 Frankfurt Parliament 1850 Punctation of Olmütz 1850 - 51 Dresden Conference 1862 `` Blood and Iron '' speech 1864 Second Schleswig War 1866 Austro - Prussian War / Peace of Prague 1870 -- 71 Franco - Prussian War 1871 Treaty of Versailles People Baron von Stein Charles I of Württemberg Christian IX of Denmark Eduard von Simson Franz I of Austria Franz Joseph I of Austria Frederick William III of Prussia Frederick William IV of Prussia Friedrich Daniel Bassermann Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust Heinrich von Gagern Johann Gottlieb Fichte Johann Gustav Droysen Archduke John of Austria John of Saxony Karl August von Hardenberg Klemens Wenzel , Prince von Metternich Ludwig II of Bavaria Napoleon III of France Otto von Bismarck Robert Blum Wilhelm von Humboldt Wilhelm I , German Emperor Related Alsace - Lorraine Burschenschaft Das Lied der Deutschen Die Wacht am Rhein Flag of Germany ( Lützow Free Corps ) Pan-Germanism Kleindeutschland / Großdeutschland Frankfurt Parliament German reunification Schleswig - Holstein Question Sonderweg Germany portal Italian unification -- Risorgimento Wars and revolts Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Revolutions of 1848 First Italian War of Independence Crimean War Second Italian War of Independence Expedition of the Thousand Third Italian War of Independence Capture of Rome Main leaders Bettino Ricasoli Camillo Benso , Count of Cavour Carlo Cattaneo Daniele Manin Francesco Crispi Giuseppe Garibaldi Giuseppe Mazzini Ruggero Settimo Victor Emmanuel II Opponents Pope Pius IX Franz Joseph I of Austria Francis II of the Two Sicilies Klemens von Metternich Joseph Radetzky von Radetz GND : 4011795 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austro-Prussian_War&oldid=833693013 '' Categories : Austro - Prussian War 1866 in Austria 1866 in Prussia Wars involving Baden Wars involving Bavaria Wars involving Hesse - Kassel Wars involving Italy Wars involving Saxony Wars involving Waldeck Wars involving Württemberg History of Schleswig - Holstein Conflicts in 1866 Austria -- Prussia relations Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing German - language text Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2014 Articles with German - language external links Coordinates not on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 00 : 03 . 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where did the austro prussian war take place
[ "\n\nAustro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks' War)\n\n\nPart of the wars of German unification\n\n\n\nBattle of Königgrätz, by Georg Bleibtreu. Oil on canvas, 1869.\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n14 June – 26 July 1866\n(1 month and 12 days)\n\n\nLocation\nBohemia, Germany, Italy and Adriatic Sea\n\n\nResult\nPrussian-led German and Italian victory\n\n\nTerritorial\nchanges\n\n\nPrussia annexes parts of Bavaria, Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, parts of Hesse-Darmstadt, Holstein, Schleswig, Nassau, and Frankfurt\nItaly annexes Venetia and part of Friuli\nDissolution of the German Confederation\nFormation of the North German Confederation\nExclusion of Austria from Germany\nFormation of Austria-Hungary\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n\n Prussian-led German Confederation states\n\n Prussia\n Brunswick\n Mecklenburg-Schwerin\n Saxe-Coburg & Gotha\n Saxe-Altenburg\n Mecklenburg-Strelitz\n Oldenburg\n Anhalt\n Schwarzburg\n Waldeck\n Lippe\n Saxe-Lauenburg\n Lübeck\n Bremen\n Hamburg\n\n Italy\n\n Austrian-led German Confederation states\n\n Austria\n Bavaria\n Saxony\n Hanover\n Württemberg\n Hesse-Kassel\n Baden\n Hesse-Darmstadt\n Nassau\n Saxe-Meiningen\n Reuss-Greiz\n Schaumburg-Lippe\n Frankfurt\n\n\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n Wilhelm I\n Otto von Bismarck\n Helmuth von Moltke\n Vittorio Emanuele II\n Alfonso La Marmora\n Bettino Ricasoli\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Franz Joseph I\n Albrecht von Teschen\n Ludwig von Benedek\n\n\n\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n\n637,262[1]\n\n 437,262\n 200,000\n\n\n\n517,123[2]\n\n 407,223\n 38,000\n 26,500\n 20,000\n 18,400\n 7,000\n 5,000\n\n\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n\n39,990[3]\n\nBreakdown[show]\n\nTotal losses\n 28,793\n\n4,454 battle deaths\n6,427 disease deaths\n16,217 wounded\n785 missing\n910 captured\n\n 11,197\n\n1,633 battle deaths\n3,926 wounded\n553 missing\n5,085 captured\n\n\n\n\n\n\n132,414[2]\n\nBreakdown[show]\n\nTotal losses\n 106,796\n\n9,123 battle deaths\n18,952 disease deaths\n35,236 wounded\n12,365 missing\n31,120 captured\n\n 17,693\n\n379 battle deaths\n1,051 wounded\n16,263 captured or missing\n\n 3,840\n\n348 battle deaths\n2,095 wounded\n1,397 captured or missing\n\n 2,094\n\n241 battle deaths\n1,273 wounded\n580 captured or missing\n\n 1,078\n\n88 battle deaths\n444 wounded\n546 captured or missing\n\n 717\n\n67 battle deaths\n452 wounded\n198 captured or missing\n\n 196\n\n24 battle deaths\n115 wounded\n57 captured or missing\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nAustro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks' War)\n\n\nPart of the wars of German unification\n\n\n\nBattle of Königgrätz, by Georg Bleibtreu. Oil on canvas, 1869.\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n14 June – 26 July 1866\n(1 month and 12 days)\n\n\nLocation\nBohemia, Germany, Italy and Adriatic Sea\n\n\nResult\nPrussian-led German and Italian victory\n\n\nTerritorial\nchanges\n\n\nPrussia annexes parts of Bavaria, Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, parts of Hesse-Darmstadt, Holstein, Schleswig, Nassau, and Frankfurt\nItaly annexes Venetia and part of Friuli\nDissolution of the German Confederation\nFormation of the North German Confederation\nExclusion of Austria from Germany\nFormation of Austria-Hungary\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n\n Prussian-led German Confederation states\n\n Prussia\n Brunswick\n Mecklenburg-Schwerin\n Saxe-Coburg & Gotha\n Saxe-Altenburg\n Mecklenburg-Strelitz\n Oldenburg\n Anhalt\n Schwarzburg\n Waldeck\n Lippe\n Saxe-Lauenburg\n Lübeck\n Bremen\n Hamburg\n\n Italy\n\n Austrian-led German Confederation states\n\n Austria\n Bavaria\n Saxony\n Hanover\n Württemberg\n Hesse-Kassel\n Baden\n Hesse-Darmstadt\n Nassau\n Saxe-Meiningen\n Reuss-Greiz\n Schaumburg-Lippe\n Frankfurt\n\n\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n Wilhelm I\n Otto von Bismarck\n Helmuth von Moltke\n Vittorio Emanuele II\n Alfonso La Marmora\n Bettino Ricasoli\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Franz Joseph I\n Albrecht von Teschen\n Ludwig von Benedek\n\n\n\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n\n637,262[1]\n\n 437,262\n 200,000\n\n\n\n517,123[2]\n\n 407,223\n 38,000\n 26,500\n 20,000\n 18,400\n 7,000\n 5,000\n\n\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n\n39,990[3]\n\nBreakdown[show]\n\nTotal losses\n 28,793\n\n4,454 battle deaths\n6,427 disease deaths\n16,217 wounded\n785 missing\n910 captured\n\n 11,197\n\n1,633 battle deaths\n3,926 wounded\n553 missing\n5,085 captured\n\n\n\n\n\n\n132,414[2]\n\nBreakdown[show]\n\nTotal losses\n 106,796\n\n9,123 battle deaths\n18,952 disease deaths\n35,236 wounded\n12,365 missing\n31,120 captured\n\n 17,693\n\n379 battle deaths\n1,051 wounded\n16,263 captured or missing\n\n 3,840\n\n348 battle deaths\n2,095 wounded\n1,397 captured or missing\n\n 2,094\n\n241 battle deaths\n1,273 wounded\n580 captured or missing\n\n 1,078\n\n88 battle deaths\n444 wounded\n546 captured or missing\n\n 717\n\n67 battle deaths\n452 wounded\n198 captured or missing\n\n 196\n\n24 battle deaths\n115 wounded\n57 captured or missing\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nAustro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks' War)\n\n\nPart of the wars of German unification\n\n\n\nBattle of Königgrätz, by Georg Bleibtreu. Oil on canvas, 1869.\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n14 June – 26 July 1866\n(1 month and 12 days)\n\n\nLocation\nBohemia, Germany, Italy and Adriatic Sea\n\n\nResult\nPrussian-led German and Italian victory\n\n\nTerritorial\nchanges\n\n\nPrussia annexes parts of Bavaria, Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, parts of Hesse-Darmstadt, Holstein, Schleswig, Nassau, and Frankfurt\nItaly annexes Venetia and part of Friuli\nDissolution of the German Confederation\nFormation of the North German Confederation\nExclusion of Austria from Germany\nFormation of Austria-Hungary\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n\n Prussian-led German Confederation states\n\n Prussia\n Brunswick\n Mecklenburg-Schwerin\n Saxe-Coburg & Gotha\n Saxe-Altenburg\n Mecklenburg-Strelitz\n Oldenburg\n Anhalt\n Schwarzburg\n Waldeck\n Lippe\n Saxe-Lauenburg\n Lübeck\n Bremen\n Hamburg\n\n Italy\n\n Austrian-led German Confederation states\n\n Austria\n Bavaria\n Saxony\n Hanover\n Württemberg\n Hesse-Kassel\n Baden\n Hesse-Darmstadt\n Nassau\n Saxe-Meiningen\n Reuss-Greiz\n Schaumburg-Lippe\n Frankfurt\n\n\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n Wilhelm I\n Otto von Bismarck\n Helmuth von Moltke\n Vittorio Emanuele II\n Alfonso La Marmora\n Bettino Ricasoli\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Franz Joseph I\n Albrecht von Teschen\n Ludwig von Benedek\n\n\n\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n\n637,262[1]\n\n 437,262\n 200,000\n\n\n\n517,123[2]\n\n 407,223\n 38,000\n 26,500\n 20,000\n 18,400\n 7,000\n 5,000\n\n\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n\n39,990[3]\n\nBreakdown[show]\n\nTotal losses\n 28,793\n\n4,454 battle deaths\n6,427 disease deaths\n16,217 wounded\n785 missing\n910 captured\n\n 11,197\n\n1,633 battle deaths\n3,926 wounded\n553 missing\n5,085 captured\n\n\n\n\n\n\n132,414[2]\n\nBreakdown[show]\n\nTotal losses\n 106,796\n\n9,123 battle deaths\n18,952 disease deaths\n35,236 wounded\n12,365 missing\n31,120 captured\n\n 17,693\n\n379 battle deaths\n1,051 wounded\n16,263 captured or missing\n\n 3,840\n\n348 battle deaths\n2,095 wounded\n1,397 captured or missing\n\n 2,094\n\n241 battle deaths\n1,273 wounded\n580 captured or missing\n\n 1,078\n\n88 battle deaths\n444 wounded\n546 captured or missing\n\n 717\n\n67 battle deaths\n452 wounded\n198 captured or missing\n\n 196\n\n24 battle deaths\n115 wounded\n57 captured or missing\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nAustro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks' War)\n\n\nPart of the wars of German unification\n\n\n\nBattle of Königgrätz, by Georg Bleibtreu. Oil on canvas, 1869.\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n14 June – 26 July 1866\n(1 month and 12 days)\n\n\nLocation\nBohemia, Germany, Italy and Adriatic Sea\n\n\nResult\nPrussian-led German and Italian victory\n\n\nTerritorial\nchanges\n\n\nPrussia annexes parts of Bavaria, Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, parts of Hesse-Darmstadt, Holstein, Schleswig, Nassau, and Frankfurt\nItaly annexes Venetia and part of Friuli\nDissolution of the German Confederation\nFormation of the North German Confederation\nExclusion of Austria from Germany\nFormation of Austria-Hungary\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n\n Prussian-led German Confederation states\n\n Prussia\n Brunswick\n Mecklenburg-Schwerin\n Saxe-Coburg & Gotha\n Saxe-Altenburg\n Mecklenburg-Strelitz\n Oldenburg\n Anhalt\n Schwarzburg\n Waldeck\n Lippe\n Saxe-Lauenburg\n Lübeck\n Bremen\n Hamburg\n\n Italy\n\n Austrian-led German Confederation states\n\n Austria\n Bavaria\n Saxony\n Hanover\n Württemberg\n Hesse-Kassel\n Baden\n Hesse-Darmstadt\n Nassau\n Saxe-Meiningen\n Reuss-Greiz\n Schaumburg-Lippe\n Frankfurt\n\n\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n Wilhelm I\n Otto von Bismarck\n Helmuth von Moltke\n Vittorio Emanuele II\n Alfonso La Marmora\n Bettino Ricasoli\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Franz Joseph I\n Albrecht von Teschen\n Ludwig von Benedek\n\n\n\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n\n637,262[1]\n\n 437,262\n 200,000\n\n\n\n517,123[2]\n\n 407,223\n 38,000\n 26,500\n 20,000\n 18,400\n 7,000\n 5,000\n\n\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n\n39,990[3]\n\nBreakdown[show]\n\nTotal losses\n 28,793\n\n4,454 battle deaths\n6,427 disease deaths\n16,217 wounded\n785 missing\n910 captured\n\n 11,197\n\n1,633 battle deaths\n3,926 wounded\n553 missing\n5,085 captured\n\n\n\n\n\n\n132,414[2]\n\nBreakdown[show]\n\nTotal losses\n 106,796\n\n9,123 battle deaths\n18,952 disease deaths\n35,236 wounded\n12,365 missing\n31,120 captured\n\n 17,693\n\n379 battle deaths\n1,051 wounded\n16,263 captured or missing\n\n 3,840\n\n348 battle deaths\n2,095 wounded\n1,397 captured or missing\n\n 2,094\n\n241 battle deaths\n1,273 wounded\n580 captured or missing\n\n 1,078\n\n88 battle deaths\n444 wounded\n546 captured or missing\n\n 717\n\n67 battle deaths\n452 wounded\n198 captured or missing\n\n 196\n\n24 battle deaths\n115 wounded\n57 captured or missing\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "Bohemia", "Germany", "Italy", "Adriatic Sea" ]
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Upper East Side
Upper East Side - wikipedia Upper East Side Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the neighborhood in New York City . For the neighborhood in Miami , see Upper Eastside . Upper East Side Neighborhood of Manhattan Park Avenue in the Upper East Side , lined with apartment buildings , looking north from East 74th Street ( September 2016 ) Upper East Side Upper East Side Upper East Side Show map of Manhattan Show map of New York City Show map of the US Show all Coordinates : 40 ° 46 ′ 09 '' N 73 ° 57 ′ 56 '' W  /  40.76917 ° N 73.96556 ° W  / 40.76917 ; - 73.96556 Coordinates : 40 ° 46 ′ 09 '' N 73 ° 57 ′ 56 '' W  /  40.76917 ° N 73.96556 ° W  / 40.76917 ; - 73.96556 Country United States State New York City New York City Borough Manhattan Area Total 1.76 sq mi ( 4.6 km ) Land 1.76 sq mi ( 4.6 km ) Water 0 sq mi ( 0 km ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 229,688 Density 130,504.5 / sq mi ( 50,388.1 / km ) 2010 figures for Manhattan CB 8 Ethnicity White 89.3 % Asian or Pacific Islander 6.2 % Hispanic 5.6 % Black 1.3 % Other 3.3 % ZIP code 10021 , 10028 , 10065 , 10075 , 10128 Area code ( s ) 212 , 917 , 646 The Upper East Side is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City , between Central Park / Fifth Avenue , 59th Street , the East River , and 96th Street . The area incorporates several smaller neighborhoods , including Lenox Hill , Carnegie Hill , and Yorkville . Once known as the Silk Stocking District , it is now one of the most affluent neighborhoods in New York City . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Development 1.2 Famous residents move in 1.3 Transportation constructed 2 Geography 2.1 Historic district 3 Demographics 3.1 Politics 4 Landmarks and cultural institutions 4.1 Museums 4.2 Art galleries 4.3 Hotels 4.4 Houses of worship 4.5 Diplomatic missions 5 Post offices 6 Transportation 7 Education 7.1 Primary and secondary schools 7.1. 1 Public schools 7.1. 2 Private schools 7.2 Colleges and universities 7.3 Public libraries 8 In popular culture 8.1 Films 8.2 Television shows 8.3 Books 8.4 Fictional places and characters 9 Notable people 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Before the arrival of Europeans , the mouths of streams that eroded gullies in the East River bluffs are conjectured to have been the sites of fishing camps used by the Lenape , whose controlled burns once a generation or so kept the dense canopy of oak -- hickory forest open at ground level . In the 19th century the farmland and market garden district of what was to be the Upper East Side was still traversed by the Boston Post Road and , from 1837 , the New York and Harlem Railroad , which brought straggling commercial development around its one station in the neighborhood , at 86th Street , which became the heart of German Yorkville . The area was defined by the attractions of the bluff overlooking the East River , which ran without interruption from James William Beekman 's `` Mount Pleasant '' , north of the marshy squalor of Turtle Bay , to Gracie Mansion , north of which the land sloped steeply to the wetlands that separated this area from the suburban village of Harlem . Among the series of villas a Schermerhorn country house overlooked the river at the foot of present - day 73rd Street and another , Peter Schermerhorn 's at 66th Street , and the Riker homestead was similarly sited at the foot of 75th Street . By the mid-19th century the farmland had largely been subdivided , with the exception of the 150 acres ( 61 ha ) of Jones 's Wood , stretching from 66th to 76th Streets and from the Old Post Road ( Third Avenue ) to the river and the farmland inherited by James Lenox , who divided it into blocks of houselots in the 1870s , built his Lenox Library on a Fifth Avenue lot at the farm 's south - west corner , and donated a full square block for the Presbyterian Hospital , between 70th and 71st Streets , and Madison and Park Avenues . At that time , along the Boston Post Road taverns stood at the mile - markers , Five - Mile House at 72nd Street and Six - Mile House at 97th , a New Yorker recalled in 1893 . East 69th Street between Park and Madison Avenues , in the Upper East Side Historic District Gracie Mansion , last of the East River villas The fashionable future of the narrow strip between Central Park and the railroad cut was established at the outset by the nature of its entrance , in the southwest corner , north of the Vanderbilt family 's favored stretch of Fifth Avenue from 50th to 59th Streets . A row of handsome townhouses was built on speculation by Mary Mason Jones , who owned the entire block bounded by 57th and 58th Streets and Fifth and Madison . In 1870 she occupied the prominent corner house at 57th and Fifth , though not in the isolation described by her niece , Edith Wharton , whose picture has been uncritically accepted as history , as Christopher Gray has pointed out . It was her habit to sit in a window of her sitting room on the ground floor , as if watching calmly for life and fashion to flow northward to her solitary door ... She was sure that presently the quarries , the wooden greenhouses in ragged gardens , the rocks from which goats surveyed the scene , would vanish before the advance of residences as stately as her own . -- Edith Wharton Famous residents move in ( edit ) Before the Park Avenue Tunnel was covered ( finished in 1910 ) , fashionable New Yorkers shunned the smoky railroad trench up Fourth Avenue ( now Park Avenue ) , to build stylish mansions and townhouses on the large lots along Fifth Avenue , facing Central Park , and on the adjacent side streets . The latest arrivals were the rich Pittsburghers Andrew Carnegie and Henry Clay Frick . The classic phase of Gilded Age Fifth Avenue as a stretch of private mansions was not long - lasting : the first apartment house to replace a private mansion on upper Fifth Avenue was 907 Fifth Avenue ( 1916 ) , at 72nd Street , the neighborhood 's grand carriage entrance to Central Park . Most members of New York 's upper - class families have made residences on the Upper East Side , including the oil - rich Rockefellers , political Roosevelts , political dynastic Kennedys , thoroughbred racing moneyed Whitneys , and tobacco and electric power fortuned Dukes . Transportation constructed ( edit ) Construction of the Third Avenue El , opened from 1878 in sections , followed by the Second Avenue El , opened in 1879 , linked the Upper East Side 's middle class and skilled artisans closely to the heart of the city , and confirmed the modest nature of the area to their east . The ghostly `` Hamilton Square '' , which had appeared as one of the few genteel interruptions of the grid plan on city maps since the Commissioners ' Plan of 1811 , was intended to straddle what had now become the Harlem Railroad right - of - way between 66th and 69th Streets ; it never materialized , though during the Panic of 1857 its unleveled ground was the scene of an open - air mass meeting called in July to agitate for the secession of the city and its neighboring counties from New York State , and the city divided its acreage into house lots and sold them . From the 1880s the neighborhood of Yorkville became a suburb of middle - class Germans . Gracie Mansion , the last remaining suburban villa overlooking the East River at Carl Schurz Park , became the home of New York 's mayor in 1942 . The East River Drive , designed by Robert Moses , was extended south from the first section , from 125th Street to 92nd Street , which was completed in 1934 as a boulevard , an arterial highway running at street level ; reconstruction designs from 1948 to 1966 converted FDR Drive , as it was renamed after Franklin Delano Roosevelt , into the full limited - access parkway that is in use today . 45 East 66th Street , a designated New York City landmark , as seen across Madison Avenue Musical Mutual Protective Union , 85th Street Demolishing the elevated railways on Third and Second Avenues opened these tenement - lined streets to the construction of high - rise apartment blocks starting in the 1950s . However , it had an adverse effect on transportation , because the IRT Lexington Avenue Line was now the only subway line in the area . The construction of the Second Avenue Subway has brought up the price of houses in the Upper East Side somewhat . Geography ( edit ) Neighborhood boundaries in New York City are not officially set , but according to the Encyclopedia of New York City , the Upper East Side is bounded by 59th Street in the south , 96th Street on the north , Fifth Avenue to the west and the East River to the east . The AIA Guide to New York City extends the northern boundary to 106th Street near Fifth Avenue . The area 's north - south avenues are Fifth , Madison , Park , Lexington , Third , Second , First , York , and East End Avenues , with the latter running only from East 79th Street to East 90th Street . The major east - west streets are 59th Street , 72nd Street , 79th Street , 86th Street and 96th Street . Some real estate agents use the term `` Upper East Side '' instead of `` East Harlem '' to describe areas that are slightly north of 96th Street and near Fifth Avenue , in order to avoid associating these areas with the negative connotations of the latter , a neighborhood which is generally perceived as less prestigious . Historic district ( edit ) The Upper East Side Historic District is one of New York City 's largest districts , as is the neighborhood . This district runs from 59th to 78th Streets along Fifth Avenue , and up to 3rd Avenue at some points . In the decades after the Civil War , the once decrepit district transitioned into a thriving middle - class residential neighborhood . At the start of the 20th century , the neighborhood transformed again , but this time into a neighborhood of mansions and townhouses . As the century continued , and living environments altered , a lot of these single - family homes were replaced by lavish apartment buildings . Demographics ( edit ) As of the 2000 census , there were 207,543 people residing in the Upper East Side . The population density was 118,184 people per square mile ( 45,649 / km2 ) , making Manhattan Community Board 8 , coterminous with the Upper East Side , the densest Community Board in the city . The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 89.25 % White , 6.14 % Asian , 0.04 % Pacific Islander , 1.34 % African American , 0.09 % Native American , 1.39 % from other races , and 1.74 % from two or more races. 5.62 % of the population were Hispanic of any race . Twenty - one percent of the population was foreign born ; of this , 45.6 % came from Europe , 29.5 % from Asia , 16.2 % from Latin America and 8.7 % from other . The female - male ratio was very high with 125 females for 100 males . The Upper East Side contains a large and affluent Jewish population estimated at 56,000 . Traditionally , the Upper East Side has been dominated by wealthy White Anglo - Saxon Protestant families . Given its very high population density and per capita income ( $85,081 in 2000 ) , the neighborhood contains the greatest concentration of individual wealth in Manhattan . As of 2011 , the median household income for the Upper East Side was $117,903 . As of 2011 , 60.6 % of adults ( 25 + ) had earned a bachelor 's degree or higher . The Upper East Side maintains the highest pricing per square foot in the United States . A 2002 report cited the average cost per square meter as $8,856 ; however , that price has noticed a substantial jump , increasing to almost as much as $11,200 per square meter as of 2006 . There are some buildings which cost about $125 per square foot ( ~ $1345 / m2 ) . The only public housing projects for those of low to moderate incomes on the Upper East Side are located just south of the neighborhood 's northern limit at 96th Street , the Holmes Towers and Isaacs Houses . It borders East Harlem , which has the highest concentration of public housing in the United States . Politics ( edit ) The Upper East Side is one of few areas of Manhattan where Republicans constitute more than 20 % of the electorate . In the southwestern part of the neighborhood , Republican voters equal Democratic voters ( the only such area in Manhattan ) , whereas in the rest of the neighborhood Republicans make up between 20 and 40 % of registered voters . The Upper East Side is notable as a significant location of political fundraising in the United States . Four of the top five ZIP codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan . The top ZIP Code , 10021 , is on the Upper East Side and generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of both George W. Bush and John Kerry . The Metropolitan Museum of Art at Fifth Avenue and 82nd Street The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum at Fifth Avenue and 89th Street The Jewish Museum on Fifth Avenue at 92nd St. The Museum Mile Festival Landmarks and cultural institutions ( edit ) Museums ( edit ) The area is host to some of the most famous museums in the world . The string of museums along Fifth Avenue fronting Central Park has been dubbed `` Museum Mile '' , running between 82nd and 105th Streets . It was once named `` Millionaire 's Row '' . The following are among the cultural institutions on the Upper East Side : 92nd Street Y Asia Society Colony Club Andrew Carnegie Mansion , which houses the Cooper -- Hewitt , National Design Museum Henry Clay Frick House , which houses the Frick Collection Goethe - Institut , New York Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Irish Georgian Society Jewish Museum of New York Manhattan House , the Skidmore , Owings & Merrill - designed mid-century modernist white brick building at 200 E 66th Street , once home to Grace Kelly and Benny Goodman . Landmarked in 2007 Metropolitan Museum of Art El Museo del Barrio Museum of the City of New York Morgan Library & Museum National Academy of Design Neue Galerie Society of Illustrators Whitney Museum of American Art Art galleries ( edit ) Acquavella Galleries Kraushaar Galleries Katharina Rich Perlow Gallery Salon 94 Anita Shapolsky Gallery Hotels ( edit ) Carlyle Hotel Courtyard by Marriott Affinia Gardens NYC The Mark The Pierre Renaissance New York Hotel 57 Houses of worship ( edit ) Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity Temple Emanu - El of New York Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity , Greek Orthodox Church Brick Presbyterian Church ( New York City ) Church of the Epiphany , Episcopal church Church of the Heavenly Rest , Episcopal church Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun , Modern Orthodox synagogue Congregation Or Zarua , Conservative synagogue Edmond J. Safra Synagogue , Orthodox Sephardic synagogue Fifth Avenue Synagogue , Orthodox synagogue Holy Trinity Episcopal Church St. Ignatius Loyola , Catholic Church Jan Hus Presbyterian Church Kingdom Hall of Jehovah 's Witnesses ( 1499 1st Avenue at East 78th Street ) Park Avenue Christian Church , Disciples of Christ church Park Avenue Synagogue , Conservative Jewish synagogue Park East Synagogue , Orthodox synagogue Redeemer Presbyterian Church St. Ann 's Church ( East Harlem ) , Catholic Church St. John the Martyr 's Church , Catholic Church Temple Emanu - El of New York , Reform synagogue Temple Israel , Reform synagogue Temple Shaaray Tefila , Reform synagogue Third Church of Christ , Scientist Islamic Cultural Center of New York , mosque Cross Church , Southern Baptist Diplomatic missions ( edit ) Many diplomatic missions are located in former mansions on the Upper East Side : The Consulate General of Austria in New York is located at East 69th Street , between Park Avenue and Madison Avenue . The Consulate - General of France in New York is located at 934 Fifth Avenue between 74th Street and 75th Street . The Consulate - General of Greece in New York is located at 69 East 79th Street , occupying the former George L. Rives residence . The Consulate - General of Italy in New York is located at 690 Park Avenue . The Consulate - General of India in New York is located at 3 East 64th Street between Fifth Avenue and Madison Avenue . The Consulate - General of Pakistan in New York is located at 12 East 65th Street . Other missions to the United Nations in the Upper East Side include : Albania Belarus Bulgaria Cameroon Cape Verde Czech Republic Iraq Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Mali Mongolia Myanmar ( Burma ) Poland Serbia Post offices ( edit ) The United States Postal Service operates post offices at Lenox Hill Station ( ZIP code 10021 ) , 221 East 70th Street ; Cherokee Station ( 10075 ) , 1483 York Avenue ; Gracie Station ( 10028 ) , 229 East 85th Street ; and Yorkville Station ( 10128 ) , 1617 Third Avenue . New ZIP codes now include 10065 , 10029 and 10075 . Transportation ( edit ) The Upper East Side is served by two subway lines , the four - track IRT Lexington Avenue Line ( 4 5 6 < 6 > trains ) under Lexington Avenue and the two - track Second Avenue Subway ( N Q trains ) under Second Avenue . There are also local and limited MTA Regional Bus Operations routes M1 , M2 , M3 , M4 , M15 , M15 SBS , M31 , M98 , M101 , M102 , M103 going uptown and downtown , as well as the crosstown M66 , M72 , M79 SBS , M86 SBS , and M96 . The Second Avenue Line serves to relieve congestion on the Lexington Avenue Line . The first phase of the line opened on January 1 , 2017 , consisting of three new stations and a renovated fourth station . The line terminates at 96th Street and connects to the BMT 63rd Street Line at Lexington Avenue -- 63rd Street station before continuing to 57th Street -- Seventh Avenue on the BMT Broadway Line . The planned Second Avenue Line includes three additional phases to be built at a later date , which will extend the line north to 125th Street / Park Avenue in Harlem and south to Hanover Square in the Financial District , and a new T train will run its entire length . Education ( edit ) Primary and secondary schools ( edit ) Urban Academy Laboratory High School is in the Julia Richman Education Complex Public schools ( edit ) The New York City Department of Education operates public schools in the city . Public lower and middle schools PS 183 ( Robert Louis Stevenson School ) PS 77 The Lower Lab school PS 290 The New School of Manhattan East Side Middle School PS 6 ( Lillie Devereux Blake School ) PS 158 ( Bayard Taylor ) Senator Robert F. Wagner Middle School ( JHS 167 ) Public high schools Talent Unlimited High School Eleanor Roosevelt High School Urban Academy Laboratory High School Other schools Hunter College High School Marymount School of New York The West Building of Hunter College Private schools ( edit ) Coeducational schools Birch Wathen Lenox School Caedmon School Dalton School Loyola School Lycée Français de New York La Scuola d'Italia Guglielmo Marconi Park East School Rudolph Steiner School ( see Waldorf education ) The Town School Trevor Day School Ramaz School Islamic Cultural Center School Girls ' schools Brearley School Cathedral High School Chapin School Convent of the Sacred Heart Dominican Academy Hewitt School Manhattan High School for Girls Marymount School St. Vincent Ferrer High School Nightingale - Bamford School Spence School St. Jean Baptiste High School Boys ' schools Allen - Stevenson School The Browning School The Buckley School Regis High School St. Bernard 's School St. David 's School Colleges and universities ( edit ) Hunter College Marymount Manhattan College Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York Medical College New York School of Interior Design New York University Institute for the Study of the Ancient World New York University Institute of Fine Arts Rockefeller University Weill Cornell Medical College Public libraries ( edit ) The New York Public Library operates the 67th Street Branch Library at 328 East 67th Street , near First Avenue , the Yorkville Branch Library , 222 East 79th Street and the 96th Street Branch Library at 112 East 96th Street , near Lexington Avenue . In popular culture ( edit ) The Upper East Side has been a setting for many films , television shows , and other media . Films ( edit ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1961 ) The Boys in the Band ( 1970 ) Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) The Great Gatsby ( 1974 ) The Prisoner of Second Avenue ( 1975 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan ( 1984 ) Family Business ( 1989 ) The Bonfire of the Vanities ( 1990 ) Metropolitan ( 1990 ) Juice ( 1992 ) Six Degrees of Separation ( 1993 ) Manhattan Murder Mystery ( 1993 ) Harriet the Spy ( 1996 ) Ransom ( 1996 ) One Fine Day ( 1996 ) The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) A Perfect Murder ( 1998 ) Cruel Intentions ( 1999 ) The Thomas Crown Affair ( 1999 ) Eyes Wide Shut ( 1999 ) Autumn in New York ( 2000 ) American Psycho ( 2000 ) Cruel Intentions 2 ( 2001 ) Tart ( 2001 ) 25th Hour ( 2002 ) Uptown Girls ( 2003 ) Igby Goes Down ( 2002 ) Two Weeks Notice ( 2002 ) Eloise at the Plaza ( 2003 ) The Nanny Diaries ( 2007 ) The Devil Wears Prada ( 2007 ) Sex and the City ( 2008 ) Ghost Town ( 2008 ) Made of Honor ( 2008 ) The Wackness ( 2008 ) The Women ( 2008 ) Bride Wars ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) The International ( 2009 ) The Back - up Plan ( 2010 ) Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) Twelve ( 2010 ) Remember Me ( 2010 ) Arbitrage ( 2012 ) Television shows ( edit ) Kourtney and Kim Take New York ( 2011 -- ) The City ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Gossip Girl ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Ringer ( 2011 - 2012 ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 1985 ) Diff'rent Strokes ( 1978 -- 1986 ) That Girl ( TV series ) ( 1966 -- 1971 ) Family Affair ( TV series ) ( 1966 -- 1971 ) The Nanny ( 1993 -- 1999 ) Sex and the City ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Will & Grace ( 1998 -- 2006 ) Lipstick Jungle ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Dirty Sexy Money ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Gallery Girls ( 2012 ) Ugly Betty ( 2006 -- 2010 ) The Real Housewives of New York City ( 2008 -- ) NYC Prep ( 2009 -- 2010 ) High Society ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Yes ! PreCure 5 ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Yes ! Precure 5 GoGo ! ( 2008 -- 2009 ) I Love Lucy ( 1951 -- 1957 ) White Collar ( 2009 -- 2014 ) The Odd Couple ( 1970 -- 1975 ) Odd Mom Out ( 2015 -- ) , based on Jill Kargman 's novel Momzillas Books ( edit ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's by Truman Capote The Princess Diaries by Meg Cabot The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger Franny and Zooey by J.D. Salinger Raise High the Roof Beam , Carpenters by J.D. Salinger The Bonfire of the Vanities by Tom Wolfe Gossip Girl ( novel series ) by Cecily von Ziegesar The Nanny Diaries by Nicola Kraus and Emma McLaughlin The A-List ( novel series ) by Zoey Dean Blue Bloods ( novel series ) by Melissa de la Cruz Harriet the Spy by Louise Fitzhugh The Luxe by Anna Godbersen Shopaholic Takes Manhattan by Sophie Kinsella Twelve by Nick McDonell Sex and the City by Candace Bushnell The Devil Wears Prada by Lauren Weisberger Death Wish by Brian Garfield Heartburn by Nora Ephron American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis The 25th Hour by David Benioff Lipstick Jungle by Candace Bushnell Fictional places and characters ( edit ) Constance Billard School for Girls and St. Jude 's School for Boys in Gossip Girl The Duchesne School in the vampire novels Blue Bloods by Melissa de la Cruz Percy Jackson , title character of Rick Riordan 's Percy Jackson & the Olympians pentalogy Notable people ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The neighborhood has a long tradition of being home to some of the world 's most wealthy , powerful and influential families and individuals . Some of the notable people who have lived here include : Woody Allen -- film director , writer , and actor Brooke Astor -- philanthropist and widow of Vincent Astor Michael Bloomberg -- billionaire philanthropist and former mayor of New York City Mariah Carey -- singer Phoebe Cates -- actress Aimée Crocker ( 1864 -- 1941 ) -- heiress , princess , author , world traveler Alexandra Daddario -- actress Joan Didion -- author Jamie Dimon -- banker Mia Farrow -- actress Barbara Feldon -- actress Jay S. Fishman -- insurance executive Jonathan Franzen -- National Book Award - winning novelist Gerald Garson -- former NY Supreme Court Justice convicted of accepting bribes Sarah Michelle Gellar -- actress Ricky Gervais -- comedian , actor Ariel Helwani -- mixed martial arts writer Vladimir Horowitz -- pianist and composer Star Jones -- lawyer , television personality Caroline Kennedy -- author , United States Ambassador ( 2013 -- 2017 ) to Japan , and daughter of U.S. President John F. Kennedy Kevin Kline -- actor David H. Koch -- businessman , philanthropist , conservative political activist Jeff Koons -- artist Lady Gaga -- singer Soong Mei - ling -- Former First Lady of the Republic of China , known as Madame Chiang Kai - shek or Madame Chiang Spike Lee -- film director and producer Robert I. Lipp -- businessman Madonna -- entertainer ; purchased $40 million mansion on East 81st Street at Lexington Avenue in 2009 Barbara Margolis -- prisoners ' rights advocate , official greeter of New York City Malachi Martin -- author Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis -- former First Lady of the United States Generoso Pope -- Italian - American businessman and newspaper publisher , lived at 1040 Fifth Avenue Lee Radziwill -- princess , sister of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Lynn Pressman Raymond -- toy and game innovator , president of the Pressman Toy Corporation Joan Rivers -- comedian Martin Scorsese -- film director and producer Eliot Spitzer -- former Governor of New York Chloe Temtchine -- singer - songwriter Leila and Massimo Vignelli -- designers Elie Wiesel -- Holocaust survivor and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986 See also ( edit ) New York City portal East Side ( Manhattan ) Upper West Side Upper Manhattan Yorkville , Manhattan Carnegie Hill Lenox Hill References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fiscal Year 2013 : Manhattan Community Board 8 Needs Statement '' ( PDF ) . City of New York . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Gronowicz , Anthony . `` '' Upper East Side in Jackson , Kenneth T. , ed. ( 2010 ) , The Encyclopedia of New York City ( 2nd ed . ) , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11465 - 2 p. 1352 ^ Jump up to : The City Review Upper East Side , the Silk Stocking District Jump up ^ Plitt , Amy . `` The richest neighborhoods in New York City ; Where do the wealthiest New Yorkers live ? The answers may surprise you ( or not ) '' , Curbed New York , June 27 , 2017 . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . `` That the Upper East Side is No. 1 should come as no surprise , given the concentration of wealth found along the westernmost border of the neighborhood ( i.e. , Museum Mile and the Gold Coast ) . '' Jump up ^ Noted at East 53rd , 62nd , 74th Streets ( the Saw Kill , dammed to form the Lake in Central Park ) and 80th Street ( Eric W. Sanderson , Mannahatta : A Natural History of New York City , 2009 , p. 261 ` `` Lenape sites and place - names '' ) . Jump up ^ A reconstructed map of the patchwork ecologies of Manhattan island before Europeanization is presented in Sanderson 2009 ; map p. 139 . Jump up ^ The history of the Upper East Side , in the broader citywide context , is repeatedly noted in Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace , Gotham : A History of New York City to 1898 ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ The original ecology of Manhattan Island and its evolution is now thoroughly explored in Eric W. Sanderson , Mannahatta : A Natural History of New York City ( New York : Abrams , 2009 ) , based in part on a British army map detailing the island 's natural terrain at the time of the American Revolution . Jump up ^ In 1818 , with a purchase to the south , Peter Schermerhorn enlarged the property given him by his father - in - law , John Jones ( FindaGrave : Peter Schermerhorn , based on `` History of the Schermerhorn family '' , The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record , , 36 ( July 1905 : 204 ) ) , now the site of Rockefeller University ( Rockefeller University : history ) . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Early New York History : Old Days In Yorkville And Harlem `` , 1893 '' . Oldandsold.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jones 's Wood , owned by the Joneses and their Schermerhorn cousins and operated as a popular beer - garden resort , was briefly touted as a possible location for a public park before Central Park was established ( Roy Rosenzweig and Elizabeth Blackmar , The Park and the People : A History of Central Park , New York , 1992 , pp 20 -- 21 , map p. 38 , et passim ) . Jump up ^ `` Realty Romance in Old Lenox Farm '' . The New York Times . December 15 , 1918 . The occasion was the auction of the auction sale an 1874 map of the section of Robert Lenox 's farm , bought in 1818 that lay between 71st and 74th Streets , from Fifth Avenue to the railroad right - of - way that became Park Avenue . Jump up ^ When the library was consolidated with Astor and Tilden trusts to form the New York Public Library , a unique block - long stretch of Fifth Avenue frontage was liberated for the latecomer Henry Clay Frick to build his grand residence , now the Frick Collection . Jump up ^ `` Founded by James Lenox , the chief features of the Presbyterian hospital ... '' . The New York Times . July 3 , 1892 . Jump up ^ Arthur T. Vanderbilt 2nd , Fortune 's Children : The Fall of the House of Vanderbilt ( New York , 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher . `` Streetscapes : Edith Wharton ; In The Age of Innocence , Fiction Was Not Truth '' , The New York Times , August 27 , 1995 . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wharton , The Age of Innocence Jump up ^ `` The Upper East Side Book : 907 Fifth Avenue '' . Thecityreview.com . July 31 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Upper East Side Book : Fifth Avenue : 834 Fifth Avenue '' . Thecityreview.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Brown Harris Stevens . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Clos Mimi '' . Clos Mimi . March 22 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Upper East Side Book : Fifth Avenue : 1125 Fifth Avenue '' . Thecityreview.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Natives of New York Still Own Upper Fifth Avenue -- In Spite of the Influx of Outsiders , Knickerbocker Families Easily Remain In the Ascendant . The Majority , Who Are Not Knickerbockers , Hail from New England and the Eastern States '' . The New York Times . May 26 , 1907 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` at '' . Divasthesite.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace , Gotham : a history of New York City to 1898 , 1999 , pp. 421 , 840 , 849 . Jump up ^ Croton - On - Hudson Historical Society ( 2001 ) . Images of America Series . Arcadia Publishing . pp. 41 , 128 . ISBN 0738505439 . Jump up ^ Barron , james ; and Roberts , Sam . `` New York Mayor 's Mansion Seeks a Missing Item ( the Mayor ) '' , The New York Times , November 2 , 2013 . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . `` Gracie Mansion , home to the mayors of New York since movers delivered the La Guardias ' own furniture in 1942 , was never quite right for the billionaire mayor , who shunned it even as he shined it up , donating millions for repairs , renovations and the occasional antique . '' Jump up ^ FDR Drive , New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` www.nycsubway.org : Second Avenue Subway : The Line That Almost Never Was '' . www.nycsubway.org . New York City Transit Authority . 1972 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gronowicz , Anthony . `` Upper East Side '' in Jackson , Kenneth T. , ed. ( 2010 ) , The Encyclopedia of New York City ( 2nd ed . ) , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11465 - 2 , p. 1352 Jump up ^ White , Norval ; Willensky , Elliot & Leadon , Fran ( 2010 ) , AIA Guide to New York City ( 5th ed . ) , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 9780195383867 , p. 416 Jump up ^ Depalma , Anthony ( January 31 , 1988 ) . `` Is the Upper East Side Moving North ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Upper East Side '' ( PDF ) . Citi Habitats. 2007 . Jump up ^ UPPER EAST SIDE -- CD 308 Jump up ^ `` Social Explorer 2000 Demography Map : Median Income in Upper East Side '' . Socialexplorer.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Baila Olidort ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` Jewish Identity Grows On Manhattan 's Upper East Side '' . lubavitch.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Craig J. Calhoun ; Donald Light ; Suzanne Keller ( 1997 ) . Sociology . McGraw - Hill . p. 178 . ISBN 9780070380691 . Jump up ^ Paul Schlueter ; Dorothy Nyren Curley ( 1998 ) . Modern American literature : volume V second supplement to the fourth edition . Gale Group . p. 13 . ISBN 9780804432658 . Jump up ^ Briton Hadden ; Henry Robinson Luce ( 1998 ) . Time , Volume 110 , Edizioni 1 -- 9 . Time Incorporated . p. 156 . Jump up ^ `` Where do the wealthiest citizens of New York live ? Map that shows vast income difference between neighborhoods just yards apart '' . Daily Mail . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Upper East Side ( UES ) neighborhood in New York , New York ( NY ) , 10021 , 10028 , 10128 detailed profile '' . city-data.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hevesi , Dennis ( May 17 , 2002 ) . `` Residential Real Estate ; TriBeCa Is Priciest Neighborhood '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Charts '' . Miller Samuel . February 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Low - Income Parents Worry Cuts to Childcare Will Force Them Out of Work '' . Jump up ^ `` Who Are NYC 's Republicans ? '' . Gothamgazette.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Big Donors Still Rule The Roost '' Archived March 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved July 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Mission & History , 92nd Street Y . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/press/10_30_07-30.pdf Jump up ^ `` Contact & hours of operation . '' Consulate - General of France in New York . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the website of the Consulate General of Italy in New York . '' Consulate - General of Italy in New York . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us . '' Consulate - General of India in New York . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Home . Consulate - General of Pakistan in New York . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Member States . '' United Nations . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- Cherokee '' . United States Postal Service . ZIP code 10021 , a widely used ZIP code and spoken as an `` prestigious zip code indicating status '' , was recently split up by the post office . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- Gracie . '' United States Postal Service . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- Yorkville Station '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Subway Map '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan Bus Map '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . May 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siff , Andrew ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` 2nd Avenue Subway Service to Begin New Year 's Day : Gov. Cuomo '' . NBC New York . NBC Universal Media . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rivoli , Dan ; Sandoval , Edgar ; Greene , Leonard ( 2016 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Cuomo promises Second Ave . subway will open Jan. 1 '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` MTA Capital Construction -- Second Avenue Subway Project Description '' . mta.info . MTA . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 ... Jump up ^ 68th Street Campus Map , Hunter College . Accessed May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Facts and Figures , Marymount Manhattan College . Accessed May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Campus Map , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai . Accessed May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Our Campus , New York School of Interior Design . Accessed May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Building Overview , Institute for the Study of the Ancient World . Accessed May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welcome , New York University Institute of Fine Arts . Accessed May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 67th Street Branch Library '' . New York Public Library . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NYPL Locations '' . The New York Public Library . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 96th Street Branch Library '' . New York Public Library . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nir , Sarah Maslin. `` Nowadays , ' Odd Couple ' Would Have to Be Rich Couple , Too '' The New York Times ( December 25 , 2012 ) . Quote : `` ( Their ) the apartment seemed to bounce between locations . At various times it was on the Upper West Side , where some episodes seemed to indicate that the pair drove each other crazy amid the twin spires of the exclusive San Remo on Central Park West between 74th and 75th Streets . But exterior shots of their home often were across Central Park , at 1049 Park Avenue ... '' Jump up ^ Upper East Side Journal : `` Awaiting a Glimpse of Their ' Gossip Girl ' Kin '' by Eric Konigsberg , The New York Times , December 1 , 2007 Jump up ^ de la Cruz , Melissa ( 2010 - 03 - 04 ) . Blue Bloods . Hachette . p. 23 . ISBN 9780748115501 . Jump up ^ `` A Rationale for Rick Riordan 's The Lightning Thief , rickriordan.com Jump up ^ Day , Sherri ( March 26 , 2004 ) . `` Disappointment for Woody Allen , But Not at Box Office '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . `` The state 's highest court yesterday dismissed an effort to halt construction of a 10 - story building on the Upper East Side , ending a six - year battle that pitted Woody Allen and a group of fellow Upper East Siders against the city 's Landmarks Preservation Commission . '' Jump up ^ Zimmer , Amy . `` $100 M Brooke Astor Estate Settlement Reached '' , DNAinfo.com , March 28 , 2012 . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . `` The five - year fight over the estate of Upper East Side doyenne Brooke Astor has been settled , paving the way for $100 million to start flowing to charities , the New York Attorney General 's office announced Wednesday . '' Jump up ^ Marino , Vivian . `` A $14 Million Co-op for Michael R. Bloomberg '' , The New York Times , April 15 , 2016 . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . `` Former Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg , apparently looking to someday create a double - wide mansion for himself on the Upper East Side , paid $14,000,000 for a triplex at the co-op townhouse next to his Beaux - Arts limestone house . '' Jump up ^ Berrie , Nicole ( 8 February 2010 ) . `` The Radar : Alexandra Daddario '' . Orange County . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2010 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Alexandra . `` Joan Didion on the Céline Ad '' , The New York Times , January 7 , 2015 . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . `` ' I do n't have any clue , ' said the 80 - year - old author of well - thumbed classics such as ' The White Album , Slouching Towards Bethlehem and The Year of Magical Thinking , reached by telephone on Wednesday at her Upper East Side residence ( where the photo , by Juergen Teller , was taken ) . '' Jump up ^ De La Merced , Michael J. `` Protesters Take Aim at Dimon , but Miss His Office '' , The New York Times , October 12 , 2011 . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . `` The nearly month - old Occupy Wall Street protest has apparently settled on a favorite target for their ire , Jamie Dimon . On Tuesday , protestors marched to his apartment building in Manhattan 's Upper East Side , bearing a giant fake check critiquing the low taxes of America 's wealthiest individuals . '' Jump up ^ ( registration required ) `` Barbara Margolis , Prisoners ' Advocate , Dies at 79 '' . The New York Times . July 12 , 2009 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( registration required ) Grimes , William . `` Lynn Pressman Raymond , Toy Executive , Dies at 97 '' , The New York Times , August 1 , 2009 . Accessed August 2 , 2009 . `` Lynn Pressman Raymond died July 22 at her home on the Upper East Side of Manhattan . She was 97 . '' Jump up ^ Marino , Vivian . `` Penthouse Owned by Joan Rivers Sold for $28 Million '' , The New York Times , July 17 , 2015 . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . `` The palatial triplex on the Upper East Side that Joan Rivers called home for more than a quarter of a century until her death last year -- where she had honed her caustic comedy routines , entertained celebrities , and , by her own telling , even encountered a belligerent ghost -- sold for $28 million and was the most expensive closed sale of the week , according to city records . '' Jump up ^ Thurman , Judith . `` Tour Martin Scorsese 's 1860s Townhouse in New York '' , Architectural Digest , April 1994 . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . `` Scorsese settled that question definitively two years ago , when he moved to an Upper East Side townhouse with a walled garden -- not so grand as the mansions of The Age of Innocence , but built in the same period . '' Jump up ^ Barbaro , Michael ; Chen , David W. `` Spitzer Rejoins Politics , Asking for Forgiveness '' , The New York Times , July 7 , 2013 . Accessed September 3 , 2017 . `` Mr. Spitzer said he had not conducted any polling before deciding to run based on his gut reading of ordinary New Yorkers . He described an encounter on Sunday afternoon , when he was sitting on a park bench after a run near his Upper East Side home . '' Jump up ^ Phull , Hardeep ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` She 's tethered to an oxygen tank , but her singing career is soaring '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Lovine , Julie V. ( October 21 , 2007 ) . `` The Vignellis -- In an Instant , Their Pared - Down Designs -- For the Subway , Bloomingdale 's , American Airlines -- Conjure a Particular Moment in the City 's History '' . New York . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . In the living room of their Upper East Side apartment ... Jump up ^ Berger , Josef ( July 2 , 2016 ) `` Elie Wiesel , Auschwitz Survivor and Nobel Peace Prize Winner , Dies at 87 '' The New York Times External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Upper East Side . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Upper East Side . Uppereast.com Wikipages : Upper East Side Upper East Side Museums Neighborhoods in the New York City borough of Manhattan Lower Manhattan below 14th St ( CB 1 , 2 , 3 ) Alphabet City Battery Park City Bowery Chinatown Civic Center Cooperative Village East Village Essex Crossing Financial District Five Points Greenwich Village Hudson Square Little Fuzhou Little Germany Little Italy Little Syria Lower East Side Meatpacking District NoHo Nolita Radio Row SoHo South Street Seaport South Village Tribeca Two Bridges West Village World Trade Center Midtown ( CB 5 ) Columbus Circle Diamond District Flatiron District Garment District Herald Square Koreatown Madison Square NoMad Silicon Alley Theater District Times Square West Side ( CB 4 , 7 ) Chelsea Hell 's Kitchen Hudson Yards Lincoln Square Little Spain Manhattan Valley Manhattantown Penn South Pomander Walk Riverside South Tenderloin Upper West Side East Side ( CB 6 , 8 ) Carnegie Hill Gashouse District Gramercy Park Kips Bay Lenox Hill Murray Hill Peter Cooper Village Rose Hill Stuyvesant Square Stuyvesant Town Sutton Place Tudor City Turtle Bay Union Square Upper East Side Waterside Plaza Yorkville Upper Manhattan above 110th St ( CB 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ) Astor Row East Harlem Hamilton Heights Harlem Hudson Heights Inwood Le Petit Senegal Manhattanville Marble Hill ( Bx CB 8 ) Marcus Garvey Park Morningside Heights Sugar Hill Sylvan Washington Heights Islands Ellis Island ( CB 1 ) Governors Island ( CB 1 ) Liberty Island ( CB 1 ) Randalls Island ( CB 11 ) Roosevelt Island ( CB 8 ) Wards Island ( CB 11 ) Community boards : 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 VIAF : 123325940 LCCN : n97046575 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_East_Side&oldid=804707255 '' Categories : Upper East Side Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2011 Webarchive template wayback links Pages with login required references or sources Use mdy dates from March 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using New York City Subway service templates Articles needing additional references from November 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית ქართული Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 17 : 08 . 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where is the upper east side of nyc
[ "The Upper East Side is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, between Central Park/Fifth Avenue, 59th Street, the East River, and 96th Street.[2] The area incorporates several smaller neighborhoods, including Lenox Hill, Carnegie Hill, and Yorkville. Once known as the Silk Stocking District,[3] it is now one of the most affluent neighborhoods in New York City.[4]" ]
[ "between Central Park/Fifth Avenue, 59th Street, the East River, and 96th Street" ]
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A Prairie Home Companion
A Prairie Home Companion - Wikipedia A Prairie Home Companion This article is about the historic radio show hosted by Garrison Keillor . For the current radio show hosted by Chris Thile , see Live from Here . For the film , see A Prairie Home Companion ( film ) . A Prairie Home Companion Keillor and cast during a live production of A Prairie Home Companion in 2007 Genre Comedy -- music variety Running time 2 hours Country of origin United States Language ( s ) English Home station Minnesota Public Radio Syndicates American Public Media Starring Garrison Keillor ( 1974 - 1987 , 1992 - 2016 ) Sue Scott Tim Russell Fred Newman Produced by Garrison Keillor Original release July 6 , 1974 -- July 1 , 2016 Opening theme Tishomingo Blues Website prairiehome.org A Prairie Home Companion is a weekly radio variety show created and hosted by Garrison Keillor that aired live from 1974 to 2016 . In 2016 , musician Chris Thile took over as host , and the successor show was eventually renamed Live from Here . A Prairie Home Companion aired on Saturdays from the Fitzgerald Theater in Saint Paul , Minnesota ; it was also frequently heard on tours to New York City and other US cities . The show is known for its musical guests , especially folk and traditional musicians , tongue - in - cheek radio drama , and relaxed humor . Keillor 's wry storytelling segment , `` News from Lake Wobegon '' , was the show 's best - known feature during his long tenure . Distributed by Minnesota Public Radio 's distribution arm , American Public Media , A Prairie Home Companion was heard on 690 public radio stations in the United States at its peak in spring 2015 and reached an audience of four million U.S. listeners each week . The show borrowed its name from a radio program in existence in 1969 that was named after the Prairie Home Cemetery near Concordia College , in Moorhead , Minnesota . It inspired a 2006 film of the same name , written by Keillor , directed by Robert Altman , and featuring Keillor , Kevin Kline , Lily Tomlin , Meryl Streep , and Lindsay Lohan . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Hiatus 1.3 Return and final years 1.4 Guest hosts 1.5 Keillor 's departure 1.6 Name change 1.7 Planned archive 2 Format 2.1 Features 2.2 News from Lake Wobegon 2.3 Fictional sponsors 2.4 Alterations 3 Cast 3.1 Actors 3.2 Sound effects artists 3.3 Musicians 4 Production staff 5 Film 6 LP / CD releases 6.1 Stories from Lake Wobegon 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) The Saturday - evening show was a partial spin - off of A Prairie Home Morning Show with Keillor and Tom Keith , which ran from 6 to 9 a.m. on Minnesota Public Radio and was continued by Keith and Dale Connelly for many years as The Morning Show . After researching the Grand Ole Opry for an article , Keillor became interested in doing a variety show on the radio . On July 6 , 1974 , the first live broadcast of A Prairie Home Companion took place . That show was broadcast from St. Paul in the Janet Wallace Auditorium of Macalester College . Twelve audience members turned out , mostly children . The second episode featured the first performance on the show by Butch Thompson , who became house pianist . Thompson stayed with the program until 1986 and still frequently performs on the show . In 1978 , the show moved into the World Theater in St. Paul , which Minnesota Public Radio purchased and renovated in 1986 and renamed the Fitzgerald Theater in 1994 . This is the same venue the program uses today . Hiatus ( edit ) The show went off the air in 1987 , with a `` final performance '' on June 13 , and Keillor married and spent some time abroad during the following two years . For a brief time , the show was replaced -- both on the air and in the World Theater -- by Good Evening , hosted by Noah Adams , a live variety show designed by ex-Prairie Home and All Things Considered staffers to retain the audience Keillor had cultivated over the years . However , many stations opted instead to continue APHC repeats in its traditional Saturday time slot . In 1989 , Keillor returned to radio with The American Radio Company of the Air ( renamed Garrison Keillor 's American Radio Company in its second season ) , broadcast originally from the Brooklyn Academy of Music . The new program featured a broadly similar format to A Prairie Home Companion , with sketches and musical guests reflecting a more New York sensibility , rather than the country and folk music predominant in APHC . Also , while Keillor sang and delivered a regular monologue on American Radio Company , Lake Wobegon was initially downplayed , as he felt it was `` cruel '' to talk to a Brooklyn audience about life in a small town . During this period , Keillor revived the full APHC format only for `` annual farewell performances '' . In the fall of 1992 , Keillor returned to the World Theater with ARC for the majority of the season , with Lake Wobegon and other APHC elements gradually but unmistakably returning to prominence . Return and final years ( edit ) A Prairie Home Companion at the 2011 Minnesota State Fair The following year , on October 2 , 1993 , the program officially reverted to the A Prairie Home Companion name and format . While many of the episodes originated from St. Paul , the show often traveled to other cities around the U.S. and overseas for its live weekly broadcasts . Common road venues included The Town Hall in New York City ; Tanglewood in Lenox , Massachusetts ; Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts in Vienna , Virginia ; Ryman Auditorium in Nashville , Tennessee ; the Greek Theater in Los Angeles ; and the State Theater in Minneapolis . It also broadcast a show each year from the Minnesota State Fair . The show was originally distributed nationally by Minnesota Public Radio in association with Public Radio International . Later , its distributor was Minnesota Public Radio 's distribution unit , American Public Media . Guest hosts ( edit ) Thile as guest host in 2016 Singer Sara Watkins of San Diego , California hosted the January 15 , 2011 , broadcast . The format was the same , but Keillor appeared only as a guest actor and to deliver the News from Lake Wobegon . He claimed he had taken the chance to see the show being performed for himself . It was reported that this could be the beginning of a trend toward Keillor 's eventual retirement , and on March 16 , 2011 , Keillor stated in an interview with the AARP that he would most likely retire from the show by the time he turned 70 in August 2012 . On January 29 , 2011 , Erica Rhodes expressed frustration over not being picked to guest host . In September 2011 , Keillor told The Tuscaloosa News that his last broadcast would be recorded in `` early July 2013 '' , and that instead of a permanent replacement host , there will be `` a whole group of people . A rotation of hosts '' , but in December 2011 Keillor said he had changed his mind and reconsidered his plans to retire because he still enjoyed hosting the show . On February 7 and 14 , 2015 , mandolinist Chris Thile hosted the show ( like Sara Watkins , a member of Nickel Creek ) . As when Watkins hosted , the format remained largely unchanged , but Keillor did not make an appearance . Instead , storyteller Tristan Jimerson appeared on the February 7 show and comedian / storyteller Elna Baker on the February 14 show . Thile 's band Punch Brothers performed on the February 7 show . Thile was named permanent host of the show in late June 2015 . Keillor 's last show as host was recorded on July 1 , 2016 , and broadcast the following day . Thile took over as permanent host on October 15 , 2016 . Keillor 's departure ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : ' 42 - year detour ' ends : Garrison Keillor homeward bound When Keillor formally announced his departure from APHC at the show 's airing on July 21 , 2015 , he indicated that Thile would succeed him as permanent host in 2016 . Keillor recorded his final episode as host live at the Hollywood Bowl before an audience of 18,000 , on July 1 , 2016 ; it was aired on the following day . The episode was titled `` Sumus Quod Sumus '' ( Latin for `` We are what we are '' ) , and was a vocal duet show of `` time - honored American ballads , British Invasion romps , country - western weepers , and Broadway classics , '' guest - starring Sara Watkins , Sarah Jarosz , Aoife O'Donovan , Heather Masse , and Christine DiGiallonardo , alongside the `` Royal Academy of Radio Actors , '' Tim Russell , Sue Scott , and Fred Newman , and the APHC ' band , with music director and pianist Rich Dworsky and Bernie Dresel ( drums ) , Larry Kohut ( bass ) , Richard Kriehn ( mandolin and fiddle ) , and Chris Siebold ( guitar ) . Barack Obama recorded a telephone call into the show , which ran on the Saturday broadcast , and Keillor performed his last `` Lives of the Cowboys '' sketch as regular host , with regulars Scott , Russell , and Newman , and including a series of duets with the guests Masse , O'Donovan , Jarosz , DiGiallonardo , and Watkins . As well , he performed his last `` News from Lake Wobegon '' segment , with its final closing description of the fictional town , where `` all the women are strong , all the men are good - looking , and all the children are above average . '' Thile made his debut as permanent host on October 15 , 2016 . Name change ( edit ) On November 29 , 2017 , Minnesota Public Radio terminated its contract with Keillor because of `` allegations of his inappropriate behavior with an individual who worked with him . '' Because Keillor still owned artistic rights and the trademark to the show 's name , MPR also announced that it would change the name , which was announced as Live from Here live on the December 16 , 2017 broadcast of the show . MPR also announced it would cease distributing reruns of A Prairie Home Companion featuring Keillor . Keillor stated he had been `` fired '' from MPR , but he had technically not been employed by MPR / APM since 2002 , working instead as an independent contractor . Planned archive ( edit ) On April 13 , 2018 , Minnesota Public Radio posted a message stating its intent to reinstate the online archives of A Prairie Home Companion and The Writer 's Almanac : Minnesota Public Radio has reached an agreement with Garrison Keillor to restore free public access to the online archives of A Prairie Home Companion and The Writer 's Almanac . Later this month , past performances of these popular shows will be returned to their respective websites : prairiehome.org and writersalmanac.org . MPR will pay $275,000 for Mr. Keillor 's rights related to these historic archives and to resolve all other matters . `` These archives feature the work of thousands of talented artists , poets and musicians , '' said Jon McTaggart , president and CEO of Minnesota Public Radio and American Public Media Group . `` We are pleased that these performances will once again be available to fans of these programs . '' Format ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On Air sign at the Fitzgerald Theater From the show 's inception until 1987 , its theme song was Hank Snow 's hit `` Hello Love '' . After 1987 , each show has opened with Spencer Williams ' composition `` Tishomingo Blues '' as the theme song , with lyrics written especially for A Prairie Home Companion . Music is a main feature of the program ; the show is a significant outlet for American folk music of many genres , especially country , bluegrass , blues , and gospel , but it also has guest performers from a wide variety of other styles of music , including classical , opera , and music from a number of different countries . The country musician and former record company executive Chet Atkins has appeared on the show many times , as have singer - songwriters Mark Knopfler ( lead guitarist and frontman of the bands Dire Straits and the Notting Hillbillies ) and Jeff Lang . Folk / gospel duo Robin and Linda Williams have been regular guests since 1976 , and often join Keillor and another female performer , often Jearlyn Steele , to form `` The Hopeful Gospel Quartet '' . Peter Ostroushko , Greg Brown , Jean Redpath , and Prudence Johnson , among others , were recurring guests on the program between 1974 and 1987 . The Wailin ' Jennys and Andra Suchy are current recurring guests , and when the show travels , Keillor generally features local musicians and acts . Greetings from members of the audience to friends and family at home ( frequently humorous ) are read each week by Keillor just after the show 's intermission , at the top of the second hour . Birthdays and anniversaries of famous composers and musicians are also observed . Features ( edit ) The Rhubarb Sisters singing during taping of the show Keillor and the ensemble performed comedy skits . Notable skits and characters often recur , such as the satirical `` Guy Noir , Private Eye '' , which parodied film noir and radio dramas . Guy Noir 's popularity was such that the first few notes of the theme or the first lines of the announcer 's introduction ( `` A dark night in a city that knows how to keep its secrets ... '' ) often drew applause and cheers from the audience . Also regularly featured were the adventures of Dusty and Lefty , `` The Lives of the Cowboys '' . News from Lake Wobegon ( edit ) One of the show 's best - known features was Keillor 's `` News from Lake Wobegon '' , a weekly storytelling monologue , claiming to be a report from his fictitious hometown of Lake Wobegon , `` the little town that time forgot and the decades can not improve ... where all the women are strong , all the men are good - looking , and all the children are above average '' . The opening words of the monologue usually did not change : `` Well , it 's been a quiet week in Lake Wobegon , Minnesota , my hometown , out on the edge of the prairie . '' Keillor often poked fun at central Minnesota 's large Scandinavian - American and German - American communities , and many of his fictional characters have names that reflect this . The `` News from Lake Wobegon '' did not have a set structure , but featured recurring characters and places such as the Chatterbox Café , the Sidetrack Tap , Pastor Ingqvist of the Lake Wobegon Lutheran Church and his successor Pastor Liz , Father Emil of Our Lady of Perpetual Responsibility Roman Catholic Church ( a parody of Our Mother of Perpetual Help ) , the Lake Wobegon Whippets sports teams , various members of the Bunsen and Krebsbach families , and an assortment of nearby `` Norwegian bachelor farmers '' . Once a year the program featured a special `` joke show '' , which generally included the Lake Wobegon monologue and musical acts , but with other skits replaced by the performers taking turns telling jokes . Humorists such as Paula Poundstone and Roy Blount Jr. often made guest appearances on those shows , and listeners and audience members were encouraged to submit jokes for use on the air . In - jokes are also sprinkled through the show , such as `` Piscacadawadaquoddymoggin '' , a made - up word that 's been used both for places and for people 's names . The components of this made - up word are portions of Native American place names in the New England region of the United States , most of them in Maine ( i.e. : Piscataqua , Passamaquoddy , and Androscoggin ) . Fictional sponsors ( edit ) A sign for `` Guy 's Shoes '' , one of A Prairie Home Companion 's fictitious sponsors . The show creates fictional advertisements for fictional products , performed in the style of live old - time radio commercials . The show acknowledges its actual underwriters at the beginning , end , and middle ( break ) of the show . Prairie Home 's most prominent `` sponsor '' is the fictitious `` Powdermilk Biscuits '' . Before he and the band performed the product 's jingle every week ( `` Has your family tried ' em , Powdermilk ? '' ) , Garrison Keillor would extol Powdermilk 's virtues in this way : `` Heavens they 're tasty , and expeditious . Give shy persons the strength they need to get up and do what needs to be done . Made from whole wheat raised by Norwegian bachelor farmers , so you know they 're not only good for you , they 're pure , mostly . Get ' em in the bright blue box with a picture of a biscuit on the front , or ready - made in the brown bag with the dark stains that indicate freshness . '' Among its other `` sponsors '' , Bebop - A-Reebop Rhubarb Pie ( and Frozen Rhubarb Pie Filling ) has been prominent , with ads featuring the Bebop - A-Reebop jingle , performed to the tune of `` Shortnin ' Bread '' : One little thing can revive a guy And that is a piece of rhubarb pie Serve it up , nice and hot Maybe things are n't as bad as you thought Momma 's little baby loves rhubarb , rhubarb Bebopareebop rhubarb pie . The jingle is usually sung after a bombastic , sound - effect - enhanced tale of woe , and is immediately followed by Keillor asking , `` Would n't this be a great time for a piece of rhubarb pie ? Yes , nothing gets the taste of shame and humiliation out of your mouth quite like Bebop - A-Reebop Rhubarb Pie . '' Other prominent `` sponsors '' include Bertha 's Kitty Boutique , whose locations in the fictional `` Dales '' shopping centers ( `` Roy ' n ' Dale , Airedale , Teasdale , Clydesdale , Chippendale , Mondale , and all the other fine shopping centers '' ) allude to various real people and things , and The Catchup Advisory Board -- its name a mashup of the common `` catsup '' and `` ketchup '' spellings -- which has the tagline `` Catchup : For the good times . '' Other `` sponsors '' have included : Café Boeuf , a fictionally and exceptionally snobbish French restaurant in Lake Wobegon `` where the elite meet to eat '' Guy 's Shoes -- purveyor of Guy 's All - Star Shoes , the Converse - like sponsor of the Shoe Band , which specializes in steel - toed shoes ( `` so even when you strike out ( ping ! ) you can walk away '' ) The American Duct Tape Council The American Society of Sound Effects Specialists Bob 's Bank ( `` Save at the sign of the sock '' , `` Neither a borrower nor a lender be '' ) The Bon Marché Beauty Salon Earl 's Academy of Accents The Fearmonger 's Shop , a purveyor of security devices for the perpetually paranoid The Federation of Associated Organizations Fred Farrell Animal Calls Fritz Electronics ( `` Where everything you need is on the Fritz '' ; a possible parody of Muntz Electronics ) Jack 's Auto Repair and Jack 's Warm Car Service ( `` All tracks lead to Jack 's , where the bright shining lights show you the way to complete satisfaction '' ) Marvin and Mavis Smiley seasonal bluegrass albums Midwestern Discount Store Monback Moving & Storage , in which a mover can be heard directing a moving truck to back up ( hence the name ) while the truck 's backup alarm can be heard beeping ( `` Monback ... Monback ... ( crunch ) That 's good . '' ) Mournful Oatmeal , a parody of Quaker Oats ( `` Calvinism in a box '' ) The Professional Organization of English Majors ( P.O.E.M. ) Ralph 's Pretty Good Grocery ( `` If you ca n't find it at Ralph 's , you can probably get along without it '' ) Raw Bits breakfast cereal , a cereal for a select small target audience ( `` Oat hulls and wheat chaff -- it 's not for everybody '' ) Rent - a-Raptor ( `` Rid your home of mice , rabbits , squirrels , and pesky boyfriends '' ) The Sidetrack Tap In addition , the recurring segment `` The Lives of the Cowboys '' featured its own Western - themed sponsors , including Prairie Dog Granola Bars ( `` healthier than chewing tobacco and you do n't have to spit '' ) and Cowboy Toothpicks ( `` the toothpick that 's guaranteed not to splinter '' ) . Alterations ( edit ) While much of the show is directed toward radio comedy , a portion is usually devoted to some more sentimental and sometimes dark stories put together by Keillor and others . The program occasionally also features political satire . At the beginning of the June 5 , 2004 , show ( broadcast from Meadowbrook Musical Arts Center in Gilford , New Hampshire ) , Keillor announced that former U.S. President Ronald Reagan had died . A member of the audience hooted and cheered loudly , but Keillor , a staunch Democrat , gave the Republican Reagan a warm tribute in the form of a gospel song . Similarly , in a 2002 show airing the weekend after the death of Senator Paul Wellstone , Keillor changed the format of the show , starting it off with Wellstone 's favorite segment , Guy Noir , skipping even the show 's theme song . Cast ( edit ) Rich Dworsky playing piano on a live broadcast in 2015 Actors ( edit ) Regularly appearing actors include Tim Russell ( beginning in 1994 ) and Sue Scott ( beginning in 1989 ) . When the show resumed as The American Radio Company of the Air in November 1989 , radio comedian Bob Elliott , half of the longtime radio and comedy television duo Bob and Ray , became a regular cast member . Actor Bill Perry was a member . Walter Bobbie made frequent appearances , as early as 1989 , and continuing through 2006 - 2007 . Ivy Austin was a regular contributing comedian ( and vocalist ) in the early ' 90s . Prudence Johnson has performed frequently on the show as an actress ( and a singer ) . Mark Benninghofer joined the cast as a substitute actor for a brief time after Russell broke his ankle in February 2009 , forcing him to take a month of medical leave . Erica Rhodes has been an occasional guest on the show , beginning in 1996 when she was 10 years old . Serena Brook joined the cast in October 2016 when Chris Thile became host . Sound effects artists ( edit ) Tom Keith , also known as Jim Ed Poole , appeared in all of the home - based shows . Keith died on October 30 , 2011 , at age 64 . Fred Newman filled this role in the away shows . Steve Kramer and Leslye Orr have also provided sound effects for the show . Musicians ( edit ) Regular musicians in Guy 's All - Star Shoe Band include Richard Dworsky , a composer who appeared weekly as pianist , bandleader , and music director , Gary Raynor on bass and bass guitar , Peter Johnson on percussion , Jevetta Steele on vocals , and Andy Stein on violin , tenor and bass saxophones , and vocals . When the Shoe Band had a horn section , Keillor referred to them as the Shoe Horns . Other frequent , occasional , former , or one - time musicians on the show include : Pat Donohue -- acoustic and steel guitars , vocals Peter Ostroushko -- mandolin , acoustic guitar , fiddle Randy Sandke -- trumpet , piano , keyboards Vince Giordano -- bass saxophone , tuba ( also band leader of the Nighthawks Orchestra , a Brooklyn - based jazz - style brass band ) Butch Thompson -- clarinet ( also appears as a frequent guest pianist ) George `` Red '' Maddock - drums ( deceased from lung cancer in 1986 ) Greg Brown -- harmonica and electric , acoustic , and steel guitars Cindy Cashdollar -- dobro , steel and acoustic guitars Roswell Rudd -- trombone ( only appeared once ) Marc Anderson -- drums , percussion Johnny Gimble - fiddle , mandolin , vocals , skits ( died 2015 ) Buddy Emmons -- dobro , steel guitar , vocals ( died 2015 ) Charlie Parr -- steel guitar , vocals Tim Sparks -- guitar Bill Staines -- acoustic guitar , vocals Elana James -- fiddle , vocals Philip Brunelle -- piano , organ , vocals John Koerner -- acoustic guitar , vocals Dean Magraw -- acoustic guitar , vocals Dan Barrett -- trumpet , cornet Sam Bush -- mandolin , banjo , vocals Mike Craver -- acoustic guitar , vocals Molly Mason -- bass , acoustic guitar , vocals Dick Hyman -- keyboards , organ , piano Howard Levy -- harmonica , acoustic guitar Scott Robinson -- trombone , French horn Stuart Duncan -- fiddle , vocals Dave Bargeron -- trombone , French horn Rob Fisher -- piano , organ , vocals J.T. Bates -- drums , percussion Joe Ely -- guitar Andra Suchy -- vocals , guitar Heather Masse of The Wailin ' Jennys -- vocals Sara Watkins ( of Nickel Creek ) -- vocals , fiddle , ukulele Maria Jette -- vocals Janet Sorensen -- vocals Lynn Peterson -- vocals Sarah Jarosz -- vocals , mandolin , banjo , guitar Aoife O'Donovan -- vocals Christine DiGiallonardo -- vocals Bill Hinkley Judy Larson Joel Guzman Production Staff ( edit ) Production staff , who work onstage , offstage , backstage , or behind the scenes , are led by Albert Webster , the show 's stage manager , the only staff person who appears in front of large audiences , and who frequently appears onstage during performance , speaking off - air with Keillor or other performers . Film ( edit ) Main article : A Prairie Home Companion ( film ) Released on June 9 , 2006 , A Prairie Home Companion is a film about `` a dying radio show that bears striking similarities to ' A Prairie Home Companion , ' '' with the actual APHC home venue , the Fitzgerald Theater in St. Paul chosen to serve `` as set piece , soundstage and framing device '' . The film was written by Garrison Keillor and directed by Robert Altman , and shot digitally , with camera by Altman 's son , Robert Altman Jr. ; the film stars Keillor , Meryl Streep , Tommy Lee Jones , Lily Tomlin , Kevin Kline , John C. Reilly , Lindsay Lohan , Maya Rudolph , Woody Harrelson , Virginia Madsen , and L.Q. Jones . APHC regular Rich Dworsky appears as the bandleader , and served as the film 's pianist , conductor , arranger , and composer . The film depicts the unnamed radio program 's behind - the - scenes activities , and the relational dynamics within the cast over its anticipated , imminent cancellation . The antagonist , Axeman , `` who has come to shut the show down '' , is played by Tommy Lee Jones . As described in a 2005 on - set piece by David Carr for The New York Times , the film set 's atmosphere had a kind of Spanky and Our Gang let 's - put - on - a-show quality , with crew , marquee talent and `` Prairie Home '' acolytes and extras mixing freely . The dailies , the traditional day 's - end look at finished footage , usually include ( d ) about 75 people , a vivid reminder of Mr. Altman 's penchant for collaborative filmmaking . And because music is such an important part of the movie and the radio show , the set always seem ( ed ) to be lifted by the pluck of a mandolin or a three - part harmony rehearsal . The film , which makes no reference to Lake Wobegon , is of feature length , with its financing provided by GreeneStreet Films , River Road Entertainment , and local Minnesota sources . Its award nominations ( 2006 , unless noted ) include the Berlin International Film Festival - Golden Bear award for best film , the National Association of Film Critics - Bodil Award for Best American Film , the Film Independent ( film association ) Independent Spirit Award for Best Director , the Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay , the International Press Academy - Satellite Awards for Best Adapted Screenplay , the Independent Filmmaker Project - Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Ensemble Performance , the Broadcast Film Critics Association - Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Cast , and the Casting Society of America - Artios Award for Best Casting for Feature Film ( Comedy ) ; its wins include the Yomiuri Shimbun ( film association ) Hochi Film Award ( 2007 ) for Best Foreign Film . In addition , Meryl Streep was nominated for an International Press Academy - Satellite Awards for Best Supporting Actress ( Motion Picture ) , and won the National Society of Film Critics Awards for the same category . LP / cd releases ( edit ) A Prairie Home Album ( LP ) ( Minnesota Educational Radio ) `` Tourists '' ( LP ) ( 1983 PHC ) Pretty Good Jokes ( 2 CD ) ( 2000 , HighBridge Audio ) Garrison Keillor and the Hopeful Gospel Quartet ( 1992 , Sony ) Lake Wobegon Loyalty Days ( 1993 , EMI ) Garrison Keillor 's Comedy Theater : More Songs and Sketches from A Prairie Home Companion ( 3 CD ) ( 1996 , HighBridge Company ) Horrors ! A Scary Home Companion ( 2 CD ) ( 1996 , HighBridge Company ) A Prairie Home Companion Anniversary Album ( 2 LP ) ( 1980 , Minnesota Public Radio Inc . ) Shaking The Blues Away , Rob Fisher and The Coffee Club Orchestra with Garrison Keillor ( 1992 , Angel Records in association with EMI Records Ltd . ) Pretty Good Bits From a Prairie Home Companion ( 2003 ) A Prairie Home Companion : English Majors : A Comedy Collection for the Highly Literate ( 2 CD ) ( 2008 , HighBridge Company ) Church People : The Lutherans of Lake Wobegon ( 2009 ) Stories from Lake Wobegon ( edit ) Gospel Birds and Other Stories of Lake Wobegon ( 1985 ) . Includes the stories `` Pastor Ingqvist 's Trip to Orlando '' , `` Mammoth Concert Tickets '' , `` Bruno , the Fishing Dog '' , `` Gospel Birds '' , `` Meeting Donny Hart at the Bus Stop '' , `` A Day at the Circus with Mazumbo '' , `` The Tolleruds ' Korean Baby '' , `` Sylvester Krueger 's Desk '' , and `` Babe Ruth visits Lake Wobegon '' . News from Lake Wobegon ( April 1990 ) . Includes the stories `` Me and Choir '' , `` A Day in the Life of Clarence Bunsen '' , `` Letter from Jim '' , `` Fiction '' , `` The Living Flag '' , `` The Tollefson Boy Goes to College '' , `` Tomato Butt '' , `` Chamber of Commerce '' , `` Dog Days of August '' , `` Mrs. Berge and the Schubert Carillon Piano '' , `` Giant Decoys '' , `` Darryl Tollerud 's Long Day '' , `` Hog Slaughter '' , `` Thanksgiving '' , `` The Royal Family '' , `` Guys on Ice '' , `` James Lundeen 's Christmas '' , `` The Christmas Story Retold '' , `` New Year 's from New York '' , and `` Storm Home '' . More News from Lake Wobegon ( April 1990 ) . Includes the stories `` Rotten Apples '' , `` O Death '' , `` The Wise Men '' , `` A Trip to Grand Rapids '' , `` Truck Stop '' , `` Smokes '' , `` The Perils of Spring '' , `` Let Us Pray '' , `` Alaska '' , `` Uncle Al 's Gift '' , `` Skinny Dip '' , `` Homecoming '' , `` Pontoon Boat '' , `` Author '' , `` Freedom of the Press '' , and `` Vick 's '' . Lake Wobegon USA ( September 1993 ) . Includes the stories `` The Krebsbachs ' Vacation '' , `` Prophet '' , `` The Six Labors of Father Wilmer '' , `` Fertility '' , `` Aunt Ellie '' , `` Duke 's 25th '' , `` Job - Hunting '' , `` You 're Not the Only One '' , `` Blue Devils '' , `` Nostalgia '' , `` O Christmas Tree '' , `` Pageant '' , `` Messy Shoes '' , `` Rhubarb '' , `` Sweet Corn '' , `` The Sun 's Gonna Shine Someday '' , and `` Yellow Ribbon '' . Summer ( May 1997 ) . Includes stories from disc 2 of News from Lake Wobegon . Fall ( October 1997 ) . Includes stories from disc 3 of News from Lake Wobegon . Winter ( December 1997 ) . Includes stories from disc 4 of News from Lake Wobegon . Spring ( April 1998 ) . Includes stories from disc 1 of News from Lake Wobegon . Life These Days ( October 1998 ) . Includes the stories `` Gladys Hits A Raccoon '' , `` The World 's Largest Pile '' , `` My Cousin Rose '' , `` The Risk Takers '' , `` Pastor Ingqvist at the Mall '' , `` Hunting Stories '' , `` Sorrows of January '' , `` Clarence Cleans His Roof '' , `` Miracle of the Pastor 's Dog '' , `` War of the Krebsbachs '' , `` Graduation '' , and `` Spring '' ( printed insert ) . Mother Father Uncle Aunt ( May 1998 ) . Includes the stories `` Ball Jars '' , `` Love While you Dare To '' , `` Saturday Morning in The Bon Marché '' , `` Family Trip to Yellowstone '' , `` The Flood '' , `` Bob Anderson 's Last Dance '' , `` Children Will Break Your Heart '' , `` Ronnie and The Winnebago '' , `` Carl 's Christmas Pageant '' , and `` The Tombstone '' . Humor ( October 1998 ) . Includes the stories `` Skinny Dip '' , `` Homecoming '' , `` The Freedom of the Press '' , and `` Vick 's '' from More News from Lake Wobegon . Love ( February 1999 ) . Includes the stories `` Truck Stop '' , `` Uncle Al 's Gift '' , `` Rotten Apples '' , and `` The Wise Men '' from More News from Lake Wobegon . Home on the Prairie ( July 2003 ) Never Better ( 2007 ) Faith ( April 2008 ) . Includes stories from disc 1 of More News from Lake Wobegon . Hope ( April 2008 ) . Includes stories from disc 2 of More News from Lake Wobegon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What 's next after end of decades - long Keillor - MPR relationship ? '' . Twin Cities . 2017 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` PHC 25th anniversary website '' . prairiehome.publicradio.org . Retrieved December 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bowermaster , Jon ( December 13 , 1987 ) . `` Fresh Voices Hope to Be Far From Wobegon '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Songer , Marcia ( 2000 ) . Garrison Keillor : A Critical Companion . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30230 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Listening Information A Prairie Home Companion '' . www.prairiehome.org . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The news from Lake Wobegon : more guest hosts likely State of the Arts '' . Minnesota Public Radio News . 2011 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann , Carol ( 2011 - 03 - 16 ) . Garrison Keillor Announces Retirement . AARP Bulletin . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Mark Hughes ( 2011 - 09 - 09 ) . ' Prairie Home Companion ' tour comes to the Amp . The Tuscaloosa News . Page 5 of 5 . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seel , Steve ( February 7 , 2015 ) . `` Musician Chris Thile subs for Keillor on APHC '' . Minnesota Public Radio News . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Garrison Keillor hosts final A Prairie Home Companion episode '' . The Guardian . London . Associated Press . July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charlton , Lauretta . ' A Prairie Home Companion ' Gets a New Host -- and Maybe a Future . Vulture ( June 30 , 2015 ) . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Cameron ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` It 's Official : Chris Thile to Become Full Time Host of ' A Prairie Home Companion ' '' . thebluegrasssituation.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : AP Staff ( July 2 , 2016 ) . `` Garrison Keillor Hosts Final A Prairie Home Companion Episode '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 November 2016 -- via Associated Press ( AP ) . Jump up ^ Beyette , Beverly ( September 18 , 1985 ) . `` Fishing for Meaning in Lake Wobegon Waters : Garrison Keillor Reflects on the Success of His Semi-Autobiographical Best Seller '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ APM Staff ( July 2 , 2016 ) . `` Sumus Quod Sumus '' . PrairieHome.org . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ( Quote : ) hosted by Garrison Keillor , Show # 1557 , July 1 , 2016 , Rebroadcast from July 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ Keillor , Garrison ; et al. ( July 2 , 2016 ) . `` Script : The Lives of the Cowboys , July 2 , 2016 '' . PrairieHome.org . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Public Radio '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Justin , Neal ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Garrison Keillor reportedly fired for improper behavior '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Jump up ^ Baenen , Jeff ( 29 November 2017 ) . `` Garrison Keillor fired over alleged improper behavior '' . News and Record . Greensboro , NC . Associated Press . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Salam , Maya ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota Public Radio Fires Garrison Keillor Over Allegations of Improper Conduct '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Live from Here : A Brief History '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Statement from Minnesota Public Radio Regarding Garrison Keillor and A Prairie Home Companion '' ( Press release ) . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , MPR News . `` Keillor 's conduct : What we know and do n't know '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` MPR Reaches Agreement with Garrison Keillor to Restore Public Access to Online Archives '' , Minnesota Public Radio , retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Bobbie Jean ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` The Country Roots of ' A Prairie Home Companion ' '' . Wide Open Country . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Barton , Chris . `` Garrison Keillor brings ' A Prairie Home Companion ' to a close at the Hollywood Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Judith Yaross ( 1991 ) . Garrison Keillor : A Voice of America . Studies in Popular Culture . Jackson , MS : University Press of Mississippi . pp. 35 , 85 . ISBN 978 - 1617033995 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Keillor , Garrison , Tim Russell , Sue Scott , and Fred Newman ( February 14 , 2004 ) . `` Rhubarb ( Segment ; A Prairie Home Companion , with Garrison Keillor ) '' ( transcript ) . Saint Paul , MN : American Public Media . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ( Contributing performer / writer names for this program were inferred by a Wikipedia editor from initials appearing in this source , based on regular cast information appearing elsewhere . ) Jump up ^ Keillor , Garrison ; Russell , Tim ; Scott , Sue & Dworsky , Rich ( February 4 , 2012 ) . `` Catchup ( Segment ; A Prairie Home Companion , with Garrison Keillor ) '' ( streaming video ) . Saint Paul , MN : American Public Media . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keillor , Garrison ; Russell , Tim ( April 28 , 2012 ) . `` Café Boeuf ( Segment ; A Prairie Home Companion , with Garrison Keillor ) '' ( transcript ) . Saint Paul , MN : American Public Media . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ( Contributing performer / writer names for this program were inferred by a Wikipedia editor from initials appearing in this source , based on regular cast information appearing elsewhere . ) ^ Jump up to : `` 25 Years of Pretty Good Radio : Timeline '' . Saint Paul , MN : American Public Media . 2000 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kimble , Lindsay ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Comedian Bob Elliott -- Father of Actor Chris Elliott and Grandfather to SNL Alum Abby Elliot -- Dies at 92 '' . People . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Direction of a Musical : Walter Bobbie '' . Playbill . June 1 , 1997 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Bobbie : Credits '' . AllMusic . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Slotnik , Daniel E. ( 1 November 2011 ) . `` Tom Keith , Creator of Radio Soundscapes , Dies at 64 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Boeni , Meg . `` Mouthing Off : The Art of Prairie Home Companion 's Fred Newman '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Guy 's All - Star Shoe Band Regular Performers A Prairie Home Companion from American Public Media '' . prairiehome.publicradio.org . American Public Media . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ https://blogs.mprnews.org/newscut/2015/05/the-man-who-put-the-swing-in-our-prairie-home/ ^ Jump up to : Carr , David ( July 23 , 2005 ) . `` Lake Wobegon Goes Hollywood ( or Is It Vice Versa ? ) , With a Pretty Good Cast '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Peter ( July 28 , 2005 ) . `` Radio for the Eyes : Robert Altman and Garrison Keillor , Unlikely ' Prairie ' Film Companions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Prairie Home Companion ( 2006 ) : Overview '' . Digital Film Cloud Network . December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Prairie Home Companion ( 2006 ) : Accolades & Awards '' . Digital Film Cloud Network . December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The NSFC was awarded to Streep for her performances in this as well as in The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Kaufman , Peter ( July 28 , 2005 ) . `` Radio for the Eyes : Robert Altman and Garrison Keillor , Unlikely ' Prairie ' Film Companions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . A rich source , not yet fully tapped , for the article . Hernandez , & Brooks , Brooks ( February 13 , 2006 ) . `` Daily Dispatch From Berlin : Altman 's Latest , `` Prairie '' ... `` . IndieWire.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2006 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) A rich source , not yet fully tapped , for the article . Hollywood Bowl Staff ( June 2 , 2006 ) . `` A Prairie Home Companion with Garrison Keillor '' . HollywoodBowl.org . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2006 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Hollywood Bowl event site , for the Friday , June 2 , 2006 of APHC with Garrison Keillor hosting special guests Kevin Kline , Virginia Madsen , John C. Reilly , and Meryl Streep . BBC Staff & Keillor , Garrison ( January 4 , 2007 ) . `` Radio 's enduring appeal '' . BBC News Magazine . London : BBC . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Justin , Neal ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` Sun Is Setting on Garrison Keillor 's Time on Lake Wobegon '' . Star Tribune . Minneapolis , MN . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website . Brief History Podcast Full PHC shows from 1981 to 1995 . Guide to episodes at the BBC . Index to several scheduled Public Radio programs . A Prairie Home Companion on IMDb Garrison Keillor Books Happy to be Here ( 1981 ) Lake Wobegon Days ( 1985 ) Leaving Home : A Collection of Lake Wobegon Stories ( 1987 ) We Are Still Married : Stories & Letters ( 1989 ) WLT : A Radio Romance ( 1991 ) Pontoon : A Novel of Lake Wobegon ( 2007 ) Albums A Prairie Home Album ( 1979 ) Songs of the Cat ( 1991 ) Films A Prairie Home Companion ( 2006 ) Radio The Morning Show A Prairie Home Companion The Writer 's Almanac Related articles Lake Wobegon Guy Noir American Public Media Group American Public Media Productions APM Reports BBC World Service Brains On ! 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when did prairie home companion change its name
[ "A Prairie Home Companion is a weekly radio variety show created and hosted by Garrison Keillor that aired live from 1974 to 2016. In 2016, musician Chris Thile took over as host, and the successor show was eventually renamed Live from Here. A Prairie Home Companion aired on Saturdays from the Fitzgerald Theater in Saint Paul, Minnesota; it was also frequently heard on tours to New York City and other US cities. The show is known for its musical guests, especially folk and traditional musicians, tongue-in-cheek radio drama, and relaxed humor. Keillor's wry storytelling segment, \"News from Lake Wobegon\", was the show's best-known feature during his long tenure.\n" ]
[ "2016" ]
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Florida
Florida - wikipedia Florida Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. state of Florida . For other uses , see Florida ( disambiguation ) . State of Florida Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : The Sunshine State Motto ( s ) : In God We Trust State song ( s ) : `` Old Folks at Home ( State Song ) , Florida ( Where the Sawgrass Meets the Sky ) ( State Anthem ) '' Official language English Spoken languages Predominantly English ; Spanish is spoken by a sizable minority Demonym Floridian , Floridan Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro Miami metro area Area Ranked 22nd Total 65,755 sq mi ( 170,304 km ) Width 361 miles ( 582 km ) Length 447 miles ( 721 km ) % water 17.9 Latitude 24 ° 27 ' N to 31 ° 00 ' N Longitude 80 ° 02 ' W to 87 ° 38 ' W Population Ranked 3rd Total 20,612,439 ( 2016 est . ) Density 384.3 / sq mi ( 121.0 / km ) Ranked 8th Median household income $48,825 ( 41st ) Elevation Highest point Britton Hill 345 ft ( 105 m ) Mean 100 ft ( 30 m ) Lowest point Atlantic Ocean sea level Before statehood Florida Territory Admission to Union March 3 , 1845 ( 27th ) Governor Rick Scott ( R ) Lieutenant Governor Carlos López - Cantera ( R ) Legislature Florida Legislature Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Bill Nelson ( D ) Marco Rubio ( R ) U.S. House delegation 16 Republicans , 11 Democrats ( list ) Time zones Peninsula and `` Big Bend '' region EST : UTC − 5 / − 4 Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River CST : UTC − 6 / − 5 ISO 3166 US - FL Abbreviations FL , Fla . Website myflorida.com ( show ) Florida state symbols The Flag of Florida Living insignia Amphibian Barking tree frog Bird Northern mockingbird Butterfly Zebra longwing Fish Florida largemouth bass , Atlantic sailfish Flower Orange blossom Mammal Florida panther , Manatee , Bottlenose dolphin , Florida Cracker Horse Reptile American alligator , Loggerhead turtle Tree Sabal palmetto Inanimate insignia Beverage Orange juice Food Key lime pie , orange Gemstone Moonstone Rock Agatized coral Shell Horse conch Soil Myakka Song `` Old Folks at Home '' State route marker State quarter Released in 2004 Lists of United States state symbols Florida / ˈflɒrɪdə / ( listen ) ( Spanish for `` land of flowers '' ) is a state in the southeastern region of the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico and another U.S. state , Alabama ; to the north by Alabama and the U.S. state of Georgia ; to the east by the Atlantic Ocean ; and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive , the 3rd-most populous , and the 8th-most densely populated of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States ( due to the consolidation of Jacksonville with Duval County ) . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area . The state 's capital is the city of Tallahassee . About two - thirds of Florida occupies a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean . Florida has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States , approximately 1,350 miles ( 2,170 km ) , not including the contribution of the many barrier islands . It is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean . Much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil . Florida has the lowest high point of any U.S. state . The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south . The American alligator , American crocodile , Florida panther , and manatee can be found in Everglades National Park in the southern part of the state . Florida is one of only two states that has a tropical climate , the other one is Hawaii and is the only continental U.S. State with a tropical climate . Since the first European contact was made in 1513 by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León -- who named it La Florida ( ( la floˈɾiða ) `` land of flowers '' ) upon landing there in the Easter season , Pascua Florida -- Florida was a challenge for the European colonial powers before it gained statehood in the United States in 1845 . It was a principal location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans , and racial segregation after the American Civil War . Today , Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth , as well as for its increasing environmental issues . The state 's economy relies mainly on tourism , agriculture , and transportation , which developed in the late 19th century . Florida is also renowned for amusement parks , orange crops , the Kennedy Space Center , and as a popular destination for retirees . Florida culture is a reflection of influences and multiple inheritance ; African , European , indigenous , and Latino heritages can be found in the architecture and cuisine . Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings , Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams , and continues to attract celebrities and athletes . It is internationally known for golf , tennis , auto racing and water sports . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 European arrival 1.2 Joining the United States ; Indian removal 1.3 Slavery , war , and disenfranchisement 1.4 20th - century growth 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Fauna 2.3 Flora 2.4 Environmental issues 2.5 Geology 3 Demographics 3.1 Population 3.2 Settlements 3.3 Ancestry 3.4 Languages 3.5 Religion 4 Governance 4.1 Elections history 4.1. 1 Elections of 2000 to present 4.2 Statutes 4.3 Law enforcement 5 Economy 5.1 Personal income 5.2 Real estate 5.3 Tourism 5.4 Agriculture and fishing 5.5 Industry 5.6 Mining 5.7 Government 6 Health 7 Architecture 8 Media 9 Education 9.1 Primary and secondary education 9.2 Universities 10 Transportation 10.1 Highways 10.2 Airports 10.3 Intercity rail 10.4 Public transit 11 Sports 12 Sister states 13 See also 14 References 15 Bibliography 16 External links History Main article : History of Florida By the 16th century , the earliest time for which there is a historical record , major Native American groups included the Apalachee ( of the Florida Panhandle ) , the Timucua ( of northern and central Florida ) , the Ais ( of the central Atlantic coast ) , the Tocobaga ( of the Tampa Bay area ) , the Calusa ( of southwest Florida ) and the Tequesta ( of the southeastern coast ) . European arrival Main article : Spanish Florida Map of Florida , likely based on the expeditions of Hernando de Soto ( 1539 -- 1543 ) . St. Augustine is one of oldest cities in Florida , established in 1565 . The Spanish - Floridan color scheme of red and white is repeated throughout downtown . The Castillo de San Marcos . Originally white with red corners , its design reflects the colors and shapes of the Cross of Burgundy and the subsequent Flag of Florida . Grenadiers led by Bernardo de Gálvez at the Siege of Pensacola . Augusto Ferrer - Dalmau , 2015 . Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans . The earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León . Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2 , 1513 . He named the region La Florida ( `` land of flowers '' ) . The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is mythical and only appeared long after his death . In May 1539 , Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida , searching for a deep harbor to land . He described seeing a thick wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile , some reaching as high as 70 feet ( 21 m ) , with intertwined and elevated roots making landing difficult . The Spanish introduced Christianity , cattle , horses , sheep , the Castilian language , and more to Florida . Spain established several settlements in Florida , with varying degrees of success . In 1559 , Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present - day Pensacola , making it the first attempted settlement in Florida , but it was mostly abandoned by 1561 . In 1565 , the settlement of St. Augustine ( San Agustín ) was established under the leadership of admiral and governor Pedro Menéndez de Avilés , creating what would become the oldest European settlement in the continental U.S. and establishing the first generation of Floridanos and the government of Florida . Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the local tribes to Christianity . The geographical area of Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north and French claims to the west . The English attacked St. Augustine , burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times . Spain built the Castillo de San Marcos in 1672 and Fort Matanzas in 1742 to defend Florida 's capital city from attacks , and to maintain its strategic position in the defense of the Captaincy General of Cuba and the Spanish West Indies . Florida attracted numerous Africans and African - Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery . In 1738 , Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St. Augustine , a fortified town for escaped slaves to whom Montiano granted citizenship and freedom in return for their service in the Florida militia , and which became the first free black settlement legally sanctioned in North America . In 1763 , Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana , Cuba , which had been captured by the British during the Seven Years ' War . It was part of a large expansion of British territory following their victory in the Seven Years ' War . A large portion of the Floridano population left , taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba . The British soon constructed the King 's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia . The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point , which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British named `` Cow Ford '' , both names ostensibly reflecting the fact that cattle were brought across the river there . The British divided and consolidated the Florida provinces ( Las Floridas ) into East Florida and West Florida , a division the Spanish government kept after the brief British period . The British government gave land grants to officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and Indian War in order to encourage settlement . In order to induce settlers to move to Florida , reports of its natural wealth were published in England . A large number of British settlers who were described as being `` energetic and of good character '' moved to Florida , mostly coming from South Carolina , Georgia and England . There was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda . This would be the first permanent English - speaking population in what is now Duval County , Baker County , St. Johns County and Nassau County . The British built good public roads and introduced the cultivation of sugar cane , indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber . As a result of these initiatives northeastern Florida prospered economically in a way it never did under Spanish administration . Furthermore , the British governors were directed to call general assemblies as soon as possible in order to make laws for the Floridas and in the meantime they were , with the advice of councils , to establish courts . This would be the first introduction of much of the English - derived legal system which Florida still has today including trial by jury , habeas corpus and county - based government . Neither East Florida nor West Florida would send any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence . Florida would remain a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution . Spain regained both East and West Florida after Britain 's defeat in the American Revolution and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles in 1783 , and continued the provincial divisions until 1821 . Joining the United States ; Indian removal See also : Republic of East Florida , Florida Territory , and Seminole Wars Defense of Florida 's northern border with the United States was minor during the second Spanish period . The region became a haven for escaped slaves and a base for Indian attacks against U.S. territories , and the U.S. pressed Spain for reform . Americans of English descent and Americans of Scots - Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina . Though technically not allowed by the Spanish authorities and the Floridan government , they were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers from the United States would continue to immigrate into Florida unchecked . These migrants , mixing with the already present British settlers who had remained in Florida since the British period , would be the progenitors of the population known as Florida Crackers . These American settlers established a permanent foothold in the area and ignored Spanish authorities . The British settlers who had remained also resented Spanish rule , leading to a rebellion in 1810 and the establishment for ninety days of the so - called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23 . After meetings beginning in June , rebels overcame the garrison at Baton Rouge ( now in Louisiana ) , and unfurled the flag of the new republic : a single white star on a blue field . This flag would later become known as the `` Bonnie Blue Flag '' . In 1810 , parts of West Florida were annexed by proclamation of President James Madison , who claimed the region as part of the Louisiana Purchase . These parts were incorporated into the newly formed Territory of Orleans . The U.S. annexed the Mobile District of West Florida to the Mississippi Territory in 1812 . Spain continued to dispute the area , though the United States gradually increased the area it occupied . In 1812 , a group of settlers from Georgia , with de facto support from the U.S. federal government , attempted to overthrow the Floridan government in the province of East Florida . The settlers hoped to convince Floridans to join their cause and proclaim independence from Spain , but the settlers lost their tenuous support from the federal government and abandoned their cause by 1813 . Seminoles based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements , and offering havens for runaway slaves . The United States Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory , including the 1817 -- 1818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole War . The United States now effectively controlled East Florida . Control was necessary according to Secretary of State John Quincy Adams because Florida had become `` a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy , civilized or savage , of the United States , and serving no other earthly purpose than as a post of annoyance to them . '' Florida had become a burden to Spain , which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons . Madrid therefore decided to cede the territory to the United States through the Adams - Onís Treaty , which took effect in 1821 . President James Monroe was authorized on March 3 , 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance . Andrew Jackson , on behalf of the U.S. federal government , served as a military commissioner with the powers of governor of the newly acquired territory for a brief period . On March 30 , 1822 , the U.S. Congress merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory . A contemporaneous depiction of the New River Massacre in 1836 . By the early 1800s , Indian removal was a significant issue throughout the southeastern U.S. and also in Florida . In 1830 , the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act and as settlement increased , pressure grew on the United States government to remove the Indians from Florida . Seminoles harbored runaway blacks , known as the Black Seminoles , and clashes between whites and Indians grew with the influx of new settlers . In 1832 , the Treaty of Payne 's Landing promised to the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida . Many Seminole left at this time . Some Seminoles remained , and the U.S. Army arrived in Florida , leading to the Second Seminole War ( 1835 -- 1842 ) . Following the war , approximately 3,000 Seminole and 800 Black Seminole were removed to Indian Territory . A few hundred Seminole remained in Florida in the Everglades . A Cracker cowboy , 19th century . On March 3 , 1845 , Florida became the 27th state to join the United States of America . The state was admitted as a slave state and ceased to be a sanctuary for runaway slaves . Initially its population grew slowly . As European settlers continued to encroach on Seminole lands , and the United States intervened to move the remaining Seminoles to the West . The Third Seminole War ( 1855 -- 58 ) resulted in the forced removal of most of the remaining Seminoles , although hundreds of Seminole Indians remained in the Everglades . Slavery , War , and disenfranchisement Further information : Florida in the American Civil War The Battle of Olustee during the American Civil War , 1864 . American settlers began to establish cotton plantations in north Florida , which required numerous laborers , which they supplied by buying slaves in the domestic market . By 1860 , Florida had only 140,424 people , of whom 44 % were enslaved . There were fewer than 1,000 free African Americans before the American Civil War . In January 1861 , nearly all delegates in the Florida Legislature approved an ordinance of secession , declaring Florida to be `` a sovereign and independent nation '' -- an apparent reassertion to the preamble in Florida 's Constitution of 1838 , in which Florida agreed with Congress to be a `` Free and Independent State . '' Although not directly related to the issue of slavery , the ordinance declared Florida 's secession from the Union , allowing it to become one of the founding members of the Confederate States , a looser union of states . The confederal union received little help from Florida ; the 15,000 men it offered were generally sent elsewhere . The largest engagements in the state were the Battle of Olustee , on February 20 , 1864 , and the Battle of Natural Bridge , on March 6 , 1865 . Both were Confederate victories . The war ended in 1865 . Following the American Civil War , Florida 's congressional representation was restored on June 25 , 1868 , albeit forcefully after Radical Reconstruction and the installation of unelected government officials under the final authority of federal military commanders . After the Reconstruction period ended in 1876 , white Democrats regained power in the state legislature . In 1885 they created a new constitution , followed by statutes through 1889 that disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites . Until the mid-20th century , Florida was the least populous Southern state . In 1900 , its population was only 528,542 , of whom nearly 44 % were African American , the same proportion as before the Civil War . The boll weevil devastated cotton crops . Forty thousand blacks , roughly one - fifth of their 1900 population , left the state in the Great Migration . They left due to lynchings and racial violence , and for better opportunities . Disfranchisement for most African Americans in the state persisted until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s gained federal legislation in 1965 to enforce protection of their constitutional suffrage . 20th - century growth Historically , Florida 's economy has been based primarily upon agricultural products such as cattle , sugar cane , citrus fruits , tomatoes , and strawberries . Economic prosperity in the 1920s stimulated tourism to Florida and related development of hotels and resort communities . Combined with its sudden elevation in profile was the Florida land boom of the 1920s , which brought a brief period of intense land development . Devastating hurricanes in 1926 and 1928 , followed by the Great Depression , brought that period to a halt . Florida 's economy did not fully recover until the military buildup for World War II . In 1939 , Florida was described as `` still very largely an empty State . Subsequently , the growing availability of air conditioning , the climate , and a low cost of living made the state a haven . Migration from the Rust Belt and the Northeast sharply increased Florida 's population after 1945 . In recent decades , more migrants have come for the jobs in a developing economy . With a population of more than 18 million according to the 2010 census , Florida is the most populous state in the Southeastern United States , and the fourth-most populous in the United States . Key West Historic District Laura Street in Downtown Jacksonville The Florida House on Capitol Hill , or `` embassy of Florida '' in D.C. Historic Ybor City in Tampa The Downtown Miami Historic District has some of the oldest buildings in Miami Geography A topographic map of Florida . Köppen climate types of Florida Main article : Geography of Florida See also : List of counties in Florida and List of Florida state parks Much of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico , the Atlantic Ocean and the Straits of Florida . Spanning two time zones , it extends to the northwest into a panhandle , extending along the northern Gulf of Mexico . It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama , and on the west , at the end of the panhandle , by Alabama . It is the only state that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico . Florida is west of The Bahamas and 90 miles ( 140 km ) north of Cuba . Florida is one of the largest states east of the Mississippi River , and only Alaska and Michigan are larger in water area . The water boundary is 3 nautical miles ( 3.5 mi ; 5.6 km ) offshore in the Atlantic Ocean and 9 nautical miles ( 10 mi ; 17 km ) offshore in the Gulf of Mexico . Florida and its relation to Cuba and The Bahamas . At 345 feet ( 105 m ) above mean sea level , Britton Hill is the highest point in Florida and the lowest highpoint of any U.S. state . Much of the state south of Orlando lies at a lower elevation than northern Florida , and is fairly level . Much of the state is at or near sea level . However , some places such as Clearwater have promontories that rise 50 to 100 ft ( 15 to 30 m ) above the water . Much of Central and North Florida , typically 25 mi ( 40 km ) or more away from the coastline , have rolling hills with elevations ranging from 100 to 250 ft ( 30 to 76 m ) . The highest point in peninsular Florida ( east and south of the Suwannee River ) , Sugarloaf Mountain , is a 312 - foot ( 95 m ) peak in Lake County . On average , Florida is the flattest state in the United States . Climate Main articles : Climate of Florida and Geography of Florida § Climate See also : List of Florida hurricanes and U.S. state temperature extremes The climate of Florida is tempered somewhat by the fact that no part of the state is distant from the ocean . North of Lake Okeechobee , the prevalent climate is humid subtropical ( Köppen : Cfa ) , while areas south of the lake ( including the Florida Keys ) have a true tropical climate ( Köppen : Aw ) . Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s Fahrenheit ( 32 -- 34 ° C ) . Mean low temperatures for early to mid January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit ( 4 -- 7 ° C ) in north Florida to above 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) from Miami on southward . With an average daily temperature of 70.7 ° F ( 21.5 ° C ) , it is the warmest state in the U.S. In the summer , high temperatures in the state seldom exceed 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . Several record cold maxima have been in the 30s ° F ( − 1 to 4 ° C ) and record lows have been in the 10s ( − 12 to − 7 ° C ) . These temperatures normally extend at most a few days at a time in the northern and central parts of Florida . Southern Florida , however , rarely encounters freezing temperatures . The hottest temperature ever recorded in Florida was 109 ° F ( 43 ° C ) , which was set on June 29 , 1931 in Monticello . The coldest temperature was − 2 ° F ( − 19 ° C ) , on February 13 , 1899 , just 25 miles ( 40 km ) away , in Tallahassee . Due to its subtropical and tropical climate , Florida rarely receives snow . However , on rare occasions , a combination of cold moisture and freezing temperatures can result in snowfall in the farthest northern regions . Frost is more common than snow , occurring sometimes in the panhandle . The USDA Plant hardiness zones for the state range from zone 8a ( no colder than 10 ° F or − 12 ° C ) in the inland western panhandle to zone 11b ( no colder than 45 ° F or 7 ° C ) in the lower Florida Keys . Average high and low temperatures for various Florida cities ° F Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jacksonville 65 / 42 68 / 45 74 / 50 79 / 55 86 / 63 90 / 70 92 / 73 91 / 73 87 / 69 80 / 61 74 / 51 67 / 44 Miami 76 / 60 78 / 62 80 / 65 83 / 68 87 / 73 89 / 76 91 / 77 91 / 77 89 / 76 86 / 73 82 / 68 78 / 63 Orlando 71 / 49 74 / 52 78 / 56 83 / 60 88 / 66 91 / 72 92 / 74 92 / 74 90 / 73 85 / 66 78 / 59 73 / 52 Pensacola 61 / 43 64 / 46 70 / 51 76 / 58 84 / 66 89 / 72 90 / 74 90 / 74 87 / 70 80 / 60 70 / 50 63 / 45 Tallahassee 64 / 39 68 / 42 74 / 47 80 / 52 87 / 62 91 / 70 92 / 72 92 / 72 89 / 68 82 / 57 73 / 48 66 / 41 Tampa 70 / 51 73 / 54 77 / 58 81 / 62 88 / 69 90 / 74 90 / 75 91 / 76 89 / 74 85 / 67 78 / 60 72 / 54 ° C Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jacksonville 18 / 6 20 / 7 23 / 10 26 / 13 30 / 17 32 / 21 33 / 23 33 / 23 31 / 21 27 / 16 23 / 11 19 / 7 Miami 24 / 16 26 / 17 27 / 18 28 / 20 31 / 23 32 / 24 33 / 25 33 / 25 32 / 24 30 / 23 28 / 20 26 / 17 Orlando 22 / 9 23 / 11 26 / 13 28 / 16 31 / 19 33 / 22 33 / 23 33 / 23 32 / 23 29 / 19 26 / 15 23 / 11 Pensacola 16 / 6 18 / 8 21 / 11 24 / 14 29 / 19 32 / 22 32 / 23 32 / 23 31 / 21 27 / 16 21 / 10 17 / 7 Tallahassee 18 / 4 20 / 6 23 / 8 27 / 11 31 / 17 33 / 21 33 / 22 33 / 22 32 / 20 28 / 14 23 / 9 19 / 5 Tampa 21 / 11 23 / 12 25 / 14 27 / 17 31 / 21 32 / 23 32 / 24 33 / 24 32 / 23 29 / 19 26 / 16 22 / 12 Florida 's nickname is the `` Sunshine State '' , but severe weather is a common occurrence in the state . Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States , as it experiences more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the United States . Florida has one of the highest average precipitation levels of any state , in large part because afternoon thunderstorms are common in much of the state from late spring until early autumn . A narrow eastern part of the state including Orlando and Jacksonville receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually . The rest of the state , including Miami , receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually . Florida leads the United States in tornadoes per area ( when including waterspouts ) but they do not typically reach the intensity of those in the Midwest and Great Plains . Hail often accompanies the most severe thunderstorms . Hurricanes pose a severe threat each year during the June 1 to November 30 hurricane season , particularly from August to October . Florida is the most hurricane - prone state , with subtropical or tropical water on a lengthy coastline . Of the category 4 or higher storms that have struck the United States , 83 % have either hit Florida or Texas . From 1851 to 2006 , Florida was struck by 114 hurricanes , 37 of them major -- category 3 and above . It is rare for a hurricane season to pass without any impact in the state by at least a tropical storm . Florida was the site of what was then the costliest weather disaster in U.S. history , Hurricane Andrew , which caused more than $25 billion in damage when it struck in August 1992 ; it held that distinction until 2005 , when Hurricane Katrina surpassed it . Hurricane Wilma -- the second-most expensive hurricane in Florida history -- landed just south of Marco Island in October 2005 . Although tropical storms would affect the state , it would be eleven years until the next hurricane ( Hurricane Hermine ) struck the state , and twelve years until the next major hurricane . Hurricane Irma struck the state where Wilma did in 2017 . Hurricane Andrew bearing down on Florida on August 23 , 1992 . The Royal Poinciana grows in South Florida and blooms in the winter , an indication of South Florida 's tropical climate Summer afternoon showers from the Everglades traveling eastward over Downtown Miami Fall foliage occurs annually in North Florida . Snow is uncommon in Florida , but has occurred in every major Florida city at least once . Winter in Miami . Miami 's tropical climate makes it a top tourist destination in the winter . Fauna Further information : List of mammals of Florida , Snakes of Florida , and List of invasive marine fish in Florida An alligator in the Florida Everglades . Florida is host to many types of wildlife including : Marine mammals : bottlenose dolphin , short - finned pilot whale , North Atlantic right whale , West Indian manatee Mammals : Florida panther , northern river otter , mink , eastern cottontail rabbit , marsh rabbit , raccoon , striped skunk , squirrel , white - tailed deer , Key deer , bobcats , gray fox , coyote , wild boar , Florida black bear , nine - banded armadillos , Virginia opossum Reptiles : eastern diamondback and pygmy rattlesnakes , gopher tortoise , green and leatherback sea turtles , and eastern indigo snake . In 2012 , there were about one million American alligators and 1,500 crocodiles . Birds : peregrine falcon , bald eagle , northern caracara , snail kite , osprey , white and brown pelicans , sea gulls , whooping and sandhill cranes , roseate spoonbill , Florida scrub jay ( state endemic ) , and others . One subspecies of wild turkey , Meleagris gallopavo , namely subspecies osceola , is found only in Florida . The state is a wintering location for many species of eastern North American birds . As a result of climate change , there have been small numbers of several new species normally native to cooler areas to the north : snowy owls , snow buntings , harlequin ducks , and razorbills . These have been seen in the northern part of the state . Invertebrates : carpenter ants , termites , American cockroach , Africanized bees , the Miami blue butterfly , and the grizzled mantis . The only known calving area for the northern right whale is off the coasts of Florida and Georgia . The native bear population has risen from a historic low of 300 in the 1970s , to 3,000 in 2011 . Since their accidental importation from South America into North America in the 1930s , the red imported fire ant population has increased its territorial range to include most of the southern United States , including Florida . They are more aggressive than most native ant species and have a painful sting . A number of non-native snakes and lizards have been released in the wild . In 2010 the state created a hunting season for Burmese and Indian pythons , African rock pythons , green anacondas , and Nile monitor lizards . Green iguanas have also established a firm population in the southern part of the state . There are about 500,000 feral pigs in Florida . Key deer in the lower Florida Keys The Florida scrub jay is found only in Florida . West Indian manatee Florida panther , native of South Florida Leatherback sea turtle Whooping crane Flora There are about 3,000 different types of wildflowers in Florida . This is the third-most diverse state in the union , behind California and Texas , both larger states . On the east coast of the state , mangroves have normally dominated the coast from Cocoa Beach southward ; salt marshes from St. Augustine northward . From St. Augustine south to Cocoa Beach , the coast fluctuates between the two , depending on the annual weather conditions . Everglades National Park in Southern Florida Bahia Honda in the Florida Keys Ocala National Forest in Central and Northern Florida . Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve in Northeast Florida Environmental issues The beaches of Key Biscayne in Miami . Main article : Environment of Florida Florida is a low per capita energy user . It is estimated that approximately 4 % of energy in the state is generated through renewable resources . Florida 's energy production is 6 % of the nation 's total energy output , while total production of pollutants is lower , with figures of 6 % for nitrogen oxide , 5 % for carbon dioxide , and 4 % for sulfur dioxide . All potable water resources have been controlled by the state government through five regional water authorities since 1972 . Red tide has been an issue on the southwest coast of Florida , as well as other areas . While there has been a great deal of conjecture over the cause of the toxic algae bloom , there is no evidence that it is being caused by pollution or that there has been an increase in the duration or frequency of red tides . The Florida panther is close to extinction . A record 23 were killed in 2009 predominately by automobile collisions , leaving about 100 individuals in the wild . The Center for Biological Diversity and others have therefore called for a special protected area for the panther to be established . Manatees are also dying at a rate higher than their reproduction . Much of Florida has an elevation of less than 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) , including many populated areas . Therefore , it is susceptible to rising sea levels associated with global warming . The Atlantic beaches that are vital to the state 's economy are being washed out to sea due to rising sea levels caused by climate change . The Miami beach area , close to the continental shelf , is running out of accessible offshore sand reserves . Geology Main article : Geology of Florida The Florida peninsula is a porous plateau of karst limestone sitting atop bedrock known as the Florida Platform . The largest deposits of potash in the United States are found in Florida . Extended systems of underwater caves , sinkholes and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents . The limestone is topped with sandy soils deposited as ancient beaches over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell . During the last glacial period , lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula , largely savanna . The Everglades , an enormously wide , slow - flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula . Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010 . Florida is tied for last place as having the fewest earthquakes of any U.S. state . Earthquakes are rare because Florida is not located near any tectonic plate boundaries . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Florida See also : Culture of Florida Florida 's population density Population Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1830 34,730 -- 1840 54,477 56.9 % 1850 87,445 60.5 % 1860 140,424 60.6 % 1870 187,748 33.7 % 1880 269,493 43.5 % 1890 391,422 45.2 % 1900 528,542 35.0 % 1910 752,619 42.4 % 1920 968,470 28.7 % 1930 1,468,211 51.6 % 1940 1,897,414 29.2 % 1950 2,771,305 46.1 % 1960 4,951,560 78.7 % 1970 6,789,443 37.1 % 1980 9,746,324 43.6 % 1990 12,937,926 32.7 % 2000 15,982,378 23.5 % 18,801,310 17.6 % Est. 2016 20,612,439 9.6 % Sources : 1910 -- 2010 2016 Estimate The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Florida was 20,271,272 on July 1 , 2015 , a 7.82 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . The population of Florida in the 2010 census was 18,801,310 . Florida was the seventh fastest - growing state in the U.S. in the 12 - month period ending July 1 , 2012 . In 2010 , the center of population of Florida was located between Fort Meade and Frostproof . The center of population has moved less than 5 miles ( 8 km ) to the east and approximately 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) to the north between 1980 and 2010 and has been located in Polk County since the 1960 census . The population exceeded 19.7 million by December 2014 , surpassing the population of the state of New York for the first time . Florida contains the highest percentage of people over 65 ( 17 % ) . There were 186,102 military retirees living in the state in 2008 . About two - thirds of the population was born in another state , the second highest in the U.S. In 2010 , illegal immigrants constituted an estimated 5.7 % of the population . This was the sixth highest percentage of any U.S. state . There were an estimated 675,000 illegal immigrants in the state in 2010 . A 2013 Gallup poll indicated that 47 % of the residents agreed that Florida was the best state to live in . Results in other states ranged from a low of 18 % to a high of 77 % . Settlements See also : List of urbanized areas in Florida ( by population ) , Florida statistical areas , List of municipalities in Florida , and Florida locations by per capita income The legal name in Florida for a city , town or village is `` municipality '' . In Florida there is no legal difference between towns , villages and cities . In 2012 , 75 % of the population lived within 10 miles ( 16 km ) of the coastline . Largest cities or towns in Florida Source : Rank Name County Pop . Jacksonville Miami Jacksonville Duval 853,382 Tampa Orlando Miami Miami - Dade 430,332 Tampa Hillsborough 358,699 Orlando Orange 262,372 5 St. Petersburg Pinellas 253,693 6 Hialeah Miami - Dade 235,563 7 Tallahassee Leon 188,107 8 Fort Lauderdale Broward 176,013 9 Port St. Lucie St. Lucie 174,110 10 Cape Coral Lee 169,854 A map of Florida showing county names and boundaries . The largest metropolitan area in the state as well as the entire southeastern United States is the Miami metropolitan area , with about 6.06 million people . The Tampa Bay Area , with over 3.02 million people , is the second largest ; the Orlando metropolitan area , with over 2.44 million people , is the third ; and the Jacksonville metropolitan area , with over 1.47 million people , is fourth . Florida has 22 Metropolitan Statistical Areas ( MSAs ) defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) . 43 of Florida 's 67 counties are in a MSA . Ancestry Predominant ancestry in Florida in 2010 Florida racial breakdown ( hide ) Racial composition 1970 1990 2000 2013 White ( includes White Hispanics ) 84.2 % 83.1 % 78.0 % 75.0 % 78.1 % Black 15.3 % 13.6 % 14.6 % 16.0 % 16.7 % Asian 0.2 % 1.2 % 1.7 % 2.4 % 2.7 % Native 0.1 % 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.4 % 0.5 % Other race 0.1 % 1.8 % 3.0 % 3.6 % -- Two or more races -- -- 2.3 % 2.5 % 1.9 % Non-Hispanic whites 77.9 % 73.2 % 65.4 % 57.9 % 56.4 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 6.6 % 12.2 % 16.8 % 22.5 % 23.6 % Hispanic and Latinos of any race made up 22.5 % of the population in 2010 . As of 2011 , 57 % of Florida 's population younger than age 1 were minorities ( meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white ) . In 2010 , 6.9 % of the population ( 1,269,765 ) considered themselves to be of only American ancestry ( regardless of race or ethnicity ) . Many of these were of English or Scotch - Irish descent ; however , their families have lived in the state for so long , that they choose to identify as having `` American '' ancestry or do not know their ancestry . In the 1980 United States census the largest ancestry group reported in Florida was English with 2,232,514 Floridians claiming that they were of English or mostly English American ancestry . Some of their ancestry went back to the original thirteen colonies . As of 2010 , those of ( non-Hispanic white ) European ancestry accounted for 57.9 % of Florida 's population . Out of the 57.9 % , the largest groups were 12.0 % German ( 2,212,391 ) , 10.7 % Irish ( 1,979,058 ) , 8.8 % English ( 1,629,832 ) , 6.6 % Italian ( 1,215,242 ) , 2.8 % Polish ( 511,229 ) , and 2.7 % French ( 504,641 ) . White Americans of all European backgrounds are present in all areas of the state . In 1970 , non-Hispanic whites were nearly 80 % of Florida 's population . Those of English and Irish ancestry are present in large numbers in all the urban / suburban areas across the state . Some native white Floridians , especially those who have descended from long - time Florida families , may refer to themselves as `` Florida crackers '' ; others see the term as a derogatory one . Like whites in most of the other Southern states , they descend mainly from English and Scots - Irish settlers , as well as some other British American settlers . Cuban men playing dominoes in Miami 's Little Havana . In 2010 , Cubans made up 34.4 % of Miami 's population and 6.5 % of Florida 's . As of 2010 , those of Hispanic or Latino ancestry accounted for 22.5 % ( 4,223,806 ) of Florida 's population . Out of the 22.5 % , the largest groups were 6.5 % ( 1,213,438 ) Cuban , 4.5 % ( 847,550 ) Puerto Rican , 3.3 % ( 629,718 ) Mexican , and 1.6 % ( 300,414 ) Colombian . Florida 's Hispanic population includes large communities of Cuban Americans in Miami and Tampa , Puerto Ricans in Orlando and Tampa , and Mexican / Central American migrant workers . The Hispanic community continues to grow more affluent and mobile . As of 2011 , 57.0 % of Florida 's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups . Florida has a large and diverse Hispanic population , with Cubans and Puerto Ricans being the largest groups in the state . Nearly 80 % of Cuban Americans live in Florida , especially South Florida where there is a long - standing and affluent Cuban community . Florida has the second largest Puerto Rican population after New York , as well as the fastest - growing in the nation . Puerto Ricans are more widespread throughout the state , though the heaviest concentrations are in the Orlando area of Central Florida . As of 2010 , those of African ancestry accounted for 16.0 % of Florida 's population , which includes African Americans . Out of the 16.0 % , 4.0 % ( 741,879 ) were West Indian or Afro - Caribbean American . During the early 1900s , black people made up nearly half of the state 's population . In response to segregation , disfranchisement and agricultural depression , many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the Great Migration , in waves from 1910 to 1940 , and again starting in the later 1940s . They moved for jobs , better education for their children and the chance to vote and participate in society . By 1960 the proportion of African Americans in the state had declined to 18 % . Conversely large numbers of northern whites moved to the state . Today , large concentrations of black residents can be found in northern and central Florida . Aside from blacks descended from African slaves brought to the US south , there are also large numbers of blacks of West Indian , recent African , and Afro - Latino immigrant origins , especially in the Miami / South Florida area . In 2016 , Florida had the highest percentage of West Indians in the United States at 4.5 % , with 2.3 % ( 483,874 ) from Haitian ancestry , 1.5 % ( 303,527 ) Jamaican , and 0.2 % ( 31,966 ) Bahamian , with the other West Indian groups making up the rest . As of 2010 , those of Asian ancestry accounted for 2.4 % of Florida 's population . Languages 20 % of Floridians speak Spanish , the second-most widely - spoken language . See also : Demographics of Florida § Languages , and Miami accent In 1988 English was affirmed as the state 's official language in the Florida Constitution . Spanish is also widely spoken , especially as immigration has continued from Latin America . Twenty percent of the population speak Spanish as their first language . Twenty - seven percent of Florida 's population reports speaking a mother language other than English , and more than 200 first languages other than English are spoken at home in the state . The most common languages spoken in Florida as a first language in 2010 are : 73 % -- English 20 % -- Spanish 2 % -- Haitian Creole Other languages comprise less than 1 % spoken by the state 's population Religion Miami Cathedral of Saint Mary . Roman Catholicism is the largest single religious denomination in the state . The 2014 Pew Religious Landscape Survey showed the religious makeup of the state was as follows : Christian 70 % 24 % Evangelical Protestant 21 % Catholic 14 % Mainline Protestant 8 % Black Protestant 3 % Other Christian 3 % Jewish 3 % Other non-Christian faiths 24 % Unaffiliated In 2010 , the three largest denominational groups in Florida were the Roman Catholic Church , the Southern Baptist Convention , and the United Methodist Church . Florida is mostly Protestant , but Roman Catholicism is the single largest denomination in the state , due in significant part to the state 's large Hispanic population . There is also a sizable Jewish community , located mainly in South Florida ; this is the largest Jewish population in the South and the third - largest in the U.S. behind those of New York and California . Governance Main article : Government of Florida See also : List of Florida Governors , United States Congressional Delegations from Florida , and Florida Cabinet Florida Capitol buildings The basic structure , duties , function , and operations of the government of the state of Florida are defined and established by the Florida Constitution , which establishes the basic law of the state and guarantees various rights and freedoms of the people . The state government consists of three separate branches : judicial , executive , and legislative . The legislature enacts bills , which , if signed by the governor , become law . The Florida Legislature comprises the Florida Senate , which has 40 members , and the Florida House of Representatives , which has 120 members . The current Governor of Florida is Rick Scott . The Florida Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and six Justices . Florida has 67 counties . Some reference materials may show only 66 because Duval County is consolidated with the City of Jacksonville . There are 379 cities in Florida ( out of 411 ) that report regularly to the Florida Department of Revenue , but there are other incorporated municipalities that do not . The state government 's primary source of revenue is sales tax . Florida does not impose a personal income tax . The primary revenue source for cities and counties is property tax ; unpaid taxes are subject to tax sales which are held ( at the county level ) in May and ( due to the extensive use of online bidding sites ) are highly popular . There were 800 federal corruption convictions from 1988 to 2007 , more than any other state . Elections History Further information : Politics of Florida , Elections in Florida , and Political party strength in Florida Florida registered voters as of December 31 , 2016 Party Number of Voters Percentage Democratic 4,905,705 37.85 % Republican 4,575,277 35.31 % Minor Parties 347,288 2.68 % No Party Affiliation 3,130,915 24.16 % Total 12,959,185 100 % From 1952 to 1964 , most voters were registered Democrats , but the state voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every election except for 1964 . The following year , Congress passed and President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , providing for oversight of state practices and enforcement of constitutional voting rights for African Americans and other minorities in order to prevent the discrimination and disenfranchisement that had excluded most of them for decades from the political process . From the 1930s through much of the 1960s , Florida was essentially a one - party state dominated by white conservative Democrats , who together with other Democrats of the Solid South , exercised considerable control in Congress . They have gained slightly less federal money from national programs than they have paid in taxes . Since the 1970s , conservative white voters in the state have largely shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party . Though the majority of registered voters in Florida are Democrats . It has continued to support Republican presidential candidates through the 20th century , except in 1976 and 1996 , when the Democratic nominee was from the South . In the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections , Barack Obama carried the state as a northern Democrat , attracting high voter turnout especially among the young , Independents , and minority voters , of whom Hispanics comprise an increasingly large proportion . 2008 marked the first time since 1932 , when Franklin D. Roosevelt carried the state , that Florida was carried by a Northern Democrat for president . The first post-Reconstruction era Republican elected to Congress from Florida was William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County on the Gulf Coast , where demographic changes were underway . In this period , African Americans were still disenfranchised by the state 's constitution and discriminatory practices ; in the 19th century they had made up most of the Republican Party . Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida , attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states . In 1966 Claude R. Kirk , Jr. was elected as the first post-Reconstruction Republican governor , in an upset election . In 1968 Edward J. Gurney , also a white conservative , was elected as the state 's first post-reconstruction Republican US Senator . In 1970 Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat , and maintained dominance for years . Since the mid-20th century , Florida has been considered a bellwether , voting for 13 successful presidential candidates since 1952 . It voted for the loser only three times . Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2016 49.02 % 4,615,910 47.81 % 4,501,455 2012 49.13 % 4,163,447 50.01 % 4,237,756 2008 48.22 % 4,045,624 51.03 % 4,282,074 52.10 % 3,964,522 47.09 % 3,583,544 2000 48.85 % 2,912,790 48.84 % 2,912,253 42.32 % 2,244,536 48.02 % 2,546,870 1992 40.89 % 2,173,310 39.00 % 2,072,698 60.87 % 2,618,885 38.51 % 1,656,701 1984 65.32 % 2,730,350 34.66 % 1,448,816 1980 55.52 % 2,046,951 38.50 % 1,419,475 1976 46.64 % 1,469,531 51.93 % 1,636,000 1972 71.91 % 1,857,759 27.80 % 718,117 1968 40.53 % 886,804 30.93 % 676,794 1964 48.85 % 905,941 51.15 % 948,540 1960 51.51 % 795,476 48.49 % 748,700 In 1998 , Democratic voters dominated areas of the state with a high percentage of racial minorities and transplanted white liberals from the northeastern United States , known colloquially as `` snowbirds '' . South Florida and the Miami metropolitan area are dominated by both racial minorities and white liberals . Because of this , the area has consistently voted as one of the most Democratic areas of the state . The Daytona Beach area is similar demographically and the city of Orlando has a large Hispanic population , which has often favored Democrats . Republicans , made up mostly of white conservatives , have dominated throughout much of the rest of Florida , particularly in the more rural and suburban areas . This is characteristic of its voter base throughout the Deep South . The fast - growing I - 4 corridor area , which runs through Central Florida and connects the cities of Daytona Beach , Orlando , and Tampa / St. Petersburg , has had a fairly even breakdown of Republican and Democratic voters . The area is often seen as a merging point of the conservative northern portion of the state and the liberal southern portion , making it the biggest swing area in the state . Since the late 20th century , the voting results in this area , containing 40 % of Florida voters , has often determined who will win the state of Florida in presidential elections . The Democratic Party has maintained an edge in voter registration , both statewide and in 40 of the 67 counties , including Miami - Dade , Broward , and Palm Beach counties , the state 's three most populous . Elections of 2000 to present Main article : United States presidential election in Florida , 2000 Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election . In 2000 , George W. Bush won the U.S. Presidential election by a margin of 271 -- 266 in the Electoral College . Of the 271 electoral votes for Bush , 25 were cast by electors from Florida . The Florida results were contested and a recount was ordered by the court , with the results settled in a court decision . Reapportionment following the 2010 United States Census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives . The legislature 's redistricting , announced in 2012 , was quickly challenged in court , on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests . In 2015 , the Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature 's violation of the Fair District Amendments to the state constitution passed in 2010 ; it accepted a new map in early December 2015 . The political make - up of congressional and legislative districts has enabled Republicans to control the governorship and most statewide elective offices , and 17 of the state 's 27 seats in the 2012 House of Representatives . Florida has been listed as a swing state in Presidential elections since 1950 , voting for the losing candidate once in that period of time . In the closely contested 2000 election , the state played a pivotal role . Out of more than 5.8 million votes for the two main contenders Bush and Al Gore , around 500 votes separated the two candidates for the all - decisive Florida electoral votes that landed Bush the election win . Florida 's felony disenfranchisement law is more severe than most European nations or other American states . A 2002 study in the American Sociological Review concluded that `` if the state 's 827,000 disenfranchised felons had voted at the same rate as other Floridians , Democratic candidate Al Gore would have won Florida -- and the presidency -- by more than 80,000 votes . '' In 2008 , delegates of both the Republican Florida primary election and Democratic Florida primary election were stripped of half of their votes when the conventions met in August due to violation of both parties ' national rules . In the 2010 elections , Republicans solidified their dominance statewide , by winning the governor 's mansion , and maintaining firm majorities in both houses of the state legislature . They won four previously Democratic - held seats to create a 19 -- 6 Republican - majority delegation representing Florida in the federal House of Representatives . In 2010 , more than 63 % of state voters approved the initiated Amendments 5 and 6 to the state constitution , to ensure more fairness in districting . These have become known as the Fair District Amendments . As a result of the 2010 United States Census , Florida gained two House of Representative seats in 2012 . The legislature issued revised congressional districts in 2012 , which were immediately challenged in court by supporters of the above amendments . The court ruled in 2014 , after lengthy testimony , that at least two districts had to be redrawn because of gerrymandering . After this was appealed , in July 2015 the Florida Supreme Court ruled that lawmakers had followed an illegal and unconstitutional process overly influenced by party operatives , and ruled that at least eight districts had to be redrawn . On December 2 , 2015 , a 5 -- 2 majority of the Court accepted a new map of congressional districts , some of which was drawn by challengers . Their ruling affirmed the map previously approved by Leon County Judge Terry Lewis , who had overseen the original trial . It particularly makes changes in South Florida . There are likely to be additional challenges to the map and districts . According to The Sentencing Project , the effect of Florida 's felony disenfranchisement law is such that in 2014 , `` ( m ) ore than one in ten Floridians -- and nearly one in four African - American Floridians -- are ( were ) shut out of the polls because of felony convictions , '' although they had completed sentences and parole / probation requirements . Statutes See also : Law of Florida The Florida Supreme Court The state repealed mandatory auto inspection in 1981 . In 1972 , the state made personal injury protection auto insurance mandatory for drivers , becoming the second in the nation to enact a no - fault insurance law . The ease of receiving payments under this law is seen as precipitating a major increase in insurance fraud . Auto insurance fraud was the highest in the nation in 2011 , estimated at close to $1 billion . Fraud is particularly centered in the Miami - Dade metropolitan and Tampa areas . Law enforcement Further information : List of law enforcement agencies in Florida and Crime in Florida Florida was ranked the fifth-most dangerous state in 2009 . Ranking was based on the record of serious felonies committed in 2008 . The state was the sixth highest scammed state in 2010 . It ranked first in mortgage fraud in 2009 . In 2009 , 44 % of highway fatalities involved alcohol . Florida is one of seven states that prohibit the open carry of handguns . This law was passed in 1987 . According to the Federal Trade Commission , Florida has the highest per capita rate of both reported fraud and other types of complaints including identity theft complaints . Economy See also : List of U.S. states by GDP Launch of Space Shuttle Columbia from the Kennedy Space Center Map of Florida showing average income by county . The Brickell Financial District in Miami contains the largest concentration of international banks in the United States . In the twentieth century , tourism , industry , construction , international banking , biomedical and life sciences , healthcare research , simulation training , aerospace and defense , and commercial space travel have contributed to the state 's economic development . The Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) of Florida in 2016 was $926 billion . Its GDP is the fourth largest economy in the United States . In 2010 , it became the fourth largest exporter of trade goods . The major contributors to the state 's gross output in 2007 were general services , financial services , trade , transportation and public utilities , manufacturing and construction respectively . In 2010 -- 11 , the state budget was $70.5 billion , having reached a high of $73.8 billion in 2006 -- 07 . Chief Executive Magazine name Florida the third `` Best State for Business '' in 2011 . The economy is driven almost entirely by its nineteen metropolitan areas . In 2004 , they had a combined total of 95.7 % of the state 's domestic product . Personal income See also : Florida locations by per capita income In 2011 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $39,563 , ranking 27th in the nation . In February 2011 , the state 's unemployment rate was 11.5 % . Florida is one of seven states that do not impose a personal income tax . Florida 's constitution establishes a state minimum wage that is adjusted for inflation annually . As of January 1 , 2017 , Florida 's minimum wage was $5.08 for tipped positions , and $8.10 for non-tipped positions , which was higher than the federal rate of $7.25 . Florida has 4 cities in the top 25 cities in the U.S. with the most credit card debt . The state also had the second - highest credit card delinquency rate , with 1.45 % of cardholders in the state more than 90 days delinquent on one or more credit cards . There were 2.4 million Floridians living in poverty in 2008 . 18.4 % of children 18 and younger were living in poverty . Miami is the sixth poorest big city in the United States . In 2010 , over 2.5 million Floridians were on food stamps , up from 1.2 million in 2007 . To qualify , Floridians must make less than 133 % of the federal poverty level , which would be under $29,000 for a family of four . Real estate In the early 20th century , land speculators discovered Florida , and businessmen such as Henry Plant and Henry Flagler developed railroad systems , which led people to move in , drawn by the weather and local economies . From then on , tourism boomed , fueling a cycle of development that overwhelmed a great deal of farmland . Because of the collective effect on the insurance industry of the hurricane claims of 2004 , homeowners insurance has risen 40 % to 60 % and deductibles have risen . At the end of the third quarter in 2008 , Florida had the highest mortgage delinquency rate in the U.S. , with 7.8 % of mortgages delinquent at least 60 days . A 2009 list of national housing markets that were hard hit in the real estate crash included a disproportionate number in Florida . The early 21st - century building boom left Florida with 300,000 vacant homes in 2009 , according to state figures . In 2009 , the US Census Bureau estimated that Floridians spent an average 49.1 % of personal income on housing - related costs , the third highest percentage in the U.S. In the third quarter of 2009 , there were 278,189 delinquent loans , 80,327 foreclosures . Sales of existing homes for February 2010 was 11,890 , up 21 % from the same month in 2009 . Only two metropolitan areas showed a decrease in homes sold : Panama City and Brevard County . The average sales price for an existing house was $131,000 , 7 % decrease from the prior year . Tourism The Port of Miami is the world 's largest cruise ship port . Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando . If you ca n't find something to do in Florida , you 're just boring ... -- Guy Fieri , celebrity chef , 2017 Tourism makes up one of the largest sectors of the state economy , with nearly 1.4 million persons employed in the tourism industry in 2016 ( a record for the state , surpassing the 1.2 million employment from 2015 ) . In 2015 , Florida broke the 100 - million visitor mark for the first time in state history by hosting a record 105 million visitors and broke that record in 2016 with 112.8 million tourists ; Florida has set tourism records for six consecutive years . Many beach towns are popular tourist destinations , particularly during winter and spring break . Twenty - three million tourists visited Florida beaches in 2000 , spending $22 billion . The public has a right to beach access under the public trust doctrine , but some areas have access effectively blocked by private owners for a long distance . Amusement parks , especially in the Greater Orlando area , make up a significant portion of tourism . The Walt Disney World Resort is the most visited vacation resort in the world with over 50 million annual visitors , consisting of four theme parks , 27 themed resort hotels , 9 non -- Disney hotels , two water parks , four golf courses and other recreational venues . Other major theme parks in the area include Universal Orlando Resort , SeaWorld Orlando and Busch Gardens Tampa . Agriculture and fishing Oranges in Florida . Agriculture is the second largest industry in the state . Citrus fruit , especially oranges , are a major part of the economy , and Florida produces the majority of citrus fruit grown in the United States . In 2006 , 67 % of all citrus , 74 % of oranges , 58 % of tangerines , and 54 % of grapefruit were grown in Florida . About 95 % of commercial orange production in the state is destined for processing ( mostly as orange juice , the official state beverage ) . Citrus canker continues to be an issue of concern . From 1997 to 2013 , the growing of citrus trees has declined 25 % , from 600,000 acres ( 240,000 ha ) to 450,000 acres ( 180,000 ha ) . Citrus greening disease is incurable . A study states that it has caused the loss of $4.5 billion between 2006 and 2012 . As of 2014 , it was the major agricultural concern . Other products include sugarcane , strawberries , tomatoes and celery . The state is the largest producer of sweet corn and green beans for the U.S. The Everglades Agricultural Area is a major center for agriculture . The environmental impact of agriculture , especially water pollution , is a major issue in Florida today . In 2009 , fishing was a $6 billion industry , employing 60,000 jobs for sports and commercial purposes . Industry The Miami Civic Center has the second - largest concentration of medical and research facilities in the United States . Florida is the leading state for sales of power boats . There were $1.96 billion worth of boats sold in 2013 . Mining Phosphate mining , concentrated in the Bone Valley , is the state 's third - largest industry . The state produces about 75 % of the phosphate required by farmers in the United States and 25 % of the world supply , with about 95 % used for agriculture ( 90 % for fertilizer and 5 % for livestock feed supplements ) and 5 % used for other products . After the watershed events of Hurricane Andrew in 1992 , the state of Florida began investing in economic development through the Office of Trade , Tourism , and Economic Development . Governor Jeb Bush realized that watershed events such as Andrew negatively impacted Florida 's backbone industry of tourism severely . The office was directed to target Medical / Bio-Sciences among others . Three years later , The Scripps Research Institute ( TSRI ) announced it had chosen Florida for its newest expansion . In 2003 , TSRI announced plans to establish a major science center in Palm Beach , a 364,000 square feet ( 33,800 m ) facility on 100 acres ( 40 ha ) , which TSRI planned to occupy in 2006 . Government Since the development of the federal NASA Merritt Island launch sites on Cape Canaveral ( most notably Kennedy Space Center ) in 1962 , Florida has developed a sizable aerospace industry . Another major economic engine in Florida is the United States military . There are 24 military bases in the state , housing three Unified Combatant Commands ; United States Central Command in Tampa , United States Southern Command in Doral , and United States Special Operations Command in Tampa . Some 109,390 U.S. military personnel stationed in Florida , contributing , directly and indirectly , $52 billion a year to the state 's economy . In 2009 , there were 89,706 federal workers employed within the state . Tens of thousands more employees work for contractors who have federal contracts , including those with the military . In 2012 , government of all levels was a top employer in all counties in the state , because this classification includes public school teachers and other school staff . School boards employ nearly 1 of every 30 workers in the state . The federal military was the top employer in three counties . Health There were 2.7 million Medicaid patients in Florida in 2009 . The governor has proposed adding $2.6 billion to care for the expected 300,000 additional patients in 2011 . The cost of caring for 2.3 million clients in 2010 was $18.8 billion . This is nearly 30 % of Florida 's budget . Medicaid paid for 60 % of all births in Florida in 2009 . The state has a program for those not covered by Medicaid . In 2013 , Florida refused to participate in providing coverage for the uninsured under the Affordable Care Act , popularly called Obamacare . The Florida legislature also refused to accept additional Federal funding for Medicaid , although this would have helped its constituents at no cost to the state . As a result , Florida is second only to Texas in the percentage of its citizens without health insurance . Architecture Miami Art Deco District , built during the 1920s -- 1930s . Florida has the largest collection of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne buildings in both the United States and the entire world , most of which are located in the Miami metropolitan area , especially Miami Beach 's Art Deco District , constructed as the city was becoming a resort destination . A unique architectural design found only in Florida is the post-World War II Miami Modern , which can be seen in areas such as Miami 's MiMo Historic District . Being of early importance as a regional center of banking and finance , the architecture of Jacksonville displays a wide variety of styles and design principles . Many of state 's earliest skyscrapers were constructed in Jacksonville , dating as far back as 1902 , and last holding a state height record from 1974 to 1981 . The city is endowed with one of the largest collections of Prairie School buildings outside of the Midwest . Jacksonville is also noteworthy for its collection of Mid-Century modern architecture . Some sections of the state feature architectural styles including Spanish revival , Florida vernacular , and Mediterranean Revival . A notable collection of these styles can be found in St. Augustine , the oldest continuously occupied European - established settlement within the borders of the United States . Media This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) See also : Category : Florida media Education Main article : Education in Florida Primary and secondary Education Florida 's public primary and secondary schools are administered by the Florida Department of Education . School districts are organized within county boundaries . Each school district has an elected Board of Education which sets policy , budget , goals , and approves expenditures . Management is the responsibility of a Superintendent of schools . The Florida Department of Education is required by law to train educators in teaching English for Speakers of Other Languages ( ESOL ) . Universities The State University System of Florida was founded in 1905 , and is governed by the Florida Board of Governors . During the 2010 academic year , 312,216 students attended one of these twelve universities . The Florida College System comprises 28 public community and state colleges . In 2011 -- 12 , enrollment consisted of more than 875,000 students . As of 2017 the University of Central Florida , with over 64,000 students , is the largest university by enrollment in the United States . Florida 's first private university , Stetson University , was founded in 1883 . The Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida is an association of 28 private , educational institutions in the state . This Association reported that their member institutions served over 121,000 students in the fall of 2006 . In 2016 , Florida charged the second lowest tuition in the nation for four years , $26,000 for in - state students , to $86,000 for out - of - state students . This compares with an average of 34,800 nationally for in - state students . Florida State University Tallahassee University of Florida Gainesville Florida Gulf Coast University Fort Myers Flagler College Saint Augustine University of Miami Coral Gables University of Central Florida Orlando Transportation Main article : Transportation in Florida Florida 's Turnpike Highways Further information : State Roads in Florida Florida 's highway system contains 1,473 mi ( 2,371 km ) of interstate highway , and 9,934 mi ( 15,987 km ) of non-interstate highway , such as state highways and U.S. Highways . Florida 's interstates , state highways , and U.S. Highways are maintained by the Florida Department of Transportation . In 2011 , there were about 9,000 retail gas stations in the state . Floridians consume 21 million gallons of gasoline daily , ranking it third in national use . Motorists have the 45th lowest rate of car insurance in the U.S. 24 % are uninsured . Drivers between 15 and 19 years of age averaged 364 car crashes a year per ten thousand licensed Florida drivers in 2010 . Drivers 70 and older averaged 95 per 10,000 during the same time frame . A spokesperson for the non-profit Insurance Institute said that `` Older drivers are more of a threat to themselves . '' Before the construction of routes under the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 , Florida began construction of a long cross-state toll road , Florida 's Turnpike . The first section , from Fort Pierce south to the Golden Glades Interchange was completed in 1957 . After a second section north through Orlando to Wildwood ( near present - day The Villages ) , and a southward extension around Miami to Homestead , it was finished in 1974 . Florida 's primary interstate routes include : I ‐ 4 , which spans 133 miles , bisects the state , connecting Tampa , Lakeland , Orlando , and Daytona Beach , connecting with I - 75 in Tampa and I - 95 in Daytona Beach . I - 10 , which spans 362 miles in Florida , traverses the panhandle , connecting Pensacola , Tallahassee , Lake City , and Jacksonville , with interchanges with I - 75 in Lake City and I - 95 in Jacksonville . It is the southernmost interstate in the United States terminating in Santa Monica with a total length of 2460 miles . I - 75 , which spans 470 miles in Florida , enters the state near Lake City ( 45 miles ( 72 km ) west of Jacksonville ) and continues southward through Gainesville , Ocala , Tampa 's eastern suburbs , Bradenton , Sarasota , Fort Myers and Naples , where it crosses the `` Alligator Alley '' as a toll road to Fort Lauderdale before turning southward and terminating in Hialeah / Miami Lakes having interchanges with I - 10 in Lake City and I - 4 in Tampa.It is the second longest north south interstate with a total length of 1786 miles and terminates at the Canadian border at Sault Ste . Marie , MI . I - 95 , which spans 382 miles in Florida , enters the state near Jacksonville and continues along the Atlantic Coast through Daytona Beach , the Melbourne / Titusville , Palm Bay , Vero Beach , Fort Pierce , Port Saint Lucie , Stuart , West Palm Beach , and Fort Lauderdale , before terminating in Downtown Miami , with interchanges with I - 10 in Jacksonville and I - 4 in Daytona Beach . There are four auxiliary routes associated with the interstate . It is the longest north south interstate with a total length of 1924 miles and terminates at the Canadian border northeast of Houlton , ME . Airports See also : List of airports in Florida and Aviation in Florida Miami International Airport is the world 's 10th - busiest cargo airport , and second busiest airport for international passengers in the U.S. Florida has 131 public airports . Florida 's seven large hub and medium hub airports , as classified by the FAA , are the following : City served Code Airport name FAA Enplanements Miami MIA Miami International Airport Large Hub 17,017,654 Orlando MCO Orlando International Airport Large Hub 17,017,491 Fort Lauderdale FLL Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood Int'l Airport Large Hub 10,829,810 Tampa TPA Tampa International Airport Large Hub 8,137,222 Fort Myers RSW Southwest Florida International Airport Medium Hub 3,714,157 West Palm Beach PBI Palm Beach International Airport Medium Hub 2,958,416 Jacksonville JAX Jacksonville International Airport Medium Hub 2,755,719 Intercity rail Amtrak serves most major cities in Florida . This West Palm Beach Station serves Amtrak and Tri-Rail commuter rail service . Florida is served by Amtrak , operating numerous lines throughout , connecting the state 's largest cities to points north in the United States and Canada . The busiest Amtrak train stations in Florida in 2011 were : Sanford ( 259,944 ) , Orlando ( 179,142 ) , Tampa Union Station ( 140,785 ) , Miami ( 94,556 ) , and Jacksonville ( 74,733 ) . Sanford , in Greater Orlando , is the southern terminus of the Auto Train , which originates at Lorton , Virginia , south of Washington , D.C. Until 2005 , Orlando was also the eastern terminus of the Sunset Limited , which travels across the southern United States via New Orleans , Houston , and San Antonio to its western terminus of Los Angeles . Florida is served by two additional Amtrak trains ( the Silver Star and the Silver Meteor ) , which operate between New York City and Miami . Miami Central Station , the city 's rapid transit , commuter rail , intercity rail , and bus hub , is under construction . The Florida Department of Transportation was preparing to build a high - speed rail between Tampa , Lakeland and Orlando . This was to be the first phase of the Florida High Speed Rail system . Soil work began in July 2010 and construction of the line was slated to begin in 2011 , with the initial Tampa - Orlando phase completed by 2014 . The second phase , would have extended the line to Miami . Governor Scott , however , refused federal funds and the project has been canceled . All Aboard Florida is a proposed higher - speed rail service that would run between Orlando and Miami at speeds up to 125 mph . Its Miami to Cocoa portion is scheduled to open in 2016 , with the final segment to Orlando opening in 2017 . Public transit The Miami Metrorail is the state 's only rapid transit system . About 15 % of Miamians use public transit daily . Further information : Transportation in South Florida Miami : Miami 's public transportation is served by Miami - Dade Transit that runs Metrorail , a heavy rail rapid transit system , Metromover , a people mover train system in Downtown Miami , and Metrobus , Miami 's bus system . Metrorail runs throughout Miami - Dade County and has two lines and 23 stations connecting to Downtown Miami 's Metromover and Tri-Rail . Metromover has three lines and 21 stations throughout Downtown Miami . Outside of Miami - Dade County , public transit in the Miami metropolitan area is served by Broward County Transit and Palm Tran ; intercounty commuter rail service is provided by Tri-Rail , with 18 stations including the region 's three international airports . Orlando : Orlando is served by the SunRail commuter train , which runs on a 32 miles ( 51 km ) ( 61 miles ( 98 km ) when complete ) line including four stops in downtown . Lynx bus serves the greater Orlando area in Orange , Seminole , and Osceola counties . Tampa : Tampa and its surrounding area use the Hillsborough Area Regional Transit Authority system ( `` HART '' ) . In addition , downtown Tampa has continuous trolley services in the form of a heritage trolley powered by Tampa Electric Company . Pinellas County and St. Petersburg provide similar services through the Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority or `` PSTA '' . The beaches of Pinellas County also have a continuous trolley bus . Downtown St. Petersburg has a trolley system . Jacksonville : Jacksonville is served by the Jacksonville Skyway , an automated people mover monorail connecting the Florida State College downtown campus , the Northbank central business district , Convention Center , and Southbank locations . The system includes 8 stops connected by two lines . JTA bus has 180 vehicles with 56 lines . Largest public transit systems in Florida ( 2012 ) Rank City Weekday passenger ridership Population served % of population on transit Modes of transit Miami 367,000 2,554,776 14.4 % Tri-Rail , Metrorail , Metromover & Metrobus Fort Lauderdale 147,718 1,748,066 8.5 % Tri-Rail ( commuter rail ) & BCT bus Orlando 97,000 2,134,411 4.4 % Lynx bus & Sunrail Gainesville 50,500 125,326 40.3 % RTS bus 5 Tampa 50,400 1,229,226 4.1 % HART bus & TECO Line Streetcar 6 West Palm Beach 45,100 1,320,134 3.4 % Tri-Rail ( commuter rail ) & Palm Tran ( bus ) 7 St. Petersburg 42,500 916,542 4.6 % PSTA bus 8 Jacksonville 41,500 821,784 5.0 % JTA bus & Skyway ( people mover ) 9 Tallahassee 22,400 181,376 12.4 % StarMetro bus Sports Main article : Sports in Florida Daytona International Speedway is home to various auto racing events Florida has three NFL teams , two MLB teams , two NBA teams , two NHL teams , and one MLS team . Florida gained its first permanent major - league professional sports team in 1966 when the American Football League added the Miami Dolphins . The state of Florida has given professional sports franchises some subsidies in the form of tax breaks since 1991 . About half of all Major League Baseball teams conduct spring training in the state , with teams informally organized into the `` Grapefruit League '' . Throughout MLB history , other teams have held spring training in Florida . NASCAR ( headquartered in Daytona Beach ) begins all three of its major auto racing series in Florida at Daytona International Speedway in February , featuring the Daytona 500 , and ends all three Series in November at Homestead - Miami Speedway . Daytona also has the Coke Zero 400 NASCAR race weekend around Independence Day in July . The 24 Hours of Daytona is one of the world 's most prestigious endurance auto races . The Grand Prix of St. Petersburg and Grand Prix of Miami have held IndyCar races as well . Florida is a major golf hub . The PGA of America is headquartered in Palm Beach Gardens , the PGA Tour is headquartered in Ponte Vedra Beach , and the LPGA is headquartered in Daytona Beach . The Players Championship , WGC - Cadillac Championship , Arnold Palmer Invitational , Honda Classic and Valspar Championship are PGA Tour rounds . The Miami Masters is an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 and WTA Premier tennis event , whereas the Delray Beach International Tennis Championships is an ATP World Tour 250 event . Minor league baseball , football , basketball , ice hockey , soccer and indoor football teams are based in Florida . Three of the Arena Football League 's teams are in Florida . Florida 's universities have a number of collegiate sport programs , especially the Florida State Seminoles and Miami Hurricanes of the Atlantic Coast Conference , and the Florida Gators of the Southeastern Conference . Florida major league professional sports teams Team League Venue Location Championships Miami Dolphins National Football League Sun Life Stadium Miami Gardens 2 ( 1972 , 1973 ) Miami Heat National Basketball Association American Airlines Arena Miami 3 ( 2006 , 2012 , 2013 ) Miami Marlins Major League Baseball Marlins Park Miami 2 ( 1997 , 2003 ) Florida Panthers National Hockey League BB&T Center Sunrise 0 Tampa Bay Buccaneers National Football League Raymond James Stadium Tampa 1 ( 2003 ) Tampa Bay Rays Major League Baseball Tropicana Field St. Petersburg 0 Tampa Bay Lightning National Hockey League Amalie Arena Tampa 1 ( 2004 ) Orlando Magic National Basketball Association Amway Center Orlando 0 Orlando City SC Major League Soccer Orlando City Stadium Orlando 0 Jacksonville Jaguars National Football League EverBank Field Jacksonville 0 Sister states Sister jurisdiction Country Year Languedoc - Roussillon France Taiwan Province Taiwan , R.O.C. 1992 Wakayama Prefecture Japan 1995 Western Cape South Africa 1995 Nueva Esparta Venezuela 1999 Kyonggi South Korea 2000 See also Florida portal Ecology of Florida Florida Department of Education Index of Florida - related articles List of counties in Florida List of National Register of Historic Places in Florida List of people from Florida List of places in Florida List of sister cities in Florida Music of Florida Outline of Florida -- organized list of topics about Florida Republic of East Florida Timeline of Florida History References Jump up ^ `` Article 2 , Section 9 , Constitution of the State of Florida '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Florida '' . 270towin.com . January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ See Bush v. Gore , 531 U.S. 98 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ See also Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board , 531 U.S. 70 ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Fessenden , Ford ; Broder , John M. ( November 12 , 2001 ) . `` Study of Disputed Florida Ballots Finds Justices Did Not Cast the Deciding Vote '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Cf . Fla . Stat . § 103.011 ( web version ) ( `` Votes cast for the actual candidates for President and Vice President shall be counted as votes cast for the presidential electors supporting such candidates . The Department of State shall certify as elected the presidential electors of the candidates for President and Vice President who receive the highest number of votes . '' ) Jump up ^ Matt Ford , `` Restoring Voting Rights for Felons in Maryland '' , The Atlantic , February 9 , 2016 , accessed March 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ Mary Ellen Klas , `` Florida Supreme Court approves congressional map drawn by challengers '' , Tampa Bay Times , December 2 , 2015 , accessed December 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ Brent Staples , `` Florida Leads the Pack -- in Felon Disenfranchisement '' , New York Times , November 7 , 2014 , accessed March 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` New laws include auto inspection repeal '' . Ocala Star - Banner . September 27 , 1981 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Injury Protection ( PIP ) '' ( PDF ) . The Florida Senate , Committee on Banking and Insurance . August 2011 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Corruption at Miami - Dade auto accident clinics creates huge financial burden on drivers '' . United Auto Courts Report . United Auto Insurance Co . January 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deslatte , Aaron ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` Scott says PIP program ' has to be fixed ' '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Tia ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Scott - backed bill to combat fraud advances in House '' . Miami Herald . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` House version of PIP reform gets Scott endorsement '' . Tampa Bay Times . January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 20 Most Dangerous States for 2009 '' . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't get scammed '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . January 22 , 2011 . p. 13A . Retrieved March 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Basu , Kaustuv ( February 7 , 2010 ) . `` Officials cite safer cars , seat belts '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 1A . Jump up ^ Basu , Kaustuv ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Change would relax handgun law '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 1B . Retrieved March 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Consumer Sentinel Network Data Book '' ( PDF ) . Federal Trade Commission . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brickell Neighborhood Guide '' . Nestseekers.com . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brickell Real Estate -- Millionaires Row '' . Miamisignaturehomes.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Total Gross Domestic Product for Florida '' . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product by state Table 8 : Gross Domestic Product by State in Current Dollars , 2003 -- 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Economic Analysis , United States Department of Commerce . July 2007 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved March 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Szakonyi , Mark ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Florida is No. 4 in US exports '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 14A . Jump up ^ Flemming , Paul ( March 6 , 2011 ) . `` Budget battle set to begin '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 1A . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Site Selection Rankings '' . Greyhill Advisors . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Role of Metro Areas In The US Economy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` STATE PERSONAL INCOME 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Economic Analysis , United States Department of Commerce . March 28 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bls.gov ; Local Area Unemployment Statistics Jump up ^ `` Florida 's Minimum Wage Rates '' . U.S. Department of Labor . October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Blake ( March 4 , 2011 ) . `` Cities with the most credit card debt '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : `` State scores well in credit card , mortgage payment delinquency '' . The Burlington Free Press . December 3 , 2008 . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Flemming , Paul ( November 29 , 2009 ) . `` Poverty estimates pain sad picture '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 8B . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bill Glauber and Ben Poston ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` Milwaukee now fourth poorest city in nation '' . JSOnline . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hafenbrack , Josh ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` 2.5 million on Fla. food stamps '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Fort Lauderdale , Florida . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Orr , Deborah ( January 7 , 2009 ) . `` America 's 25 Weakest Housing Markets '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Our views : Playing with fire '' . Florida Today . March 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McCaffrey , Scott ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Census Bureau : 1 in 3 Virginians Pays Plenty for Housing '' . Arlington Sun Gazette . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved October 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Enrique , Eric ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` No to noncourt foreclosures '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 13A . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Price , Wayne T. ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` Area home sales down '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 6C . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Guy Fieri talks new projects , criticism and the Triple D effect at Disney Springs in Orlando '' . Tampa Bay Times . February 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GOV . SCOTT : FLORIDA SETS ANOTHER TOURISM RECORD '' . ^ Jump up to : `` What They Are Saying ... Florida Leaders Celebrate Record 105 Million Tourists in 2015 '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Day , Ashley ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` Florida shines brightly in spring '' . USA Today / Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 3U . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Waymer , Jim ( February 15 , 2010 ) . `` Beaches get pumped up '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 13A . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Laying out an `` unwelcome mat '' to public beach access '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 10 Most Popular Theme Parks in the World . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Commodity Profile : Citrus '' ( PDF ) . Agricultural Issues Center , University of California . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved November 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Doering , Christopher ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Nelson lauds effect for state , Rubio opposes wide reach '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 1A . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crop Profile for Celery in Florida '' . NSF Center for Integrated Pest Management , North Carolina State University . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved November 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Corn , Green Bean Prices Rise After Florida Freezes '' . Calorielab . January 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Price , Wayne T. ( February 23 , 2010 ) . `` Locals to protest fish regulation '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 8C . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ miamiherald.com ( accessed February 20 , 2012 ) -- dead link : miamiherald.com ( archived January 18 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Price , Wayne T. ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sea Ray Boats to resume operations '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 1A . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Phosphate '' . The Mosaic Company . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2007 . Retrieved November 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TSRI Plans to Open Major Science Center in Palm Beach County , Florida '' . News & Views . The Scripps Research Institute . October 2003 . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` State - by - State Listing of Major U.S. Military Bases -- Florida '' . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ash , Jim ( April 15 , 2009 ) . `` Military - friendly bill cruise '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 9B . Jump up ^ Waymer , Jim ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` Shutdown spares essential services '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 1A . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Study : Government a top employer in Florida '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . May 16 , 2012 . p. 12B . Jump up ^ Hobson , Will ( January 16 , 2010 ) . `` County Medicaid tab rises , could get worse '' . The Miami Herald . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ryan , MacKenzie ( December 26 , 2010 ) . `` Qualifying for care a minefield '' ( PDF ) . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 3A . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marshal , James ( December 26 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday debate : No : Longtime official lost touch with voters '' . = Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 19A . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Editorial , `` Uninsured in Texas and Florida '' , New York Times , September 4 , 2013 , https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/05/opinion/uninsured-in-texas-and-florida.html Jump up ^ `` largest collection of Art Deco buildings in the world '' . Jump up ^ Ennis Davis ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` A Century of Florida 's Tallest Skyscrapers '' . Metro Jacksonville . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wells Fargo Center , Jacksonville '' . Emporis . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wayne W. Wood . `` Jacksonville 's Lost Treasures '' . Prairie School Traveler . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` When Does Modern Architecture Become Historic ? '' . Jacksonville Historical Society . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Official : Design rules have n't cost Palm Bay new businesses ( accessed : June 1 , 2009 ) dead link : Official : Design rules have n't cost Palm Bay new businesses ( archived August 25 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Official : Design rules have n't cost Palm Bay new businesses '' . Florida Today . April 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Florida : St. Augustine Town Plan Historic District '' . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` League of United Latin American Citizens ( LULAC ) et al. vs. State Board of Education et al. Consent Decree '' . United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida . August 14 , 1990 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Florida College System , 2013 Annual Report Archived June 11 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Institutional Knowledge Management -- 2016 -- 2017 Enrollment '' . University of Central Florida . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Official website of ICUF '' . Icuf.org . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Atherton , Blair ( August 2006 ) . `` 2005 -- 2006 Accountability Report : Quality , Productivity , Diversity , and Access '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 25 , 2007 . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Higher education in Britain is still good value compared with America '' . Economist . March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ behind California and Texas Jump up ^ Moody , R. Norman ( January 30 , 2011 ) . `` Guidelines tight to drive a fuel tanker '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 2A . Jump up ^ `` Recession Marked by Bump in Uninsured Motorists '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 2 , 2011 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kennerley , Britt ( September 18 , 2011 ) . `` Olde drivers take fewer risks '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . p. 11A . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Drug Threat Assessment - Overview '' . National Drug Intelligence Center . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Amtrak Fact Sheet , Fiscal Year 2011 , State of Florida '' ( PDF ) . Amtrak.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FLORIDA HIGH SPEED RAIL UPDATE : Regional Rail Briefing March 24 , 2010 , Lakeland '' ( PDF ) . Florida Department of Transportation . March 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Studies '' . Floridahighspeedrail.org . May 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bullet Train Work Begins With Soil in I - 4 Median '' . The Ledger . Lakeland , Florida . July 20 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Work begins on Florida 's high speed rail '' . WTSP.com . July 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jackovics , Ted . January 28 , 2010 , `` Obama calls high speed rail funding a ' down payment ' '' . Archived January 5 , 2013 , at Archive.is The Tampa Tribune ( TBO.com ) ... Retrieved February 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ridership Technical Reports ( accessed : January 14 , 2012 ) ( dead link : Ridership Technical Reports ( archived : December 15 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : TRANSIT RIDERSHIP REPORT -- First Quarter 2012 ( access date : April 20 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ Palm Tran Ridership Report -- Averages Palm Tran ( accessdate = April 20 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION RIDERSHIP REPORT -- Fourth Quarter 2011 ( access date : April 20 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ Peltier , Michael ( November 5 , 2011 ) . `` Lawmaker 's bill would fine teams that black out games '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 4B . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Sister City / Sister State Directory 2001 '' ( PDF ) . State of Florida . 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 27 , 2008 . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Bibliography Viviana Díaz Balsera and Rachel A. May ( eds . ) , La Florida : Five Hundred Years of Hispanic Presence . Gainesville , FL : University Press of Florida , 2014 . Michael Gannon ( ed . ) , The History of Florida . Gainesville , FL : University Press of Florida , 2013 . External links Find more aboutFloridaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity State website Florida at DMOZ Florida State Guide , from the Library of Congress Florida Memory Project Over 300,000 photographs and documents from the State Library & Archives of Florida Online collection of the Spanish Land Grants . 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Organized January 18 , 1862 . Political divisions of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa The Marianas Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Indian reservations List of Indian reservations Coordinates : 28 ° 06 ′ N 81 ° 36 ′ W  /  28.1 ° N 81.6 ° W  / 28.1 ; - 81.6 VIAF : 135974315 LCCN : n79053995 GND : 4017585 - 6 SELIBR : 145238 NDL : 00629134 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florida&oldid=809085308 '' Categories : Florida Former Spanish colonies Peninsulas of Florida Southern United States States and territories established in 1845 States of the Confederate States of America States of the United States States of the Gulf Coast of the United States States of the East Coast of the United States U.S. states with multiple time zones 1845 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2010 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : missing author or editor Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template archiveis links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles needing more detailed references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from March 2011 Articles to be expanded from March 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with DMOZ links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiak Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кырык мары Ladino Лезги لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Papiamentu Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 01 : 21 . 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how many miles wide is florida coast to coast
[ "\n\nState of Florida\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFlag\nSeal\n\n\n\n\n\nNickname(s): The Sunshine State\n\n\nMotto(s): In God We Trust\n\n\nState song(s): \"Old Folks at Home (State Song), Florida (Where the Sawgrass Meets the Sky) (State Anthem)\"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOfficial language\nEnglish[1]\n\n\nSpoken languages\nPredominantly English; Spanish is spoken by a sizable minority[2]\n\n\nDemonym\nFloridian, Floridan\n\n\nCapital\nTallahassee\n\n\nLargest city\nJacksonville\n\n\nLargest metro\nMiami metro area\n\n\nArea\nRanked 22nd\n\n\n • Total\n65,755[3] sq mi\n(170,304[3] km2)\n\n\n • Width\n361 miles (582 km)\n\n\n • Length\n447 miles (721 km)\n\n\n • % water\n17.9\n\n\n • Latitude\n24° 27' N to 31° 00' N\n\n\n • Longitude\n80° 02' W to 87° 38' W\n\n\n\n\n\nPopulation\nRanked 3rd\n\n\n • Total\n20,612,439 (2016 est.)[4]\n\n\n • Density\n384.3/sq mi (121.0/km2)\nRanked 8th\n\n\n • Median household income\n$48,825[5] (41st)\n\n\n\n\n\nElevation\n\n\n\n • Highest point\nBritton Hill[6][7]\n345 ft (105 m)\n\n\n • Mean\n100 ft (30 m)\n\n\n • Lowest point\nAtlantic Ocean[6]\nsea level\n\n\n\n\n\nBefore statehood\nFlorida Territory\n\n\nAdmission to Union\nMarch 3, 1845 (27th)\n\n\nGovernor\nRick Scott (R)\n\n\nLieutenant Governor\nCarlos López-Cantera (R)\n\n\nLegislature\nFlorida Legislature\n\n\n • Upper house\nSenate\n\n\n • Lower house\nHouse of Representatives\n\n\n\n\n\nU.S. Senators\nBill Nelson (D)\nMarco Rubio (R)\n\n\nU.S. House delegation\n16 Republicans, 11 Democrats (list)\n\n\nTime zones\n \n\n\n • Peninsula and \"Big Bend\" region\nEST: UTC −5/−4\n\n\n • Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River\nCST: UTC −6/−5\n\n\n\n\n\nISO 3166\nUS-FL\n\n\nAbbreviations\nFL, Fla.\n\n\nWebsite\nmyflorida.com\n\n" ]
[ "361 miles (582 km)" ]
3907927322316652765
Our House (Madness song)
Our House ( Madness song ) - wikipedia Our House ( Madness song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Our House '' Single by Madness from the album The Rise & Fall B - side `` Walking with Mr. Wheeze '' ( UK ) `` Cardiac Arrest '' ( US ) Released 12 November 1982 Format 7 '' 12 '' Recorded 1982 Genre Pop Ska new wave Length 3 : 23 Label Stiff ( UK ) Geffen ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Chris Foreman Cathal Smyth Producer ( s ) Clive Langer Alan Winstanley Madness singles chronology `` Driving in My Car '' ( 1982 ) `` Our House '' ( 1982 ) `` Tomorrow 's ( Just Another Day ) '' / `` Madness ( Is All in the Mind ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Driving in My Car '' ( 1982 ) `` Our House '' ( 1982 ) `` Tomorrow 's ( Just Another Day ) '' / `` Madness ( Is All in the Mind ) '' ( 1983 ) Audio sample file help `` Our House '' is a song by English ska and pop band Madness . It was released as the lead single from their fourth studio album , The Rise & Fall , on 12 November 1982 . The song charted within the top ten in multiple countries and won Best Pop Song at the May 1983 Ivor Novello Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 About 2 Music video 3 Use in media 4 Track listing 5 Charts 6 References 7 External links 8 See also About ( edit ) Released in November 1982 , it peaked at # 5 in the UK singles chart . In 1983 , `` Our House '' was their biggest hit in the US , reaching # 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 . On the US rock chart the song peaked at # 9 , and also reached # 21 on the US dance chart . It receives constant airplay by radio stations . The B - side , `` Walking With Mr. Wheeze '' , is an instrumental song . The title is a play on `` Groovin ' With Mr. Bloe '' , an instrumental hit of 1970 by the session group Mr. Bloe . In 1984 , Madness performed Our House on the episode `` Sick '' of The Young Ones . Music video ( edit ) The video depicts the band acting out the song 's lyrics in an old Victorian terraced house . The song 's lyrics mostly describe the working - class family lifestyle , and the band acts them out by portraying such a family in the video . The band plays their instruments in the living room , prepares for work and school as the family plays squash and relaxes in a hot tub . The video also includes exterior shots of various other houses including the `` Playboy Mansion '' Stocks House in Aldbury , Hertfordshire , and Buckingham Palace . The property that featured in the video is a terrace house on Stephenson Street in north west London , near Willesden Junction . Use in media ( edit ) In 1982 , Madness made a guest appearance in series 2 of The Young Ones performing `` Our House '' . They had previously appeared in series 1 performing `` House of Fun '' . In 1985 `` Our House '' was the theme song for a children 's drama series , Dodger , Bonzo and the Rest . The version featured on the show was performed by the cast members . A 1992 episode of Spitting Image featured a satirical version of the song highlighting the negative equity crisis being faced by many British homeowners at the time . The original recording was also used as the theme for a 1998 ITV docusoap series , The Estate Agents . A musical called Our House , featuring Madness songs , ran in London 's West End between October 2002 and August 2003 . A recording of the show was broadcast on BBC Three and was released as a DVD . An altered version of the song was used in a Maxwell House commercial and the real version was featured in a montage for an episode of the BBC comedy , My Family , as well as for a 2004 American reality game , House of Dreams . The song also featured in a 2007 - 08 series of TV advertisements for Bird 's Eye in which Suggs appeared , as well as an advertisement for the 2008 ABC reality game show Opportunity Knocks , and in episode 4 of season 3 of US TV show Brothers & Sisters , during the yard sale scene . In 2010 , a mashup of `` Jingle Bells '' and `` Our House '' , created by New York music and audio branding company Expansion Team , was used in a Christmastime commercial for Verizon . At the 2012 Olympic Games Madness performed `` Our House '' in the closing Olympic ceremonies during an elaborate light show with scores of dancers . An altered version of the song is used in a 2014 TV advertisement for Chemist Warehouse . In Chile , the song was used in the spot and theme song of Chilean Canal 13 TV series Papá Mono . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' single `` Our House '' -- 3 : 23 `` Walking with Mr. Wheeze '' -- 3 : 31 French 7 '' single `` Our House ( Stretch mix ) '' -- 3 : 45 `` Walking with Mr. Wheeze '' -- 3 : 31 US 7 '' single `` Our House '' - 3 : 20 `` Cardiac Arrest '' - 2 : 58 ( `` Stretch mix '' is a mostly instrumental edit of the extended mix ) 12 '' single `` Our House '' ( Extended Mix ) -- 6 : 00 `` Our House '' ( 7 '' Version ) -- 3 : 23 `` Walking with Mr. Wheeze '' -- 3 : 31 U.S. 12 '' single `` Our House ( Dance mix ) '' -- 5 : 02 `` Mad House ( Our House dub mix ) '' -- 4 : 35 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 -- 83 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Canada ( CHUM ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 8 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 49 Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Hot Dance Club Play 21 US Cash Box 5 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 64 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.soundonsound.com/people/classic-tracks-madness-our-house Jump up ^ Glenn Gaslin ; Rick Porter ( 1 January 1998 ) . The Complete , Cross-referenced Guide to the Baby Buster Generation 's Collective Unconscious . Boulevard Books . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57297 - 335 - 0 . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Winners '' . Ivor Novello Awards . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madness '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madness '' . Billboard Hot 100 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 - 2003 . Record Research . p. 163 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Bloe '' . imuzdb.com . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Young Ones - Sick '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Reed , John . House of Fun : The Story of Madness . Omnibus Press . ISBN 9780857127150 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Madness ! Iconic terrace home featured in 1980s Our House pop video sells for more than £ 500K ( Suggs not included ) '' . Daily Mail . 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dodger , Bonzo and the Rest Episode Guide '' . IMDb . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Our House '' . www.guidetomusicaltheatre.com . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Our House - The Musical : BBC3 cast list '' BBC Archived 31 January 2005 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` May family - Reloaded '' . IMDb . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Birds Eye -- In Our House '' . www.tvadmusic.co.uk . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ coronagarretts ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) , Verizon - Jingle Bells - Our House mash up , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 15 Jump up ^ `` London 2012 Olympic Closing Ceremony - Madness singing Our House '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chemist Warehouse TV ( 2014 - 08 - 10 ) , `` Our House '' 2014 Chemist Warehouse TV Ad ( 45s ) , retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 Jump up ^ `` ( Video ) Canal 13 estrenó spot de su nueva serie ' Papá Mono ' '' . www.cooperativa.cl ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 , part 1 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Madness -- Our House '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHART NUMBER 1388 -- Saturday , August 20 , 1983 '' . Archived from the original on 13 February 2006 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . CHUM . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6286 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Madness -- Our House '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Our House '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Madness -- Our House '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Madness -- Our House '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Topp 20 Single uke 10 , 1983 -- VG - lista . Offisielle hitlister fra og med 1958 '' ( in Norwegian ) . VG - lista . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Madness -- Our House '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Madness -- Our House '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madness Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending AUGUST 6 , 1983 '' . Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 16 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) Music video of `` Our House '' on YouTube Classic Tracks : ' Our House ' by Madness Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics See also ( edit ) The Young Ones List of number - one singles of 1983 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles and albums in Sweden ( hide ) Madness Chris Foreman Mike Barson Lee Thompson Suggs Dan Woodgate Mark Bedford Cathal Smyth Studio albums One Step Beyond ... Absolutely 7 The Rise & Fall Keep Moving Mad Not Mad The Madness Wonderful The Dangermen Sessions Vol. 1 The Liberty of Norton Folgate Oui Oui , Si Si , Ja Ja , Da Da Ca n't Touch Us Now Compilation albums Complete Madness Madness Utter Madness It 's ... Madness It 's ... Madness Too Divine Madness The Business Total Madness ( 1997 ) Our House Total Madness ( 2009 ) Ultimate Madness A Guided Tour of Madness Forever Young : The Ska Collection Live albums Madstock ! Universal Madness Madness Live : To the Edge of the Universe and Beyond Box sets The Business The Lot The Singles Box : Vol. 1 A Guided Tour of Madness Singles `` The Prince '' `` One Step Beyond '' `` My Girl '' `` Work Rest and Play EP '' `` Baggy Trousers '' `` Embarrassment '' `` The Return of the Los Palmas 7 '' `` Grey Day '' `` Shut Up '' `` It Must Be Love '' `` Cardiac Arrest '' `` House of Fun '' `` Driving in My Car '' `` Our House '' `` Tomorrow 's ( Just Another Day ) '' / `` Madness ( Is All in the Mind ) '' `` Wings of a Dove '' `` The Sun and the Rain '' `` Michael Caine '' `` One Better Day '' `` Yesterday 's Men '' `` Uncle Sam '' `` Sweetest Girl '' `` ( Waiting For ) The Ghost Train '' `` Night Boat to Cairo '' `` The Harder They Come '' `` Lovestruck '' `` Johnny the Horse '' `` Drip Fed Fred '' `` Shame & Scandal '' `` Girl Why Do n't You '' `` Sorry '' `` NW5 '' `` Dust Devil '' `` Sugar and Spice '' `` Forever Young '' `` My Girl 2 '' `` Never Knew Your Name '' Related articles Discography Lucky 7 Records Dikran Tulaine Our House the Musical 2 Tone Zarjazz Records Starvation / Tam Tam Pour L'Ethiopie The Madness Take It or Leave It The Lee Thompson Ska Orchestra Boring ( The Young Ones ) Sick ( The Young Ones ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_House_(Madness_song)&oldid=843664218 '' Categories : 1982 singles Madness ( band ) songs Number - one singles in Sweden RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Chris Foreman Songs written by Chas Smash Stiff Records singles Geffen Records singles Song recordings produced by Clive Langer 1982 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use dmy dates from March 2018 Use British English from March 2018 Articles needing additional references from October 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Poland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Français עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 16 : 41 . 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who sang the song our house in the middle of the street
[ "\"Our House\" is a song by English ska and pop band Madness. It was released as the lead single from their fourth studio album, The Rise & Fall, on 12 November 1982. The song charted within the top ten in multiple countries and won Best Pop Song at the May 1983 Ivor Novello Awards.[3]" ]
[ "English ska and pop band Madness" ]
2200829741972175990
Fox Sports 1
Fox Sports 1 - Wikipedia Fox Sports 1 Jump to : navigation , search Fox Sports 1 Launched August 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 17 ) Network Fox Sports Owned by Fox Entertainment Group ( 21st Century Fox ) Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) ( HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SD feed ) Slogan The 1 Country United States Language English Broadcast area United States Puerto Rico Caribbean Headquarters Los Angeles , California Replaced Speed ( 2005 -- 2013 ) Sister channel ( s ) Fox Sports 2 Fox Soccer Plus Fox Deportes Fox Sports Networks Fox College Sports Big Ten Network Fox Sports Website www.foxsports.com/watch/fs1 www.foxsports.com Availability Satellite DirecTV Channel 219 ( HD / SD ) Dish Network Channel 150 ( HD / SD ) Cable Available on most U.S. cable systems Consult your local cable provider for channel availability IPTV AT&T U-verse Channel 1652 ( HD ) Channel 652 ( SD ) Verizon FiOS Channel 583 ( HD ) Channel 83 ( SD ) Google Fiber Channel 208 ( HD ) Streaming media Fox Sports Go Watch live ( U.S. cable internet subscribers only ; requires login to stream content ) PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television Sling TV Internet Protocol television DirecTV Now Internet Protocol television FuboTV Internet Protocol television Fox Sports 1 ( FS1 ) is an American sports - oriented cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Fox Sports Media Group , a unit of the Fox Entertainment Group division of 21st Century Fox . FS1 replaced the motorsports network Speed on August 17 , 2013 , at the same time that its companion channel Fox Sports 2 replaced Fuel TV . Both FS1 and FS2 absorbed most of the sports programming from its predecessors , as well as content from Fox Soccer , which was replaced by the entertainment - based channel FXX on September 2 , 2013 . FS1 airs an array of live sporting events , including Major League Baseball , college sports ( most notably Pac - 12 and Big 12 Conference football , and Big East Conference basketball ) , soccer matches ( including Major League Soccer , UEFA Champions League , UEFA Europa League , Bundesliga , and Copa Libertadores ) , United States Golf Association championship events , UFC mixed martial arts , and a variety of motorsports events such as NASCAR , IMSA , Formula E and the NHRA . FS1 also features daily sports news , analysis and discussion programming as well as sports - related reality and documentary programs . The network is based primarily from the Fox Sports division 's headquarters in the Westwood section of Los Angeles , California , though the network also has significant broadcast operations in New York City , New York and Charlotte , North Carolina ( the latter of which had served as Speed 's home base ) . As of January 2016 , Fox Sports 1 is available to approximately 84,486,000 pay television households ( 72.583 % of households with at least one television set ) in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Development 1.2 Launch and carriage 2 Programming 2.1 Event coverage 2.2 News and analysis programming 2.2. 1 Daily 2.2. 2 Weekly / Seasonal 2.2. 3 Former 3 Ratings 3.1 Season averages 3.2 Individual events 3.2. 1 Major League Baseball 3.2. 2 College football 3.2. 3 NASCAR Cup Series 3.2. 4 Ultimate Fighting Championship 3.3 Other 4 Carriage disputes 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In March 2012 , reports began circulating that Fox Entertainment Group had plans to launch a national Fox Sports cable network by August 2013 known as Fox Sports 1 , giving the sports division a dedicated cable presence to better compete against established networks like ESPN . Fox was already a major force in cable sports programming , having operated several niche channels such as Fox Soccer , Fox Deportes , Fuel TV and Fox College Sports . Also in its portfolio were the Fox Sports Networks , a group of regional sports networks both owned by Fox outright or by other companies through affiliation agreements with FSN ; in addition to carrying play - by - play rights to several local sports teams , these regional networks also featured common national content produced and distributed by Fox Sports , including national college sports broadcasts and specialty programs such as The Best Damn Sports Show Period and Baseball 's Golden Age . Though this local / national hybrid approach gave Fox prominence at the local sports level , it was somewhat disadvantaged as its flagship over-the - air network had the distinction of being the only major U.S. broadcast television network not to have a national general sports channel to complement its sports division , unlike ABC ( whose corporate parent The Walt Disney Company owns a controlling 80 % stake in ESPN ) , CBS ( which operates CBS Sports Network ) and NBC ( which runs NBCSN ) . The reports indicated that Fox planned on converting one of these niche sports channels , Speed -- which focused on auto racing and other motorsports , as well as motorsports - related specialty programs , into the new Fox Sports 1 due to its established reach on U.S. pay television providers ( Speed maintained a subscriber base of 81 million homes with cable , IPTV or satellite service by 2012 ) , which would result in the reduction of the channel 's commitment to NASCAR and other motorsports coverage . Further supporting this theory , reports surfaced in January 2013 that Fox Soccer would be relaunched as FXX , a general entertainment network that would be spun off from FX and would feature comedy series and feature films ; such reports were confirmed when the channel 's planned launch was officially announced by Fox Entertainment Group on March 28 , 2013 . In October 2012 , Speed altered its on - air logo bug to include the Fox Sports logo above its own , which was believed to indicate a step towards this replacement . Fox Sports would officially confirm the conversion of Speed into Fox Sports 1 in an announcement on March 5 , 2013 . Despite being established well after ESPN ( which launched in 1979 ) , and the NBC - and CBS - owned sports networks ( which respectively launched in 1996 and 2003 under different ownership and branding ) , Fox Sports 1 , even before commencing programming , has been seen as a legitimate and serious competitor to ESPN , in part due to three factors : Audience reach -- By taking over Speed 's transponder space , Fox Sports 1 was expected to reach 90 million households at the time of its launch ( with most cable and satellite providers carrying it on the channel slot , almost entirely through distribution on basic cable tiers , that Speed had occupied on their channel lineups ) . While that number is relatively less than ESPN 's total reach at that time ( 99 million homes ) , it is also more than the 77.9 million homes that NBCSN reached at the beginning of 2013 , which was hamstrung by some of its reach being only through carriage on digital cable tiers . Brand awareness -- Fox heavily promoted Fox Sports 1 's launch through its various television , online and social media platforms , including appearances of Fox Sports 1 talent on existing Fox programming and the online posting of its shows ' pre-launch rehearsals . Programming strategy -- Fox was aggressive in seeking and securing major content for FS1 , employing a strategy to obtain rights to popular sports and leagues that they believed other networks underserved , as well as creating high - profile original shows ( see Programming below ) . Fox Sports executives see Fox Sports 1 as `` an alternative to the establishment '' , much as the Fox Broadcasting Company was to other broadcast networks in the 1980s and Fox News Channel was to CNN in the 1990s . In terms of growth , Fox Entertainment Group acknowledged that Fox Sports 1 would start modestly and not be competitively equal with ESPN right out of the gate ; however , the company foresees the network growing incrementally , believing that the channel will be on - par with its senior competitor within a few years of its launch . Launch and carriage ( edit ) Original logo , used full - time from August 17 , 2013 to May 2015 ; currently used as an alternate logo . Fox Sports 1 formally launched on August 17 , 2013 at 6 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time , with the following introduction : `` Good morning and welcome to the very first day of Fox Sports 1 . Here on America 's new sports network , our promise to you is that we will share your passion for the game , never take ourselves too seriously , and , most importantly , never put ourselves above the game nor the athletes . We will be informative without ever sacrificing accuracy . We work for you , the fan , and every day we will live up to this simple promise . Now let 's get on with the show . '' -- Curt Menefee , co-host of Fox NFL Sunday The launch day featured 161⁄2 hours of live sports coverage , including NASCAR coverage during the late morning and afternoon ( highlighted by a Camping World Truck Series qualifying round and race ) , five hours of UFC bouts in the evening ( the main event of the Fight Night card being a match between Maurício Rua and Chael Sonnen ) , and the premiere of the sports news and discussion show Fox Sports Live following the conclusion of the UFC event . Although marketed as a relaunch of Speed , Fox Sports 1 was contractually considered to be a new channel ; due to its change in scope from automotive and motorsports to mainstream sports , Fox was required to reach new deals with providers for them to carry the network . At first , Fox sought a higher carriage fee as well , estimated at 80 ¢ per subscriber ( more than triple the subscriber fee of 23 ¢ that Speed had commanded ; by comparison , ESPN pulls in fees of approximately $5.00 per subscriber , the most expensive fee of any pay television network ) . Concerns by providers over the increasing costs for cable and satellite services for their customers ( largely believed to be partly due to the higher fees commanded by certain sports channels ) resulted in Fox backing off charging the 80 ¢ per subscriber rate , instead charging the same 23 ¢ rate that those providers paid to carry Speed . For any remaining providers that had not reached a deal to carry Fox Sports 1 , Fox planned to offer a version of Speed with limited programming on an interim basis until a deal was reached , in order to fulfill existing contracts that required Fox to provide a motorsports channel . Carriage deals were made by the launch date with all major cable and satellite providers , including cable / telco providers Comcast , Charter Communications , Cox Communications , Verizon FiOS , AT&T U-verse , Cablevision , Bright House Networks , Mediacom , Suddenlink Communications , Cable One and Time Warner Cable , as well as satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network . The deals with Time Warner , Dish and DirecTV -- which were announced just days before FS1 's launch -- were seen as crucial to the network , as those three providers had a combined reach of over 40 million households , nearly half the goal of 90 million homes that FS1 set for its launch . International markets that previously received the U.S. version of Speed ( such as Canada , the Caribbean , and the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico ) did not gain access to Fox Sports 1 upon its relaunch ; in Canada , the Canadian Radio - television and Telecommunications Commission permitted the carriage of Speed as a foreign service , but Fox did not seek carriage of FS1 in that country ( some of the sports event programming that Fox Sports 1 holds the broadcast rights to carry already air in that country on domestic sports networks such as TSN and Sportsnet ) . A version of Speed remains operational for these markets ( now known as Fox Sports Racing ) , airing a lineup of past Speed reality shows , and coverage of NASCAR and other motorsports events simulcast with Fox Sports 1 or Fox Sports 2 . In early 2014 , some major Canadian service providers began to drop the channel upon the expiration of their contractual rights to carry Speed . In 2015 , Fox Sports 1 expanded its sports portfolio further with Fox Sports Media Group 's acquisition of rights to the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series , United States Golf Association championship events and Major League Soccer . In July of that year , the channel began using a new wordmark logo on a redesigned ticker ; then in September 2015 , the network phased out verbal references to `` Fox Sports 1 '' on - air and online and through its social media platforms , and implemented the new logo for other facets of the channel 's branding . As a result , Fox Sports 1 is now referred to on - air and in marketing efforts as `` FS1 '' . A representative for Fox Sports stated that this was not a re-branding , but was meant to align the logo of Fox Sports 1 with its commonly - used abbreviation , and to streamline the channel 's marketing among other Fox Sports channels ; however , the original FS1 logo will remain in use as an alternate logo . On July 14 , 2015 , Fox Sports reached a long - term agreement with the National Hot Rod Association ( NHRA ) to broadcast its drag racing events beginning in 2016 . Fox 's package will include coverage of Friday and Saturday qualifying , and Sunday elimination races for NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series events ( with a minimum of 16 elimination races presented live , and the remainder shown either on weekend afternoons or in primetime ; four of the live elimination races will be aired by the main Fox network , with the rest , as well as encores , on FS1 and FS2 ) , and coverage of select NHRA Lucas Oil Drag Racing Sportsman Series events on Fox Sports 1 . Programming ( edit ) Event coverage ( edit ) Sports programming on FS1 includes the following : Baseball Major League Baseball ( 2014 -- present ) 40 regular season MLB games ( mostly on Saturdays ) Up to 15 post-season games ( eight Divisional Series games and one best - of - seven League Championship Series ) Basketball BIG3 ( 2017 -- present ) 8 regular season weeks totaling 32 games Playoffs College athletics NCAA football and basketball ( 2013 -- present ) Big East men 's and women 's basketball ( 2013 -- present ) Big 12 football and women 's basketball ( 2013 -- present ) Pac - 12 football and men 's and women 's basketball ( 2013 -- present ) Big Ten football and men 's basketball ( 2017 -- present ) Holiday Bowl ( 2017 -- present ) Boxing Premier Boxing Champions ( 2015 -- present ) Soccer CONCACAF ( 2013 -- present ) CONCACAF Gold Cup ( 2014 -- present ; select matches broadcast across FS1 , FS2 , and Fox Soccer Plus ) CONCACAF Champions League ( 2014 -- present ; select matches broadcast across FS1 , FS2 , and Fox Soccer Plus ) CONMEBOL ( 2013 -- present ) Copa Libertadores ( 2014 -- present ; select tournament matches ) Copa América Centenario FA Cup ( 2014 -- present ; select tournament matches ) FIFA World Cup ( exclusive coverage of the 2018 , 2022 and 2026 FIFA World Cup ) FIFA Women 's World Cup ( exclusive coverage of the 2015 , 2019 and 2023 FIFA Women 's World Cup ) German Bundesliga ( 2015 -- present ; all 306 league games via FS1 , FS2 , and Fox Soccer Plus ) DFL - Supercup ( 2015 -- present ) Bundesliga relegation playoffs ( 2015 -- present ) Major League Soccer ( 2015 -- present ; 34 regular season matches ) MLS All - Star Game ( 2015 -- present ; rights alternating with ESPN ) MLS Cup ( beginning in 2015 ; rights alternating with ESPN ) UEFA ( 2013 -- present ) UEFA Champions League ( 2015 -- 2018 ; 146 league games across FS1 , FS2 , and Fox Soccer Plus ; two live matches per week on FS1 ) UEFA Europa League ( 2015 -- present ; 205 league games across FS1 , FS2 , and Fox Soccer Plus ; two live matches per week on FS1 ) U.S. Men 's National Soccer Team ( 2015 -- present ; rights to all matches shared with ESPN ) Futsal FIFA Futsal World Cup ( exclusive coverage of the 2016 , 2020 and 2024 FIFA Futsal World Cup ) Golf USGA Championships ( 2015 -- present ) U.S. Open ( 2015 -- present ; live coverage of the first two rounds ) U.S. Senior Open ( 2015 -- present ; live coverage of the first two rounds ) U.S. Women 's Open ( 2015 -- present ; live coverage of the first two rounds ) Men 's , Women 's and Junior Amateur Championships ( 2015 -- present ) Men 's and Women 's Four - Ball Championships ( 2015 -- present ) Franklin Templeton Shootout ( 2015 -- present ; live coverage of the first two rounds ) Horse racing Up to 10 graded stakes races ( 2014 -- present ) Two top stakes races ( 2014 -- present ) Mixed martial arts Ultimate Fighting Championship ( 2013 -- present ) Approximately 18 live UFC events annually , primarily on Saturday nights ( more rarely on Wednesdays and Sundays ) Live preliminary fights for UFC pay - per - view events on Saturday nights The Ultimate Fighter reality television series and tournament , two seasons per year Motorsports AMA Supercross Championship ( 2013 -- present ) Coverage of the Monster Energy AMA Supercross Championship across FS1 and FS2 ( 2013 -- present ) Coverage of the AMSOIL AMA Arenacross Championship across FS1 and FS2 ( 2013 -- present ) Coverage of the Monster Energy Cup event ( 2013 -- present ) ARCA Racing Series presented by Menards ( ten live ARCA races across FS1 and FS2 ) FIA Formula E Championship ( 2014 -- present ; coverage across Fox , FS1 and FS2 ) FIA World Endurance Championship ( 2013 -- present ) 24 Hours of LeMans ( 2013 -- present ; coverage across FS1 and FS2 ) IMSA ( 2013 -- present ) TUDOR United SportsCar Championship ( 2013 -- present ; coverage of the entire season across FS1 and FS2 ) Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge ( 2013 -- present ; coverage of the entire season across FS1 and FS2 ) Monster Jam ( 2013 -- present ; coverage across FS1 and FS2 ) NASCAR ( 2013 -- present ) Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ( 2015 -- present ; live coverage of six races , as well as practice and qualifying events for the first 17 Cup races ) NASCAR All - Star Race ( 2014 -- present ) Xfinity Series ( 2015 -- present ; live coverage of ten races , as well as practice and qualifying for the first 14 Xfinity Series races ) Camping World Truck Series ( 2013 -- present ; live coverage rights to all races including practice and qualifying races , with exception of the Fred 's 250 , which airs on FOX ) National Hot Rod Association ( 2016 -- present ) NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series ; coverage of Friday and Saturday qualifying , and Sunday eliminations NHRA Lucas Oil Drag Racing Series ; Select Sportsman eliminations NHRA J&A Service Pro Mod Drag Racing Series News and analysis programming ( edit ) FS1 airs various studio shows , especially in the afternoon and early evening . In May 2015 , Fox Sports hired Jamie Horowitz , formerly of ESPN , to oversee the channel as Fox Sports ' President of National Networks . Following his arrival , FS1 began to pivot its studio programming towards opinion - oriented shows similar to those he oversaw on ESPN , and also hired away several notable personalities from ESPN , such as Skip Bayless and Colin Cowherd . Horowitz likened this strategy , which has been referred to as `` embrace debate '' , to that of sister property Fox News Channel ; he argued that fewer viewers were watching conventional sports news programs such as SportsCenter due to the ubiquity of online news and highlights , but that there were `` record highs '' for opinion programs . Daily ( edit ) First Things First ( weekdays 6 : 30 -- 9 : 30 a.m. Eastern ; replayed from 3 -- 5 p.m. ) - Morning sports news and debate program with Nick Wright , Cris Carter , and Jenna Wolfe Skip and Shannon : Undisputed ( weekdays 9 : 30 a.m. -- noon Eastern ; replayed from midnight -- 2 a.m. ) -- Midday debate program with Skip Bayless , Shannon Sharpe , and Joy Taylor The Herd with Colin Cowherd ( weekdays noon -- 3 p.m. Eastern ) -- Simulcast of Colin Cowherd 's radio program on Fox Sports Radio . Speak for Yourself with Cowherd & Whitlock ( weekdays 5 - 6 p.m. Eastern ; replayed from 11 p.m. -- midnight ) Afternoon talk / debate program with Colin Cowherd and Jason Whitlock TMZ Sports ( weeknights at 2 a.m. Eastern ) similar to the syndicated TMZ celebrity gossip show , this program focuses specifically on athletes Weekly / seasonal ( edit ) MLB Whiparound ( nightly 11 p.m. -- midnight Eastern during baseball season ) -- A live nightly Major League Baseball highlights and analysis program ( similar in vein to ESPN 's Baseball Tonight or MLB Network 's MLB Tonight ) featuring quick turnaround highlights , news and analysis . The show is hosted by Chris Myers , and one or two analysts from the group of Frank Thomas , Eric Karros and Nick Swisher . Some editions of the program are subject to being moved to a later timeslot , due to conflicts with other scheduled live programming . NASCAR RaceDay ( Saturday afternoon or Sunday morning depending on the race time ) -- A pre-race show for the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series , hosted by John Roberts , with Larry McReynolds , Michael Waltrip and Kenny Wallace providing analysis ; the program was carried over to the network from Speed . NASCAR Race Hub ( weekdays 6 -- 7 p.m. Eastern ) -- A daily program featuring news and analysis on the NASCAR circuit , including reviews of previous races and previews of upcoming action ; the program was carried over to the network from Speed . NASCAR Victory Lane ( Saturday night or Sunday evening depending on the race time ) -- A post-race show for the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series , hosted by John Roberts or Chris Myers , Michael Waltrip and Kenny Wallace ; the program was carried over to the network from Speed . UFC Tonight ( Wednesdays 7 -- p.m. Eastern ) -- Hosted by Kenny Florian and Karyn Bryant , the program features the latest news , highlights , and analysis from the UFC ; this program was carried over to FS1 from Fuel TV ( now Fox Sports 2 ) . Former ( edit ) America 's Pregame ( weeknights 5 : 00 -- 6 : 00 p.m. Eastern ; April 7 , 2014 -- October 2 , 2015 ) -- An early evening preview of the night 's sports action ; the program was cancelled on September 30 , 2015 due to low ratings . Fox NFL Kickoff ( Sundays 11 : 00 a.m. -- 12 : 00 p.m. Eastern during the NFL season ; August 18 , 2013 -- January 18 , 2015 ) -- A program previewing the day 's NFL action , it serves as the supplementary program to the Fox Broadcasting Company 's existing pre-game show Fox NFL Sunday . Fox NFL Kickoff moved to Fox on September 13 , 2015 , in an effort to boost the program 's currently low viewership and to serve as a lead - in for Fox NFL Sunday . Fox Sports Live with Jay and Dan ( nightly 11 : 00 p.m. -- 11 : 30 p.m. Eastern ; August 17 , 2013 -- February 22 , 2017 ) -- Fox Sports 1 's flagship sports news program , which aired directly opposite ESPN 's SportsCenter on most nights . The program was primarily anchored by Jay Onrait and Dan O'Toole ( who came to FS1 from the Canadian sports channel TSN , where the pair gained popularity for their irreverent and humorous presentation of sports news while serving as anchors of the late - night editions of that network 's SportsCentre ) . The show 's first run featured analysis and opinions on that night 's events and that day 's sports news , with Jay and Dan discussing the day 's major stories from FS1 's sister channels ( such as Big Ten Network ) . In February 2016 , the show was rebranded as a late night talk show in order to appeal to a younger generation and to boost low ratings . The program was cancelled on February 23 , 2017 . The Mike Francesa Show ( 2014 - 2015 ) − WFAN radio host Mike Francesa agreed to simulcast a portion of his show on Fox Sports 1 and Fox Sports 2 . However , the arrangement ended after only 1 year , on September 11 , 2015 . Francesa took full blame for the partnership not succeeding . Garbage Time with Katie Nolan - Fox Sports 1 's weekly program was aired from March 15 , 2015 to September 2017 . Ratings ( edit ) While its live events ( such as NASCAR races ) are beaten in the ratings by ESPN , the program Undisputed is behind only 613 thousand viewers to Pardon the Interruption . Live events have still provided FS1 with high ratings . Season averages ( edit ) The following table shows average season viewership for certain team sports competitions on FS1 : Sports event Season Viewers Reference College football 2013 529,000 Major League Soccer 2015 224,000 College basketball 2013 -- 14 92,790 Individual events ( edit ) Major League Baseball ( edit ) 2014 National League Championship Series Game 2 : 4.4 million viewers Game 4 : 5.1 million viewers Game 5 : 4.9 million viewers 2015 American League Championship Series Game 1 : 5.9 million viewers Game 6 : 5.6 million viewers 2016 National League Championship Series Game 2 : 7.3 million viewers Game 6 : 9.7 million viewers 2017 American League Championship Series Game 1 : 6.2 million viewers Game 3 : 3.1 ( 5.1 million viewers ) Game 4 : 4.7 million viewers Game 5 : 3.3 ( 5.3 million viewers ) Game 6 : 8.2 million viewers Game 7 : 9.9 million viewers College football ( edit ) 2013 Oklahoma - Baylor : 1.3 2014 Baylor - Oklahoma : 1.3 2015 Michigan - Utah : 1.7 2016 Texas - Oklahoma : 1.7 2017 Oklahoma - Oklahoma State : 1.4 2017 Ohio State - Nebraska : 1.3 2017 Maryland - Texas : 1.2 NASCAR Cup Series ( edit ) 2014 Duel : 1.9 ( 3.1 million viewers ) 2014 All - Star Race : 2.1 ( 3.5 million viewers ) 2015 Duel : 1.8 ( 3.0 million viewers ) 2015 Martinsville : 2.4 ( 4.1 million viewers ) 2015 All - Star Race : 2.1 ( 3.8 million viewers ) 2015 Dover : 2.5 ( 3.9 million viewers ) 2015 Pocono : 2.3 ( 3.6 million viewers ) 2015 Michigan : 2.2 ( 3.5 million viewers ) 2015 Sonoma : 2.3 ( 3.7 million viewers ) 2016 Duel : 1.6 ( 2.5 million viewers ) 2016 Martinsville : 2.2 ( 4.2 million viewers ) 2016 All - Star Race : 2.0 ( 3.3 million viewers ) 2016 Sonoma : 2.2 ( 3.9 million viewers ) 2017 Duel : 2.5 million viewers 2017 Martinsville : 2.3 ( 4.0 million viewers ) 2017 All - Star Race : 1.6 ( 2.9 million viewers ) Ultimate Fighting Championship ( edit ) UFC Fight Night 59 prelims : 1.1 million viewers UFC Fight Night 59 : 2.8 million viewers UFC Fight Night 81 prelims : 1.8 million viewers UFC Fight Night 81 : 2.3 million viewers UFC Fight Night 82 prelims : 1.1 million viewers UFC Fight Night 82 : 1.3 million viewers UFC 168 prelims : 1.6 million viewers UFC 182 prelims : 1.0 million viewers UFC 193 prelims : 1.3 million viewers UFC 194 prelims : 1.9 million viewers UFC 195 prelims : 1.0 million viewers UFC 196 prelims : 1.8 million viewers UFC 207 prelims : 1.5 million viewers Other ( edit ) 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup - United States vs Australia : 3.9 million 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup - Japan vs England : 2.3 million 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup - United States vs Colombia : 4.7 million 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup final : 1.0 ( 1.8 million viewers ) Carriage disputes ( edit ) In February 2015 , Fox Sports 1 became part of a carriage dispute with AT&T U-verse , as Fox Sports Media Group pursued higher carriage fees for the network to cover the cost of sports broadcast rights that had been acquired by the group to fill FS1 's schedule since its launch . AT&T declined to accept these additional fees , with a representative for the provider stating that `` while it 's important to us that we provide our customers with the content they want , we do n't believe that it is reasonable to pass on the added costs of carrying this programming to our customer . '' Rather than pull the channel outright , Fox instead began blacking out certain sporting events carried by FS1 on U-verse , including certain NASCAR , Major League Soccer and college basketball events . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jon Weisman ; Jill Goldsmith ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Dreams Big , Brash with New Sports Channel '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Jump up ^ Tim Baysinger ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Targeting FS1 to Be Profitable By 2016 '' . Multichannel News . NewBay Media . Jump up ^ `` Cable Network Coverage Area Household Universe Estimates : January 2016 '' . Broadcasting and Cable . NewBay Media . Jump up ^ John Ourand ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Pedigree part of pitch for Fox Sports 1 '' . Sports Business Daily . American City Business Journals . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Ourand ; Tripp Mickle ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Will Fox launch all - sports network ? '' . Sports Business Daily . American City Business Journals . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Soccer to relaunch as FXX '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 -- via Yahoo ! TV . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` FX Officially Unveils FXX Channel To Launch In September , New Branding Campaign '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeff Gluck ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` NASCAR fans have much to lose if Speed goes away '' . SBNation . Vox Media . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Hiestand ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Sports launches direct challenge to ESPN dominance '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ Austin Karp ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` NBC Sports Network Heads Into NHL Season In 77.9 Million U.S. TV Households '' . Sports Business Daily . American City Business Journals . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Pesca ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Launches 24 - Hour Sports Network On Saturday '' . NPR . National Public Radio , Inc . Jump up ^ Anthony Crupi ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 to Launch Aug. 17 '' . Adweek . Mediabistro Holdings . Jump up ^ Bob Pockrass ( August 17 , 2013 ) . `` As Speed dies , Mike Joy provides lookback , then bridge to Fox Sports 1 '' . Sporting News . Sporting News Media . Jump up ^ `` FOX Sports 1 Media Information - T - Minus 100 Days And Counting to Launch of FOX Sports 1 '' ( PDF ) . Fox Sports PressPass ( Press release ) . Fox Sports Media Group . May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jon Weisman ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 Sets Opening Day Schedule '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Jump up ^ `` FS1 Ready To Take On ESPN , Though Fox Execs Know The Battle Could Take A While '' . Sports Business Daily . American City Business Journals . August 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Joe Flint ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 will launch with DirecTV , Dish and Time Warner Cable '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Jump up ^ Barry Petchesky ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` You Will Not Be Paying Much For Fox Sports 1 '' . Deadspin . Gawker Media . Jump up ^ John Ourand ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Sources : Distributors Hold The Line On Fox Sports 1 Sub Fee '' . Sports Business Daily . American City Business Journals . Jump up ^ John Ourand ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` FS1 carriage talks sticky a month out '' . Sports Business Journal . American City Business Journals . Jump up ^ Phillip Swann . `` All Major Providers Pick Up Fox Sports 1 '' . TVPredictions.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John Ourand ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` Two channels will carry Speed name '' . Sports Business Journal . American City Business Journals . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Norris McDonald ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Fogarty , Gurney at large , Villeneuve at Indy and Speed Channel '' . Wheels.ca . Star Media Group . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Channel '' . Rogers Communications . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Yoder ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 beginning shift to new `` FS1 '' logo this week `` . Awful Announcing . Bloguin . ^ Jump up to : `` NHRA leaves ESPN , signs long - term deal with Fox Sports '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Associated Press . July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Bucholtz ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` NHRA confirms move to Fox , removing ESPN 's last regular motorsports coverage '' . Awful Announcing . Bloguin . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : John Ourand ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` MLB on Fox : New voices , channel , platforms '' . Sports Business Journal . American City Business Journals . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Soon - to - be-renamed Big East , ESPN complete TV deal ; contract runs through 2019 - 20 season '' . Fox News . Associated Press . March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday Bowl moving from ESPN to FS1 '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Rafael ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Premier Boxing Champions finalize deal with Fox Sports 1 '' . ESPN . ESPN Inc . Jump up ^ Phillip Quinn ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Fox Sports secures Bundesliga 's USA television rights beginning 2015 - 2016 '' . SBNation . Vox Media . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FS1 to pursue ' unicorn ' of late - night TV after it gets ' First Things First ' rolling '' . Sporting News . 2017 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Bobby . `` Turner Sports Acquisition Of UEFA Champions League Rights Means More Than Just A Broadcaster Change '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Michael W. Compton ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 and The Jockey Club Announce New Racing Package '' . MichaelWCompton.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Sports 1 will carry Sprint Cup ; Speed gone on Aug. 17 '' . Sporting News . March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jamie Horowitz Fired at Fox Sports Amid Harassment Probe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' UFC Tonight '' Moves to Fox Sports 1 on September 11 `` . MMA Weekly . August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mike Reynolds ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` FS1 Looks To Boost Audience with MLB 's Arrival '' . Multichannel News . NewBay Media . Jump up ^ Matt Yoder ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` FS1 is canceling America 's Pregame '' . Awful Announcing . Bloguin . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tim Baysinger ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 Sets Roster for Pair of Studio Shows '' . Broadcasting & Cable . NewBay Media . Jump up ^ John Ourand ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' NFL Kickoff ' moving from FS1 to Fox '' . Sports Business Daily . American City Business Journals . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reid Cherner ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 not the usual new kid on ESPN 's block '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ Bonesteel , Matt ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` FS1 blows up its late night : ' Fox Sports Live ' canceled , Katie Nolan in limbo '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Nina ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` FS1 cancels Fox Sports Live '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blitz , Bob 's ( 2014 - 03 - 12 ) . `` FOX Sports 1 & 2 COO David Nathanson Comments on Mike Francesa Joining the Fledging National Network '' . BobsBlitz.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Francesa , Fox finally end failed marriage '' . 2015 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marlins - Mets , SportsCenter , Live From top cable sports TV ratings for Sunday April 9 , 2017 '' . Sports TV Ratings. 2017 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Pardon the Interruption , Rangers - Canadiens , Around the Horn top cable sports TV ratings for Friday April 14 , 2017 '' . Sports TV Ratings. 2017 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings : NBCSN NHL Down by Double - Digits , FS1 Supercross - Detroit Triples from ' 16 '' . Awful Announcing. 2017 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . 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fox sports on dish what channel is it
[ "\n\nFox Sports 1\n\n\n\n\n\nLaunched\nAugust 17, 2013 (2013-08-17)\n\n\nNetwork\nFox Sports\n\n\nOwned by\nFox Entertainment Group\n(21st Century Fox)\n\n\nPicture format\n720p (HDTV)\n(HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SD feed)\n\n\nSlogan\nThe 1\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBroadcast area\nUnited States\nPuerto Rico\nCaribbean\n\n\nHeadquarters\nLos Angeles, California\n\n\nReplaced\nSpeed (2005–2013)\n\n\nSister channel(s)\nFox Sports 2\nFox Soccer Plus\nFox Deportes\nFox Sports Networks\nFox College Sports\nBig Ten Network\nFox Sports\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.foxsports.com/watch/fs1\nwww.foxsports.com\n\n\n\nAvailability\n\n\n\nSatellite\n\n\nDirecTV\nChannel 219 (HD/SD)\n\n\nDish Network\nChannel 150 (HD/SD)\n\n\nCable\n\n\nAvailable on most U.S. cable systems\nConsult your local cable provider for channel availability\n\n\nIPTV\n\n\nAT&T U-verse\nChannel 1652 (HD)\nChannel 652 (SD)\n\n\nVerizon FiOS\nChannel 583 (HD)\nChannel 83 (SD)\n\n\nGoogle Fiber\nChannel 208 (HD)\n\n\nStreaming media\n\n\nFox Sports Go\nWatch live\n(U.S. cable internet subscribers only; requires login to stream content)\n\n\nPlayStation Vue\nInternet Protocol television\n\n\nSling TV\nInternet Protocol television\n\n\nDirecTV Now\nInternet Protocol television\n\n\nFuboTV\nInternet Protocol television\n\n" ]
[ "Channel 150" ]
-5644027958284903022
Lost in Space (2018 TV series)
Lost in Space ( 2018 TV series ) - Wikipedia Lost in Space ( 2018 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Lost in Space Series logotype Genre Science fiction Adventure Family drama Created by Irwin Allen Developed by Matt Sazama Burk Sharpless Starring Molly Parker Toby Stephens Maxwell Jenkins Taylor Russell Mina Sundwall Ignacio Serricchio Parker Posey Composer ( s ) Christopher Lennertz John Williams ( original theme ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Zack Estrin Kevin Burns Jon Jashni Matt Sazama Burk Sharpless Neil Marshall Marc Helwig Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Sam McCurdy Running time 47 -- 65 minutes Production company ( s ) Sazama Sharpless Productions Applebox Entertainment Synthesis Entertainment Clickety - Clack Productions Legendary Television Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Lost in Space ( 1965 TV series ) Lost in Space ( 1998 film ) External links Website Lost in Space is an American science fiction television series based on a re-imagining of the 1965 series of the same name ( itself a re-imagining of the 1812 novel The Swiss Family Robinson ) , following the adventures of a family of pioneering space colonists whose ship veers off - course . It is written by Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless and consists of ten episodes produced by Legendary Television , Synthesis Entertainment , Clickety - Clack Productions , and Applebox Entertainment , with Zack Estrin serving as showrunner . Netflix released the series on April 13 , 2018 . In May 2018 , the series was renewed for a second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Filming 5 Release 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) In the year 2048 the Robinson family is selected for the 24th mission of the Resolute , an interstellar spacecraft which will carry selected families to colonize a new world . The Resolute was built after a celestial object , dubbed `` The Christmas Star '' by the media , crashed into Earth a few years earlier , threatening humanity 's survival on Earth . Before they reach their destination , an alien robot breaches the Resolute 's hull . Some of the families are forced to evacuate the mothership in their short range Jupiter spacecraft . The Robinsons and other colonists crash land on a nearby habitable planet where they battle the strange new environment and their own personal demons as they attempt to find a way back to the Resolute . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Molly Parker as Maureen Robinson , a fearless and brilliant aerospace engineer taking her family on the mission to colonize Alpha Centauri for a new life on a better world . She is a mission commander . She is married to John Robinson and is the mother of three children . Toby Stephens as John Robinson , a former U.S. Navy SEAL , and husband to Maureen . He is the biological father of Maureen 's two youngest children . Maxwell Jenkins as Will Robinson , the 11 - year - old son and youngest child of Maureen and John Robinson . Taylor Russell as Judy Robinson , Maureen 's 18 - year - old biracial daughter and eldest child . She is a mission doctor , having received accelerated medical training . Mina Sundwall as Penny Robinson , the 15 - year old daughter and middle Robinson child . Ignacio Serricchio as Don West , a mechanic who also smuggles luxury goods . He has a chicken named Debbie , which he claims to be lucky . Parker Posey as Dr. Smith . She is a criminal and a sociopath who uses other people 's identities to claim their belongings . Dr. Smith , whose real name is June Harris , stole her sister Jessica 's identity and place on the colony ship . There she impersonates a Dr. Zachary Smith , to take his seat on an evacuating Jupiter ship . After landing on the planet , Dr. Smith attempts to sabotage the Jupiters ' chances of being rescued by the Resolute while manipulating and gaslighting the survivors to avoid prosecution for her crimes . The theft of the doctor 's identity is a reference to the corresponding Dr. Smith character of the original TV series . Brian Steele as the Robot , an alien mechanoid being that Will encounters on the planet that his family crash lands on . The robot has a different form from the ones on the previous series and movie . Episodes ( edit ) This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Impact '' Neil Marshall Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) The spacecraft Resolute , a large ferris wheel style ship , is carrying colonists , including the Robinson family , to Alpha Centauri . The Resolute is attacked and colonists escape in their `` family home '' Jupiter landing crafts but are hurled into a wormhole , crash - landing on an Earth - like planet . The Robinsons ' craft , Jupiter 2 , crashes into a glacial bed . The family evacuates with some supplies before their craft sinks in rapidly freezing water . Eldest Robinson child , Judy , a doctor , dives to the ship to retrieve power equipment . She becomes encased in ice , and with five hours of oxygen left in Judy 's suit , John and son , Will , set out to collect magnesium that will melt the ice . Judy guides her sister , Penny , through a medical procedure to treat their injured mother , Maureen . Inside a cave , Will falls down a chasm , landing at the edge of a forest . John radios Will , saying he will return after saving Judy . Alone , Will finds a crashed alien ship and a dismembered robot that he helps to self - repair . In return , it saves Will as a forest fire nearly engulfs them . The family attempt to free Judy , but a sudden rainstorm hinders their progress . Will and the Robot arrive , and the Robot rescues Judy . In a flashback scene , a woman steals the identity of Dr. Zachary Smith and boards a Jupiter landing craft , along with Don West and Tam Roughneck . `` Diamonds In The Sky '' Neil Marshall Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Don West , Smith , and Debbie the chicken survive the Jupiter 18 landing . While looking for other survivors , they find Angela Goddard , who is barely alive . When a storm approaches , Don and Angela take cover while Smith heads out . Meanwhile , the robot melts more ice to allow the Robinsons to start the process of recovering the Jupiter 2 . Maureen , John , Will and the robot hike to another Jupiter crash site and then later to the robot 's ship . They leave Penny and Judy behind , instructing them how to carefully raise the ship out of the ice . Inside the alien ship , a holographic map of the planet is activated , showing John and Maureen they are in an unidentified galaxy . Outside , the robot touches the ship 's hull , creating a mental connection to Will who learns what really happened on the Resolute . He decides to say nothing to his parents about the vision . When Penny sees the storm approaching and is unable to reach her parents to warn them , she raises the Jupiter 2 enough that the garage can be opened . She drives the ship 's Chariot all - terrain vehicle to reach her family just in front of the storm . As they head back to Jupiter 2 , they pass Don who sees them only to discover his flare gun is missing . The Robinsons see a flare and find Smith , who claims to be alone , returning with her to the Jupiter 2 . `` Infestation '' Tim Southam Zack Estrin April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) In a flashback , Dr. Smith is revealed to be June Harris , the older , ex-con sister of Jess Harris , a successful businesswoman . Jess offers June her entire estate as she is leaving Earth , but June drugs Jess and assumes her sister 's identity . Aboard the Resolute , she bumps into her sister 's lover and there is a struggle ending in him getting blown out an airlock . June is arrested but escapes during the robot 's attack . In the present , Maureen explains they are trillions of light years from Earth . At night , the ice layer over Jupiter 2 cracks , endangering the ship . They rush to complete repairs , but the engines are losing fuel . When Will and the robot discover large eel - like creatures in the conduits , the robot locks Will , along with Smith , in the storeroom for safety . The glacier shifts , which forces the crew to make an emergency take - off after flushing the eels from the engines . They escape with just enough fuel to land near a forest region . Comms pick up radio communication from other Jupiter survivors and also from Resolute , who are searching for survivors . Somebody hacks the onboard 3D printer to make a gun . Will finds it , and hides the gun under his mattress , unaware Smith is watching . `` The Robinsons Were Here '' Alice Troughton Katherine Collins April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Stuck without fuel , the family initiates Jupiter 2 's colonization expansion protocol . Smith and Will discuss the robot , who does Will 's bidding . Don West and Angela are rescued by the Watanabe family ; Hiroki Watanabe reunites with John and Maureen at Jupiter 11 where Judy treats Angela . She tells Judy about the attack on Resolute . The Robinsons learn none of the other surviving families can fly due to the giant eels consuming fuel . John notices that one crash site is not a Jupiter ship . Maureen , John , and Don go there and discover the Resolute 's comm dish . They realize the Resolute ca n't hear them . Maureen also discovers contraband whiskey that Don smuggled aboard . Judy confronts Will about the robot , and he reveals he knew it attacked the Resolute . They decide to hide the robot in a nearby cave , unaware Smith is following them . On the way , they 're spotted by Vijay Dhar , the son of another survivor group . Penny blackmails him to say nothing about the robot , having found and keeping an item he dropped . While away , Maureen and John discuss their marital problems . The next morning , the kids return to Jupiter 2 before their parents arrive . Smith talks to the robot inside the cave , attempting to instill distrust in it about Will . When John and Maureen return home , the kids tell them that the robot wandered away . 5 `` Transmission '' Deborah Chow Kari Drake April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) The surviving colonists build a light tower to try to signal the Resolute . Maureen , noticing strange weather phenomena , conducts an experiment using a weather balloon . She discovers the sun is paired with a deadly black hole , and that the disturbances will only get worse until the planet is entirely unhabitable . Will ignores Penny and Judy 's advice to tell their father about the Robot . Penny develops a crush on Vijay , flirting with him as they move supplies . Don confronts Dr. Smith about the stolen flare gun , though she claims she took it by mistake . In a flashback , Maureen and the kids discuss pros versus cons of going to Alpha Centauri . Judy and Don discuss his smuggling activities . He also reveals his suspicions about Dr. Smith 's identity . Judy confronts Dr. Smith about this , but she lies and instead casts doubt on Don . When the colonists activate the light signal , Dr. Smith sneaks away and shuts off the perimeter fence , allowing a large reptilian creature to enter the camp and destroy the light tower . Smith tells John about the kids hiding the robot . When another creature shows up , Dr. Smith tells Will to call the robot . It does save the survivors , but only after Will tells it to defend itself against the creatures . It assumes its original multi-limb form to do this . The colonists witness all of this and recognize the robot from the attack on the Resolute . 6 `` Eulogy '' Vincenzo Natali Ed McCardie April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Maureen tells her family about the black hole but is afraid the other colonists might panic . John has a heated argument with the other survivors about the robot . In the end , despite an enraged Angela claiming it killed her husband , John convinces the community to allow the robot to stay and takes Will on a hike to discuss Will 's responsibility for the robot 's actions . He has Will fetch 27 large stones to build a memorial to the casualties . Don takes the community leader and Vijay 's father , Victor Dhar , to his Jupiter which crashed in the desert where there are none of the eel - like creatures , and wants money for its fuel . Don also retrieves identification of the real Dr. Smith , later showing Judy . Maureen learns that Hiroki also knows the planet is dying . Penny tells Vijay about the black hole but swears him to secrecy , and they share a kiss . Back at camp , Dr. Smith makes the distraught Angela recount the horrifying details of the robot attack . The emotional Angela enters the hub with the gun Dr. Smith has taken from Will 's bunk and arranged for her to find . When she shoots at the robot it goes into attack mode and accidentally injures John before Will gets it to stop . Distraught , Will takes the robot to a cliff and orders it to walk off . He then places a stone on the memorial for the robot . 7 `` Pressurized '' Tim Southam Vivian Lee April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) While driving back to Jupiter 2 , Judy is about to tell Dr. Smith she knows the truth about her when Don stops her . When Will is confronted by his mother , he confirms the robot 3D - printed the gun and that he hid it . Anyone could 've taken the gun , though . Dr. Smith refuses blame for Angela 's attack , and suggests Victor Dhar might have taken the gun . John and Maureen 's rover gets stuck in a tar pit . As they sink to the bottom , Maureen admits to doctoring Will 's test results . To escape the vehicle , Maureen uses the helium weather balloon to create a shielded path to the surface . Meanwhile , Smith locates the destroyed robot , but can not get it to reassemble . Don 's group speeds through a dangerous geyser field but a tube shakes loose and when Evan fixes the problem , a geyser blast flips the tanker on top of him . Victor realizes that a rock has punctured the tanker and if they move it they 'll lose most of the fuel . Despite this Don reluctantly sides with Judy and lifts the tanker , spilling the fuel , but Evan dies anyway . Back on Jupiter 2 , Dr. Smith finally manages to reactivate the robot . When Victor returns home , Vijay tells him about the planet 's coming demise . Victor decides to use what fuel they did retrieve to launch their own Jupiter 4 . 8 `` Trajectory '' Stephen Surjik Katherine Collins & Kari Drake April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Maureen ca n't talk Victor out of launching , but John sneaks aboard the Dhar 's Jupiter 4 and triggers the emergency shut down . Later , he explains to the gathered colonists how the planet is about to become inhabitable . Penny breaks off with Vijay for him telling his father . Maureen has a plan on how to launch despite the limited fuel , stripping out non-essential modules , and relying on old - school manual piloting . Judy tells Maureen the truth about the real Dr. Smith aboard Don 's Jupiter . Returning to Jupiter 2 , Maureen confines Dr. Smith to a holding cell . Dr. Smith now claims she is really Jessica Harris , a physicist . Maureen tells John about Smith , and he tells her that Don believes the Jupiter 4 is still too heavy to take off . With life support also removed , the pilot now needs a spacesuit and will need to withstand extreme G - forces . They select John , but not even he can regain consciousness fast enough to make all the maneuvers alone . When the Resolute sends a message that due to Hawking radiation they must leave the planet 's orbit within 24 hours , Don reluctantly agrees to help pilot the ship . With his assistance the test run is a success . As John and Don launch in the Jupiter 4 , Dr. Smith tricks Will and escapes to knock out Maureen right when John needs her instructions . With everyone watching , the ship explodes mid-air and John and Don are presumed dead . 9 `` Resurrection '' Tim Southam Story by : Daniel McLellan Teleplay by : Kari Drake April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Will tries to signal his father using simple radio , convinced he survived the explosion . Dr. Smith drives herself and Maureen to the alien wreck , and tells Maureen she did n't know Maureen was needed for the ship launch , and when she knocked her out , the ship exploded . She does promise helping Maureen get her kids off the planet , if she in return helps Dr. Smith with the alien ship . Will discovers that the rocks he collected in the cave are petrified biomass that can fuel the Jupiter ships to reach the Resolute . While the colonists gather to harvest the biomass , Judy leaves to find Maureen . The colonists find enough biomass to power all the Jupiters , but they must sneak it out quietly to not wake winged predators roosting in the cave . When John manages to send a signal , Penny and others are trapped inside when the blind creatures wake up Throughout the episode , flashbacks reveal the Christmas Star not to be a meteor but an alien craft , and that its engine was used to build The Resolute . The robot 's attack was an attempt to retrieve the stolen engine . The group trapped in the cave manage to narrowly escape . Judy uses GPS to track Smith and Maureen . She manages to disable Dr. Smith , but the robot reactivates and is revealed to obey the Doctor 's commands . 10 `` Danger , Will Robinson '' David Nutter Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) John and Don survived the explosion and are clinging to ship wreckage in orbit , with only a few hours of oxygen left . Will is upset to learn the robot now serves Dr. Smith . John responds to Will , confirming that he and Don are still alive . Will tries to bond with the robot again but is rejected . Victor Dhar hails them from the Resolute , telling them it will leave in just over an hour . Maureen traps Dr Smith and the robot in order to search for John and Don . Just as they 're about to retrieve them , Dr Smith and the robot escape . Maureen leads the robot into the garage , as an alien ship arrives to retrieve the engine . When the alien robot is about to kill Will , his robot remembers him and attacks the alien robot , saving Will . In the fight , both robots are flung out into space and the garage ramp is damaged . Will goes outside the hull to manually close the hatch . Afterwards , he loses his grip but is saved by his father , who was rescued by Dr. Smith . With everyone safely back on the Jupiter , Maureen is grateful to Dr. Smith , but still locks her up . Before they can dock with the Resolute , the alien engine aboard the Jupiter 2 sends it and the Robinsons to a different galaxy . Will recognizes its shape from the robot 's sand drawing : Danger . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In October 2014 , it was announced that Legendary Television and Synthesis Entertainment were developing a new reboot of Lost in Space and had hired screenwriting duo Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless to pen the pilot episodes . In November 2015 , Netflix landed the project . On June 29 , 2016 , Netflix ordered a full 10 episode season of Lost in Space , with Zack Estrin as executive producer and showrunner . Sazama , Sharpless , Kevin Burns , Jon Jashni , Neil Marshall , and Marc Helwig also serve as executive producers . Toby Stephens , speaking about the distinction between the original series and the new show : `` It 's a very clever , modern reworking of a great story . Lost in Space is Swiss Family Robinson in space , so it was a story that existed before Lost in Space . The fundamental story is that it 's a family that is lost in a difficult , life - threatening situation and how it challenges them and brings them closer together . That is essentially what the story of this is , it 's just the context is a lot more modern . It 's a more modern take on the ' 60s version . If you look at it now , it 's charming , but it seems so innocent . Whereas this is a version that is for our time . I 'm hoping it will still have humour and humanity in it , but it has obviously got ta be for a modern audience . '' Filming ( edit ) Production on the first season began in January 2017 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , and concluded in June 2017 . Release ( edit ) The series was released on April 13 , 2018 , on Netflix . On March 31 , 2018 , the pilot of the series was screened at Awesome Con in Washington , D.C. , followed by a Q&A session with series executive producers and writers Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless . Reception ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68 % approval rating with an average rating of 5.26 / 10 , based on 49 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Lost in Space 's production values are ambitious enough to attract sci - fi adventure fans , while the story 's large heart adds an emotional anchor to all the deep space derring - do . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a normalized score of 58 out of 100 based on 27 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . David Griffin of IGN gave the first season a rating of 8.5 / 10 calling it `` an excellent sci - fi adventure with a slight villain problem , '' giving particular praise to the Robinson family , while criticizing Parker Posey 's Dr. Smith as an unsophisticated and one - dimensional character that lacks redeeming qualities . In contrast , Jen Chaney of Vulture characterized Posey 's performance as providing `` understated , sly comedic touches '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix Reveals Lost in Space Reboot Premiere Date , First Trailer '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lost in Space ' Reboot Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Molly Parker To Star In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transmission '' . Lost in Space ( 2018 ) . Series 1 . Episode 5 . 13 April 2018 . Event occurs at 00 : 18 : 46 . Netflix . He came into the picture after I was born . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Toby Stephens To Topline Lost in Space Netflix Remake , Maxwell Jenkins To Co-Star '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2018/04/12/5-things-help-you-take-off-netflixs-new-lost-space/505788002/ ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Lost in Space : Netflix Remake Casts Falling Skies Alum as Judy Robinson '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Mina Sundwall To Play Penny Robinson In Netflix Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Ignacio Serricchio To Play Don West In Netflix Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Dr. Smith Is Hiding On Netflix 's Lost in Space '' . 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Parker Posey Joins Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Lost in Space 2018 robot actor : Who plays the robot in Lost in Space 2018 ? '' . Daily Express . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Estrin , Zack ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` Not quite 50 shades of grey , but ... Testing metal colors for The Robot at # SpectralMotion . # LostInSpace # Netflix '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Lost In Space Series Reboot In Works At Legendary TV With Dracula Writers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Lost In Space TV Series Remake In Works At Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ; Ching , Albert ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Lost in Space Remake in Development at Netflix '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Lost In Space Remake Picked Up To Series By Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leane , Rob ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Lost In Space : Toby Stephens teases Netflix 's ' modern ' retelling '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Vancouver Screen Scene : Lost in Space , Van Helsing , and more '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Ian ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Vancouver 's TV boom starts to fizzle as some shows move to California '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hildebrand , David ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix gave a first look of their Lost in Space remake at Awesome Con '' . Adventures in Poor Taste . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lost in Space : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lost in Space ( 2018 ) : Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's Lost in Space : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2018/04/lost-in-space-review.html External links ( edit ) Lost in Space on Netflix Lost in Space on IMDb Lost in Space Original series Episodes `` No Place to Hide '' Robot Discography Cast Guy Williams June Lockhart Mark Goddard Marta Kristen Billy Mumy Angela Cartwright Jonathan Harris Bob May Dick Tufeld Remakes Lost in Space ( film ) Lost in Space ( 2018 TV series ) Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Residue Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos Master of None Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Marseille Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract : The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Buddy Thunderstruck Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW The Standups Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things Blazing Transfer Student The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! 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[ "Production on the first season began in January 2017, in Vancouver, British Columbia, and concluded in June 2017.[19][20]" ]
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List of Major League Baseball single-game runs batted in leaders
List of major league Baseball single - game runs batted in Leaders - wikipedia List of major league Baseball single - game runs batted in Leaders Tony Lazzeri ( left ) , Rudy York ( center ) and Nomar Garciaparra ( right ) are the only players to amass 10 runs batted in and hit two grand slams in the same game . In baseball , a run batted in ( RBI ) is awarded to a batter for each runner who scores as a result of the batter 's action , including a hit , fielder 's choice , sacrifice fly , sacrifice bunt , catcher 's interference , or a walk or hit by pitch with the bases loaded . A batter is also awarded an RBI for scoring himself upon hitting a home run . Sixteen players have batted in at least 10 runs in a single Major League Baseball ( MLB ) game to date , the most recent being Mark Reynolds of the Washington Nationals on July 6 , 2018 . No player has accomplished the feat more than once in his career and no player has ever recorded more than 12 RBIs in a game . Wilbert Robinson was the first player to record at least 10 RBIs in a single game , driving in 11 runs for the Baltimore Orioles against the St. Louis Browns on June 10 , 1892 . As of 2016 , every team that has had a player achieve the milestone has won the game in which it occurred . These games have resulted in other single - game MLB records being set due to the stellar offensive performance . Robinson , for example , also amassed seven hits in that same game , setting a new major league record that has since been tied by only one other player . Mark Whiten hit four home runs to complement his 12 RBIs for the St. Louis Cardinals on September 7 , 1993 , tying the single - game records in both categories . By attaining both milestones , he became one of only two players to hit four home runs and drive in 10 or more runs in the same game , with Scooter Gennett being the other . Tony Lazzeri , Rudy York , and Nomar Garciaparra hit two grand slams during their 10 RBI game , equaling the record for most grand slams in one game . Norm Zauchin has the fewest career RBIs among players who have 10 RBIs in one game with 159 , while Alex Rodriguez , with 2,086 , drove in more runs than any other player in this group and hit the third most in major league history . Of the eight players eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame who have batted in 10 runs in a game , four have been elected and one was elected on the first ballot . Players are eligible for the Hall of Fame if they have played in at least 10 MLB seasons , and have either been retired for five seasons or deceased for at least six months . These requirements leave three players ineligible who are living and have played in the past five seasons and two -- Phil Weintraub and Zauchin -- who did not play in 10 seasons . Players ( edit ) Wilbert Robinson was the first player to drive in at least 10 runs in one game , and also amassed a record seven hits in the same game . Mark Reynolds is the most recent player to record 10 RBIs in one game , achieving the feat in 2018 . ) ) Key Player Name of the player Date Date of the game Team The player 's team at the time of the game Opposing team The team against whom the player hit 10 runs batted in Score Final score of the game , with the player 's team score listed first Runs batted in Number of runs batted in the player hit Career RBI The number of runs batted in the player hit in his MLB career Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame Player is active MLB hitters with 10 RBI in one game Player Date Team Opposing team Score Runs batted in Career RBI Refs Wilbert Robinson June 10 , 1892 Baltimore Orioles St. Louis Browns 25 -- 4 11 722 Jim Bottomley September 16 , 1924 St. Louis Cardinals Brooklyn Robins 17 -- 3 12 1,422 Tony Lazzeri May 24 , 1936 New York Yankees Philadelphia Athletics 25 -- 2 11 1,194 Phil Weintraub April 30 , 1944 New York Giants Brooklyn Dodgers 26 -- 8 11 207 Rudy York July 27 , 1946 Boston Red Sox St. Louis Browns 13 -- 6 10 1,152 Walker Cooper July 6 , 1949 Cincinnati Reds Chicago Cubs 23 -- 4 10 812 Norm Zauchin May 27 , 1955 Boston Red Sox Washington Senators 16 -- 0 10 159 Reggie Jackson June 14 , 1969 Oakland Athletics Boston Red Sox 21 -- 7 10 1,702 Fred Lynn June 18 , 1975 Boston Red Sox Detroit Tigers 15 -- 1 10 1,111 Mark Whiten September 7 , 1993 St. Louis Cardinals Cincinnati Reds 15 -- 2 12 423 Nomar Garciaparra May 10 , 1999 Boston Red Sox Seattle Mariners 12 -- 4 10 936 Alex Rodriguez April 26 , 2005 New York Yankees Los Angeles Angels 12 -- 4 10 2,086 Garret Anderson August 21 , 2007 Los Angeles Angels New York Yankees 18 -- 9 10 1,365 Anthony Rendon April 30 , 2017 Washington Nationals New York Mets 23 -- 5 10 365 Scooter Gennett June 6 , 2017 Cincinnati Reds St. Louis Cardinals 13 -- 1 10 190 Mark Reynolds July 7 , 2018 Washington Nationals Miami Marlins 18 - 4 10 833 References ( edit ) General `` RBI Records / Runs Batted in Records ( scroll down to bottom ) '' . Baseball-Almanac.com . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . `` 10 RBIs in a game '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` Official Rules : 10.00 -- The Official Scorer '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sheldon , Mark ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Electric Scooter ! Slam 1st of 4 historic HRs '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Jake ( May 10 , 2010 ) . `` 6 Ways to Achieve Baseball Immortality '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Dylan ( August 22 , 2007 ) . `` Driving home his points '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Blevins , Dave ( December 23 , 2011 ) . The Sports Hall of Fame Encyclopedia : Baseball , Basketball , Football , Hockey , Soccer . Scarecrow Press . p. 823 . ISBN 9781461673705 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Semchuck , Alex . `` Wilbert Robinson '' . The Baseball Biography Project . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball ; Whiten 's 4 Homers , 12 Runs Batted In Tie Exclusive Records '' . The New York Times . September 8 , 1993 . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RBIs : Jim Bottomley / Mark Whiten , 12 -- Best Single - Game Performances in Baseball History '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 10 RBIs in a game '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glueckstein , Fred . `` Tony Lazzeri '' . The Baseball Biography Project . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rudy York hits two grand slams as Red Sox wallop the Browns '' . Tampa Bay Times . St. Petersburg . Associated Press . July 27 , 1981 . p. 3C . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon ( May 11 , 1999 ) . `` Nomar Garciaparra 's two grand slams lead Red Sox '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Two grand slams in a game -- Rare Feats '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Runs Batted In '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rules for Election '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phil Weintraub Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norm Zauchin Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wilbert Robinson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` September 16 , 1924 St. Louis Cardinals at Brooklyn Robins Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . September 16 , 1924 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Bottomley Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` May 24 , 1936 New York Yankees at Philadelphia Athletics Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . May 24 , 1936 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Lazzeri Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` April 30 , 1944 Brooklyn Dodgers at New York Giants Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. April 30 , 1944 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` July 27 , 1946 Boston Red Sox at St. Louis Browns Reds Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . July 27 , 1946 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rudy York Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` July 6 , 1949 Chicago Cubs at Cincinnati Reds Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . July 6 , 1949 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Walker Cooper Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` May 27 , 1955 Washington Senators at Boston Red Sox Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . May 27 , 1955 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` June 14 , 1969 Oakland Athletics at Boston Red Sox Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 14 , 1969 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reggie Jackson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` June 18 , 1975 Boston Red Sox at Detroit Tigers Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 18 , 1975 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Lynn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` September 7 , 1993 St. Louis Cardinals at Cincinnati Reds Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . September 7 , 1993 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Whiten Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` May 10 , 1999 Seattle Mariners at Boston Red Sox Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . May 10 , 1999 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nomar Garciaparra Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` April 26 , 2005 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim at New York Yankees Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. April 26 , 2005 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Rodriguez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` August 21 , 2007 New York Yankees at Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . August 21 , 2007 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Garret Anderson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` April 30 , 2017 New York Mets at Washington Nationals Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. April 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Rendon Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` June 6 , 2017 St. Louis Cardinals at Cincinnati Reds Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scooter Gennett Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` July 7 , 2018 Miami Marlins at Washington Nationals Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . July 7 , 2018 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Reynolds Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Titles leaders Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Runs Stolen bases Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitters Perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Individual streaks Titles streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_single-game_runs_batted_in_leaders&oldid=856087462 '' Categories : Major League Baseball records Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Featured lists Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 19 : 45 ( UTC ) . 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who has the most rbi in a single game
[ "\nMLB hitters with 10 RBI in one game\n\n\nPlayer\n\nDate\n\nTeam\n\nOpposing team\n\nScore\n\nRuns batted in\n\nCareer RBI\n\nRefs\n\n\nWilbert Robinson\n\nJune 10, 1892\nBaltimore Orioles\nSt. Louis Browns\n25–4\n11\n722\n[5][18]\n\n\nJim Bottomley\n\nSeptember 16, 1924\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nBrooklyn Robins\n17–3\n12\n1,422\n[19][20]\n\n\nTony Lazzeri\n\nMay 24, 1936\nNew York Yankees\nPhiladelphia Athletics\n25–2\n11\n1,194\n[21][22]\n\n\nPhil Weintraub\n\nApril 30, 1944\nNew York Giants\nBrooklyn Dodgers\n26–8\n11\n207\n[16][23]\n\n\nRudy York\n\nJuly 27, 1946\nBoston Red Sox\nSt. Louis Browns\n13–6\n10\n1,152\n[24][25]\n\n\nWalker Cooper\n\nJuly 6, 1949\nCincinnati Reds\nChicago Cubs\n23–4\n10\n812\n[26][27]\n\n\nNorm Zauchin\n\nMay 27, 1955\nBoston Red Sox\nWashington Senators\n16–0\n10\n159\n[17][28]\n\n\nReggie Jackson\n\nJune 14, 1969\nOakland Athletics\nBoston Red Sox\n21–7\n10\n1,702\n[29][30]\n\n\nFred Lynn\n\nJune 18, 1975\nBoston Red Sox\nDetroit Tigers\n15–1\n10\n1,111\n[31][32]\n\n\nMark Whiten\n\nSeptember 7, 1993\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nCincinnati Reds\n15–2\n12\n423\n[33][34]\n\n\nNomar Garciaparra\n\nMay 10, 1999\nBoston Red Sox\nSeattle Mariners\n12–4\n10\n936\n[35][36]\n\n\nAlex Rodriguez\n\nApril 26, 2005\nNew York Yankees\nLos Angeles Angels\n12–4\n10\n2,086\n[37][38]\n\n\nGarret Anderson\n\nAugust 21, 2007\nLos Angeles Angels\nNew York Yankees\n18–9\n10\n1,365\n[39][40]\n\n\nAnthony Rendon\n\nApril 30, 2017\nWashington Nationals\nNew York Mets\n23–5\n10\n365\n[41][42]\n\n\nScooter Gennett\n\nJune 6, 2017\nCincinnati Reds\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n13–1\n10\n190\n[43][44]\n\n\nMark Reynolds\n\nJuly 7, 2018\n\nWashington Nationals\n\nMiami Marlins\n\n18-4\n\n10\n\n833\n\n[45][46]\n", "\nMLB hitters with 10 RBI in one game\n\n\nPlayer\n\nDate\n\nTeam\n\nOpposing team\n\nScore\n\nRuns batted in\n\nCareer RBI\n\nRefs\n\n\nWilbert Robinson\n\nJune 10, 1892\nBaltimore Orioles\nSt. Louis Browns\n25–4\n11\n722\n[5][18]\n\n\nJim Bottomley\n\nSeptember 16, 1924\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nBrooklyn Robins\n17–3\n12\n1,422\n[19][20]\n\n\nTony Lazzeri\n\nMay 24, 1936\nNew York Yankees\nPhiladelphia Athletics\n25–2\n11\n1,194\n[21][22]\n\n\nPhil Weintraub\n\nApril 30, 1944\nNew York Giants\nBrooklyn Dodgers\n26–8\n11\n207\n[16][23]\n\n\nRudy York\n\nJuly 27, 1946\nBoston Red Sox\nSt. Louis Browns\n13–6\n10\n1,152\n[24][25]\n\n\nWalker Cooper\n\nJuly 6, 1949\nCincinnati Reds\nChicago Cubs\n23–4\n10\n812\n[26][27]\n\n\nNorm Zauchin\n\nMay 27, 1955\nBoston Red Sox\nWashington Senators\n16–0\n10\n159\n[17][28]\n\n\nReggie Jackson\n\nJune 14, 1969\nOakland Athletics\nBoston Red Sox\n21–7\n10\n1,702\n[29][30]\n\n\nFred Lynn\n\nJune 18, 1975\nBoston Red Sox\nDetroit Tigers\n15–1\n10\n1,111\n[31][32]\n\n\nMark Whiten\n\nSeptember 7, 1993\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nCincinnati Reds\n15–2\n12\n423\n[33][34]\n\n\nNomar Garciaparra\n\nMay 10, 1999\nBoston Red Sox\nSeattle Mariners\n12–4\n10\n936\n[35][36]\n\n\nAlex Rodriguez\n\nApril 26, 2005\nNew York Yankees\nLos Angeles Angels\n12–4\n10\n2,086\n[37][38]\n\n\nGarret Anderson\n\nAugust 21, 2007\nLos Angeles Angels\nNew York Yankees\n18–9\n10\n1,365\n[39][40]\n\n\nAnthony Rendon\n\nApril 30, 2017\nWashington Nationals\nNew York Mets\n23–5\n10\n365\n[41][42]\n\n\nScooter Gennett\n\nJune 6, 2017\nCincinnati Reds\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n13–1\n10\n190\n[43][44]\n\n\nMark Reynolds\n\nJuly 7, 2018\n\nWashington Nationals\n\nMiami Marlins\n\n18-4\n\n10\n\n833\n\n[45][46]\n" ]
[ "Mark Whiten", "Jim Bottomley" ]
-5772732991297033200
ITER
ITER - wikipedia ITER For the type of medieval circuit court , see Eyre ( legal term ) . For the computer science terminology , see Iterator . Coordinates : 43 ° 42 ′ 17.84 '' N 5 ° 46 ′ 9.1 '' E  /  43.7049556 ° N 5.769194 ° E  / 43.7049556 ; 5.769194 International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor Thirty - five participating nations Formation 24 October 2007 Headquarters Saint - Paul - lès - Durance , France Director - General Bernard Bigot Website www.iter.org ITER Type Tokamak Construction date 2013 -- 2025 Major radius 6.2 m Plasma volume 840 m Magnetic field 11.8 T ( peak toroidal field on coil ) 5.3 T ( toroidal field on axis ) 6 T ( peak poloidal field on coil ) Heating 50 MW Fusion power 500 MW Continuous operation up to 1000 s Location Saint - Paul - lès - Durance , France ITER ( International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ) is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject , which will be the world 's largest magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment . It is an experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor that is being built next to the Cadarache facility in Saint - Paul - lès - Durance , in Provence , southern France . ITER was proposed in 1987 and designed as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor , according to the `` ITER Technical Basis , '' published by the International Atomic Energy Agency , in 2002 . By 2005 , the ITER organization abandoned the original meaning of the acronym iter , and instead adopted a new meaning , the Latin word for `` the way . '' The ITER thermonuclear fusion reactor has been designed to produce a fusion plasma equivalent to 500 megawatts ( MW ) of thermal output power for around twenty minutes while 50 megawatts of thermal power are injected into the tokamak , resulting in a ten-fold gain of plasma heating power . Thereby the machine aims to demonstrate the principle of producing more thermal power from the fusion process than is used to heat the plasma , something that has not yet been achieved in any fusion reactor . The total electricity consumed by the reactor and facilities will range from 110 MW up to 620 MW peak for 30 - second periods during plasma operation . Thermal - to - electric conversion is not included in the design because ITER will not produce sufficient power for net electrical production . The emitted heat from the fusion reaction will be vented to the atmosphere . The project is funded and run by seven member entities -- the European Union , India , Japan , China , Russia , South Korea , and the United States . The EU , as host party for the ITER complex , is contributing about 45 percent of the cost , with the other six parties contributing approximately 9 percent each . In 2016 the ITER organization signed a technical cooperation agreement with the national nuclear fusion agency of Australia , enabling this country access to research results of ITER in exchange for construction of selected parts of ITER machine . Construction of the ITER Tokamak complex started in 2013 and the building costs are now over US $14 billion as of June 2015 . The facility is expected to finish its construction phase in 2025 and will start commissioning the reactor that same year . Initial plasma experiments are scheduled to begin in 2025 , with full deuterium -- tritium fusion experiments starting in 2035 . If ITER becomes operational , it will become the largest magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment in use with a plasma volume of 840 cubic meters , surpassing the Joint European Torus by almost a factor of 10 . The goal of ITER is to demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy for peaceful use . It is the latest and largest of more than 100 fusion reactors built since the 1950s . ITER 's planned successor , DEMO , is expected to be the first fusion reactor to produce electricity in an experimental environment . DEMO 's anticipated success is expected to lead to full - scale electricity - producing fusion power stations and future commercial reactors . Contents 1 Background 2 Organization history 3 Objectives 4 Timeline and current status 5 Reactor overview 6 Technical design 6.1 Vacuum vessel 6.2 Breeder blanket 6.3 Magnet system 6.4 Additional heating 6.5 Cryostat 6.6 Cooling systems 7 Location 8 Participants 9 Funding 10 Criticism 10.1 Responses to criticism 11 Similar projects 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Background ( edit ) Fusion power has the potential to provide sufficient energy to satisfy mounting demand , and to do so sustainably , with a relatively small impact on the environment . Nuclear fusion has many potential attractions . Firstly , its hydrogen isotope fuels are relatively abundant -- one of the necessary isotopes , deuterium , can be extracted from seawater , while the other fuel , tritium , would be bred from a lithium blanket using neutrons produced in the fusion reaction itself . Furthermore , a fusion reactor would produce virtually no CO or atmospheric pollutants , and its radioactive waste products would mostly be very short - lived compared to those produced by conventional nuclear reactors . On 21 November 2006 , the seven participants formally agreed to fund the creation of a nuclear fusion reactor . The program is anticipated to last for 30 years -- 10 for construction , and 20 of operation . ITER was originally expected to cost approximately € 5 billion , but the rising price of raw materials and changes to the initial design have seen that amount almost triple to € 13 billion . The reactor is expected to take 10 years to build with completion scheduled for 2019 . Site preparation has begun in Cadarache , France , and procurement of large components has started . When supplied with 300 MW of electrical power , ITER is expected to produce the equivalent of 500 MW of thermal power sustained for up to 1,000 seconds . This compares to JET 's consumption of 700 MW of electrical power and peak thermal output of 16 MW for less than a second ) by the fusion of about 0.5 g of deuterium / tritium mixture in its approximately 840 m reactor chamber . The heat produced in ITER will not be used to generate any electricity because after accounting for losses and the 300 MW minimum power input , the output will be equivalent to a zero ( net ) power reactor . Organization History ( edit ) Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev at the Geneva Summit in 1985 ITER began in 1985 as a Reagan -- Gorbachev initiative with the equal participation of the Soviet Union , the European Atomic Energy Community , the United States , and Japan through the 1988 -- 1998 initial design phases . Preparations for the first Gorbachev - Reagan Summit showed that there were no tangible agreements in the works for the summit . One energy research project , however , was being considered quietly by two physicists , Alvin Trivelpiece and Evgeny Velikhov . The project involved collaboration on the next phase of magnetic fusion research -- the construction of a demonstration model . At the time , magnetic fusion research was ongoing in Japan , Europe , the Soviet Union and the US . Velikhov and Trivelpiece believed that taking the next step in fusion research would be beyond the budget of any of the key nations and that collaboration would be useful internationally . A major bureaucratic fight erupted in the US government over the project . One argument against collaboration was that the Soviets would use it to steal US technology and know - how . A second was symbolic -- the Soviet physicist Andrei Sakharov was in internal exile and the US was pushing the Soviet Union on its human rights record . The United States National Security Council convened a meeting under the direction of William Flynn Martin that resulted in a consensus that the US should go forward with the project . Martin and Velikhov concluded the agreement that was agreed at the summit and announced in the last paragraph of this historic summit meeting , `` ... The two leaders emphasized the potential importance of the work aimed at utilizing controlled thermonuclear fusion for peaceful purposes and , in this connection , advocated the widest practicable development of international cooperation in obtaining this source of energy , which is essentially inexhaustible , for the benefit for all mankind . '' Conceptual and engineering design phases carried out under the auspices of the IAEA led to an acceptable , detailed design in 2001 , underpinned by US $650 million worth of research and development by the `` ITER Parties '' to establish its practical feasibility . These parties , namely EU , Japan , Russian Federation ( replacing the Soviet Union ) , and United States ( which opted out of the project in 1999 and returned in 2003 ) , were joined in negotiations by China , South Korea , and Canada ( who then terminated its participation at the end of 2003 ) . India officially became part of ITER in December 2005 . On 28 June 2005 , it was officially announced that ITER would be built in the European Union in Southern France . The negotiations that led to the decision ended in a compromise between the EU and Japan , in that Japan was promised 20 % of the research staff on the French location of ITER , as well as the head of the administrative body of ITER . In addition , another research facility for the project will be built in Japan , and the European Union has agreed to contribute about 50 % of the costs of this institution . On 21 November 2006 , an international consortium signed a formal agreement to build the reactor . On 24 September 2007 , the People 's Republic of China became the seventh party to deposit the ITER Agreement to the IAEA . Finally , on 24 October 2007 , the ITER Agreement entered into force and the ITER Organization legally came into existence . Objectives ( edit ) ITER 's mission is to demonstrate the feasibility of fusion power , and prove that it can work without negative impact . Specifically , the project aims to : Momentarily produce a fusion plasma with thermal power ten times greater than the injected thermal power ( a Q value of 10 ) . Produce a steady - state plasma with a Q value greater than 5 . ( Q = 1 is scientific breakeven . ) Maintain a fusion pulse for up to 8 minutes . Develop technologies and processes needed for a fusion power station -- including superconducting magnets and remote handling ( maintenance by robot ) . Verify tritium breeding concepts . Refine neutron shield / heat conversion technology ( most of the energy in the D + T fusion reaction is released in the form of fast neutrons ) . Timeline and current status ( edit ) In 1978 , the European Commission , Japan , United States , and USSR joined in the International Tokamak Reactor ( INTOR ) Workshop , under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) , to assess the readiness of magnetic fusion to move forward to the experimental power reactor ( EPR ) stage , to identify the additional R&D that must be undertaken , and to define the characteristics of such an EPR by means of a conceptual design . Hundreds of fusion scientists and engineers in each participating country took part in a detailed assessment of the then present status of the tokamak confinement concept vis - a-vis the requirements of an EPR , identified the required R&D by early 1980 , and produced a conceptual design by mid-1981 . In 1985 , at the Geneva summit meeting in 1985 , Mikhail Gorbachev suggested to Ronald Reagan that the two countries jointly undertake the construction of a tokamak EPR as proposed by the INTOR Workshop . The ITER project was initiated in 1988 . Project milestones Date Event ITER project officially initiated . Conceptual design activities ran from 1988 to 1990 . Engineering design activities from 1992 to 1998 . 2005 India officially became part of ITER . 2006 Approval of a cost estimate of € 10 billion ( US $12.8 billion ) projecting the start of construction in 2008 and completion a decade later . 2008 Site preparation start , ITER itinerary start . 2009 Site preparation completion . Tokamak complex excavation starts . 2013 Tokamak complex construction starts . 2015 Tokamak construction starts , but the schedule is extended by at least six years . 2016 The Atomic Energy Organization of Iran formally requests to join ITER . 2017 Assembly Hall ready for equipment 2018 - 2025 Assembly and integration 2025 Planned : Assembly ends ; commissioning phase starts 2025 Planned : Achievement of first plasma . 2035 Planned : Start of deuterium -- tritium operation . Reactor overview ( edit ) See also : Nuclear fusion When deuterium and tritium fuse , two nuclei come together to form a helium nucleus ( an alpha particle ) , and a high - energy neutron . + → He + n + 6988281822844063300 ♠ 17.59 MeV While nearly all stable isotopes lighter on the periodic table than iron - 56 and nickel - 62 , which have the highest binding energy per nucleon , will fuse with some other isotope and release energy , deuterium and tritium are by far the most attractive for energy generation as they require the lowest activation energy ( thus lowest temperature ) to do so , while producing among the most energy per unit weight . All proto - and mid-life stars radiate enormous amounts of energy generated by fusion processes . Mass for mass , the deuterium -- tritium fusion process releases roughly three times as much energy as uranium - 235 fission , and millions of times more energy than a chemical reaction such as the burning of coal . It is the goal of a fusion power station to harness this energy to produce electricity . Activation energies for fusion reactions are generally high because the protons in each nucleus will tend to strongly repel one another , as they each have the same positive charge . A heuristic for estimating reaction rates is that nuclei must be able to get within 100 femtometers ( 1 × 10 meter ) of each other , where the nuclei are increasingly likely to undergo quantum tunneling past the electrostatic barrier and the turning point where the strong nuclear force and the electrostatic force are equally balanced , allowing them to fuse . In ITER , this distance of approach is made possible by high temperatures and magnetic confinement . High temperatures give the nuclei enough energy to overcome their electrostatic repulsion ( see Maxwell -- Boltzmann distribution ) . For deuterium and tritium , the optimal reaction rates occur at temperatures on the order of 100,000,000 K . The plasma is heated to a high temperature by ohmic heating ( running a current through the plasma ) . Additional heating is applied using neutral beam injection ( which cross magnetic field lines without a net deflection and will not cause a large electromagnetic disruption ) and radio frequency ( RF ) or microwave heating . At such high temperatures , particles have a large kinetic energy , and hence velocity . If unconfined , the particles will rapidly escape , taking the energy with them , cooling the plasma to the point where net energy is no longer produced . A successful reactor would need to contain the particles in a small enough volume for a long enough time for much of the plasma to fuse . In ITER and many other magnetic confinement reactors , the plasma , a gas of charged particles , is confined using magnetic fields . A charged particle moving through a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to the direction of travel , resulting in centripetal acceleration , thereby confining it to move in a circle or helix around the lines of magnetic flux . A solid confinement vessel is also needed , both to shield the magnets and other equipment from high temperatures and energetic photons and particles , and to maintain a near - vacuum for the plasma to populate . The containment vessel is subjected to a barrage of very energetic particles , where electrons , ions , photons , alpha particles , and neutrons constantly bombard it and degrade the structure . The material must be designed to endure this environment so that a power station would be economical . Tests of such materials will be carried out both at ITER and at IFMIF ( International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility ) . Once fusion has begun , high energy neutrons will radiate from the reactive regions of the plasma , crossing magnetic field lines easily due to charge neutrality ( see neutron flux ) . Since it is the neutrons that receive the majority of the energy , they will be ITER 's primary source of energy output . Ideally , alpha particles will expend their energy in the plasma , further heating it . Beyond the inner wall of the containment vessel one of several test blanket modules will be placed . These are designed to slow and absorb neutrons in a reliable and efficient manner , limiting damage to the rest of the structure , and breeding tritium for fuel from lithium bearing ceramic pebbles contained within the blanket module following the following reactions : n + Li → + He n + Li → + He + n where the reactant neutron is supplied by the D-T fusion reaction . Energy absorbed from the fast neutrons is extracted and passed into the primary coolant . This heat energy would then be used to power an electricity - generating turbine in a real power station ; in ITER this generating system is not of scientific interest , so instead the heat will be extracted and disposed of . Technical design ( edit ) Cross-section of part of the planned ITER fusion reaction vessel . Vacuum vessel ( edit ) The vacuum vessel is the central part of the ITER machine : a double walled steel container in which the plasma is contained by means of magnetic fields . The ITER vacuum vessel will be twice as large and 16 times as heavy as any previously manufactured fusion vessel : each of the nine torus shaped sectors will weigh between 390 and 430 tonnes . When all the shielding and port structures are included , this adds up to a total of 5,116 tonnes . Its external diameter will measure 19.4 metres ( 64 ft ) , the internal 6.5 metres ( 21 ft ) . Once assembled , the whole structure will be 11.3 metres ( 37 ft ) high . The primary function of the vacuum vessel is to provide a hermetically sealed plasma container . Its main components are the main vessel , the port structures and the supporting system . The main vessel is a double walled structure with poloidal and toroidal stiffening ribs between 60 - millimetre - thick ( 2.4 in ) shells to reinforce the vessel structure . These ribs also form the flow passages for the cooling water . The space between the double walls will be filled with shield structures made of stainless steel . The inner surfaces of the vessel will act as the interface with breeder modules containing the breeder blanket component . These modules will provide shielding from the high - energy neutrons produced by the fusion reactions and some will also be used for tritium breeding concepts . The vacuum vessel has 18 upper , 17 equatorial and 9 lower ports that will be used for remote handling operations , diagnostic systems , neutral beam injections and vacuum pumping . Breeder blanket ( edit ) Owing to very limited terrestrial resources of tritium , a key component of the ITER reactor design is the breeder blanket . This component , located adjacent to the vacuum vessel , serves to produce tritium through reaction with neutrons from the plasma . There are several reactions that produce tritium within the blanket . Li produces tritium via n , t reactions with moderated neutrons , Li produces tritium via interactions with higher energy neutrons via n , nt reactions . Concepts for the breeder blanket include helium cooled lithium lead ( HCLL ) and helium cooled pebble bed ( HCPB ) methods . Six different Test Blanket Modules ( TBM ) will be tested in ITER and will share a common box geometry . Materials for use as breeder pebbles in the HCPB concept include lithium metatitanate and lithium orthosilicate . Requirements of breeder materials include good tritium production and extraction , mechanical stability and low activation levels . Magnet system ( edit ) The central solenoid coil will use superconducting niobium - tin to carry 46 kA and produce a field of up to 13.5 teslas . The 18 toroidal field coils will also use niobium - tin . At their maximum field strength of 11.8 teslas , they will be able to store 41 gigajoules . They have been tested at a record 80 kA . Other lower field ITER magnets ( PF and CC ) will use niobium - titanium for their superconducting elements . As of now the in - wall shielding blocks to protect the magnets from high energy neutrons are being manufactured and transported from the Avasarala technologies in Bangalore India to the ITER center . Additional heating ( edit ) There will be three types of external heating in ITER : Two Heating Neutral Beam injectors ( HNB ) , each providing about 17MW to the burning plasma , with the possibility to add a third one . The requirements in terms of deuterium beam energy ( 1MeV ) , total current ( 40A ) and beam pulse duration ( up to 1h ) . The prototype is being built at the Neutral Beam Test Facility ( NBTF ) prototype is being constructed in Padova Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating ( ICRH ) Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating ( ECRH ) Cryostat ( edit ) The cryostat is a large 3,800 - tonne stainless steel structure surrounding the vacuum vessel and the superconducting magnets , in order to provide a super-cool vacuum environment . Its thickness ranging from 6998500000000000000 ♠ 50 to 250 mm will allow it to withstand the atmospheric pressure on the area of a volume of 8,500 cubic meters . The total of 54 modules of the cryostat will be engineered , procured , manufactured , and installed by Larsen & Toubro Heavy Engineering . Cooling systems ( edit ) The ITER tokamak will use three interconnected cooling systems . Most of the heat will be removed by a primary water cooling loop , itself cooled by water through a heat exchanger within the tokamak building 's secondary confinement . The secondary cooling loop will be cooled by a larger complex , comprising a cooling tower , a 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) pipeline supplying water from Canal de Provence , and basins that allow cooling water to be cooled and tested for chemical contamination and tritium before being released into the Durance River . This system will need to dissipate an average power of 7008450000000000000 ♠ 450 MW during the tokamak 's operation . A liquid nitrogen system will provide a further 7006130000000000000 ♠ 1300 kW of cooling to 80 K ( − 193.2 ° C ; − 315.7 ° F ) , and a liquid helium system will provide 7004750000000000000 ♠ 75 kW of cooling to 4.5 K ( − 268.65 ° C ; − 451.57 ° F ) . The liquid helium system will be designed , manufactured , installed and commissioned by Air Liquide . Location ( edit ) Location of Cadarache in France The process of selecting a location for ITER was long and drawn out . The most likely sites were Cadarache in Provence - Alpes - Côte - d'Azur , France , and Rokkasho , Aomori , Japan . Additionally , Canada announced a bid for the site in Clarington in May 2001 , but withdrew from the race in 2003 . Spain also offered a site at Vandellòs on 17 April 2002 , but the EU decided to concentrate its support solely behind the French site in late November 2003 . From this point on , the choice was between France and Japan . On 3 May 2005 , the EU and Japan agreed to a process which would settle their dispute by July . At the final meeting in Moscow on 28 June 2005 , the participating parties agreed to construct ITER at Cadarache in Provence - Alpes - Côte - d'Azur , France . Construction of the ITER complex began in 2007 , while assembly of the tokamak itself was scheduled to begin in 2015 . Fusion for Energy , the EU agency in charge of the European contribution to the project , is located in Barcelona , Spain . Fusion for Energy ( F4E ) is the European Union 's Joint Undertaking for ITER and the Development of Fusion Energy . According to the agency 's website : `` F4E is responsible for providing Europe 's contribution to ITER , the world 's largest scientific partnership that aims to demonstrate fusion as a viable and sustainable source of energy . ( ... ) F4E also supports fusion research and development initiatives ( ... ) '' The ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility aimed at developing and optimizing the neutral beam injector prototype , is being constructed in Padova , Italy . It will be the only ITER facility out of the site in Cadarache . Participants ( edit ) Thirty - five countries participate in the ITER project Currently there are seven parties participating in the ITER program : the European Union ( through the legally distinct organisation EURATOM ) , India , Japan , China , Russia , South Korea , and the United States . Canada was previously a full member , but has since pulled out due to a lack of funding from the federal government . The lack of funding also resulted in Canada withdrawing from its bid for the ITER site in 2003 . The host member of the ITER project , and hence the member contributing most of the costs , is the EU . In 2007 , it was announced that participants in the ITER will consider Kazakhstan 's offer to join the program and in March 2009 , Switzerland , an associate member of EURATOM since 1979 , also ratified the country 's accession to the European Domestic Agency Fusion for Energy as a third country member . The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom announced on 20 March 2017 that the UK will be withdrawing from EuroAtom and future involvement in the project is unclear . The future of the Joint European Torus project , which is located in the UK , is also not certain . Some type of associate membership in EURATOM is considered a likely scenario , possibly similar to Switzerland . In 2016 , ITER announced a partnership with Australia for `` technical cooperation in areas of mutual benefit and interest '' , but without Australia becoming a full member . ITER 's work is supervised by the ITER Council , which has the authority to appoint senior staff , amend regulations , decide on budgeting issues , and allow additional states or organizations to participate in ITER . The current Chairman of the ITER Council is Won Namkung , and the ITER Director - General is Bernard Bigot . Participants EU United States China India Japan Russia South Korea Switzerland Funding ( edit ) As of 2016 , the total price of constructing the experiment is expected to be in excess of € 20 billion , an increase of € 4.6 billion of its 2010 estimate , and of € 9.6 billion from the 2009 estimate . Prior to that , the proposed costs for ITER were € 5 billion for the construction and € 5 billion for maintenance and the research connected with it during its 35 - year lifetime . At the June 2005 conference in Moscow the participating members of the ITER cooperation agreed on the following division of funding contributions : 45 % by the hosting member , the European Union , and the rest split between the non-hosting members -- China , India , Japan , South Korea , the Russian Federation and the USA . During the operation and deactivation phases , Euratom will contribute to 34 % of the total costs . Although Japan 's financial contribution as a non-hosting member is one - eleventh of the total , the EU agreed to grant it a special status so that Japan will provide for two - elevenths of the research staff at Cadarache and be awarded two - elevenths of the construction contracts , while the European Union 's staff and construction components contributions will be cut from five - elevenths to four - elevenths . It was reported in December 2010 that the European Parliament had refused to approve a plan by member states to reallocate € 1.4 billion from the budget to cover a shortfall in ITER building costs in 2012 -- 13 . The closure of the 2010 budget required this financing plan to be revised , and the European Commission ( EC ) was forced to put forward an ITER budgetary resolution proposal in 2011 . The U.S. withdrew from the ITER consortium in 2000 . In 2006 , Congress voted to rejoin , and again contribute financially . Criticism ( edit ) Protest against ITER in France , 2009 . Construction of the ITER facility began in 2007 , but the project has run into many delays and budget overruns . The World Nuclear Association says that fusion `` presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering challenges '' . A technical concern is that the 14 MeV neutrons produced by the fusion reactions will damage the materials from which the reactor is built . Research is in progress to determine whether and how reactor walls can be designed to last long enough to make a commercial power station economically viable in the presence of the intense neutron bombardment . The damage is primarily caused by high energy neutrons knocking atoms out of their normal position in the crystal lattice . A related problem for a future commercial fusion power station is that the neutron bombardment will induce radioactivity in the reactor material itself . Maintaining and decommissioning a commercial reactor may thus be difficult and expensive . Another problem is that superconducting magnets are damaged by neutron fluxes . A new special research facility , IFMIF , is planned to investigate this problem . Another source of concern comes from the 2013 tokamak parameters database interpolation which says that power load on tokamak divertors will be five times the expected value for ITER and much more for actual electricity - generating reactors . Given that the projected power load on the ITER divertor is already very high , these new findings mean that new divertor designs should be urgently tested . However , the corresponding test facility ( ADX ) has not received any funding as of 2018 . A number of fusion researchers working on non-tokamak systems , such as Robert Bussard and Eric Lerner , have been critical of ITER for diverting funding from what they believe could be a potentially more viable and / or cost - effective path to fusion power , such as the polywell reactor . Many critics accuse ITER researchers of being unwilling to face up to the technical and economic potential problems posed by tokamak fusion schemes . The expected cost of ITER has risen from US $5 billion to US $20 billion , and the timeline for operation at full power was moved from the original estimate of 2016 to 2027 . A French association including about 700 anti-nuclear groups , Sortir du nucléaire ( Get Out of Nuclear Energy ) , claimed that ITER was a hazard because scientists did not yet know how to manipulate the high - energy deuterium and tritium hydrogen isotopes used in the fusion process . Rebecca Harms , Green / EFA member of the European Parliament 's Committee on Industry , Research and Energy , said : `` In the next 50 years , nuclear fusion will neither tackle climate change nor guarantee the security of our energy supply . '' Arguing that the EU 's energy research should be focused elsewhere , she said : `` The Green / EFA group demands that these funds be spent instead on energy research that is relevant to the future . A major focus should now be put on renewable sources of energy . '' French Green party lawmaker Noël Mamère claims that more concrete efforts to fight present - day global warming will be neglected as a result of ITER : `` This is not good news for the fight against the greenhouse effect because we 're going to put ten billion euros towards a project that has a term of 30 -- 50 years when we 're not even sure it will be effective . '' ITER is not designed to produce electricity , but made as a proof of concept reactor for the later DEMO project . Responses to criticism ( edit ) Proponents believe that much of the ITER criticism is misleading and inaccurate , in particular the allegations of the experiment 's `` inherent danger . '' The stated goals for a commercial fusion power station design are that the amount of radioactive waste produced should be hundreds of times less than that of a fission reactor , and that it should produce no long - lived radioactive waste , and that it is impossible for any such reactor to undergo a large - scale runaway chain reaction . A direct contact of the plasma with ITER inner walls would contaminate it , causing it to cool immediately and stop the fusion process . In addition , the amount of fuel contained in a fusion reactor chamber ( one half gram of deuterium / tritium fuel ) is only sufficient to sustain the fusion burn pulse from minutes up to an hour at most , whereas a fission reactor usually contains several years ' worth of fuel . Moreover , some detritiation systems will be implemented , so that at a fuel cycle inventory level of about 2 kg ( 4.4 lb ) , ITER will eventually need to recycle large amounts of tritium and at turnovers orders of magnitude higher than any preceding tritium facility worldwide . In the case of an accident ( or sabotage ) , it is expected that a fusion reactor would release far less radioactive pollution than would an ordinary fission nuclear station . Furthermore , ITER 's type of fusion power has little in common with nuclear weapons technology , and does not produce the fissile materials necessary for the construction of a weapon . Proponents note that large - scale fusion power would be able to produce reliable electricity on demand , and with virtually zero pollution ( no gaseous CO , SO , or NO by - products are produced ) . According to researchers at a demonstration reactor in Japan , a fusion generator should be feasible in the 2030s and no later than the 2050s . Japan is pursuing its own research program with several operational facilities that are exploring several fusion paths . In the United States alone , electricity accounts for US $210 billion in annual sales . Asia 's electricity sector attracted US $93 billion in private investment between 1990 and 1999 . These figures take into account only current prices . Proponents of ITER contend that an investment in research now should be viewed as an attempt to earn a far greater future return . Also , worldwide investment of less than US $1 billion per year into ITER is not incompatible with concurrent research into other methods of power generation , which in 2007 totaled US $16.9 billion . Supporters of ITER emphasize that the only way to test ideas for withstanding the intense neutron flux is to experimentally subject materials to that flux , which is one of the primary missions of ITER and the IFMIF , and both facilities will be vitally important to that effort . The purpose of ITER is to explore the scientific and engineering questions that surround potential fusion power stations . It is nearly impossible to acquire satisfactory data for the properties of materials expected to be subject to an intense neutron flux , and burning plasmas are expected to have quite different properties from externally heated plasmas . Supporters contend that the answer to these questions requires the ITER experiment , especially in the light of the monumental potential benefits . Furthermore , the main line of research via tokamaks has been developed to the point that it is now possible to undertake the penultimate step in magnetic confinement plasma physics research with a self - sustained reaction . In the tokamak research program , recent advances devoted to controlling the configuration of the plasma have led to the achievement of substantially improved energy and pressure confinement , which reduces the projected cost of electricity from such reactors by a factor of two to a value only about 50 % more than the projected cost of electricity from advanced light - water reactors . In addition , progress in the development of advanced , low activation structural materials supports the promise of environmentally benign fusion reactors and research into alternate confinement concepts is yielding the promise of future improvements in confinement . Finally , supporters contend that other potential replacements to the fossil fuels have environmental issues of their own . Solar , wind , and hydroelectric power all have a relatively low power output per square kilometer compared to ITER 's successor DEMO which , at 2,000 MW , would have an energy density that exceeds even large fission power stations . Similar projects ( edit ) Precursors to ITER were EAST , KSTAR , JET , and Tore Supra . Other planned and proposed fusion reactors include DEMO , Wendelstein 7 - X , NIF , HiPER , and MAST , as well as CFETR ( China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor ) , a 7008200000000000000 ♠ 200 MW tokamak . See also ( edit ) Nuclear technology portal Energy portal Science portal France portal COLEX process ( isotopic separation ) EAST ( Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak ) Fusenet , European Fusion Education Network , 2008 - 2013 Fusion for Energy , the Domestic Agency in charge of managing EU contributions to the ITER project International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility , proposed , construction not started ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility , the facility dedicated to the development of the ITER neutral beam injector prototype JT - 60 , Japan 's magnetic fusion program KSTAR , Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research ( One of the first research tokamaks in the world to feature fully superconducting magnets ) National Ignition Facility , inertial confinement using lasers Nuclear power in France Wendelstein 7 - X ( German experimental fusion reactor ) - a stellarator References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The ITER project . EFDA , European Fusion Development Agreement ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/21/068/21068957.pdf Jump up ^ https://www-pub.iaea.org/books/IAEABooks/6492/ITER-Technical-Basis Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20050205034858/http://www.iter.org:80/index.htm Jump up ^ `` Facts & Figures '' . ITER . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power Supply '' . ITER . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.jt60sa.org/b/FAQ/EE2.htm Jump up ^ https://www.iea.org/media/workshops/2016/fpccwebinar/Item_6_EUROPE.pdf Jump up ^ Amos , Jonathan ( 14 October 2010 ) . `` Key component contract for Iter fusion reactor '' . BBC News . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ ITER -- Our Contribution . Europa ( web portal ) . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lengthy ITER dispute concludes in favour of France . European Commission press release . Cordis.europa.eu ( 28 June 2005 ) . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ ITER Annual Report 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ITER Organisation ( 2014 ) . `` ITER & Beyond '' . ITER . Archived from the original on 1 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : ITER Organisation ( 2015 ) . `` facts and figures '' . ITER . ^ Jump up to : W Wayt Gibbs ( 30 December 2013 ) . `` Triple - threat method sparks hope for fusion '' . Nature . Jump up ^ `` What is ITER ? '' . ITER. 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.iter.org/FactsFigures ^ Jump up to : Meade , Dale ( 2010 ) . `` 50 years of fusion research '' . Nuclear Fusion. 50 ( 1 ) : 014004 . doi : 10.1088 / 0029 - 5515 / 50 / 1 / 014004 . ISSN 0029 - 5515 . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ ITER & Beyond . ITER . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fusion fuels '' . ITER . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Green light for nuclear fusion project '' . New Scientist. 21 November 2006 . Retrieved 13 September 2009 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Matt . ( 29 July 2010 ) Deal finalised on fusion reactor . BBC . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : ITER website . Iter.org . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ ITER -- The World 's Largest Tokamak . iter.org Jump up ^ http://www.jt60sa.org/b/FAQ/EE2.htm Jump up ^ Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science , Inc . ( October 1992 ) . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science , Inc . pp. 9 -- . ISSN 0096 - 3402 . ^ Jump up to : Braams , C.M. ; Stott , P.E. ( 2010 ) . Nuclear Fusion : Half a Century of Magnetic Confinement Fusion Research . Taylor & Francis . pp. 250 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7503 - 0705 - 5 . Jump up ^ Plasma 2010 Committee ; Plasma Science Committee ; National Research Council ( 2007 ) . Plasma Science : Advancing Knowledge in the National Interest . National Academies Press . pp. 222 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 10943 - 7 . Jump up ^ Joint Soviet - United States Statement on the Summit Meeting in Geneva Ronald Reagan . November 21 , 1985 Jump up ^ Japan cedes ITER project to France . The Asahi Shimbun , 29 June 2005 . Jump up ^ `` States sign nuclear energy pact '' . BBC News . 21 November 2006 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Why ITER ? '' . The ITER Organization . Retrieved 13 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quest for a Fusion Energy Reactor : An Insider 's Account of the INTOR Workshop '' , Oxford University Press ( 2010 ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Geneva Summit '' . Milestones in the History of the ITER Project . ITER . November 1985 . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ A Design for ITER Jump up ^ ITER engineering begins Jump up ^ Council approves Final Design ^ Jump up to : `` Approved ! Council gives project green light to proceed '' . ITER & Beyond . The Phases of ITER . ITER . September 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ ITER ( 19 November 2015 ) . `` ITER Project progressing well despite delays '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ First machine components reach ITER . December 2015 , ITER . Jump up ^ Clery , Daniel ( 19 November 2015 ) . `` ITER fusion project to take at least 6 years longer than planned '' . Science . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://en.trend.az/iran/nuclearp/2561756.html ^ Jump up to : When will experiments begin ? ITER . Accessed April 2018 . Jump up ^ ITER ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` 20th ITER Council meeting recognizes strong project progress in line with the 2016 baseline '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . ITER . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ ITER Vacuum Vessel Assembly -- Call for Expression of Interest . ITER. 20 Feb 2009 . Jump up ^ Hanaor , D.A.H. ; Kolb , M.H.H. ; Gan , Y. ; Kamlah , M. ; Knitter , R. ( 2014 ) . `` Solution based synthesis of mixed - phase materials in the Li TiO - Li SiO system '' . Journal of Nuclear Materials. 456 : 151 -- 161 . arXiv : 1410.7128 . Bibcode : 2015JNuM ... 456 ... 151H . doi : 10.1016 / j. jnucmat. 2014.09. 028 . Jump up ^ Gan , Y ; Hernandez , F ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` Thermal Discrete Element Analysis of EU Solid Breeder Blanket Subjected to Neutron Irradiation '' . Fusion Science and Technology . 66 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 90 . arXiv : 1406.4199 . doi : 10.13182 / FST13 - 727 . Jump up ^ http://www.iter.org/whatsnew/print/2016/03/21 Jump up ^ https://www.igi.cnr.it/www/sites/default/files/home201511/SchedaNBTF_MIUR_EN.pdf Jump up ^ `` Larsen & Toubro Ltd will manufacture ITER Cryostat '' . 3 September 2012 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear fusion win for Larsen & Toubrot '' . 12 September 2012 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World 's largest cryogenic plant to be installed in ITER fusion reactor '' . Science World Report . December 2012 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EUR 83 million contract signed for Liquid Helium Plant '' . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ The EU 's Fusion for Energy website . Fusionforenergy.europa.eu ( 19 April 2007 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Consorzio RFX website , where the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility is host Jump up ^ `` Kazakhstan Offers To Join International Fusion Power Project '' . RIA Novosti . Retrieved 14 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Switzerland officializes ITER participation '' . iter.org. 29 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit puts Europe 's nuclear fusion future in doubt '' . New Scientist. 30 Nov 2016 . Retrieved 17 Jan 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EuroFusion and UK after Brexit '' . EuroFusion. 24 Jun 2016 . Retrieved 17 Jan 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome Australia ! '' . iter.org. 16 Oct 2016 . Retrieved 17 Jan 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ITER Council , ITER 's top authority '' . ITER.org . Jump up ^ `` Won Namkung takes helm of the ITER Council '' ( PDF ) . ITER.org. 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Tirone , Jonathan . `` World 's Biggest Science Experiment Seeks More Time and Money '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` EU member states agree on Iter funding shortfall '' , BBC , 13 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fusion falters under soaring costs '' , BBC , 17 June 2009 ( accessed 18 June 2009 ) . Jump up ^ ITER & Fusion Research press release . Europa ( web portal ) , 5 May 2011 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Nuclear fusion finance plan rejected by EU Parliament , BBC , 16 December 2010 ( accessed 19 December 2010 ) . Jump up ^ World Nuclear Association ( 2005 ) . `` Nuclear Fusion Power '' . Archived from the original on 24 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Cambi , G. ; Cepraga , D.G. ; Frisoni , M. ; Carloni , F. ( 1999 ) . `` Neutron irradiation effects on the ITER - EDA and ITER - RC first wall / blanket materials '' . 18th IEEE / NPSS Symposium on Fusion Engineering . Symposium Proceedings ( Cat . No. 99CH37050 ) . p. 330 . doi : 10.1109 / FUSION. 1999.849850 . ISBN 0 - 7803 - 5829 - 5 . Jump up ^ ITER homepage : Hot Cell . Iter.org . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Innovation is Key from ITER to DEMO . Dec 2013 Porkolab . MIT The FIRE Place . ( PMI = Plasma Material Interaction ) Compares ITER parameters with the ARIES - ACT1 and ARIES - ACT2 designs , and has 3 slides on ADX ^ Jump up to : Robert Bussard ( lecturer ) ( 9 November 2006 ) . `` Should Google Go Nuclear ? Clean , cheap , nuclear power ( no , really ) '' . Google Tech Talks . Google . Archived from the original ( Flash video ) on 2007 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Focus Fusion : The Fastest Route to Cheap , Clean Energy . YouTube Jump up ^ France Wins Nuclear Fusion Plant . Deutsche Welle . Dw-world.de ( 28 June 2005 ) . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Mixed reactions to ITER EurActiv July 2005 Jump up ^ Lev Grossman , `` A Star is Born '' , Time Magazine , November 2 , 2015 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Advantages of fusion '' . ITER . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Facts and Stats ... 1 / 3 of fuel rods changed every 18 months . STPNOC.com . Jump up ^ `` Detritiation Systems at ITER '' ( PDF ) . French Nuclear Safety Authority . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 September 2014 . Retrieved 12 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hiwatari , R. ; Okano , K. ; Asaoka , Y. ; Shinya , K. ; Ogawa , Y. ( 2005 ) . `` Demonstration tokamak fusion power station for early realization of net electric power generation '' . Nuclear Fusion. 45 ( 2 ) : 96 . Bibcode : 2005NucFu ... 45 ... 96H . doi : 10.1088 / 0029 - 5515 / 45 / 2 / 004 . Jump up ^ DOE / EIA - 0623 Challenges of Electric Power Industry Restructuring for Fuel Suppliers . Eia.doe.gov ( September 1998 ) . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Worldwide power Electric Perspectives Find Articles at BNET.com Jump up ^ `` GLOBAL TRENDS IN SUSTAINABLE ENERGY INVESTMENT 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Nuclear Data for Helium Production in Fusion . ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Commentaries on criticisms of magnetic fusion , Weston M. Stacey , Georgia Institute of Technology , March 1999 Jump up ^ `` Demonstration Fusion Reactors '' . Fusion for Energy . European Joint Undertaking for ITER and the Development of Fusion Energy . Retrieved 17 November 2008 . Jump up ^ U.S. Nuclear Statistics . Date of Latest Data : 2008 , Report Released : August 2009 , eia.doe.gov . Jump up ^ `` EFDA - JET '' . EFDA. 2009 . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tore Supra '' . CEA . Archived from the original on 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beyond ITER '' . iter.org . Archived from the original on 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wendelstein 7 - X '' . Max - Planck - Institut für Plasmaphysik. 3 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2009 . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` National Ignition Facility & Photon Science '' . Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` HiPER '' . HiPER Project . 2009 . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MAST '' . Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak. 2010 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/physics/meetings/TM45256/talks/Gao.pdf Jump up ^ Zheng , Jinxing ( 2013 ) . `` Concept design of CFETR superconducting magnet system based on different maintenance ports '' . Fusion Engineering and Design . 88 ( 11 ) : 2960 -- 2966 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fusengdes. 2013.06. 008 . Jump up ^ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6716984&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D6716984 Jump up ^ http://aries.ucsd.edu/LIB/MEETINGS/1302-USJ-PPS/Ye.pdf External links ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : France secures site for 10 billion euro nuclear fusion research project Wikimedia Commons has media related to ITER . Official website The New Yorker , Mar. 3 2014 , Star in a Bottle , by Raffi Khatchadourian Archival material collected by Prof. McCray relating to ITER 's early phase ( 1979 -- 1989 ) can be consulted at the Historical Archives of the European Union in Florence `` Way to New Energy '' video ( 23 : 24 ) at YouTube , by RT , on May 6 , 2014 . The roles of the Host and the non-Host for the ITER Project . June 2005 The broader approach agreement with Japan . Fusion Electricity - A roadmap to the realisation of fusion energy EFDA 2012 - 8 missions , ITER , project plan with dependencies , ... `` The template below ( Fusion experiments ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Fusion experimental devices by confinement method Magnetic Tokamak International ITER DEMO PROTO Americas STOR - M MEDUSA - CR Alcator C - Mod DIII - D UCLA ET LTX NSTX Pegasus PBX - M TEXT TFTR ETE Novillo Asia and Australia LT - 1 TORTUS CT - 6 CFETR EAST HL - 1 ( M ) HL - 2A HT - 6 ( B , M ) HT - 7 ( U ) KT - 5 SUNIST ADITYA SST - 1 IR - T1 JT - 60 QUEST ( ja ) KTM GLAST K - DEMO KSTAR Europe JET COMPASS GOLEM TJ - I TFR WEST ASDEX Upgrade TEXTOR FTU IGNITOR RTP ISTTOK T - 3 T - 4 T - 10 T - 15 TCV MAST MAST - U START Stellarator Americas CNT ATF CAT HSX HIDRA NCSX QPS SCR - 1 Asia and Australia H - 1NF Lingyun CHS Heliotron J LHD TU - Heliac Europe UST - 1 UST - 2 TJ - II TJ - IU TJ - K WEGA ( de ) Wendelstein 7 - AS ( de ) Wendelstein 7 - X Uragan - 1 Uragan - 2 ( Uragan - 2M ) Uragan - 3 ( Uragan - 3M ) L - 2M RFP RFX TPE - RX EXTRAP T2R MST Other MTF Dense plasma focus LDX MCX MFTF Polywell SSPX ZETA Inertial Laser Americas Argus Cyclops Janus Laser Inertial Fusion Energy Long path NIF Nike Nova OMEGA Shiva Asia SG - I SG - II SG - III SG - IV GEKKO XII Europe HiPER Asterix IV ( PALS ) LMJ LULI2000 ISKRA Vulcan Non-laser PTS Qiangguang - 1 PACER Z machine International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility Nuclear power in France Power plants Active Belleville Blayais Bugey Cattenom Chinon Chooz Civaux Cruas Dampierre Fessenheim Flamanville Golfech Gravelines Nogent Paluel Penly Saint - Alban Saint - Laurent Tricastin ( Saint - Paul - Trois - Châteaux ) Closed Brennilis Bugey 1 Chinon ( A1 / A2 / A3 ) Chooz A Creys - Malville SPX ( Superphénix ) Marcoule Saint - Laurent ( A1 / A2 ) Reactor types Power plant reactors UNGG CP0 , CP1 , CP2 , CPY P4 , P'4 N4 EPR ( under construction ) Research , experimental , prototype reactors and concepts HWGCR ( Brennilis ) Rapsodie Phénix Superphénix ITER ( under construction ) ASTRID ( planned ) Flexblue ( concept ) Research locations CEA Cadarache CEA Fontenay - aux - Roses CEA Grenoble Institut Laue -- Langevin ( Grenoble ) CEA Marcoule ( Marcoule , Pierrelatte ) CEA Saclay Meuse / Haute Marne Underground Research Laboratory ( Andra ) Tricastin Nuclear Site ( Bollène , Lapalud , Pierrelatte , Saint - Paul - Trois - Châteaux ) Fuel cycle locations Malvesi Tricastin Eurodif Romans ( fr ) La Hague L'Aube La Manche Morvilliers Organisations ANCCLI Orano Group ( formerly Areva ) Areva NC ( formerly Cogema ) Framatome ( formerly Areva NP ) Naval Group ( formerly DCNS ) ASN CEA Électricité de France ( EDF ) Engie GSIEN Public discourse and opposition Accidents and incidents Anti-nuclear movement in France Sortir du nucléaire 1999 Blayais Nuclear Power Plant flood Sébastien Briat André Larivière Stéphane Lhomme Pierre Schaeffer Mycle Schneider Monique Sené Dominique Voynet Related categories Nuclear energy in France Nuclear power stations in France Nuclear technology in France List of nuclear reactors in France Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ITER&oldid=856050031 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in Bouches - du - Rhône Fusion power Fusion reactors Nuclear energy in France Nuclear research institutes Plasma physics Proposed fusion reactors Research projects Tokamaks Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from May 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 14 : 36 ( UTC ) . 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what is the status of the iter fusion power project
[ "\nProject milestones\n\n\nDate\nEvent\n\n\n1988\nITER project officially initiated.[33][34] Conceptual design activities ran from 1988 to 1990.[35]\n\n\n1992\nEngineering design activities from 1992[36] to 1998.[37]\n\n\n2005\nIndia officially became part of ITER.\n\n\n2006\nApproval of a cost estimate of €10 billion (US$12.8 billion) projecting the start of construction in 2008 and completion a decade later.[21]\n\n\n2008\nSite preparation start, ITER itinerary start.[38]\n\n\n2009\nSite preparation completion.[38]\n\n\n2010\nTokamak complex excavation starts.[34]\n\n\n2013\nTokamak complex construction starts.[38]\n\n\n2015\nTokamak construction starts,[39][40] but the schedule is extended by at least six years.[41]\n\n\n2016\nThe Atomic Energy Organization of Iran formally requests to join ITER.[42]\n\n\n2017\nAssembly Hall ready for equipment\n\n\n2018-2025\nAssembly and integration[43]\n\n\n2025\nPlanned: Assembly ends; commissioning phase starts [43]\n\n\n2025\nPlanned: Achievement of first plasma.[44]\n\n\n2035\nPlanned: Start of deuterium–tritium operation.[45]\n" ]
[ "Assembly and integration" ]
-1384177709876671485
Orange Is the New Black
Orange Is the New Black - Wikipedia Orange Is the New Black American comedy - drama series Orange Is the New Black Genre Comedy - drama Created by Jenji Kohan Based on Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison by Piper Kerman Starring Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs Uzo Aduba Danielle Brooks Natasha Lyonne Taryn Manning Selenis Leyva Adrienne C. Moore Dascha Polanco Nick Sandow Yael Stone Samira Wiley Jackie Cruz Lea DeLaria Elizabeth Rodriguez Jessica Pimentel Laura Gómez Matt Peters Dale Soules Theme music composer Regina Spektor Opening theme `` You 've Got Time '' Composer ( s ) Scott Doherty Brandon Jay Gwendolyn Sanford Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 78 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jenji Kohan Liz Friedman ( pilot ) Sara Hess Tara Herrmann Producer ( s ) Neri Kyle Tannenbaum Production location ( s ) New York Camera setup Single - camera Running time 51 -- 92 minutes Production company ( s ) Lionsgate Television Tilted Productions Distributor Lionsgate Television Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 1080p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) 4K Audio format Dolby Digital Plus 5.1 with Descriptive Video Service track Original release July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) -- present External links Website Orange Is the New Black ( sometimes abbreviated to OITNB ) is an American comedy - drama web television series created by Jenji Kohan for Netflix . The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir , Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , about her experiences at FCI Danbury , a minimum - security federal prison . Orange Is the New Black premiered on July 11 , 2013 on the streaming service Netflix ; it was third premiered show produced by Netflix Originals . In February 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth , and seventh season . The fifth season was released on June 9 , 2017 . The sixth season was released on July 27 , 2018 . The series is produced by Tilted Productions in association with Lionsgate Television . Orange Is the New Black has become Netflix 's most - watched original series . It has received critical acclaim and many accolades . For its first season , the series garnered 12 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , winning three . A new Emmy rule in 2015 forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama . For its second season , the series received four Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , and Uzo Aduba won for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Orange Is the New Black is the first series to score Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories . The series has also received six Golden Globe Award nominations , six Writers Guild of America Award nominations , a Producers Guild of America Award , an American Film Institute award , and a Peabody Award . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.2. 1 Inmates 2.2. 2 Staff 2.2. 3 Others 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 5 Broadcast 5.1 Ratings 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 13 June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 13 June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 13 June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 5 13 June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 6 13 July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) This section needs expansion with : Main storyline ( s ) of seasons 1 - 4 . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2018 ) The series begins revolving around Piper Chapman ( Taylor Schilling ) , a woman in her 30s living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary , a minimum - security women 's federal prison ( initially operated by the `` Federal Department of Corrections '' . This is a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons . In later seasons , it was acquired by the Management & Correction Corporation ( MCC ) , a private prison company ) in upstate New York . Chapman was convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her girlfriend Alex Vause ( Laura Prepon ) , an international drug smuggler . The offense had occurred 10 years prior to the start of the series and in that time Piper had moved on to a quiet , law - abiding life among New York 's upper middle class . Her sudden and unexpected indictment disrupts her relationships with her fiancé , family and friends . In prison , Chapman is reunited with Vause ( who named Chapman in her trial , resulting in Chapman 's arrest ) and they re-examine their relationship . Simultaneously , Chapman , along with the other inmates , attempt to grapple with prison 's numerous , inherent struggles . Episodes often feature flashbacks of significant events from various inmates ' and prison guards ' pasts . These flashbacks typically depict how the inmate came to be in prison or develop the character 's backstory . The fifth season shows the prisoners revolting against the guards , wardens and the system after MCC 's failed handling of an inmate 's death at the hands of a guard . This followed a peaceful protest and subsequent instigation of an inmate fight by another guard in the fourth season . Fueled by the conditions the inmates are forced to tolerate , as well as grudges against the prison guards , a three - day riot ensues , during which some inmates attempt to negotiate better living conditions and seek justice for the death of the inmate , while others pursue their own interests and entertainment , and a few seek no involvement in the riot . At the emergence of the riot , the guard that incited the fight in the prior season is critically shot by an inmate who took the gun the guard illegally brought into the prison . At the end of the season , SWAT raids the prison to end the riot and remove all inmates from the facility . During this raid , a correctional officer is fatally shot by a corrupt `` strike team '' , which then conspires to blame the guard 's death on inmates that hid in an underground bunker and had taken hostage of the guard . All inmates are transported to other prisons . The consequences of the riot are shown in the sixth season . A number of the inmates , including Chapman and Vause , are transported to Litchfield Maximum Security . Most of these inmates are interrogated , and several of them charged and sentenced for their involvement in the riot . In max , new inmates are introduced , alliances are made , and a gang - like war emerges between two prison blocks , spearheaded by a longstanding feud between two sisters and a grudge harbored by them toward a former maximum - security inmate that returned . Inmates that arrived from the minimum security prison are either caught up or willingly participate in the war between prison blocks . The season portrays further corruption and guard brutality . Throughout the series , it is shown how various forms of corruption , funding cuts , privatization of prison , overcrowding , guard brutality and racial discrimination , among other issues , affect the prisoners ' safety , health and well - being , the correctional officers , and the prison 's basic ability to fulfill its fundamental responsibilities and ethical obligations as a corrections institution . One of the show 's key conflicts involves the minimum - security prison 's Director of Human Activities , Joe Caputo , whose efforts and aims as a warden constantly conflict with the corporate interests of MCC , which acquired the facility when it was about to be shut down . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black characters Main cast ( edit ) Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman , inmate Laura Prepon as Alex Vause , inmate Michael Harney as Sam Healy , correctional officer ( seasons 1 -- 4 ; guest season 6 ) Michelle Hurst as Miss Claudette Pelage , inmate ( season 1 ) Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red '' Reznikov , inmate Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom , Piper 's fiancé ( seasons 1 -- 2 ; guest season 5 ) Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren , inmate Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee '' Jefferson , inmate Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols , inmate Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett , inmate Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza , inmate Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy '' Hayes , inmate Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz , inmate Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo , Captain of the Guard , later Director of Human Activities Yael Stone as Lorna Morello , inmate Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington , inmate ( seasons 1 -- 4 ; guest season 5 ) Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca '' Gonzales , inmate Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo '' Black , inmate ( seasons 1 -- 5 ; guest season 6 ) Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz , former inmate Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz , inmate Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores , inmate Matt Peters as Joel Luschek , correctional officer Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin , inmate ( season 2 -- present ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Main article : List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Inmates ( edit ) Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset Annie Golden as Norma Romano ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Julie Lake as Angie Rice ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Constance Shulman as Erica `` Yoga '' Jones ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Tamara Torres as Gerrman `` Weeping Woman '' ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa `` Miss Rosa '' Cisneros ( seasons 1 -- 2 ; guest season 3 ) Madeline Brewer as Tricia Miller ( season 1 ) Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso ( seasons 2 -- 5 ) Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill ( seasons 2 -- 4 , 6 ) Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne `` Vee '' Parker ( season 2 ) Emily Althaus as Maureen Kukudio ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) Blair Brown as Judy King ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) Ruby Rose as Stella Carlin ( season 3 ; guest season 4 ) Daniella De Jesus as Irene `` Zirconia '' Cabrera ( season 4 -- present ) Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight ( seasons 4 -- present ) Rosal Colon as Carmen `` Ouija '' Aziza ( seasons 4 -- 5 ; guest season 6 ) Francesca Curran as Helen `` Skinhead Helen '' Van Maele ( seasons 4 -- 5 ; guest season 6 ) Asia Kate Dillon as Brandy Epps ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Kelly Karbacz as Kasey Sankey ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Miriam Morales as Ramona `` Pidge '' Contreras ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Jolene Purdy as Stephanie Hapakuka ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Amanda Stephen as Alison Abdullah ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Amanda Fuller as Madison `` Badison '' Murphy ( season 6 -- present ) Vicci Martinez as Dominga `` Daddy '' Duarte ( season 6 -- present ) Sipiwe Moyo as Adeola ( season 6 -- present ) Besanya Santiago as Raquel `` Creech '' Munoz ( season 6 -- present ) Finnerty Steeves as Beth Hoefler ( season 6 -- present ) Mackenzie Phillips as Barbara `` Barb '' Denning ( season 6 ) Henny Russell as Carol Denning ( season 6 ) Staff ( edit ) Alysia Reiner as Natalie `` Fig '' Figueroa Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Pablo Schreiber as George `` Pornstache '' Mendez ( seasons 1 -- 3 ; guest season 5 ) Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Matt McGorry as John Bennett ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson ( season 3 -- present ) James McMenamin as Charlie `` Donuts '' Coates ( season 3 -- present ) Alan Aisenberg as Baxter `` Gerber '' Bayley ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) Jimmy Gary Jr. as Felix Rikerson ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) Mike Birbiglia as Danny Pearson ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Marsha Stephanie Blake as Berdie Rogers ( season 3 ) Nick Dillenburg as Ryder Blake ( season 4 -- present ) Mike Houston as Lee Dixon ( season 4 -- present ) Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough ( season 4 -- present ) Brad William Henke as Desi Piscatella ( seasons 4 -- 5 ; guest season 6 ) Evan Arthur Hall as B. Stratman ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) John Palladino as Josh ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Michael Torpey as Thomas `` Humps '' Humphrey ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Hunter Emery as Rick Hopper ( season 5 -- present ) Shawna Hamic as Virginia `` Ginger '' Copeland ( season 6 -- present ) Susan Heyward as Tamika Ward ( season 6 -- present ) Josh Segarra as Stefanovic ( season 6 -- present ) Greg Vrotsos as Hellman ( season 6 -- present ) Nicholas Webber as Alvarez ( season 6 -- present ) Branden Wellington as Jarod Young ( season 6 -- present ) Others ( edit ) Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 4 ; guest season 6 ) Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset ( seasons 1 -- 4 ; guest season 6 ) Berto Colon as Cesar Velazquez ( seasons 1 -- 3 ; guest season 5 ) Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 3 ; guest season 5 ) Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Ian Paola as Yadriel ( seasons 2 -- 5 ) John Magaro as Vince Muccio ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) Mary Steenburgen as Delia Mendez - Powell ( season 3 ; guest season 5 ) Miguel Izaguirre as Diablo ( seasons 4 -- present ) Michael J. Burg as Detective Mark Bellamy ( season 6 ) Jason Altman as Main Officer Herrmann ( seasons 5 - 6 ) Production ( edit ) The series cast at The Paley Center For Media 's PaleyFest 2014 event honoring the show Show creator Jenji Kohan read Piper Kerman 's memoir after a friend sent it to her . She then set up a meeting with Kerman to pitch her on a TV adaptation , which she notes she `` screwed up '' as she spent most of the time asking Kerman about her experiences she described in the book rather than selling her on the show . This appealed to Kerman as it let her know that she was a fan and she signed off on the adaptation . Kohan would later go on to describe the main character , Piper Chapman , as a `` trojan horse '' for the series , allowing it to focus on characters whose demographics would not normally be represented on TV . In July 2011 , it was revealed that Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13 - episode TV adaptation of Kerman 's memoirs with Kohan as creator . In November 2011 , negotiations were finalized and the series had been greenlit . Kohan had initially wanted to cast Katie Holmes in the role of Piper Chapman , and met with the actress to discuss it , but Holmes had other commitments . Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling , the first to be cast , as Piper Chapman , followed by Jason Biggs as Piper 's fiancé Larry Bloom . Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series , as Alex Vause and Lorna Morello , respectively . Abigail Savage , who plays Gina , and Alysia Reiner , who plays Fig , had auditioned for role of Alex Vause . Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman , however Kohan felt she would not worry about her ( in prison ) , noting a `` toughness and a presence to her that was n't right for the character . '' Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex. Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols , but she was not considered `` tough enough '' for the character ; she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead . Likability was important for Morello , whom casting director Jen Euston deemed `` a very helpful , nice , sweet Italian girl . '' Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex , but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols ; `` ( Kohan knew ) she could do Nicky with her eyes closed . She was perfect , '' said Euston . Laverne Cox , a black transgender woman , was cast as Sophia Burset , a transgender character . The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women - in - prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role . Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren . Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett . This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host , but he declined . The role instead went to Robert Stanton , who plays the fictional host Maury Kind . The series is set in a fictional prison in Litchfield , New York , which is a real town in upstate New York , but it does not have a federal penitentiary . The series began filming in the old Rockland Children 's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County , New York , on March 7 , 2013 . The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself . On June 27 , 2013 , prior to the series premiere , Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes . For the second season , Uzo Aduba , Taryn Manning , Danielle Brooks , and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars . Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts , but returned for season 3 as a regular . On May 5 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a third season , as revealed by actress Laura Prepon . For the third season , several actors were promoted to series regulars , including Selenis Leyva , Adrienne C. Moore , Dascha Polanco , Nick Sandow , Yael Stone , and Samira Wiley . Both Jason Biggs and Pablo Schreiber were confirmed as not returning for the third season , but Schreiber appeared in the 10th episode of the third season . The series was renewed for a fourth season on April 15 , 2015 , prior to its third - season premiere . For the fourth season , Jackie Cruz and Lea DeLaria were promoted to series regulars ; with Elizabeth Rodriguez also being promoted by the season 's sixth episode . On February 5 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth and seventh season . In season six , Dale Soules , Laura Gómez , and Matt Peters were promoted to series regulars . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 94 % ( 47 reviews ) 79 ( 32 reviews ) 98 % ( 45 reviews ) 89 ( 31 reviews ) 95 % ( 58 reviews ) 83 ( 24 reviews ) 96 % ( 47 reviews ) 86 ( 19 reviews ) 5 73 % ( 41 reviews ) 67 ( 20 reviews ) 6 84 % ( 32 reviews ) 69 ( 14 reviews ) Members of the cast and crew with their Peabody Award , May 2014 Orange Is the New Black has received critical acclaim . It has been particularly praised for humanizing prisoners and for its depiction of race , sexuality , gender and body types . The first season received positive reviews from critics . Review aggregator Metacritic gave it a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics , indicating favorable reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , season one has a 94 % approval rating based on 47 reviews , with an average rating of 8.24 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus is `` Orange Is the New Black is a sharp mix of black humor and dramatic heft , with interesting characters and an intriguing flashback structure . '' Hank Stuever , television critic for The Washington Post , gave Orange Is the New Black a perfect score . In his review of the series , he stated : `` In Jenji Kohan 's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series , Orange Is the New Black , prison is still the pits . But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories , all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat . '' Maureen Ryan , of The Huffington Post , wrote : `` Orange is one of the best new programs of the year , and the six episodes I 've seen have left me hungry to see more . '' The second season also received critical acclaim . Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98 % , with an average rating of 9.17 out of 10 based on 45 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama , Orange Is the New Black 's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor 's standard for female - led television excellence . '' Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review , calling the first six episodes `` not only as great as the first season , but arguably better . '' The third season received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , it has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 24 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 95 % rating with an average score of 8.15 out of 10 based on 58 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Thanks to its blend of potent comedy and rich character work , Orange is the New Black remains a bittersweet pleasure in its third season . '' The fourth season received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , it has a score of 86 out of 100 based on 19 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 96 % rating with an average score of 8.46 out of 10 based on 47 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Orange is the New Black is back and better than ever , with a powerful fourth season full of compelling performances by the ensemble cast . '' James Poniewozik of The New York Times reviewed the fourth season as `` Do you measure the quality of a TV season as a beginning - to - end average or by how well it ends ? By the first yardstick , Season 4 is ambitious but uneven ; by the latter , it 's the series ' best . '' The fifth season received `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Metacritic , it has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 20 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 73 % rating with an average score of 7.19 out of 10 based on 41 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : Orange Is the New Black 's fifth season offers up more of the sharp writing and dizzying tonal juggling acts that fans expect -- albeit somewhat less successfully . '' The sixth season received positive reviews from critics , with many critics noting its improvement over the previous season . On Metacritic , it has a score of 69 out of 100 based on 14 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has an 84 % rating with an average score of 7.3 out of 10 based on 32 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Brutality and humor continue to mesh effectively in a season of Orange Is the New Black that stands as a marked improvement from its predecessor , even if some arcs are more inspired than others . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Orange Is the New Black Orange Is the New Black has received many accolades since its debut . The series has garnered 16 Emmy Award nominations and four wins . For its first season , it received 12 Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , winning three . Taylor Schilling received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Television Series -- Drama . In 2013 , the American Film Institute selected the series as one of the Top 10 Television Programs of the Year . A new Emmy rule in 2015 , classifying half - hour shows as comedies and hour - long shows as dramas , forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama for its second season . That year , the series received four Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , and Aduba won her second Emmy Award , for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Orange Is the New Black became the first series to receive Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories . For its second season , the series also received three Golden Globe Award nominations : Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy , Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy for Schilling , and Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film for Aduba . At the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards , the series won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Aduba won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series . For its third season , Orange Is the New Black won Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series ( Aduba ) . It received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy . The series has also received , among other accolades , six Writers Guild of America Award nominations , five Satellite Awards , four Critics ' Choice Television Awards , a GLAAD Media Award , an American Cinema Editors Award , a Producers Guild of America Award , and a Peabody Award . Broadcast ( edit ) Netflix is famously tight - fisted when it comes to offering up viewership data about its original series . But execs with the streaming giant have repeatedly confirmed that OITNB is its most - watched original series . That has been backed up by the efforts of outside measurement companies to track viewing in the Netflix eco-system . -- Variety The series began airing on broadcast television in New Zealand on TV2 on August 19 , 2013 . It premiered in Australia on October 9 , 2013 , on Showcase . The second season began on Showcase on July 16 , 2014 , and the third season premiered on June 11 , 2015 . The first season began airing on broadcast television in the UK on Sony Channel from April 19 , 2017 . In April 2017 , it was reported that a cybercriminal had stolen the first ten episodes of the fifth season in a security breach of a post-production company . Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands , and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online . Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement . Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven - day period following the leak of the episodes . It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix releases it in June . Ratings ( edit ) Orange Is the New Black generated more viewers and hours viewed in its first week than the other top Netflix original series House of Cards and Arrested Development . In October 2013 , Netflix stated that the show is a `` tremendous success '' for the streaming platform . `` It will end the year as our most watched original series ever and , as with each of our other previously launched originals , enjoys an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV . '' As reported in February 2016 , Orange Is the New Black remains Netflix 's most - watched original series . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Orange Is the New Black is one of the shows most watched in urban areas , and despite its `` minority - rich ensemble cast , '' the series `` appeals more to a white audience . '' See also ( edit ) Incarceration of women in the United States Prison -- industrial complex List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters List of LGBT characters in television and radio Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael J. Harney was credited as main cast for season 5 but did not make a single appearance . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dunne , Susan ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Danbury Women 's Prison Setting For Netflix Original Series '' . The Hartford Courant . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Duo Cast in Netflix 's ' Orange Is The New Black ' , Don Stark Upped on VH 's ' Bounce ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Sets Premiere Date for Jenji Kohan 's ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 5 Set for June Release at Netflix '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Season 6 Gets Premiere Date & Teaser On Netflix '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Denham , Jess ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix renews Orange is the New Black for three more series '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Emmys rules and quirks that explain the 2015 nominations '' . Vox . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Boss Jenji Kohan on Running the Show Her Way '' . Variety . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Creator Jenji Kohan Talks ORANGE IS THE NEW BLACK , Her Research Into Prison Life , and Graphic Sex Scenes '' . Collider . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange ' Creator Jenji Kohan : ' Piper Was My Trojan Horse ' '' . NPR . August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix Eyeing Second Original Series -- Comedy From Weeds Creator Jenji Kohan '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix , Lionsgate TV Closing Deal For Jenji Kohan 's ' Orange Is The New Black ' Comedy '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Katie Holmes almost starred in ' Orange is the New Black ' '' . New York Post . August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Taylor Schilling To Star in Jenji Kohan 's Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Jason Biggs to Co-Star in Netflix 's ' Orange Is the New Black ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jung , E. Alex ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Fig Explains the ' Beer Can ' Scene '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Boo Was n't Originally Supposed To Be A Part Of ' Orange Is The New Black ' ( VIDEO ) '' . HuffPost . August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Down , Steve ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Yael Stone on Orange is the New Black : ' I was n't Sapphic enough to play Nicky ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Orley , Emily ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` How The `` Orange Is The New Black '' Cast Came To Be `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Diane ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Why You Should Watch ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Advocate . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black 's Uzo Aduba : ' How would make someone think I 'd be right for Crazy Eyes ? ' '' . News Corp Australia . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Ira Glass ' Politely Declined ' Role on ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Is the ' Orange is New Black ' Prison Real ? Yes , and it is Located Near Utica '' . WIBX 950 AM . January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Serico , Chris ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix series ' Orange is the New Black ' filming in Rockland '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pate , Caroline ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' Title Sequence Uses Actual Former Prisoners '' . Bustle . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Renews Original Series `` Orange Is the New Black '' for Second Season '' ( Press release ) . Netflix . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Uzo Aduba Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black ' , Steven Culp In ' Revolution ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 3 : Laura Prepon Back as Series Regular ! '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' renewed for 3rd season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simms , Andrew ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' season 3 promotes Dascha Polanco to series regular '' . Hypable . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' : Jason Biggs Not Returning to Season 3 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Gregory E. ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pornstache ' out ahead of ' Orange ' season 3 '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huggins , Sarah ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` Pablo Schreiber 's Pornstache has an ' OITNB ' Season 3 surprise in store for fans '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Renewed for Season 4 by Netflix '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB , Kimmy Schmidt , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Lea DeLaria Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abramson , Seth ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` How ' Orange Is the New Black ' humanizes inmates '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Has ' Orange is the New Black ' Changed the Way We Think of Prisoners ? Former Inmates Say No , But There 's Progress Ahead '' . Bustle . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Andy ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Great Orange Is the New Black Is Suddenly the Best Netflix Series Yet '' . Grantland . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rorke , Robert ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' ignites a TV revolution for women '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClelland , Mac ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Caged Heat '' . Rolling Stone ( 1237 ) . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ross , L.A. ( March 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Cast Dishes on Prison Sex , Women Calling the Shots , and What Red Did '' . TheWrap . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Trans Actress Laverne Cox Breaks New Ground with Orange Is the New Black '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schroeder , Audra ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` How `` Orange Is the New Black '' changed the way we talk about TV `` . The Daily Dot . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Dead Tree Alert : Orange Is the New Black Is the New Way of Talking About TV '' . Time . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 1 '' . Metacritic. 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steuver , Hank ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's Orange Is the New Black : Brilliance behind bars '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Review : Subversive Netflix Prison Drama Proves Addictive '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 2 '' . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wiegland , David ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' review : Me vs. we '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 3 '' . Metacritic. 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 4 '' . Metacritic. 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black : It 's About Time '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 6 '' . Metacritic. 2018 . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 6 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2018 . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Is The New Black '' . Television Academy . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange is the New Black '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2013 '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Emmys Rules and Quirks that Explain the 2015 Nominations '' . Vox . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Award Winners 2015 : Full List '' . Variety . January 25 , 2015 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 30 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Nominees & Winners '' . Writers Guild of America . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards 2014 : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards Winners : Full List '' . Variety . May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` George Takei , `` Orange is the New Black , '' `` Concussion '' among # GLAADAwards recipients in New York City `` . GLAAD . May 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' Among Nominees for ACE Eddie Awards for Film Editing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Awards : ' Orange Is the New Black ' Wins Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Comedy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New Black ( Netflix ) '' . Peabody Awards . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is The New Black '' . TVNZ . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Airdate : Orange is the New Black '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most anticipated returning shows in 2014 '' . Foxtel . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New Black S3 : same time as the US '' . Foxtel . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sony Channel U.K. Takes ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hacker Releases New Episodes of ' Orange Is the New Black '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perlroth , Nicole ; Haag , Matthew ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Hacker Leaks Episodes From Netflix Show and Threatens Other Networks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner , Jeff ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Demand for ' Orange Is the New Black ' Spiked Following Hack '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Andy ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Brilliant ' Orange ' '' . Grantland . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kafka , Peter ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's No - Name Show Beating `` House of Cards '' and `` Arrested Development '' `` . All Things Digital . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ha , Anthony ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix : ' Orange Is The New Black ' Is Our Most - Watched Original , But Our TV Exclusives Are Even Bigger '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Brian Anthony ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Is Netflix 's Most - Watched Original Series '' . Mashable . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Orange is the New Black renewed for three additional seasons '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Weatherford Millette , Sarah . `` The Representation of Latinas in Orange Is the New Black . '' MA Thesis . George Mason University , 2015 . Piper Kerman On Her Story That Inspired The Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black . June 2014 . The Diane Rehm Show . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orange Is the New Black . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Orange Is the New Black Official website Orange Is the New Black on IMDb Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa Seasons 5 6 Related Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison `` You 've Got Time '' Netflix original current series Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest 21 Thunder Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Buddy Thunderstruck Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E Free Rein GLOW The Standups Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! 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Kaplan John Abdallah Wambere Edith Windsor 2015 Marsha Aizumi Connor Franta Arsham Parsi Bayard Rustin Dennis Shepard Judy Shepard 2016 The Advocate Harvey Fierstein Marsha P. Johnson Billie Jean King Subhi Nahas Sylvia Rivera 2017 Alvin Ailey Jason Collins Cleve Jones David Kohan Cyndi Lauper Max Mutchnick 2018 American Civil Liberties Union James Baldwin Sybrina Fulton Tracy Martin Ryan Murphy Television in the United States portal 2010s portal Prisons portal LGBT portal Comedy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_Is_the_New_Black&oldid=856833112 '' Categories : Orange Is the New Black African - American television 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2010s American LGBT comedy television series 2010s LGBT drama television series 2013 American television series debuts American LGBT - related television shows American prison television series Bisexuality - related television series Feminist television Lesbian - related television programs Transgender - related television programs Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Television shows set in New York City Television programs based on books Netflix original programming Nonlinear narrative television series Serial drama television series Television programs about drugs Television series by Lionsgate Television Television shows set in New York ( state ) Peabody Award - winning television programs Hispanic and Latino American media Imprisonment and detention of women in the United States Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Television series created by Jenji Kohan Federal American minimum security prisons in fiction Hidden categories : Articles with short description Use mdy dates from April 2015 Articles to be expanded from August 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 20 : 19 ( UTC ) . 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when did orange is the new black season 6 start
[ "Orange Is the New Black (sometimes abbreviated to OITNB) is an American comedy-drama web television series created by Jenji Kohan for Netflix.[1][2] The series is based on Piper Kerman's memoir, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (2010), about her experiences at FCI Danbury, a minimum-security federal prison. Orange Is the New Black premiered on July 11, 2013 on the streaming service Netflix; it was third premiered show produced by Netflix Originals.[3] In February 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth, and seventh season.[4] The fifth season was released on June 9, 2017.[5] The sixth season was released on July 27, 2018.[6] The series is produced by Tilted Productions in association with Lionsgate Television.\n" ]
[ "July 27, 2018" ]
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Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar
Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar - wikipedia Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar United States Supreme Court case Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar Supreme Court of the United States Argued March 25 , 1975 Decided June 16 , 1975 Full case name Goldfarb et ux . v. Virginia State Bar et al Citations 421 U.S. 773 ( more ) 95 S. Ct. 2004 ; 44 L. Ed . 2d 572 ; 1975 U.S. LEXIS 13 Prior history State bar held exempt from antitrust action , 355 F. Supp. 491 ( E.D. Va . 1973 ) , judgment reversed on appeal , 497 F. 2d 1 ( 4th Cir. 1974 ) Holding The legal profession is subject to the Sherman Antitrust Act . A minimum - fee schedule for basic legal services is in restraint of trade and is illegal . Court membership Chief Justice Warren E. Burger Associate Justices William O. Douglas William J. Brennan Jr . Potter Stewart Byron White Thurgood Marshall Harry Blackmun Lewis F. Powell Jr . William Rehnquist Case opinions Majority Burger , joined by Douglas , Brennan , Stewart , White , Marshall , Blackmun , Rehnquist Powell took no part in the consideration or decision of the case . Laws applied Section I of the Sherman Act Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar , 421 U.S. 773 ( 1975 ) , was a U.S. Supreme Court decision . It stated that lawyers engage in `` trade or commerce '' and hence ended the legal profession 's exemption from antitrust laws . Contents ( hide ) 1 Facts 1.1 Petitioners ' arguments 1.2 Respondents ' arguments 2 Judgment 3 Significance 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Facts ( edit ) In 1971 , Ruth and Lewis Goldfarb decided to buy a house in Fairfax County , Virginia . To get a mortgage , they needed to perform a title search on the house , which can only be performed by a lawyer i.e. a member of the Virginia State Bar . Goldfarb contacted a lawyer , who quoted him a price suggested in a minimum - fee schedule published by the Fairfax County Bar Association , which was 1 % of the property 's value . Goldfarb attempted to find a cheaper quote . He sent 36 letters to other lawyers and received 19 responses , all declining to quote a fee lower than the minimum - fee schedule suggests . Some said that they did not know of any attorney who would do so . Unable to find a lower price , Goldfarb agreed to the 1 % quote and subsequently sued both the State Bar and the County Bar alleging that the fee schedule amounted to price - fixing and a violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Antitrust Act , seeking both injunctive relief and damages . The minimum - fee schedule was a list of prices , suggested by the county bar for various basic legal services , such as wills , marriage contracts , and title searches . The enforcement power lay in the hands of the State Bar , which was the administrative agency used by the Supreme Court of Virginia to regulate the legal profession . Without a license from the State Bar , no one can practice law in Virginia . The State Bar did not compel adherence to this fee schedule , but it had published several reports condoning the practice and had opined that habitual violation of the minimum - fee schedule suggests misconduct on the part of the lawyer . Petitioners ' arguments ( edit ) The plaintiffs argued that the minimum - fee schedule created an artificial price floor for title searches in Fairfax County and that , in the absence of this fee schedule , they would have been able to procure a quote lower than the one listed in the schedule . They pointed to the history of Section 1 , Sherman Act enforcement . In Addyston Pipe and Steel Company v. United States , Judge Taft created the distinction between naked and ancillary restraints of trade , and the Virginia State Bar 's restraints are naked . In United States v. Trenton Potteries , the Supreme Court first established per se illegality of price - fixing because a reasonable price today may become unreasonable tomorrow and the courts can not be expected to re-confirm every price . The reasonableness of the fees on the minimum - fee schedule is , then , immaterial . And finally , in United States v. Socony - Vacuum Oil Co , Inc. , the Court proclaimed , in a famous footnote , that price - fixing need be neither intentional or feasible to be found per se illegal . Hence , the fact that the State Bar 's power of compulsion was not absolute does not mean the fee schedule is legal . Respondents ' arguments ( edit ) The defendants posed four separate arguments . The minimum - fee schedule is purely advisory and is only intended to provide information to members . No attorney is compelled to follow it . Furthermore , while membership in the State Bar is a prerequisite to practice law in Virginia , membership in the County Bar is voluntary , and hence , any guidelines , such as the fee schedule , adopted by a local bar association , are also voluntary . This was to be a transaction between a resident of Virginia and a lawyer residing in Virginia , influenced by his County Bar and the Virginia State Bar . Since interstate commerce is not affected , federal law in general and the Sherman Act in particular do not apply . Law is a `` learned profession . '' Lawyers do not engage in trade and commerce and hence any restrictions on the pricing schemes they use are not restraints of trade , prohibited under the Sherman Act . Because the Virginia State Bar is licensed by the Virginia Supreme Court to regulate the profession in the state , policies promulgated by it and its subsidiaries are `` state action '' and are thus subject to the Parker v. Brown state action exemption from federal antitrust law . Judgment ( edit ) The Supreme Court held that since prices were fixed , since price - fixing is per se illegal under the Sherman Act , and since no valid exemption from the Sherman Act could be shown , the minimum - fee schedule violates Section 1 of the Sherman Act . The Circuit Court judgment was reversed , and the case was remanded to District court to determine the proper remedy . The court rejected each defense attempted by the respondents as follows . It found the fee schedule to be effectively compulsory . The prospect of disciplinary action from the State Bar , regardless of whether the County Bar was a voluntary organization or had enforcement capabilities , was sufficient to dissuade all attorneys from quoting a price below the one listed on the schedule . The attorneys were furthermore assured that their competitors would not undercut them because they would face the same disciplinary action . This effectively created a price floor . The source of financing for the house , which was what originally required Goldfarb to seek a title search , would come from across state lines , making this a matter of interstate commerce . Lawyers provide services in exchange for money , and thus engage in commerce . There is nothing to suggest that the Sherman Act was meant to provide a sweeping exemption to an entire profession regardless of what other not - for - profit purposes the profession may have . While the operation of the Virginia State Bar was proscribed by state action i.e. authority granted by statute to the Virginia Supreme Court , the specific anticompetitive behavior in question -- the minimum - fee schedule -- was not directly authorized by the State acting as a sovereign . `` It is not enough that , as the County Bar puts it , anticompetitive conduct is `` prompted '' by state action ; rather , anticompetitive activities must be compelled by direction of the State acting as a sovereign . '' Significance ( edit ) Since Goldfarb the trend of attorneys fees has been towards super-inflationary increases . This has led to criticism that while the Supreme Court may have thought that it was increasing competition and therefore lowering prices , in fact , the abolition of controls increased prices . See also ( edit ) US antitrust law Wouters v Algemene Raad van de Nederlandse Orde van Advocaten ( 2002 ) C - 309 / 99 , a case of the European Court of Justice , holding that the self - regulation by lawyers of standards was permissible . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar , 421 U.S. 773 ( 1975 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ http://www.ozy.com/flashback/the-virginia-couple-that-gave-birth-to-the-billable-hour/60997 Jump up ^ Addyston Pipe and Steel Company v. United States , 85 F. 271 ( 6th Cir. 1898 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Trenton Potteries , 273 U.S. 392 ( 1927 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Socony - Vacuum Oil Co , Inc. , 310 U.S. 150 ( 1940 ) . Jump up ^ Parker v. Brown , 317 U.S. 341 ( 1943 ) . Jump up ^ Breit , W ; Elzinga , K . The Antitrust Casebook : Milestones in Antitrust Regulation , page 49 . The Dryden Press , 1996 . References ( edit ) Breit , W ; Elzinga , K . The Antitrust Casebook : Milestones in Antitrust Regulation External links ( edit ) Text of Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar , 421 U.S. 773 ( 1975 ) is available from : CourtListener Findlaw Google Scholar Justia Oyez Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goldfarb_v._Virginia_State_Bar&oldid=838596222 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court cases 1975 in United States case law United States antitrust case law United States professional responsibility case law American Bar Association United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government Articles with short description All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 April 2018 , at 01 : 21 . About Wikipedia
the goldfarb v. virginia state bar decision on anti-trust laws was decided at what level
[ "Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 421 U.S. 773 (1975),[1] was a U.S. Supreme Court decision. It stated that lawyers engage in \"trade or commerce\" and hence ended the legal profession's exemption from antitrust laws." ]
[ "a U.S. Supreme Court decision" ]
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United States presidential election, 1928
United states presidential election , 1928 - wikipedia United states presidential election , 1928 Jump to : navigation , search United States presidential election , 1928 ← 1924 November 6 , 1928 1932 → 531 electoral votes of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 56.9 % 8.0 pp Nominee Herbert Hoover Al Smith Party Republican Democratic Home state California New York Running mate Charles Curtis Joseph T. Robinson Electoral vote 444 87 States carried 40 8 Popular vote 21,427,123 15,015,464 Percentage 58.2 % 40.8 % Presidential election results map . Red denotes states won by Hoover / Curtis , blue denotes those won by Smith / Robinson . Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state . President before election Calvin Coolidge Republican Elected President Herbert Hoover Republican The United States presidential election of 1928 was the 36th quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 6 , 1928 . Republican Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover defeated the Democratic nominee , Governor Al Smith of New York . Hoover was the last Republican to win a presidential election until 1952 . After President Calvin Coolidge declined to seek reelection , Hoover emerged as his party 's front - runner . As Hoover 's intra-party opponents failed to unite around a candidate , Hoover received a large majority of the vote at the 1928 Republican National Convention . The strong state of the economy discouraged some Democrats from running , and Smith was nominated on the first ballot of the 1928 Democratic National Convention . Hoover and Smith had been widely known as potential presidential candidates long before the 1928 campaign , and both were generally regarded as outstanding leaders . Each candidate was a newcomer to the presidential race and presented in his person and record an appeal of unknown potency to the electorate . Each candidate also faced serious discontent within his party membership , and neither had the wholehearted support of his party organization . In the end , the Republicans were identified with the booming economy of the 1920s , whereas Smith , a Roman Catholic , suffered politically from anti-Catholic prejudice , his anti-prohibitionist stance , and his association with the legacy of corruption of Tammany Hall . Hoover won a third straight Republican landslide and made substantial inroads in the traditionally Democratic Solid South , winning several states that had not voted for a Republican since the end of Reconstruction . Hoover 's victory made him the first president born west of the Mississippi River , and he is the most recent sitting member of the Cabinet to win a major party 's presidential nomination . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nominations 1.1 Republican Party nomination 1.2 Democratic Party nomination 1.3 Prohibition Party nomination 2 General election 2.1 The fall campaign 2.2 Results 2.3 Geography of results 2.3. 1 Cartographic gallery 2.4 Results by state 2.5 Close states 2.5. 1 Statistics 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 5.1 Primary sources 6 External links Nominations ( edit ) Republican party nomination ( edit ) Main article : 1928 Republican National Convention Republican Party Ticket , 1928 Herbert Hoover Charles Curtis for President for Vice President 3rd U.S. Secretary of Commerce ( 1921 -- 1928 ) U.S. Senator from Kansas ( 1907 -- 1913 & 1915 -- 1929 ) Campaign Republican candidates : Herbert Hoover from California , Secretary of Commerce Former Governor Frank Orren Lowden of Illinois Senate Majority Leader Charles Curtis from Kansas With President Coolidge choosing not to enter the race , the race for the nomination was wide open . The leading candidates were Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover , former Illinois Governor Frank Orren Lowden and Senate Majority Leader Charles Curtis . A draft - Coolidge movement failed to gain traction with party insiders and failed to persuade Coolidge himself . In the few primaries that mattered , Hoover did not perform as well as expected , and it was thought that the president or Vice-President Charles G. Dawes might accept a draft in case of a deadlock , but Lowden withdrew just as the convention was about to start , paving the way for a Hoover victory . The Republican Convention , held in Kansas City , Missouri , from June 12 to 15 , nominated Hoover on the first ballot . With Hoover disinclined to interfere in the selection of his running mate , the party leaders were at first partial to giving Dawes a shot at a second term , but when this information leaked , Coolidge sent an angry telegram saying that he would consider a second nomination for Dawes , whom he hated , a `` personal affront . '' To attract votes from farmers concerned about Hoover 's pro-business orientation , it was instead offered to Senator Curtis , who accepted . He was nominated overwhelmingly on the first ballot . In his acceptance speech eight weeks after the convention ended , Secretary Hoover said : `` We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of this land ... We shall soon with the help of God be in sight of the day when poverty will be banished from this land . '' The phrase would eventually haunt Hoover during the Great Depression . The Balloting Presidential Ballot Vice Presidential Ballot Herbert Hoover 837 Charles Curtis 1,052 Frank Orren Lowden 74 Herman Ekern 19 Charles Curtis 64 Charles G. Dawes 13 James Eli Watson 45 Hanford MacNider George W. Norris 24 Guy D. Goff 18 Calvin Coolidge 17 Charles G. Dawes Charles Evans Hughes Democratic party nomination ( edit ) Main article : 1928 Democratic National Convention Democratic Party Ticket , 1928 Al Smith Joseph T. Robinson for President for Vice President 42nd Governor of New York ( 1919 -- 1920 & 1923 -- 1928 ) U.S. Senator from Arkansas ( 1913 -- 1937 ) Campaign Democratic candidates : Governor Al Smith of New York Representative Cordell Hull from Tennessee Senator James A. Reed from Missouri Former Senator Atlee Pomerene from Ohio With the memory of the Teapot Dome scandal rapidly fading , and the current state of prosperity making the party 's prospects look dim , most of the major Democratic leaders , such as William Gibbs McAdoo , were content to sit this one out . One who did not was New York Governor Al Smith , who had tried twice before to secure the Democratic nomination . The 1928 Democratic National Convention was held in Houston , Texas , on June 26 to 28 , and Smith became the candidate on the first ballot . The leadership asked the delegates to nominate Sen. Joseph Taylor Robinson of Arkansas , who was in many ways Smith 's political polar opposite , to be his running mate , and he was nominated for vice-president . Smith was the first Roman Catholic to gain a major party 's nomination for president , and his religion became an issue during the campaign . Many Protestants feared that Smith would take orders from church leaders in Rome in making decisions affecting the country . The Balloting Presidential Ballot Vice Presidential Ballot Al Smith 849.17 Joseph Taylor Robinson 1,035.17 Cordell Hull 71.84 Alben W. Barkley 77 Walter F. George 52.5 Nellie Tayloe Ross 31 James A. Reed 52 Henry Tureman Allen 28 Atlee Pomerene 47 George L. Berry 17.5 Jesse H. Jones 43 Dan Moody 9.33 Evans Woollen 32 Duncan U. Fletcher 7 Pat Harrison 20 John H. Taylor 6 William A. Ayres 20 Lewis Stevenson Richard C. Watts 18 Evans Woollen Gilbert Hitchcock 16 Joseph Patrick Tumulty 100 A. Victor Donahey 5 Houston Thompson Theodore G. Bilbo Source : US President - D Convention . Our Campaigns . ( March 10 , 2011 ) . Prohibition party nomination ( edit ) The Prohibition Party Convention was held in Chicago from July 10 through July 12 . Smith openly opposed Prohibition . Some members of the Prohibition Party wanted to throw their support to Hoover , thinking that their candidate would not win and that they did not want their candidate to provide the margin by which Smith would win . Nonetheless , William F. Varney was nominated for president over Hoover by a margin of 68 -- 45 . General election ( edit ) The fall campaign ( edit ) Anti-Catholicism was a significant problem for Smith 's campaign . Protestant ministers warned that he would take orders from the pope who , many Americans sincerely believed , would move to the United States to rule the country from a fortress in Washington , D.C. , if Smith won . According to a popular joke , after the election he sent a one - word telegram advising Pope Pius XI to `` Unpack '' . Beyond the conspiracy theories , a survey of 8,500 Southern Methodist Church ministers found only four who supported Smith , and the northern Methodists , Southern Baptists , and Disciples of Christ were similar in their opposition . Many voters who sincerely rejected bigotry and the anti-Catholic Ku Klux Klan -- which had declined during the 1920s until the 1928 campaign revived it -- justified their opposition to Smith on their belief that the Catholic Church was an `` un-American '' , `` alien culture '' that opposed freedom and democracy . An example was a statement issued in September 1928 by the National Lutheran Editors ' and Managers ' Association that opposed Smith 's election . The manifesto , written by Dr. Clarence Reinhold Tappert , warned about `` the peculiar relation in which a faithful Catholic stands and the absolute allegiance he owes to a ' foreign sovereign ' who does not only ' claim ' supremacy also in secular affairs as a matter of principle and theory but who , time and again , has endeavored to put this claim into practical operation . '' The Catholic Church , the manifesto asserted , was hostile to American principles of separation of church and state and of religious toleration . Groups circulated a million copies of a counterfeit oath claiming that fourth degree Knights of Columbus members swore to exterminate Freemasons and Protestants and commit violence against anyone , if the church so ordered . Smith 's opposition to Prohibition , a key reform promoted by Protestants , also lost him votes , as did his association with Tammany Hall . Because many anti-Catholics used these issues as a cover for their religious prejudices , Smith 's campaign had difficulty denouncing anti-Catholicism as bigotry without offending others who favored Prohibition or disliked Tammany 's corruption . Due to these issues , Smith lost several states of the Solid South that had been carried by Democrats since Reconstruction . However , in many southern states with sizable African American populations ( and where the vast majority of African Americans could not vote at the time ) , many believed that Hoover supported integration , or at least was not committed to maintaining segregation , which in turn overcame opposition to Smith 's campaign . During the campaign , Mississippi Governor Theodore G. Bilbo claimed that Hoover had met with a black member of the Republican National Committee and danced with her . Hoover 's campaign quickly denied the `` untruthful and ignoble assertion '' . Smith 's religion helped him with Roman Catholic New England immigrants ( especially Irish - Americans and Italian - Americans ) , which may explain his narrow victories in traditionally Republican Massachusetts and Rhode Island , as well as his narrow loss in his home state of New York , where previous Democratic presidential candidates lost by double digits , but which Smith only lost by two percent . Results ( edit ) Results by county explicitly indicating the margin of victory for the winning candidate . Shades of red are for Hoover ( Republican ) and shades of blue are for Smith ( Democratic ) , and shades of green are for `` Other ( s ) '' ( Non-Democratic / Non-Republican ) , grey indicates zero recorded votes and white indicates territories not elevated to statehood ... The total vote exceeded that of 1924 by nearly eight million . It was nearly twice the vote cast in 1916 and nearly three times that of 1896 . Every section in the Union increased its vote , the Mountain , East South Central and West South Central sections least of all . The greatest increases were in the heavily populated ( Northeastern ) Mid-Atlantic and East North Central sections , where more than 4,250,000 more votes were cast , more than half of the nationwide increase . There was an increase of over a million each in New York and Pennsylvania . Hoover won the election by a wide margin on pledges to continue the economic boom of the Coolidge years . He received more votes than any candidate of the Republican Party previously had in every state except five : Rhode Island , Iowa , North Dakota , South Carolina , and Tennessee . The Hoover vote was greater than the Coolidge vote in 2,932 counties ; it was less in 143 of the comparable counties . The 21,400,000 votes cast for Hoover also touched the high - water mark for all votes for a presidential candidate up to that time and were an increase of more than 5,500,000 over the Coolidge vote four years earlier . The Republican ticket made substantial inroads in the South : the heaviest Democratic losses were in the three Southern sections ( South Atlantic , East South Central , West South Central ) . These losses included 215 counties that had never before supported a Republican presidential candidate , distributed as follows : Alabama ( 14 ) , Arkansas ( 5 ) , Florida ( 22 ) , Georgia ( 4 ) , Kentucky ( 28 ) , Maryland ( 3 ) , Mississippi ( 1 ) , Missouri ( 10 ) , North Carolina ( 16 ) , Tennessee ( 3 ) , Texas ( 64 ) , Virginia ( 26 ) , West Virginia ( 4 ) . In Georgia , eight counties recorded more votes cast for `` anti-Smith '' electors than either of the two - party candidates , while one county in Wyoming had no recorded votes . The electoral votes of North Carolina and Virginia had not been awarded to a Republican since 1872 , while Florida had not been carried by a Republican since the heavily disputed election of 1876 . Texas was carried by a Republican for the first time in its history , leaving Georgia as the only remaining state never carried by a Republican presidential candidate . Georgia was eventually won by Barry Goldwater in 1964 . In all , Smith carried only six of the eleven states of the former Confederacy , the lowest number carried by a Democratic candidate since the end of Reconstruction . Smith polled more votes than any previous Democratic candidate in thirty of the 48 states , all but Alabama , Colorado , Delaware , Idaho , Kansas , Kentucky , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , North Carolina , Oklahoma , Oregon , South Carolina , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Virginia , and Washington . In only four of these ( Tennessee , Oklahoma , Texas , and New Mexico ) did Smith receive fewer votes than Davis had in 1924 . Smith received nearly as many votes as Coolidge had in 1924 , and his vote exceeded Davis 's by more than six and half million . The Democratic vote was greater than in 1924 in 2,080 counties ; it fell off in 997 counties . In only one section did the Democratic vote drop below 38 % , and that was the Pacific section , the only one in which the Republican percentage exceeded 60 % . But the Democrats made gains in five sections . Of these counties , fourteen had never been Democratic and seven had been Democratic only once . The size and the nature of the distribution of the Democratic vote illustrates Smith 's strengths and weaknesses as a candidate . Despite evidence of an increased Democratic vote , Smith 's overwhelming defeat in the electoral college and the retention of so few Democratic counties reflected Hoover 's greater appeal . Smith won the electoral votes of only the Deep Southern States of the Democratic Solid South ( plus Robinson 's home state of Arkansas ) and the New England states of Massachusetts and Rhode Island , which had a large proportion of Catholic voters . His 87 electoral votes were the fewest a Democratic candidate had won since the 80 votes earned by Horatio Seymour in 1868 ( not counting Horace Greeley in 1872 , who was endorsed by the Democratic Party , but ran as a Liberal Republican ) . Hoover even triumphed by a narrow margin in Smith 's home state of New York . Smith carried 914 counties , the fewest in the Fourth Party System . The Republican total leaped to 2,174 counties , a greater number than in the great overturn of 1920 . Third - party support sank almost to the vanishing point , as the election of 1928 proved to be a two - party contest to a greater extent than any other in the Fourth Party System . Until the major split before the 1948 election in the Democratic Party between Southern Democrats and the more liberal Northern faction , no further significant third - party candidacies as seen in 1912 and 1924 were to occur . All `` other '' votes totaled only 1.08 percent of the national popular vote . The Socialist vote sank to 267,478 , and in seven states there were no Socialist votes . This was the last election in which the Republicans won North Carolina until 1968 , the last when they won Kentucky and West Virginia until 1956 , the last when they won Arizona , California , Florida , Idaho , Illinois , Minnesota , Missouri , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Oklahoma , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Virginia , and Washington until 1952 , the last when they won Maryland , New Jersey , New York , and Oregon until 1948 , the last when they won Ohio , Wisconsin , and Wyoming until 1944 , and the last when they won Colorado , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Michigan , Nebraska , North Dakota and South Dakota until 1940 . As of 2016 it remains the last election when the Republican candidate carried the three contiguous counties of Saint Louis County , Minnesota , Carlton County , Minnesota and Douglas County , Wisconsin , and the last until Donald Trump in 2016 when the Republicans carried neighboring Itasca County , Minnesota , Columbia County , Oregon or Grays Harbor County , Washington . It is also the last occasion when Wayne County , Michigan supported a Republican candidate and the only occasion since 1908 when Republicans have carried Orange County , North Carolina . Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral vote Running mate Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote Herbert Hoover Republican California 21,427,123 58.21 % 444 Charles Curtis Kansas 444 Al Smith Democratic New York 15,015,464 40.80 % 87 Joseph Taylor Robinson Arkansas 87 Norman Thomas Socialist New York 267,478 0.73 % 0 James H. Maurer Pennsylvania 0 William Z . Foster Communist Massachusetts 48,551 0.13 % 0 Benjamin Gitlow New York 0 Verne L. Reynolds Socialist Labor Michigan 21,590 0.06 % 0 Jeremiah D. Crowley New York 0 William F. Varney Prohibition New York 20,095 0.05 % 0 James Edgerton Virginia 0 Frank Webb Farmer - Labor California 6,390 0.02 % 0 LeRoy R. Tillman Georgia 0 Other 321 0.00 % -- Other -- Total 36,807,012 100 % 531 531 Needed to win 266 266 Source ( Popular Vote ) : Leip , David . `` 1928 Presidential Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved July 28 , 2005 . Source ( Electoral Vote ) : `` Electoral College Box Scores 1789 -- 1996 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 28 , 2005 . Popular vote Hoover 58.21 % Smith 40.80 % Thomas 0.73 % Others 0.26 % Electoral vote Hoover 83.62 % Smith 16.38 % Geography of results ( edit ) Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote Cartographic gallery ( edit ) Map of presidential election results by county Map of Republican presidential election results by county Map of Democratic presidential election results by county Map of `` other '' presidential election results by county Cartogram of presidential election results by county Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county Cartogram of `` other '' presidential election results by county Results by state ( edit ) States won by Hoover / Curtis States won by Smith / Robinson Herbert Hoover Republican Alfred E. Smith Democratic Norman Thomas Socialist William Foster Communist Verne Reynolds Socialist Labor Margin State Total State electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % # Alabama 12 120,725 48.49 - 127,797 51.33 12 460 0.18 - - - - - - - - 7,072 - 2.84 248,982 AL Arizona 52,533 57.57 38,537 42.23 - - - - 184 0.20 - - - - 13,996 15.34 91,254 AZ Arkansas 9 77,751 39.33 - 119,196 60.29 9 429 0.22 - 317 0.16 - - - - - 41,445 - 20.96 197,693 AR California 13 1,162,323 64.69 13 614,365 34.19 - 19,595 1.09 - 112 0.01 - - - - 547,958 30.50 1,796,656 CA Colorado 6 253,872 64.72 6 133,131 33.94 - 3,472 0.89 - 675 0.17 - - - - 120,741 30.78 392,242 CO Connecticut 7 296,614 53.63 7 252,040 45.57 - 3,019 0.55 - 730 0.13 - 622 0.11 - 44,574 8.06 553,031 CT Delaware 68,860 65.03 36,643 34.60 - 329 0.31 - 59 0.06 - - - - 32,217 30.42 105,891 DE Florida 6 144,168 56.83 6 101,764 40.12 - 4,036 1.59 - 3,704 1.46 - - - - 42,404 16.72 253,672 FL Georgia 14 99,369 43.36 - 129,602 56.56 14 124 0.05 - 64 0.03 - - - - - 30,233 - 13.19 229,159 GA Idaho 97,322 64.22 52,926 34.93 - 1,293 0.85 - - - - - - - 44,396 29.30 151,541 ID Illinois 29 1,769,141 56.93 29 1,313,817 42.28 - 19,138 0.62 - 3,581 0.12 - 1,812 0.06 - 455,324 14.65 3,107,489 IL Indiana 15 848,290 59.68 15 562,691 39.59 - 3,871 0.27 - 321 0.02 - 645 0.05 - 285,599 20.09 1,421,314 IN Iowa 13 623,570 61.77 13 379,311 37.57 - 2,960 0.29 - 328 0.03 - 230 0.02 - 244,259 24.20 1,009,489 IA Kansas 10 513,672 72.02 10 193,003 27.06 - 6,205 0.87 - 320 0.04 - - - - 320,669 44.96 713,200 KS Kentucky 13 558,064 59.33 13 381,070 40.51 - 837 0.09 - 293 0.03 - 340 0.04 - 176,994 18.82 940,604 KY Louisiana 10 51,160 23.70 - 164,655 76.29 10 - - - - - - - - - - 113,495 - 52.58 215,833 LA Maine 6 179,923 68.63 6 81,179 30.96 - 1,068 0.41 - - - - - - - 98,744 37.66 262,171 ME Maryland 8 301,479 57.06 8 223,626 42.33 - 1,701 0.32 - 636 0.12 - 906 0.17 - 77,853 14.74 528,348 MD Massachusetts 18 775,566 49.15 - 792,758 50.24 18 6,262 0.40 - 2,461 0.16 - 772 0.05 - - 17,192 - 1.09 1,577,823 MA Michigan 15 965,396 70.36 15 396,762 28.92 - 3,516 0.26 - 2,881 0.21 - 799 0.06 - 568,634 41.44 1,372,082 MI Minnesota 12 560,977 57.77 12 396,451 40.83 - 6,774 0.70 - 4,853 0.50 - 1,921 0.20 - 164,526 16.94 970,976 MN Mississippi 10 27,153 17.90 - 124,539 82.10 10 - - - - - - - - - - 97,386 - 64.20 151,692 MS Missouri 18 834,080 55.58 18 662,562 44.15 - 3,739 0.25 - - - - 340 0.02 - 171,518 11.43 1,500,721 MO Montana 113,300 58.37 78,578 40.48 - 1,667 0.86 - 563 0.29 - - - - 34,722 17.89 194,108 MT Nebraska 8 345,745 63.19 8 197,959 36.18 - 3,434 0.63 - - - - - - - 147,786 27.01 547,144 NE Nevada 18,327 56.54 14,090 43.46 - - - - - - - - - - 4,237 13.07 32,417 NV New Hampshire 115,404 58.65 80,715 41.02 - 465 0.24 - 173 0.09 - - - - 34,689 17.63 196,757 NH New Jersey 14 925,285 59.77 14 616,162 39.80 - 4,866 0.31 - 1,240 0.08 - 488 0.03 - 309,123 19.97 1,548,195 NJ New Mexico 69,645 59.01 48,211 40.85 - - - - 158 0.13 - - - - 21,434 18.16 118,014 NM New York 45 2,193,344 49.79 45 2,089,863 47.44 - 107,332 2.44 - 10,876 0.25 - 4,211 0.10 - 103,481 2.35 4,405,626 NY North Carolina 12 348,923 54.94 12 286,227 45.06 - - - - - - - - - - 62,696 9.87 635,150 NC North Dakota 5 131,441 54.80 5 106,648 44.46 - 936 0.39 - 842 0.35 - - - - 24,793 10.34 239,867 ND Ohio 24 1,627,546 64.89 24 864,210 34.45 - 8,683 0.35 - 2,836 0.11 - 1,515 0.06 - 763,336 30.43 2,508,346 OH Oklahoma 10 394,046 63.72 10 219,174 35.44 - 3,924 0.63 - - - - - - - 174,872 28.28 618,427 OK Oregon 5 205,341 64.18 5 109,223 34.14 - 2,720 0.85 - 1,094 0.34 - 1,564 0.49 - 96,118 30.04 319,942 OR Pennsylvania 38 2,055,382 65.24 38 1,067,586 33.89 - 18,647 0.59 - 4,726 0.15 - 380 0.01 - 987,796 31.35 3,150,610 PA Rhode Island 5 117,522 49.55 - 118,973 50.16 5 - - - 283 0.12 - 416 0.18 - - 1,451 - 0.61 237,194 RI South Carolina 9 5,858 8.54 - 62,700 91.39 9 47 0.07 - - - - - - - - 56,842 - 82.85 68,605 SC South Dakota 5 157,603 60.18 5 102,660 39.20 - 443 0.17 - 232 0.09 - - - - 54,943 20.98 261,865 SD Tennessee 12 195,388 53.76 12 167,343 46.04 - 631 0.17 - 111 0.03 - - - - 28,045 7.72 363,473 TN Texas 20 367,036 51.77 20 341,032 48.10 - 722 0.10 - 209 0.03 - - - - 26,004 3.67 708,999 TX Utah 94,618 53.58 80,985 45.86 - 954 0.54 - 46 0.03 - - - - 13,633 7.72 176,603 UT Vermont 90,404 66.87 44,440 32.87 - - - - - - - - - - 45,964 34.00 135,191 VT Virginia 12 164,609 53.91 12 140,146 45.90 - 250 0.08 - 173 0.06 - 180 0.06 - 24,463 8.01 305,358 VA Washington 7 335,844 67.06 7 156,772 31.30 - 2,615 0.52 - 1,541 0.31 - 4,068 0.81 - 179,072 35.75 500,840 WA West Virginia 8 375,551 58.43 8 263,784 41.04 - 1,313 0.20 - 401 0.06 - - - - 111,767 17.39 642,752 WV Wisconsin 13 544,205 53.52 13 450,259 44.28 - 18,213 1.79 - 1,528 0.15 - 381 0.04 - 93,946 9.24 1,016,831 WI Wyoming 52,748 63.68 29,299 35.37 - 788 0.95 - - - - - - - 23,449 28.31 82,835 WY TOTALS : 531 21,427,123 58.21 444 15,015,464 40.80 87 267,478 0.73 - 48,551 0.13 - 21,590 0.06 - 6,411,659 17.42 36,807,012 US Close states ( edit ) Margin of victory less than 1 % ( 5 electoral votes ) : Rhode Island , 0.61 % Margin of victory less than 5 % ( 95 electoral votes ) : Massachusetts , 1.09 % New York , 2.35 % Alabama , 2.84 % Texas , 3.67 % Margin of victory between 5 % and 10 % ( 60 electoral votes ) : Utah , 7.72 % Tennessee , 7.72 % Virginia , 8.01 % Connecticut , 8.06 % Wisconsin , 9.24 % North Carolina , 9.87 % Statistics ( edit ) Counties with Highest Percent of Vote ( Republican ) Jackson County , Kentucky 96.52 % Leslie County , Kentucky 94.51 % Alpine County , California 94.23 % Johnson County , Tennessee 93.74 % Sevier County , Tennessee 92.57 % Counties with Highest Percent of Vote ( Democratic ) Jackson Parish , Louisiana 100.00 % Armstrong County , South Dakota 100.00 % Humphreys County , Mississippi 99.90 % Edgefield County , South Carolina 99.67 % Bamberg County , South Carolina 99.49 % Counties with Highest Percent of Vote ( Other ) Alachua County , Florida 62.63 % Appling County , Georgia 58.25 % Long County , Georgia 57.32 % Decatur County , Georgia 46.03 % Jefferson County , Georgia 43.67 % See also ( edit ) History of the United States ( 1918 - 1945 ) Inauguration of Herbert Hoover United States House of Representatives elections , 1928 United States Senate elections , 1928 Al Smith presidential campaign , 1928 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections '' . The American Presidency Project . UC Santa Barbara . ^ Jump up to : The Presidential Vote , 1896 - 1932 , Edgar E. Robinson , pg. 24 Jump up ^ Rutland , Robert Allen ( 1996 ) . The Republicans . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1090 - 6 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Niall A. ( 2006 ) . The twenties in America . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 2037 - 1 . Jump up ^ Walch , Timothy ( 1997 ) . At the President 's side . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1133 - 0 . Jump up ^ Mencken , Henry Louis ; George Jean Nathan ( 1929 ) . The American mercury . p. 404 . Jump up ^ Mieczkowski , Yanek ; Mark Christopher Carnes ( 2001 ) . The Routledge historical atlas of presidential elections . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92133 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Hoover 's Speech '' . Time . August 20 , 1928 . Retrieved May 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` US President - R Convention Race - Jun 12 , 1928 '' . Our Campaigns . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` US Vice President - R Convention Race - Jun 15 , 1928 '' . Our Campaigns . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Paulson , Arthur C. ( 2000 ) . Realignment and party revival . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96865 - 6 . Jump up ^ Binning , William C. ; Larry Eugene Esterly ; Paul A. Sracic ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of American parties , campaigns , and elections . p. 135 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30312 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ledbetter , Cal ( August 24 , 2008 ) . `` Joe T. Robinson and the 1928 presidential election '' . Arkansas Democrat - Gazette ( Little Rock ) . Jump up ^ Slayton , Robert A. ( 2001 ) . Empire statesman . p. 304 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86302 - 3 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger Jr. , Arthur ( February 2 , 1990 ) . `` O'Connor , Vaughan , Cuomo , Al Smith , J.F.K. - The New York Times '' . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blocker , Jack S. ; David M. Fahey ; Ian R. Tyrrell ( 2003 ) . Alcohol and temperance in modern history . ABC - CLIO . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 833 - 4 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , John ( 2006 ) . The president , the Pope , and the prime minister : three who changed the world . Regnery . p. 110 . ISBN 1 - 59698 - 016 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Slayton , Robert A. ( 2001 ) . Empire statesman : the rise and redemption of Al Smith . Simon and Schuster . pp. 309 -- 313 , 317 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 86302 - 2 . Jump up ^ Douglas C. Strange , `` Lutherans and Presidential Politics : The National Lutheran Editors ' and Managers ' Association Statement of 1928 , '' Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly , Winter 1968 , Vol. 41 Issue 4 , pp 168 - 172 Jump up ^ `` Great & Fake Oath '' . Time . 1928 - 09 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Allan J. Lichtman , Prejudice and the Old Politics : The Presidential Election of 1928 ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Hachten , Arthur ( October 20 , 1928 ) . `` Hoover Spikes Dance Slander '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . p. 6 . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Arnold S. ( 1972 ) . The Ku Klux Klan in American Politics . Haskell House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8383 - 1427 - 2 . Jump up ^ The Presidential Vote , 1896 - 1932 -- Google Books . Stanford University Press . 1934 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Edgar Eugene ( 1947 - 01 - 01 ) . The Presidential Vote 1896 - 1932 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 9780804716963 . Jump up ^ The Presidential Vote , 1896 - 1932 , Edgar E. Robinson , pg. 25 Jump up ^ The Presidential Vote , 1896 - 1932 , Edgar E. Robinson , pg. 27 ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Robert David ; ' How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century ' ; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review ; June 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` 1928 Presidential General Election Data - National '' . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Andersen , Kristi . The Creation of a Democratic Majority : 1928 - 1936 . ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1997 ) Bornet , Vaughn Davis . `` The Communist Party in the Presidential Election of 1928 , '' Western Political Quarterly , ( 1958 ) , 11 # 3 pp. 514 -- 538 . In JSTOR Bornet , Vaughn Davis . ' Labor Politics in a Democratic Republic : Moderation , Division , and Disruption in the Presidential Election of 1928 ( 1964 ) Coffman , Elesha . `` The ' Religious Issue ' in Presidential Politics . '' American Catholic Studies ( 2008 ) 119 # 4 pp 1 - 20 Craig , Douglas B. After Wilson : The Struggle for Control of the Democratic Party , 1920 - 1934 . ( Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1993 ) Doherty , Herbert J. `` Florida and the Presidential Election of 1928 . '' The Florida Historical Quarterly 26.2 ( 1947 ) : 174 - 186 . Goldberg , David Joseph . Discontented America : The United States in the 1920s . ( Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1999 ) Hostetler , Michael J. `` Gov. Al Smith Confronts the Catholic Question : The Rhetorical Legacy of the 1928 Campaign '' Communication Quarterly , Vol. 46 , 1998 . Lichtman , Allan , Prejudice and the Old Politics : The Presidential Election of 1928 . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press , 1979 . Moore , Edmund A . A Catholic Runs for President : The Campaign of 1928 . Ronald Press , 1956 . Rulli , Daniel F. `` Campaigning in 1928 : Chickens in Pots and Cars in Backyards , '' Teaching History : A Journal of Methods , Vol. 31 , no . 1 ( 2006 ) , pp. 42 + Slayton , Robert A. Empire Statesman : The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith . New York : Free Press , 2001 . Sweeney , James R. `` Rum , Romanism , and Virginia Democrats : The Party Leaders and the Campaign of 1928 . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 90 ( 1982 ) : 403 -- 31 . in JSTOR Primary sources ( edit ) Hoover , Herbert . The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover : The Cabinet and the Presidency , 1920 - 1933 ( 1952 ) , Smith , Alfred E. Campaign Addresses 1929 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election , 1928 . United States presidential election of 1928 at Encyclopædia Britannica 1928 popular vote by counties How close was the 1928 election ? -- Michael Sheppard , Massachusetts Institute of Technology Election of 1928 in Counting the Votes United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Primaries and caucuses Iowa caucuses New Hampshire primary South Carolina primary Super Tuesday Nominating conventions Brokered convention Convention bounce Superdelegate Electoral College and Popular vote Results Summary Elections in which the winner lost the popular vote Electoral College margins Electoral College results by state Electoral vote changes between elections Electoral vote recipients Popular vote margins Contingent election Faithless elector Unpledged elector Voter turnout Related topics Campaign slogans Historical election polling Election Day Major party tickets Major party losers Presidential debates October surprise Red states and blue states Swing state Election recount House elections Senate elections Gubernatorial elections ( 1924 ← ) United States presidential election , 1928 ( → 1932 ) Republican Party Convention Nominee Herbert Hoover VP nominee Charles Curtis Candidates : Charles Curtis Guy D. Goff Frank O. Lowden George W. Norris Frank B. Willis Democratic Party Convention Nominee Al Smith VP nominee Joseph Taylor Robinson Candidates Cordell Hull Atlee Pomerene James A. Reed Evans Woollen Third party and independent candidates Communist Party Nominee William Z . Foster VP nominee Benjamin Gitlow Prohibition Party Nominee William F. Varney Socialist Party Nominee Norman Thomas VP nominee James H. Maurer Socialist Labor Party Nominee Frank T. Johns VP nominee Verne L. Reynolds Independents and other candidates William Dudley Pelley Other 1928 elections : House Senate Socialist Party of America Presidential tickets 1904 , Debs / Hanford 1908 , Debs / Hanford 1912 , Debs / Seidel 1916 , Benson / Kirkpatrick 1920 , Debs / Stedman 1924 , Endorsed Progressive Party ticket 1928 , Thomas / Maurer 1932 , Thomas / Maurer 1936 , Thomas / Nelson 1940 , Thomas / Krueger 1944 , Thomas / Hoopes 1948 , Thomas / Smith 1952 , Hoopes / Friedman 1956 , Hoopes / Friedman Parties by state and territory State California Colorado Connecticut Florida Kansas Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Texas Washington ( state ) Wisconsin Related topics History of the socialist movement in the United States Social Democratic Federation Social Democratic Party of America Socialist Party USA Committee for the Preservation of the Socialist Party Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee Social Democrats , USA Young People 's Socialist League Non-English press of the Socialist Party of America Democratic socialism Multi-tendency Herbert Hoover 31st President of the United States ( 1929 -- 1933 ) 3rd United States Secretary of Commerce ( 1921 -- 1928 ) Presidency 1929 inauguration Hoover Dam Federal Farm Board Wall Street Crash of 1929 Hooverville Bonus Army Banana Wars U.S. occupation of Nicaragua U.S. occupation of Haiti London Naval Treaty Hoover Moratorium Stimson Doctrine Cabinet Medicine Ball Cabinet Hooverball State of the Union Address , 1929 1930 Judicial appointments Supreme Court Other events Sons of Gwalia mine Zinc Corporation Commission for Relief in Belgium University Foundation Belgian American Educational Foundation American Relief Administration Russian Famine Relief Act U.S. Food Administration Commission for Polish Relief Finnish Relief Fund Hoover Commission Life Early life Birthplace and childhood home National Historic Site Hoover -- Minthorn House Lou Henry Hoover House Rapidan Camp Legacy Presidential Library , Museum , and gravesite Hoover Institution Library and Archives Hoover Tower Hoover Institution Herbert C. Hoover Building U.S. Postage stamp Hoover Medal Hoover Chair Hoover Field Books Freedom Betrayed English translation of De re metallica Elections Republican National Convention , 1920 1928 1932 1940 United States presidential election , 1928 1932 Family Lou Henry Hoover ( wife ) Herbert Hoover Jr. ( son ) Allan Hoover ( son ) Margaret Hoover ( great - granddaughter ) Jesse Hoover ( father ) Hulda Randall ( Minthorn ) Hoover ( mother ) ← Calvin Coolidge Franklin D. Roosevelt → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election,_1928&oldid=824191413 '' Categories : United States presidential election , 1928 History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Anti-Catholicism in the United States Presidency of Herbert Hoover November 1928 events Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Elections using electoral votes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 Pages using bar box without float left or float right Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 21 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who ran in the presidential election of 1928
[ "\n\nPresidential candidate\nParty\nHome state\nPopular vote\nElectoral\nvote\nRunning mate\n\n\nCount\nPercentage\nVice-presidential candidate\nHome state\nElectoral vote\n\n\nHerbert Hoover\nRepublican\nCalifornia\n21,427,123\n58.21%\n444\nCharles Curtis\nKansas\n444\n\n\nAl Smith\nDemocratic\nNew York\n15,015,464\n40.80%\n87\nJoseph Taylor Robinson\nArkansas\n87\n\n\nNorman Thomas\nSocialist\nNew York\n267,478\n0.73%\n0\nJames H. Maurer\nPennsylvania\n0\n\n\nWilliam Z. Foster\nCommunist\nMassachusetts\n48,551\n0.13%\n0\nBenjamin Gitlow\nNew York\n0\n\n\nVerne L. Reynolds\nSocialist Labor\nMichigan\n21,590\n0.06%\n0\nJeremiah D. Crowley\nNew York\n0\n\n\nWilliam F. Varney\nProhibition\nNew York\n20,095\n0.05%\n0\nJames Edgerton\nVirginia\n0\n\n\nFrank Webb\nFarmer-Labor\nCalifornia\n6,390\n0.02%\n0\nLeRoy R. Tillman\nGeorgia\n0\n\n\nOther\n321\n0.00%\n—\nOther\n—\n\n\nTotal\n36,807,012\n100%\n531\n\n531\n\n\nNeeded to win\n266\n\n266\n\n", "\n\nPresidential candidate\nParty\nHome state\nPopular vote\nElectoral\nvote\nRunning mate\n\n\nCount\nPercentage\nVice-presidential candidate\nHome state\nElectoral vote\n\n\nHerbert Hoover\nRepublican\nCalifornia\n21,427,123\n58.21%\n444\nCharles Curtis\nKansas\n444\n\n\nAl Smith\nDemocratic\nNew York\n15,015,464\n40.80%\n87\nJoseph Taylor Robinson\nArkansas\n87\n\n\nNorman Thomas\nSocialist\nNew York\n267,478\n0.73%\n0\nJames H. Maurer\nPennsylvania\n0\n\n\nWilliam Z. Foster\nCommunist\nMassachusetts\n48,551\n0.13%\n0\nBenjamin Gitlow\nNew York\n0\n\n\nVerne L. Reynolds\nSocialist Labor\nMichigan\n21,590\n0.06%\n0\nJeremiah D. Crowley\nNew York\n0\n\n\nWilliam F. Varney\nProhibition\nNew York\n20,095\n0.05%\n0\nJames Edgerton\nVirginia\n0\n\n\nFrank Webb\nFarmer-Labor\nCalifornia\n6,390\n0.02%\n0\nLeRoy R. Tillman\nGeorgia\n0\n\n\nOther\n321\n0.00%\n—\nOther\n—\n\n\nTotal\n36,807,012\n100%\n531\n\n531\n\n\nNeeded to win\n266\n\n266\n\n", "\n\nPresidential candidate\nParty\nHome state\nPopular vote\nElectoral\nvote\nRunning mate\n\n\nCount\nPercentage\nVice-presidential candidate\nHome state\nElectoral vote\n\n\nHerbert Hoover\nRepublican\nCalifornia\n21,427,123\n58.21%\n444\nCharles Curtis\nKansas\n444\n\n\nAl Smith\nDemocratic\nNew York\n15,015,464\n40.80%\n87\nJoseph Taylor Robinson\nArkansas\n87\n\n\nNorman Thomas\nSocialist\nNew York\n267,478\n0.73%\n0\nJames H. Maurer\nPennsylvania\n0\n\n\nWilliam Z. Foster\nCommunist\nMassachusetts\n48,551\n0.13%\n0\nBenjamin Gitlow\nNew York\n0\n\n\nVerne L. Reynolds\nSocialist Labor\nMichigan\n21,590\n0.06%\n0\nJeremiah D. Crowley\nNew York\n0\n\n\nWilliam F. Varney\nProhibition\nNew York\n20,095\n0.05%\n0\nJames Edgerton\nVirginia\n0\n\n\nFrank Webb\nFarmer-Labor\nCalifornia\n6,390\n0.02%\n0\nLeRoy R. Tillman\nGeorgia\n0\n\n\nOther\n321\n0.00%\n—\nOther\n—\n\n\nTotal\n36,807,012\n100%\n531\n\n531\n\n\nNeeded to win\n266\n\n266\n\n", "\n\nPresidential candidate\nParty\nHome state\nPopular vote\nElectoral\nvote\nRunning mate\n\n\nCount\nPercentage\nVice-presidential candidate\nHome state\nElectoral vote\n\n\nHerbert Hoover\nRepublican\nCalifornia\n21,427,123\n58.21%\n444\nCharles Curtis\nKansas\n444\n\n\nAl Smith\nDemocratic\nNew York\n15,015,464\n40.80%\n87\nJoseph Taylor Robinson\nArkansas\n87\n\n\nNorman Thomas\nSocialist\nNew York\n267,478\n0.73%\n0\nJames H. Maurer\nPennsylvania\n0\n\n\nWilliam Z. Foster\nCommunist\nMassachusetts\n48,551\n0.13%\n0\nBenjamin Gitlow\nNew York\n0\n\n\nVerne L. Reynolds\nSocialist Labor\nMichigan\n21,590\n0.06%\n0\nJeremiah D. Crowley\nNew York\n0\n\n\nWilliam F. Varney\nProhibition\nNew York\n20,095\n0.05%\n0\nJames Edgerton\nVirginia\n0\n\n\nFrank Webb\nFarmer-Labor\nCalifornia\n6,390\n0.02%\n0\nLeRoy R. Tillman\nGeorgia\n0\n\n\nOther\n321\n0.00%\n—\nOther\n—\n\n\nTotal\n36,807,012\n100%\n531\n\n531\n\n\nNeeded to win\n266\n\n266\n\n", "\n\nPresidential candidate\nParty\nHome state\nPopular vote\nElectoral\nvote\nRunning mate\n\n\nCount\nPercentage\nVice-presidential candidate\nHome state\nElectoral vote\n\n\nHerbert Hoover\nRepublican\nCalifornia\n21,427,123\n58.21%\n444\nCharles Curtis\nKansas\n444\n\n\nAl Smith\nDemocratic\nNew York\n15,015,464\n40.80%\n87\nJoseph Taylor Robinson\nArkansas\n87\n\n\nNorman Thomas\nSocialist\nNew York\n267,478\n0.73%\n0\nJames H. Maurer\nPennsylvania\n0\n\n\nWilliam Z. Foster\nCommunist\nMassachusetts\n48,551\n0.13%\n0\nBenjamin Gitlow\nNew York\n0\n\n\nVerne L. Reynolds\nSocialist Labor\nMichigan\n21,590\n0.06%\n0\nJeremiah D. Crowley\nNew York\n0\n\n\nWilliam F. Varney\nProhibition\nNew York\n20,095\n0.05%\n0\nJames Edgerton\nVirginia\n0\n\n\nFrank Webb\nFarmer-Labor\nCalifornia\n6,390\n0.02%\n0\nLeRoy R. Tillman\nGeorgia\n0\n\n\nOther\n321\n0.00%\n—\nOther\n—\n\n\nTotal\n36,807,012\n100%\n531\n\n531\n\n\nNeeded to win\n266\n\n266\n\n", "\n\nPresidential candidate\nParty\nHome state\nPopular vote\nElectoral\nvote\nRunning mate\n\n\nCount\nPercentage\nVice-presidential candidate\nHome state\nElectoral vote\n\n\nHerbert Hoover\nRepublican\nCalifornia\n21,427,123\n58.21%\n444\nCharles Curtis\nKansas\n444\n\n\nAl Smith\nDemocratic\nNew York\n15,015,464\n40.80%\n87\nJoseph Taylor Robinson\nArkansas\n87\n\n\nNorman Thomas\nSocialist\nNew York\n267,478\n0.73%\n0\nJames H. Maurer\nPennsylvania\n0\n\n\nWilliam Z. Foster\nCommunist\nMassachusetts\n48,551\n0.13%\n0\nBenjamin Gitlow\nNew York\n0\n\n\nVerne L. Reynolds\nSocialist Labor\nMichigan\n21,590\n0.06%\n0\nJeremiah D. Crowley\nNew York\n0\n\n\nWilliam F. Varney\nProhibition\nNew York\n20,095\n0.05%\n0\nJames Edgerton\nVirginia\n0\n\n\nFrank Webb\nFarmer-Labor\nCalifornia\n6,390\n0.02%\n0\nLeRoy R. Tillman\nGeorgia\n0\n\n\nOther\n321\n0.00%\n—\nOther\n—\n\n\nTotal\n36,807,012\n100%\n531\n\n531\n\n\nNeeded to win\n266\n\n266\n\n", "\n\nPresidential candidate\nParty\nHome state\nPopular vote\nElectoral\nvote\nRunning mate\n\n\nCount\nPercentage\nVice-presidential candidate\nHome state\nElectoral vote\n\n\nHerbert Hoover\nRepublican\nCalifornia\n21,427,123\n58.21%\n444\nCharles Curtis\nKansas\n444\n\n\nAl Smith\nDemocratic\nNew York\n15,015,464\n40.80%\n87\nJoseph Taylor Robinson\nArkansas\n87\n\n\nNorman Thomas\nSocialist\nNew York\n267,478\n0.73%\n0\nJames H. Maurer\nPennsylvania\n0\n\n\nWilliam Z. Foster\nCommunist\nMassachusetts\n48,551\n0.13%\n0\nBenjamin Gitlow\nNew York\n0\n\n\nVerne L. Reynolds\nSocialist Labor\nMichigan\n21,590\n0.06%\n0\nJeremiah D. Crowley\nNew York\n0\n\n\nWilliam F. Varney\nProhibition\nNew York\n20,095\n0.05%\n0\nJames Edgerton\nVirginia\n0\n\n\nFrank Webb\nFarmer-Labor\nCalifornia\n6,390\n0.02%\n0\nLeRoy R. Tillman\nGeorgia\n0\n\n\nOther\n321\n0.00%\n—\nOther\n—\n\n\nTotal\n36,807,012\n100%\n531\n\n531\n\n\nNeeded to win\n266\n\n266\n\n" ]
[ "Herbert Hoover", "Al Smith", "Norman Thomas", "William Z. Foster", "Verne L. Reynolds", "William F. Varney", "Frank Webb" ]
4080170451722267299
Latitude
Latitude - wikipedia Latitude Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the geographical reference system . For other uses , see Latitude ( disambiguation ) . A graticule on the Earth as a sphere or an ellipsoid . The lines from pole to pole are lines of constant longitude , or meridians . The circles parallel to the equator are lines of constant latitude , or parallels . The graticule shows the latitude and longitude of points on the surface . In this example meridians are spaced at 6 ° intervals and parallels at 4 ° intervals . In geography , latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north -- south position of a point on the Earth 's surface . Latitude is an angle ( defined below ) which ranges from 0 ° at the Equator to 90 ° ( North or South ) at the poles . Lines of constant latitude , or parallels , run east -- west as circles parallel to the equator . Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth . Without qualification the term latitude should be taken to be the geodetic latitude as defined in the following sections . Also defined are six auxiliary latitudes which are used in special applications . Contents ( hide ) 1 Preliminaries 2 Latitude on the sphere 2.1 The graticule on the sphere 2.2 Named latitudes on the Earth 2.3 Meridian distance on the sphere 3 Latitude on the ellipsoid 3.1 Ellipsoids 3.2 The geometry of the ellipsoid 3.3 Geodetic and geocentric latitudes 3.4 Length of a degree of latitude 4 Auxiliary latitudes 4.1 Geocentric latitude 4.2 Reduced ( or parametric ) latitude 4.3 Rectifying latitude 4.4 Authalic latitude 4.5 Conformal latitude 4.6 Isometric latitude 4.7 Inverse formulae and series 4.8 Numerical comparison of auxiliary latitudes 5 Latitude and coordinate systems 5.1 Geodetic coordinates 5.2 Spherical polar coordinates 5.3 Ellipsoidal coordinates 5.4 Coordinate conversions 6 Astronomical latitude 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Preliminaries ( edit ) Two levels of abstraction are employed in the definition of latitude and longitude . In the first step the physical surface is modeled by the geoid , a surface which approximates the mean sea level over the oceans and its continuation under the land masses . The second step is to approximate the geoid by a mathematically simpler reference surface . The simplest choice for the reference surface is a sphere , but the geoid is more accurately modeled by an ellipsoid . The definitions of latitude and longitude on such reference surfaces are detailed in the following sections . Lines of constant latitude and longitude together constitute a graticule on the reference surface . The latitude of a point on the actual surface is that of the corresponding point on the reference surface , the correspondence being along the normal to the reference surface which passes through the point on the physical surface . Latitude and longitude together with some specification of height constitute a geographic coordinate system as defined in the specification of the ISO 19111 standard . Since there are many different reference ellipsoids , the precise latitude of a feature on the surface is not unique : this is stressed in the ISO standard which states that `` without the full specification of the coordinate reference system , coordinates ( that is latitude and longitude ) are ambiguous at best and meaningless at worst '' . This is of great importance in accurate applications , such as a Global Positioning System ( GPS ) , but in common usage , where high accuracy is not required , the reference ellipsoid is not usually stated . In English texts the latitude angle , defined below , is usually denoted by the Greek lower - case letter phi ( φ or φ ) . It is measured in degrees , minutes and seconds or decimal degrees , north or south of the equator . The precise measurement of latitude requires an understanding of the gravitational field of the Earth , either to set up theodolites or to determine GPS satellite orbits . The study of the figure of the Earth together with its gravitational field is the science of geodesy . This article relates to coordinate systems for the Earth : it may be extended to cover the Moon , planets and other celestial objects by a simple change of nomenclature . Latitude on the sphere ( edit ) A perspective view of the Earth showing how latitude ( φ ) and longitude ( λ ) are defined on a spherical model . The graticule spacing is 10 degrees . The graticule on the sphere ( edit ) The graticule is formed by the lines of constant latitude and constant longitude , which are constructed with reference to the rotation axis of the Earth . The primary reference points are the poles where the axis of rotation of the Earth intersects the reference surface . Planes which contain the rotation axis intersect the surface at the meridians ; and the angle between any one meridian plane and that through Greenwich ( the Prime Meridian ) defines the longitude : meridians are lines of constant longitude . The plane through the centre of the Earth and perpendicular to the rotation axis intersects the surface at a great circle called the Equator . Planes parallel to the equatorial plane intersect the surface in circles of constant latitude ; these are the parallels . The Equator has a latitude of 0 ° , the North Pole has a latitude of 90 ° North ( written 90 ° N or + 90 ° ) , and the South Pole has a latitude of 90 ° South ( written 90 ° S or − 90 ° ) . The latitude of an arbitrary point is the angle between the equatorial plane and the normal to the surface at that point : the normal to the surface of the sphere is along the radius vector . The latitude , as defined in this way for the sphere , is often termed the spherical latitude , to avoid ambiguity with the geodetic latitude and the auxiliary latitudes defined in subsequent sections of this article . Named latitudes on the Earth ( edit ) The orientation of the Earth at the December solstice . Besides the equator , four other parallels are of significance : Arctic Circle 66 ° 34 ′ ( 66.57 ° ) N Tropic of Cancer 23 ° 26 ′ ( 23.43 ° ) N Tropic of Capricorn 23 ° 26 ′ ( 23.43 ° ) S Antarctic Circle 66 ° 34 ′ ( 66.57 ° ) S The plane of the Earth 's orbit about the Sun is called the ecliptic , and the plane perpendicular to the rotation axis of the Earth is the equatorial plane . The angle between the ecliptic and the equatorial plane is called variously the axial tilt , the obliquity , or the inclination of the ecliptic , and it is conventionally denoted by i . The latitude of the tropical circles is equal to i and the latitude of the polar circles is its complement ( 90 ° - i ) . The axis of rotation varies slowly over time and the values given here are those for the current epoch . The time variation is discussed more fully in the article on axial tilt . The figure shows the geometry of a cross-section of the plane perpendicular to the ecliptic and through the centres of the Earth and the Sun at the December solstice when the Sun is overhead at some point of the Tropic of Capricorn . The south polar latitudes below the Antarctic Circle are in daylight , whilst the north polar latitudes above the Arctic Circle are in night . The situation is reversed at the June solstice , when the Sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer . Only at latitudes in between the two tropics is it possible for the Sun to be directly overhead ( at the zenith ) . On map projections there is no universal rule as to how meridians and parallels should appear . The examples below show the named parallels ( as red lines ) on the commonly used Mercator projection and the Transverse Mercator projection . On the former the parallels are horizontal and the meridians are vertical , whereas on the latter there is no exact relationship of parallels and meridians with horizontal and vertical : both are complicated curves . Normal Mercator Transverse Mercator \ Meridian distance on the sphere ( edit ) On the sphere the normal passes through the centre and the latitude ( φ ) is therefore equal to the angle subtended at the centre by the meridian arc from the equator to the point concerned . If the meridian distance is denoted by m ( φ ) then m ( φ ) = π 180 ∘ R φ d e g r e e s = R φ r a d i a n s ( \ displaystyle m ( \ phi ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 180 ^ ( \ circ ) ) ) R \ phi _ ( \ mathrm ( degrees ) ) = R \ phi _ ( \ mathrm ( radians ) ) ) where R denotes the mean radius of the Earth . R is equal to 6,371 km or 3,959 miles . No higher accuracy is appropriate for R since higher - precision results necessitate an ellipsoid model . With this value for R the meridian length of 1 degree of latitude on the sphere is 111.2 km or 69.1 miles . The length of 1 minute of latitude is 1.853 km or 1.151 miles , and this distance was formerly used as the basis of the nautical mile . Latitude on the ellipsoid ( edit ) Ellipsoids ( edit ) In 1687 Isaac Newton published the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica , in which he proved that a rotating self - gravitating fluid body in equilibrium takes the form of an oblate ellipsoid . ( This article uses the term ellipsoid in preference to the older term spheroid . ) Newton 's result was confirmed by geodetic measurements in the 18th century . ( See Meridian arc . ) An oblate ellipsoid is the three - dimensional surface generated by the rotation of an ellipse about its shorter axis ( minor axis ) . `` Oblate ellipsoid of revolution '' is abbreviated to ' ellipsoid ' in the remainder of this article . ( Ellipsoids which do not have an axis of symmetry are termed triaxial . ) Many different reference ellipsoids have been used in the history of geodesy . In pre-satellite days they were devised to give a good fit to the geoid over the limited area of a survey but , with the advent of GPS , it has become natural to use reference ellipsoids ( such as WGS84 ) with centre at the centre of mass of the Earth and minor axis aligned to the rotation axis of the Earth . These geocentric ellipsoids are usually within 100 m ( 330 ft ) of the geoid . Since latitude is defined with respect to an ellipsoid , the position of a given point is different on each ellipsoid : one can not exactly specify the latitude and longitude of a geographical feature without specifying the ellipsoid used . Many maps maintained by national agencies are based on older ellipsoids , so one must know how the latitude and longitude values are transformed from one ellipsoid to another . GPS handsets include software to carry out datum transformations which link WGS84 to the local reference ellipsoid with its associated grid . The geometry of the ellipsoid ( edit ) The shape of an ellipsoid of revolution is determined by the shape of the ellipse which is rotated about its minor ( shorter ) axis . Two parameters are required . One is invariably the equatorial radius , which is the semi-major axis , a . The other parameter is usually ( 1 ) the polar radius or semi-minor axis , b ; or ( 2 ) the ( first ) flattening , f ; or ( 3 ) the eccentricity , e . These parameters are not independent : they are related by f = a − b a , e 2 = 2 f − f 2 , b = a ( 1 − f ) = a 1 − e 2 . ( \ displaystyle f = ( \ frac ( a-b ) ( a ) ) , \ qquad e ^ ( 2 ) = 2f - f ^ ( 2 ) , \ qquad b = a ( 1 - f ) = a ( \ sqrt ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , . ) Many other parameters ( see ellipse , ellipsoid ) appear in the study of geodesy , geophysics and map projections but they can all be expressed in terms of one or two members of the set a , b , f and e . Both f and e are small and often appear in series expansions in calculations ; they are of the order 1 / 300 and 0.08 respectively . Values for a number of ellipsoids are given in Figure of the Earth . Reference ellipsoids are usually defined by the semi-major axis and the inverse flattening , 1 / f . For example , the defining values for the WGS84 ellipsoid , used by all GPS devices , are a ( equatorial radius ) : 7006637813700000000 ♠ 6378137. 0 m exactly 1 / f ( inverse flattening ) : 7002298257223563000 ♠ 298.257 223 563 exactly from which are derived b ( polar radius ) : 7006635675231420000 ♠ 6356752. 3142 m e ( eccentricity squared ) : 6997669437999014000 ♠ 0.006 694 379 990 14 The difference between the semi-major and semi-minor axes is about 21 km ( 13 miles ) and as fraction of the semi-major axis it equals the flattening ; on a computer monitor the ellipsoid could be sized as 300 by 299 pixels . This would barely be distinguishable from a 300 - by - 300 - pixel sphere , so illustrations usually exaggerate the flattening . Geodetic and geocentric latitudes ( edit ) The definition of geodetic latitude ( φ ) and longitude ( λ ) on an ellipsoid . The normal to the surface does not pass through the centre , except at the equator and at the poles . The graticule on the ellipsoid is constructed in exactly the same way as on the sphere . The normal at a point on the surface of an ellipsoid does not pass through the centre , except for points on the equator or at the poles , but the definition of latitude remains unchanged as the angle between the normal and the equatorial plane . The terminology for latitude must be made more precise by distinguishing : Geodetic latitude : the angle between the normal and the equatorial plane . The standard notation in English publications is φ . This is the definition assumed when the word latitude is used without qualification . The definition must be accompanied with a specification of the ellipsoid . Geocentric latitude : the angle between the radius ( from centre to the point on the surface ) and the equatorial plane . ( Figure below ) . There is no standard notation : examples from various texts include ψ , q , φ ′ , φ , φ . This article uses ψ . Spherical latitude : the angle between the normal to a spherical reference surface and the equatorial plane . Geographic latitude must be used with care . Some authors use it as a synonym for geodetic latitude whilst others use it as an alternative to the astronomical latitude . Latitude ( unqualified ) should normally refer to the geodetic latitude . The importance of specifying the reference datum may be illustrated by a simple example . On the reference ellipsoid for WGS84 , the centre of the Eiffel Tower has a geodetic latitude of 48 ° 51 ′ 29 '' N , or 48.8583 ° N and longitude of 2 ° 17 ′ 40 '' E or 2.2944 ° E. The same coordinates on the datum ED50 define a point on the ground which is 140 metres ( 460 feet ) distant from the tower . A web search may produce several different values for the latitude of the tower ; the reference ellipsoid is rarely specified . Length of a degree of latitude ( edit ) Main article : Meridian arc In Meridian arc and standard texts it is shown that the distance along a meridian from latitude φ to the equator is given by ( φ in radians ) m ( φ ) = ∫ 0 φ M ( φ ′ ) d φ ′ = a ( 1 − e 2 ) ∫ 0 φ ( 1 − e 2 sin 2 ⁡ φ ′ ) − 3 2 d φ ′ ( \ displaystyle m ( \ phi ) = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ phi ) M ( \ phi ' ) \ , d \ phi ' = a ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ phi ) \ left ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) \ sin ^ ( 2 ) \ phi ' \ right ) ^ ( - ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) ) \ , d \ phi ' ) where M ( φ ) is the meridional radius of curvature . The distance from the equator to the pole is m p = m ( π 2 ) ( \ displaystyle m_ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) = m \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) \ , ) For WGS84 this distance is 7007100019657290000 ♠ 10 001. 965 729 km . The evaluation of the meridian distance integral is central to many studies in geodesy and map projection . It can be evaluated by expanding the integral by the binomial series and integrating term by term : see Meridian arc for details . The length of the meridian arc between two given latitudes is given by replacing the limits of the integral by the latitudes concerned . The length of a small meridian arc is given by δ m ( φ ) = M ( φ ) δ φ = a ( 1 − e 2 ) ( 1 − e 2 sin 2 ⁡ φ ) − 3 2 δ φ ( \ displaystyle \ delta m ( \ phi ) = M ( \ phi ) \ , \ delta \ phi = a ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) \ left ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) \ sin ^ ( 2 ) \ phi \ right ) ^ ( - ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) ) \ , \ delta \ phi ) φ ( \ displaystyle \ phi ) Δ1 lat Δ1 long 0 ° 110.574 km 111.320 km 15 ° 110.649 km 107.550 km 30 ° 110.852 km 96.486 km 45 ° 111.132 km 78.847 km 60 ° 111.412 km 55.800 km 75 ° 111.618 km 28.902 km 90 ° 111.694 km 0.000 km When the latitude difference is 1 degree , corresponding to π / 180 radians , the arc distance is about Δ l a t 1 = π a ( 1 − e 2 ) 180 ∘ ( 1 − e 2 sin 2 ⁡ φ ) 3 2 ( \ displaystyle \ Delta _ ( \ mathrm ( lat ) ) ^ ( 1 ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi a \ left ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) ( 180 ^ ( \ circ ) \ left ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) \ sin ^ ( 2 ) \ phi \ right ) ^ ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) The distance in metres ( correct to 0.01 metre ) between latitudes φ ( \ displaystyle \ phi ) − 0.5 degrees and φ ( \ displaystyle \ phi ) + 0.5 degrees on the WGS84 spheroid is Δ l a t 1 = 111 132.954 − 559.822 cos ⁡ 2 φ + 1.175 cos ⁡ 4 φ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta _ ( \ mathrm ( lat ) ) ^ ( 1 ) = 111 \ , 132.954 - 559.822 \ cos 2 \ phi + 1.175 \ cos 4 \ phi ) The variation of this distance with latitude ( on WGS84 ) is shown in the table along with the length of a degree of longitude ( east - west distance ) : Δ l o n g 1 = π a cos ⁡ φ 180 ∘ 1 − e 2 sin 2 ⁡ φ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta _ ( \ mathrm ( long ) ) ^ ( 1 ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi a \ cos \ phi ) ( 180 ^ ( \ circ ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) \ sin ^ ( 2 ) \ phi ) ) ) ) \ , ) A calculator for any latitude is provided by the U.S. Government 's National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency ( NGA ) . Historically a nautical mile was defined as the length of one minute of arc along a meridian of a spherical earth . An ellipsoid model leads to a variation of the nautical mile with latitude . This was resolved by defining the nautical mile to be exactly 1,852 metres . Auxiliary latitudes ( edit ) There are six auxiliary latitudes that have applications to special problems in geodesy , geophysics and the theory of map projections : Geocentric latitude Reduced ( or parametric ) latitude Rectifying latitude Authalic latitude Conformal latitude Isometric latitude The definitions given in this section all relate to locations on the reference ellipsoid but the first two auxiliary latitudes , like the geodetic latitude , can be extended to define a three - dimensional geographic coordinate system as discussed below . The remaining latitudes are not used in this way ; they are used only as intermediate constructs in map projections of the reference ellipsoid to the plane or in calculations of geodesics on the ellipsoid . Their numerical values are not of interest . For example , no one would need to calculate the authalic latitude of the Eiffel Tower . The expressions below give the auxiliary latitudes in terms of the geodetic latitude , the semi-major axis , a , and the eccentricity , e . ( For inverses see below . ) The forms given are , apart from notational variants , those in the standard reference for map projections , namely `` Map projections : a working manual '' by J.P. Snyder . Derivations of these expressions may be found in Adams and online publications by Osborne and Rapp . Geocentric latitude ( edit ) The definition of geodetic ( or geographic ) and geocentric latitudes . The geocentric latitude is the angle between the equatorial plane and the radius from the centre to a point on the surface . The relation between the geocentric latitude ( ψ ) and the geodetic latitude ( φ ) is derived in the above references as ψ ( φ ) = tan − 1 ⁡ ( ( 1 − e 2 ) tan ⁡ φ ) = tan − 1 ⁡ ( ( 1 − f ) 2 tan ⁡ φ ) . ( \ displaystyle \ psi ( \ phi ) = \ tan ^ ( - 1 ) \ left ( ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) \ tan \ phi \ right ) = \ tan ^ ( - 1 ) \ left ( ( 1 - f ) ^ ( 2 ) \ tan \ phi \ right ) \ , . ) The geodetic and geocentric latitudes are equal at the equator and at the poles but at other latitudes they differ by a few minutes of arc . Taking the value of the squared eccentricity as 0.0067 ( it depends on the choice of ellipsoid ) the maximum difference of φ − ψ ( \ displaystyle \ phi ( - ) \ psi ) may be shown to be about 11.5 minutes of arc at a geodetic latitude of approximately 45 ° 6 ′ . Reduced ( or parametric ) latitude ( edit ) Definition of the reduced latitude ( β ) on the ellipsoid . The reduced or parametric latitude , β , is defined by the radius drawn from the centre of the ellipsoid to that point Q on the surrounding sphere ( of radius a ) which is the projection parallel to the Earth 's axis of a point P on the ellipsoid at latitude φ . It was introduced by Legendre and Bessel who solved problems for geodesics on the ellipsoid by transforming them to an equivalent problem for spherical geodesics by using this smaller latitude . Bessel 's notation , u ( φ ) , is also used in the current literature . The reduced latitude is related to the geodetic latitude by : β ( φ ) = tan − 1 ⁡ ( 1 − e 2 tan ⁡ φ ) = tan − 1 ⁡ ( ( 1 − f ) tan ⁡ φ ) ( \ displaystyle \ beta ( \ phi ) = \ tan ^ ( - 1 ) \ left ( ( \ sqrt ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ tan \ phi \ right ) = \ tan ^ ( - 1 ) \ left ( ( 1 - f ) \ tan \ phi \ right ) ) The alternative name arises from the parameterization of the equation of the ellipse describing a meridian section . In terms of Cartesian coordinates p , the distance from the minor axis , and z , the distance above the equatorial plane , the equation of the ellipse is : p 2 a 2 + z 2 b 2 = 1 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( p ^ ( 2 ) ) ( a ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( z ^ ( 2 ) ) ( b ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = 1 \ , . ) The Cartesian coordinates of the point are parameterized by p = a cos ⁡ β , z = b sin ⁡ β ; ( \ displaystyle p = a \ cos \ beta \ , , \ qquad z = b \ sin \ beta \ , ; ) Cayley suggested the term parametric latitude because of the form of these equations . The reduced latitude is not used in the theory of map projections . Its most important application is in the theory of ellipsoid geodesics . ( Vincenty , Karney ) . Rectifying latitude ( edit ) See also : Rectifying radius The rectifying latitude , μ , is the meridian distance scaled so that its value at the poles is equal to 90 degrees or π / 2 radians : μ ( φ ) = π 2 m ( φ ) m p ( \ displaystyle \ mu ( \ phi ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ frac ( m ( \ phi ) ) ( m_ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) ) ) ) where the meridian distance from the equator to a latitude φ is ( see Meridian arc ) m ( φ ) = a ( 1 − e 2 ) ∫ 0 φ ( 1 − e 2 sin 2 ⁡ φ ′ ) − 3 2 d φ ′ , ( \ displaystyle m ( \ phi ) = a ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ phi ) \ left ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) \ sin ^ ( 2 ) \ phi ' \ right ) ^ ( - ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) ) \ , d \ phi ' \ , , ) and the length of the meridian quadrant from the equator to the pole ( the polar distance ) is m p = m ( π 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle m_ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) = m \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) \ , . ) Using the rectifying latitude to define a latitude on a sphere of radius R = 2 m p π ( \ displaystyle R = ( \ frac ( 2m_ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) ) defines a projection from the ellipsoid to the sphere such that all meridians have true length and uniform scale . The sphere may then be projected to the plane with an equirectangular projection to give a double projection from the ellipsoid to the plane such that all meridians have true length and uniform meridian scale . An example of the use of the rectifying latitude is the Equidistant conic projection . ( Snyder , Section 16 ) . The rectifying latitude is also of great importance in the construction of the Transverse Mercator projection . Authalic latitude ( edit ) See also : Authalic radius The authalic ( Greek for same area ) latitude , ξ , gives an area - preserving transformation to a sphere . ξ ( φ ) = sin − 1 ⁡ ( q ( φ ) q p ) ( \ displaystyle \ xi ( \ phi ) = \ sin ^ ( - 1 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( q ( \ phi ) ) ( q_ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) ) ) \ right ) ) where q ( φ ) = ( 1 − e 2 ) sin ⁡ φ 1 − e 2 sin 2 ⁡ φ − 1 − e 2 2 e ln ⁡ ( 1 − e sin ⁡ φ 1 + e sin ⁡ φ ) = ( 1 − e 2 ) sin ⁡ φ 1 − e 2 sin 2 ⁡ φ + 1 − e 2 e tanh − 1 ⁡ ( e sin ⁡ φ ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) q ( \ phi ) & = ( \ frac ( ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) \ sin \ phi ) ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) \ sin ^ ( 2 ) \ phi ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2e ) ) \ ln \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 - e \ sin \ phi ) ( 1 + e \ sin \ phi ) ) \ right ) \ \ & = ( \ frac ( ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) \ sin \ phi ) ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) \ sin ^ ( 2 ) \ phi ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) ( e ) ) \ tanh ^ ( - 1 ) ( e \ sin \ phi ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) and q p = q ( π 2 ) = 1 − 1 − e 2 2 e ln ⁡ ( 1 − e 1 + e ) = 1 + 1 − e 2 e tanh − 1 ⁡ e ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) q_ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) = q \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) & = 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2e ) ) \ ln \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 - e ) ( 1 + e ) ) \ right ) & = 1 + ( \ frac ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) ( e ) ) \ tanh ^ ( - 1 ) e \ end ( aligned ) ) ) and the radius of the sphere is taken as R q = a q p 2 . ( \ displaystyle R_ ( q ) = a ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( q_ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) ) ( 2 ) ) ) \ , . ) An example of the use of the authalic latitude is the Albers equal - area conic projection . Conformal latitude ( edit ) The conformal latitude , χ , gives an angle - preserving ( conformal ) transformation to the sphere . χ ( φ ) = 2 tan − 1 ⁡ ( ( 1 + sin ⁡ φ 1 − sin ⁡ φ ) ( 1 − e sin ⁡ φ 1 + e sin ⁡ φ ) e ) 1 2 − π 2 = 2 tan − 1 ⁡ ( tan ⁡ ( φ 2 + π 4 ) ( 1 − e sin ⁡ φ 1 + e sin ⁡ φ ) e 2 ) − π 2 = sin − 1 ⁡ ( tanh ⁡ ( tanh − 1 ⁡ ( sin ⁡ φ ) − e tanh − 1 ⁡ ( e sin ⁡ φ ) ) ) = gd ⁡ ( gd − 1 ⁡ ( φ ) − e tanh − 1 ⁡ ( e sin ⁡ φ ) ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ chi ( \ phi ) & = 2 \ tan ^ ( - 1 ) \ left ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 + \ sin \ phi ) ( 1 - \ sin \ phi ) ) \ right ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 - e \ sin \ phi ) ( 1 + e \ sin \ phi ) ) \ right ) ^ ( e ) \ right ) ^ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) - ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ \ ( 2ex ) & = 2 \ tan ^ ( - 1 ) \ left ( \ tan \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ phi ) ( 2 ) ) + ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 - e \ sin \ phi ) ( 1 + e \ sin \ phi ) ) \ right ) ^ ( \ frac ( e ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) - ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ \ & = \ sin ^ ( - 1 ) \ left ( \ tanh \ left ( \ tanh ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ sin \ phi ) - e \ tanh ^ ( - 1 ) ( e \ sin \ phi ) \ right ) \ right ) \ \ & = \ operatorname ( gd ) \ left ( \ operatorname ( gd ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ phi ) - e \ tanh ^ ( - 1 ) ( e \ sin \ phi ) \ right ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where gd ( x ) is the Gudermannian function . ( See also Mercator projection . ) The conformal latitude defines a transformation from the ellipsoid to a sphere of arbitrary radius such that the angle of intersection between any two lines on the ellipsoid is the same as the corresponding angle on the sphere ( so that the shape of small elements is well preserved ) . A further conformal transformation from the sphere to the plane gives a conformal double projection from the ellipsoid to the plane . This is not the only way of generating such a conformal projection . For example , the ' exact ' version of the Transverse Mercator projection on the ellipsoid is not a double projection . ( It does , however , involve a generalisation of the conformal latitude to the complex plane ) . Isometric latitude ( edit ) The isometric latitude is conventionally denoted by ψ ( not to be confused with the geocentric latitude ) : it is used in the development of the ellipsoidal versions of the normal Mercator projection and the Transverse Mercator projection . The name `` isometric '' arises from the fact that at any point on the ellipsoid equal increments of ψ and longitude λ give rise to equal distance displacements along the meridians and parallels respectively . The graticule defined by the lines of constant ψ and constant λ , divides the surface of the ellipsoid into a mesh of squares ( of varying size ) . The isometric latitude is zero at the equator but rapidly diverges from the geodetic latitude , tending to infinity at the poles . The conventional notation is given in Snyder ( page 15 ) : ψ ( φ ) = ln ⁡ ( tan ⁡ ( π 4 + φ 2 ) ) + e 2 ln ⁡ ( 1 − e sin ⁡ φ 1 + e sin ⁡ φ ) = tanh − 1 ⁡ ( sin ⁡ φ ) − e tanh − 1 ⁡ ( e sin ⁡ φ ) = gd − 1 ⁡ ( φ ) − e tanh − 1 ⁡ ( e sin ⁡ φ ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ psi ( \ phi ) & = \ ln \ left ( \ tan \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) + ( \ frac ( \ phi ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) \ right ) + ( \ frac ( e ) ( 2 ) ) \ ln \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 - e \ sin \ phi ) ( 1 + e \ sin \ phi ) ) \ right ) \ \ & = \ tanh ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ sin \ phi ) - e \ tanh ^ ( - 1 ) ( e \ sin \ phi ) \ \ & = \ operatorname ( gd ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ phi ) - e \ tanh ^ ( - 1 ) ( e \ sin \ phi ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) For the normal Mercator projection ( on the ellipsoid ) this function defines the spacing of the parallels : if the length of the equator on the projection is E ( units of length or pixels ) then the distance , y , of a parallel of latitude φ from the equator is y ( φ ) = E 2 π ψ ( φ ) . ( \ displaystyle y ( \ phi ) = ( \ frac ( E ) ( 2 \ pi ) ) \ psi ( \ phi ) \ , . ) The isometric latitude ψ is closely related to the conformal latitude χ : ψ ( φ ) = gd − 1 ⁡ χ ( φ ) . ( \ displaystyle \ psi ( \ phi ) = \ operatorname ( gd ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ chi ( \ phi ) \ , . ) Inverse formulae and series ( edit ) The formulae in the previous sections give the auxiliary latitude in terms of the geodetic latitude . The expressions for the geocentric and reduced latitudes may be inverted directly but this is impossible in the four remaining cases : the rectifying , authalic , conformal , and isometric latitudes . There are two methods of proceeding . The first is a numerical inversion of the defining equation for each and every particular value of the auxiliary latitude . The methods available are fixed - point iteration and Newton -- Raphson root finding . The other , more useful , approach is to express the auxiliary latitude as a series in terms of the geodetic latitude and then invert the series by the method of Lagrange reversion . Such series are presented by Adams who uses Taylor series expansions and gives coefficients in terms of the eccentricity . Osborne derives series to arbitrary order by using the computer algebra package Maxima and expresses the coefficients in terms of both eccentricity and flattening . The series method is not applicable to the isometric latitude and one must use the conformal latitude in an intermediate step . Numerical comparison of auxiliary latitudes ( edit ) The following plot shows the magnitude of the difference between the geodetic latitude , ( denoted as the `` common '' latitude on the plot ) , and the auxiliary latitudes other than the isometric latitude ( which diverges to infinity at the poles ) . In every case the geodetic latitude is the greater . The differences shown on the plot are in arc minutes . The horizontal resolution of the plot fails to make clear that the maxima of the curves are not at 45 ° but calculation shows that they are within a few arc minutes of 45 ° . Some representative data points are given in the table following the plot . Note the closeness of the conformal and geocentric latitudes . This was exploited in the days of hand calculators to expedite the construction of map projections . Approximate difference from geodetic latitude ( φ ) φ Reduced φ − β Authalic φ − ξ Rectifying φ − μ Conformal φ − χ Geocentric φ − ψ 0 ° 0.00 ′ 0.00 ′ 0.00 ′ 0.00 ′ 0.00 ′ 15 ° 2.91 ′ 3.89 ′ 4.37 ′ 5.82 ′ 5.82 ′ 30 ° 5.05 ′ 6.73 ′ 7.57 ′ 10.09 ′ 10.09 ′ 45 ° 5.84 ′ 7.78 ′ 8.76 ′ 11.67 ′ 11.67 ′ 60 ° 5.06 ′ 6.75 ′ 7.59 ′ 10.12 ′ 10.13 ′ 75 ° 2.92 ′ 3.90 ′ 4.39 ′ 5.85 ′ 5.85 ′ 90 ° 0.00 ′ 0.00 ′ 0.00 ′ 0.00 ′ 0.00 ′ Latitude and coordinate systems ( edit ) The geodetic latitude , or any of the auxiliary latitudes defined on the reference ellipsoid , constitutes with longitude a two - dimensional coordinate system on that ellipsoid . To define the position of an arbitrary point it is necessary to extend such a coordinate system into three dimensions . Three latitudes are used in this way : the geodetic , geocentric and reduced latitudes are used in geodetic coordinates , spherical polar coordinates and ellipsoidal coordinates respectively . Geodetic coordinates ( edit ) Geodetic coordinates P ( ɸ , λ , h ) At an arbitrary point P consider the line PN which is normal to the reference ellipsoid . The geodetic coordinates P ( ɸ , λ , h ) are the latitude and longitude of the point N on the ellipsoid and the distance PN . This height differs from the height above the geoid or a reference height such as that above mean sea level at a specified location . The direction of PN will also differ from the direction of a vertical plumb line . The relation of these different heights requires knowledge of the shape of the geoid and also the gravity field of the Earth . Spherical polar coordinates ( edit ) Geocentric coordinate related to spherical polar coordinates P ( r , θ , λ ) The geocentric latitude ψ is the complement of the polar angle θ in conventional spherical polar coordinates in which the coordinates of a point are P ( r , θ , λ ) where r is the distance of P from the centre O , θ is the angle between the radius vector and the polar axis and λ is longitude . Since the normal at a general point on the ellipsoid does not pass through the centre it is clear that points on the normal , which all have the same geodetic latitude , will have differing geocentric latitudes . Spherical polar coordinate systems are used in the analysis of the gravity field . Ellipsoidal coordinates ( edit ) Ellipsoidal coordinates P ( u , β , λ ) The reduced latitude can also be extended to a three - dimensional coordinate system . For a point P not on the reference ellipsoid ( semi-axes OA and OB ) construct an auxiliary ellipsoid which is confocal ( same foci F , F ′ ) with the reference ellipsoid : the necessary condition is that the product ae of semi-major axis and eccentricity is the same for both ellipsoids . Let u be the semi-minor axis ( OD ) of the auxiliary ellipsoid . Further let β be the reduced latitude of P on the auxiliary ellipsoid . The set ( u , β , λ ) define the ellipsoid coordinates . These coordinates are the natural choice in models of the gravity field for a uniform distribution of mass bounded by the reference ellipsoid . Coordinate conversions ( edit ) The relations between the above coordinate systems , and also Cartesian coordinates are not presented here . The transformation between geodetic and Cartesian coordinates may be found in Geographic coordinate conversion . The relation of Cartesian and spherical polars is given in Spherical coordinate system . The relation of Cartesian and ellipsoidal coordinates is discussed in Torge . Astronomical latitude ( edit ) Astronomical latitude ( Φ ) is the angle between the equatorial plane and the true vertical at a point on the surface . The true vertical , the direction of a plumb line , is also the direction of the gravity acceleration , the resultant of the gravitational acceleration ( mass - based ) and the centrifugal acceleration at that latitude . Astronomic latitude is calculated from angles measured between the zenith and stars whose declination is accurately known . In general the true vertical at a point on the surface does not exactly coincide with either the normal to the reference ellipsoid or the normal to the geoid . The angle between the astronomic and geodetic normals is usually a few seconds of arc but it is important in geodesy . The reason why it differs from the normal to the geoid is , because the geoid is an idealized , theoretical shape `` at mean sea level '' . Points on the real surface of the earth are usually above or below this idealized geoid surface and here the true vertical can vary slightly . Also , the true vertical at a point at a specific time is influenced by tidal forces , which the theoretical geoid averages out . Astronomical latitude is not to be confused with declination , the coordinate astronomers use in a similar way to specify the angular position of stars north / south of the celestial equator ( see equatorial coordinates ) , nor with ecliptic latitude , the coordinate that astronomers use to specify the angular position of stars north / south of the ecliptic ( see ecliptic coordinates ) . See also ( edit ) Altitude ( mean sea level ) Bowditch 's American Practical Navigator Cardinal direction Declination on celestial sphere Degree Confluence Project Geodesy Geodetic datum Geographic coordinate system Geographical distance Geotagging Great - circle distance History of latitude measurements Horse latitudes List of cities by latitude List of countries by latitude Longitude Natural Area Code Navigation Orders of magnitude ( length ) World Geodetic System Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The current full documentation of ISO 19111 may be purchased from http://www.iso.org but drafts of the final standard are freely available at many web sites , one such is available at the following CSIRO Jump up ^ The value of this angle today is 23 ° 26 ′ 13.1 '' ( or 23.43697 ° ) . This figure is provided by Template : Circle of latitude . Jump up ^ An elementary calculation involves differentiation to find the maximum difference of the geodetic and geocentric latitudes . Full details may be found on page 90 of The Mercator projections References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Newton , Isaac . `` Book III Proposition XIX Problem III '' . Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica . Translated by Motte , Andrew . p. 407 . Jump up ^ `` TR8350. 2 '' . National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency publication . p. 3 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Torge , W. ( 2001 ) . Geodesy ( 3rd ed . ) . De Gruyter . ISBN 3 - 11 - 017072 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Osborne , Peter ( 2013 ) . `` Chapters 5 , 6 '' . The Mercator Projections . doi : 10.5281 / zenodo. 35392 . for LaTeX code and figures . ^ Jump up to : Rapp , Richard H. ( 1991 ) . `` Chapter 3 '' . Geometric Geodesy , Part I. Columbus , OH : Dept. of Geodetic Science and Surveying , Ohio State Univ . Jump up ^ `` Length of degree calculator '' . National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , John P. ( 1987 ) . Map Projections : A Working Manual . U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1395 . Washington , DC : United States Government Printing Office . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Oscar S. ( 1921 ) . Latitude Developments Connected With Geodesy and Cartography ( with tables , including a table for Lambert equal area meridional projection ( PDF ) . Special Publication No. 67 . US Coast and Geodetic Survey . ( Note : Adams uses the nomenclature isometric latitude for the conformal latitude of this article ( and throughout the modern literature ) . ) Jump up ^ Legendre , A.M. ( 1806 ) . `` Analyse des triangles tracés sur la surface d'un sphéroïde '' . Mém . Inst . Nat . Fr . 1st semester : 130 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Bessel , F.W. ( 1825 ) . `` Über die Berechnung der geographischen Langen und Breiten aus geodatischen Vermessungen '' . Astron . Nachr. 4 ( 86 ) : 241 -- 254 . doi : 10.1002 / asna. 201011352 . Translation : Karney , C.F.F. ; Deakin , R.E. ( 2010 ) . `` The calculation of longitude and latitude from geodesic measurements '' . Astron . Nachr. 331 ( 8 ) : 852 -- 861 . Bibcode : 1825AN ... 4 ... 241B . arXiv : 0908.1824 . doi : 10.1002 / asna. 18260041601 . Jump up ^ Cayley , A. ( 1870 ) . `` On the geodesic lines on an oblate spheroid '' . Phil . Mag. 40 ( 4th ser . ) : 329 -- 340 . Jump up ^ Karney , C.F.F. ( 2013 ) . `` Algorithms for geodesics '' . J. Geodesy. 87 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 55 . doi : 10.1007 / s00190 - 012 - 0578 - z . Jump up ^ `` Maxima computer algebra system '' . Sourceforge . Jump up ^ Hofmann - Wellenhof , B. ; Moritz , H. ( 2006 ) . Physical Geodesy ( 2nd ed . ) . ISBN 3 - 211 - 33544 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutLatitudeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity GEONets Names Server , access to the National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency 's ( NGA ) database of foreign geographic feature names . Resources for determining your latitude and longitude Convert decimal degrees into degrees , minutes , seconds - Info about decimal to sexagesimal conversion Convert decimal degrees into degrees , minutes , seconds Distance calculation based on latitude and longitude - JavaScript version 16th Century Latitude Survey Determination of Latitude by Francis Drake on the Coast of California in 1579 Longitude and Latitude of Points of Interest Online computation of all relevant quantities referring to an ellipsoidal latitude on a chosen reference ellipsoid Circles of latitude / Meridians Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle W 0 ° E 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 0 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 5 ° N 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 5 ° S 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 45x90 45x90 45x90 45x90 Map projection History List Portal By surface Cylindrical Mercator - conformal Gauss -- Krüger Transverse Mercator Equal - area Balthasart Behrmann Gall -- Peters Hobo -- Dyer Lambert Smyth equal - surface Trystan Edwards Cassini Central Equirectangular Gall stereographic Miller Space - oblique Mercator Web Mercator Pseudocylindrical Eckert II Eckert IV Eckert VI Goode homolosine Kavrayskiy VII Mollweide Sinusoidal Tobler hyperelliptical Wagner VI Conical Albers Equidistant Lambert conformal Pseudoconical Bonne Bottomley Polyconic Werner Azimuthal ( planar ) General perspective Gnomonic Orthographic Stereographic Equidistant Lambert equal - area Pseudoazimuthal Aitoff Hammer Wiechel Winkel tripel By metric Conformal Adams hemisphere - in - a-square Gauss -- Krüger Guyou hemisphere - in - a-square Lambert conformal conic Mercator Peirce quincuncial Stereographic Transverse Mercator Equal - area Bonne Sinusoidal Werner Bottomley Sinusoidal Werner Cylindrical Balthasart Behrmann Gall -- Peters Hobo -- Dyer Lambert cylindrical equal - area Smyth equal - surface Trystan Edwards Tobler hyperelliptical Collignon Mollweide Albers Briesemeister Eckert II Eckert IV Eckert VI Hammer Lambert azimuthal equal - area Quadrilateralized spherical cube Equidistant in some aspect Conic Equirectangular Sinusoidal Two - point Werner Gnomonic Gnomonic Loxodromic Loximuthal Mercator Retroazimuthal ( Mecca or Qibla ) Craig Hammer Littrow By construction Compromise Chamberlin trimetric Kavrayskiy VII Miller cylindrical Robinson Van der Grinten Wagner VI Winkel tripel Hybrid Goode homolosine HEALPix Perspective Planar Gnomonic Orthographic Stereographic Central cylindrical Polyhedral Cahill Butterfly Dymaxion Quadrilateralized spherical cube Waterman butterfly See also Latitude Longitude Tissot 's indicatrix Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latitude&oldid=806897572 '' Categories : Lines of latitude Geodesy Navigation Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingála Lumbaart Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 20 : 41 . 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what are the lines parallel to the equator called
[ "In geography, latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the Earth's surface. Latitude is an angle (defined below) which ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° (North or South) at the poles. Lines of constant latitude, or parallels, run east–west as circles parallel to the equator. Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth. Without qualification the term latitude should be taken to be the geodetic latitude as defined in the following sections. Also defined are six auxiliary latitudes which are used in special applications." ]
[ "Lines of constant latitude" ]
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Mongol invasion of Rus'
Mongol invasion of Rus ' - wikipedia Mongol invasion of Rus ' Jump to : navigation , search Mongol conquest of Eastern Europe The Genghis Khan conquests Date 1223 -- 1240 Location Modern Russia , Ukraine and Belarus Result Decisive Mongol victory resulting in principalities of Kievan State becoming vassals of the Mongol Golden Horde . Belligerents Mongol Empire Vladimir - Suzdal Kiev Galicia - Volhynia Novgorod Republic Smolensk Turov and Pinsk Rostov Chernigov Ryazan Pereyaslavl Cumans Commanders and leaders Batu Khan Möngke Khan Subutai Jebe Boroldai Berke Orda Kadan Shiban Güyük Khan Mstislav the Bold Daniel of Galicia Mstislav III of Kiev ( POW ) , Mstislav II of Chernigov † Yuri II of Vladimir † Strength 1236 : 35,000 Mongol cavalry 40,000 + Turkic auxiliaries 1223 : ~ 20,000 cavalry 1236 : ~ 50,000 total including garrisons and tribesmen Casualties and losses More than 7,000 500,000 ( 6 -- 7 % of the population of Rus ) Mongol invasions and conquests Asia Burma First Ngasaunggyan Pagan Second Central Asia Qara Khitai Khwarezm China Western Xia Jin Song Dali Ziqi Japan Bun'ei Kōan Vietnam Bạch Đằng Other invasions India Java Korea Tibet Europe Rus ' Volga Bulgaria ( Samara Bend , Bilär ) Dzurdzuketia ( Chechnya ) Poland ( first ) Hungary ( first ) Bulgaria and Serbia Poland ( second ) Thrace Hungary ( second ) Poland ( third ) Serbia Near East Khwarezmia Armenia Georgia Anatolia ( Köse Dağ , Byzantine -- Mongol alliance ) Baghdad Levant Palestine ( Ain Jalut ) Mongol invasion of Rus ' Kalka River ( 1223 ) Voronezh River ( 1237 ) Ryazan ( 1237 ) Kolomna ( 1238 ) Moscow ( 1238 ) Vladimir ( 1238 ) Sit River ( 1238 ) Kozelsk ( 1238 ) Chernigov ( 1239 ) Kiev ( 1240 ) As part of the Mongol invasion of Europe , the Mongol Empire invaded Kievan Rus ' in the 13th century , destroying numerous cities , including Ryazan , Kolomna , Moscow , Vladimir , and Kiev . The campaign was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in May 1223 , which resulted in a Mongol victory over the forces of several Rus ' principalities . The Mongols nevertheless retreated . A full - scale invasion of Rus ' by Batu Khan followed , from 1237 to 1240 . The invasion was ended by the Mongol succession process upon the death of Ögedei Khan . All Rus ' principalities were forced to submit to Mongol rule and became part of the Golden Horde empire , some of which lasted until 1480 . The invasion , facilitated by the beginning of the breakup of Kievan Rus ' in the 13th century , had incalculable ramifications for the history of Eastern Europe , including the division of the East Slavic people into three separate nations : modern - day Russia , Ukraine , and Belarus , and in the rise of the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Invasion of Batu Khan 3 Age of Tatar rule 4 Impact on development 5 Influence on Rus ' society 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 Sources Background ( edit ) As it was undergoing fragmentation , Kievan Rus ' faced the unexpected eruption of an irresistible foreign foe coming from the mysterious regions of the Far East . `` For our sins '' , writes the Rus ' chronicler of the time , `` unknown nations arrived . No one knew their origin or whence they came , or what religion they practiced . That is known only to God , and perhaps to wise men learned in books '' . The princes of Rus ' first heard of the coming Mongol warriors from the nomadic Cumans . Previously known for pillaging settlers on the frontier , the nomads now preferred peaceful relations , warning their neighbors : `` These terrible strangers have taken our country , and tomorrow they will take yours if you do not come and help us '' . In response to this call , Mstislav the Bold and Mstislav Romanovich the Old joined forces and set out eastward to meet the foe , only to be routed on April 1 , 1223 at the Battle of the Kalka River . Although this defeat left the Rus ' principalities at the mercy of invaders , the Mongol forces retreated and did not reappear for thirteen years , during which time the princes of Rus ' went on quarreling and fighting as before , until they were startled by a new and much more formidable invading force . In the Secret History of the Mongols , the only reference to this early battle is : `` Then he ( Chinghis Khan ) sent Dorbei the Fierce off against the city of Merv , and on to conquer the people between Iraq and the Indus . He sent Subetei the Brave off to war in the North where he defeated eleven kingdoms and tribes , crossing the Volga and Ural Rivers , finally going to war with Kiev . '' Invasion of Batu Khan ( edit ) The vast Mongol hordes of around 35,000 mounted archers , commanded by Batu Khan and Subutai , crossed the Volga River and invaded Volga Bulgaria in late 1236 . It took them a year to extinguish the resistance of the Volga Bulgarians , the Cumans - Kipchaks , and the Alani . Sacking of Suzdal by Batu Khan in February 1238 ; miniature from the 16th - century chronicle . In November 1237 , Batu Khan sent his envoys to the court of Yuri II of Vladimir and demanded his submission . A month later , the hordes besieged Ryazan . After six days of bloody battle , the city was totally annihilated . Alarmed by the news , Yuri II sent his sons to detain the invaders , but they were soundly defeated . Having burnt down Kolomna and Moscow , the horde laid siege to Vladimir on February 4 , 1238 . Three days later , the capital of Vladimir - Suzdal was taken and burnt to the ground . The royal family perished in the fire , while the grand prince retreated northward . Crossing the Volga , he mustered a new army , which was encircled and totally annihilated by the Mongols in the Battle of the Sit River on March 4 . Thereupon Batu Khan divided his army into smaller units , which ransacked fourteen cities of modern - day Russia : Rostov , Uglich , Yaroslavl , Kostroma , Kashin , Ksnyatin , Gorodets , Galich , Pereslavl - Zalessky , Yuriev - Polsky , Dmitrov , Volokolamsk , Tver , and Torzhok . Chinese siege engines were used by the Mongols under Tului to raze the walls of Russian cities . The most difficult to take was the small town of Kozelsk , whose boy - prince Vasily , son of Titus , and inhabitants resisted the Mongols for seven weeks , killing 4,000 . As the story goes , at the news of the Mongol approach , the whole town of Kitezh with all its inhabitants was submerged into a lake , where , as legend has it , it may be seen to this day . The only major cities to escape destruction were Novgorod and Pskov . The Mongols planned to advance on Novgorod , but the principality was spared the fate of its brethren by the wise decision to preemptively surrender . In mid-1238 , Batu Khan devastated the Crimea and pacified Mordovia . In the winter of 1239 , he sacked Chernigov and Pereyaslav . After many days of siege , the horde stormed Kiev in December 1240 . Despite the resistance of Danylo of Halych , Batu Khan managed to take two of his principal cities , Halych and Volodymyr - Volynskyi . The Mongols then resolved to `` reach the ultimate sea '' , where they could proceed no further , and invaded Hungary and Poland . Age of Tatar rule ( edit ) See also : List of Tatar and Mongol raids against Rus ' Prince Michael of Chernigov was passed between fires in accordance with ancient Turco - Mongol tradition . Batu Khan ordered him to prostrate himself before the tablets of Genghis Khan . The Mongols stabbed him to death for his refusal to do obeisance to Genghis Khan 's shrine . This time the invaders came to stay , and they built for themselves a capital , called Sarai , on the lower Volga . Here the commander of the Golden Horde , as the western section of the Mongol empire was called , fixed his golden headquarters and represented his sovereign the grand khan who lived with the Great Horde in the Orkhon Valley . Here they had their headquarters and held parts of Rus ' in subjection for nearly three centuries . All of the Russian states , including Novgorod , Smolensk , Galich , and Pskov , submitted to the Tatar - Mongol rule . The term by which this subjection is commonly designated , the Mongol or Tatar `` yoke '' , suggests terrible oppression , but in reality these nomadic invaders from Mongolia were not such cruel , oppressive taskmasters . In the first place , they never settled in the country , and they had little direct dealing with the inhabitants . In accordance with the admonitions of Genghis Khan to his children and grandchildren , they retained their pastoral mode of life , so that the subject races , agriculturists , and dwellers in towns were not disturbed in their ordinary avocations . Golden Horde instituted census , taxes and tributes on the conquered lands , which were usually collected by local princes and brought to Sarai . It was only in the 14th and 15th centuries , with the rise of the Tatar khanates , that slave raids on the Slavic population became significant , with the purpose of trading slaves with the Ottoman Empire . The raids were an important drain of the human and economic resources of both Muscovy and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and they largely prevented the settlement of the `` Wild Fields '' -- the steppe and forest - steppe land extending from about a hundred miles south of Moscow to the Black Sea -- and they ultimately contributed to the development of the Cossacks . In religious matters , the Mongols were extremely tolerant . When they first appeared in Europe , they were shamanists , and as such they had no religious fanaticism . After adopting Islam they remained as tolerant as before , and the khan of the Golden Horde , who first became a Muslim , allowed the Rus ' to found a Christian bishopric in his capital . Nogai Khan , half a century later , married a daughter of the Byzantine emperor , and gave his own daughter in marriage to a Rus ' prince , Theodor the Black . Some modern revisionist Russian historians ( most notably the Soviet era historian and `` Neo-Eurasianist '' ideologist Lev Gumilev ) even postulate that there was no invasion at all . According to them , the Rus ' princes concluded a defensive alliance with the Horde in order to repel attacks of the fanatical Teutonic Knights , which posed a much greater threat to the Rus ' religion and culture . These points represent the bright side of Tatar rule , but it also had its dark side . So long as a great horde of nomads was encamped on the frontier , the country was liable to be invaded by an overwhelming force . Fortunately , these invasions were not frequent , but when they occurred they caused an incalculable amount of devastation and suffering . In the intervals the people had to pay a fixed tribute . At first it was collected in a rough - and - ready fashion by Tatar tax - gatherers ; by about 1259 it was regulated by a census of the population ; and finally its collection was entrusted to the native princes , so the people were no longer brought into direct contact with the Tatar officials . Impact on development ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of East Slavs Middle Ages Early East Slavs Khazars Rus ' Khaganate Kievan Rus ' Novgorod Republic Vladimir - Suzdal Galicia -- Volhynia Mongol invasion Golden Horde Grand Duchy of Lithuania Grand Duchy of Moscow Early Modern period Tsardom of Russia Cossack Hetmanate Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth Modern period Russian Empire Revolutions of 1917 Russian Civil War Soviet Union Post-Soviet states Belarus Russian Federation Ukraine History of states History of Belarus History of Russia History of Ukraine The influence of the Mongol invasion on the territories of Kievan Rus ' was uneven . Colin McEvedy ( Atlas of World Population History , 1978 ) estimates the population of Rusa dropped from 7.5 million prior to the invasion to 7 million afterwards . Centers such as Kiev took centuries to rebuild and recover from the devastation of the initial attack . The Novgorod Republic continued to prosper , and new entities , the rival cities of Moscow and Tver , began to flourish under the Mongols . Moscow 's eventual dominance of northern and eastern Rus ' was in large part attributable to the Mongols . After the prince of Tver joined a rebellion against the Mongols in 1327 , his rival prince Ivan I of Moscow joined the Mongols in crushing Tver and devastating its lands . By doing so he eliminated his rival , allowed the Russian Orthodox Church to move its headquarters to Moscow , and was granted the title of Grand Prince by the Mongols . As such , the Muscovite prince became the chief intermediary between the Mongol overlords and the Rus ' lands , which paid further dividends for Moscow 's rulers . While the Mongols often raided other areas of Rus ' , they tended to respect the lands controlled by their principal collaborator . This , in turn , attracted nobles and their servants who sought to settle in the relatively secure and peaceful Moscow lands . Although Rus ' forces defeated the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380 , Mongol domination of parts of Rus ' territories , with the requisite demands of tribute , continued until the Great stand on the Ugra river in 1480 . Historians argued that without the Mongol destruction of Kievan Rus ' , the Rus ' would not have unified into the Tsardom of Russia and , subsequently , the Russian Empire would not have risen . Trade routes with the East went through Rus ' territory , making them a center of trade between east and west . Mongol influence , while destructive to their enemies , had a significant long - term effect on the rise of modern Russia , Ukraine , and Belarus . Influence on Rus ' society ( edit ) Principalities of Kievan Rus ' , 1220 - 1240 . These principalities included Vladimir - Suzdal , Smolensk , Chernigov or Ryazan , annexed by the Duchy of Moscow in 1521 . Historians have debated the long - term influence of Mongol rule on Rus ' society . The Mongols have been blamed for the destruction of Kievan Rus ' , the breakup of the ancient Rus ' nationality into three components , and the introduction of the concept of `` oriental despotism '' into Russia . Historians also credit the Mongol regime with an important role in the development of Muscovy as a state . Under Mongol occupation , for example , Muscovy developed its mestnichestvo hierarchy , postal road network ( based on Mongolian ortoo system , known in Russian as `` yam '' , hence the terms yamshchik , Yamskoy Prikaz , etc . ) , census , fiscal system , and military organization . The period of Mongol rule over Russia included significant cultural and interpersonal contacts between the Russian and Mongolian ruling classes . By 1450 , the Tatar language had become fashionable in the court of the Grand Prince of Moscow , Vasily II , who was accused of excessive love of the Tatars and their speech , and many Russian noblemen adopted Tatar surnames ( for example , a member of the Veliamanov family adopted the Turkic name `` Aksak '' and his descendents were the Aksakovs ) Many Russian boyar ( noble ) families traced their descent from the Mongols or Tatars , including Veliaminov - Zernov , Godunov , Arseniev , Bakhmetev , Bulgakov ( descendents of Bulgak ) , and Chaadaev ( descendents of Genghis Khan 's son Chagatai Khan ) . In a survey of Russian noble families of the 17th century , over 15 % of the Russian noble families had Tatar or Oriental origins . The Mongols brought about changes in the economic power of states and overall trade . In the religious sphere , St. Paphnutius of Borovsk was the grandson of a Mongol baskak , or tax collector , while a nephew of Khan Bergai of the Golden Horde converted to Christianity and became known as the monk St. Peter Tsarevich of the Horde . In the judicial sphere , under Mongol influence capital punishment , which during the times of Kievan Rus ' had only been applied to slaves , became widespread , and the use of torture became a regular part of criminal procedure . Specific punishments introduced in Moscow included beheading for alleged traitors and branding of thieves ( with execution for a third arrest ) . See also ( edit ) Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria Mongol and Tatar states in Europe Mongol invasion of Europe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fennell , John . `` The Crisis of Medieval Russia : 1200 - 1304 . '' London , 1983 . Page 85 . Excerpt : `` If we assume that each of the larger cities could field , say , between 3,000 and 5,000 men , we can arrive at a total of about 60,000 fighting troops . If we add to this another 40,000 from smaller towns and from the various Turkic allies in the Principality of Kiev , then the total coincides with the 100,000 estimated by S.M. Solov'ev in his History o Russia . But then this is only a rough estimate of the potential number . We have no idea how many , towns and districts actually mustered troops - for instance , it seems highly unlikely that Novgorod sent any at all . Certainly none came to help their outpost at Torzhok . Perhaps then half or a quarter - or even a smaller fraction - of the total was the most the Russians could muster . '' ^ Jump up to : Colin McEvedy , Atlas of World Population History ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ `` The Mongol Invasion of Russia in the 13th Century Study.com '' . Study.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Boris Rybakov , Киевская Русь и русские княжества XII - XIII вв . ( Kievan Rus ' and Russian Princedoms in 12th and 13th Centuries ) , Moscow : Nauka , 1993 . ISBN 5 - 02 - 009795 - 0 . Jump up ^ Michell , Robert ; Forbes , Nevell ( 1914 ) . `` The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016 - 1471 '' . Michell . London , Offices of the society . p. 64 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ ( the University of Michigan ) John Merton Patrick ( 1961 ) . Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries . Volume 8 , Issue 3 of Monograph series . Utah State University Press . p. 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 . The Mongols invaded the Russian steppes at this time , reaching the Crimea before turning back at the Khan 's orders . The youngest son of Genghis , Tului , was given the special task of destroying walled cities during this campaign , employing the Chinese engines Jump up ^ Frank McLynn , Genghis Khan ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Henry Smith Williams The Historians ' History of the World , p. 654 Jump up ^ It has been noted that it was during the period of Mongol domination that `` the curve of Russian Western trade climbed steadily '' , as did its trade with the Orient . See Donald Ostrowski , Muscovy and the Mongols : Cross-cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier , Cambridge University Press , 1996 . Page 109 . Jump up ^ Paul Robert Magocsi . A History of Ukraine . University of Toronto Press , 1996 . Page 110 . Jump up ^ Richard Pipes. ( 1995 ) . Russia Under the Old Regime . New York : Penguin Books . pp. 61 - 62 Jump up ^ `` The Consequences of Mongolian Invasion . '' . russia.rin.ru . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ See Ostrowski , page 47 . Jump up ^ Vernadsky , George . ( 1970 ) . The Mongols and Russia . A History of Russia , Vol . III . New Haven : Yale University Press pp. 382 - 385 . Jump up ^ Vernadsky , George . ( 1970 ) . The Mongols and Russia . A History of Russia , Vol . III . New Haven : Yale University Press . The exact origins of the families surveyed were : 229 of Western European ( including German ) origin , 223 of Polish and Lithuanian origin ( this number included Ruthenian nobility ) , 156 of Tatar and other Oriental origin , 168 families belonged to the House of Rurik and 42 were of unspecified `` Russian '' origin . Jump up ^ Website of the Orthodox Church calendar , accessed July 6 , 2008 Jump up ^ Vernadsky , George . ( 1970 ) . The Mongols and Russia . A History of Russia , Vol . III . New Haven : Yale University Press . pp. 354 - 357 This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/. -- Russia . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` `` . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Further reading ( edit ) Allsen , Thomas T. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia . Cambridge UP . Atwood , Christopher P. Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire ( 2004 ) Christian , David . A History of Russia , Central Asia and Mongolia Vol. 1 : Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire ( Blackwell , 1998 ) Halperin , Charles J. Russia and the golden horde : the Mongol impact on medieval Russian history ( Indiana University Press , 1985 ) Sinor , Denis . `` The Mongols in the West . '' Journal of Asian History ( 1999 ) : 1 - 44 . in JSTOR Vernadsky , George . The Mongols and Russia ( Yale University Press , 1953 ) Halperin , Charles J. `` George Vernadsky , Eurasianism , the Mongols , and Russia . '' Slavic Review ( 1982 ) : 477 - 493 . in JSTOR Sources ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mongol invasion of Rus . Full Collection of Russian Annals , St. Petersburg , 1908 and Moscow , 2001 , ISBN 5 - 94457 - 011 - 3 . Mongol Empire ( 1206 -- 1368 ) Terminology Titles Khagan Khan Khatun Khanum Jinong Khong Tayiji Noyan Tarkhan Political Military Jarlig Örtöö Orda Pax Mongolica Yassa Kurultai Paiza / Gerege Manghit / Mangudai Tümen Kheshig Politics Organization Life Topics Administrative divisions and vassals Banner ( Bunchuk ) Invasions and conquests Destructiveness Imperial Seal Military tactics and organization Organization under Genghis Khan Religion Society and economy House of Borjigin House of Ögedei Mongol Armenia Byzantine -- Mongol alliance Franco - Mongol alliance List of Mongol and Tatar raids against Rus ' Mongol and Tatar states in Europe Khanates Yuan dynasty Chagatai Khanate House of Ögedei Golden Horde Wings Ilkhanate Major cities Almalik Avarga Azov ( Azaq ) Bukhara Bolghar Karakorum Dadu Majar Maragheh Qarshi Samarkand Sarai Batu / Berke Saray - Jük Shangdu ( Xanadu ) Soltaniyeh Tabriz Ukek Xacitarxan Campaigns Battles Asia Central Siberia ( 1207 ) Qara Khitai ( 1216 -- 18 ) Khwarezmia ( 1218 -- 1221 ) East Western Xia ( 1205 / 1207 / 1209 -- 10 / 1225 -- 27 ) Northern China and Manchuria ( 1211 -- 34 ) Southern China ( 1235 -- 79 ) Kingdom of Dali ( 1253 -- 56 ) Tibet ( 1236 / 1240 / 1252 ) Korea ( 1231 -- 60 ) Japan ( 1274 / 1281 ) Sakhalin ( 1264 -- 1308 ) Southeast Burma ( 1277 / 1283 / 1287 ) Java ( 1293 ) Vietnam ( 1257 / 1284 -- 88 ) Burma ( 1300 -- 02 ) South India ( 1221 -- 1327 ) Europe Georgia ( 1220 -- 22 / 1226 -- 31 / 1237 -- 64 ) Chechnya ( 1237 -- 1300s ) Volga Bulgaria ( 1229 -- 36 ) Rus ' ( 1223 / 1236 -- 40 ) Poland and Bohemia ( 1240 -- 41 ) Hungary ( 1241 - 42 ) Bulgaria ( 1242 ) Lithuania ( 1258 - 59 ) Poland ( 1259 -- 60 ) Thrace ( 1264 - 65 ) Hungary ( 1285 -- 86 ) Poland ( 1287 -- 88 ) Serbia ( 1291 ) Poland ( 1340 - 1341 ) Middle East Anatolia ( 1241 -- 43 ) Iraq ( 1258 ) Syria ( 1243 -- 1303 ) Palestine ( 1260 / 1301 ) Civil wars Division of the Mongol Empire Toluid Civil War ( 1260 -- 64 ) Berke -- Hulagu war ( 1262 ) Kaidu -- Kublai war ( 1268 -- 1301 ) Esen Buqa -- Ayurbarwada war ( 1314 -- 1318 ) People Great Khans Genghis Khan Tolui ( regent ) Ögedei Khan Töregene Khatun ( regent ) Güyük Khan Oghul Qaimish ( regent ) Möngke Khan Kublai Khan ( Khagans of the Yuan ) Khans Jochi Batu Khan Sartaq Khan Orda Khan Berke Toqta Öz Beg Khan Chagatai Khan Duwa Kebek Hulagu Abaqa Arghun Ghazan Military Subutai Jebe Muqali Negudar Bo'orchu Guo Kan Borokhula Jelme Chilaun Khubilai Aju Bayan Kadan Boroldai Nogai Khan Timeline of the Mongol Empire Russia articles History Timeline Proto - Indo - Europeans Scythians East Slavs Rus ' Khaganate Kievan Rus ' Novgorod Republic Vladimir - Suzdal Grand Duchy of Moscow Tsardom of Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Russian SFSR Soviet Union Russian Federation By topic Economy Military Journalism ‎ Postal Geography Subdivisions Borders Earthquakes Geology European Russia Caucasus Mountains North Caucasus Caspian Sea Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Siberia Russian Far East North Asia Extreme points Cities and towns Islands Lakes Rivers Volcanoes Climate Politics Conscription Constitution Elections Federal budget Foreign relations Freedom of assembly Freedom of press Media Government Human rights Judiciary Law Citizenship Civil Service Law enforcement ( Prisons ) Liberalism Military Opposition Political parties President of Russia Economy Agriculture Aircraft industry Car industry Banking Central Bank Corruption Defence industry Economic regions Energy Fishing industry Forestry Gambling Mining Petroleum industry Russian ruble Russian oligarchs Space industry Shipbuilding Trade unions Taxation Tourism Transport Telecommunications Waste Society Demographics Citizens Abortion Alcoholism Crime Education Healthcare Ethnic groups Languages LGBT Immigration Illegal Prostitution Racism Religion Suicide Water supply and sanitation Women Culture Architecture Art Literature Ballet Cinema Graffiti Inventions Media Music Public holidays Opera Language Cuisine Martial arts Folklore Television Internet National anthem Coat of arms National flag Sports Outline Book Category Portal Ukraine articles History Chronology East Slavs Kuyaba Kievan Rus ' Mongol invasion Galicia -- Volhynia Grand Duchy of Lithuania Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth Zaporozhian Cossacks Russian Empire Galicia After the Russian Revolution Ukrainian People 's Republic West Ukrainian People 's Republic Ukrainian SSR Chernobyl disaster Independence Orange Revolution Ukrainian crisis 2013 -- 14 Euromaidan 2014 Ukrainian revolution Russian military intervention Annexation of Crimea by Russia 2014 pro-Russian unrest War in Donbass By topic Christianity Economic Military Geography National parks Biosphere Reserves Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine Rivers Mountains Waterfalls Islands and sandbars Politics Constitution Flag President Parliament Government Foreign relations Military Political parties Elections Judicial system Law Law enforcement Economy Hryvnia ( currency ) National Bank Banking Banks Stock exchanges UX PFTS index Energy Telecommunications Internet Tourism Transport Ukrainian Railways Automobile roads Society Languages Religion Education Health Crime Human rights LGBT history Admin . divisions Oblasts regions by area by population by income Cities Raions Urban - type settlements Culture Vyshyvanka Pysanka Literature Taras Shevchenko Dance Architecture Seven Wonders of Ukraine Cinema Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors Gogolfest festival Cuisine wine Borshch Holidays Media television Music Sport Demographics Ukrainian people Rus ' people Ruthenians diaspora Immigration to Ukraine Censuses 2020 Outline Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasion_of_Rus%27&oldid=804184271 '' Categories : 13th century in Kievan Rus ' History of Kiev Wars involving the Mongols Invasions by the Mongol Empire Invasions of Belarus Invasions of Russia Invasions of Ukraine 13th - century conflicts 13th century in the Mongol Empire Batu Khan Mongol invasion of Rus ' Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with no article parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Gaeilge Galego Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 09 : 22 . 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who led the mongols into russia and conquered kiev
[ "In mid-1238, Batu Khan devastated the Crimea and pacified Mordovia. In the winter of 1239, he sacked Chernigov and Pereyaslav. After many days of siege, the horde stormed Kiev in December 1240. Despite the resistance of Danylo of Halych, Batu Khan managed to take two of his principal cities, Halych and Volodymyr-Volynskyi. The Mongols then resolved to \"reach the ultimate sea\", where they could proceed no further, and invaded Hungary and Poland." ]
[ "Batu Khan" ]
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All I Do Is Win
All I Do is Win - wikipedia All I Do is Win `` All I Do Is Win '' Single by DJ Khaled featuring T - Pain , Ludacris , Rick Ross and Snoop Dogg from the album Victory Released February 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 08 ) Format Digital download Airplay Recorded 2009 Genre Hip hop Length 3 : 52 Label We the Best Terror Squad E1 Songwriter ( s ) Christopher Bridges Calvin Broadus Johnny Mollings Lenny Mollings William Roberts II Producer ( s ) DJ Nasty & LVM DJ Khaled singles chronology `` Put Your Hands Up '' ( 2010 ) `` All I Do Is Win '' ( 2010 ) `` Welcome to My Hood '' ( 2011 ) `` Put Your Hands Up '' ( 2010 ) `` All I Do Is Win '' ( 2010 ) `` Welcome to My Hood '' ( 2011 ) T - Pain singles chronology `` Imagínate '' ( 2010 ) Imagínate2010 `` All I Do Is Win '' ( 2010 ) All I Do Is Win2010 `` Tatoo Girl ( Foreva ) '' ( 2010 ) Tatoo Girl ( Foreva ) 2010 Ludacris singles chronology `` Baby '' ( 2010 ) Baby 2010 `` All I Do Is Win '' ( 2010 ) All I Do Is Win2010 `` My Chick Bad '' ( 2010 ) My Chick Bad 2010 Snoop Dogg singles chronology `` Pass Out '' ( 2010 ) Pass Out 2010 `` All I Do Is Win '' ( 2010 ) All I Do Is Win2010 `` Wet '' ( 2010 ) Wet 2010 Rick Ross singles chronology `` Super High '' ( 2010 ) Super High 2010 `` All I Do Is Win '' ( 2010 ) All I Do Is Win2010 `` Pullin ' on Her Hair '' ( 2010 ) Pullin ' on Her Hair2010 `` All I Do Is Win '' is a song from DJ Khaled 's fourth studio album Victory ( 2010 ) . It was the second single from the album . The track features American rappers T - Pain , Ludacris , Snoop Dogg and Rick Ross . It was released on February 8 , 2010 , along with `` Put Your Hands Up '' . The single was certified 3 × Platinum by the RIAA . It was the only Billboard Hot 100 charting single from the album . Contents 1 Music video 2 Remix 3 In popular culture 4 Commercial performance 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 References 7 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video debuted on BET 's 106 and Park on March 3 , 2010 , along with the video for `` Put Your Hands Up '' . It pictures DJ Khaled with his BET Awards and is filmed mostly against a green screen , also featuring a scene of his appearance at the 2008 BET Hip - Hop Awards show accepting an award for his song `` I 'm So Hood ( Remix ) '' . A video for the official remix was shot in Florida . The video was directed by Dayo & Gil Green . Photos of the shoot were also leaked online . The video features cameos from Nicki Minaj , Fabolous , Fat Joe , Jadakiss , Puff Daddy , Ace Hood , Cam'Ron and Busta Rhymes . A behind - the - scenes video was released on June 2 , 2010 . The remix 's music video was released on June 29 , 2010 . Remix ( edit ) `` All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) '' Promotional single by DJ Khaled featuring T - Pain , Diddy , Nicki Minaj , Rick Ross , Busta Rhymes , Fabolous , Jadakiss , Fat Joe and Swizz Beatz from the album Victory ( Target Bonus Track ) Released June 8 , 2010 Format Digital download Recorded 2009 -- 2010 Genre Hip hop Length 5 : 20 Label We the Best Terror Squad E1 Songwriter ( s ) Faheem Najm William Roberts Sean Combs J. Jackson Onika Maraj Trevor Smith Jason Phillips Joseph Cartagena Kasseem Dean Khaled Khaled Producer ( s ) DJ Nasty & LVM Birdman On April 28 , 2010 , the official remix was released . It features Rick Ross , Busta Rhymes , Diddy , Nicki Minaj , Fabolous , Jadakiss , Fat Joe , Swizz Beatz on background vocals , and T - Pain . Jadakiss 's verse is a sample from `` Allergic to Losing '' , a song from his 2010 mixtape The Champ Is Here 3 . The remix was released as a digital single on iTunes on June 8 , 2010 . A music video has been shot and was released on June 29 , 2010 . Flo Rida , Red Cafe , The Game , Ace Hood , Drake , Lil Wayne , Gunplay of Triple C 's , Brisco & DJ Nasty & LVM made cameos on the video . Swizz Beatz was not included in the video . DJ Khaled also raps a verse on the remix . There is another remix titled `` Hood Remix '' or `` G - Mix '' which is by Nappy Boy artist Young Cash . The remix features a new rap line up , Yo Gotti , Gudda Gudda , Bun B , Ice Berg , 2 Chainz , T - Pain , & Field Mob . On this version , instead of T - Pain on the chorus , Young Cash is , while T - Pain delivers a verse of his own . In popular culture ( edit ) The song has become an anthem for numerous sports teams , most notably the Auburn Tigers football team during their 2010 national championship season . It was played during the team 's pregame entrance video as well as following each home victory in Jordan -- Hare Stadium . The Milwaukee Brewers and the Baltimore Orioles also play this song after every home game victory as does the Texas Longhorns football band and the Michigan State Spartans after a men 's basketball win . Boxer Devon Alexander uses the song as his entrance music , the Arizona State Sun Devils , Purdue All American Marching Band , the USC Trojans Marching Band Spirit of Troy , and the Arizona State University Sun Devil Marching Band use it during their athletic programs as well as the East Carolina Pirates and LSU Tigers football teams , the Alabama Crimson Tide and Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball teams , Vampire Weekend on their 2010 tour , and it was also used as the celebratory music by the 2010 Stanley Cup champions The Chicago Blackhawks . The New York Knicks professional basketball team also use an instrumental version of the song for their player intros during the 2010 -- 11 NBA season . The Denver Nuggets , Memphis Grizzlies , Indiana Pacers , Portland Trail Blazers , Cleveland Cavaliers , Carolina Panthers , Nashville Predators , and Phoenix Suns play this song after every home game victory . The song has gained popularity among Miami Hurricanes football fans as Snoop Dogg 's line `` We like the U in the 80s '' refers to the University of Miami football team that dominated college football in the 80s and early 90s . It was subsequently arranged for the Band of the Hour , Miami 's marching band . Internet mashup artist DJ Earworm has included the song in a mash - up designed for the 2012 Summer Olympics . A remix version was made in December 2011 for Tim Tebow of the Denver Broncos , called `` All He Does Is Win '' -- the video went viral on YouTube . The New Orleans Saints play the chorus of `` All I Do Is Win '' during home games . This is also one of themes for the Canadian roller derby team , E-Ville Roller Derby . The song was used as background music for one of the commercials advertising the Jamaican teen magazine television programme Teen Seen , which aired on major television network CVM Television on Saturdays at 6pm ( previously at 4 : 30pm ) and was created by the National Family Planning Board ( which produced the programme with Phase 3 Productions ) . At the 2013 White House Correspondents ' Dinner , President Barack Obama was introduced to `` Hail to the Chief , '' which quickly cut to a snippet of `` All I Do is Win . '' On April 28 , 2014 , actress Emma Stone lip synched the song in a `` Lip Sync Battle '' against late - night talk show host Jimmy Fallon . The song was featured in the 2015 musical comedy film Pitch Perfect 2 , the 2015 film Magic Mike XXL , and the 2016 R - Rated comedy `` The Boss '' . The song was also used in the trailer for the 2015 film The Peanuts Movie . This song is also featured on the soundtrack for NBA 2K16 . The YouTube channel Barack 's Dubs created and uploaded a mashup video of U.S. President Donald Trump singing the song . This song is referenced on one of the `` Coke and a Song '' bottles and cans available as of Summer 2016 . The song is featured in a Classico Pasta Sauce commercial that debuted in mid-late 2016 , The song is featured in a Walmart commercial in 2017 . On Facebook , one game in Slotomania , called Shaq 9 ( a golf game ) , featuring Saquille O'Neal , Shaq yells ' All I do is win , win , win , no matter what ! ' Commercial performance ( edit ) The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 63 chart date of March 6 , 2010 , and peaked at this chart at No. 24 for the chart dated July 24 , 2010 . It also peaked at No. 8 on Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs in 2010 . The song was certified double Platinum by RIAA on July 6 , 2011 , and 3 × Platinum on 19 June 2015 . The song re-entered the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart in May 2014 at No. 23 . As of May 2014 , the song has sold over 3 million copies in the US . The song debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 chart at No. 69 for the chart date of March 6 , 2010 . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 - 2014 ) Peak position Canadian Hot 100 69 Germany ( Deutsche Black Charts ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 98 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 20 US Billboard Hot 100 24 US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 8 US Billboard Rap Songs 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Position Germany ( Deutsche Black Charts ) 111 US Billboard Hot 100 79 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 3,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` All I Do Is Win ( feat . T - Pain , Ludacris , Snoop Dogg , Nicki Minaj & Rick Ross ) - Single by DJ Khaled - Download All I Do Is Win ( feat . T - Pain , Ludacris , Snoop Dogg & Rick Ross ) - Single on iTunes '' . Itunes.apple.com . February 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2011 . Retrieved February 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Khaled / Ludacris / Rick Ross / Snoop Dogg / T - Pain All I Do Is Win '' . Allmusic . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- DJ Khaled -- All I Do Is Win '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Nigel D. `` All I Do Is Win Remix Video Shoot '' . Realtalkny.uproxx.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DJ Khaled Calls Performing With Rick Ross , Diddy , T.I. ' Legendary ' - MTV Jump up ^ `` Video : Behind The Scenes of DJ Khaled `` All I Do Is Win '' ft . Rick Ross , Busta Rhymes , Diddy , Nicki Minaj , Fabolous , Jadakiss & Fat Joe . News Rick Ross Artists Def Jam `` . Island Def Jam . Retrieved February 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) ( feat . T - Pain , Diddy , Nicki Minaj , Rick Ross , Busta Rhymes , Fabolous , Jadakiss , Fat Joe & Swizz Beatz ) - Single by DJ Khaled - Download All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) ( feat . T - Pain , Diddy , Nicki Minaj , Rick Ross , Busta Rhymes , Fabolous , Jadakiss , Fat Joe & Swizz Beatz ) - Single on iTunes '' . Itunes.apple.com . June 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` KNICKS : Knicks Mix - 12 / 22 / 2010 '' . Nba.com . December 22 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Denver Nuggets Jump up ^ Carley , Brennan ( 10 July 2012 ) . `` DJ Earworm Building Beats For Summer Olympic Games '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 29 Dec 2013 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( 8 Aug 2013 ) . `` The 2012 Summer Olympics : August 7 , 2012 '' . AVClub.com . Retrieved 29 Dec 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim Tebow Gets Viral Remix Treatment in ' All He Does Is Win ' Billboard Jump up ^ Chappell , Bill ( April 28 , 2013 ) . `` Obama And O'Brien Take Jabs At Politics And Media ( Highlights ) '' . The Two - Way . NPR . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ C - SPAN ( April 27 , 2013 ) . `` President Obama at 2013 White House Correspondents ' Dinner ( C - SPAN ) '' . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Waxman , Olvia B. ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` WATCH : Emma Stone and Jimmy Fallon Face Off in Epic Lip Sync Battle '' . Time . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Donald Trump Singing All I Do Is Win by DJ Khaled . YouTube . May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://buy.shareacoke.com/find-your-favorite-lyric/ Jump up ^ Classico Pasta Sauce . Vimeo . September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Emily White ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Ray LaMontagne 's ' Supernova ' Shines At No. 1 On Top Rock Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : John Legend Wins A Squeaker '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo ! . Jump up ^ http://www.djcharts.de/jahrescharts2010/DBC/ Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Snoop Dogg 's Top 10 Billboard Hits Billboard Jump up ^ http://www.djcharts.de/jahrescharts2007/DBC/ Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs : Apr 22 , 2013 - ( Chart position ) Billboard Chart Archive '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Dj Khaled -- All I Do Is Win '' . Music Canada . External links ( edit ) `` All I Do Is Win '' music video on YouTube `` All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) '' music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Links to related articles DJ Khaled Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Listennn ... the Album We the Best We Global Victory We the Best Forever Kiss the Ring Suffering from Success I Changed a Lot Major Key Grateful Singles `` Holla at Me '' `` Born - N - Raised '' `` We Takin ' Over '' `` I 'm So Hood '' `` Out Here Grindin '' `` Go Hard '' `` Fed Up '' `` Put Your Hands Up '' `` All I Do Is Win '' `` Welcome to My Hood '' `` I 'm on One '' `` Take It to the Head '' `` I Wish You Would '' `` No New Friends '' `` I Wanna Be With You '' `` They Do n't Love You No More '' `` Hold You Down '' `` How Many Times '' `` Gold Slugs '' `` For Free '' `` I Got the Keys '' `` Holy Key '' `` Do You Mind '' `` Shining '' `` I 'm the One '' `` To the Max '' `` Wild Thoughts '' `` Top Off '' `` I Believe '' `` No Brainer '' Featured singles `` 100 Million '' `` Speedin ' ( We the Best Remix ) '' `` Cash Flow '' `` Foolish ( remix ) '' `` Always Strapped ( remix ) '' `` Maybach Music 2.5 '' `` Body 2 Body ( remix ) '' `` Ima Boss ( remix ) '' `` Cold '' `` Pride n Joy '' `` Bugatti ( remix ) '' `` Dinero '' Other songs `` On Everything '' Related articles We the Best Terror Squad Cash Money Demi x Khaled Fat Joe Ace Hood NBA 2K16 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( cameo ) T - Pain singles discography Discography Rappa Ternt Sanga `` I 'm Sprung '' `` I 'm ' n Luv ( wit a Stripper ) '' Epiphany `` Buy U a Drank ( Shawty Snappin ' ) '' `` Bartender '' `` Church '' Three Ringz `` Ca n't Believe It '' `` Chopped ' n ' Skrewed '' `` Freeze '' RevolveЯ `` Best Love Song '' `` 5 O'clock '' `` Turn All the Lights On '' T - Pain Presents Happy Hour : The Greatest Hits `` Up Down ( Do This All Day ) '' `` Drankin Patna '' Non-album singles `` Booty Wurk ( One Cheek at a Time ) '' Promotional singles `` Take Your Shirt Off '' `` Reverse Cowgirl '' `` Rap Song '' Featured singles `` U and Dat '' `` I 'm a Flirt ( Remix ) '' `` Outta My System '' `` Pop , Lock & Drop It ( Remix ) '' `` 2 Step ( Remix ) '' `` Shawty '' `` Cyclone '' `` I 'm So Hood '' `` Kiss Kiss '' `` Good Life '' `` Low '' `` Who the Fuck Is That ? '' `` Baby Do n't Go '' `` Shawty Get Loose '' `` The Boss '' `` She Got It '' `` I Ca n't Wait '' `` Cash Flow '' `` Moon of Dreams '' `` Got Money '' `` Cuddy Buddy '' `` Go Hard '' `` One More Drink '' `` Blame It '' `` I 'm on a Boat '' `` Hustler 's Anthem ' 09 '' `` Feel It '' `` All the Above '' `` Download '' `` Til da Sun Come Up '' `` Overtime '' `` Number One ( Remix ) '' `` Maybach Music 2 '' `` Body Language '' `` Imagínate '' `` All I Do Is Win '' `` Trillionaire '' `` Hey Baby ( Drop It to the Floor ) '' `` Move That Body '' `` Black & Yellow ( G - Mix ) '' `` No Dejemos Que se Apague '' `` Welcome to My Hood '' `` Boom '' `` The Way You Move '' `` Bag of Money '' `` So Listen '' `` Algo Me Gusta de Ti '' Featured promotional singles `` Know What I 'm Doin ' '' `` Go Girl '' `` Holla Holla '' `` My Own Step '' `` Shake Señora '' Ludacris Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Incognegro Back for the First Time Word of Mouf Chicken - n - Beer The Red Light District Release Therapy Theater of the Mind Battle of the Sexes Ludaversal Compilations Golden Grain Disturbing tha Peace Mixtapes DJ Drama Presents : The Preview Singles `` What 's Your Fantasy '' `` Southern Hospitality '' `` Area Codes '' `` Rollout ( My Business ) '' `` Saturday ( Oooh Oooh ! ) '' `` Move Bitch '' `` Fatty Girl '' `` Act a Fool '' `` P - Poppin '' `` Stand Up '' `` Splash Waterfalls '' `` Diamond in the Back '' `` Blow It Out '' `` Get Back '' `` Number One Spot '' `` The Potion '' `` Pimpin ' All Over the World '' `` Money Maker '' `` Grew Up a Screw Up '' `` Runaway Love '' `` Slap '' `` What Them Girls Like '' `` Wish You Would '' `` Undisputed '' `` One More Drink '' `` Nasty Girl '' `` How Low '' `` My Chick Bad '' `` Sex Room '' `` Good Lovin '' Featured singles `` One Minute Man '' `` Loverboy '' `` Welcome to Atlanta '' `` Why Do n't We Fall in Love '' `` Gossip Folks '' `` Holidae In '' `` Yeah ! '' `` Lovers & Friends '' `` Shake Dat Shit '' `` Oh '' `` Sugar ( Gimme Some ) '' `` Georgia '' `` Unpredictable '' `` Need a Boss '' `` Glamorous '' `` Get Buck in Here '' `` I 'm So Hood ( Remix ) '' `` Rock Star '' `` Gimme Dat '' `` Grippin ' '' `` How We Do It ( Around My Way ) '' `` Still Standing '' `` Chopped & Skrewed '' `` How Do You Sleep ? '' `` Bulletproof '' `` Regret '' `` Creepin ' ( Solo ) '' `` Baby '' `` Break Your Heart '' `` All I Do Is Win '' `` Ride '' `` Porn Star Dancing '' `` I Like '' `` Saturday Night '' `` Tonight ( I 'm Fuckin ' You ) '' `` Dirt Road Anthem '' `` Little Bad Girl '' `` Wet the Bed '' `` We in This Bitch '' `` All Around the World '' `` The Champion '' Other songs `` War with God '' `` Down in tha Dirty '' `` Shake Señora '' `` Candy Paint & Gold Teeth '' `` Representin '' `` Rest of My Life '' `` Party Girls '' Related articles Disturbing tha Peace WeMix Snoop Dogg songs Discography Awards and nominations Tha Dogg Pound singles discography 213 singles discography Tha Eastsidaz singles discography 7 Days of Funk singles discography Doggystyle `` Gin and Juice '' `` Lodi Dodi '' `` Murder Was the Case '' `` What 's My Name ? '' `` Doggy Dogg World '' Tha Doggfather `` Doggfather '' `` Vapors '' `` Snoop 's Upside Ya Head '' Da Game Is to Be Sold , Not to Be Told `` Woof '' `` Still a G Thang '' No Limit Top Dogg `` Snoopafella '' `` G Bedtime Stories '' `` Down for My N 's '' `` Bitch Please '' `` Just Dippin ' '' Tha Last Meal `` Hennesey n Buddah '' `` Snoop Dogg ( What 's My Name Pt. 2 ) '' `` Wrong Idea '' `` Lay Low '' `` Loosen ' Control '' Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss `` From tha Chuuuch to da Palace '' `` Beautiful '' `` Paper 'd Up '' `` Pimp Slapp 'd '' `` Mission Cleopatra '' R&G ( Rhythm & Gangsta ) : The Masterpiece `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' `` Ups & Downs '' `` Let 's Get Blown '' `` Signs '' `` Girl Like U '' Tha Blue Carpet Treatment `` Vato '' `` That 's That '' `` Candy ( Drippin ' Like Water ) '' `` Boss ' Life '' `` I Wanna Fuck You '' `` Imagine '' Ego Trippin ' `` Neva Have 2 Worry '' `` Sexual Eruption '' `` Life of da Party '' `` My Medicine '' `` Those Gurlz '' Malice n Wonderland `` I Wanna Rock '' `` Gangsta Luv '' More Malice : Deluxe Album & Movie `` I Wanna Rock ( G - Mix ) '' `` That Tree '' Doggumentary `` Platinum '' `` Boom '' `` Wet '' Mac & Devin Go to High School `` Smokin ' On '' `` Young , Wild & Free '' Reincarnated `` Rebel Way '' `` Here Comes the King '' `` Lighters Up '' `` No Guns Allowed '' `` Smoke the Weed '' `` The Good Good '' `` Torn Apart '' `` Ashtrays and Heartbreaks '' `` La La La '' 7 Days of Funk `` Hit Da Pavement '' `` Faden Away '' Bush `` California Roll '' `` Awake '' `` So Many Pros '' `` Peaches N Cream '' Coolaid `` Point Seen Money Gone '' `` Kush Ups '' Neva Left `` Lavender ( Nightfall Remix ) '' `` Vapors ( DJ Battlecat Remix ) '' As featured artist `` Deep Cover '' `` Nuthin ' but a ' G ' Thang '' `` Fuck wit Dre Day '' `` Let Me Ride '' `` Bitches Ai n't Shit '' `` Afro Puffs '' `` What Would You Do '' `` New York , New York '' `` All bout U '' `` 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted '' `` Come and Get with Me '' `` Cali Chronic '' `` Fuck You '' `` Still D.R.E. '' `` Bow Wow ( That 's My Name ) '' `` Crybaby '' `` The Next Episode '' `` Bitch Please II '' `` Welcome to Atlanta ( Coast to Coast Remix ) '' `` Holidae In '' `` P.I.M.P. ( Remix ) '' `` I Wanna Thank Ya '' `` The Wash '' `` Gangsta Zone '' `` Say Somethin ' '' `` Keep Bouncin ' '' `` Buttons '' `` Cali Iz Active '' `` Go to Church '' `` Gangsta Walk '' `` Hollywood Divorce '' `` My 64 '' `` 9mm '' `` What a Job '' `` Ghetto '' `` Bottle Pop '' `` Day Dreaming '' `` Hot Girl '' `` Dime Piece '' `` I Do '' `` All I Do Is Win '' `` California Gurls '' `` Get ' Em Girls '' `` Kush '' `` Boyfriend '' `` Mr Endowed ( Remix ) '' `` Last Night '' `` If I Was You ( OMG ) '' `` The Mack '' `` Want U Back `` I Drink I Smoke '' `` Slow Motion '' `` Major Distribution '' `` Dynamite '' `` Wiggle '' `` Hangover '' `` You and Your Friends '' `` Stuck on a Feeling '' `` Dumb Shit '' `` My Cutie Pie '' `` Professional Rapper '' `` No Social Media '' `` Westside '' `` Way Back '' Other singles `` We Just Wanna Party with You '' `` Undercova Funk ( Give Up the Funk ) '' `` Do U Wanna Roll ( Dolittle Theme ) '' `` Just a Baby Boy '' `` Real Soon '' `` Back Up '' `` I 'm from Long Beach '' `` Late Nights '' Book Template Rick Ross Discography Studio albums Port of Miami Trilla Deeper Than Rap Teflon Don God Forgives , I Do n't Mastermind Hood Billionaire Black Market Rather You Than Me Compilation albums Rise to Power Self Made Vol. 1 ( with MMG ) Self Made Vol. 2 ( with MMG ) Self Made Vol. 3 ( with MMG ) Mixtapes Ashes to Ashes Rich Forever The Black Bar Mitzvah Black Dollar Singles `` Hustlin ' '' `` Push It '' `` Speedin ' '' `` The Boss '' `` Here I Am '' `` Magnificent '' `` Maybach Music 2 '' `` Super High '' `` B.M.F. ( Blowin ' Money Fast ) '' `` Aston Martin Music '' `` 9 Piece '' `` You the Boss '' `` Stay Schemin ' '' `` Touch'N You '' `` So Sophisticated '' `` Diced Pineapples '' `` 100 Black Coffins '' `` No Games '' `` The Devil Is a Lie '' `` Thug Cry '' `` Sorry '' `` I Think She Like Me '' Featured singles `` Holla at Me '' `` Born - N - Raised '' `` We Takin ' Over '' `` I 'm So Hood '' `` 100 Million '' `` Cash Flow '' `` Out Here Grindin '' `` You 're Everything '' `` Welcome to the World '' `` Til da Sun Come Up '' `` Champion '' `` Fed Up '' `` Put Your Hands Up '' `` All I Do Is Win '' `` Monster '' `` Rap Song '' `` Living Better Now '' `` Welcome to My Hood '' `` Swagger Right '' `` Can a Drummer Get Some ? '' `` Hustle Hard ( Remix ) '' `` John '' `` Tupac Back '' `` Ima Boss '' `` I 'm on One '' `` Anything ( To Find You ) '' `` Fly Together '' `` Think Like a Man '' `` Take It to the Head '' `` Bag of Money '' `` Why '' `` Lemme See '' `` Born Stunna '' `` Pop That '' `` I Wish You Would '' `` Beautiful Onyinye '' `` Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) '' `` Dope '' `` Bugatti '' `` Millions '' `` Believe It '' `` U.O.E.N.O. '' `` Pour It Up ( Remix ) '' `` No New Friends '' `` Poor Decisions '' `` I Wanna Be With You '' `` They Do n't Love You No More '' `` Options '' `` New Flame '' `` When You Feel This '' `` Do You Mind '' Other songs `` Make It Rain ( Remix ) '' `` Devil in a New Dress '' `` Deuces ( Remix ) '' `` The Way You Love Me '' `` I Am Your Leader '' `` Ali Bomaye '' `` FuckWithMeYouKnowIGotIt '' `` Nobody '' `` Sanctified '' `` I 'm Ya Dogg '' `` On Everything '' Related articles Triple C 's Custom Cars & Cycles ( with Triple C 's ) Maybach Music Group Nicki Minaj songs Beam Me Up Scotty `` I Get Crazy '' Pink Friday `` Roman 's Revenge '' `` Did It On'em '' `` Right Thru Me '' `` Fly '' `` Moment 4 Life '' `` Check It Out '' `` Your Love '' `` Super Bass '' `` Girls Fall Like Dominoes '' Roman Reloaded `` Roman Holiday '' `` Come on a Cone '' `` I Am Your Leader '' `` Beez in the Trap '' `` Roman Reloaded '' `` Champion '' `` Right by My Side '' `` Starships '' `` Pound the Alarm '' `` Whip It '' `` Automatic '' `` Marilyn Monroe '' `` Stupid Hoe '' `` Va Va Voom '' The Re-Up `` Freedom '' `` High School '' `` The Boys '' The Pinkprint `` All Things Go '' `` Feeling Myself '' `` Only '' `` Anaconda '' `` The Night Is Still Young '' `` Pills n Potions '' `` Bed of Lies '' `` Truffle Butter '' Queen `` Rich Sex '' `` Bed '' `` Chun - Li '' `` Barbie Tingz '' Other songs `` BedRock '' `` Roger That '' `` Massive Attack '' `` Roman in Moscow '' `` Yasss Bish '' `` Bang Bang '' `` Black Barbies '' `` Make Love '' `` Regret in Your Tears '' `` No Frauds '' `` Changed It '' `` MotorSport '' As featured artist `` 5 Star '' ( Remix ) `` Shakin It 4 Daddy '' `` Knockout '' `` All I Do Is Win '' ( Remix ) `` Up Out My Face '' `` My Chick Bad '' `` Lil Freak '' `` Up All Night '' `` Get It All '' `` Woohoo '' `` Hello Good Morning '' ( Remix ) `` Bottoms Up '' `` Dark Fantasy '' `` 2012 ( It Ai n't the End ) '' `` Letting Go ( Dutty Love ) '' `` Monster '' `` I Ai n't Thru '' `` Raining Men '' `` The Creep '' `` Where Them Girls At '' `` Till the World Ends ( The Femme Fatale Remix ) '' `` Y.U. Mad '' `` You the Boss '' `` Make Me Proud '' `` Dance ( Ass ) '' ( Remix ) `` Turn Me On '' `` Give Me All Your Luvin ' '' `` I Do n't Give A '' `` Take It to the Head '' `` Get Low '' `` Out of My Mind '' `` Girl on Fire ( Inferno Version ) '' `` Beauty and a Beat '' `` Freaks '' `` Tapout '' `` Tonight I 'm Getting Over You '' `` Somebody Else '' `` I 'm Out '' `` Twerk It '' `` Get Like Me '' `` Love More '' `` I Wanna Be with You '' `` Clappers '' `` Lookin Ass '' `` Animales '' `` Flawless '' ( Remix ) `` She Came to Give It to You '' `` Low '' `` Touchin , Lovin '' `` Throw Sum Mo '' `` Hey Mama '' `` Bitch I 'm Madonna '' `` All Eyes on You '' `` Back Together '' `` Down in the DM '' ( Remix ) `` No Broken Hearts '' `` Do You Mind '' `` Side to Side '' `` Run Up '' `` Swalla '' `` Light My Body Up '' `` Kissing Strangers '' `` Swish Swish '' `` Realize '' `` Rake It Up '' `` You da Baddest '' `` You Already Know '' `` The Way Life Goes '' ( Remix ) `` Krippy Kush '' ( Remix ) `` Anybody '' `` Ball for Me '' `` Big Bank '' `` The Light Is Coming '' `` Boo 'd Up '' ( Remix ) `` Fefe '' Sean Combs Discography Production discography Accolades Studio albums No Way Out Forever The Saga Continues ... Press Play Last Train to Paris No Way Out 2 Mixtapes MMM ( Money Making Mitch ) Remix albums We Invented the Remix Singles `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down '' `` I 'll Be Missing You '' `` It 's All About the Benjamins '' `` Been Around the World '' `` Victory '' `` Come with Me '' `` Satisfy You '' `` Bad Boy for Life '' `` I Need a Girl ( Part 1 ) '' `` I Need a Girl ( Part 2 ) '' `` Come to Me '' `` Tell Me '' `` Last Night '' `` Through the Pain ( She Told Me ) '' `` Angels '' `` Love Come Down '' `` Hello Good Morning '' `` Loving You No More '' `` Coming Home '' `` Ass on the Floor '' `` Finna Get Loose '' `` Workin ( Remix ) '' Featured singles `` No Time '' `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' `` Honey '' `` Lookin ' at Me '' `` Hate Me Now '' `` All Night Long '' `` Notorious B.I.G. '' `` Son of a Gun '' `` Show Stopper '' `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' `` Bump , Bump , Bump '' `` I Do ( Wanna Get Close to You ) '' `` Shake Ya Tailfeather '' `` I Do n't Wanna Know '' `` Nasty Girl '' `` Take You There '' `` Imma Put It on Her '' `` Must Be Love '' `` Better on the Other Side `` All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) '' `` Someone to Love Me ( Naked ) '' `` Scream & Shout ( Remix ) '' Related articles Bad Boy Records Sean John P. Diddy 's Starmaker The Notorious B.I.G. I Want to Work for Diddy A Raisin in the Sun Diddy -- Dirty Money Fabolous Discography Studio albums Ghetto Fabolous Street Dreams Real Talk From Nothin ' to Somethin ' Loso 's Way The Young OG Project EPs There Is No Competition 2 : The Grieving Music EP Mixtapes More Street Dreams , Pt. 2 : The Mixtape The S.O.U.L. Tape There Is No Competition 3 : Death Comes in 3 's The S.O.U.L. Tape 2 Friday Night Freestyles Summertime Shootout Freddy vs. Jason Singles `` Ca n't Deny It '' `` Young'n ( Holla Back ) '' `` Ca n't Let You Go '' `` Into You '' `` Breathe '' `` Baby '' `` Diamonds '' `` Make Me Better '' `` Baby Do n't Go '' `` Throw It in the Bag '' `` My Time '' `` Everything , Everyday , Everywhere '' `` You Be Killin Em '' `` Ready '' `` When I Feel Like It '' `` Flipmode '' Featured singles `` Superwoman Pt. II '' `` Last Night a D.J. Saved My Life '' `` Basketball '' `` 4Ever '' `` Never Leave You ( Uh Oooh , Uh Oooh ) '' `` Dip It Low '' `` Dale Don Dale '' `` Shawty Is a 10 '' `` Finer Things '' `` You Ai n't Got Nuthin '' `` Addiction '' `` I Ca n't Hear the Music '' `` Good Lovin ' '' `` She Got Her Own '' `` Say Aah '' `` More Than Love '' `` Swagger Right '' `` Deuces ( Remix ) '' `` Start It Up '' `` Oh My '' `` The Walls '' `` All That ( Lady ) '' Related articles Street Family Records Desert Storm Records Def Jam Recordings Fat Joe Discography Studio albums Represent Jealous One 's Envy Don Cartagena Jealous Ones Still Envy ( J.O.S.E. ) Loyalty All or Nothing Me , Myself & I The Elephant in the Room Jealous Ones Still Envy 2 ( J.O.S.E. 2 ) The Darkside Vol. 1 Collaboration albums The Album True Story Plata O Plomo Mixtapes The Darkside Vol. 2 The Darkside Vol. 3 Singles `` Flow Joe '' `` Don Cartagena '' `` We Thuggin ' '' `` What 's Luv ? '' `` Crush Tonight '' `` So Much More '' `` Get It Poppin ' '' `` Make It Rain '' `` Make It Rain ( Remix ) '' `` I Wo n't Tell '' `` Ai n't Sayin ' Nothin ' '' `` One '' `` Aloha '' `` ( Ha Ha ) Slow Down '' `` If It Ai n't About Money '' `` Another Round '' `` Pride n Joy '' `` All the Way Up '' `` Money Showers '' Featured singles `` Feelin ' So Good '' `` I Want You '' `` That 's Nasty '' `` New York '' `` Hold You Down '' `` I Do n't Care '' `` Holla at Me '' `` We Takin ' Over '' `` I 'm So Hood ( Remix ) '' `` Welcome to My Hood ( Remix ) '' Collaboration singles `` Lean Back '' Related articles Diggin ' in the Crates Crew Terror Squad Terror Squad Entertainment Busta Rhymes Discography Production discography Albums The Coming When Disaster Strikes ... E.L.E. ( Extinction Level Event ) : The Final World Front Anarchy Genesis It Ai n't Safe No More ... The Big Bang Back on My B.S. Year of the Dragon Compilations Total Devastation : The Best of Busta Rhymes Turn It Up ! The Very Best of Busta Rhymes The Artist Collection : Busta Rhymes Rich Gang ( with YMCMB ) Singles `` Woo Hah ! ! Got You All in Check '' `` It 's a Party '' `` Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See '' `` Dangerous '' `` Turn It Up ( Remix ) / Fire It Up '' `` Gimme Some More '' `` What 's It Gonna Be ? ! '' `` Break Ya Neck '' `` Make It Clap '' `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' `` I Know What You Want '' `` Where 's Your Money ? '' `` Touch It '' `` I Love My Bitch '' `` New York Shit '' `` In the Ghetto '' `` Do n't Get Carried Away '' `` Do n't Touch Me ( Throw da Water on ' em ) '' `` We Made It '' `` Arab Money '' `` Hustler 's Anthem ' 09 '' `` Respect My Conglomerate '' `` World Go Round '' `` Why Stop Now '' `` Twerk It '' `` Thank You '' `` Calm Down '' Featured singles `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' `` Victory '' `` Fire '' `` What 's Happenin ' '' `` Do n't Cha '' `` Hurt '' `` Run the Show '' `` Peace Sign / Index Down '' `` Rotate '' `` C'mon ( Catch ' em by Surprise ) '' `` Look at Me Now '' `` Welcome to My Hood ( remix ) '' `` Worldwide Choppers '' `` The Woman You Love '' `` Pride n Joy '' `` Take You There '' Other songs `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Related articles Leaders of the New School Native Tongues Conglomerate Records Jadakiss Discography Albums Kiss tha Game Goodbye ( 2001 ) Kiss of Death ( 2004 ) The Last Kiss ( 2009 ) Top 5 Dead or Alive ( 2015 ) Mixtapes Freddy vs. Jason ( 2017 ) Singles `` Knock Yourself Out '' `` Why ? '' `` U Make Me Wanna '' `` By My Side '' `` Ca n't Stop Me '' `` Letter to B.I.G. '' `` Who 's Real '' Featured singles `` Banned from T.V. '' `` The Best of Me '' `` Day and Night '' `` Jenny from the Block '' `` New York '' `` All I Need '' `` Lose Your Life '' `` Respect My Conglomerate '' `` It Ai n't Over Til It 's Over '' `` It 's Good '' `` Pride n Joy '' Promotional singles `` A Bay Bay ( The Ratchet Remix ) '' `` Welcome to My Hood ( Remix ) '' Other songs `` Hi Hater ( Remix ) '' `` I 'm On 2.0 '' `` Do n't Like '' Related articles The Lox Ruff Ryders Entertainment Swizz Beatz Discography Production Discography Studio albums One Man Band Man Compilations G.H.E.T.T.O. Stories Mixtapes Monster Monday Volume One Singles `` It 's Me Bitches '' `` Money in the Bank '' `` Top Down '' `` International Party '' Featured singles `` Get It on the Floor '' `` Set It Off '' `` Like That '' `` Whuteva '' `` New York Shit '' `` We in Here '' `` My Drink n My 2 Step '' `` C'mon Baby '' `` Blow Ya Mind '' `` Swing Ya Rag '' `` Who 's Real '' `` Million Bucks '' `` I Do '' `` I Can Transform Ya '' `` On to the Next One '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti `` Fancy '' `` Gucci Time '' `` Start It Up '' `` Can a Drummer Get Some ? '' `` Ass on the Floor '' `` Throw It Away '' `` Famous '' Promotional singles `` Return of the Hustle '' `` Hi Hater ( Remix ) '' `` All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) '' Other songs `` It 's Me ... ( Remix ) '' `` Candy Green '' `` Where the Cash At ? '' `` So Appalled '' Related articles Full Surface Ruff Ryders Mashonda Alicia Keys Cassidy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_I_Do_Is_Win&oldid=845530315 '' Categories : 2010 singles DJ Khaled songs Ludacris songs Rick Ross songs Snoop Dogg songs T - Pain songs Songs written by Ludacris Songs written by T - Pain Songs written by Snoop Dogg Nicki Minaj songs Songs written by Nicki Minaj Sean Combs songs Fabolous songs Fat Joe songs Busta Rhymes songs Jadakiss songs Swizz Beatz songs Music videos directed by Gil Green Songs written by Rick Ross Entertainment One singles Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2011 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart called without artist Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 10 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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when did all i do is win come out
[ "\"All I Do Is Win\" is a song from DJ Khaled's fourth studio album Victory (2010). It was the second single from the album. The track features American rappers T-Pain, Ludacris, Snoop Dogg and Rick Ross.[1] It was released on February 8, 2010, along with \"Put Your Hands Up\". The single was certified 3× Platinum by the RIAA.[3] It was the only Billboard Hot 100 charting single from the album.\n" ]
[ "February 8, 2010" ]
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Family Guy (season 3)
Family Guy ( season 3 ) - wikipedia Family Guy ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search Family Guy ( season 3 ) DVD cover Starring Seth MacFarlane Alex Borstein Seth Green Mila Kunis Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network Fox Adult Swim ( episode 22 ) Original release July 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 11 ) -- November 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 09 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of Family Guy episodes Family Guy 's third season first aired on the Fox network in 22 episodes from July 11 , 2001 , to November 9 , 2003 , before being released as a DVD box set and in syndication . It premiered with the episode `` The Thin White Line '' and finished with `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' . The third season of Family Guy continues the adventures of the dysfunctional Griffin family -- father Peter , mother Lois , daughter Meg , son Chris , baby Stewie and Brian , the family pet , who reside in their hometown of Quahog . The executive producers for the third production season were Dan Palladino and series creator Seth MacFarlane . The aired season also contained nine episodes which were holdovers from season two , which were produced by MacFarlane and David Zuckerman . Although Family Guy was initially canceled in 2000 due to low ratings , following a last - minute reprieve , the series returned for a third season in 2001 . The series was canceled again in 2002 ; however , high ratings on Adult Swim and high DVD sales renewed Fox 's interest in the series . The series returned for a total of 35 new episodes in 2005 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Reception 3 Episodes 4 References 5 External links Production ( edit ) Seth MacFarlane was nominated for an Emmy Award for Best Song for the episode `` Brian Wallows and Peter 's Swallows '' Family Guy was first canceled in 2000 following the series ' second season , but following a last - minute reprieve , it returned for a third season in 2001 . In 2002 , the series was canceled again after three seasons due to low ratings . Fox attempted to sell the rights for reruns of the show , but it was difficult to find networks that were interested ; Cartoon Network eventually bought the rights , `` ( ... ) basically for free '' , according to the president of 20th Century Fox Television Production . When the reruns were shown on Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim in 2003 , Family Guy became Adult Swim 's most - watched show with an average 1.9 million viewers an episode . Following Family Guy 's high ratings on Adult Swim , the first season was released on DVD in April 2003 . Sales of the DVD set reached 2.2 million copies , becoming the best - selling television DVD of 2003 and the second highest - selling television DVD ever , behind the first season of Comedy Central 's Chappelle 's Show . The second season DVD release also sold more than a million copies . The show 's popularity in both DVD sales and reruns rekindled Fox 's interest in it . They ordered 35 new episodes in 2004 , marking the first revival of a television show based on DVD sales . Fox president Gail Berman said that it was one of her most difficult decisions to cancel the show , and was therefore happy it would return . The network also began production of a film based on the series . Dan Povenmire , who became a director on Family Guy during the series ' second season , took a more prominent role in directing by the third season , having directed five episodes . Creator Seth MacFarlane granted Povenmire substantial creative freedom . Povenmire recalled that MacFarlane would tell him `` We 've got two minutes to fill . Give me some visual gags . Do whatever you want . I trust you . '' Povenmire praised this management style for letting him `` have ( ... ) fun . '' Povenmire brought realism , and material from his own experiences , to the visual direction of Family Guy . For `` One If by Clam , Two If by Sea '' , several characters carried out fosse moves in prison -- Povenmire went into the office of a color artist , Cynthia Macintosh , who had been a professional dancer , and had her strike poses in order for him to better illustrate the sequence . In the episode `` To Love and Die in Dixie '' Povenmire drew on his childhood in the deep south to sequence a background scene where the `` redneck '' character nonchalantly kicks a corpse into the nearby river . Reception ( edit ) The episode Brian Wallows and Peter 's Swallows won an Emmy Award for Best Song . Creator MacFarlane , the recipient of the award , noted that the episode 's director Dan Povenmire deserved to have received the award for the contribution the visuals made to the episode 's win . Povenmire jokingly responded `` That 's a nice sentiment and all , but did he offer to give me his ? No ! And it 's not like he does n't already have two of his own just sitting in his house ! '' The third season has received positive reviews from critics . In his review for the Family Guy Volume 3 DVD , Aaron Beierle of DVD Talk stated `` Often brilliant , extremely witty and darkly hilarious , Family Guy was unfortunately cancelled after Fox bumped it around six or seven different time slots . Although this third season was n't as consistent as the first two , it 's still hilarious and fans of the show should definitely pick up this terrific set . '' Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Family Guy episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 29 `` The Thin White Line '' Glen Hill Steve Callaghan July 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 11 ) 2ACX17 Peter wins the Griffin family a cruise after winning a company competition . Shortly before the family prepares to leave , Joe recognizes the sensitivity of Brian 's nose and offers him a job detecting drugs as a police sniffer dog . At the airport , Brian uncovers a bystander carrying cocaine ; however , he accidentally inhales it . The next morning , Brian has an emotional breakdown after the family stages an intervention with his psychiatrist . The family compromises on sending him to rehab with their vacation money . Peter joins Brian since he now can not go on vacation , and the two cause unrest among their fellow patients by causing premature births in pregnant teens . After the two are caught , Peter is accused of being Brian 's `` x-factor '' ; however , Brian manages to defend him and decides to leave the center . The Griffins throw a party to celebrate Brian 's return , but are shocked when he announces that he is leaving Quahog to Los Angeles to continue the search for the thrill of his life . 30 `` Brian Does Hollywood '' Gavin Dell Gary Janetti July 18 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 18 ) 2ACX20 Brian moves to Los Angeles with his cousin Jasper after his drug rehabilitation and inadvertently becomes a film director . The family decides to visit Brian for support in his new career ; however , when it turns out Brian is directing pornography , he attempts to keep it a secret from the family . Meanwhile , Stewie auditions for Kids Say the Darndest Things in order to unleash a mass hypnosis ; however , during the show the following night , host Bill Cosby grabs Stewie 's device and unwittingly foils his plan . Elsewhere , Brian is nominated for Best Director at the Woody Awards for adult films ; Jasper informs the Griffin family about Brian 's job and attend the awards , much to Brian 's relief . By the end of the episode , he decides to return to Quahog with his family . 31 `` Mr. Griffin Goes to Washington '' Brian Hogan Ricky Blitt July 25 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 25 ) 2ACX11 The Happy - Go - Lucky Toy Factory is purchased by a tobacco conglomerate . Lois develops concern for Peter and believes the company is promoting underage smoking ; Peter attempts to confront management , but is distractingly appointed president in the process ; the family is pampered and treated elegantly as a result . At a meeting , the company decides to send Peter to Washington , D.C. in order to prevent a new anti-smoking bill from being passed into Congress . is to send someone just as dumb , and they decide to send Peter . At home , Lois catches Stewie smoking and attempts to take the family to the meeting in Washington ; although Peter prepares to deliver his speech on the floors of Congress assembled , he spots Stewie coughing from smoking and tells Congress to reject El Dorado 's proposal . When they agree , El Dorado is fined as a result , driving the company to bankruptcy . 32 `` One If by Clam , Two If by Sea '' Dan Povenmire Jim Bernstein & Michael Shipley August 1 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 01 ) 2ACX19 A hurricane demolishes the majority of the buildings in Quahog -- except the Drunken Clam ; however , the bar 's owner leaves for Florida sells it to an Englishman named Nigel Pinchley , who turns it into a British stereotypical pub . Upset over the loss of their favorite bar and failing to find another one , Peter , Quagmire , Cleveland , and Joe storm a British ship in an attempt to recreate the Boston Tea Party with beer . The following night , the pub burns down ; Peter , Quagmire , Cleveland , and Joe are blamed and thrown in jail . In prison , one of the toughest criminals Joe ever jailed , Steve Bellows , plans to kill him and the others at midnight on Saturday . Meanwhile , Stewie tries to teach Nigel 's daughter , Eliza to speak `` proper '' English and overcome her `` common '' Cockney accent as part of a bet with Brian ; although he manages to teach her how to speak `` properly '' , at the party , she urinates in front of everybody , slipping back to her Cockney accent and making Stewie lose the bet . Lois , Bonnie , and Loretta decide to investigate the bar 's destruction , and discover that Nigel had withdrawn a large amount of insurance money the day before the pub burned down , they become suspicious . Lois seduces Nigel into confessing , and his insurance agent discovers the entire story . In jail , Peter , Quagmire , Cleveland , and Joe are rescued before Steve has a chance to kill them , and the Drunken Clam is reinstated to its normal form . In London , Nigel is hanged and Eliza is sent to an orphanage . 33 5 `` And the Wiener Is ... '' Bert Ring Mike Barker & Matt Weitzman August 8 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 08 ) 2ACX22 Peter is intimidated by Chris ' larger penis and then becomes very self - conscious about his own manhood , joining a gun club to make himself feel more masculine . Peter decides to take Chris on a hunting trip with his new gun , where the two are attacked by a bear ; Chris manages to save both of them by making loud noises and jumping in front of the bear . Peter apologizes to Chris and realizes that being a man is about bravery and not size . Meanwhile , Meg tries out for cheerleading but is accepted into the flag girl squad instead , where she is pelted with rancid meat by several of the more popular children in her school . The next day , Lois instructs Meg to make friends with Connie D'Amico and prank her whenever the time his right . However , the plan fails when the popular kids trick Meg at Connie 's sixteenth birthday , where they trick her into kissing pig she thought was a popular boy . However , Lois and Meg have the last laugh when the former sends Quagmire to molest the teenagers . 34 6 `` Death Lives '' Rob Renzetti Mike Henry August 15 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 15 ) 2ACX21 On their wedding anniversary , Peter sends Lois all over Quahog on a scavenger hunt so he can go play golf . But when Peter gets struck by lightning and has a near - death experience , he meets Death again , who explains to Peter his marriage is in trouble if he does not have a revelation , and fast . 35 7 `` Lethal Weapons '' Brian Hogan Chris Sheridan August 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 22 ) 2ACX18 Lois takes taijutsu lessons to fight back against the leafers ( New York tourists ) overtaking the town , but worries that her violence may be a bad influence on her family . When anger management only makes everyone even more angry , they engage in an all - out brawl to get it out of their system . 36 8 `` The Kiss Seen Around the World '' Pete Michels Mark Hentemann August 29 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 29 ) 3ACX02 Meg applies for an internship at Quahog 5 ( due to her crush on news anchor Tom Tucker ) , but so does the annoying Neil . When she is reluctantly driven to kiss Neil , he broadcasts the word of their `` love '' on the news . Meanwhile , a bully learns not to mess with Stewie when he steals his new tricycle . And a man embarrasses Peter by calling him a phony wherever he goes . 37 9 `` Mr. Saturday Knight '' Michael Dante DiMartino Steve Callaghan September 5 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 05 ) 3ACX04 Peter 's boss , Mr. Weed , dies during a dinner with the Griffin family , and the toy factory is demolished as a result . Now unemployed , and failing to find himself other jobs , Peter decides to live his dream of being a Renaissance fair jouster , where he must defend his family 's honor from his former idol . 38 10 `` A Fish Out of Water '' Bert Ring Alex Borstein & Mike Henry September 19 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 19 ) 3ACX05 After nearly two weeks of unemployment , Peter decides to begin a new career as a fisherman , but faces problems when he has to pay off a boat loan , so he tries to catch the bounty for a legendary fish . Meanwhile , Lois takes Meg to the beach for spring break , but Lois ends up having more fun than Meg . 39 11 `` Emission Impossible '' Peter Shin Dave Collard & Ken Goin November 8 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 08 ) 3ACX01 After delivering Lois ' sister 's newborn child , Lois and Peter decide to have another baby , prompting Stewie to do whatever he can to stop it , even if it means shrinking himself and wiping out every sperm in Peter 's testicles . However , when he meets a sperm just like himself , Stewie begins to reconsider . 40 12 `` To Love and Die in Dixie '' Dan Povenmire Steve Callaghan November 15 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 15 ) 3ACX09 The family moves to the deep South when a criminal threatens to kill Chris for witnessing his crime . There Chris befriends a kid named Sam , whom he is forbidden to see by Sam 's father when Peter questions the accuracy of a Civil War reenactment . But there seems to be more to Sam than meets the eye . 41 13 `` Screwed the Pooch '' Pete Michels Dave Collard & Ken Goin November 29 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 29 ) 3ACX08 The family visits Lois ' parents , the Pewterschmidts , where Brian takes out all of his pent - up sexual energy on the Pewterschmidts ' prize - winning racing greyhound , Sea Breeze . A custody battle then ensues when Sea Breeze is revealed to be pregnant , and Brian is threatened to be neutered . 42 14 `` Peter Griffin : Husband , Father ... Brother ? '' Scott Wood Mike Barker & Matt Weitzman December 6 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 06 ) 3ACX06 While teaching Chris about his Irish heritage , Peter discovers that he has a black ancestor . When this affects his social status and he finds out that his ancestor was a slave to Lois ' family , Peter fights back . Meanwhile , Stewie tries to learn mind control from the school cheerleaders . 43 15 `` Ready , Willing , and Disabled '' Andi Klein Alex Barnow & Marc Firek December 20 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 20 ) 3ACX07 Joe feels discouraged after failing to catch a thief during a chase , so Peter tries to get his self - confidence back by entering him in a handicapped people 's decathlon , but with Joe still helpless , he rigs his drinks with steroids . Meanwhile , Chris , Meg and Stewie fight over $26 in a money clip . 44 16 `` A Very Special Family Guy Freakin ' Christmas '' Brian Hogan Danny Smith December 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 21 ) 2ACX03 It is Christmas time in Quahog , a time when Lois ' plans for a perfect holiday blow up in her face , causing her to break down and go berserk . Stewie uses his role as the baby Jesus in the town play to be good for Santa Claus , about whom he has become paranoid , and to bring Lois back to Earth . 45 17 `` Brian Wallows and Peter 's Swallows '' Dan Povenmire Allison Adler January 17 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 17 ) 3ACX03 Brian gets a DUI and , as punishment , he is forced to care for Pearl , a bitter old lady . After discovering that she was actually a brilliant opera singer during the 1940s and 50s who was shamed into seclusion once she faced demands to sing her famous radio jingles , Brian tries to brighten her life . Meanwhile , Peter grows a beard and discovers that a family of rare swallows have housed themselves in it . 46 18 `` From Method to Madness '' Bert Ring Mike Barker & Matt Weitzman January 24 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 24 ) 3ACX11 Stewie signs up for an acting class , where he 's paired up with a stuck - up child star named Olivia . They become a hit , though the fame quickly sets in and they soon start bickering . Meanwhile , Peter and Lois object to Meg dating a nudist , though later have second thoughts after seeing her upset . 47 19 `` Stuck Together , Torn Apart '' Michael Dante DiMartino Mark Hentemann January 31 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 31 ) 3ACX10 Peter and Lois are advised to go through a trial separation after Peter becomes jealous over Lois reuniting with an old boyfriend , and he hooks up with Jennifer Love Hewitt . Meanwhile , Stewie and Brian get stuck together after Stewie plays around with industrial - strength glue . 48 20 `` Road to Europe '' Dan Povenmire Daniel Palladino February 7 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 07 ) 3ACX13 Stewie becomes obsessed with a British kids ' show and runs away to be part of the cast , and Brian gives chase in an attempt to bring him back . Meanwhile , Peter and Lois go to see a Kiss concert , where Lois reveals she knows nothing about the band , much to Peter 's humiliation . 49 21 `` Family Guy Viewer Mail # 1 '' Pete Michels Scott Wood Michael Dante DiMartino Gene Laufenberg Seth MacFarlane Michael Shipley & Jim Bernstein February 14 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 14 ) 3ACX12 Brian and Stewie host a special episode of Family Guy , featuring three non-canon stories created from viewer requests . No Bones About It -- A genie comes to Peter to grant him wishes ; his last wish makes it so that he has no bones and must deal with life as a lump of lard . Supergriffins -- The Griffins are exposed to nuclear waste and gain superpowers , which lead them to terrorize the city . Li'l Griffins -- Tot - like versions of Peter and Quagmire try to out - brave each other in a haunted house to impress Lois in this Little Rascals parody . 50 22 `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' Dan Povenmire Ricky Blitt November 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 09 ) ( on Adult Swim ) December 10 , 2004 ( on Fox ) 2ACX05 Peter prays for a Jew to help him with his money woes . After befriending a Jewish accountant , Max Weinstein , and discovering the wonders of their religion , Peter gets the ridiculous idea of converting Chris to Judaism as soon as possible so he will be successful in life , but Lois tries to stop him , claiming that success is not based on religion . Family Guy portal Book : Family Guy ( season 3 ) References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ Wheat , Alynda ( September 12 , 2008 ) . `` Fall TV Preview : ' Family Guy ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Morrow , Terry ( August 13 , 2004 ) . `` Resurrected ' Family Guy ' is drawing a growing audience '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2004 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Chris ( May 2 , 2005 ) . `` Family Guy hits air waves again '' . The Heights . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2009 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy has finally been officially cancelled by Fox '' . TKtv . May 16 , 2002 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McKinley , Jesse ( May 2 , 2005 ) . `` Canceled and Resurrected , on the Air and Onstage '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Devin ( April 4 , 2005 ) . `` Family Reunion '' . Newsweek . p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , Gary ( March 24 , 2004 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' un-canceled , thanks to DVD sales success '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ; McDowell , Jeanne ( April 19 , 2004 ) . `` It 's Not TV . It 's TV on DVD '' . Time . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kipnis , Jill ( February 7 , 2004 ) . `` Successful `` Guy '' `` . Billboard . p. 44 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Goodale , Gloria ( April 22 , 2005 ) . `` Cult fans bring ' The Family Guy ' back to TV '' . The Christian Science Monitor . p. 12 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Louie , Rebecca ( April 28 , 2005 ) . `` The ' Family ' ca n't be killed . Fox thought it was out , but we pulled it back on . The ' Guy ' who would n't die '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( November 18 , 2003 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' may return '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Strike , Joe . ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` From Swampy & Dan Emerges Phineas and Ferb '' , Page 3. `` . Animation World Magazine . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Callaghan , p. 174 ^ Jump up to : Callaghan , p. 142 Jump up ^ Callaghan , p. 140 Jump up ^ Callaghan , p. 171 Jump up ^ Callaghan , pp. 192 Jump up ^ Callaghan , pp. 194 Jump up ^ Beierle , Aaron ( September 5 , 2003 ) . `` Family Guy -- Vol. 3 '' . DVDTalk.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . General Callaghan , Steve ( 2005 ) . Family Guy : The Official Episode Guide , Seasons 1 -- 3 . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083305 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Family Guy season 3 Season 3 at TV.com Family Guy episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Season 3 `` The Thin White Line '' `` Brian Does Hollywood '' `` Mr. Griffin Goes to Washington '' `` One If by Clam , Two If by Sea '' `` And the Wiener Is ... '' `` Death Lives '' `` Lethal Weapons '' `` The Kiss Seen Around the World '' `` Mr. Saturday Knight '' `` A Fish Out of Water '' `` Emission Impossible '' `` To Love and Die in Dixie '' `` Screwed the Pooch '' `` Peter Griffin : Husband , Father ... Brother ? '' `` Ready , Willing , and Disabled '' `` A Very Special Family Guy Freakin ' Christmas '' `` Brian Wallows and Peter 's Swallows '' `` From Method to Madness '' `` Stuck Together , Torn Apart '' `` Road to Europe '' `` Family Guy Viewer Mail # 1 '' `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' Family Guy Characters Griffin family Peter Lois Meg Chris Stewie Brian Other characters Quagmire Cleveland Mayor West Herbert Cleveland Jr . Production Cast members Guest stars Writers Awards `` The 100th Episode Special '' Media releases The Life of Larry shorts Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story Live in Vegas Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Hallmarks Road to ... episodes Star Wars episodes Merchandise Home video Video games Family Guy Video Game ! ( 2006 ) Family Guy Online ( 2010 ) Back to the Multiverse ( 2012 ) Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff ( 2014 ) Family Guy : Another Freakin ' Mobile Game ( 2017 ) See also Criticism Night of the Hurricane The Cleveland Show American Dad ! Animation Domination `` Cartoon Wars Part I '' `` Cartoon Wars Part II '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_Guy_(season_3)&oldid=802731191 '' Categories : Family Guy ( season 3 ) episodes Family Guy seasons 2001 American television seasons 2002 American television seasons 2003 American television seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Use mdy dates from November 2015 Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Español Français Gaeilge Italiano ქართული Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 02 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did season 3 of family guy air
[ "Family Guy's third season first aired on the Fox network in 22 episodes from July 11, 2001, to November 9, 2003, before being released as a DVD box set and in syndication. It premiered with the episode \"The Thin White Line\" and finished with \"When You Wish Upon a Weinstein\". The third season of Family Guy continues the adventures of the dysfunctional Griffin family—father Peter, mother Lois, daughter Meg, son Chris, baby Stewie and Brian, the family pet, who reside in their hometown of Quahog." ]
[ "from July 11, 2001, to November 9, 2003" ]
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Brent Smith
Brent Smith - wikipedia Brent Smith For the football player , see Brent Smith ( American football ) . Brent Smith Smith performing with Shinedown in 2018 Brent Stephen Smith ( 1978 - 01 - 10 ) January 10 , 1978 ( age 40 ) Knoxville , Tennessee , U.S. Occupation Singer songwriter musician Years active 2001 -- present Partner ( s ) Teresa Collier Children Musical career Genres Alternative rock hard rock post-grunge alternative metal Instruments Vocals guitar drums Labels Atlantic Roadrunner Associated acts Shinedown Website shinedown.com Brent Stephen Smith ( born January 10 , 1978 ) , is an American singer , songwriter , and musician best known as the lead vocalist of the band Shinedown . Contents 1 Early life 2 Personal life 3 Musical career 4 Discography 4.1 Shinedown 4.2 Other 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Brent Smith was born in Knoxville , Tennessee and is an only child . Personal life ( edit ) Smith was in a relationship with Teresa Collier until February of 2016 . They had one son together , Lyric Santana Smith . Smith struggled with drugs , alcohol , and his weight . Smith eventually lost weight through exercise and a healthier diet . Smith says that both his girlfriend and son inspired him to lose weight . Musical career ( edit ) Prior to fronting the rock band Shinedown , Smith had a high school band named Blind Thoughts and later was the lead singer in a band called Dreve , which Atlantic Records had signed . Atlantic Records forced Brent to either find another band or lose his record deal . He made Shinedown shortly after . He then went to Los Angeles , California to record with well - known producer Desmond Child . Shortly after returning home to Knoxville , Tennessee , Atlantic dropped the band but retained Smith . He was soon given a developmental contract by Atlantic Records . Smith moved to Jacksonville , Florida and began working on the project in 2001 . Smith performing with Shinedown in 2012 The first member he recruited was bassist Brad Stewart , through local Jacksonville music producer Pete Thornton. Smith and Stewart began recording demos together in a small local studio , whose owner recommended they meet with her fiancé , guitarist Jasin Todd , who Smith brought in as the third member . The original lineup was rounded out by drummer Barry Kerch , who was the seventh drummer the band had auditioned for the spot . The four worked together on creating demos , and submitted their work - in - progress material to Atlantic , who approved of the material and green - lighted a full - length album . The band 's debut album , Leave a Whisper was released May 27 , 2003 . The album was eventually certified platinum by the RIAA in the United States , indicating sales of over one million . Shinedown has since released four more studio albums , Us and Them ( 2005 ) , The Sound of Madness ( 2008 ) , Amaryllis ( 2012 ) and Threat to Survival ( 2015 ) . In 2014 , Smith and Zach Myers started an acoustic side project called Smith & Myers . Smith performing with Shinedown in 2016 In early 2016 , the band started recording their sixth album , as they revealed in an interview with Wes Styles of the 97.7 WQLZ radio station . The album , Attention Attention , was released on May 4 , 2018 . The first single off the album , titled `` Devil '' , was released on March 7 , 2018 . Discography ( edit ) Shinedown ( edit ) Main article : Shinedown discography Leave a Whisper ( 2003 ) Us a Them ( 2005 ) Sound of Madness ( 2008 ) Amaryllis ( 2012 ) Threat to Survival ( 2015 ) Attention Attention ( 2018 ) Other ( edit ) Halestorm `` Here 's to Us ( Guest Version ) ( feat . Slash , Brent Smith , Wolfgang Van Halen , Myles Kennedy , James Michael , Tyler Connolly , David Draiman & Maria Brink ) '' ( The Strange Case Of ... ( Reissue Version ) ) In This Moment `` Sexual Hallucination ( feat . Brent Smith ) '' ( Black Widow ) Apocalyptica `` Not Strong Enough ( feat . Brent Smith ) '' ( 7th Symphony ) Dreve ( Brent 's Previous band ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shinedown , Seether + Breaking Benjamin Lead ' NOW That 's What I Call Rock ! ' Compilation '' . Loudwire . Jump up ^ `` Interview - Brent Smith Of Shinedown '' . Crypticrock.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shinedown Leave a Whisper '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Shinedown bringing acoustic tour to Tampa 's Straz Center Tampa Bay Times and tbt * '' . Tampabay.com . September 14 , 2010 . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Brent Stephen . `` Songwriter / Composer : SMITH BRENT STEPHEN '' . Broadcast Music , Inc . ( BMI ) . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brent Smith Discography '' . Discogs.com . Jump up ^ `` Shinedown '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Q&A with Shinedown 's Brent Smith '' . Baltimoresun . Jump up ^ `` Shinedown Singer Reflects on Being Only Child and ' Second Chance ' '' . Noisecreep.com . Jump up ^ Fell , James ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Brent Smith of Shinedown cleans up and slims down '' . LA Times . Retrieved August 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Karki , Ashmita ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` Brent Smith reveals how his girlfriend Teresa and his son Lyric Santana Smith changed his life '' . Retrieved August 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Shinedown '' . Metal-Rules.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ name = bijog > bijog ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Brent Smith '' . bijog . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hester , James ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Rock Scars '' . iUniverse -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Leave a Whisper - Shinedown - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shinedown front man finds a new way of life during making of ' Amaryllis ' '' . Thedailytimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Smith & Myers '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Shinedown to release next Album in April 2018 '' . July 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Shinedown 's Myspace Profile Interview @ smnews.com Shinedown Brent Smith Barry Kerch Zach Myers Eric Bass Jasin Todd Brad Stewart Nick Perri Studio albums Leave a Whisper Us and Them The Sound of Madness Amaryllis Threat to Survival Attention Attention EPs iTunes Session Acoustic Sessions Singles `` Fly from the Inside '' `` 45 '' `` Simple Man '' `` Burning Bright '' `` Save Me '' `` I Dare You '' `` Heroes '' `` Devour '' `` Second Chance '' `` Sound of Madness '' `` If You Only Knew '' `` The Crow & the Butterfly '' `` Diamond Eyes ( Boom - Lay Boom - Lay Boom ) '' `` Bully '' `` Unity '' `` Enemies '' `` I 'll Follow You '' `` Adrenaline '' `` Cut the Cord '' `` State of My Head '' `` Asking For It '' `` How Did You Love '' `` Devil '' Music DVDs Live from the Inside Somewhere in the Stratosphere Related articles Discography MusicBrainz : 5f3a6bb1 - 8376 - 4e13 - b4d3 - 8c31b1955903 VIAF : 145659654 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brent_Smith&oldid=856365935 '' Categories : American rock singers Living people People from Knoxville , Tennessee 1978 births Singers from Tennessee American heavy metal singers Shinedown members Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Norsk Polski Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 18 : 08 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who is the lead singer of the band shinedown
[ "Brent Stephen Smith[5] (born January 10, 1978),[6] is an American singer, songwriter, and musician best known as the lead vocalist of the band Shinedown.[7][6][8]\n" ]
[ "Brent Stephen Smith" ]
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Constitutional Union Party (United States)
Constitutional Union party ( United States ) - wikipedia Constitutional Union party ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Constitution Party ( United States ) . Constitutional Union Party First Leader John Bell Founded 1860 ( 1860 ) Dissolved 1861 ( 1861 ) Merger of American Party Opposition Party Succeeded by Unionist Party Headquarters Atlanta , Georgia Ideology American nationalism Conservatism Gag rule Political position Big tent ( main aim was to preserve the Union ) Colors Orange Politics of United States Political parties Elections A Constitutional Union campaign poster for the 1860 election in which are shown John Bell ( left ) , the presidential nominee ; and Edward Everett , the vice presidential nominee The Constitutional Union Party was a political party in the United States created in 1860 which ran against the Republicans and Democrats as a fourth party in 1860 . It was made up of conservative former Whigs who wanted to avoid secession over the slavery issue . These former Whigs ( some of whom had been under the banner of the Opposition Party in 1854 -- 1858 ) teamed up with former Know Nothings and a few Southern Democrats who were against secession to form the Constitutional Union Party . The party 's name comes from its simple platform , which consists of the resolution `` to recognize no political principle other than the Constitution of the country , the Union of the states , and the Enforcement of the Laws '' . The party hoped that by not taking a firm stand either for or against slavery or its expansion , the issue could be pushed aside . John J. Crittenden and other unionist Congressmen organized the 1860 Constitutional Union Convention , which met in May 1860 . The convention nominated John Bell of Tennessee for President and Edward Everett of Massachusetts for Vice President . Crittenden , Sam Houston , William Alexander Graham and William Cabell Rives also received support for the party 's presidential nomination at the convention . In the 1860 presidential election , Bell took 12.6 % of the popular vote and won three slave states . Most of Bell 's support came from former Southern Whigs or Know Nothings . After the election , Crittenden and other Constitutional Unionists unsuccessfully sought to prevent a civil war with the Crittenden Compromise and the Peace Conference of 1861 . After the onset of the American Civil War , many former party members , including Bell , supported the Confederacy whereas most border state Constitutional Unionists remained loyal to the Union . Constitutional Unionists helped organize the Wheeling Convention ( which split off West Virginia from Virginia ) while many in Missouri joined the Unconditional Union Party . Contents ( hide ) 1 Beginnings 2 1860 presidential election 3 After 1860 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Beginnings ( edit ) A predecessor of the Constitutional Union Party , the Unionist Party , was founded in 1850 by Georgia politicians Robert Toombs , Alexander Stephens and Howell Cobb to support the Compromise of 1850 and reject the notion of Southern secession . This party united Southern Whigs and Democrats under the Georgia Platform , which affirmed Georgia 's acceptance of the Compromise as a final resolution to the issue of slavery . However , the party never expanded outside of the Deep South states of Georgia , Mississippi and Alabama and dissolved by the end of 1851 . The 1860 incarnation of the Constitutional Union Party united remnants of both the defunct Whig and Know Nothing parties who were unwilling to join either the Democrats or the Republicans . Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky , Henry Clay 's successor in border - state Whiggery , set up a meeting among fifty conservative , pro-Compromise congressmen in December 1859 , which led to a convention in Baltimore the week of May 9 , 1860 , one week before the Republican Party convention . The convention nominated John Bell of Tennessee for President and Edward Everett of Massachusetts for Vice President . 1860 presidential election ( edit ) In the 1860 election , the Constitutional Unionists received the great majority of their votes from former southern Whigs or Know Nothings . A few of their votes were cast by former Democrats who were against secession . Although the party did not get 50 % of the popular vote in any state , they won the electoral votes of three states , Virginia , Kentucky and Tennessee , largely due to the split in Democratic votes between Stephen A. Douglas in the North and John C. Breckinridge in the South . California and Everett 's home state of Massachusetts were the only non-slave states in which the party received more than 5 % of the popular vote . After 1860 ( edit ) The party and its purpose disappeared after 1860 as the Southern states began to secede , though the party remained active in Congress until the end of the Civil War . Bell and many other Constitutional Unionists later supported the Confederacy during the Civil War , but backers of the party from north of the Carolinas tended to remain supporters of the Union . Constitutional Unionists were influential in the Wheeling Convention , which led to the creation of the Union loyalist state of West Virginia , as well as in the declaration of the Kentucky General Assembly for the Union and winning Congressional elections in Kentucky and Maryland in June . In Missouri , many of the party joined the new Unconditional Union Party headed by Francis P. Blair , Jr. and remained active in that state 's efforts to remain in the Union by overthrowing the elected government of Claiborne Jackson . Everett supported the Union and in 1863 gave a speech at Gettysburg before Lincoln 's famous Gettysburg Address . See also ( edit ) conservatism portal National Union Party ( United States ) Southern Unionist United States presidential election , 1860 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schott , Thomas ( 1996 ) . Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia : A Biography . LSU Press . pp. 129 -- 132 . References ( edit ) Blum , John M. ; William S. McFeely ; Edmund S. Morgan ; Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr. ; Kenneth M. Stampp ; C. Vann Woodward ( 1985 ) . The National Experience : A History of the United States ( 6th ed . ) . New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . pp. 344 -- 345 . ISBN 0155656643 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Constitutional Union Party . Newly Formed Party Party Platform of 1860 OurCampaigns overview of Constitutional Union Convention 1860 ( hide ) National political parties in the United States List of political parties in the United States Major parties Democratic Republican Third parties Larger Green Libertarian Constitution Smaller African People 's Socialist All - African People 's Revolutionary America 's American ( 1969 ) American Delta American Freedom American Party of Labor American Populist American Reform American Solidarity Black Riders Liberation Christian Liberty Citizens Communist Freedom Road Socialist Freedom Socialist Humane Independent American Justice Legal Marijuana Now Marijuana Modern Whig National Socialist Movement New Afrikan Black Panther New Black Panther Objectivist Pacifist Peace and Freedom Pirate Progressive Labor Prohibition Reform Revolutionary Communist Socialism and Liberation Socialist ( 1973 ) Socialist Action Socialist Alternative Socialist Equality Socialist Workers Traditionalist Worker Unity Veterans Working Families Workers World World Socialist Former parties America First American ( Know Nothing ) American ( 1924 ) American Falangist American Nazi American Vegetarian Americans Elect Anti-Masonic Black Panther Boston Tea Citizens Commonwealth Land Constitution ( 1952 ) Constitutional Union Democratic - Republican Farmer -- Labor Federalist Free Soil Gold Democrats Greenback Independence ( 2007 ) Labor ( 1919 ) Labor ( 1996 ) Liberal Republican Liberty National Republican National Socialist National States ' Rights National Union ( 1864 ) Natural Law New Alliance New Union Nullifier Opposition Populist ( People 's ) Personal Choice Progressive ( 1912 ) Progressive ( 1924 ) Progressive ( 1948 ) Radical Democracy Raza Unida Readjuster Silver Silver Republican Socialist ( 1901 ) Socialist Labor States Rights ( Dixiecrat ) Unconditional Union Union ( 1936 ) Unionist ( 1850s / 60s ) U.S. Labor Whig Youth International Recognized as a major national party by the FEC Not recognized as a major national party by the FEC State and local political parties ( without national body ) Presidential nominating conventions Politics of the United States Politics portal ( 1856 ← ) United States presidential election , 1860 ( 1864 → ) Republican Party Convention Nominee Abraham Lincoln VP nominee Hannibal Hamlin Candidates Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Democratic Party Conventions Northern Nominee Stephen A. Douglas Northern VP nominee Herschel V. Johnson Southern Nominee John C. Breckinridge Southern VP nominee Joseph Lane Candidates Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M.T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Constitutional Union Party Convention Nominee John Bell VP nominee Edward Everett Candidates John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives Other 1860 elections : House Senate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)&oldid=834022996 '' Categories : American nationalist parties Political parties established in 1860 American Civil War political groups Defunct conservative parties in the United States Defunct nationalist parties in the United States 1860 establishments in the United States 1865 disestablishments in the United States Unionist Party ( United States ) Political parties disestablished in 1865 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 日本 語 Polski Simple English Suomi اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 14 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who represented the constitutional union party in 1860
[ "John J. Crittenden and other unionist Congressmen organized the 1860 Constitutional Union Convention, which met in May 1860. The convention nominated John Bell of Tennessee for President and Edward Everett of Massachusetts for Vice President. Crittenden, Sam Houston, William Alexander Graham and William Cabell Rives also received support for the party's presidential nomination at the convention. In the 1860 presidential election, Bell took 12.6% of the popular vote and won three slave states. Most of Bell's support came from former Southern Whigs or Know Nothings.", "John J. Crittenden and other unionist Congressmen organized the 1860 Constitutional Union Convention, which met in May 1860. The convention nominated John Bell of Tennessee for President and Edward Everett of Massachusetts for Vice President. Crittenden, Sam Houston, William Alexander Graham and William Cabell Rives also received support for the party's presidential nomination at the convention. In the 1860 presidential election, Bell took 12.6% of the popular vote and won three slave states. Most of Bell's support came from former Southern Whigs or Know Nothings." ]
[ "John Bell of Tennessee for President", "Edward Everett of Massachusetts for Vice President" ]
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Cinderella
Cinderella - wikipedia Cinderella Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Cinderella ( disambiguation ) . Cinderella Cinderella Fleeing the Ball by Anne Anderson Folk tale Name Cinderella Also known as Italian : Cenerentola , French : Cendrillon , German : Aschenputtel , Russian : Zolushka , Dutch : Assenpoester . Data Aarne - Thompson grouping AT 510 A ( `` the persecuted heroine '' ) Region Eurasia Cinderella ( Italian : Cenerentola , French : Cendrillon , German : Aschenputtel ) , or The Little Glass Slipper , is a folk tale embodying a myth - element of unjust oppression and triumphant reward . Thousands of variants are known throughout the world . The title character is a young woman living in unfortunate circumstances , that are suddenly changed to remarkable fortune . The story of Rhodopis , recounted by the Greek geographer Strabo in around 7 BC , about a Greek slave girl who marries the king of Egypt , is usually considered as the earliest known variant of the `` Cinderella '' story . The first literary European version of the story was published in Italy by Giambattista Basile in his Pentamerone in 1634 ; the most popular version was published by Charles Perrault in Histoires ou contes du temps passé in 1697 , and later by the Brothers Grimm in their folk tale collection Grimms ' Fairy Tales in 1812 . Although the story 's title and main character 's name change in different languages , in English - language folklore `` Cinderella '' is the archetypal name . The word `` Cinderella '' has , by analogy , come to mean one whose attributes were unrecognized , or one who unexpectedly achieves recognition or success after a period of obscurity and neglect . The still - popular story of `` Cinderella '' continues to influence popular culture internationally , lending plot elements , allusions , and tropes to a wide variety of media . The Aarne -- Thompson system classifies Cinderella as `` the persecuted heroine '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient versions 1.1 European versions 1.1. 1 Rhodopis 1.1. 2 Le Fresne 1.1. 3 Cordelia 1.2 Asian versions 1.2. 1 Ye Xian 1.2. 2 One Thousand and One Nights 1.2. 3 Tam and Cam 2 Literary versions 2.1 Cenerentola , by Basile 2.2 Cendrillon , by Perrault 2.3 Aschenputtel , by the Brothers Grimm 3 Plot variations and alternative tellings 4 Folkloristics 5 Adaptations 5.1 Opera and ballet 5.2 Theatre 5.3 Films and television 6 Translations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Ancient versions ( edit ) The Aarne -- Thompson system classifies Cinderella as type 510A , `` the persecuted heroine '' . Variants of the theme are known throughout the world . European versions ( edit ) Rhodopis ( edit ) Pair of ancient leather sandals from Egypt Main article : Rhodopis The oldest known version of the Cinderella story is the ancient Greek story of Rhodopis , a Greek courtesan living in the colony of Naucratis in Egypt , whose name means `` Rosy - Cheeks '' . The story is first recorded by the Greek geographer Strabo in his Geographica ( book 17 , 33 ) , probably written around 7 BC or thereabouts : They tell the fabulous story that , when she was bathing , an eagle snatched one of her sandals from her maid and carried it to Memphis ; and while the king was administering justice in the open air , the eagle , when it arrived above his head , flung the sandal into his lap ; and the king , stirred both by the beautiful shape of the sandal and by the strangeness of the occurrence , sent men in all directions into the country in quest of the woman who wore the sandal ; and when she was found in the city of Naucratis , she was brought up to Memphis , became the wife of the king ... The same story is also later reported by the Roman orator Aelian ( ca . 175 -- ca . 235 ) in his Miscellanious History , which was written entirely in Greek . Aelian 's story closely resembles the story told by Strabo , but adds that the name of the pharaoh in question was Psammetichus . Aelian 's account indicates that the story of Rhodopis remained popular throughout antiquity . Herodotus , some five centuries before Strabo , records a popular legend about a possibly - related courtesan named Rhodopis in his Histories , claiming that Rhodopis came from Thrace , and was the slave of Iadmon of Samos , and a fellow - slave of the story - teller Aesop and that she was taken to Egypt in the time of Pharaoh Amasis , and freed there for a large sum by Charaxus of Mytilene , brother of Sappho the lyric poet . Le Fresne ( edit ) Illustration of Marie de France , the author of Le Fresne , from a medieval illuminated manuscript The twelfth - century AD lai of Le Fresne ( `` The Ash - Tree Girl '' ) , retold by Marie de France , is a variant of the `` Cinderella '' story in which a wealthy noblewoman abandons her infant daughter at the base of an ash tree outside a nunnery with a ring and brocade as tokens of her identity , because she is one of two twin sisters and the mother fears that she will be accused of infidelity . The infant is discovered by the porter , who names her Fresne , meaning `` Ash Tree '' , and she raised by the nuns . After she has attained maturity , a young nobleman sees her and becomes her lover . The nobleman , however , is forced to marry a woman of noble birth . Fresne accepts that she will never marry her beloved , but waits in the wedding chamber as a handmaiden . She covers the bed with her own brocade , but , unbeknownst to her , her beloved 's bride is actually her twin sister , and her mother recognizes the brocade as the same one she had given to the daughter she had abandoned so many years before . Fresne 's true parentage is revealed and , as a result of her noble birth , she is allowed to marry her beloved , while her twin sister is married to a different nobleman . Cordelia ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cordelia by William Frederick Yeames ( 1888 ) Aspects of Cinderella may be derived from the story of Cordelia in Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia Regum Britanniae . Cordelia is the youngest and most virtuous of King Leir of Britain 's three daughters , however her virtue is such that it will not allow her to lie in flattering her father when he asks , so that he divides up the kingdom between the elder daughters and leaves Cordelia with nothing . Cordelia marries her love , Aganippus , King of the Franks , and flees to Gaul where she and her husband raise an army and depose her wicked sisters who have been misusing their father . Cordelia is finally crowned Queen of Britain . However her reign only lasts five years . The story is famously retold in Shakespeare 's King Lear , but given a tragic ending . Asian versions ( edit ) Ye Xian ( edit ) The story of Ye Xian reflected the admiration for small feet in ancient China . Foot binding later became a common practice to prevent feet from growing . A version of the story , Ye Xian , appeared in Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang by Duan Chengshi around 860 . In this version , the protagonist is Ye Xian , a hardworking and lovely girl , who befriends a fish , which is the reincarnation of her deceased mother . Her stepmother and sister kill the fish , but Ye Xian saves the bones , which are magic , and they help her dress appropriately for the New Year Festival . Her stepfamily recognizes her at the festival , causing her to flee and accidentally lose her slipper . Afterwards , the king finds her slipper and falls in love with her ( eventually rescuing her from her cruel stepmother ) . Variants of the story are also found in many ethnic groups in China . One Thousand and one Nights ( edit ) Several different variants of the story appear in the medieval One Thousand and One Nights , also known as the Arabian Nights , including `` The Second Shaykh 's Story '' , `` The Eldest Lady 's Tale '' and `` Abdallah ibn Fadil and His Brothers '' , all dealing with the theme of a younger sibling harassed by two jealous elders . In some of these , the siblings are female , while in others , they are male . One of the tales , `` Judar and His Brethren '' , departs from the happy endings of previous variants and reworks the plot to give it a tragic ending instead , with the younger brother being poisoned by his elder brothers . Tam and Cam ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Story of Tam and Cam , whose plot is similar to Cinderella , has some significant differences . Like in Chinese version , The heroine Tấm also has a fish which is killed by the stepmother and the half - sister , and its bones also give her clothes . Nonetheless , the later part of the story , after Tấm marries the king , there is a long `` battle '' with her stepmother and half - sister . Literary versions ( edit ) The first written European version of the story was published in Napoli ( Naples ) , Italy , by Giambattista Basile , in his Pentamerone ( 1634 ) . The story itself was based in the Kingdom of Naples , at that time the most important political and cultural center of Southern Italy and among the most influential capitals in Europe , and written in the Neapolitan dialect . It was later retold , along with other Basile tales , by Charles Perrault in Histoires ou contes du temps passé ( 1697 ) , and by the Brothers Grimm in their folk tale collection Grimms ' Fairy Tales ( 1812 ) . The name `` Cenerentola '' comes from the Italian word `` cenere '' -- tchenere ( ash -- cinder ) . It has to do with the fact that servants and scullions were usually soiled with ash at that time , because of their cleaning work and also because they had to live in cold basements so they usually tried to get warm by sitting close to the fireplace . Cenerentola , by Basile ( edit ) Giambattista Basile , an Italian soldier and government official , assembled a set of oral folk tales into a written collection titled Lo cunto de li cunti ( The Story of Stories ) , or Pentamerone . It included the tale of Cenerentola , which features a wicked stepmother and evil stepsisters , magical transformations , a missing slipper , and a hunt by a monarch for the owner of the slipper . It was published posthumously in 1634 . Plot : A prince has a daughter , Zezolla ( tonnie ) ( the Cinderella figure ) , who is tended by a beloved governess . The governess , with Zezolla 's help , persuades the prince to marry her . The governess then brings forward six daughters of her own , who abuse Zezolla ( tonnie ) , and send her into the kitchen to work as a servant . The prince goes to the island of Sinia , meets a fairy who gives presents to his daughter , and brings back for her : a golden spade , a golden bucket , a silken napkin , and a date seedling . The girl cultivates the tree , and when the king hosts a ball , Zezolla appears dressed richly by a fairy living in the date tree . The king falls in love with her , but Zezolla runs away before he can find out who she is . Twice Zezolla escapes the king and his servants . The third time , the king 's servant captures one of her slippers . The king invites all of the maidens in the land to a ball with a shoe - test , identifies Zezolla ( tonnie ) after the shoe jumps from his hand to her foot , and eventually marries her . Cendrillon , by Perrault ( edit ) Oliver Herford illustrated Cinderella with the Fairy Godmother , inspired by Perrault 's version . Charles Robinson illustrated Cinderella in the kitchen ( 1900 ) , from `` Tales of Passed Times '' with stories by Charles Perrault . Writing blank entitled Cinderella or The little glass slipper , educational folder . One of the most popular versions of Cinderella was written in French by Charles Perrault in 1697 , under the name Cendrillon . The popularity of his tale was due to his additions to the story , including the pumpkin , the fairy - godmother and the introduction of `` glass '' slippers . Plot : A wealthy widower marries a proud and haughty woman as his second wife . She has two daughters , who are equally vain and selfish . The gentleman has a beautiful young daughter , a girl of unparalleled kindness and sweet temper . The man 's daughter is forced into servitude , where she is made to work day and night doing menial chores . After the girl 's chores are done for the day , she curls up near the fireplace in an effort to stay warm . She often arises covered in cinders , giving rise to the mocking nickname `` Cinderella '' by her stepsisters . Cinderella bears the abuse patiently and does not tell her father , who would have scolded her . One day , the Prince invites all the young ladies in the land to a royal ball , planning to choose a wife . The two stepsisters gleefully plan their wardrobes for the ball , and taunt Cinderella by telling her that maids are not invited to the ball . As the sisters depart to the ball , Cinderella cries in despair . Her Fairy Godmother magically appears and immediately begins to transform Cinderella from house servant to the young lady she was by birth , all in the effort to get Cinderella to the ball . She turns a pumpkin into a golden carriage , mice into horses , a rat into a coachman , and lizards into footmen . She then turns Cinderella 's rags into a beautiful jeweled gown , complete with a delicate pair of glass slippers . The Godmother tells her to enjoy the ball , but warns her that she must return before midnight , when the spells will be broken . At the ball , the entire court is entranced by Cinderella , especially the Prince . At this first ball , Cinderella remembers to leave before midnight . Back home , Cinderella graciously thanks her Godmother . She then greets the stepsisters , who had not recognized her earlier , and talk of nothing but the beautiful girl at the ball . Another ball is held the next evening , and Cinderella again attends with her Godmother 's help . The Prince has become even more infatuated , and Cinderella in turn becomes so enchanted by him she loses track of time and leaves only at the final stroke of midnight , losing one of her glass slippers on the steps of the palace in her haste . The Prince chases her , but outside the palace , the guards see only a simple country girl leave . The Prince pockets the slipper and vows to find and marry the girl to whom it belongs . Meanwhile , Cinderella keeps the other slipper , which does not disappear when the spell is broken . The Prince tries the slipper on all the women in the kingdom . When the Prince arrives at Cinderella 's home , the stepsisters try in vain to win him over . Cinderella asks if she may try , but the stepsisters taunt her . Naturally , the slipper fits perfectly , and Cinderella produces the other slipper for good measure . Cinderella 's stepfamily pleads for forgiveness , and Cinderella agrees . Cinderella married the Prince as her stepsisters are married to two handsome gentlemen of the royal court . The first moral of the story is that beauty is a treasure , but graciousness is priceless . Without it , nothing is possible ; with it , one can do anything . However , the second moral of the story mitigates the first one and reveals the criticism that Perrault is aiming at : That `` without doubt it is a great advantage to have intelligence , courage , good breeding , and common sense . These , and similar talents come only from heaven , and it is good to have them . However , even these may fail to bring you success , without the blessing of a godfather or a godmother . '' Aschenputtel , by the Brothers Grimm ( edit ) Alexander Zick illustrated Cinderella with the doves , inspired by the Grimms ' version . Another well - known version was recorded by the German brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in the 19th century . The tale is called `` Aschenputtel '' ( `` Cinderella '' in English translations ) . This version is much more intense than that of Perrault and Disney , in that Cinderella 's father did not die and the stepsisters mutilate their feet to fit in the golden slipper . There is no fairy godmother , but rather help comes from a wishing tree that the heroine planted on her mother 's grave . The stepsisters suffer a terrible punishment for their cruelty . Plot : A plague infests a village , and a wealthy gentleman 's wife lies on her deathbed . She calls for her only daughter , and tells her to remain good and kind , as God would protect her . She then dies and is buried . The child visits her mother 's grave every day to grieve and a year goes by . The gentleman marries another woman with two older daughters from a previous marriage . They have beautiful faces and fair skin , but their hearts are cruel and wicked . The stepsisters steal the girl 's fine clothes and jewels and force her to wear rags . They banish her into the kitchen , and give her the nickname `` Aschenputtel '' ( `` Ashfool '' ) . She is forced to do all kinds of hard work from dawn to dusk . The cruel sisters will do nothing but mock her and make her chores harder by creating messes . However , despite all of it , the girl remains good and kind , and will always go to her mother 's grave to cry and pray to God that she will see her circumstances improve . One day the gentleman visits a fair , promising his stepdaughters gifts of luxury . The eldest asks for beautiful dresses , while the younger for pearls and diamonds . His own daughter merely begs for the first twig to knock his hat off on the way . The gentleman goes on his way , and acquires presents for his stepdaughters . While passing a forest he gets a hazel twig , and gives it to his daughter . She plants the twig over her mother 's grave , waters it with her tears and over the years , it grows into a glowing hazel tree . The girl prays under it three times a day , and a white bird will always comes to her . She will tell her wishes to the bird , and every time the bird will throw down to her what she has wished for . The king decides to ordain a festival that will last for three days and invites all the beautiful maidens in the land to attend so that the prince can select one of them for his bride . The two sisters are also invited , but when Aschenputtel begs them to allow her to go with them into the celebration , the stepmother refuses because she has no decent dress nor shoes to wear . When the girl insists , the woman throws a dish of lentils into the ashes for her to pick up , guaranteeing her permission to attend the festival , if she can clean up the lentils in two hours . When the girl accomplishes the task in less than an hour with the help of a flock of white doves that came when she sings a certain chant , the stepmother only redoubles the task and throws down even a greater quantity of lentils . When Aschenputtel is able to accomplish it in a greater speed , not wanting to spoil her daughters ' chances , the stepmother hastens away with her husband and daughters to the celebration and leaves the crying stepdaughter behind . The girl retreats to the graveyard and asks to be clothed in silver and gold . The white bird drops a gold and silver gown and silk shoes . She goes to the feast . The prince dances with her all the time , and when sunset comes she asks to leave . The prince escorts her home , but she eludes him and jumps inside the pigeon coop . The father has come home ahead of time and the prince asks him to chop the pigeon coop down , but Aschenputtel has already escaped . The next day , the girl appears in grander apparel . The prince falls in love with her and dances with her for the whole day , and when sunset comes , the prince tries to accompany her home again . However , she climbs a pear tree to escape him . The Prince calls her father who chops down the tree , wondering if it could be Aschenputtel , but Aschenputtel has disappeared . The third day , she appears dressed in the grandest with slippers of gold . Now the prince is determined to keep her , and has the entire stairway smeared with pitch . Aschenputtel loses track of time , and when she runs away one of her golden slippers sticks on that pitch . The prince proclaims that he will marry the maiden whose foot fits the golden slipper . The next morning , the prince goes to Aschenputtel 's house and tries the slipper on the eldest stepsister . The sister was advised by her mother to cut off her toes in order to fit the slipper . While riding with the stepsister , the two doves from Heaven tell the Prince that blood drips from her foot . Appalled by her treachery , he goes back again and tries the slipper on the other stepsister . She cuts off part of her heel in order to get her foot in the slipper , and again the prince is fooled . While riding with her to the king 's castle , the doves alert him again about the blood on her foot . He comes back to inquire about another girl . The gentleman tells him that they keep a kitchen - maid in the house -- omitting to mention that she is his own daughter -- and the prince asks him to let her try on the slipper . Aschenputtel appears after washing herself , and when she puts on the slipper , the prince recognizes her as the stranger with whom he has danced at the ball . In the end , during Aschenputtel 's wedding , as she walks down the aisle with her stepsisters as her bridesmaids , ( they had hoped to worm their way into her favour ) , the doves fly down and strike the two stepsisters ' eyes , one in the left and the other in the right . When the wedding comes to an end , and Aschenputtel and her prince march out of the church , the doves fly again , striking the remaining eyes of the two evil sisters blind , a punishment they had to endure for the rest of their lives . Aschenputtel 's relationship with her father in this version is ambiguous ; Perrault 's version states that the absent father is dominated by his second wife , explaining why he does not prevent the abuse of his daughter . However , the father in this tale plays an active role in several scenes , and it is not explained why he tolerates the mistreatment of his child . He also describes Aschenputtel as his `` first wife 's child '' and not his own . Plot variations and alternative tellings ( edit ) Cinderella by Edward Burne - Jones , 1863 , Museum of Fine Arts , Boston Villains : In some versions , her father plays an active role in the humiliation of his daughter ; in others , he is secondary to his new wife , Cinderella 's stepmother ; in some versions , especially the popular Disney film , Cinderella 's father has died and Cinderella 's mother has died also . Although many variants of Cinderella feature the wicked stepmother , the defining trait of type 510A is a female persecutor : in Fair , Brown and Trembling and Finette Cendron , the stepmother does not appear at all , and it is the older sisters who confine her to the kitchen . In other fairy tales featuring the ball , she was driven from home by the persecutions of her father , usually because he wished to marry her . Of this type ( 510B ) are Cap O ' Rushes , Catskin , All - Kinds - of - Fur , and Allerleirauh , and she slaves in the kitchen because she found a job there . In Katie Woodencloak , the stepmother drives her from home , and she likewise finds such a job . In La Cenerentola , Gioachino Rossini inverted the sex roles : Cenerentola is oppressed by her stepfather . ( This makes the opera Aarne - Thompson type 510B . ) He also made the economic basis for such hostility unusually clear , in that Don Magnifico wishes to make his own daughters ' dowries larger , to attract a grander match , which is impossible if he must provide a third dowry . Folklorists often interpret the hostility between the stepmother and stepdaughter as just such a competition for resources , but seldom does the tale make it clear . Ball , Ballgown , and Curfew : The number of balls varies , sometimes one , sometimes two , and sometimes three . The fairy godmother is Perrault 's own addition to the tale . The person who aided Cinderella ( Aschenputtel ) in the Grimms 's version is her dead mother . Aschenputtel requests her aid by praying at her grave , on which a tree is growing . Helpful doves roosting in the tree shake down the clothing she needs for the ball . This motif is found in other variants of the tale as well , such as The Cinder Maid , collected by Joseph Jacobs , and the Finnish The Wonderful Birch . Playwright James Lapine incorporated this motif into the Cinderella plotline of the musical Into the Woods . Giambattista Basile 's Cenerentola combined them ; the Cinderella figure , Zezolla , asks her father to commend her to the Dove of Fairies and ask her to send her something , and she receives a tree that will provide her clothing . Other variants have her helped by talking animals , as in Katie Woodencloak , Rushen Coatie , Bawang Putih Bawang Merah , The Story of Tam and Cam , or The Sharp Grey Sheep -- these animals often having some connection with her dead mother ; in The Golden Slipper , a fish aids her after she puts it in water . In `` The Anklet '' , it 's a magical alabaster pot the girl purchased with her own money that brings her the gowns and the anklets she wears to the ball . Gioachino Rossini , having agreed to do an opera based on Cinderella if he could omit all magical elements , wrote La Cenerentola , in which she was aided by Alidoro , a philosopher and formerly the Prince 's tutor . The midnight curfew is also absent in many versions ; Cinderella leaves the ball to get home before her stepmother and stepsisters , or she is simply tired . In the Grimms ' version , Aschenputtel slips away when she is tired , hiding on her father 's estate in a tree , and then the pigeon coop , to elude her pursuers ; her father tries to catch her by chopping them down , but she escapes . Furthermore , the gathering need not be a ball ; several variants on Cinderella , such as Katie Woodencloak and The Golden Slipper have her attend church . In the three - ball version , Cinderella keeps a close watch on the time the first two nights and is able to leave without difficulty . However , on the third ( or only ) night , she loses track of the time and must flee the castle before her disguise vanishes . In her haste , she loses a glass slipper which the prince finds -- or else the prince has carefully had her exit tarred , so as to catch her , and the slipper is caught in it . The identifying item : The glass slipper is unique to Charles Perrault 's version and its derivatives ; in other versions of the tale it may be made of other materials ( in the version recorded by the Brothers Grimm , German : Aschenbroedel and Aschenputtel , for instance , it is gold ) and in still other tellings , it is not a slipper but an anklet , a ring , or a bracelet that gives the prince the key to Cinderella 's identity . In Rossini 's opera `` La Cenerentola '' ( `` Cinderella '' ) , the slipper is replaced by twin bracelets to prove her identity . In the Finnish variant The Wonderful Birch the prince uses tar to gain something every ball , and so has a ring , a circlet , and a pair of slippers . Interpreters unaware of the value attached to glass in 17th century France and perhaps troubled by sartorial impracticalities , have suggested that Perrault 's `` glass slipper '' ( pantoufle de verre ) had been a `` squirrel fur slipper '' ( pantoufle de vair ) in some unidentified earlier version of the tale , and that Perrault or one of his sources confused the words ; however , most scholars believe the glass slipper was a deliberate piece of poetic invention on Perrault 's part . The 1950 Disney adaptation takes advantage of the slipper being made of glass to add a twist whereby the slipper is shattered just before Cinderella has the chance to try it on , leaving her with only the matching slipper with which to prove her identity . Another interpretation of verre / vair ( glass / fur ) suggested a sexual element -- the Prince was ' trying on ' the ' fur slipper ' ( vagina ) of the maidens in the kingdom , as a ' Droit du seigneur ' right of sexual possession of his subjects . The disguised Cinderella 's ' fur slipper ' was of unique appeal to the Prince who sought her thereafter through sexual congress ( a variety of sources including Joan Gould ) . The translation of the story into cultures with different standards of beauty has left the significance of Cinderella 's shoe size unclear , and resulted in the implausibility of Cinderella 's feet being of a unique size for no particular reason . Humorous retellings of the story sometimes use the twist of having the shoes turn out to also fit somebody completely unsuitable , such as an amorous old crone . In Terry Pratchett 's Witches Abroad , the witches accuse another witch of manipulating the events because it was a common shoe size , and she could only ensure that the right woman put it on if she already knew where she was and went straight to her . In `` When the Clock Strikes '' ( from Red As Blood ) , Tanith Lee had the sorcerous shoe alter shape whenever a woman tried to put it on , so it would not fit . Cinderella tries on the slipper The Revelation : Cinderella 's stepmother and stepsisters ( in some versions just the stepsisters and , in some other versions , a stepfather and stepsisters ) conspire to win the prince 's hand for one of them . In the German telling , the first stepsister fits into the slipper by cutting off a toe , but the doves in the hazel tree alert the prince to the blood dripping from the slipper , and he returns the false bride to her mother . The second stepsister fits into the slipper by cutting off her heel , but the same doves give her away . In many variants of the tale , the prince is told that Cinderella can not possibly be the one , as she is too dirty and ragged . Often , this is said by the stepmother or stepsisters . In the Grimms ' version , both the stepmother and the father urge it . The prince nevertheless insists on her trying . Cinderella arrives and proves her identity by fitting into the slipper or other item ( in some cases she has kept the other ) . The Conclusion : In the German version of the story , the evil stepsisters are punished for their deception by having their eyes pecked out by birds . In other versions , they are forgiven , and made ladies - in - waiting with marriages to lesser lords . In The Thousand Nights and A Night , in a tale called `` The Anklet '' , the stepsisters make a comeback by using twelve magical hairpins to turn the bride into a dove on her wedding night . In The Wonderful Birch , the stepmother , a witch , manages to substitute her daughter for the true bride after she has given birth . Such tales continue the fairy tale into what is in effect a second episode . In an episode of Jim Henson 's The Storyteller , writer Anthony Minghella merged the old folk tale Donkeyskin ( also written by Perrault ) with Cinderella to tell the tale of Sapsorrow , a girl both cursed and blessed by destiny . Many popular new works based on the story feature one step - sister who is not as cruel to Cinderella as the other . Examples are the film Ever After , Cinderella 3 and the Broadway revival . Folkloristics ( edit ) Cinderella or Cendrillon in French . Detail from Gustave Doré 's illustration for Cendrillon Folklorists have long studied variants on this tale across cultures . In 1893 , Marian Roalfe Cox , commissioned by the Folklore Society of Britain , produced Cinderella : Three Hundred and Forty - Five Variants of Cinderella , Catskin and , Cap o'Rushes , Abstracted and Tabulated with a Discussion of Medieval Analogues and Notes . Further morphology studies have continued on this seminal work . The Aarne -- Thompson system classifies Cinderella as type 510A , `` the persecuted heroine '' . Others of this type include The Sharp Grey Sheep ; The Golden Slipper ; The Story of Tam and Cam ; Rushen Coatie ; The Wonderful Birch ; Fair , Brown and Trembling ; and Katie Woodencloak . Adaptations ( edit ) This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this article to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( November 2017 ) Massenet 's opera Cendrillon Pantomime at the Adelphi The story of Cinderella has formed the basis of many notable works : Opera and ballet ( edit ) Cendrillon ( 1749 ) by Jean - Louis Laruette Cendrillon ( 1810 ) by Nicolas Isouard , libretto by Charles - Guillaume Étienne La Cenerentola ( 1817 ) by Gioachino Rossini Cinderella ( 1893 ) by Baron Boris Vietinghoff - Scheel Cendrillon ( 1894 -- 5 ) by Jules Massenet , libretto by Henri Caïn Cendrillon ( 1904 ) by Pauline García - Viardot La Cenicienta ( 1966 ) by Jorge Peña Hen Aschenbrödel ( 1901 ) by Johann Strauss II , adapted and completed by Josef Bayer Soluschka or Cinderella ( 1945 ) by Sergei Prokofiev Theatre ( edit ) Cinderella debuted as a pantomime on stage at the Drury Lane Theatre , London in 1904 and at the Adelphi Theatre in London in 1905 . Phyllis Dare , aged 14 or 15 , starred in the latter . In the traditional pantomime version the opening scene takes place in a forest with a hunt in progress ; here Cinderella first meets Prince Charming and his `` right - hand man '' Dandini , whose name and character come from Gioachino Rossini 's opera ( La Cenerentola ) . Cinderella mistakes Dandini for the Prince and the Prince for Dandini . Her father , Baron Hardup , is under the thumb of his two stepdaughters , the Ugly sisters , and has a servant , Cinderella 's friend Buttons . ( Throughout the pantomime , the Baron is continually harassed by the Broker 's Men ( often named after current politicians ) for outstanding rent . ) The Fairy Godmother must magically create a coach ( from a pumpkin ) , footmen ( from mice ) , a coach driver ( from a frog ) , and a beautiful dress ( from rags ) for Cinderella to go to the ball . However , she must return by midnight , as it is then that the spell ceases . Cinderella by Rodgers and Hammerstein was produced for television three times and staged live . A version ran in 1958 at the London Coliseum with a cast including Tommy Steele , Yana , Jimmy Edwards , Kenneth Williams and Betty Marsden . This version was augmented with several other Rodgers and Hammerstein 's songs plus a song written by Tommy Steele , `` You and Me '' . In 2013 , the musical debuted its first Broadway production with a new book by Douglas Carter Beane . Mr. Cinders , a musical which opened at the Adelphi Theatre , London in 1929 . Filmed in 1934 Into the Woods , music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and book by James Lapine , a musical in which Cinderella is one of many fairy - tale characters who take part in the plot . This is partly based on the Grimm Brothers ' version of `` Cinderella '' , including the enchanted birds , mother 's grave , three balls , and mutilation and blinding of the stepsisters . It opened on Broadway in 1988 . Cindy , a 1964 Off - Broadway musical composed by Johnny Brandon Cinderella ; book by Jim Eiler ; Music by Jim Eiler and Jeanne Bargy ; Lyrics by Jim Eiler Cinderella ; book by Norman Robbins ; lyrics by Amy Powers and Dan Levy ; music by Dan Levy ; opened Off Broadway December 19 , 1991 at Playhouse 91 Bonnie Lythgoe Productions presented the musical pantomime at the State Theatre in Sydney , Australia from 1 to 17 July 2016 . It was described as `` the ultimate winter feel good panto to charm audiences of all ages . This magical rags to riches story will feature sumptuous glittering sets , gorgeous fairytale costumes , fantastic song and dance numbers , infectious and riotous comedy magic and bags of audience participation . Fun and laughter is guaranteed for the whole family ! '' by the official website . Cinderella by Shadow theatre Delight The first time was shown on the stage in 2016 in the city of Chernihiv Ukraine Films and television ( edit ) Play media Cinderella ( 1911 ) Over the decades , hundreds of films have been made that are either direct adaptations from Cinderella or have plots loosely based on the story . Cinderella ( 1899 ) , the first film version , produced in France by Georges Méliès , as `` Cendrillon '' . Cinderella ( 1914 ) , a silent film starring Mary Pickford Aschenputtel ( 1922 ) , a silhouette shadow play short by Lotte Reiniger . The short silent film uses exaggerated figures and has no background , which creates a stark look . The film shows Aschenputtel 's step - sisters graphically hacking their feet off in order to fit into the glass slipper . Cinderella ( 1922 ) , an animated Laugh - O - Gram produced by Walt Disney , first released on December 6 , 1922 . This film was about seven and half minutes long . Ella Cinders ( 1926 ) , a modern tale starring Colleen Moore , based on a comic strip by William M. Conselman and Charles Plumb , inspired by Charles Perrault 's version . Cinderella Blues ( 1931 ) , a Van Beuren animated short film featuring a feline version of the Cinderella character . Poor Cinderella ( 1934 ) , Fleischer Studios ' first color cartoon and only appearance of Betty Boop in color during the Fleischer era . Cinderella Meets Fella ( 1938 ) , a Merrie Melodies animated short film featuring Egghead , the character who would eventually evolve into Elmer Fudd , as Prince Charming . Mamele ( 1938 ) a Molly Picon vehicle made by the prewar Warsaw Yiddish film industry taking place in contemporary Lodz . Cinderella ( 1947 ) , a Soviet film based on the screenplay by Evgeny Schwartz , with Yanina Zhejmo in the leading role . Shot black - and - white , it went through colorization in 2009 . Cinderella ( 1950 ) , a Walt Disney animated feature released on February 15 , 1950 , now considered one of Disney 's classics as well as the most well known film adaptation . Cinderella ( 1957 ) , a musical adaptation by Rodgers and Hammerstein , starring Julie Andrews as Cinderella , featuring Jon Cypher , Kaye Ballard , Alice Ghostley , and Edie Adams ( originally broadcast in color , but only black - and - white kinescopes survive ) . Three Wishes for Cinderella ( Tři oříšky pro Popelku ) ( 1973 ) , a Czechoslovakian / East German fairy tale film starring Libuše Šafránková as Cinderella and Pavel Trávníček as Prince . A cult film in several European countries . Cindy ( 1978 ) , This version of the Cinderella tale with an all - black cast has Cinderella , who wants to marry a dashing army officer , finding out that her father , who she thought had an important job at a big hotel , is actually the men 's room attendant . Her wicked stepmother finds out , too , and complications ensue . Starred Charlayne Woodard . Aschenputtel ( 1989 ) , a television adaptation based on the Grimm Brothers ' version . If The Shoe Fits ( 1990 ) , a modern Cinderella in Paris . Cinderella Monogatari ( The Story of Cinderella ) ( 1996 ) , anime television series produced by Tatsunoko Production . Cinderella ( 1997 ) , Rodgers and Hammerstein musical starring Brandy Norwood as Cinderella , Whitney Houston as the Fairy Godmother , Bernadette Peters as Cinderella 's evil stepmother , Jason Alexander as Lionel the valet and Whoopi Goldberg as the Queen . Remake of the 1957 and 1965 TV films . Ever After ( 1998 ) , starring Drew Barrymore , a post-feminist , historical fiction take on the Cinderella story . Cinderella , a British modernization featuring Marcella Plunkett as Cinderella , Kathleen Turner as the stepmother and Jane Birkin as the fairy godmother . Once Upon a Time ( 2011 ) , features Cinderella as a recurring character , played by Jessy Schram who made a deal with Rumplestiltskin who killed her fairy godmother right in front of her . In 2016 , more of the story is shown in which Ashley , Cinderella 's real - world counterpart , discovers her stepsister wanted to marry the footman rather than the prince . A different Cinderella in season 7 , played by Dania Ramirez , went to the ball to kill the prince , not meet him . Rags ( film ) ( 2012 ) , a musical gender switched inversion of the Cinderella story that stars Keke Palmer and Max Schneider . Into the Woods ( 2014 ) , a live - action fairy - tale - themed adaptation of the above - mentioned homonymous musical play , in which Anna Kendrick 's Cinderella is a central character . Cinderella ( 2015 ) , a live - action film starring Lily James as Cinderella , Cate Blanchett as Lady Tremaine , Cinderella 's evil stepmother , Richard Madden as Kit , the Prince Charming and Helena Bonham Carter as the Fairy Godmother . It is essentially a live - action remake of the 1950 animated film . Cinderella adaptations on TV and in cinema are not just limited to female protagonists . The Sesame Street special `` Cinderelmo '' and the Magic Adventures of Mumfie episode `` Scarecrowella '' both feature a male protagonist playing the Cinderella role . Translations ( edit ) Language Name Romanisation Afrikaans Aspoestertjie Albanian Hirushja Arabic سندريلا Sinderella Armenian Մոխրոտիկ Mokhrotik Azerbaijani Zoluşka Basque Mari Errauskin Belarusian Папялушка Papyalushka Bulgarian Пепеляшка Pepelyashka Argentina La Cenicienta Catalan Ventafocs Burmese စင္ဒရဲလား Chinese 灰 姑娘 Huīgūniang Croatian Pepeljuga Czech Popelka Danish Askepot Dutch Assepoester Estonian Tuhkatriinu Filipino Cinderella Finnish Tuhkimo French Cendrillon Georgian კონკია Konkia German Aschenputtel ( or Aschenbrödel ) Greek Σταχτοπούτα Stachtopoúta Hebrew סינדרלה \ לכלוכית Sinderelaa / Lichluchit Hindi सिंडिरेल्ला Sindirēllā Hungarian Hamupipőke Icelandic Öskubuska Indonesian Cinderella / Upik Abu Irish Luaithríona Italian Cenerentola Japanese シンデレラ Shinderera Kannada ಸಿಂಡರೆಲ್ಲಾ Siṇḍarellā Korean 신데렐라 Sinderella Lao ຊັງດຣີຢົງ or ຊັງດີຢົງ Sangdriyong Latvian Pelnrušķīte Lithuanian Pelenė Macedonian Пепелашка Pepelashka Malay Bawang merah Mongolian Үнсгэлжин Unsgeljin Norwegian ( bokmål ) Askepott ( originally the name of Askeladden ) Norwegian ( nynorsk ) Oskepott ( originally the name of Oskeladden ) Persian سیندرلا Sinderela Polish Kopciuszek Portuguese Cinderela Romanian Cenușăreasa Russian Золушка Zolushka Serbian Пепeљуга Pepeljuga Slovak Popoluška Slovenian Pepelka Soqotri Meḥazelo Spanish Cenicienta Swedish Askungen Tamil சின்டெரெல்லா Ciṉṭerellā Thai ซิ น เด อ เร ล ล่า Cinderella Turkish Külkedisi Ukrainian Попелюшка Popelyushka Vietnamese Lọ Lem West Frisian Jiskepûster See also ( edit ) Folklore portal Children 's literature portal Italy portal France portal Eteriani Cinderella complex Cinderella effect Marriage plot Ye Xian References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Zipes , Jack ( 2001 ) . The Great Fairy Tale Tradition : From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm . W.W. Norton & Co. p. 444 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 97636 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Dundes , Alan . Cinderella , a Casebook . Madison , Wis : University of Wisconsin Press , 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Roger Lancelyn Green : Tales of Ancient Egypt , Penguin UK , 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 133822 - 4 , chapter The Land of Egypt ^ Jump up to : Bottigheimer , Ruth . ( 2008 ) . `` Before Contes du temps passe ( 1697 ) : Charles Perrault 's Griselidis , Souhaits and Peau '' . The Romantic Review , Volume 99 , Number 3 . pp. 175 -- 89 ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Graham ( 2000 ) . Fairytale in the Ancient World . New York City , New York and London , England : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23702 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hansen , William ( 2017 ) . The Book of Greek & Roman Folktales , Legends & Myths . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . pp. 86 -- 87 . ISBN 9780691170152 . Jump up ^ Strabo : `` The Geography '' , book 17 , 33 Jump up ^ Aelian : `` Various History '' , book 13 , chapter 33 Jump up ^ Herodot , `` The Histories '' , book 2 , chapters 134 - 135 Jump up ^ See Yan Ma , Shirley ( 2009 ) . `` Yexian : The Chinese Cinderella '' . Footbinding : A Jungian Engagement with Chinese Culture and Psychology . New York City , New York and London , England : Routledge . pp. 75 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 48506 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Beauchamp , Fay . `` Asian Origins of Cinderella : The Zhuang Storyteller of Guangxi '' ( PDF ) . Oral Tradition. 25 ( 2 ) : 447 -- 496 . Jump up ^ Ulrich Marzolph , Richard van Leeuwen , Hassan Wassouf ( 2004 ) . The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 4 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 204 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` A Cinderella Tale from Vietnam : the Story of Tam and Cam '' . www.furorteutonicus.eu . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Basile , Giambattista ( 1911 ) . Stories from Pentamerone , London : Macmillan & Co. , translated by John Edward Taylor . Chapter 6 . See also `` Il Pentamerone : Cenerentola '' Jump up ^ A modern edition of the original French text by Perrault is found in Charles Perrault , Contes , ed . Marc Soriano ( Paris : Flammarion , 1989 ) , pp. 274 -- 79 . ^ Jump up to : `` Perrault : Cinderella ; or , The Little Glass Slipper '' . Pitt.edu. 2003 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Aschenputtel , included in Household Stories by the Brothers Grimm , translated by Lucy Crane , at Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ Heidi Anne Heiner , `` Tales Similar to Donkeyskin '' Jump up ^ Marina Warner , From the Beast to the Blonde : On Fairy Tales And Their Tellers , p 213 - 4 ISBN 0 - 374 - 15901 - 7 Jump up ^ Jane Yolen , p 23 , Touch Magic ISBN 0 - 87483 - 591 - 7 Jump up ^ Maria Tatar , The Annotated Brothers Grimm , p 116 W.W. Norton & company , London , New York , 2004 ISBN 0 - 393 - 05848 - 4 Jump up ^ Maria Tatar , p 28 , The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales , ISBN 0 - 393 - 05163 - 3 Jump up ^ Maria Tatar , The Annotated Brothers Grimm , p 126 - 8 W.W. Norton & company , London , New York , 2004 ISBN 0 - 393 - 05848 - 4 Jump up ^ Mardrus , Joseph - Charles ; Powys Mathers ( June 1987 ) . The book of the Thousand Nights and One Night . 4 . London and New York : Routledge . pp. 191 -- 194 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 04543 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` If The Shoe Fits : Folklorists ' criteria for # 510 '' Jump up ^ Heidi Anne Heiner , `` Tales Similar to Cinderella '' Jump up ^ `` Cinderella ( TYA Collection ) '' . mtishows.com. 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Off Broadway Musicals 1910 - 2007 , by Dan Dietz Jump up ^ `` Cinderella in Australia '' . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 3D shadow show Cinderella '' . Jump up ^ `` Aschenputtel '' . YouTube.com . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Three wishes for Cinderella ( 1973 ) '' . Imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` Aschenputtel '' . Imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` If the Shoe Fits '' . Imdb.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cinderella . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Cinderella Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Cinderella . Project Gutenberg compilation , including original Cendrillon Photos and illustrations from early Cinderella stage versions , including one with Ellaline Terriss and one with Phyllis Dare Parallel German - English text of brothers Grimm 's version in ParallelBook format Charles Perrault Works Histoires ou contes du temps passé ( 1697 ) Griselidis ( 1695 ) The Ridiculous Wishes ( 1695 ) Donkeyskin ( 1695 ) Cinderella ( 1697 ) Little Red Riding Hood ( 1697 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1697 ) Puss in Boots ( 1697 ) Bluebeard ( 1697 ) Diamonds and Toads ( 1697 ) Riquet with the Tuft ( 1697 ) Hop - o ' - My - Thumb ( 1697 ) Related Marie - Jeanne L'Héritier Brothers Grimm The Brothers Grimm Key articles Jacob Grimm Wilhelm Grimm Grimms ' Fairy Tales Deutsche Sagen Deutsche Mythologie Notable tales `` The Frog Prince '' `` Cat and Mouse in Partnership '' `` Mary 's Child '' `` The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was '' `` The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids '' `` Trusty John '' `` The Wonderful Musician '' `` The Twelve Brothers '' `` Brother and Sister '' `` Rapunzel '' `` The Three Little Men in the Wood '' `` The Three Spinners '' `` Hansel and Gretel '' The White Snake `` The Fisherman and His Wife '' `` The Brave Little Tailor '' `` Cinderella '' `` The Riddle '' `` Little Red Riding Hood '' `` Town Musicians of Bremen '' `` Snow White '' Rumpelstiltskin `` Sleeping Beauty '' Other Grimm 's law Göttingen Seven Grim Tales The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm Grimm 's Fairy Tale Classics The Brothers Grimm Grimm Tales The Sisters Grimm Fairy tale American McGee 's Grimm German Fairy Tale Route Grimm Once Upon a Time Cinderella by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm Characters Buttons Cinderella Ugly sisters Fairy godmother Wicked stepmother Prince Charming Films Cinderella ( 1899 ) Cinderella or the Glass Slipper ( 1912 ) Cinderella ( 1914 ) A Lowland Cinderella ( 1921 ) Ella Cinders ( 1926 ) The Cookie Carnival ( 1935 ) The Magic Shoes ( 1935 ) First Love ( 1939 ) Cinderella ( 1947 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) The Glass Slipper ( 1955 ) Cinderfella ( 1960 ) Stop ! Look ! and Laugh ( 1960 ) More Than a Miracle ( 1967 ) Tři oříšky pro Popelku ( 1973 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) Cinderella ( 1979 ) Cinderella ' 80 ( 1984 ) Maid to Order ( 1987 ) If the Shoe Fits ( 1990 ) Ever After ( 1998 ) A Cinderella Story ( 2004 ) Ella Enchanted ( 2004 ) Cinderella ( 2006 ) Elle : A Modern Cinderella Tale ( 2010 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) Animation Cinderella Blues ( 1931 ) Poor Cinderella ( 1934 ) Cinderella Meets Fella ( 1938 ) Swing Shift Cinderella ( 1945 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Señorella and the Glass Huarache ( 1964 ) Cinderella ( 1979 ) The Tender Tale of Cinderella Penguin ( 1981 ) The Magic Riddle ( 1991 ) Cinderella ( 1994 ) Happily N'Ever After ( 2007 ) Year of the Fish ( 2008 ) Cinderella the Cat ( 2017 ) Charming ( 2018 ) Sequels Princess Cinderella ( 1941 ) Cinderella II : Dreams Come True ( 2002 ) Cinderella III : A Twist in Time ( 2007 ) Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) A Cinderella Story : If the Shoe Fits ( 2016 ) Television Hey , Cinderella ! ( 1968 ) Cindy ( 1978 ) Cinderella Monogatari ( 1996 ) Cinderella ( 1997 ) CinderElmo ( 1999 ) Cinderella ( 2000 ) La Cenicienta ( 2003 ) Bawang Merah Bawang Putih ( 2004 ) Floricienta ( 2004 ) Floribella ( 2005 Brazil ) Floribella ( 2006 Portugal ) Grazilda ( 2010 ) Rags ( 2012 ) Aik Nayee Cinderella ( 2012 ) Literary adaptations Celestina ( 1791 ) Cinderella , or the Little Glass Slipper ( 1954 ) Nine Coaches Waiting ( 1958 ) Carrie ( 1974 ) The Coachman Rat ( 1989 ) Witches Abroad ( 1991 ) Ella Enchanted ( 1997 ) I Was a Rat ! or The Scarlet Slippers ( 1999 ) Just Ella ( 1999 ) Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister ( 1999 ) Chinese Cinderella ( 1999 ) The Fairy Godmother ( 2004 ) Phoenix and Ashes ( 2004 ) Bella at Midnight ( 2006 ) Ash ( 2009 ) Princess of Glass ( 2010 ) Cinder ( 2012 ) Opera Cendrillon ( 1810 Isouard ) La Cenerentola ( 1817 Rossini ) Cendrillon ( 1899 Massenet ) Cendrillon ( 1904 Viardot ) La Cenicienta ( 1966 Hen ) Ballet Cinderella ( 1893 Fitinhof - Schell ) Aschenbrödel ( 1900 Strauss - Bayer ) Cinderella ( 1945 Prokofiev ) Cinderella ( 1948 Ashton ) Musicals Cinderella and the Prince , or The Castle of Heart 's Desire ( 1904 ) Stubborn Cinderella ( 1909 ) Mr. Cinders ( 1929 ) Cinderella ( 1957 ) Cindy ( 1964 ) The Penny Friend ( 1966 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Soho Cinders ( 2008 ) Cinderella ( 2013 ) Plays A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1916 ) Comics Cinderella : From Fabletown with Love Cinderalla Songs `` Spread a Little Happiness '' ( 1929 ) `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' ( 1949 ) `` A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' ( 1950 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 1987 ) `` Hey Cinderella '' ( 1993 ) `` It 's Midnight Cinderella '' ( 1996 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2001 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2002 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2003 ) `` Stealing Cinderella '' ( 2007 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2007 ) `` C \ C ( Cinderella \ Complex ) '' ( 2008 ) Albums A Cinderella Story ( 2004 soundtrack ) Disney 's Princess Favorites ( 2002 ) Sociology Cinderella complex Cinderella effect The Cinderella Movement Commercials A Coach for Cinderella A Ride for Cinderella Adult Cinder Ellen up too Late Cinderella ( 1977 ) Naughty Cinderella National variation Bawang Merah Bawang Putih ( Malay and Indonesian ) Beauty and Pock Face ( Chinese ) Chūjō - hime ( Japanese ) Fair , Brown and Trembling ( Irish ) Finette Cendron ( French ) The Green Knight ( Danish ) Katie Woodencloak ( Norwegian ) Kongji and Patzzi ( Korean ) Ochikubo Monogatari ( Japanese ) `` Rhodopis '' ( Greek ) Rushen Coatie ( Scottish ) The Sharp Grey Sheep ( Scottish ) The Story of Tam and Cam ( Vietnamese ) Sumiyoshi Monogatari ( Japanese ) The True Bride ( German ) The Wonderful Birch ( Russian ) Ye Xian ( Chinese ) Games Cinders Related Catskin Into the Woods Into the Woods ( 2014 film ) A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1925 film ) Politically Correct Bedtime Stories Disney 's characters Stop ! Look ! and Laugh Waltz Suite Black Cinderella Two Goes East Cinderella Monogatari Cinderella 's Sister Cinderella ( sports ) Lying to Be Perfect Cinderella 's Eyes ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinderella&oldid=809482070 '' Categories : Cinderella Grimms ' Fairy Tales Picture books by Arthur Rackham Works by Charles Perrault Fairies and sprites in popular culture Fictional princesses Fictional orphans Female characters in fairy tales European fairy tales European folklore characters Love stories Romance characters Hidden categories : Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from November 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from November 2017 Articles containing Afrikaans - language text Articles containing Albanian - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Armenian - language text Articles containing Azerbaijani - language text Articles containing Basque - language text Articles containing Belarusian - language text Articles containing Bulgarian - language text Articles containing Catalan - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing Croatian - language text Articles containing Czech - language text Articles containing Danish - language text Articles containing Estonian - language text Articles containing Tagalog - language text Articles containing Finnish - language text Articles containing Georgian - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Hungarian - language text Articles containing Icelandic - language text Articles containing Indonesian - language text Articles containing Irish - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Korean - language text Articles containing Lao - language text Articles containing Latvian - language text Articles containing Lithuanian - language text Articles containing Macedonian - language text Articles containing Malaysian - language text Articles containing Mongolian - language text Articles containing Norwegian Bokmål - language text Articles containing Norwegian Nynorsk - language text Articles containing Persian - language text Articles containing Polish - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Romanian - language text Articles containing Serbian - language text Articles containing Slovak - language text Articles containing Slovene - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing Tamil - language text Articles containing Thai - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles containing Ukrainian - language text Articles containing Vietnamese - language text Articles containing West Frisian - language text Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 文言 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 11 : 43 . 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where did the original cinderella story come from
[ "Cinderella (Italian: Cenerentola, French: Cendrillon, German: Aschenputtel), or The Little Glass Slipper, is a folk tale embodying a myth-element of unjust oppression and triumphant reward. Thousands of variants are known throughout the world.[1][2] The title character is a young woman living in unfortunate circumstances, that are suddenly changed to remarkable fortune. The story of Rhodopis, recounted by the Greek geographer Strabo in around 7 BC, about a Greek slave girl who marries the king of Egypt, is usually considered as the earliest known variant of the \"Cinderella\" story.[1][2][3] The first literary European version of the story was published in Italy by Giambattista Basile in his Pentamerone in 1634; the most popular version was published by Charles Perrault in Histoires ou contes du temps passé in 1697,[4] and later by the Brothers Grimm in their folk tale collection Grimms' Fairy Tales in 1812." ]
[ "story of Rhodopis, recounted by the Greek geographer Strabo" ]
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United States Constitution
United states Constitution - Wikipedia United states Constitution Jump to : navigation , search United States Constitution Page one of the original copy of the Constitution Created September 17 , 1787 Ratified June 21 , 1788 Date effective March 4 , 1789 ; 228 years ago ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Location National Archives , Washington , D.C. Author ( s ) Philadelphia Convention Signatories 39 of the 55 delegates Purpose To replace the Articles of Confederation ( 1777 ) This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States . The Constitution , originally comprising seven articles , delineates the national frame of government . Its first three articles entrench the doctrine of the separation of powers , whereby the federal government is divided into three branches : the legislative , consisting of the bicameral Congress ; the executive , consisting of the President ; and the judicial , consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts . Articles Four , Five and Six entrench concepts of federalism , describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government . Article Seven establishes the procedure subsequently used by the thirteen States to ratify it . Since the Constitution came into force in 1789 , it has been amended 27 times to meet the changing needs of a nation now profoundly different from the eighteenth - century world in which its creators lived . In general , the first ten amendments , known collectively as the Bill of Rights , offer specific protections of individual liberty and justice and place restrictions on the powers of government . The majority of the seventeen later amendments expand individual civil rights protections . Others address issues related to federal authority or modify government processes and procedures . Amendments to the United States Constitution , unlike ones made to many constitutions worldwide , are appended to the document . All four pages of the original U.S. Constitution are written on parchment . According to the United States Senate : `` The Constitution 's first three words -- We the People -- affirm that the government of the United States exists to serve its citizens . For over two centuries the Constitution has remained in force because its framers wisely separated and balanced governmental powers to safeguard the interests of majority rule and minority rights , of liberty and equality , and of the federal and state governments . '' The first permanent constitution of its kind , adopted by the people 's representatives for an expansive nation , it is interpreted , supplemented , and implemented by a large body of constitutional law , and has influenced the constitutions of other nations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 First government 1.2 Articles of Confederation 2 History 2.1 1787 Drafting 2.2 1788 Ratification 3 Influences 4 Original frame 4.1 Preamble 4.2 Article One 4.3 Article Two 4.4 Article Three 4.5 Article Four 4.6 Article Five 4.7 Article Six 4.8 Article Seven 4.9 Closing endorsement 5 Ratified amendments 5.1 Safeguards of liberty ( Amendments 1 , 2 , and 3 ) 5.2 Safeguards of justice ( Amendments 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , and 8 ) 5.3 Unenumerated rights and reserved powers ( Amendments 9 and 10 ) 5.4 Governmental authority ( Amendments 11 , 16 , 18 , and 21 ) 5.5 Safeguards of civil rights ( Amendments 13 , 14 , 15 , 19 , 23 , 24 , and 26 ) 5.6 Government processes and procedures ( Amendments 12 , 17 , 20 , 22 , 25 , and 27 ) 6 Unratified amendments 6.1 Still pending 6.2 No longer pending 7 Judicial review 7.1 Scope and theory 7.2 Establishment 7.2. 1 Self - restraint 7.2. 2 Separation of powers 7.3 Subsequent Courts 8 Civic religion 9 Worldwide influence 10 Criticisms 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13.1 Footnotes 13.2 Works cited 14 Further reading 15 External links 15.1 U.S. government sources 15.2 Non-governmental sources Background See also : History of the United States Constitution First government From September 5 , 1774 to March 1 , 1781 , the Continental Congress functioned as the provisional government of the United States . Delegates to the First ( 1774 ) and then the Second ( 1775 -- 1781 ) Continental Congress were chosen largely through the action of committees of correspondence in various colonies rather than through the colonial or later state legislatures . In no formal sense was it a gathering representative of existing colonial governments ; it represented the dissatisfied elements of the people , such persons as were sufficiently interested to act , despite the strenuous opposition of the loyalists and the obstruction or disfavor of colonial governors . The process of selecting the delegates for the First and Second Continental Congresses underscores the revolutionary role of the people of the colonies in establishing a central governing body . Endowed by the people collectively , the Continental Congress alone possessed those attributes of external sovereignty which entitled it to be called a state in the international sense , while the separate states , exercising a limited or internal sovereignty , may rightly be considered a creation of the Continental Congress , which preceded them and brought them into being . Articles of Confederation Main article : Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was the first constitution of the United States . It was drafted by the Second Continental Congress from mid-1776 through late - 1777 , and ratification by all 13 states was completed by early 1781 . Under the Articles of Confederation , the central government 's power was quite limited . The Confederation Congress could make decisions , but lacked enforcement powers . Implementation of most decisions , including modifications to the Articles , required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures . Although , in a way , the Congressional powers in Article 9 made the `` league of states as cohesive and strong as any similar sort of republican confederation in history '' , the chief problem was , in the words of George Washington , `` no money '' . The Continental Congress could print money but the currency was worthless . ( A popular phrase of the times called a useless object or person ... not worth a Continental , referring to the Continental dollar . ) Congress could borrow money , but could n't pay it back . No state paid all their U.S. taxes ; some paid nothing . Some few paid an amount equal to interest on the national debt owed to their citizens , but no more . No interest was paid on debt owed foreign governments . By 1786 , the United States would default on outstanding debts as their dates came due . Internationally , the Articles of Confederation did little to enhance the United States ' ability to defend its sovereignty . Most of the troops in the 625 - man United States Army were deployed facing -- but not threatening -- British forts on American soil . They had not been paid ; some were deserting and others threatening mutiny . Spain closed New Orleans to American commerce ; U.S. officials protested , but to no effect . Barbary pirates began seizing American ships of commerce ; the Treasury had no funds to pay their ransom . If any military crisis required action , the Congress had no credit or taxing power to finance a response . Domestically , the Articles of Confederation was failing to bring unity to the diverse sentiments and interests of the various states . Although the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) was signed between Great Britain and the U.S. , and named each of the American states , various individual states proceeded blithely to violate it . New York and South Carolina repeatedly prosecuted Loyalists for wartime activity and redistributed their lands . Individual state legislatures independently laid embargoes , negotiated directly with foreign authorities , raised armies , and made war , all violating the letter and the spirit of the Articles . In September 1786 , during an inter -- state convention to discuss and develop a consensus about reversing the protectionist trade barriers that each state had erected , James Madison angrily questioned whether the Articles of Confederation was a binding compact or even a viable government . Connecticut paid nothing and `` positively refused '' to pay U.S. assessments for two years . A rumor had it that a `` seditious party '' of New York legislators had opened a conversation with the Viceroy of Canada . To the south , the British were said to be openly funding Creek Indian raids on white settlers in Georgia and adjacent territory . Savannah ( then - capital of Georgia ) had been fortified , and the state of Georgia was under martial law . Additionally , during Shays ' Rebellion ( August 1786 -- June 1787 ) in Massachusetts , Congress could provide no money to support an endangered constituent state . General Benjamin Lincoln was obliged to raise funds from Boston merchants to pay for a volunteer army . Congress was paralyzed . It could do nothing significant without nine states , and some legislation required all thirteen . When a state produced only one member in attendance , its vote was not counted . If a state 's delegation were evenly divided , its vote could not be counted towards the nine - count requirement . The Articles Congress had `` virtually ceased trying to govern '' . The vision of a `` respectable nation '' among nations seemed to be fading in the eyes of revolutionaries such as George Washington , Benjamin Franklin , and Rufus King . Their dream of a republic , a nation without hereditary rulers , with power derived from the people in frequent elections , was in doubt . On February 21 , 1787 , the Confederation Congress called a convention of state delegates at Philadelphia to propose a plan of government . Unlike earlier attempts , the convention was not meant for new laws or piecemeal alterations , but for the `` sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation '' . The convention was not limited to commerce ; rather , it was intended to `` render the federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union . '' The proposal might take effect when approved by Congress and the states . History 1787 drafting Main article : Constitutional Convention ( United States ) Signing the Constitution , September 17 , 1787 On the appointed day , May 14 , 1787 , only the Virginia and Pennsylvania delegations were present , and so the convention 's opening meeting was postponed for lack of a quorum . A quorum of seven states met and deliberations began on May 25 . Eventually twelve states were represented ; 74 delegates were named , 55 attended and 39 signed . The delegates were generally convinced that an effective central government with a wide range of enforceable powers must replace the weaker Congress established by the Articles of Confederation . Their depth of knowledge and experience in self - government was remarkable . As Thomas Jefferson in Paris wrote to John Adams in London , `` It really is an assembly of demigods . '' Delegates used two streams of intellectual tradition , and any one delegate could be found using both or a mixture depending on the subject under discussion : foreign affairs , the economy , national government , or federal relationships among the states . Two plans for structuring the federal government arose at the convention 's outset : The Virginia Plan ( also known as the Large State Plan or the Randolph Plan ) proposed that the legislative department of the national government be composed of a Bicameral Congress , with both chambers elected with apportionment according to population . Generally favoring the most highly populated states , it used the philosophy of John Locke to rely on consent of the governed , Montesquieu for divided government , and Edward Coke to emphasize civil liberties . The New Jersey Plan proposed that the legislative department be a unicameral body with one vote per state . Generally favoring the less - populous states , it used the philosophy of English Whigs such as Edmund Burke to rely on received procedure and William Blackstone to emphasize sovereignty of the legislature . This position reflected the belief that the states were independent entities and , as they entered the United States of America freely and individually , remained so . On May 31 , the Convention devolved into a `` Committee of the Whole '' to consider the Virginia Plan . On June 13 , the Virginia resolutions in amended form were reported out of committee . The New Jersey plan was put forward in response to the Virginia Plan . A `` Committee of Eleven '' ( one delegate from each state represented ) met from July 2 to 16 to work out a compromise on the issue of representation in the federal legislature . All agreed to a republican form of government grounded in representing the people in the states . For the legislature , two issues were to be decided : how the votes were to be allocated among the states in the Congress , and how the representatives should be elected . In its report , now known as the Connecticut Compromise ( or `` Great Compromise '' ) , the committee proposed proportional representation for seats in the House of Representatives based on population ( with the people voting for representatives ) , and equal representation for each State in the Senate ( with each state 's legislators generally choosing their respective senators ) , and that all money bills would originate in the House . The Great Compromise ended the stalemate between `` patriots '' and `` nationalists '' , leading to numerous other compromises in a spirit of accommodation . There were sectional interests to be balanced by the Three - Fifths Compromise ; reconciliation on Presidential term , powers , and method of selection ; and jurisdiction of the federal judiciary . On July 24 , a `` Committee of Detail '' -- John Rutledge ( South Carolina ) , Edmund Randolph ( Virginia ) , Nathaniel Gorham ( Massachusetts ) , Oliver Ellsworth ( Connecticut ) , and James Wilson ( Pennsylvania ) -- was elected to draft a detailed constitution reflective of the Resolutions passed by the convention up to that point . The Convention recessed from July 26 to August 6 to await the report of this `` Committee of Detail '' . Overall , the report of the committee conformed to the resolutions adopted by the Convention , adding some elements . A twenty - three article ( plus preamble ) constitution was presented . From August 6 to September 10 , the report of the committee of detail was discussed , section by section and clause by clause . Details were attended to , and further compromises were effected . Toward the close of these discussions , on September 8 , a `` Committee of Style and Arrangement '' -- Alexander Hamilton ( New York ) , William Samuel Johnson ( Connecticut ) , Rufus King ( Massachusetts ) , James Madison ( Virginia ) , and Gouverneur Morris ( Pennsylvania ) -- was appointed to distill a final draft constitution from the twenty - three approved articles . The final draft , presented to the convention on September 12 , contained seven articles , a preamble and a closing endorsement , of which Morris was the primary author . The committee also presented a proposed letter to accompany the constitution when delivered to Congress . The final document , engrossed by Jacob Shallus , was taken up on Monday , September 17 , at the Convention 's final session . Several of the delegates were disappointed in the result , a makeshift series of unfortunate compromises . Some delegates left before the ceremony , and three others refused to sign . Of the thirty - nine signers , Benjamin Franklin summed up , addressing the Convention : `` There are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve , but I am not sure I shall never approve them . '' He would accept the Constitution , `` because I expect no better and because I am not sure that it is not the best '' . The advocates of the Constitution were anxious to obtain unanimous support of all twelve states represented in the Convention . Their accepted formula for the closing endorsement was `` Done in Convention , by the unanimous consent of the States present . '' At the end of the convention , the proposal was agreed to by eleven state delegations and the lone remaining delegate from New York , Alexander Hamilton . 1788 ratification Transmitted to the United States in Congress Assembled then sitting in New York City , the new Constitution was forwarded to the states by Congress recommending the ratification process outlined in the Constitution . Each state legislature was to call elections for a `` Federal Convention '' to ratify the new Constitution . They expanded the franchise beyond the Constitutional requirement to more nearly embrace `` the people '' . Eleven ratified in 1787 or 1788 , and all thirteen had done so by 1790 . The Congress of the Confederation certified eleven states to begin the new government , and called the states to hold elections to begin operation . It then dissolved itself on March 4 , 1789 , the day the first session of the Congress of the United States began . George Washington was inaugurated as President two months later . Territorial extent of the United States , 1790 It was within the power of the old Congress of the Confederation to expedite or block the ratification of the new Constitution . The document that the Philadelphia Convention presented was technically only a revision of the Articles of Confederation . But the last article of the new instrument provided that when ratified by conventions in nine states ( or two - thirds at the time ) , it should go into effect among the States so acting . Then followed an arduous process of ratification of the Constitution by specially constituted conventions . The need for only nine states ' approval was a controversial decision at the time , since the Articles of Confederation could only be amended by unanimous vote of all the states . Three members of the Convention -- Madison , Gorham , and King -- were also Members of Congress . They proceeded at once to New York , where Congress was in session , to placate the expected opposition . Aware of their vanishing authority , Congress , on September 28 , after some debate , resolved unanimously to submit the Constitution to the States for action , `` in conformity to the resolves of the Convention '' , but with no recommendation either for or against its adoption . Two parties soon developed , one in opposition , the Anti-Federalists , and one in support , the Federalists , of the Constitution ; and the Constitution was debated , criticized , and expounded upon clause by clause . Hamilton , Madison , and Jay , under the name of Publius , wrote a series of commentaries , now known as The Federalist Papers , in support of ratification in the state of New York , at that time a hotbed of anti-Federalism . These commentaries on the Constitution , written during the struggle for ratification , have been frequently cited by the Supreme Court as an authoritative contemporary interpretation of the meaning of its provisions . The dispute over additional powers for the central government was close , and in some states ratification was effected only after a bitter struggle in the state convention itself . The Continental Congress -- which still functioned at irregular intervals -- passed a resolution on September 13 , 1788 , to put the new Constitution into operation with eleven states . North Carolina and Rhode Island ratified by May 1790 . Influences Further information : History of the United States Constitution This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : not encyclopedic Please help improve this section if you can . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Enlightenment and Rule of law John Locke Two Treatises of Government life , liberty and property Several ideas in the Constitution were new . These were associated with the combination of consolidated government along with federal relationships with constituent states . The Due Process Clause of the Constitution was partly based on common law and on Magna Carta ( 1215 ) , which had become a foundation of English liberty against arbitrary power wielded by a ruler . Among the most prominent political theorists of the late eighteenth century were William Blackstone , John Locke , and Montesquieu . Both the influence of Edward Coke and William Blackstone were evident at the Convention . In his Institutes of the Lawes of England , Edward Coke interpreted Magna Carta protections and rights to apply not just to nobles , but to all British subjects . In writing the Virginia Charter of 1606 , he enabled the King in Parliament to give those to be born in the colonies all rights and liberties as though they were born in England . William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England were the most influential books on law in the new republic . British political philosopher John Locke following the Glorious Revolution ( 1688 ) was a major influence expanding on the contract theory of government advanced by Thomas Hobbes . Locke advanced the principle of consent of the governed in his Two Treatises of Government . Government 's duty under a social contract among the sovereign people was to serve the people by protecting their rights . These basic rights were life , liberty and property . Montesquieu 's influence on the framers is evident in Madison 's Federalist No. 47 and Hamilton 's Federalist No. 78 . Jefferson , Adams , and Mason were known to read Montesquieu . Supreme Court Justices , the ultimate interpreters of the Constitution , have cited to Montesquieu throughout the Court 's history . ( See , e.g. , Green v. Biddle , 21 U.S. 1 , 1 , 36 ( 1823 ) . United States v. Wood , 39 U.S. 430 , 438 ( 1840 ) . Myers v. United States , 272 U.S. 52 , 116 ( 1926 ) . Nixon v. Administrator of General Services , 433 U.S. 425 , 442 ( 1977 ) . Bank Markazi v. Peterson , 136 U.S. 1310 , 1330 ( 2016 ). ) Montesquieu emphasized the need for balanced forces pushing against each other to prevent tyranny ( reflecting the influence of Polybius 's 2nd century BC treatise on the checks and balances of the Roman Republic ) . In his The Spirit of the Laws , Montesquieu argues that the separation of state powers should be by its service to the people 's liberty : legislative , executive and judicial . A substantial body of thought had been developed from the literature of republicanism in the United States , including work by John Adams and applied to the creation of state constitutions . The constitution was a federal one , and was influenced by the study of other federations , both ancient and extant . The United States Bill of Rights consists of 10 amendments added to the Constitution in 1791 , as supporters of the Constitution had promised critics during the debates of 1788 . The English Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) was an inspiration for the American Bill of Rights . Both require jury trials , contain a right to keep and bear arms , prohibit excessive bail and forbid `` cruel and unusual punishments '' . Many liberties protected by state constitutions and the Virginia Declaration of Rights were incorporated into the Bill of Rights . Original frame Neither the Convention which drafted the Constitution , nor the Congress which sent it to the thirteen states for ratification in the autumn of 1787 , gave it a lead caption . To fill this void , the document was most often titled `` A frame of Government '' when it was printed for the convenience of ratifying conventions and the information of the public . This Frame of Government consisted of a preamble , seven articles and a signed closing endorsement . Preamble `` We the People '' in an original edition The preamble to the Constitution serves as an introductory statement of the document 's fundamental purposes and guiding principles . It neither assigns powers to the federal government , nor does it place specific limitations on government action . Rather , it sets out the origin , scope and purpose of the Constitution . Its origin and authority is in `` We , the people of the United States '' . This echoes the Declaration of Independence . `` One people '' dissolved their connection with another , and assumed among the powers of the earth , a sovereign nation - state . The scope of the Constitution is twofold . First , `` to form a more perfect Union '' than had previously existed in the `` perpetual Union '' of the Articles of Confederation . Second , to `` secure the blessings of liberty '' , which were to be enjoyed by not only the first generation , but for all who came after , `` our posterity '' . Article one Article One describes the Congress , the legislative branch of the federal government . Section 1 , reads , `` All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States , which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives . '' The article establishes the manner of election and the qualifications of members of each body . Representatives must be at least 25 years old , be a citizen of the United States for seven years , and live in the state they represent . Senators must be at least 30 years old , be a citizen for nine years , and live in the state they represent . Article I , Section 8 enumerates the powers delegated to the legislature . Financially , Congress has the power to tax , borrow , pay debt and provide for the common defense and the general welfare ; to regulate commerce , bankruptcies , and coin money . To regulate internal affairs , it has the power to regulate and govern military forces and militias , suppress insurrections and repel invasions . It is to provide for naturalization , standards of weights and measures , post offices and roads , and patents ; to directly govern the federal district and cessions of land by the states for forts and arsenals . Internationally , Congress has the power to define and punish piracies and offenses against the Law of Nations , to declare war and make rules of war . The final Necessary and Proper Clause , also known as the Elastic Clause , expressly confers incidental powers upon Congress without the Articles ' requirement for express delegation for each and every power . Article I , Section 9 lists eight specific limits on congressional power . The Supreme Court has sometimes broadly interpreted the Commerce Clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause in Article One to allow Congress to enact legislation that is neither expressly allowed by the enumerated powers nor expressly denied in the limitations on Congress . In McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) , the Supreme Court read the Necessary and Proper Clause to permit the federal government to take action that would `` enable ( it ) to perform the high duties assigned to it ( by the Constitution ) in the manner most beneficial to the people '' , even if that action is not itself within the enumerated powers . Chief Justice Marshall clarified : `` Let the end be legitimate , let it be within the scope of the Constitution , and all means which are appropriate , which are plainly adapted to that end , which are not prohibited , but consist with the letter and spirit of the Constitution , are Constitutional . '' Article two Article Two describes the office of the President of the United States . The President is head of the executive branch of the federal government , as well as the nation 's head of state and head of government . Article Two describes the office , qualifications and duties of the President of the United States and the Vice President . It is modified by the 12th Amendment which tacitly acknowledges political parties , and the 25th Amendment relating to office succession . The president is to receive only one compensation from the federal government . The inaugural oath is specified to preserve , protect and defend the Constitution . The president is the Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces and state militias when they are mobilized . He or she makes treaties with the advice and consent of a two - thirds quorum of the Senate . To administer the federal government , the president commissions all the offices of the federal government as Congress directs ; he or she may require the opinions of its principal officers and make `` recess appointments '' for vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate . The president is to see that the laws are faithfully executed , though he or she may grant reprieves and pardons except regarding Congressional impeachment of himself or other federal officers . The president reports to Congress on the State of the Union , and by the Recommendation Clause , recommends `` necessary and expedient '' national measures . The president may convene and adjourn Congress under special circumstances . Section 4 provides for removal of the president and other federal officers . The president is removed on impeachment for , and conviction of , treason , bribery , or other high crimes and misdemeanors . Article three Article Three describes the court system ( the judicial branch ) , including the Supreme Court . There shall be one court called the Supreme Court . The article describes the kinds of cases the court takes as original jurisdiction . Congress can create lower courts and an appeals process . Congress enacts law defining crimes and providing for punishment . Article Three also protects the right to trial by jury in all criminal cases , and defines the crime of treason . Section 1 vests the judicial power of the United States in federal courts , and with it , the authority to interpret and apply the law to a particular case . Also included is the power to punish , sentence , and direct future action to resolve conflicts . The Constitution outlines the U.S. judicial system . In the Judiciary Act of 1789 , Congress began to fill in details . Currently , Title 28 of the U.S. Code describes judicial powers and administration . As of the First Congress , the Supreme Court justices rode circuit to sit as panels to hear appeals from the district courts . In 1891 , Congress enacted a new system . District courts would have original jurisdiction . Intermediate appellate courts ( circuit courts ) with exclusive jurisdiction heard regional appeals before consideration by the Supreme Court . The Supreme Court holds discretionary jurisdiction , meaning that it does not have to hear every case that is brought to it . To enforce judicial decisions , the Constitution grants federal courts both criminal contempt and civil contempt powers . The court 's summary punishment for contempt immediately overrides all other punishments applicable to the subject party . Other implied powers include injunctive relief and the habeas corpus remedy . The Court may imprison for contumacy , bad - faith litigation , and failure to obey a writ of mandamus . Judicial power includes that granted by Acts of Congress for rules of law and punishment . Judicial power also extends to areas not covered by statute . Generally , federal courts can not interrupt state court proceedings . Clause 1 of Section 2 authorizes the federal courts to hear actual cases and controversies only . Their judicial power does not extend to cases which are hypothetical , or which are proscribed due to standing , mootness , or ripeness issues . Generally , a case or controversy requires the presence of adverse parties who have some interest genuinely at stake in the case . Also required is of broad enough concern in the Court 's jurisdiction that a lower court , either federal or state , does not geographically cover all the existing cases before law . Courts following these guidelines exercise judicial restraint . Those making an exception are said to be judicial activist . Clause 2 of Section 2 provides that the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases involving ambassadors , ministers and consuls , for all cases respecting foreign nation - states , and also in those controversies which are subject to federal judicial power because at least one state is a party . Cases arising under the laws of the United States and its treaties come under the jurisdiction of federal courts . Cases under international maritime law and conflicting land grants of different states come under federal courts . Cases between U.S. citizens in different states , and cases between U.S. citizens and foreign states and their citizens , come under federal jurisdiction . The trials will be in the state where the crime was committed . No part of the Constitution expressly authorizes judicial review , but the Framers did contemplate the idea . The Constitution is the supreme law of the land . Precedent has since established that the courts could exercise judicial review over the actions of Congress or the executive branch . Two conflicting federal laws are under `` pendent '' jurisdiction if one presents a strict constitutional issue . Federal court jurisdiction is rare when a state legislature enacts something as under federal jurisdiction . To establish a federal system of national law , considerable effort goes into developing a spirit of comity between federal government and states . By the doctrine of ' Res judicata ' , federal courts give `` full faith and credit '' to State Courts . The Supreme Court will decide Constitutional issues of state law only on a case by case basis , and only by strict Constitutional necessity , independent of state legislators motives , their policy outcomes or its national wisdom . Section 3 bars Congress from changing or modifying Federal law on treason by simple majority statute . Treason is also defined in this section . It 's not enough merely to think a treasonous thought , there must be an overt act of making war or materially helping those at war with the United States . Accusations must be corroborated by at least two witnesses . Congress is a political body and political disagreements routinely encountered should never be considered as treason . This allows for nonviolent resistance to the government because opposition is not a life or death proposition . However , Congress does provide for other less subversive crimes and punishments such as conspiracy . Article four Article Four outlines the relations among the states and between each state and the federal government . In addition , it provides for such matters as admitting new states and border changes between the states . For instance , it requires states to give `` full faith and credit '' to the public acts , records , and court proceedings of the other states . Congress is permitted to regulate the manner in which proof of such acts may be admitted . The `` privileges and immunities '' clause prohibits state governments from discriminating against citizens of other states in favor of resident citizens , e.g. , having tougher penalties for residents of Ohio convicted of crimes within Michigan . It also establishes extradition between the states , as well as laying down a legal basis for freedom of movement and travel amongst the states . Today , this provision is sometimes taken for granted , but in the days of the Articles of Confederation , crossing state lines was often arduous and costly . The Territorial Clause gives Congress the power to make rules for disposing of federal property and governing non-state territories of the United States . Finally , the fourth section of Article Four requires the United States to guarantee to each state a republican form of government , and to protect them from invasion and violence . Article five Article Five outlines the process for amending the Constitution . Eight state constitutions in effect in 1787 included an amendment mechanism . Amendment making power rested with the legislature in three of the states and in the other five it was given to specially elected conventions . The Articles of Confederation provided that amendments were to be proposed by Congress and ratified by the unanimous vote of all thirteen state legislatures . This proved to be a major flaw in the Articles , as it created an insurmountable obstacle to constitutional reform . The amendment process crafted during the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention was , according to The Federalist No. 43 , designed to establish a balance between pliancy and rigidity : It guards equally against that extreme facility which would render the Constitution too mutable ; and that extreme difficulty which might perpetuate its discovered faults . It moreover equally enables the General and the State Governments to originate the amendment of errors , as they may be pointed out by the experience on one side , or on the other . There are two steps in the amendment process . Proposals to amend the Constitution must be properly adopted and ratified before they change the Constitution . First , there are two procedures for adopting the language of a proposed amendment , either by ( a ) Congress , by two - thirds majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives , or ( b ) national convention ( which shall take place whenever two - thirds of the state legislatures collectively call for one ) . Second , there are two procedures for ratifying the proposed amendment , which requires three - fourths of the states ' ( presently 38 of 50 ) approval : ( a ) consent of the state legislatures , or ( b ) consent of state ratifying conventions . The ratification method is chosen by Congress for each amendment . State ratifying conventions were used only once , for the Twenty - first Amendment . Presently , the Archivist of the United States is charged with responsibility for administering the ratification process under the provisions of 1 U.S. Code § 106b . The Archivist submits the proposed amendment to the states for their consideration by sending a letter of notification to each Governor . Each Governor then formally submits the amendment to their state 's legislature . When a state ratifies a proposed amendment , it sends the Archivist an original or certified copy of the state 's action . Ratification documents are examined by the Office of the Federal Register for facial legal sufficiency and an authenticating signature . Article Five ends by shielding certain clauses in the new frame of government from being amended . Article One , Section 9 , Clauses 1 prevents Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of slaves into the United States prior to 1808 , plus the fourth clause from that same section , which reiterates the Constitutional rule that direct taxes must be apportioned according state populations . These clauses were explicitly shielded from Constitutional amendment prior to 1808 . On January 1 , 1808 , the first day it was permitted to do so , Congress approved legislation prohibiting the importation of slaves into the country . On February 3 , 1913 , with ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment , Congress gained the authority to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census . The third textually entrenched provision is Article One , Section 3 , Clauses 1 , which provides for equal representation of the states in the Senate . The shield protecting this clause from the amendment process is less absolute -- `` no state , without its consent , shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate '' -- but permanent . Article six Article Six establishes the Constitution , and all federal laws and treaties of the United States made according to it , to be the supreme law of the land , and that `` the judges in every state shall be bound thereby , any thing in the laws or constitutions of any state notwithstanding . '' It validates national debt created under the Articles of Confederation and requires that all federal and state legislators , officers , and judges take oaths or affirmations to support the Constitution . This means that the states ' constitutions and laws should not conflict with the laws of the federal constitution and that in case of a conflict , state judges are legally bound to honor the federal laws and constitution over those of any state . Article Six also states `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States . '' Article seven Article Seven describes the process for establishing the proposed new frame of government . Anticipating that the influence of many state politicians would be Antifederalist , delegates to the Philadelphia Convention provided for ratification of the Constitution by popularly elected ratifying conventions in each state . The convention method also made it possible that judges , ministers and others ineligible to serve in state legislatures , could be elected to a convention . Suspecting that Rhode Island , at least , might not ratify , delegates decided that the Constitution would go into effect as soon as nine states ( two - thirds rounded up ) ratified . Once ratified by this minimum number of states , it was anticipated that the proposed Constitution would become this Constitution between the nine or more that signed . It would not cover the four or fewer states that might not have signed . Closing endorsement Closing endorsement section of the United States Constitution The Signing of the United States Constitution occurred on September 17 , 1787 when 39 delegates to the Constitutional Convention endorsed the constitution created during the convention . In addition to signatures , this closing endorsement , the Constitution 's eschatocol , included a brief declaration that the delegates ' work has been successfully completed and that those whose signatures appear on it subscribe to the final document . Included are , a statement pronouncing the document 's adoption by the states present , a formulaic dating of its adoption , and the signatures of those endorsing it . Additionally , the convention 's secretary , William Jackson , signed the document to authenticate the validity of the delegate signatures . He also made a few secretarial notes . The language of the concluding endorsement , conceived by Gouverneur Morris and presented to the convention by Benjamin Franklin , was made intentionally ambiguous in hopes of winning over the votes of dissenting delegates . Advocates for the new frame of government , realizing the impending difficulty of obtaining the consent of the states needed to make it operational , were anxious to obtain the unanimous support of the delegations from each state . It was feared that many of the delegates would refuse to give their individual assent to the Constitution . Therefore , in order that the action of the Convention would appear to be unanimous , the formula , Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present ... was devised . The document is dated : `` the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord '' 1787 , and `` of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth . '' This two-fold epoch dating serves to place the Constitution in the context of the religious traditions of Western civilization and , at the same time , links it to the regime principles proclaimed in the Declaration of Independence . This dual reference can also be found in the Articles of Confederation and the Northwest Ordinance . The closing endorsement serves an authentication function only . It neither assigns powers to the federal government nor does it provide specific limitations on government action . It does however , provide essential documentation of the Constitution 's validity , a statement of `` This is what was agreed to . '' It records who signed the Constitution , and when and where . Ratified amendments United States Bill of Rights Currently housed in the National Archives . See also : List of amendments to the United States Constitution The Constitution has twenty - seven amendments . Structurally , the Constitution 's original text and all prior amendments remain untouched . The precedent for this practice was set in 1789 , when Congress considered and proposed the first several Constitutional amendments . Among these , Amendments 1 -- 10 are collectively known as the Bill of Rights , and Amendments 13 -- 15 are known as the Reconstruction Amendments . Excluding the Twenty - seventh Amendment , which was pending before the states for 7004740030000000000 ♠ 202 years , 225 days , the longest pending amendment that was successfully ratified was the Twenty - second Amendment , which took 7003143900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 343 days . The Twenty - sixth Amendment was ratified in the shortest time , 100 days . The average ratification time for the first twenty - six amendments was 1 year , 252 days , for all twenty - seven , 9 years , 48 days . A proposed amendment becomes an operative part of the Constitution as soon as it is ratified by three - fourths of the States ( currently 38 of the 50 States ) . There is no further step . The text requires no additional action by Congress or anyone else after ratification by the required number of states . Thus , when the Office of the Federal Register verifies that it has received the required number of authenticated ratification documents , it drafts a formal proclamation for the Archivist to certify that the amendment is valid and has become part of the nation 's frame of government . This certification is published in the Federal Register and United States Statutes at Large and serves as official notice to Congress and to the nation that the ratification process has been successfully completed . Safeguards of liberty ( amendments 1 , 2 , and 3 ) The First Amendment ( 1791 ) prohibits Congress from obstructing the exercise of certain individual freedoms : freedom of religion , freedom of speech , freedom of the press , freedom of assembly , and right to petition . Its Free Exercise Clause guarantees a person 's right to hold whatever religious beliefs he or she wants , and to freely exercise that belief , and its Establishment Clause prevents the federal government from creating an official national church or favoring one set of religious beliefs over another . The amendment guarantees an individual 's right to express and to be exposed to a wide range of opinions and views . It was intended to ensure a free exchange of ideas , even unpopular ones . It also guarantees an individual 's right to physically gather or associate with others in groups for economic , political or religious purposes . Additionally , it guarantees an individual 's right to petition the government for a redress of grievances . The Second Amendment ( 1791 ) protects the right of individuals to keep and bear arms . Although the Supreme Court has ruled that this right applies to individuals , not merely to collective militias , it has also held that the government may regulate or place some limits on the manufacture , ownership and sale of firearms or other weapons . Requested by several states during the Constitutional ratification debates , the amendment reflected the lingering resentment over the widespread efforts of the British to confiscate the colonists ' firearms at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War . Patrick Henry had rhetorically asked , shall we be stronger , `` when we are totally disarmed , and when a British Guard shall be stationed in every house ? '' The Third Amendment ( 1791 ) prohibits the federal government from forcing individuals to provide lodging to soldiers in their homes during peacetime without their consent . Requested by several states during the Constitutional ratification debates , the amendment reflected the lingering resentment over the Quartering Acts passed by the British Parliament during the Revolutionary War , which had allowed British soldiers to take over private homes for their own use . Safeguards of Justice ( amendments 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , and 8 ) The Fourth Amendment ( 1791 ) protects people against unreasonable searches and seizures of either self or property by government officials . A search can mean everything from a frisking by a police officer or to a demand for a blood test to a search of an individual 's home or car . A seizure occurs when the government takes control of an individual or something in his or her possession . Items that are seized often are used as evidence when the individual is charged with a crime . It also imposes certain limitations on police investigating a crime and prevents the use of illegally obtained evidence at trial . The Fifth Amendment ( 1791 ) establishes the requirement that a trial for a major crime may commence only after an indictment has been handed down by a grand jury ; protects individuals from double jeopardy , being tried and put in danger of being punished more than once for the same criminal act ; prohibits punishment without due process of law , thus protecting individuals from being imprisoned without fair procedures ; and provides that an accused person may not be compelled to reveal to the police , prosecutor , judge , or jury any information that might incriminate or be used against him or her in a court of law . Additionally , the Fifth Amendment also prohibits government from taking private property for public use without `` just compensation '' , the basis of eminent domain in the United States . The Sixth Amendment ( 1791 ) provides several protections and rights to an individual accused of a crime . The accused has the right to a fair and speedy trial by a local and impartial jury . Likewise , a person has the right to a public trial . This right protects defendants from secret proceedings that might encourage abuse of the justice system , and serves to keep the public informed . This amendment also guarantees a right to legal counsel if accused of a crime , guarantees that the accused may require witnesses to attend the trial and testify in the presence of the accused , and guarantees the accused a right to know the charges against them . In 1966 , the Supreme Court ruled that , with the Fifth Amendment , this amendment requires what has become known as the Miranda warning . The Seventh Amendment ( 1791 ) extends the right to a jury trial to federal civil cases , and inhibits courts from overturning a jury 's findings of fact . Although the Seventh Amendment itself says that it is limited to `` suits at common law '' , meaning cases that triggered the right to a jury under English law , the amendment has been found to apply in lawsuits that are similar to the old common law cases . For example , the right to a jury trial applies to cases brought under federal statutes that prohibit race or gender discrimination in housing or employment . Importantly , this amendment guarantees the right to a jury trial only in federal court , not in state court . The Eighth Amendment ( 1791 ) protects people from having bail or fines set at an amount so high that it would be impossible for all but the richest defendants to pay and also protects people from being subjected to cruel and unusual punishment . Although this phrase originally was intended to outlaw certain gruesome methods of punishment , it has been broadened over the years to protect against punishments that are grossly disproportionate to or too harsh for the particular crime . This provision has also been used to challenge prison conditions such as extremely unsanitary cells , overcrowding , insufficient medical care and deliberate failure by officials to protect inmates from one another . Unenumerated Rights and reserved powers ( amendments 9 and 10 ) The Ninth Amendment ( 1791 ) declares that individuals have other fundamental rights , in addition to those stated in the Constitution . During the Constitutional ratification debates Anti-Federalists argued that a Bill of Rights should be added . The Federalists opposed it on grounds that a list would necessarily be incomplete but would be taken as explicit and exhaustive , thus enlarging the power of the federal government by implication . The Anti-Federalists persisted , and several state ratification conventions refused to ratify the Constitution without a more specific list of protections , so the First Congress added what became the Ninth Amendment as a compromise . Because the rights protected by the Ninth Amendment are not specified , they are referred to as `` unenumerated '' . The Supreme Court has found that unenumerated rights include such important rights as the right to travel , the right to vote , the right to privacy , and the right to make important decisions about one 's health care or body . The Tenth Amendment ( 1791 ) was included in the Bill of Rights to further define the balance of power between the federal government and the states . The amendment states that the federal government has only those powers specifically granted by the Constitution . These powers include the power to declare war , to collect taxes , to regulate interstate business activities and others that are listed in the articles or in subsequent constitutional amendments . Any power not listed is , says the Tenth Amendment , left to the states or the people . While there is no specific list of what these `` reserved powers '' may be , the Supreme Court has ruled that laws affecting family relations , commerce within a state 's own borders , and local law enforcement activities , are among those specifically reserved to the states or the people . Governmental authority ( amendments 11 , 16 , 18 , and 21 ) The Eleventh Amendment ( 1795 ) specifically prohibits federal courts from hearing cases in which a state is sued by an individual from another state or another country , thus extending to the states sovereign immunity protection from certain types of legal liability . Article Three , Section 2 , Clause 1 has been affected by this amendment , which also overturned the Supreme Court 's decision in Chisholm v. Georgia . The Sixteenth Amendment ( 1913 ) removed existing Constitutional constraints that limited the power of Congress to lay and collect taxes on income . Specifically , the apportionment constraints delineated in Article 1 , Section 9 , Clause 4 have been removed by this amendment , which also overturned an 1895 Supreme Court decision , in Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , that declared an unapportioned federal income tax on rents , dividends , and interest unconstitutional . This amendment has become the basis for all subsequent federal income tax legislation and has greatly expanded the scope of federal taxing and spending in the years since . The Eighteenth Amendment ( 1919 ) prohibited the making , transporting , and selling of alcoholic beverages nationwide . It also authorized Congress to enact legislation enforcing this prohibition . Adopted at the urging of a national temperance movement , proponents believed that the use of alcohol was reckless and destructive and that prohibition would reduce crime and corruption , solve social problems , decrease the need for welfare and prisons , and improve the health of all Americans . During prohibition , it is estimated that alcohol consumption and alcohol related deaths declined dramatically . But prohibition had other , more negative consequences . The amendment drove the lucrative alcohol business underground , giving rise to a large and pervasive black market . In addition , prohibition encouraged disrespect for the law and strengthened organized crime . Prohibition came to an end in 1933 , when this amendment was repealed . The Twenty - first Amendment ( 1933 ) repealed the Eighteenth Amendment and returned the regulation of alcohol to the states . Each state sets its own rules for the sale and importation of alcohol , including the drinking age . Because a federal law provides federal funds to states that prohibit the sale of alcohol to minors under the age of twenty - one , all fifty states have set their drinking age there . Rules about how alcohol is sold vary greatly from state to state . Safeguards of Civil Rights ( amendments 13 , 14 , 15 , 19 , 23 , 24 , and 26 ) The Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) abolished slavery and involuntary servitude , except as punishment for a crime , and authorized Congress to enforce abolition . Though millions of slaves had been declared free by the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation , their post Civil War status was unclear , as was the status of other millions . Congress intended the Thirteenth Amendment to be a proclamation of freedom for all slaves throughout the nation and to take the question of emancipation away from politics . This amendment rendered inoperative or moot several of the original parts of the constitution . The Fourteenth Amendment ( 1868 ) granted United States citizenship to former slaves and to all persons `` subject to U.S. jurisdiction '' . It also contained three new limits on state power : a state shall not violate a citizen 's privileges or immunities ; shall not deprive any person of life , liberty , or property without due process of law ; and must guarantee all persons equal protection of the laws . These limitations dramatically expanded the protections of the Constitution . This amendment , according to the Supreme Court 's Doctrine of Incorporation , makes most provisions of the Bill of Rights applicable to state and local governments as well . The mode of apportionment of representatives delineated in Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3 has been superseded by that of this amendment , which also overturned the Supreme Court 's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford . The Fifteenth Amendment ( 1870 ) prohibits the use of race , color , or previous condition of servitude in determining which citizens may vote . The last of three post Civil War Reconstruction Amendments , it sought to abolish one of the key vestiges of slavery and to advance the civil rights and liberties of former slaves . The Nineteenth Amendment ( 1920 ) prohibits the government from denying women the right to vote on the same terms as men . Prior to the amendment 's adoption , only a few states permitted women to vote and to hold office . The Twenty - third Amendment ( 1961 ) extends the right to vote in presidential elections to citizens residing in the District of Columbia by granting the District electors in the Electoral College , as if it were a state . When first established as the nation 's capital in 1800 , the District of Columbia 's five thousand residents had neither a local government , nor the right to vote in federal elections . By 1960 the population of the District had grown to over 760,000 people . However , while its residents had all the responsibilities of citizenship , such as paying federal taxes , and could be drafted to serve in the military , citizens in thirteen states with lower populations had more voting rights than District residents . The Twenty - fourth Amendment ( 1964 ) prohibits a poll tax for voting . Although passage of the Thirteenth , Fourteenth , and Fifteenth Amendments helped remove many of the discriminatory laws left over from slavery , they did not eliminate all forms of discrimination . Along with literacy tests and durational residency requirements , poll taxes were used to keep low - income ( primarily African American ) citizens from participating in elections . The Supreme Court has since struck down these discriminatory measures , opening democratic participation to all , regardless of one 's ability to pay . The Twenty - sixth Amendment ( 1971 ) prohibits the government from denying the right of United States citizens , eighteen years of age or older , to vote on account of age . The drive to lower the voting age was driven in large part by the broader student activism movement protesting the Vietnam War . It gained strength following the Supreme Court 's decision in Oregon v. Mitchell , which held that Congress may set requirements for voting in federal elections , but not for state or local elections . The measure , which overturns the Mitchell decision , is another in a line of constitutional changes that expanded the right to vote to more citizens . Government processes and procedures ( amendments 12 , 17 , 20 , 22 , 25 , and 27 ) The Twelfth Amendment ( 1804 ) modifies the way the Electoral College chooses the President and Vice President . It stipulates that each elector must cast a distinct vote for President and Vice President , instead of two votes for President . It also suggests that the President and Vice President should not be from the same state . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 is superseded by this amendment , which also extends the eligibility requirements to become President to the Vice President . The Seventeenth Amendment ( 1913 ) modifies the way senators are elected . It stipulates that senators are to be elected by direct popular vote . The amendment supersedes Article 1 , Section 2 , Clauses 1 and 2 , under which the two senators from each state were elected by the state legislature . It also allows state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held . The Twentieth Amendment ( 1933 ) changes the date on which a new President , Vice President and Congress take office , thus shortening the time between Election Day and the beginning of Presidential , Vice Presidential and Congressional terms . Originally , the Constitution provided that the annual meeting was to be on the first Monday in December unless otherwise provided by law . This meant that , when a new Congress was elected in November , it did not come into office until the following March , with a `` lame duck '' Congress convening in the interim . By moving the beginning of the president 's new term from March 4 to January 20 ( and in the case of Congress , to January 3 ) , proponents hoped to put an end to lame duck sessions , while allowing for a speedier transition for the new administration and legislators . The Twenty - second Amendment ( 1951 ) limits an elected president to two terms in office , a total of eight years . However , under some circumstances it is possible for an individual to serve more than eight years . Although nothing in the original frame of government limited how many presidential terms one could serve , the nation 's first president , George Washington , declined to run for a third term , suggesting that two terms of four years were enough for any president . This precedent remained an unwritten rule of the presidency until broken by Franklin D. Roosevelt , who was elected to a third term as president 1940 and in 1944 to a fourth . The Twenty - fifth Amendment ( 1967 ) clarifies what happens upon the death , removal , or resignation of the President or Vice President and how the Presidency is temporarily filled if the President becomes disabled and can not fulfill the responsibilities of the office . It supersedes the ambiguous succession rule established in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 . A concrete plan of succession has been needed on multiple occasions since 1789 . However , for nearly 20 % of U.S. history , there has been no vice president in office who can assume the presidency . The Twenty - seventh Amendment ( 1992 ) prevents members of Congress from granting themselves pay raises during the current session . Rather , any raises that are adopted must take effect during the next session of Congress . Its proponents believed that Federal legislators would be more likely to be cautious about increasing congressional pay if they have no personal stake in the vote . Article One , section 6 , Clause 1 has been affected by this amendment , which remained pending for over two centuries as it contained no time limit for ratification . Unratified amendments Collectively , members of the House and Senate typically propose around 200 amendments during each two - year term of Congress . Most however , never get out of the Congressional committees in which they were proposed , and only a fraction of those that do receive enough support to win Congressional approval to actually go through the constitutional ratification process . Six amendments approved by Congress and proposed to the states for consideration have not been ratified by the required number of states to become part of the Constitution . Four of these are technically still pending , as Congress did not set a time limit ( see also Coleman v. Miller ) for their ratification . The other two are no longer pending , as both had a time limit attached and in both cases the time period set for their ratification expired . Still pending The Congressional Apportionment Amendment ( proposed 1789 ) would , if ratified , establish a formula for determining the appropriate size of the House of Representatives and the appropriate apportionment of representatives among the states following each constitutionally mandated decennial census . At the time it was sent to the states for ratification , an affirmative vote by ten states would have made this amendment operational . In 1791 and 1792 , when Vermont and Kentucky joined the Union , the number climbed to twelve . Thus , the amendment remained one state shy of the number needed for it to become part of the Constitution . No additional states have ratified this amendment since . To become part of the Constitution today , ratification by an additional twenty - seven would be required . The Apportionment Act of 1792 apportioned the House of Representatives at 33,000 persons per representative in consequence of the 1790 census . Reapportionment has since been effected by statute . The Titles of Nobility Amendment ( proposed 1810 ) would , if ratified , strip United States citizenship from any citizen who accepted a title of nobility from a foreign country . When submitted to the states , ratification by thirteen states was required for it to become part of the Constitution ; eleven had done so by early 1812 . However , with the addition of Louisiana into the Union that year ( April 30 , 1812 ) , the ratification threshold rose to fourteen . Thus , when New Hampshire ratified it in December 1812 , the amendment again came within two states of being ratified . No additional states have ratified this amendment since . To become part of the Constitution today , ratification by an additional twenty - six would be required . The Corwin Amendment ( proposed 1861 ) would , if ratified , shield `` domestic institutions '' of the states ( which in 1861 included slavery ) from the constitutional amendment process and from abolition or interference by Congress . This proposal was one of several measures considered by Congress in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to attract the seceding states back into the Union and to entice border slave states to stay . Five states ratified the amendment in the early 1860s , but none have since . To become part of the Constitution today , ratification by an additional 33 states would be required . The subject of this proposal was subsequently addressed by the 1865 Thirteenth Amendment , which abolished slavery . The Child Labor Amendment ( proposed 1924 ) would , if ratified , specifically authorize Congress to limit , regulate and prohibit labor of persons less than eighteen years of age . The amendment was proposed in response to Supreme Court rulings in Hammer v. Dagenhart ( 1918 ) and Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. ( 1922 ) that found federal laws regulating and taxing goods produced by employees under the ages of 14 and 16 unconstitutional . When submitted to the states , ratification by 36 states was required for it to become part of the Constitution , as there were forty - eight states . Twenty - eight had ratified the amendment by early 1937 , but none have done so since . To become part of the Constitution today , ratification by an additional ten would be required . A federal statute approved June 25 , 1938 , regulated the employment of those under 16 or 18 years of age in interstate commerce . The Supreme Court , by unanimous vote in United States v. Darby Lumber Co. ( 1941 ) , found this law constitutional , effectively overturning Hammer v. Dagenhart . As a result of this development , the movement pushing for the amendment concluded . No longer pending The Equal Rights Amendment ( proposed 1972 ) would have prohibited deprivation of equality of rights ( discrimination ) by the federal or state governments on account of sex . A seven - year ratification time limit was initially placed on the amendment , but as the deadline approached , Congress granted a three - year extension . Thirty - five states ratified the proposed amendment prior to the original deadline , three short of the number required for it to be implemented ( five of them later voted to rescind their ratification ) . No further states ratified the amendment , thus it failed to be adopted . The District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment ( proposed 1978 ) would have granted the District of Columbia full representation in the United States Congress as if it were a state , repealed the 23rd Amendment , granted the District unconditional Electoral College voting rights , and allowed its participation in the process by which the Constitution is amended . A seven - year ratification time limit was placed on the amendment . Sixteen states ratified the amendment ( twenty - two short of the number required for it to be implemented ) prior to the deadline , thus it failed to be adopted . Judicial review See also : Judicial review in the United States , Judicial review , and Appeal § Appellate review The way the Constitution is understood is influenced by court decisions , especially those of the Supreme Court . These decisions are referred to as precedents . Judicial review is the power of the Court to examine federal legislation , federal executive , and all state branches of government , to decide their constitutionality , and to strike them down if found unconstitutional . Judicial review includes the power of the Court to explain the meaning of the Constitution as it applies to particular cases . Over the years , Court decisions on issues ranging from governmental regulation of radio and television to the rights of the accused in criminal cases have changed the way many constitutional clauses are interpreted , without amendment to the actual text of the Constitution . Legislation passed to implement the Constitution , or to adapt those implementations to changing conditions , broadens and , in subtle ways , changes the meanings given to the words of the Constitution . Up to a point , the rules and regulations of the many federal executive agencies have a similar effect . If an action of Congress or the agencies is challenged , however , it is the court system that ultimately decides whether these actions are permissible under the Constitution . The Supreme Court has indicated that once the Constitution has been extended to an area ( by Congress or the Courts ) , its coverage is irrevocable . To hold that the political branches may switch the Constitution on or off at will would lead to a regime in which they , not this Court , say `` what the law is '' . Scope and theory Courts established by the Constitution can regulate government under the Constitution , the supreme law of the land . First , they have jurisdiction over actions by an officer of government and state law . Second , federal courts may rule on whether coordinate branches of national government conform to the Constitution . Until the twentieth century , the Supreme Court of the United States may have been the only high tribunal in the world to use a court for constitutional interpretation of fundamental law , others generally depending on their national legislature . Early Court roots in the founding John Jay , 1789 -- 1795 New York co-author The Federalist Papers John Marshall , 1801 -- 1835 Fauquier County delegate Virginia Ratification Convention The basic theory of American Judicial review is summarized by constitutional legal scholars and historians as follows : the written Constitution is fundamental law . It can change only by extraordinary legislative process of national proposal , then state ratification . The powers of all departments are limited to enumerated grants found in the Constitution . Courts are expected ( a ) to enforce provisions of the Constitution as the supreme law of the land , and ( b ) to refuse to enforce anything in conflict with it . In Convention . As to judicial review and the Congress , the first proposals by Madison ( Va ) and Wilson ( Pa ) called for a supreme court veto over national legislation . In this it resembled the system in New York , where the Constitution of 1777 called for a `` Council of Revision '' by the Governor and Justices of the state supreme court . The Council would review and in a way , veto any passed legislation violating the spirit of the Constitution before it went into effect . The nationalist 's proposal in Convention was defeated three times , and replaced by a presidential veto with Congressional over-ride . Judicial review relies on the jurisdictional authority in Article III , and the Supremacy Clause . The justification for judicial review is to be explicitly found in the open ratifications held in the states and reported in their newspapers . John Marshall in Virginia , James Wilson in Pennsylvania and Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut all argued for Supreme Court judicial review of acts of state legislature . In Federalist No. 78 , Alexander Hamilton advocated the doctrine of a written document held as a superior enactment of the people . `` A limited constitution can be preserved in practice no other way '' than through courts which can declare void any legislation contrary to the Constitution . The preservation of the people 's authority over legislatures rests `` particularly with judges '' . The Supreme Court was initially made up of jurists who had been intimately connected with the framing of the Constitution and the establishment of its government as law . John Jay ( New York ) , a co-author of The Federalist Papers , served as Chief Justice for the first six years . The second Chief Justice for a term of four years , was Oliver Ellsworth ( Connecticut ) , a delegate in the Constitutional Convention , as was John Rutledge ( South Carolina ) , Washington 's recess appointment as Chief Justice who served in 1795 . John Marshall ( Virginia ) , the fourth Chief Justice , had served in the Virginia Ratification Convention in 1788 . His service on the Court would extend 34 years over some of the most important rulings to help establish the nation the Constitution had begun . In the first years of the Supreme Court , members of the Constitutional Convention who would serve included James Wilson ( Pennsylvania ) for ten years , John Blair , Jr . ( Virginia ) for five , and John Rutledge ( South Carolina ) for one year as Justice , then Chief Justice in 1795 . Establishment When John Marshall followed Oliver Ellsworth as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1801 , the federal judiciary had been established by the Judiciary Act , but there were few cases , and less prestige . `` The fate of judicial review was in the hands of the Supreme Court itself . '' Review of state legislation and appeals from state supreme courts was understood . But the Court 's life , jurisdiction over state legislation was limited . The Marshall Court 's landmark Barron v. Baltimore held that the Bill of Rights restricted only the federal government , and not the states . In the landmark Marbury v. Madison case , the Supreme Court asserted its authority of judicial review over Acts of Congress . Its findings were that Marbury and the others had a right to their commissions as judges in the District of Columbia . The law afforded Marbury a remedy at court . Then Marshall , writing the opinion for the majority , announced his discovered conflict between Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 and Article III . In this case , both the Constitution and the statutory law applied to the particulars at the same time . `` The very essence of judicial duty '' according to Marshall was to determine which of the two conflicting rules should govern . The Constitution enumerates powers of the judiciary to extend to cases arising `` under the Constitution '' . Further , justices take a Constitutional oath to uphold it as `` Supreme law of the land '' . Therefore , since the United States government as created by the Constitution is a limited government , the Federal courts were required to choose the Constitution over Congressional law if there were deemed to be a conflict between them . `` This argument has been ratified by time and by practice ... '' `` Marshall The Supreme Court did not declare another Act of Congress unconstitutional until the disastrous Dred Scott decision in 1857 , held after the voided Missouri Compromise statute , had already been repealed . In the eighty years following the Civil War to World War II , the Court voided Congressional statutes in 77 cases , on average almost one a year . Something of a crisis arose when , in 1935 and 1936 , the Supreme Court handed down twelve decisions voiding Acts of Congress relating to the New Deal . President Franklin D. Roosevelt then responded with his abortive `` court packing plan '' . Other proposals have suggested a Court super-majority to overturn Congressional legislation , or a Constitutional Amendment to require that the Justices retire at a specified age by law . To date , the Supreme Court 's power of judicial review has persisted . Self - restraint The power of judicial review could not have been preserved long in a democracy unless it had been `` wielded with a reasonable measure of judicial restraint , and with some attention , as Mr. Dooley said , to the election returns . '' Indeed , the Supreme Court has developed a system of doctrine and practice that self - limits its power of judicial review . The Court controls almost all of its business by choosing what cases to consider , writs of certiorari . In this way , it can avoid opinions on embarrassing or difficult cases . The Supreme Court limits itself by defining for itself what is a `` justiciable question . '' First , the Court is fairly consistent in refusing to make any `` advisory opinions '' in advance of actual cases . Second , `` friendly suits '' between those of the same legal interest are not considered . Third , the Court requires a `` personal interest '' , not one generally held , and a legally protected right must be immediately threatened by government action . Cases are not taken up if the litigant has no standing to sue . Simply having the money to sue and being injured by government action are not enough . These three procedural ways of dismissing cases have led critics to charge that the Supreme Court delays decisions by unduly insisting on technicalities in their `` standards of litigability '' . Under the Court 's practice , there are cases left unconsidered which are in the public interest , with genuine controversy , and resulting from good faith action . `` The Supreme Court is not only a court of law but a court of justice . '' Separation of powers The Supreme Court balances several pressures to maintain its roles in national government . It seeks to be a co-equal branch of government , but its decrees must be enforceable . The Court seeks to minimize situations where it asserts itself superior to either President or Congress , but federal officers must be held accountable . The Supreme Court assumes power to declare acts of Congress as unconstitutional but it self - limits its passing on constitutional questions . But the Court 's guidance on basic problems of life and governance in a democracy is most effective when American political life reinforce its rulings . Justice Brandeis summarized four general guidelines that the Supreme Court uses to avoid constitutional decisions relating to Congress : The Court will not anticipate a question of constitutional law nor decide open questions unless a case decision requires it . If it does , a rule of constitutional law is formulated only as the precise facts in the case require . The Court will choose statutes or general law for the basis of its decision if it can without constitutional grounds . If it does , the Court will choose a constitutional construction of an Act of Congress , even if its constitutionality is seriously in doubt . Likewise with the Executive Department , Edwin Corwin observed that the Court does sometimes rebuff presidential pretensions , but it more often tries to rationalize them . Against Congress , an Act is merely `` disallowed '' . In the executive case , exercising judicial review produces `` some change in the external world '' beyond the ordinary judicial sphere . The `` political question '' doctrine especially applies to questions which present a difficult enforcement issue . Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes addressed the Court 's limitation when political process allowed future policy change , but a judicial ruling would `` attribute finality '' . Political questions lack `` satisfactory criteria for a judicial determination '' . John Marshall recognized that the president holds `` important political powers '' which as Executive privilege allows great discretion . This doctrine was applied in Court rulings on President Grant 's duty to enforce the law during Reconstruction . It extends to the sphere of foreign affairs . Justice Robert Jackson explained , Foreign affairs are inherently political , `` wholly confided by our Constitution to the political departments of the government ... ( and ) not subject to judicial intrusion or inquiry . '' Critics of the Court object in two principal ways to self - restraint in judicial review , deferring as it does as a matter of doctrine to Acts of Congress and Presidential actions . Its inaction is said to allow `` a flood of legislative appropriations '' which permanently create an imbalance between the states and federal government . Supreme Court deference to Congress and the executive compromises American protection of civil rights , political minority groups and aliens . Further information : Separation of powers under the United States Constitution Subsequent courts Main article : History of the Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Courts under the leadership of subsequent Chief Justices have also used judicial review to interpret the Constitution among individuals , states and federal branches . Notable contributions were made by the Chase Court , the Taft Court , the Warren Court , and the Rehnquist Court . Further information : List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court Salmon P. Chase was a Lincoln appointee , serving as Chief Justice from 1864 to 1873 . His career encompassed service as a U.S. Senator and Governor of Ohio . He coined the slogan , `` Free soil , free Labor , free men . '' One of Lincoln 's `` team of rivals '' , he was appointed Secretary of Treasury during the Civil War , issuing `` greenbacks '' . To appease radical Republicans , Lincoln appointed him to replace Chief Justice Roger B. Taney of Dred Scott case fame . In one of his first official acts , Chase admitted John Rock , the first African - American to practice before the Supreme Court . The `` Chase Court '' is famous for Texas v. White , which asserted a permanent Union of indestructible states . Veazie Bank v. Fenno upheld the Civil War tax on state banknotes . Hepburn v. Griswold found parts of the Legal Tender Acts unconstitutional , though it was reversed under a late Supreme Court majority . Further information : List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court Scope of judicial review expanded Salmon P. Chase Union , Reconstruction William Howard Taft commerce , incorporation Earl Warren due process , civil rights William Rehnquist federalism , privacy William Howard Taft was a Harding appointment to Chief Justice from 1921 to 1930 . A Progressive Republican from Ohio , he was a one - term President . As Chief Justice , he advocated the Judiciary Act of 1925 that brought the Federal District Courts under the administrative jurisdiction of the Supreme Court . Taft successfully sought the expansion of Court jurisdiction over non - states such as District of Columbia and Territories of Arizona , New Mexico , Alaska and Hawaii . In 1925 , the Taft Court issued a ruling overturning a Marshall Court ruling on the Bill of Rights . In Gitlow v. New York , the Court established the doctrine of `` incorporation which applied the Bill of Rights to the states . Important cases included the Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen that upheld Congressional regulation of commerce . Olmstead v. United States allowed exclusion of evidence obtained without a warrant based on application of the 14th Amendment proscription against unreasonable searches . Wisconsin v. Illinois ruled the equitable power of the United States can impose positive action on a state to prevent its inaction from damaging another state . Further information : List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court Earl Warren was an Eisenhower nominee , Chief Justice from 1953 to 1969 . Warren 's Republican career in the law reached from County Prosecutor , California state attorney general , and three consecutive terms as Governor . His programs stressed progressive efficiency , expanding state education , re-integrating returning veterans , infrastructure and highway construction . In 1954 , the Warren Court overturned a landmark Fuller Court ruling on the Fourteenth Amendment interpreting racial segregation as permissible in government and commerce providing `` separate but equal '' services . Warren built a coalition of Justices after 1962 that developed the idea of natural rights as guaranteed in the Constitution . Brown v. Board of Education banned segregation in public schools . Baker v. Carr and Reynolds v. Sims established Court ordered `` one - man - one - vote '' . Bill of Rights Amendments were incorporated into the states . Due process was expanded in Gideon v. Wainwright and Miranda v. Arizona . First Amendment rights were addressed in Griswold v. Connecticut concerning privacy , and Engel v. Vitale relative to free speech . Further information : List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court William Rehnquist was a Reagan appointment to Chief Justice , serving from 1986 to 2005 . While he would concur with overthrowing a state supreme court 's decision , as in Bush v. Gore , he built a coalition of Justices after 1994 that developed the idea of federalism as provided for in the Tenth Amendment . In the hands of the Supreme Court , the Constitution and its Amendments were to restrain Congress , as in City of Boerne v. Flores . Nevertheless , the Rehnquist Court was noted in the contemporary `` culture wars '' for overturning state laws relating to privacy prohibiting late - term abortions in Stenberg v. Carhart , prohibiting sodomy in Lawrence v. Texas , or ruling so as to protect free speech in Texas v. Johnson or affirmative action in Grutter v. Bollinger . Civic religion Main article : American civil religion There is a viewpoint that some Americans have come to see the documents of the Constitution , along with the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights , as being a cornerstone of a type of civil religion . This is suggested by the prominent display of the Constitution , along with the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights , in massive , bronze - framed , bulletproof , moisture - controlled glass containers vacuum - sealed in a rotunda by day and in multi-ton bomb - proof vaults by night at the National Archives Building . The idea of displaying the documents struck one academic critic looking from the point of view of the 1776 or 1789 America as `` idolatrous , and also curiously at odds with the values of the Revolution '' . By 1816 , Jefferson wrote that `` ( s ) ome men look at constitutions with sanctimonious reverence and deem them like the Ark of the Covenant , too sacred to be touched '' . But he saw imperfections and imagined that there could potentially be others , believing as he did that `` institutions must advance also '' . Some commentators depict the multi-ethnic , multi-sectarian United States as held together by a political orthodoxy , in contrast with a nation state of people having more `` natural '' ties . Worldwide influence José Rizal Sun Yat - sen Main article : United States Constitution and worldwide influence The United States Constitution has been a notable model for governance around the world . Its international influence is found in similarities of phrasing and borrowed passages in other constitutions , as well as in the principles of the rule of law , separation of powers and recognition of individual rights . The American experience of fundamental law with amendments and judicial review has motivated constitutionalists at times when they were considering the possibilities for their nation 's future . It informed Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War , his contemporary and ally Benito Juárez of Mexico , and the second generation of 19th - century constitutional nationalists , José Rizal of the Philippines and Sun Yat - sen of China . Since the latter half of the 20th century , the influence of the United States Constitution may be waning as other countries have revised their constitutions with new influences . Criticisms Further information : History of the United States Constitution § Criticism of the Constitution The United States Constitution has faced various criticisms since its inception in 1787 . The Constitution did not originally define who was eligible to vote , allowing each state to determine who was eligible . In the early history of the U.S. , most states allowed only white male adult property owners to vote . Until the Reconstruction Amendments were adopted between 1865 and 1870 , the five years immediately following the Civil War , the Constitution did not abolish slavery , nor give citizenship and voting rights to former slaves . These amendments did not include a specific prohibition on discrimination on the basis of sex ; it took another amendment -- the Nineteenth , ratified in 1920 -- for the Constitution to prohibit any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex . See also Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States by Joseph Story ( three volumes ) Congressional power of enforcement Constitution Day ( United States ) Constitutionalism in the United States History of democracy List of national constitutions ( world countries ) List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution List of sources of law in the United States National Constitution Center Pocket Constitution State constitution ( United States ) Second Constitutional Convention of the United States The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation Related documents Mayflower Compact ( 1620 ) Fundamental Orders of Connecticut ( 1639 ) Massachusetts Body of Liberties ( 1641 ) Bill of Rights 1689 -- English Bill of Rights United States Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom ( 1779 ) Notes Jump up ^ Historically , the first written constitution of an independent polity which was adopted by representatives elected by the people was the 1755 Corsican Constitution , despite being short - lived , drafted by Pasquale Paoli , whose work was an inspiration for many American patriots , including the Hearts of Oak , originally named `` The Corsicans '' , and the Sons of Liberty . Earlier written constitutions of independent states exist but were not adopted by bodies elected by the people , such as the Swedish Constitution of 1772 , adopted by the king , the Constitution of San Marino of 1600 which is the oldest surviving constitution in the world , or the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk , the first establishing separation of powers . Jump up ^ The Judiciary Act of 1789 established six Supreme Court justices . The number was periodically increased , reaching ten in 1863 , allowing Lincoln additional appointments . After the Civil War , vacancies reduced the number to seven . Congress finally fixed the number at nine . Jump up ^ The four concepts which determine `` justiciability '' , the formula for a federal court taking and deciding a case , are the doctrines of ( a ) standing , ( b ) real and substantial interests , ( c ) adversity , and ( d ) avoidance of political questions . Jump up ^ Judicial Review is explained in Hamilton 's Federalist No. 78 . It also has roots in Natural Law expressions in the Declaration of Independence . The Supreme Court first ruled an act of Congress unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison , the second was Dred Scott . Jump up ^ For instance , ' collateral estoppel ' directs that when a litigant wins in a state court , they can not sue in federal court to get a more favorable outcome . Jump up ^ Recently numerous habeas corpus reforms have tried to preserve a working `` relationship of comity '' and simultaneously streamline the process for state and lower courts to apply Supreme Court interpretations . Jump up ^ Contrary to this source when viewed , the Constitution provides that punishments , including forfeiture of income and property , must apply to the person convicted . `` No attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture '' on the convicted traitor 's children or heirs . This avoids the perpetuation of civil war into the generations by Parliamentary majorities as in the Wars of the Roses . Jump up ^ Downes v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 244 , 261 ( 1901 ) , commenting on an earlier Supreme Court decision , Loughborough v. Blake , 18 U.S. ( 5 Wheat . ) 317 ( 1820 ) ; Rasmussen v. United States , 197 U.S. 516 , 529 - 530 , 536 ( 1905 ) ( concurring opinions of Justices Harlan and Brown ) , that once the Constitution has been extended to an area , its coverage is irrevocable ; Boumediene v. Bush - That where the Constitution has been once formally extended by Congress to territories , neither Congress nor the territorial legislature can enact laws inconsistent therewith . The Constitution grants Congress and the President the power to acquire , dispose of , and govern territory , not the power to decide when and where its terms apply . Jump up ^ The Supreme Court found 658 cases of invalid state statutes from 1790 to 1941 before the advent of civil rights cases in the last half of the twentieth century Jump up ^ In this , John Marshall leaned on the argument of Hamilton in Federalist No. 78 . Jump up ^ Although it may be that the true meaning of the Constitution to the people of the United States in 1788 can only be divined by a study of the state ratification conventions , the Supreme Court has used The Federalist Papers as a supplemental guide to the Constitution since their co-author , John Jay , was the first Chief Justice . Jump up ^ The entire quote reads , `` This argument has been ratified by time and by practice , and there is little point in quibbling with it . Of course , the President also takes an oath to support the Constitution . '' Jump up ^ The presidential reference is to Andrew Jackson 's disagreement with Marshall 's Court over Worcester v. Georgia , finding Georgia could not impose its laws in Cherokee Territory . Jackson replied , `` John Marshall has made his decision ; now let him enforce it ! '' , and the Trail of Tears proceeded . Jackson would not politically interpose the U.S. Army between Georgia and the Cherokee people as Eisenhower would do between Arkansas and the integrating students . Jump up ^ `` Advisory opinions '' are not the same as `` declaratory judgments . '' ( a ) These address rights and legal relationships in cases of `` actual controversy '' , and ( b ) the holding has the force and effect of a final judgment . ( c ) There is no coercive order , as the parties are assumed to follow the judgment , but a `` declaratory judgment '' is the basis of any subsequent ruling in case law . Jump up ^ Louis Brandeis concurring opinion , Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority , 1936 . Jump up ^ The Chase Court , 1864 -- 1873 , in 1865 were the Hon . Salmon P. Chase , Chief Justice , U.S. ; Hon . Nathan Clifford , Maine ; Stephen J. Field , Justice Supreme Court , U.S. ; Hon . Samuel F. Miller , U.S. Supreme Court ; Hon . Noah H. Swayne , Justice Supreme Court , U.S. ; Judge Morrison R. Waite Jump up ^ The Taft Court , 1921 -- 1930 , in 1925 were James Clark McReynolds , Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. , William Howard Taft ( Chief Justice ) , Willis Van Devanter , Louis Brandeis . Edward Sanford , George Sutherland , Pierce Butler , Harlan Fiske Stone Jump up ^ The Warren Court , 1953 -- 1969 , in 1963 were Felix Frankfurter ; Hugo Black ; Earl Warren ( Chief Justice ) ; Stanley Reed ; WIlliam O. Douglas . Tom Clark ; Robert H. Jackson ; Harold Burton ; Sherman Minton Jump up ^ The Rehnquist Court , 1986 -- 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Secession was indeed unconstitutional ... military resistance to secession was not only constitutional but also morally justified . `` the primary purpose of the Constitution was ... to create ' a more perfect union ' ... the Constitution was an exercise in nation building . Jump up ^ Juarez regarded the United States as a model of republican democracy and consistently supported Abraham Lincoln . Jump up ^ The institutions of the two countries which have most influenced constitutional development are Spain and the United States `` . One of the reforms , `` sine quibus non '' , to use the words of Rizal and Mabini , always insisted upon by the Filipinos , was Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortez , the promulgation in the Islands of the Spanish Constitution , and the complete assimilation equal to that of any in the Spanish provinces on the continent . Jump up ^ In the modern history of China , there were many revolutionaries who tried to seek the truth from the West in order to overthrow the feudal system of the Qing dynasty . Dr. Sun Yat - sen , for example , was much influenced by American democracy , especially the U.S. Constitution . References Footnotes Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 35 Jump up ^ United States Senate ( 1992 ) . `` Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America '' ( PDF ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 25 n. 2 . ISBN 9780160632686 . ^ Jump up to : `` Constitution Day '' . Senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , Donald . `` Bill of Rights '' . Annenberg Classroom - Glossary . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Gordon . `` Introduction to the Bill of Rights '' . TeachingAmericanHistory.org . The Ashbrook Center at Ashland University . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Founding Documents '' . October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Differences between Parchment , Vellum and Paper '' . August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pasquale Paoli - Corsican statesman '' . Jump up ^ Ruppert , Bob . `` Paoli : Hero of the Sons of Liberty '' . Journal of the American Revolution . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Andrew C. ( 1936 ) . `` A constitutional History of the United States '' . New York , London : D. Appleton - Century Company . pp. 83 -- 90 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Richard B. ( December 28 , 1976 ) . Presidential Address ( Speech ) . American Historical Association . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Christian G. ( 2008 ) . American Sovereigns : The People and America 's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88188 - 3 ; noting that `` Madison , along with other Americans clearly understood '' the Articles of Confederation `` to be the first federal Constitution '' . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1950 ) . The New Nation : A History of the United States During the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 . Boston : Northeastern University Press . pp. 177 -- 233 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930350 - 14 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 1972 ) . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 807 - 84723 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Maier 2010 , pp. 11 -- 13 Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , pp. 12 - 13 , 19 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 129 - 130 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , pp. 15 - 16 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , pp. 356 - 367 , 359 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , pp. 14 , 30 , 66 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution of Congress , 21 Feb. 1787 '' . The Founders ' Constitution . University of Chicago Press ; The Articles Congress thus echoed a previous resolution of a conference at Annapolis ; see `` Proceedings of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government : 1786 '' . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 27 ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Founding Fathers - Delegates to the Constitutional Convention '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Variant Texts of the Virginia Plan , Presented by Edmund Randolph to the Federal Convention '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 reported by James Madison : on June 15 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Committee Assignments Chart and Commentary '' . Ashland , Ohio : TeachingAmericanHistory.org . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates July 16 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Committees at the Constitutional Convention '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates August 6 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates September 12 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vile , John R. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding ( Volume 1 : A-M ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 705 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 669 - 8 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates September 15 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wright , Jr. , Robert K. ; MacGregor Jr. , Morris J. `` Appendix A : The Annapolis Convention '' . Soldier - Statesmen of the Constitution . Washington D.C : United States Army Center of Military History . p. 264 . LCCN 87001353 . CMH Pub 71 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution of Congress of September 28 , 1787 , Submitting the Constitution to the Several States '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution of the Congress , of September 13 , 1788 , Fixing Date for Election of a President , and the Organization of the Government Under the Constitution , in the City of New York '' -- via Avalon Project . Jump up ^ Manning , John F. ( 2011 ) . `` Separation of Powers as Ordinary Interpretation '' . Harvard Law Review . 124 ( 1 ) : 1939 -- 2039 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , William Seal ( 1928 ) . `` The Separation of Powers in the Eighteenth Century '' . American Political Science Review . 22 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Nielson , Aaron ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` D.C. Circuit Reviewed : The Baron Montesquieu '' . Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration . `` National Archives Article on the Bill of Rights '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , James J. , ed. ( 1961 ) . The Constitution of the United States and Amendments Thereto . Foreword by Denys P. Myers . Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government . p. i ( of foreword ) . Jump up ^ See Jacobson v. Massachusetts , 197 U.S. 11 , 22 ( 1905 ) ( `` Although th ( e ) preamble indicates the general purposes for which the people ordained and established the Constitution , it has never been regarded as the source of any substantive power conferred on the government of the United States , or on any of its departments . '' ) ; see also United States v. Boyer , 85 F. 425 , 430 -- 31 ( W.D. Mo . 1898 ) ( `` The preamble never can be resorted to , to enlarge the powers confided to the general government , or any of its departments . It can not confer any power per se . It can never amount , by implication , to an enlargement of any power expressly given . It can never be the legitimate source of any implied power , when otherwise withdrawn from the constitution . Its true office is to expound the nature and extent and application of the powers actually conferred by the constitution , and not substantively to create them . '' ( quoting 1 JOSEPH STORY , COMMENTARIES ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES § 462 ( 1833 ) ) ( internal quotation marks omitted ) ) . Jump up ^ Adler & Gorman 1975 , p. 26 , 80 , 136 . ^ Jump up to : 17 . U.S. at 421 ^ Jump up to : O'Connor 2010 . Jump up ^ FindLaw for legal professionals Archived January 16 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , with links to United States Government Printing office official Web site , Cornell Law School , Emory Law School , and U.S. Supreme Court decisions since 1893 , ( 1998 , 2000 Supplement ) . Viewed November 28 , 2011 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 29 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ England , Trent & Spalding , Matthew . `` Essays on Article V : Amendments '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Proposed Amendments '' . Constitution Day Observance Events . Clayton State University . Jump up ^ Lutz , Donald ( 1994 ) . `` Toward a Theory of Constitutional Amendment '' . The American Political Science Review . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitutional Amendment Process '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 312 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Gordon . `` The Six Stages of Ratification of the Constitution : Stage I -- Now For the Bad News '' . TeachingAmericanHistory.org . The Ashbrook Center at Ashland University . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Spaulding , Matthew . `` Attestation Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. `` The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment : Contemporary Ratification Issues '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment I '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fletcher v. Haas , 11 - 10644 - DPW ( D. Mass . March 30 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Pierce , John ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Permanent Resident Aliens Have Second Amendment Rights Too '' . Monachus Lex . Jump up ^ Constitutional Law . Casenotes. 2009 - 12 - 06 . ISBN 9780735589452 . Jump up ^ Jilson , Cal ( 2013 - 01 - 04 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change . ISBN 9781136269691 . Jump up ^ Shaman , Jeffrey . `` After Heller : What Now for the Second Amendment '' . Santa Clara Law Review . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Senate Annotated Constitution '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment II '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Lee & Walk , Thomas G. ( 2012 ) . Constitutional Law for a Changing America : Rights , Liberties and Justice ( 8th ed . ) . CQ Press . pp. 395 -- 396 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 2674 - 3 . Jump up ^ Moncure 1990 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment III '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment IV '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment V '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment VI '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment VII '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment VIII '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment IX '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment X '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Annotation 1 : Eleventh Amendment , State Immunity '' . FindLaw . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XI '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XVI '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XVIII '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXI '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Emancipation Proclamation '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XIII '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XIV '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XV '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XIX '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXIII '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXIV '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXVI '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XII '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XVII '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CRS / LII Annotated Constitution Twentieth Amendment '' . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XX '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXII '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXV '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXVII '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Questions '' . C - SPAN . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 609 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , James J. , ed. ( 1961 ) . The Constitution of the United States and Amendments Thereto . Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government . pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Stephen M. ( 1998 ) . American Constitutionalism : From Theory to Politics . Princeton University Press . p. 89 . ISBN 9780691002408 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , pp. 137 - 138 . ^ Jump up to : Pritchett 1959 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Pritchett 1959 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , pp. 140 - 141 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , pp. 141 - 142 . ^ Jump up to : Pritchett 1959 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , pp. 148 - 149 . ^ Jump up to : Pritchett 1959 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , pp. 150 - 151 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Gordon S. , ( August 14 , 1997 ) . `` Dusting off the Declaration '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levinson 1987 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Levinson 1987 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Levinson 1987 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Billias 2009 , xi -- xv . Jump up ^ Farber 2003 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Farber 2003 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Stacy 2003 , p. 436 . Jump up ^ Malcolm 1920 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Qing Yu 1988 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ `` The Declining Influence of the United States Constitution '' . Journalist 's Resource . Harvard Kennedy School of Government Shorenstein Center on Media , Politics and Public Policy . April 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Law , David S. ; Versteeg , Mila ( 2012 ) . `` The Declining Influence of the United States Constitution '' . New York University Law Review . 87 ( 3 ) : 762 -- 858 . SSRN 1923556 . Jump up ^ `` Expansion of Rights and Liberties - The Right of Suffrage '' . Online Exhibit : The Charters of Freedom . National Archives . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Voting Rights '' . Infoplease . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Voting in Early America '' . Colonial Williamsburg . Spring 2007 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foner , Eric . `` The Reconstruction Amendments : Official Documents as Social History '' . The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution : The 19th Amendment '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Works cited Adler , Mortimer & Gorman , William ( 1975 ) . The American Testament : for the Institute for Philosophical Research and the Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies . New York : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 34060 - 5 . Billias , George ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 : A Global Perspective . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9107 - 3 . Bowen , Catherine ( 2010 ) ( First published 1966 ) . Miracle at Philadelphia : The Story of the Constitutional Convention , May to September 1787 . New York : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 10261 - 2 . Farber , Daniel ( 2003 ) . Lincoln 's Constitution . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 23793 - 0 . Levinson , Sanford ( 1987 ) . `` Pledging Faith in the Civil Religion ; Or , Would You Sign the Constitution ? '' . William & Mary Law Review . 29 ( 113 ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86854 - 7 . Malcolm , George A. ( 1920 ) . `` Constitutional History of the Philippines '' . American Bar Association Journal . 6 . Moncure , Thomas M. , Jr. ( 1990 ) . `` Who is the Militia : The Virginia Ratification Convention and the Right to Bear Arms '' ( PDF ) . Lincoln Law Review . 19 : 1 -- 25 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . O'Connor , Tom ( 2010 ) . `` Constitutional Structure '' . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Pritchett , C. Herman ( 1959 ) . The American Constitution . New York : McGraw - Hill . Qing Yu , Li ( 1988 ) . `` Dr. Sun Yat Sen and the U.S. Constitution '' . In Starr , Joseph Barton . The United States Constitution : Its Birth , Growth , and Influence in Asia . Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press . ISBN 978 - 962 - 209 - 201 - 3 . Stacy , Lee , ed. ( 2003 ) . Mexico and the United States . vol. 2 . London : Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7402 - 9 . Wood , Gordon ( 1998 ) . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 - 1787 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4723 - 7 . Further reading Bailyn , Bernard , ed. ( 1993 ) . The Debate on the Constitution : Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches , Articles , and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification . Part One : September 1787 to February 1788 . The Library of America . Bailyn , Bernard , ed. ( 1993 ) . The Debate on the Constitution : Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches , Articles , and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification . Part Two : January to August 1788 . The Library of America . ISBN 0 - 940450 - 64 - X . Bryce , James , viscount ( 1891 ) . The American Commonwealth . vol. 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Macmillan and Co. pp. ( 350 ) -- 397 , ( 636 ) -- 645 , 669 -- 682 , et passim . Casey , Gregory ( Spring 1974 ) . `` The Supreme Court and Myth : An Empirical Investigation '' . Law & Society Review . 8 ( 3 ) : 385 -- 420 . doi : 10.2307 / 3053081 . JSTOR 3053081 . Elliot , Jonathan . The Debates in the Several State Conventions of the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . Vol. 1 , Constitution , Declaration of Independence , Articles of Confederation , Journal of Federal Convention , Vol. 2 , State Conventions Massachusetts , Connecticut. , New Hampshire , New York , Pennsylvania , Maryland , Vol. 3 , Virginia , Vol. 4 , North . and South . Carolina , Resolutions , Tariffs , Banks , Debt , Vol. 5 Debates in Congress , Madison 's Notes , Misc . Letters . Ford , Paul Leicester , ed. ( 1888 ) . Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States , Published During its Discussion by the People , 1787 - 1788 . Brooklyn , NY ; Pamphlets written between 1787 - 88 by Elbridge Gerry , Noah Webster , John Jay , Melancthon Smith , Pelatiah Werster , Tench Coxe , James Wilson , John Dickinson , Alexander Contee Hanson , Edmund Randolph , Richard Henry Lee , George Mason , and David Ramsay . The essay attributed to Gerry was in fact written by Mercy Otis Warren . Fritz , Christian G. ( 2008 ) . American Sovereigns : The People and America 's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War . Cambridge University Press . Garvey , John H. , ed. ( 2004 ) . Modern Constitutional Theory : A Reader ( 5th ed . ) . Hall , Kermit ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . Kaminski , John P. ; Saladino , Gaspare J. ; Leffler , Richard ; Schoenleber , Charles H. & Hogan , Margaret A. ( eds . ) . Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution , 1976 - . Published volumes 1 - 10 , 13 - 23 , forthcoming volumes 11 - 12 , 24 - 29 . Most recent volume : The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution , Vol. 23 , Ratification by the States : New York , No. 5 . Madison : The State Historical Society of Wisconsin , . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87020 - 439 - 5 . Klos , Stanley L. ( 2004 ) . President Who ? Forgotten Founders . Pittsburgh , PA : Evisum . p. 261 . ISBN 0 - 9752627 - 5 - 0 . Kurland , Philip B. & Lerner , Ralph ( eds . ) . The Founders ' Constitution . University of Chicago Press and the Liberty Fund . ISBN 0 - 86597 - 279 - 6 ; The work consists of `` extracts from the leading works of political theory , history , law , and constitutional argument on which the Framers and their contemporaries drew and which they themselves produced '' . Levy , Leonard W. ; Karst , Kenneth L. & West , John G. , eds. ( 1992 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . New York : Macmillan . Mason , Alpheus Thomas & Stephenson , Donald Grier , eds. ( 2004 ) . American Constitutional Law : Introductory Essays and Selected Cases ( 14th ed . ) . McDonald , Forrest ( 1985 ) . Novus Ordo Seclorum : The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0311 - 4 . Robertson , David Brian ( 2013 ) . The Original Compromise : What the Constitutional Framers Were Really Thinking . New York : Oxford University Press . Tribe , Laurence H. ( 1999 ) . American Constitutional Law . Yale Law School . `` The Avalon Project : Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention '' . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . 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how many states had to ratify the constitution for the new government to go into effect
[ "Article Seven describes the process for establishing the proposed new frame of government. Anticipating that the influence of many state politicians would be Antifederalist, delegates to the Philadelphia Convention provided for ratification of the Constitution by popularly elected ratifying conventions in each state. The convention method also made it possible that judges, ministers and others ineligible to serve in state legislatures, could be elected to a convention. Suspecting that Rhode Island, at least, might not ratify, delegates decided that the Constitution would go into effect as soon as nine states (two-thirds rounded up) ratified.[53] Once ratified by this minimum number of states, it was anticipated that the proposed Constitution would become this Constitution between the nine or more that signed. It would not cover the four or fewer states that might not have signed.[54]" ]
[ "nine" ]
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Apollo Creed
Apollo Creed - wikipedia Apollo Creed hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Apollo Creed Rocky character Carl Weathers as Apollo Creed First appearance Rocky Last appearance Creed ( flashback ) Portrayed by Carl Weathers Information Nickname ( s ) The Dancing Destroyer The King of Sting The Count of Monte Fisto The Prince of Punch The Master of Disaster The One and Only Gender Male Occupation Professional boxer Spouse ( s ) Mary Anne Creed Children Adonis Creed Unnamed daughter Unnamed son Nationality American Apollo Creed Statistics Nationality American August 17 , 1942 Los Angeles County , California , U.S. August 31 , 1985 ( aged 43 ) Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. Stance Orthodox Boxing record Total fights 50 Wins 48 Wins by KO 47 Losses Draws 0 Apollo Creed was a fictional character from the Rocky films . He was played by Carl Weathers . He is a tough but agile boxer , who is , as the series begins , the undisputed heavyweight world champion . The character was inspired by the real - life champion Muhammad Ali , having what one author remarked as the same `` brash , vocal , ( and ) theatrical '' personality . Sylvester Stallone debates this , stating , `` ( Jack ) Johnson served as the inspiration for the character of Apollo Creed in the Rocky movies . '' The character is loosely based on a combination of Muhammad Ali , Sugar Ray Leonard , Joe Louis , and Jack Johnson . Protagonist Rocky Balboa , Creed 's rival in Rocky and Rocky II , faces underdog odds ( five - to - one in Rocky II ) and views Creed with respect , pointedly refusing the prodding of a reporter to `` trash talk '' against Creed by laconically remarking , `` He 's great . '' In Rocky , Creed essentially cleans out his division of serious challengers and magnanimously decides to fight journeyman Balboa for the fan spectacle . In the film and its sequel , Balboa and Creed find themselves basically evenly matched in the ring , ending up friends by the third movie . Creed had multiple nicknames , including most prominently `` The Master of Disaster '' . Others include `` The King of Sting '' , `` The Dancing Destroyer '' , `` The Prince of Punch '' , and `` The Count of Monte Fisto '' . A 2013 poll of former heavyweight champions and boxing writers , including former WBA heavyweight star James `` Bonecrusher '' Smith , ranked Creed as the second - best boxer in the Rocky series . Contents 1 Role in the series 1.1 Rocky 1.2 Rocky II 1.3 Rocky III 1.4 Rocky IV 1.5 Rocky V 1.6 Rocky Balboa 1.7 Creed 2 Fighting style 3 References Role in the series ( edit ) Rocky ( edit ) Apollo Creed first appeared in the 1976 Oscar - winning film Rocky as the charismatic , intelligent , and undefeated 33 - year - old World Heavyweight Champion . A planned Bicentennial fight against number - one contender Mac Lee Green was scheduled for January 1 , 1976 , which Creed gladly hypes whenever someone places a microphone in front of him . However , Green hurts his left hand in training , and when none of the other top - ranked contenders , such as Joe Czak and Buddy Shaw , step up to face the champion , Creed responds with a promotion that will generate huge publicity . He will offer an unknown local fighter an opportunity to battle for the title in a match in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Upon reviewing the local boxers in Philadelphia , Creed is drawn to a club fighter named Rocky Balboa because Balboa is Italian and has a catchy nickname , `` The Italian Stallion '' . Creed also explains his choice by saying : `` Who discovered America ? An Italian , right ? What better way to celebrate its 200th birthday than to get it on with one of his descendants ? '' Creed brushes off the idea of the left - handed Balboa giving him a fight , pledging to knock him out in three rounds . In spite of his trainer 's concern when he sees Balboa in a television interview , training by punching sides of beef in a meat - packing plant , Creed puts more effort into giving everyone a good show rather than training for the bout . When the match takes place , Creed dresses up like both George Washington and Uncle Sam in the pre-fight festivities ( with his matching trademark `` stars and stripes '' boxing shorts ) and is in a jovial mood until Balboa knocks him down in the first round with a single uppercut , the first time Creed has been knocked down in his career . He then endures a gruelling 15 - round fight with Balboa , who gets to his feet after Creed takes him down with an uppercut in the 14th round in what appears to be the end of the match . This was the first time anyone had ever taken the champion the full 15 rounds . Both fighters are beaten , bloodied , and bruised by the end of the bout -- Balboa with severe eye damage and Creed with internal bleeding . Creed gains a controversial split decision victory , and neither fighter wants a rematch , at least at that moment . Rocky II ( edit ) In the second film , Creed immediately demands a rematch in the hospital ER after the fight . In fact , he challenges Rocky to finish the fight right there . Creed 's desire for a rematch with Balboa intensifies when it becomes clear that the prevailing public opinion is that Creed had been paid to intentionally carry Rocky for the 15 - round distance instead of knocking him out early in the fight . Eager to change minds and ignoring the pleas of his staff , Creed challenges Balboa to a second fight on Thanksgiving Day , 1976 . He uses various humiliation tactics to coax Balboa out of retirement . Rocky had married his girlfriend Adrian after getting out of the hospital from the first fight . Creed insists at the press conference that he would `` drop him like a bad habit '' and tells Rocky when he leaves , `` Come November , you 're mine ! '' In a press interview during training , he also insists that Rocky `` can not last five minutes in the ring with a superior athlete like me ! '' Creed plows through sparring partners and trains harder than ever before , with the intention of punishing Balboa for the embarrassment eleven months earlier . Mickey trains Rocky to become faster by chasing and catching a chicken . Unlike their first fight , Creed dominates Balboa throughout the second fight , thwarting Rocky 's strategy of fighting right - handed . Despite this , he is unable to make good on his promise of an early knockout victory , as Rocky absorbs his punches . By the final round , Creed is well ahead on points ; however , he also endures a substantial beating in later rounds , when it becomes apparent he can not knock Balboa out , and Balboa begins landing his own punches on the tiring Creed . Not wanting a repeat of the first fight ( and ignoring the pleas of his trainers ) , he vows to knock Balboa out rather than taking the safer route by winning on points . At the beginning of the 15th round , he tells Rocky , `` You 're going down '' , to which Rocky replies , `` No way '' . After going toe - to - toe for much of the final round , Creed is knocked down by a left from Balboa , with Balboa falling down in exhaustion as well . Rocky gets up by the count of 9 , but Creed is unable to pull himself up and is counted out , losing the match and the championship by knockout , his first professional loss . Apollo retires from boxing soon after . Even though he has lost , he gains his respect from the crowd back since it feels that he fought and lost in a fair fight . The fight also results in Creed finally acknowledging Balboa 's ability as a fighter , rather than seeing him as a fluke . Rocky iii ( edit ) In the third film , a 39 - year - old Apollo Creed appears at the first fight between James `` Clubber '' Lang , 23 , and Rocky Balboa , 34 , as a guest moderator . This is a match at which Lang defeats Rocky by KO in the second round . Before the match , the former champion Creed steps into the ring to greet the fighters . When he steps up to Lang , the latter slaps away Creed 's hand and mockingly insists that he `` do n't want no has - been in my corner '' . He further says , `` You want to jump , Creed ? Jump . '' When Creed walks away , stunned at this rude display from the belligerent challenger , Lang laughs at him and calls him a `` chicken . '' This prompts Creed to tell Balboa to `` give everybody a present and drop this chump . '' Following the match , in which Lang wins by a brutal second - round knockout , Balboa 's beloved manager Mickey dies in the locker room . Determined in part to put the disrespectful brute in his place , Creed finds an apprehensive and bereaved Balboa at Mickey 's gym . Despite hesitating at first , Balboa agrees to let Creed train him for a rematch against Lang , who laughs off the prospect of `` one has - been teaching another '' during a television interview . The pair subsequently travels to the `` Tough Gym '' in Los Angeles , California , where Creed used to train , in preparation for a rematch with Lang . Creed encourages Rocky not to ignore the naysayers that say he is too old but instead refocus himself . During this talk , he states , `` Now when we fought ... you had that eye of the tiger '' . This quote is referred to throughout the movie , including the film 's theme song , `` Eye of the Tiger '' by Survivor . Creed mentions that Rocky will owe him `` a big favor '' once he wins , which he does not specify at first . Rocky 's training is geared toward making him quicker and more agile to counter the larger , stronger brawler . Creed teaches Rocky his ( Creed 's ) own fighting style . Rocky has trouble concentrating during his training , suffering from guilt over Mickey 's demise and self - doubt . Adrian helps Rocky recognize this as a simple fear of losing again and convinces him that he ca n't let fear control his life and that he has to fight again , not to prove a point but to live without fear . Rocky agrees and begins to put his fear aside . Creed helps Rocky rediscover the fire inside , which he had lost in the time leading up to the Lang fight , that had won him the title . Creed calls this fire the `` eye of the tiger '' . Before the match begins , Creed expresses his confidence that Rocky will win . He gives Rocky his signature `` colors '' ( Creed 's stars and stripes boxing trunks ) to wear during the fight ( and tells him to wash them afterwards ) . Re-energized with Creed shadow - boxing in his corner , Rocky regains his title with a three - round knockout of Lang . After his victory , Creed reveals his favor -- a third fight with Rocky ( not as a bloody fight between bitter rivals , but as a sparring match between friends ) . Rocky happily accepts the challenge . The film ends showing each boxer hitting the other at the same time , symbolizing the equality of their greatness . The result was not revealed until the 2015 film Creed , in which Rocky tells Apollo 's son that Apollo won this fight . Rocky IV ( edit ) In 1985 , Apollo ( 43 years old ) , comes out of a five - year retirement to fight mammoth Soviet Olympic boxer Ivan Drago , who has come to the United States on behalf of the Soviet Union to enter the world of professional boxing . Not wanting the Soviets to appear superior to American fighters , the patriotic Apollo challenges Drago to an exhibition match and calls out Drago at the press conference that sets up their exhibition bout at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas , Nevada on August 31 , 1985 . Highlighted by a pre-match rendition of `` Living in America '' by James Brown , Apollo enters the arena from a descending scaffold overhead , dancing to the music in his old red , white , and blue Uncle Sam outfit . With Rocky , Duke , and Paulie in his corner , Apollo is overly confident that he can dispense of Drago with ease . However , Apollo is not ready for the extreme size and strength of the Russian . After taunting the Russian and landing a number of ineffectual punches , Creed is pummeled badly in the first round . Rocky wants to stop the fight but Apollo refuses . Apollo adamantly tells Rocky not to stop the fight `` no matter what ... no matter what ! '' By the start of the second round , Drago pummels Creed with ease . Rocky again tries to stop the fight by throwing in the towel . Apollo tells Rocky not to stop the fight , giving Drago a chance to deliver a fatal blow ( as Rocky drops the towel causing the fight to stop ) to Apollo , who dies in Rocky 's arms in the middle of the ring . Drago wins by technical knockout . An enraged Rocky then sets out to avenge Apollo 's death by beating Drago in the Soviet Union , with the Soviet premier and the Politburo looking on . He succeeds as the film ends with Rocky winning the fight by knockout in the last round . Rocky V ( edit ) With his character 's death , Carl Weathers departed the franchise after Rocky IV . In Rocky V , the fifth installment of the series , after Rocky Balboa defeated Ivan Drago , Apollo 's trainer Duke congratulated Rocky by showing that he made everyone proud , especially for Apollo by holding up his red , white , and blue trunks . Apollo was thereafter only mentioned briefly in past tenses , including a flashback scene between Mickey and Rocky before Balboa 's first fight with Creed where Mickey states , `` Apollo wo n't know what hit him . '' Rocky 's pupil Tommy Gunn also claimed to have been a fan of Rocky since his first fight with Apollo . Tommy was eventually allowed to wear Creed 's trunks . There was a poster of Apollo and Rocky during the events of Rocky II in Rocky Jr 's bedroom before the Balboas went bankrupt . During Tommy 's fight with Union Cane , Rocky commented that it was like his own first fight with Apollo . Later , during Rocky 's street fight with Tommy , he began to hallucinate and saw images of Apollo 's death at the hands of Drago , believing that he was about to suffer the same fate . However , a vision of Mickey telling him to get up gave Rocky the strength to win the street fight . Rocky Balboa ( edit ) In the sixth installment of the Rocky franchise , Rocky is seen paying tribute to Apollo by telling customers at his restaurant stories about his friendship and fights with him . In a deleted scene when Rocky wakes up , Rocky sees Paulie sleeping and Rocky sees a photo of his first fight with Apollo but his face is censored and Rocky 's face is covered by a scrap of paper with Paulie 's head . During the commentary before the Rocky vs Mason Dixon fight , a montage of Rocky 's opponents is shown which excludes his two fights against Apollo . Creed ( edit ) In the seventh installment , it has been revealed that Creed had an affair sometime before his death , and from that , Adonis Johnson Creed was born . After his biological mother 's death in the late ' 90s , Apollo 's widow , Mary Anne ( Phylicia Rashad ) , adopts him . At a young age , not only does he possess the boxing skills of his father , but also his fiery temper . Years later , presumed to be a well - educated young man , Adonis ( Michael B. Jordan ) leaves his job to pursue a full - time career in boxing . He first seeks tutelage from Duke 's son , `` Lil ' Duke '' ( Wood Harris ) , who runs the Delphi Boxing Academy . Duke refuses to work with Adonis to ensure his safety . Adonis , to his mother 's dismay , moves to Philadelphia to seek out Rocky . While meeting up at Adrian 's , Rocky is surprised when Adonis mentions a third fight between him and Apollo that happened behind closed doors , presenting himself to be Apollo 's son . Rocky compliments his father 's boxing ability and reveals that Apollo won their third match . When the word got out that Adonis is Apollo 's illegitimate son , the media heavily publicized the story of his infidelity , which catches the eye of the trainer for the reigning light - heavyweight champion , `` Pretty '' Ricky Conlan ( Tony Bellew ) . Both parties would want the fight to happen , however , on the condition that Adonis would assume his actual name instead of his mother 's last name , Johnson , to which he agrees , similar to Apollo 's desire to select Rocky due to his nickname : `` The Italian Stallion '' . Leading up to the fight , Rocky has been diagnosed with cancer , which greatly impacts Adonis ' behavior , including being incarcerated for the night after a brawl at a club . While Rocky visits him in jail , Adonis angrily blames him for his father 's death , while Rocky tries to calm him down and understand Apollo , who is n't there to defend himself . After getting his mind straight , Adonis makes a pact with Rocky that they would both fight their respective battles together . In Liverpool , Adonis receives a gift from Mary Anne ; boxing trunks that heavily resembles his father 's trunks , who he passed to Rocky , who he passed to Tommy `` The Machine '' Gunn . The fight presents many parallels to Rocky and Apollo 's original fight , with Adonis assuming his trainer 's role . Conlan presents an unrelenting attack on Adonis , in which he knocks him down . After a less than stellar introductory round , Adonis finally manages a right hook strong enough to cut Conlan by surprise . In the eleventh round , after an intense flurry , Conlan manages a strong shot that seemingly knocked Adonis unconscious , however Adonis sees visions of his relationship with his girlfriend and Rocky 's ailing composure , but finally wakes up after seeing a vision of his father in his prime , which baffles Conlan and the audience . Before the final round , Rocky is adamant on stopping the fight to save Adonis from the long term effects of his injuries , a decision he contemplated 30 years after Apollo 's death . However , Adonis wants to continue to fight to prove that he is not `` a mistake '' . After the revelation , Rocky tells Adonis that , though he 's never had the chance to thank Apollo for stepping in when Mickey died , it does not match what he 's done for him and that he loves him . In the closing seconds of the fight , Adonis finally unleashes a style that is comparable to his father 's and Rocky 's , and manages to knock down Conlan for the first time in his career . A split decision determines Conlan the winner of the fight , and gives Adonis the ultimate respect , telling him that he 's `` the future of this division '' . During the post-fight interview , HBO Boxing analyst Max Kellerman asks Adonis what he would like to say to his father , to which Adonis tearfully says that he loves him and he knows he did n't leave him on purpose , in which he concludes the interview saying he 's `` proud to be a Creed '' . Fighting style ( edit ) See also : Muhammad Ali in media and popular culture In the film series , Creed is known as one of the world 's best fighters , possessing a combination of great speed and strength . His powerful jab and emphasis on agility complement his flashy personality and outfit . In terms of weaknesses , his only major drawback appears to be his deep sense of pride and strong self - confidence , which allows Rocky to get an edge over him in the ring by surprising Creed . Like Ali , Apollo was an outside fighter , relying on his speed and power to get through fights . His jab - cross-hook combination were his mainstay , and , also like Ali , Creed 's defense was heavily contingent upon his speed . Apollo used Ali 's `` float like a butterfly , sting like a bee '' philosophy , being able to slip and evade blows and frustrate his opponents . A notable difference was that though Creed had Ali 's unorthodox hand positioning , he ducked , bobbed and weaved in the classic style , as opposed to Ali who preferred to move backwards , in contradiction to boxing 's basic tenets , but with success . Perhaps the reason for this was that only Ali could be that unorthodox and look convincing ; where most boxing instructors would tell their pupils that a punch can not be landed when the puncher is retreating backwards , Ali did that too with regularity . Also unlike Ali , Apollo was not very political and had very little to say on social issues . In Rocky I , a reporter asked him if it mattered to him that he was fighting a white man on the most celebrated day in the U.S. 's history , to which Apollo replied , `` About as much as it matters to him that he 's fighting a black man on the most celebrated day in our country 's history . '' Like Ali , Creed was susceptible to taking a lot of damage during fights because of the level at which he held his hands , a fact which ultimately proved to be his undoing . Film in the United States portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Editorial , Reuters . `` Trump pardons late black boxing champion Jack Johnson '' . U.S . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobson , Matthew Frye ( 2009 ) . Roots Too : White Ethnic Revival in Post-Civil Rights America . Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674039063 . ^ Jump up to : William J. Palmer . The Films of the Eighties : A Social History . p. 220 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Western Fictions , Black Realities : Meanings of Blackness and Modernities . p. 277 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ All - Stars and Movie Stars : Sports in Film and History . p. 211 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Seán Crosson ( 2013 - 07 - 18 ) . Sport and Film . p. 1937 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Definitive Ranking of Rocky Fighters '' . Ruthlessreviews.com . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Black , Rich , and Famous : The Rise of the NBA , the Hip Hop Invasion ... p. 60 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Larry Powell ; Tom Garrett . The Films of John G. Avildsen : Rocky , The Karate Kid and Other Underdogs . p. 75 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Susanne Hamscha . The Fiction of America : Performance and the Cultural Imaginary in Literature ... p. 59 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Randy Roberts ; James S. Olson . Winning is the Only Thing : Sports in America Since 1945 . p. 180 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Chris Jordan . Movies and the Reagan Presidency : Success and Ethics . p. 94 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Peter Bondanella ( 2005 - 12 - 29 ) . Hollywood Italians : Dagos , Palookas , Romeos , Wise Guys , and Sopranos . p. 125 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Preceded by None Rocky Balboa 's main opponent Succeeded by James `` Clubber '' Lang hide Rocky Films Rocky ( 1976 ) Rocky II ( 1979 ) Rocky III ( 1982 ) Rocky IV ( 1985 ) Rocky V ( 1990 ) Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) Creed ( 2015 ) Creed II ( 2018 ) Characters Rocky Balboa Adonis Creed Apollo Creed Ivan Drago Tony `` Duke '' Evers Mickey Goldmill Clubber Lang Adrian Pennino Paulie Pennino Music Rocky `` Gonna Fly Now '' `` Eye of the Tiger '' Rocky IV `` Burning Heart '' `` Heart 's on Fire '' `` Living in America '' Rocky V Rocky Balboa : The Best of Rocky Rocky the Musical ( 2012 ) Creed Video games Rocky Super Action Boxing ( 1983 ) Rocky ( 1987 ) Rocky ( 2002 ) Rocky Legends ( 2004 ) Rocky Balboa ( 2007 ) CREED : Rise to Glory ( 2018 ) Related Anderson v. Stallone Rocky Steps Rocky statue in Žitište Chuck Wepner Chuck 2016 film Rocky VI ( 1986 ) Ricky 1 ( 1988 ) Grudge Match ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo_Creed&oldid=853304983 '' Categories : Fictional African - American people Fictional boxers Fictional characters introduced in 1976 Fictional characters from Los Angeles Rocky characters Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from August 2010 All articles that may contain original research Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from August 2010 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 20 : 13 ( UTC ) . 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who won third fight between rocky and apollo
[ "In the seventh installment, it has been revealed that Creed had an affair sometime before his death, and from that, Adonis Johnson Creed was born. After his biological mother's death in the late '90s, Apollo's widow, Mary Anne (Phylicia Rashad), adopts him. At a young age, not only does he possess the boxing skills of his father, but also his fiery temper. Years later, presumed to be a well-educated young man, Adonis (Michael B. Jordan) leaves his job to pursue a full-time career in boxing. He first seeks tutelage from Duke's son, \"Lil' Duke\" (Wood Harris), who runs the Delphi Boxing Academy. Duke refuses to work with Adonis to ensure his safety. Adonis, to his mother's dismay, moves to Philadelphia to seek out Rocky. While meeting up at Adrian's, Rocky is surprised when Adonis mentions a third fight between him and Apollo that happened behind closed doors, presenting himself to be Apollo's son. Rocky compliments his father's boxing ability and reveals that Apollo won their third match.\n" ]
[ "Apollo" ]
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Pinellas County, Florida
Pinellas county , Florida - Wikipedia Pinellas county , Florida Pinellas County , Florida County County of Pinellas Fort De Soto Park Logo Location in the U.S. state of Florida Florida 's location in the U.S. Founded January 1 , 1912 Named for Spanish Punta Piñal ( `` Point of Pines '' ) Seat Clearwater Largest city St. Petersburg Area Total 608 sq mi ( 1,575 km ) Land 274 sq mi ( 710 km ) Water 334 sq mi ( 865 km ) , 55.0 % Population ( est . ) ( 2017 ) 970,637 Density 3,542 / sq mi ( 1,368 / km ) Congressional districts 12th , 13th Time zone Eastern : UTC − 5 / − 4 Website www.pinellascounty.org Pinellas County is a county located in the state of Florida . As of the 2010 census , the population was 916,542 . The county is part of the Tampa -- St. Petersburg -- Clearwater , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . Clearwater is the county seat , and St. Petersburg is the largest city . Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-European settlement 1.2 Spanish and British Florida 1.3 Settlement of West Hillsborough 1.4 Birth of Pinellas County 1.5 Land boom and prohibition 1.6 Great Depression and World War II 1.7 Recent history 2 Geography 2.1 Physical geography 2.1. 1 Barrier islands and passes 2.2 National protected area 2.3 State protected areas 2.4 County parks and preserves 2.5 Pinellas County parks gallery 2.6 Other protected areas 2.7 Adjacent counties 3 Ecosystems 3.1 Plant life 3.2 Animal life 3.3 Invasive species 4 Climate 5 Demographics 5.1 2010 Census 5.2 2000 Census 5.3 Languages 6 Government and politics 6.1 Voter Registration 7 Education 7.1 Primary and secondary education 7.2 Colleges and universities 7.3 Libraries 8 Economy 8.1 Historical economic strengths 8.2 Economy today 9 Culture 9.1 Museums 9.2 Performing arts venues 9.3 Other points of interest 10 Sports and recreation 10.1 Sports teams 10.2 Recreational areas 11 Media 12 Transportation 12.1 Major highways 12.2 Airports 12.3 Railroads 12.4 Mass transit 13 Emergency management 13.1 Fire departments 13.2 Emergency Medical Services 13.3 Law enforcement agencies 13.4 Hospitals 14 Communities 14.1 Cities 14.2 Towns 14.3 Census - designated places 14.4 Other unincorporated communities 15 In popular culture 16 See also 17 References 18 Bibliography 19 External links History ( edit ) View from the top of the Tocobaga mound at Philippe Park Marker at site of 1528 Narvaez landing , Jungle Prada , St. Petersburg The McMullen - Coachman Log Cabin , built in 1852 , is located at Heritage Village in Largo , Florida , and is the oldest standing structure in Pinellas County The Belleview Biltmore hotel built by Henry Plant Battery and guns at Fort De Soto The original span of the Gandy Bridge The Renaissance Vinoy Hotel Pre-european settlement ( edit ) Prior to European exploration and settlement the Pinellas peninsula , like all of Tampa Bay , was inhabited by the Tocobaga Indians , who built a town and large temple mound overlooking the bay in what is now Safety Harbor . The modern site is protected and can be visited as part of the County 's Philippe Park . Spanish and British Florida ( edit ) During the early 16th century Spanish explorers discovered and slowly began exploring Florida , including Tampa Bay . In 1528 Panfilo de Narvaez landed in Pinellas , and 10 years later Hernando de Soto is thought to have explored the Tampa Bay Area . By the early 18th century the Tocobaga had been virtually annihilated , having fallen victim to European diseases from which they had no immunity , as well as European conflicts . Later Spanish explorers named the area Punta Piñal ( Spanish for `` Point of Pines '' or `` Piney Point '' ) . After trading hands multiple times between the British and the Spanish , Spain finally ceded Florida to the United States in 1821 , and in 1823 the U.S. Army established Fort Brooke ( later Tampa ) . Settlement of West Hillsborough ( edit ) In 1834 much of west central Florida , including the Pinellas peninsula ( then known simply as West Hillsborough ) , was organized as Hillsborough County . The very next year Odet Philippe became the first permanent , non-native resident of the peninsula when he established a homestead near the site of the Tocobaga village in Safety Harbor . It was Philippe who first introduced both citrus culture and cigar - making to Florida . Around the same time , the United States Army began construction of Fort Harrison , named after William Henry Harrison , as a rest post for soldiers from nearby Fort Brooke during the Second Seminole War . The new fort was located on a bluff overlooking Clear Water Harbor , which later became part of an early 20th - century residential development ( now historic district ) called Harbor Oaks . University of South Florida archaeologists excavated the site in 1977 after Alfred C. Wyllie discovered an underground ammunition bunker while digging a swimming pool on his estate . Clearwater would later become the first organized community on the peninsula as well as the site of its first post office . The Armed Occupation Act , passed in 1842 , encouraged further settlement of Pinellas , like all of Florida , by offering 160 acres ( 0.65 km2 ) to anyone who would bear arms and cultivate the land . Pioneer families like the Booths , the Coachmans , the Marstons , and the McMullens established homesteads in the area in the years following , planting more citrus groves and raising cattle . During the American Civil War , many residents fought for the Confederate States of America . Brothers James and Daniel McMullen were members of the Confederate Cow Cavalry , driving Florida cattle to Georgia and the Carolinas to help sustain the war effort . John W. Marston served in the 9th Florida Regiment as a part of the Appomattox Campaign . Many other residents served in other capacities . Otherwise the peninsula had virtually no significance during the war , and the war largely passed the area by . Tarpon Springs became West Hillsborough 's first incorporated city in 1887 , and in 1888 the Orange Belt Railway was extended into the southern portion of the peninsula . Railroad owner Peter Demens named the town that grew near the railroad 's terminus St. Petersburg in honor of his hometown . The town would incorporate in 1892 . Other major towns in the county incorporated during this time were Clearwater ( 1891 ) , Dunedin ( 1899 ) , and Largo ( 1905 ) . Construction of Fort De Soto , on Mullet Key facing the mouth of Tampa Bay , was begun in 1898 during the Spanish -- American War to protect Tampa Bay from potential invading forces . The fort , a subpost of Fort Dade on adjacent Egmont Key ( which lies in the mouth of Tampa Bay ) , was equipped with artillery and mortar batteries . Birth of Pinellas county ( edit ) Even into the early years of the 20th century , West Hillsborough had no paved roads , and transportation posed a major challenge . A trip to the county seat , across the bay in Tampa , was generally an overnight affair and the automobiles that existed on the peninsula at that time would frequently become bogged down in the muck after rainstorms . Angry at what was perceived as neglect by the county government , residents of Pinellas began a push to secede from Hillsborough . They succeeded , and on January 1 , 1912 Pinellas County came into being . The peninsula , along with a small part of the mainland were incorporated into the new county . Land boom and prohibition ( edit ) Aviation history was made in St. Petersburg on January 1 , 1914 when Tony Jannus made the world 's first scheduled commercial airline flight with the St. Petersburg - Tampa Airboat Line from St. Petersburg to Tampa . The popular open - air St. Petersburg concert venue Jannus Live ( formerly known as `` Jannus Landing '' ) memorializes the flight . The early 1920s saw the beginning of a land boom in much of Florida , including Pinellas . During this period municipalities issued a large number of bonds to keep pace with the needed infrastructure , such as roads and bridges . The travel time to Tampa was cut in half -- from 43 to 19 miles ( 69 to 31 km ) -- by the opening of the Gandy Bridge in 1924 , along the same route Jannus ' airline used . It was the longest automobile toll bridge in the world at the time . Prohibition was unpopular in the area and the peninsula 's countless inlets and islands became havens for rumrunners bringing in liquor from Cuba . Others distilled moonshine in the County 's still plentiful woods . Great Depression and World war II ( edit ) As was the case in much of Florida , the Great Depression came early to Pinellas with the collapse of the real estate boom in 1926 . Local economies came into severe difficulties , and by 1930 , St. Petersburg defaulted on its bonds . Only after World War II would significant growth return to the area . During the war , the area 's tourist industry collapsed , but thousands of recruits came to the area when the U.S. military decided to use the area for training . Area hotels became barracks . The Vinoy Park Hotel was used as an Army training school . The area 's women and girls participated in the war effort as well . Hundreds of girls from the area 's most prominent families formed a group called the Bomb - a-Dears , holding dances , socializing with recruits , and selling war bonds . After the war many of these same soldiers remembered their war time experience in Pinellas well , and returned as tourists or residents . Recent history ( edit ) With the end of the Second World War , Pinellas would enter another period of rapid growth and development . In 1954 the original span of the Sunshine Skyway Bridge was opened , replacing earlier ferry service . By 1957 Clearwater was America 's fastest growing city . The Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council was founded by the late mayor of St. Petersburg , Herman Goldner , who sought without success during the 1960s to consolidate various municipalities and unincorporated areas in south Pinellas County . Each year the council presents its Herman Goldner Award for Regional Leadership . Tragedy struck on May 9 , 1980 , when the southbound span of the original Sunshine Skyway Bridge was struck by the freighter MV Summit Venture during a storm , sending over 1,200 feet ( 370 m ) of the bridge plummeting into Tampa Bay . The collision caused ten cars and a Greyhound bus to fall 150 feet ( 46 m ) into the water , killing 35 people . The new bridge opened in 1987 and has since been listed as # 3 of the `` Top 10 Bridges '' in the World by the Travel Channel . The county operates a 21 - acre ( 8.5 ha ) living history museum called Heritage Village containing more than 28 historic structures , some dating back to the 19th century , where visitors can experience what life was once like in Pinellas . Pinellas County celebrated 100 years of existence on January 1 , 2012 . Geography ( edit ) According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 608 square miles ( 1,570 km ) , of which 274 square miles ( 710 km ) is land and 334 square miles ( 870 km ) ( 55.0 % ) is water . It is the second - smallest county in Florida by land area , larger than only Union County . Pinellas forms a peninsula bounded on the west by the Gulf of Mexico and on the south and east by Tampa Bay . It is 38 miles ( 61 km ) long and 15 miles ( 24 km ) wide at its broadest point , with 587 miles ( 945 km ) of coastline . Physical geography ( edit ) Honeymoon Island State Park near Dunedin , one of the county 's barrier islands The Anclote Key Light Gizella Kopsick Palm Arboretum in St. Petersburg Elevation in the county ranges from mean sea level to its highest natural point of 110 feet ( 34 m ) near the intersection of SR 580 and Countryside Blvd. in Clearwater . Due to its small size and high population , by the early 21st century Pinellas County has been mostly built out , with very little developable land left available . The county has maintained a fairly large system of parks and preserves that provide residents and visitors retreat from the city and a glimpse of the peninsula 's original state . Geologically , Pinellas is underlain by a series of limestone formations , the Hawthorne limestone and the Tampa limestone . The limestone is porous and stores a large quantity of water . The Hawthorne formation forms a prominent ridge down the spine of the county , from east of Dunedin , south to the Walsingham area and east towards St. Petersburg . The 35 miles of beaches and dunes which make up the county 's 11 barrier islands provide habitat for coastal species , serve as critical storm protection for the inland communities , and form the basis of the area 's thriving tourism industry . The islands are dynamic , with wave action building some islands further up , eroding others , and forming entirely new islands over time . Though hurricanes are infrequent on this part of Florida 's coast , they have had a major impact on the islands , with the Hurricane of 1848 forming John 's Pass between Madeira Beach and Treasure Island , a hurricane in 1921 creating Hurricane Pass and cleaving Hog Island into Honeymoon and Caladesi Islands , and 1985 's Hurricane Elena sealing Dunedin Pass to join Caladesi with Clearwater Beach . Between the barrier islands and the peninsula are several bodies of water , through which traverses a section of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway . From north to south they are : St. Joseph Sound between the islands and Dunedin , Clearwater Harbor between Clearwater and Clearwater Beach , and Boca Ciega Bay in the southern third of the county . Connecting Clearwater Harbor to Boca Ciega Bay is a thin , approximately 3.5 - mile ( 5.6 km ) stretch of water known as The Narrows , which runs next to the town of Indian Shores . Extending from northeastern Boca Ciega Bay , Long Bayou separates Seminole from St. Petersburg near Bay Pines . Long Bayou once extended significantly farther up the peninsula until the northern portion was sealed off to create Lake Seminole . Extending further still from Long Bayou , the Cross Bayou Canal traverses the peninsula , crossing Pinellas Park in a northeasterly direction before emptying into Tampa Bay on the northwest side of St. Petersburg - Clearwater International Airport . Barrier islands and passes ( edit ) Anclote Key - offshore of Tarpon Springs and the northernmost point in the county Howard Park - a man - made pocket beach created in the 1960s Three Rooker Bar - the most geologically recent of Pinellas ' barrier islands Honeymoon Island Hurricane Pass Caladesi Island Dunedin Pass - shoaled and closed in the 1980s , linking Caladesi Island and Clearwater Beach Clearwater Beach Clearwater Pass Sand Key - the longest of Pinellas ' barrier islands John 's Pass Treasure Island Blind Pass Long Key ( St. Pete Beach ) Pass - a-Grille Channel Shell Key Tierra Verde - on the bay side of Shell Key , links the mainland to Fort De Soto . Created by a dredge - and - fill project that merged several smaller Keys , including Cabbage and Pine Keys Bunces Pass Mullet Key - home to Fort De Soto and the southernmost point in the county National protected area ( edit ) Pinellas National Wildlife Refuge State protected areas ( edit ) Honeymoon Island State Park Caladesi Island State Park Anclote Key Preserve State Park County parks and preserves ( edit ) A.L. Anderson Park , Tarpon Springs Boca Ciega Millenium Park , Seminole John Chesnut Sr. Park , Palm Harbor Eagle Lake Park , Largo Fort De Soto Park , Tierra Verde Fred Howard Park , Tarpon Springs Lake Seminole Park , Seminole Philippe Park , Safety Harbor Ridgecrest Park , Largo Sand Key Park , Clearwater Sawgrass Lake Park , St. Petersburg John S. Taylor Park , Largo Wall Springs Park , Palm Harbor Walsingham Park , Largo War Veterans Memorial Park , St. Petersburg Brooker Creek Preserve Mobbly Bayou Preserve Shell Key Preserve Weedon Island Preserve Walter Fuller Park , St. Petersburg Pinellas County parks gallery ( edit ) Anderson Park Panorama Brooker Creek Nature Preserve walkway View of Lake Tarpon from John Chestnut Park Wall Springs View of St Joseph Sound from the old observation tower Other protected areas ( edit ) Boyd Hill Nature Preserve - A 245 - acre park on the shores of Lake Maggiore in south St. Petersburg , operated by the city and featuring a nature center , bird - of - prey aviary , and over three miles of trails through a variety of ecosystems . Adjacent counties ( edit ) Pasco County -- north Hillsborough County -- east and south Hillsborough County extends along the shipping channel into the Gulf of Mexico and actually separates Pinellas County from Manatee County . Ecosystems ( edit ) Cabbage palms , the state tree of Florida The brown pelican is commonly seen along the Gulf coast Plant life ( edit ) Several natural communities exist within the county , including areas of freshwater wetlands ( dominated by bald cypresses and ferns ) , coastal mangrove swamps , sporadic hardwood hammocks ( dominated by laurel oaks and live oaks , cabbage palms , and southern magnolias ) , low - lying , poorly drained pine flatwoods ( dominated by longleaf pines and saw palmettos ) , and well - drained , upland sandhills ( dominated by longleaf pines and turkey oaks ) and sand pine scrub ( dominated by sand pines , saw palmettos , and various oaks ) . Offshore ecosystems include the Tampa Bay estuary and numerous gulf seagrass beds . The county also maintains several artificial reefs Animal life ( edit ) Numerous bird species can be sighted in Pinellas , either as permanent residents or during the winter migration , including wading birds like great blue herons , egrets , white ibises and roseate spoonbills , aquatic birds like brown pelicans , white pelicans , and cormorants , numerous species of shorebirds , and very - common birds like seagulls and passerines like the blue jay , mockingbird , and crow . Ospreys are a commonly seen bird - of - prey , with other birds of prey like turkey vultures , red tailed hawks , great horned owls , screech owls , barn owls , and bald eagles , among others , seen as well . Gopher tortoises are found in many areas , the burrows they dig making them a keystone species . Coyotes , though often associated with the American West , are native - to and can be found in Pinellas . White - tailed deer , wild turkeys , bobcats , otters , and alligators can be found in the county as well . Sea turtles nest on the shores or Pinellas ' barrier islands and have been threatened by development . Offshore , dolphins , sharks , and manatees are numerous as well , while closer inshore stingrays are a common sight , leading those in - the - know to do the `` stingray shuffle '' ( shuffling up the sand to scare nearby stingrays off ) when entering gulf waters . Species of fish commonly caught in the waters surrounding the county include spotted seatrout , red drum or redfish , snook , pompano , sheepshead , Spanish mackerel , grouper , mullet , flounder , kingfish , and tarpon . Invasive species ( edit ) Like much of Florida , Pinellas County is home to several invasive species that propagate easily outside their ( and their natural predators ' ) native range . Examples of commonly seen invasives include Brazilian pepper , water hyacinth , Australian pine , melaleuca and air potato . These species are considered serious pests , and varying methods have been tried to eradicate them . Examples of invasive animals include the wild boar , which poses significant health and agricultural problems in Florida and can sometimes be found in Pinellas , and the monk parakeet , small flocks of which can sometimes be seen in flight or building nests on electrical poles or telecommunications towers . Pinellas gained some national attention as the home of the Mystery Monkey of Tampa Bay , a non-native , feral rhesus macaque that had been on the loose for approximately three years in the south of the county . No one was sure where the monkey came from , and a Facebook page set up for the monkey had over 84,000 likes ( as of October 2012 ) . The monkey was the subject of a sketch on the March 11 , 2010 episode of the Colbert Report . As of February 2012 , the monkey had apparently taken up semi-permanent residence behind a family 's home at an undisclosed location in St. Petersburg , according to the Tampa Bay Times . Efforts to capture the monkey were reignited after it reportedly bit a woman living near where it had taken up residence , and the monkey was captured in late October 2012 and eventually was sent to live at Dade City 's Wild Things , a 22 - acre ( 8.9 ha ) zoo north of Tampa . Climate ( edit ) Cumulonimbus clouds like this one are a frequent sight during the rainy season Main article : Climate of the Tampa Bay area Pinellas , like the rest of the Tampa Bay area , has a humid subtropical climate , resulting in warm , humid summers with frequent thunderstorms , and drier winters . Pinellas County 's geographic position - lying on a peninsula between Tampa Bay and the Gulf of Mexico introduces large amounts of humidity into the atmosphere and serves to moderate temperatures . The geography of the peninsula also causes some variance in the county 's average temperatures . St. Petersburg , further south on the peninsula , tends to have warmer daily average lows ( by about 3 degrees ) than areas such as Dunedin and Palm Harbor further north , though daily highs are very close . The north of the county also has fewer overall days of rain , but higher total annual precipitation when measured in inches , the county 's south being prone to shorter , more frequent thunderstorms especially in the late summer . Freezing temperatures occur only every 2 -- 3 years , with freezing precipitation occurring extremely rarely . Springs are usually short , mild , and dry , with occasional late - season cold fronts . Summertime weather is very consistent , with highs in the low 90s ° F ( around 32 ° C ) , lows in the mid-70s ° F ( around 24 ° C ) , accompanied by high humidity and an almost daily chance of afternoon thundershowers . The area experiences significant rainfall during its summer months ( approximately May through October ) , with nearly two - thirds of annual precipitation falling between the months of June and September . The area is occasionally affected by tropical storms and hurricanes , but has not suffered a direct hit since 1921 . Fall , like spring , is usually mild and dry , with the hurricane season extending through November and sometimes affecting the area . Many portions of south Pinellas , especially near the bay and gulf , have tropical microclimates . Tropical trees such as coconut palms and royal palms and fruit trees like mangoes grow very well in these microclimates . hide Climate data for St. Petersburg , Florida Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 69.3 ( 20.7 ) 70.7 ( 21.5 ) 75.2 ( 24 ) 80 ( 27 ) 85.8 ( 29.9 ) 89.2 ( 31.8 ) 90.2 ( 32.3 ) 89.9 ( 32.2 ) 88.2 ( 31.2 ) 83 ( 28 ) 76.6 ( 24.8 ) 71.1 ( 21.7 ) 80.8 ( 27.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 54 ( 12 ) 55.2 ( 12.9 ) 59.7 ( 15.4 ) 64.6 ( 18.1 ) 70.8 ( 21.6 ) 75.2 ( 24 ) 76.6 ( 24.8 ) 76.8 ( 24.9 ) 75.8 ( 24.3 ) 70 ( 21 ) 62.9 ( 17.2 ) 56.3 ( 13.5 ) 66.5 ( 19.2 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 2.76 ( 70.1 ) 2.87 ( 72.9 ) 3.29 ( 83.6 ) 1.92 ( 48.8 ) 2.80 ( 71.1 ) 6.09 ( 154.7 ) 6.72 ( 170.7 ) 8.26 ( 209.8 ) 7.59 ( 192.8 ) 2.64 ( 67.1 ) 2.04 ( 51.8 ) 2.60 ( 66 ) 49.58 ( 1,259.3 ) Average rainy days 6.3 6.1 6.1 4.2 5 10.3 13.5 14.2 12 5.9 5 5.5 94.1 Source : NOAA hide Climate data for Dunedin , Florida Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 69 ( 21 ) 72 ( 22 ) 75 ( 24 ) 80 ( 27 ) 85 ( 29 ) 89 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 88 ( 31 ) 83 ( 28 ) 77 ( 25 ) 71 ( 22 ) 80.75 ( 27.08 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 50 ( 10 ) 53 ( 12 ) 57 ( 14 ) 62 ( 17 ) 68 ( 20 ) 73 ( 23 ) 75 ( 24 ) 75 ( 24 ) 72 ( 22 ) 66 ( 19 ) 59 ( 15 ) 53 ( 12 ) 63.58 ( 17.54 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 2.99 ( 75.9 ) 3.05 ( 77.5 ) 3.81 ( 96.8 ) 2.37 ( 60.2 ) 2.02 ( 51.3 ) 6.69 ( 169.9 ) 8.09 ( 205.5 ) 8.32 ( 211.3 ) 6.99 ( 177.5 ) 3.31 ( 84.1 ) 2.15 ( 54.6 ) 2.95 ( 74.9 ) 52.74 ( 1,339.6 ) Average rainy days 4.3 3.9 4.5 3.4 3.6 9.6 11 11.6 8.3 4.1 3.2 3.6 71.1 Source : Weather Channel Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1920 28,265 -- 1930 62,149 119.9 % 1940 91,852 47.8 % 1950 159,249 73.4 % 1960 374,665 135.3 % 1970 522,329 39.4 % 1980 728,531 39.5 % 851,659 16.9 % 2000 921,482 8.2 % 916,542 − 0.5 % Est. 2017 970,637 5.9 % U.S. Decennial Census 1790 - 1960 1900 - 1990 1990 - 2000 2010 - 2015 2010 Census ( edit ) U.S. Census Bureau 2010 Ethnic / Race Demographics : White ( non-Hispanic ) ( 82.1 % when including White Hispanics ) : 76.9 % ( 17.7 % German , 15.5 % Irish , 12.6 % English , 8.9 % Italian , 4.3 % Polish , 4.0 % French , 2.6 % Scottish , 1.9 % Scotch - Irish , 1.7 % Dutch , 1.4 % Swedish , 1.4 % Greek , 1.1 % Russian , 1.0 % French Canadian , 0.9 % Norwegian , 0.8 % Welsh , 0.8 % Hungarian , 0.5 % Czech , 0.5 % Portuguese , 0.5 % Ukrainian ) Black or African - American ( non-Hispanic ) ( 10.3 % when including Black Hispanics ) : 10.0 % ( 0.6 % Subsaharan African , 0.5 % West Indian / Afro - Caribbean American ( 0.2 % Jamaican , 0.1 % Haitian , 0.1 % Trinidadian and Tobagonian , 0.1 % Other or Unspecified West Indian ) ) Hispanic or Latino of any race : 8.0 % ( 2.4 % Puerto Rican , 2.4 % Mexican , 0.9 % Cuban ) Asian : 3.0 % ( 0.8 % Vietnamese , 0.7 % Other Asian , 0.6 % Indian , 0.5 % Filipino , 0.3 % Chinese , 0.1 % Korean , 0.1 % Japanese ) Two or more races : 2.2 % American Indian and Alaska Native : 0.3 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander : 0.1 % Other Races : 2.0 % ( 0.6 % Arab ) In 2010 , 6.5 % of the population considered themselves to be of only `` American '' ancestry ( regardless of race or ethnicity . ) There were 415,876 households out of which 19.89 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 40.33 % were married couples living together , 11.86 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 43.67 % were non-families. 35.42 % of all households were made up of individuals and 15.14 % ( 4.53 % male and 10.61 % female ) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.79 . The age distribution is 17.8 % under the age of 18 , 7.3 % from 18 to 24 , 23.0 % from 25 to 44 , 30.8 % from 45 to 64 , and 21.2 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 46.3 years . For every 100 females there were 92.3 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 89.8 males . The median income for a household in the county was $45,258 , and the median income for a family was $58,335 . Males had a median income of $41,537 versus $35,003 for females . The per capita income for the county was $28,742 . About 8.1 % of families and 12.1 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 17.7 % of those under age 18 and 9.0 % of those aged 65 or over . In 2010 , 11.2 % of the county 's population was foreign born , with 50.3 % being naturalized American citizens . Of foreign - born residents , 33.6 % were born in Europe , 32.1 % were born in Latin America , 20.9 % born in Asia , 9.8 % in North America , 3.0 % born in Africa , and 0.6 % were born in Oceania . 2000 Census ( edit ) As of 2000 , there were 921,482 people , 414,968 households , and 243,171 families residing in the county . The population density was 1,271 / km2 ( 3,292 / sq mi ) , making it the most densely populated county in Florida . There were 481,573 housing units at an average density of 1,720 per square mile ( 664 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the county was 85.85 % White ( 82.8 % were Non-Hispanic White , ) 8.96 % Black or African American , 0.30 % Native American , 2.06 % Asian , 0.05 % Pacific Islander , 1.14 % from other races , and 1.64 % from two or more races. 4.64 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race . There were 414,968 households out of which 22.10 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 44.80 % were married couples living together , 10.50 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 41.40 % were non-families. 34.10 % of all households were made up of individuals and 15.50 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.77 . In the county , the population was spread out with 19.30 % under the age of 18 , 6.40 % from 18 to 24 , 27.30 % from 25 to 44 , 24.50 % from 45 to 64 , and 22.50 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 43 years . For every 100 females there were 91.00 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 87.80 males . In 2000 , 87.8 % of persons age 25 or above were high school graduates , slightly above Florida 's average of 84.9 % for Florida . 26.7 % of persons age 25 or above held a Bachelor 's degree or higher , also slightly higher than Florida 's rate of 25.6 % . The median income for a household in the county was $37,111 , and the median income for a family was $46,925 . Males had a median income of $32,264 versus $26,281 for females . The per capita income for the county was $23,497 . About 6.70 % of families and 10.00 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 13.90 % of those under age 18 and 8.20 % of those age 65 or over . In 2000 , as Florida 's 6th and the nation 's 53rd most populous county , Pinellas has a population greater than that of the individual states of Wyoming , Montana , Delaware , South Dakota , Alaska , North Dakota , and Vermont , as well as the District of Columbia . With a population density ( as of the 2000 Census ) of 3292 persons / mi2 , Pinellas county is by far the most densely populated county in the state , more than double that of Broward County , the next most densely populated . Languages ( edit ) As of 2010 , 87.17 % of all residents spoke English as their first language , while 5.56 % spoke Spanish , 0.78 % Vietnamese , 0.70 % French , 0.65 % Greek , 0.56 % German , and 0.52 % of the population spoke Serbo - Croatian as their mother language . In total , 12.83 % of the population spoke languages other than English as their primary language . Government and politics ( edit ) The Board of County Commissioners governs all unincorporated areas of the county under the state 's constitution , with the power to adopt ordinances , approve the county budget , set millages , and provide services . The county 's municipalities , while governing their own affairs , may call upon the county for specialized services . The county administrator , appointed by and reporting to the Board , oversees most of the day - to - day operations of the county . As of 2013 , The members of the Board of County Commissioners are as follows : Janet Long - At - Large District # 1 ( 2012 -- present ) Pat Gerard - At - Large District # 2 ( 2014 -- present ) Charlie Justice - At - Large District # 3 ( 2012 -- present ) Dave Eggers , Single - Member District # 4 ( 2014 -- present ) Karen Seel , Single - Member District # 5 ( 1999 -- present ) John Morroni - Single - Member District # 6 ( 2000 -- present ) Ken Welch - Single - Member District # 7 ( 2000 -- present ) Mark Woodard - County Administrator ( 2014 -- present ) The county 's government website won a `` Sunny Award '' in 2010 for its proactive disclosure of government data from Sunshine Review . The Old Pinellas County Courthouse in Clearwater In national politics , Pinellas County , as part of the I - 4 Corridor stretching from Tampa Bay to Orlando , was one of the first areas of Florida to turn Republican . However , for the last quarter - century , it has been a powerful swing county in one of the nation 's most critical swing states . It is closely divided between predominantly liberal St. Petersburg and its predominantly suburban and conservative north and beaches . In the 2012 Presidential Election , Barack Obama won Pinellas with 52 % of the vote ( 239,104 votes ) to Mitt Romney 's 46.5 % ( 213,258 votes ) , slightly narrower than Obama 's 2008 election results in Pinellas of 53 % ( 248,299 votes ) to John McCain 's 45 % ( 210,066 votes ) . In 2004 Pinellas swung the other way , with George W. Bush winning a narrow plurality of 49.56 % ( 225,686 votes ) and John Kerry following closely behind with 49.51 % ( 225,460 votes ) . Presidential elections results Pinellas County vote by party in presidential elections Year Republican Democratic Third parties 2016 48.08 % 239,201 46.98 % 233,701 4.94 % 24,583 2012 46.45 % 213,258 52.08 % 239,104 1.47 % 6,750 2008 45.16 % 210,066 53.38 % 248,299 1.46 % 6,787 49.56 % 225,686 49.51 % 225,460 0.92 % 4,211 2000 46.38 % 184,849 50.35 % 200,657 3.27 % 13,020 40.44 % 152,155 49.10 % 184,748 10.46 % 39,369 37.63 % 159,121 37.96 % 160,528 24.41 % 103,202 57.76 % 211,049 41.72 % 152,420 0.52 % 1,901 1984 65.16 % 240,612 34.82 % 128,574 0.02 % 63 1980 53.83 % 185,728 40.12 % 138,428 6.04 % 20,847 1976 50.75 % 150,003 48.00 % 141,879 1.25 % 3,687 1972 69.83 % 179,541 30.02 % 77,197 0.15 % 378 1968 51.71 % 109,235 32.29 % 68,209 16.01 % 33,814 1964 44.98 % 80,414 55.02 % 98,381 1960 63.68 % 101,779 36.32 % 58,054 1956 72.55 % 74,314 27.45 % 28,113 1952 71.35 % 55,691 28.65 % 22,365 1948 55.92 % 24,900 35.32 % 15,724 8.76 % 3,900 1944 42.28 % 14,340 57.72 % 19,574 1940 41.30 % 13,327 58.70 % 18,941 1936 40.40 % 8,183 59.60 % 12,072 1932 42.07 % 7,024 57.93 % 9,670 1928 74.52 % 10,545 24.30 % 3,439 1.18 % 167 1924 47.53 % 2,872 43.57 % 2,633 8.91 % 538 1920 43.46 % 2,529 48.94 % 2,848 7.60 % 442 1916 22.86 % 555 61.90 % 1,503 15.24 % 370 1912 6.14 % 87 60.16 % 853 33.71 % 478 In the 2012 U.S. Senate election , Pinellas voters helped re-elect U.S. Senator Bill Nelson over challenger Connie Mack IV with 59 % of the vote , greater than his statewide average of 55 % . In the 2010 Senate Election , Pinellas was one of only four Florida counties won by outgoing Republican Governor Charlie Crist , a St. Petersburg native , who won 42 % of Pinellas voters running as an Independent in a three - way race with Republican nominee ( and eventual winner ) Marco Rubio and former Democratic U.S. Representative Kendrick Meek , who won 37 % and 16.8 % of the Pinellas vote , respectively . Statewide , Rubio won almost 49 % of the vote to Crist 's 29.7 % and Meek 's 20 % in a highly polarized election that would witness Crist depart from the Republican Party and eventually become a Democrat . Portions of Pinellas fall into Florida 's 12th and 13th congressional districts , served by Republican Gus Bilirakis and Democrat Crist . A court - ordered remap merged most of the 14th 's share of Pinellas into the 13th , enabling Crist to defeat Republican incumbent David Jolly in the 2016 election , breaking a 62 - year GOP hold on what is now the 13th . In state politics , portions of Pinellas are represented in the Florida Senate by Democratic State Senator Arthenia Joyner ( District 19 ) and Republican State Senators Jack Latvala ( District 20 ) and Jeff Brandes ( District 22 ) . In the Florida House parts of the county are represented by Republicans James Grant ( District 64 ) , Chris Sprowls ( District 65 ) , Larry Ahern ( District 66 ) , Chris Latvala ( District 67 ) , and Kathleen Peters ( District 69 ) and Democrats Dwight Dudley ( District 68 ) and Darryl Rouson ( District 70 ) . Voter Registration ( edit ) Party Number of Voters % Republican 230,556 35.9 Democratic 229,840 35.7 Other 182,824 28.4 Total 643,220 100 % Education ( edit ) Stetson University College of Law in Gulfport Primary and secondary education ( edit ) The county is served by the Pinellas County School District . The current superintendent is Dr. Michael Grego . The district , the nation 's 24th largest , comprises 143 schools , including 72 elementary schools , 17 middle schools , 2 K - 8 schools , 17 high schools , and 35 additional facilities including ESE , adult ed , career / technical , and charters . A new middle school is in the works at East Lake High School . The district also operates the K - 12 Pinellas Virtual School . Among the many notable magnet programs in the district are three International Baccalaureate ( IB ) programs , at St. Petersburg High School , Palm Harbor University High School , and Largo High School , the Center for Advanced Technologies ( CAT ) at Lakewood High School , the Pinellas County Center for the Arts ( PCCA ) at Gibbs High School , three middle school Centers for Gifted Studies , at Thurgood Marshall Fundamental , Morgan Fitzgerald , and Dunedin Highland Middle Schools , and Florida 's only Fundamental High School , at Osceola High School . Two of the district 's high schools are also ranked in Newsweek 's 2012 list of America 's Best High Schools . Pinellas County Schools also offers many courses for academically advanced and gifted individuals . The county is also home to many private schools , including Admiral Farragut Academy , Canterbury School , Calvary Christian , Clearwater Central Catholic , Keswick Christian School , Shorecrest Preparatory School , and St. Petersburg Catholic High School , among others . Colleges and universities ( edit ) Pinellas County is home several institutions of higher learning , including Eckerd College , the University of South Florida St. Petersburg , the multi-campus St. Petersburg College , the Stetson University College of Law in Gulfport , and the main campus of Schiller International University in Largo , after previously being located in Dunedin . Libraries ( edit ) The Pinellas Public Library Cooperative ( PPLC ) serves county residents by coordinating activities , funding and information and facilitating borrowing across 15 its constituent systems within the county . Individual libraries are primarily funded and operated by their municipalities . PPLC provides digital resources , coordinated marketing , courier service between libraries , and a shared online publicly accessible catalog . Economy ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2017 ) Sunset on Clearwater Beach Historical ECONOMIC strengths ( edit ) Agriculture was the single most important industry in Pinellas until the early 20th century , with much of the best land devoted to citrus production . Cattle ranching was another major industry . In 1885 the American Medical Society declared the Pinellas peninsula the `` healthiest spot on earth '' , which helped spur the growth of the tourist industry . Economy today ( edit ) Anchored by the urban markets of Clearwater and St. Petersburg , Pinellas has the second largest base of manufacturing employment in Florida . Pinellas has diverse , yet symbiotic , industry clusters , including aviation / aerospace , defense / national security , medical technologies , business and financial services , and information technology . Fortune 500 technology manufacturers Jabil Circuit and Tech Data are headquartered in Pinellas . Other large companies include HSN , Nielsen , and Valpak . Service industries such as healthcare , business services and education account for more than 200,000 jobs in the county , generating almost $19 billion in revenue . Other major sectors include retail , with close to 100,000 employees in jobs such as food service , bars , and retail sales generating $12 billion for the local economy in 2010 , and industries related to finance , insurance and real estate with approximately 44,000 workers generating $8.5 billion in sales . Culture ( edit ) The Salvador Dalí Museum Museums ( edit ) Museum of Fine Arts near the Pier in downtown St. Petersburg Salvador Dalí Museum in downtown St. Petersburg Florida Holocaust Museum in downtown St. Petersburg Morean Arts Center in downtown St. Petersburg Dr. Carter G. Woodson African American Museum in downtown St. Petersburg Leepa - Rattner Museum of Art on the Tarpon Springs Campus of St. Petersburg College Great Explorations Children 's Museum in St. Petersburg Performing Arts venues ( edit ) Ruth Eckerd Hall in Clearwater Mahaffey Theater in St. Petersburg Palladium Theater in St. Petersburg Jannus Landing in St. Petersburg Palladium at St. Petersburg College in St. Petersburg freeFall Theatre in St. Petersburg American Stage in St. Petersburg The Florida Orchestra splits its performances between Ruth Eckerd Hall , the Mahaffey Theater , and the Straz Center for the Performing Arts in Tampa . Clearwater Jazz Holiday held every October in Coachman Park in downtown Clearwater ; in its 32nd year . Other points of interest ( edit ) See also : National Register of Historic Places listings in Pinellas County , Florida and List of ghost towns in Florida Long established communities , particularly Old Northeast in St. Petersburg , Pass - a-Grille in St. Pete Beach , Harbor Oaks in Clearwater , and old Tarpon Springs contain notable historic architecture . The area has embraced farmer 's markets , with St. Petersburg 's Saturday Morning Market drawing large crowds , and other markets located weekly in several other parts of the county also seeing a growth in popularity . Downtowns in St. Petersburg and Dunedin , and many of the beaches , especially Clearwater Beach , all attract a vibrant nightlife . In addition to the above - mentioned Heritage Village in Largo , a number of small local history museums operate within the county : the St. Petersburg Museum of History on the downtown St. Petersburg waterfront , the Gulf Beaches Historical Museum in Pass - a-Grille , the Dunedin History Museum in Dunedin , the Palm Harbor Museum in Palm Harbor , and the Historic Depot Museum in Tarpon Springs all provide visitors a glimpse of the area 's history . Two botanical gardens are located within the county : The Florida Botanical Gardens , a part of the Pinewood Cultural Park in Largo , and Sunken Gardens , a former tourist attraction located in and now run by the City of St. Petersburg . Indian Shores is home to the Suncoast Seabird Sanctuary , currently the largest non-profit wild bird hospital in the United States and considered one of the top avian rehabilitation centers in the world . A variety of species can be found at the sanctuary , which is open 365 days a year and is free to the public . On Clearwater Beach is the Clearwater Marine Aquarium , a non-profit dedicated to the rescue , rehabilitation and release of injured marine animals and public education . CMA 's best - known permanent resident , is Winter , a bottlenose dolphin who was rescued in December 2005 after having her tail caught in a crab trap . Her injuries sadly caused the loss of her tail ; CMA successfully fitted Winter with a prosthetic tail which brought worldwide attention to the facility . Winter was the subject of the 2011 film Dolphin Tale , shot partially on location at CMA . On the south end of Anclote Key , off of Tarpon Springs , is the Anclote Key Light , a lighthouse built in 1887 . The light is Pinellas County 's only functioning lighthouse , and one of only two in the Tampa Bay Area . The light was deactivated in 1984 , but by 2003 had been restored and as of 2013 continues to be in use . The island forms Anclote Key Preserve State Park and is accessible only by private boat . Dunedin is home to the Dunedin Brewery , Florida 's oldest microbrewery . Sports and recreation ( edit ) Tropicana Field , home of the Tampa Bay Rays Sports teams ( edit ) The Tampa Bay Area is home to three major professional sports teams and a number of minor - league and college teams . Regardless of the specific city where they play their games , all of the professional teams claim `` Tampa Bay '' in their name to signify that they represent the entire area . Professionally , baseball 's Tampa Bay Rays play at Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg , while football 's Tampa Bay Buccaneers and hockey 's Tampa Bay Lightning both play in nearby Tampa . Two MLB teams come to Pinellas for spring training : the Philadelphia Phillies play at Bright House Field in Clearwater while the Toronto Blue Jays play at Florida auto exchange stadium in Dunedin . Minor League teams in the area include the Clearwater Threshers ( formerly the Clearwater Phillies ) who play at Bright House Field and the Dunedin Blue Jays who play Dunedin Stadium . The North American Soccer League 's Tampa Bay Rowdies play at Progress Energy Park in St. Petersburg The Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg is held every spring on the downtown St. Petersburg waterfront . The PGA Tour plays its Valspar Championship annually in March on the Copperhead Course at the Innisbrook Golf Resort in Palm Harbor . Recreational areas ( edit ) Skyway Fishing Pier State Park - Remnants of the approaches to the original Sunshine Skyway Bridge and the longest fishing pier in the world . Fred Marquis Pinellas Trail - 37 - mile running and cycling trail over a former railroad bed connecting Tarpon Springs to St. Petersburg . Other popular fishing locations include Pier 60 on Clearwater Beach and the Gulf and Bay Piers at Fort De Soto Park , as well as countless spots along the bridges and passes of the area , among many others . Pinellas County 's coastal geography , with a long system of barrier islands on the Gulf and small - to - large mangrove islands dotting the waters on all sides , provides for an extensive series of blueways that are enjoyed by kayakers of all ability levels . The county also maintains a series of artificial reefs in the Gulf which are popular spots for fishing and scuba diving The county 's two largest freshwater lakes , Lake Tarpon ( accessible through Chestnut and Anderson parks ) and Lake Seminole ( accessible through Lake Seminole Park ) , are popular for water skiing , jet - skiing , and sailing , as well as for fishing and kayaking . Both the North Beach of Fort De Soto Park ( 2005 ) and Caladesi Island ( 2008 ) have been named by Dr. Beach as America 's Top Beach . Media ( edit ) See also : Media in the Tampa Bay Area Pinellas County , as a part of the Tampa Bay Area ( the nation 's 14th largest television market ) , is served by fourteen local broadcast television stations , as well as a variety of cable - only local stations . More than 70 FM and AM stations compete for listenership in what is the nation 's 19th largest radio market . Major daily newspapers serving Pinellas are the Tampa Bay Times , known as the St. Petersburg Times from 1884 -- 2011 and first in circulation and readership , and The Tampa Tribune . The Times also distributes a free daily ( Monday - Friday ) tabloid called tbt * in the most heavily populated areas of the county . Creative Loafing Tampa is the main alternative weekly . iLovetheBurg.com is an award - winning and popular online source of information for downtown St. Petersburg . Transportation ( edit ) The Sunshine Skyway Bridge Brick - covered section of Park St. in the Jungle Prada neighborhood of St. Petersburg Major highways ( edit ) I - 175 / SR 594 I - 275 / SR 93 I - 375 US 19 US 19 Alt . / SR 595 US 92 SR 60 SR 580 SR 586 SR 590 SR 679 SR 682 SR 686 SR 687 SR 688 SR 689 SR 693 SR 694 SR 699 Airports ( edit ) Replica of the airplane flown by Tony Jannus at St. Petersburg -- Clearwater International Airport St. Petersburg -- Clearwater International Airport Albert Whitted Airport Clearwater Executive Airpark Tampa International Airport is located across the bay in nearby Tampa . Railroads ( edit ) Amtrak continues to have a presence in Pinellas County through a bus station in Pinellas Park The CSX railroad company operates the Clearwater Subdivision in Pinellas County , made up of segments of branch lines of the former Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and the Seaboard Air Line Railroad . Beginning in Tampa , the line has daily freight rail traffic through Oldsmar , Safety Harbor , Clearwater , Largo , Pinellas Park , and into St. Petersburg . Regularly - scheduled passenger rail services in Pinellas County ended on February 1 , 1984 when Amtrak discontinued its rail operations in the county , and the last passenger rail service in the county of any kind , a series of special excursion runs between Tarpon Springs and Dunedin , occurred on March 8 , 1987 . CSX owned the last remaining trackage in downtown St. Petersburg until March 2008 when it , along with the remaining trackage south of Central Avenue and east of 34th Street South , began to be dismantled . That right - of - way , as well as the right - of - way of several other former CSX railroad lines in the county beginning in the 1990s , was converted into a section of the Pinellas Trail . As of 2012 , proposals are currently being developed by community leaders for a light rail system which would connect the regional core cities of Clearwater , St. Petersburg , and Tampa . The proposal , which has won the backing of the Clearwater and St. Petersburg City Councils would rely on a 1 % sales tax and would have to go before voters for approval . Mass Transit ( edit ) The Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority ( PSTA ) operates 205 buses and trolleys servicing 37 routes across the county , with major stops at all commercial centers . Along the Gulf Beaches , PTSA operates the Suncoast Beach Trolley . PTSA also offers two express routes to downtown Tampa via the Howard Frankland and Gandy Bridges , connecting with Tampa 's HartLine , and connects with Pasco 's PCPT in Tarpon Springs to continue service in that county . The system 's two main bus terminals are located in downtown Clearwater and downtown St. Petersburg . During fiscal year 2005 - 06 , PSTA transported 11,400,484 passengers . Emergency management ( edit ) The original building of Mound Park Hospital in St. Petersburg , around which Bayfront Medical Center was built Fire departments ( edit ) Clearwater Fire Rescue Dunedin Fire Rescue East Lake Fire Rescue Gulfport Fire Rescue Largo Fire Rescue Lealman Fire District Maderia Beach Fire Rescue Oldsmar Fire Rescue Palm Harbor Fire Rescue Pinellas Park Fire Rescue Pinellas Suncoast Fire District Safety Harbor Fire Rescue Seminole Fire Rescue St. Pete Beach Fire Rescue St. Petersburg Fire Rescue South Pasadena Fire Rescue Tarpon Springs Fire Rescue Treasure Island Fire Rescue Emergency Medical Services ( edit ) Sunstar Paramedics Law enforcement agencies ( edit ) Belleair Police Department Clearwater Police Department Gulfport Police Department Indian Shores Police Department Kenneth City Police Department Largo Police Department Pinellas County Sheriff 's Office Pinellas Park Police Department St. Petersburg Police Department Tarpon Springs Police Department Treasure Island Police Department Hospitals ( edit ) All Children 's Hospital - St. Petersburg Bay Pines VA Medical Center - Located between St. Petersburg and Seminole in Bay Pines Bayfront Medical Center - St. Petersburg . Pinellas County 's trauma center which operates Bayflite Edward White Hospital - St. Petersburg ( closed November 24 , 2014 ) HealthSouth Rehabilitation Hospital - Largo Florida Hospital North Pinellas - Tarpon Springs Largo Medical Center - Largo Mease Countryside Hospital - Safety Harbor Mease Dunedin Hospital - Dunedin Morton Plant Hospital - Clearwater Northside Hospital and Tampa Bay Heart Institute - St. Petersburg Palms of Pasadena Hospital - South Pasadena St. Anthonys Hospital - St. Petersburg St. Petersburg General Hospital - St. Petersburg Communities ( edit ) Location of municipalities in Pinellas County as indicated by list at left St. Petersburg skyline from the Pier Clearwater pass from Clearwater Beach Cities ( edit ) Belleair Beach ( 2 ) Belleair Bluffs ( 3 ) Clearwater ( 5 ) Dunedin ( 6 ) Gulfport ( 7 ) Indian Rocks Beach ( 8 ) Largo ( 11 ) Madeira Beach ( 12 ) Oldsmar ( 14 ) Pinellas Park ( 15 ) Safety Harbor ( 18 ) Seminole ( 19 ) South Pasadena ( 20 ) St. Pete Beach ( 21 ) St. Petersburg ( 22 ) Tarpon Springs ( 23 ) Treasure Island ( 24 ) Towns ( edit ) Belleair ( 1 ) Belleair Shore ( 4 ) Indian Shores ( 9 ) Kenneth City ( 10 ) North Redington Beach ( 13 ) Redington Beach ( 16 ) Redington Shores ( 17 ) Census - designated places ( edit ) Bardmoor Bay Pines Bear Creek East Lake Feather Sound Greenbriar Harbor Bluffs Lealman Palm Harbor Ridgecrest South Highpoint Tierra Verde West Lealman Other unincorporated communities ( edit ) Baskin Crystal Beach Curlew Gandy Highpoint Innisbrook Oakhurst Ozona St. George Seminole Park Wall Springs Walsingham In popular culture ( edit ) Movies filmed or set in Pinellas County include : Gifted -- ( 2017 ) - set in Pinellas County , with scenes in the Pinellas County Courthouse , but filmed in Chatham County , Georgia Sunlight Jr. -- ( 2013 ) Spring Breakers -- ( 2013 ) Magic Mike -- ( 2012 ) Dolphin Tale ( 2011 ) -- Filmed and set at the Clearwater Marine Aquarium Immortal Island ( 2011 ) A Fonder Heart ( 2011 ) -- Scenes filmed in Clearwater Misconceptions ( 2008 ) -- scenes filmed at Eckerd College Grace is Gone ( 2007 ) -- scenes filmed at Fort De Soto Love Comes Lately ( 2007 ) -- scenes filmed at Pass A Grille and St. Pete Beach Loren Cass ( 2006 ) -- scenes filmed throughout St. Petersburg The Punisher ( 2004 ) -- Scenes filmed at Honeymoon Island State Park , Fort De Soto and the Sunshine Skyway Bridge American Outlaws ( 2001 ) -- scenes filmed at Fort De Soto Ocean 's Eleven ( 2001 ) -- single scene filmed at the Derby Lane Greyhound Track in St. Petersburg Great Expectations ( 1998 ) -- Scenes filmed at Fort DeSoto Park in St. Petersburg Lethal Weapon 3 ( 1992 ) -- scenes filmed at the Soreno Hotel ( now gone ) in St. Petersburg Cocoon ( 1985 ) -- filmed and set in St. Petersburg Summer Rental ( 1985 ) -- Filmed in St. Pete Beach Once Upon a Time in America ( 1984 ) -- scenes filmed at the historic Don Cesar hotel on St. Pete Beach Porky 's ( 1982 ) -- based on actual occurrences at Boca Ciega High School in Gulfport the early 1960s HealtH ( 1980 ) -- filmed entirely at the historic Don Cesar hotel on St. Pete Beach See also ( edit ) Florida portal National Register of Historic Places listings in Pinellas County , Florida Timeline of Pinellas County , Florida history List of tallest buildings in St. Petersburg References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.pinellascounty.org/mpo/MobilityPlan/CompPlanMPamdsSU.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . census.gov . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orlando passes St. Pete : City Beautiful is now Florida 's fourth largest city '' . ^ Jump up to : `` State & County QuickFacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` McMullen - Coachman Log Cabin '' . Heritage Village . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Odet Philippe Marker '' . hmdb.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pinellas County , Florida , Park and Conservation Resources - Philippe Park '' . pinellascounty.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ODET PHILIPPE - FLORIDA PIONEE - Genealogy.com '' . genealogy.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 7Brothers '' . fl-genweb.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.ussforthenry.com/USSFHpdf/Pinellas_Whitehurst.PDF Jump up ^ `` Twelve - inch mortars '' . fortdesoto.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pinellas County turns 100 years old '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.pinellascounty.org/PDF/HEObook.pdf Jump up ^ `` Southpinellas : For Coquina Key , cycle of rum , boom and bust '' . sptimes.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` During World War II , St. Pete had its Bomb - a-Dears '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Meacham , `` Mayor packed ideas , pipe tobacco in rich public life , '' September 15 , 2010 `` . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sunshine Skyway Disaster '' . sptimes.com . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2007 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tampabay : Horrific accident created an unforgettable scene '' . sptimes.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Top 10 Bridges '' . Travel Channel . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fact About Pinellas '' . Pinellas County government . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Pinellas County is 38 miles long , and 15 miles at it 's ( sic ) broadest point , for a total of 280 square miles . 587 miles of coastline . Jump up ^ `` Pinellas County , Florida - About Pinellas - Facts '' . pinellascounty.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.pinellascounty.org/Plan/comp_plan/04natural/ch-1.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.pinellascounty.org/Plan/comp_plan/05coastal/ch-2.pdf Jump up ^ `` Pinellas County Florida - Parks & Preserves '' . pinellascounty.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boyd Hill Nature Preserve - St. Petersburg , Florida '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mystery Monkey of Tampa Bay finds a home , family in the woods '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NCDC : U.S. Climate Normals '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.weather.com/outlook/homeandgarden/home/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USFL0119 Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Decennial Census '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Browser '' . University of Virginia Library . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population of Counties by Decennial Census : 1900 to 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2000 PHC - T - 4 . Ranking Tables for Counties : 1990 and 2000 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pinellas County : SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES 2006 - 2010 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pinellas County Demographic Characteristics '' . ocala.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Miami - Dade County , Florida FIRST ANCESTRY REPORTED Universe : Total population - 2006 - 2010 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hispanic or Latino by Type : 2010 -- 2010 Census Summary File 1 '' . factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pinellas County : Age Groups and Sex : 2010 - 2010 Census Summary File 1 '' . factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pinellas County , Florida : SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS - 2006 - 2010 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . factfinder.census.gov . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Demographics Pinellas County , FL '' . MuniNetGuide.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US12&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-PH1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-format=ST-2 ^ Jump up to : `` Modern Language Association Data Center Results of Orange County , Florida '' . Modern Language Association . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pinellas County , Florida , Board of County Commissioners '' . pinellascounty.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pinellas County , Florida , Administration '' . pinellascounty.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Newspapers , County receives A+ for Web site , June 22 , 2010 '' . Jump up ^ David Leip . `` Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections '' . uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leip , David . `` Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections '' . uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ David Leip. `` 2010 Senatorial General Election Results - Florida '' . uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Crist signs papers to become a Democrat '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Month End Voter Statistics '' . www.votepinellas.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Daily Beast '' . Jump up ^ `` Home . '' Schiller International University . Retrieved on August 28 , 2011 `` Main Campus 8560 Ulmerton Road Largo , Florida 33771 '' Jump up ^ Helfand , Lorri . `` Largo makes Schiller a priority . '' Clearwater Times ( Edition of St. Petersburg Times ) . Thursday February 23 , 2006 . Page 1 . Retrieved from Google News ( 83 of 108 ) on August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PPLC : About '' . Jump up ^ webcoast.com Jump up ^ `` Pinellas County Blueways Paddling Guide '' . pinellascounty.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.pinellascounty.org/utilities/reef/default.htm Jump up ^ `` Dr. Beach : America 's Foremost Beach Expert '' . drbeach.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/2009-2010-dma-ranks.pdf Jump up ^ `` Audio '' . arbitron.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Luisi 2010 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ `` Trail enters downtown -- A Pinellas Trail extension will reach the waterfront '' . St. Petersburg Times . March 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transit Leaders Talk Rail in Pinellas '' . Clearwater , FL Patch . January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PSTA '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pinellas County , Florida - Safety & Emergency Services - Fire Administration '' . pinellascounty.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . sunstarems.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.siliconbay.org/download/document/20080514_153534_19517.pdf Bibliography ( edit ) Luisi , Vincent ( 2010 ) , Railroading in Pinellas County ( 1st ed . ) , Arcadia Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 8550 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pinellas County , Florida . Official web site with info for businesses , residents , and visitors Southwest Florida Water Management District USF Map Database Maps of early Pinellas County University of Floria Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension in Pinellas County Pinellas Watershed Excursion educational interactive guide Coordinates : 27 ° 54 ′ N 82 ° 44 ′ W  /  27.90 ° N 82.74 ° W  / 27.90 ; - 82.74 Places adjacent to Pinellas County , Florida Pasco County Gulf of Mexico Pinellas County , Florida Hillsborough County Manatee County Municipalities and communities of Pinellas County , Florida , United States County seat : Clearwater Cities Belleair Beach Belleair Bluffs Clearwater Dunedin Gulfport Indian Rocks Beach Largo Madeira Beach Oldsmar Pinellas Park Safety Harbor St. Pete Beach St. Petersburg Seminole South Pasadena Tarpon Springs Treasure Island Towns Belleair Belleair Shore Indian Shores Kenneth City North Redington Beach Redington Beach Redington Shores CDPs Bardmoor Bay Pines Bear Creek East Lake Feather Sound Greenbriar Harbor Bluffs Lealman Palm Harbor Ridgecrest South Highpoint Tierra Verde West Lealman Unincorporated communities Anona Crystal Beach Gandy Highpoint Innisbrook Ozona Tampa Bay Area Topics Tampa Bay Climate History Media Sports Tampa International Airport Hillsborough County Public Schools Pinellas County Schools University of South Florida Central cities Tampa St. Petersburg Clearwater Smaller communities Pinellas Park Temple Terrace Brandon Zephyrhills Plant City Largo Dunedin Tarpon Springs Lutz Sun City Center Counties in MSA Hernando Hillsborough Pasco Pinellas See also : Florida State of Florida Tallahassee ( capital ) Topics Climate Congressional Delegations Districts Education Environment Geology Government Hurricanes Law Media Newspapers Radio TV Symbols Flag Seal Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Florida History Timeline Spanish Florida British Rule East Florida West Florida Florida Territory Seminole Wars Slavery Plantations of Leon County Civil War Florida East Coast Railway Florida land boom of the 1920s Kennedy Space Center Disney World Geography Caves Everglades ( Drainage and development ) Keys Lake Okeechobee Reef Sinkholes State forests State parks Swamps Major hurricanes 1910 Cuba hurricane 1926 Nassau hurricane 1926 Miami hurricane 1928 Okeechobee hurricane 1929 Bahamas hurricane 1933 Treasure Coast hurricane 1935 Labor Day hurricane Donna ( 1960 ) Cleo ( 1964 ) Dora ( 1964 ) Betsy ( 1965 ) Eloise ( 1975 ) Kate ( 1985 ) Andrew ( 1992 ) Ivan ( 1994 ) Opal ( 1995 ) Georges ( 1998 ) Charley ( 2004 ) Frances ( 2004 ) Dennis ( 2005 ) Katrina ( 2005 ) Wilma ( 2005 ) Irma ( 2017 ) Society African - American Cuban - American culture Miami Tampa Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Floridians Haitian - American culture Delray Beach Miami Indigenous peoples Everglades Politics Sports Regions Big Bend Central Florida Emerald Coast First Coast Forgotten Coast Glades Gold Coast Halifax area Heartland Keys Nature Coast North Central Florida North Florida Panhandle South Florida Southwest Florida Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Metro areas Cape Coral -- Fort Myers Deltona -- Daytona Beach -- Ormond Beach Fort Walton Beach -- Crestview -- Destin Gainesville Jacksonville Lakeland -- Winter Haven Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- Pompano Beach Naples -- Marco Island North Port -- Bradenton -- Sarasota Ocala Orlando -- Kissimmee -- Sanford Palm Bay -- Melbourne -- Titusville Panama City -- Lynn Haven -- Panama City Beach Pensacola -- Ferry Pass -- Brent Port St. Lucie Punta Gorda Sebastian -- Vero Beach Tallahassee Tampa - St. Petersburg -- Clearwater West Palm Beach - Boca Raton Largest cities Jacksonville Miami Tampa Orlando St. Petersburg Hialeah Tallahassee Port St. Lucie Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Cape Coral Pembroke Pines Hollywood Counties Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Brevard Broward Calhoun Charlotte Citrus Clay Collier Columbia DeSoto Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Glades Gulf Hamilton Hardee Hendry Hernando Highlands Hillsborough Holmes Indian River Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Martin Miami ‐ Dade Monroe Mosquito ( former county ) Nassau Okaloosa Okeechobee Orange Osceola Palm Beach Pasco Pinellas Polk Putnam Santa Rosa Sarasota Seminole St. Johns St. Lucie Sumter Suwannee Taylor Union Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinellas_County,_Florida&oldid=856790093 '' Categories : Florida counties 1912 establishments in Florida Charter counties in Florida Counties in the Tampa Bay Area Pinellas County , Florida Populated places established in 1912 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Use mdy dates from June 2018 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Bân - lâm - gú Български Boarisch Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Italiano Latina Magyar Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 15 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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what is the largest city in pinellas county
[ "Pinellas County is a county located in the state of Florida.[3] As of the 2010 census, the population was 916,542.[4] The county is part of the Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.[3] Clearwater is the county seat,[5] and St. Petersburg is the largest city.[3]\n" ]
[ "St. Petersburg" ]
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PAW Patrol
PAW Patrol - Wikipedia PAW Patrol PAW Patrol Created by Keith Chapman Developed by Scott Kraft Directed by Jamie Whitney ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Charles E. Bastien ( 2016 -- present ) Voices of Jaxon Mercey Drew Davis Devan Cohen Justin Kelley Samuel Faraci Carter Thorne Kallan Holley Ron Pardo Theme music composer Michael Smidi Smith Scott Krippayne Opening theme `` PAW Patrol '' performed by Scott Simons Ending theme `` PAW Patrol '' ( instrumental ) Country of origin Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 117 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jennifer Dodge ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Laura Clunie ( season 3 -- present ) Ronnen Harary Keith Chapman Ursula Ziegler - Sullivan ( season 5 -- present ) Scott Kraft Producer ( s ) Patricia Burns Running time 22 - 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Guru Studio Spin Master Entertainment TVOntario Nickelodeon Release Original network TVOntario ( Canada ) Nickelodeon ( U.S. ) Picture format HDTV ( 1080i ) SDTV ( 480i ) Audio format Surround Original release August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website PAW Patrol is a Canadian CGI -- animated television series created by Keith Chapman . It is produced by Spin Master Entertainment in association with TVOntario and Nickelodeon , with animation provided by Guru Studio . In Canada , the series is primarily broadcast on TVOntario , which first ran previews of the show in August 2013 . The series first aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on August 12 , 2013 . The series focuses on a boy named Ryder who leads a pack of search and rescue dogs known as the PAW Patrol . They work together on missions to protect the shoreside community of Adventure Bay . Each dog has a specific set of skills based on a real - life profession , such as a firefighter and a police officer . They all reside in doghouses that can transform into customized vehicles when necessary . They are also equipped with backpacks called `` pup packs '' that contain tools that relate to the pups ' jobs . Spin Master has developed the show into a media franchise and released an ongoing line of toys based on it . PAW Patrol toy sales have generated millions of dollars in revenue for the corporation and increased Spin Master 's presence in the preschool toy market . The show , and its associated products , have received a variety of awards and nominations from associations such as the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television and the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Contents 1 Format 2 Episodes 3 Characters 3.1 PAW Patrol members 3.1. 1 Original members 3.1. 2 Later members 3.2 Recurring 4 Production 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 DVD releases 5.3 Video game 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Ratings 6.3 Cultural impact 6.4 Accolades 7 Related media 7.1 Film 7.2 Merchandise 7.3 Live events 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) Each episode of PAW Patrol follows a similar pattern and features recurring themes . Episodes normally open with a scene depicting the dogs going about their everyday lives , often playing with dog toys or engaging in activities at the local playground . Ryder , a ten - year - old boy , is advised of a problem by receiving a call for help or by witnessing a situation himself . His most frequent caller is an accident - prone marine biologist named Cap'n Turbot , who knows much about Adventure Bay 's wildlife . Ryder always alerts the dogs via their blinking pet tags . The team members report to their base , the Lookout , and enter its elevator . Marshall typically arrives last causing a humorous mishap that makes the other dogs laugh as the elevator rises . When they reach the top floor , they arrange themselves in a line . Chase announces that the team is ready for action as Ryder tells the pups what has happened . He chooses several members of the team , normally two first responders , to help solve whatever problem has emerged . They ride a slide down to their vehicles and complete their mission . When they have finished , Ryder says his catchphrase : `` Whenever you 're in trouble , just yelp for help ! '' , and congratulates the pups . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of PAW Patrol episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) 26 August 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 13 ) December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) 26 November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 26 February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) February 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 03 ) 5 26 February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) TBA Characters ( edit ) PAW Patrol members ( edit ) The illustrated designs of the entire PAW Patrol team as of Tracker 's introduction . Original members ( edit ) Ryder is the human leader of the PAW Patrol . He is a ten - year - old boy who gives the dogs their mission instructions and builds the vehicles and equipment they use . His vehicle is an ATV . He is the only character to be featured in every mission , and the only member to use his vehicle in every episode . He was voiced by Owen Mason from 2013 -- 2015 , by Elijha Hammill from 2015 -- 2016 , and by Jaxon Mercey from 2016 onward . Marshall is a Dalmatian . He serves as a firedog and medic . His vehicle is a fire engine , which transforms into an ambulance . He is known for being exceptionally clumsy . A running gag in every episode is that Marshall will encounter some kind of humorous problem while trying to enter the PAW Patrol 's elevator . His catchphrase after one of these mishaps is often `` I 'm good . '' He was voiced by Gage Munroe from 2013 -- 2014 and by Drew Davis from 2014 onward . Rubble is an English bulldog . He serves as a construction dog . His vehicle is a bulldozer . He is often a source of comic relief and usually makes jokes or comments about his love of eating . He is voiced by Devan Cohen . Chase is a German Shepherd . He serves as a police and spy dog . His vehicle is a cruiser . He is the most mature of the dogs , and will always announce `` Ready for action , Ryder , sir ! '' when the PAW Patrol is called on a mission . He was voiced by Tristan Samuel from 2013 -- 2014 , by Max Calinescu from 2014 -- 2018 , and by Justin Kelley from 2018 onward . Rocky is a grey - and - white mongrel of an unspecified breed . He serves as a recycling dog . His vehicle is a recycling truck , which can also transform into a salvage tugboat . A running gag in the series is Rocky 's irrational fear of water to the point where he refuses to bathe . He was voiced by Stuart Ralston from 2013 -- 2015 and by Samuel Faraci from 2015 onward . Zuma is a chocolate Labrador retriever . He serves as an aquatic rescue pup . His vehicle is a hovercraft , which can also convert into a submarine . He was voiced by Alex Thorne from 2013 -- 2017 and by Carter Thorne from 2017 onward . Skye is a cockapoo . She serves as an aviator . Her vehicle is a helicopter , and she has wings built into her backpack . She is voiced by Kallan Holley . Later members ( edit ) Cap'n Turbot is the PAW Patrol 's most frequent caller , who serves as an occasional member of the team in the Merpup - themed special episodes . He is a smart marine biologist and the watchman of Adventure Bay . His main vehicle is a boat called the Flounder . In the second season , an orange diving bell is introduced as his second vehicle . He is the team 's best human friend and their source of information on all kinds of wildlife in the bay . He is voiced by Ron Pardo . Along with Everest , Cap'n Turbot was added to the opening theme in season three . Everest is a Siberian husky who serves as a snow rescue dog in emergencies relating to snow or ice . Her vehicle is a snowmobile . Like Tracker , she does not stay with the PAW Patrol and instead lives at Adventure Bay 's ski resort , but will answer a call for assistance whenever her services are needed . She is voiced by Berkley Silverman . Everest , along with Cap'n Turbot , was added to the opening theme in season three . Tracker is a brown - and - white chihuahua who serves as a jungle rescue pup . His vehicle is a Jeep , and he is bilingual , speaking fluently in Spanish and English . Like Everest , he does not stay with the PAW Patrol and instead resides in the jungle with his human caretaker , a boy named Carlos . He is voiced by David Lopez . As of season five , he and Robo - Dog have not been added to the opening theme . Robo - Dog is a robotic dog introduced in `` Pups Save Ryder 's Robot . '' He serves as the driver of the PAW Patrol 's multi-member vehicles . Unlike the other pups , Robo - Dog does not speak in sentences and only communicates through barks . His vehicle ( the PAW Patroller ) was added to the opening theme in season three , but Robo - Dog himself does not appear . Recurring ( edit ) Mayor Goodway is the overdramatic but friendly mayor of Adventure Bay . She owns a pet chicken named Chickaletta , which she keeps in her purse . She shares a rivalry with Mayor Humdinger of the neighbouring town Foggy Bottom . She is voiced by Deann Degruijter . Chickaletta is the mayor 's pet chicken . She is not quick - witted or observant and often unintentionally causes trouble for herself and Mayor Goodway . She is introduced in `` Pup Pup and Away '' when she jumps into Mayor Goodway 's purse during a hot air balloon race . Francois Turbot is Cap'n Turbot 's cousin and sidekick , who lives with him in the Seal Island lighthouse . He is very self - centered and loves to show off , but also cares deeply about animals . Francois works as a zoologist , artist , and nature photographer . He has a thick French accent and often uses French phrases in place of English words . He is voiced by Peter Cugno . Wally is Cap'n Turbot 's pet walrus , who lives in the waters surrounding Seal Island . He has a wife named Walinda and an unnamed baby child . Although he can not talk , Ryder and Cap'n Turbot can understand Wally when he communicates by barking and moving his flippers . Mayor Humdinger is the mayor of a neighbouring town called Foggy Bottom . He is Mayor Goodway 's rival who spends most of his time devising unfair schemes to make his town seem better than Adventure Bay . He lives in a cave and leads a team of troublesome cats called the Kitten Catastrophe Crew . He is voiced by Ron Pardo . The Kitten Catastrophe Crew is Mayor Humdinger 's group of kittens who closely resemble the six original PAW Patrol pups . Each one is equipped with a uniform and a tool pack that mirror a particular pup 's outfits and abilities . Katie is a girl Ryder 's age . She runs Adventure Bay 's pet clinic and owns a cat named Cali . She is voiced by Katherine Forrester . Mr. Porter is a grocer in Adventure Bay . He is voiced by Blair Williams . Alex Porter is Mr. Porter 's young grandson . He is voiced by Christian Distefano . Farmer Yumi and Farmer Al are two married farmers who live near Adventure Bay . They own a barn and have several animals , such as a pair of pigs and a cow . Farmer Yumi was voiced by Hiromi Okuyama from 2013 -- 2014 and by Stephany Seki from 2014 onward . Farmer Al is voiced by Ron Pardo . Jake is the owner of a ski resort near Adventure Bay . He becomes Everest 's caretaker after she is introduced . He is voiced by Scott McCord . Carlos is a jungle explorer who is Tracker 's caretaker . He was voiced by Lucius Hoyos and later by Jaiden Cannatelli . Danny is a daredevil boy who appears in the third season episode `` Pups Save Daring Danny X '' . Sweetie is a villainous pup and the pet of the Princess of Barkingburg . She acts as an antagonist in `` Mission PAW '' - themed episodes in the fourth season . She has a chew toy named Busby that she treats as a robot minion . She is voiced by Anya Cooke . Production ( edit ) According to Spin Master , the concept for PAW Patrol stemmed from a prototype for a transforming truck toy that Spin Master co-founder Ronnen Harary designed in 2010 . Later the same year , the company requested proposals for a television show based on the transforming toy , and accepted one from Bob the Builder creator Keith Chapman . Chapman sketched early designs of the PAW Patrol team under the working title Raffi & the Rescue Dogs . Spin Master hired toy designers to develop the format further ; after the concept was in place , they began designing merchandise . Chapman 's original pitch focused on the idea that the six PAW Patrol dogs were rescued by Ryder before joining the team . Scott Kraft , the show 's first writer , and Jamie Whitney , the show 's first director , decided to abandon the rescued dog theme in 2012 . The name of the series ' protagonist , Ryder , was changed multiple times during production ; he was originally called Raffi , Roddy , and Robbie before Spin Master settled on Ryder . Early models of the PAW Patrol pups According to a 2017 Spin Master interview , `` everything pup - related was debated endlessly : names , sizes , ages , breeds . '' The pups ' designs underwent major changes after Chapman 's pitch ; they were originally very realistic , with unique fur and textures based on their breeds , but they were later simplified and made more cartoonish . The visual appearance of Cap'n Turbot , mainly his distinctive bead eyes and large nose , was based on the design of Chapman 's Bob the Builder character . Ryder 's hairstyle was based on that of Ronnen Harary . In January 2012 , Spin Master began approaching television broadcasters . The company negotiated a broadcast partnership with Nickelodeon , and the network first announced that it had picked up PAW Patrol at the 2013 Licensing Expo in Las Vegas , Nevada . The series became Spin Master 's first solely - owned intellectual property ( IP ) once it was released in August 2013 . Since it began production , the show 's animation has been provided by Guru Studio . In a 2016 interview with Maclean 's Magazine , Guru president Frank Falcone stated that his studio 's animators were originally suspicious of the show 's `` toyetic '' concept . The series ' rock - inspired original score was composed by the Ontario - based group Voodoo Highway Music & Post . The opening theme song , and the ending song used in each episode include vocals performed by Scott Simons . With each season of the show , new supporting characters and themes are introduced in its episodes . In a May 2016 interview for the Toronto Star , Spin Master president Ben Gadbois stated that his company would continue to introduce additional characters and concepts to increase the franchise 's longevity and to expand upon the success of tie - in merchandise . In August of the same year , Ronnen Harary explained that these changes were intended to keep the show 's content `` fresh '' and `` relevant '' . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The series has been sold to TV networks in over 160 countries . In Canada , the series is primarily shown on TVOntario during the TVOKids block . Knowledge Network , Télé - Québec and City Saskatchewan also air reruns of the show in different Canadian provinces . In the United States , the series is aired on Nickelodeon 's Nick Jr. block with reruns on the Nick Jr. channel . As required for Canadian programs aired on federally - funded networks , PAW Patrol has been dubbed in French for Quebec broadcasts and for its broadcast in France on TF1 . Canal Panda airs a European Portuguese dub. and it aired on MBC3 in the Middle East . A British English dub , which uses the same scripts as the Canadian version with minor changes , is shown on Channel 5 and Nick Jr . UK . Anione , JEI TV , and KBS have all broadcast the Korean - dubbed version . The show has been aired in the Icelandic language on Iceland 's public broadcaster RÚV since 2015 . The first two seasons were shown in Finnish on Yle TV2 . The video on demand platform Le.com obtained broadcast rights for a Mandarin Chinese - dubbed version of PAW Patrol in April 2016 . it will air on MiniMini+ in Poland , e-Junior in the United Arab Emirates , and Clan TVE in Spain . DVD releases ( edit ) Title Region 1 Region 2 PAW Patrol May 13 , 2014 March 30 , 2015 Winter Rescues October 7 , 2014 October 19 , 2015 Marshall and Chase On the Case ! March 3 , 2015 July 27 , 2015 Pups and the Pirate Treasure N / A March 4 , 2016 Meet Everest ! September 1 , 2015 July 18 , 2016 Brave Heroes , Big Rescues March 1 , 2016 February 13 , 2017 All Wings on Deck N / A October 24 , 2016 Sports Day ! Game On ! August 2 , 2016 May 22 , 2017 Pups Save Christmas November 1 , 2016 October 31 , 2016 Pups Save the Bunnies Easter Egg Hunt March 7 , 2017 March 13 , 2017 Air Pups N / A July 17 , 2017 The Great Pirate Rescue ! September 5 , 2017 N / A The Great Snow Rescue October 24 , 2017 Sea Patrol March 6 , 2018 Summer Rescues May 1 , 2018 Video game ( edit ) In June 2018 , Nickelodeon and Outright Games announced a game based on the series , titled PAW Patrol : On a Roll . It will be released for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , Nintendo Switch and Microsoft Windows . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Common Sense Media reviewer Emily Ashby gave the show a four - star rating , stating that `` perhaps the show 's best attribute is how it demonstrates the value of thoughtful problem - solving '' . Randy Miller of DVD Talk recommended the show , calling it `` packed with all the harmless action and cornball jokes that kids ... ca n't help but snicker at '' . Stuff.co.nz reviewer Pattie Pegler also wrote favourably of the series , but felt that some of the characters `` seem rather arbitrary , like Rocky the Recycling Pup '' . The About Group 's Carey Bryson gave the series a mixed review , criticizing its `` formulaic '' nature but affirming that the `` show is not without funny moments '' . A research study , commissioned by Sky in March 2016 , reported that 16 per cent of surveyed British and Irish children named PAW Patrol as their favourite program . Criticism has been directed toward the show 's unequal gender representation because the team of dogs is primarily male and includes only two females . Cat Conway of Dan Abrams ' The Mary Sue rhetorically asked , `` the police pup , firefighting pup , builder pup , sea - rescue pup , and whatever the hell Rocky does are all coded male , because of course you could n't have a female police dog , could you ? '' Brandy King of the Center on Media and Child Health `` found the gender imbalance immediately noticeable '' while watching the program . Today 's Parent noted in April 2015 that PAW Patrol images appeared frequently on Twitter with the hashtag `` # IncludeTheGirls '' . Ratings ( edit ) PAW Patrol has received consistently high ratings on Nickelodeon . Viacom CEO Philippe Dauman cited the series as a source of Nickelodeon 's 2014 ratings growth . It ranked as the highest - rated , preschool TV program in the United States in November 2013 and held that position throughout the spring 2014 season . The spot was briefly overtaken by Team Umizoomi reruns in July 2016 , but PAW Patrol reclaimed the title later the same month . Bloomberg L.P. described PAW Patrol as part of a `` creative resurgence '' that increased the Nick Jr. channel 's viewership in 2016 . At Nickelodeon 's 2016 upfront presentation for future advertisers , Cyma Zarghami named PAW Patrol one of two preschool shows to have significantly helped boost ratings for the network ( the other being Blaze and the Monster Machines ) . In March 2015 , two back - to - back premieres of the show ranked among the top twenty weekday showings ( among total viewers ) in Australia . In May 2015 , it was reported that PAW Patrol broadcasts on TF1 had been viewed by 45 per cent of households in France with preschool - aged children . Cultural impact ( edit ) The show has received recognition from public figures and celebrities . Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and his children are fans of the show ; Trudeau mentioned the characters by name in a 2017 speech . After performing at the Super Bowl LII halftime show , Justin Timberlake filmed a segment for The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in which he named Chase as his favourite PAW Patrol character and held a Chase plush toy . During his opening monologue for the 90th Academy Awards , host Jimmy Kimmel joked that a young nominee was missing PAW Patrol to attend the ceremony . Accolades ( edit ) In 2014 , the series ' theme song was nominated for Outstanding Original Song -- Main Title and Promo in the 41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards . In 2016 , the season two episode `` Pups Save a Mer - Pup '' was nominated for Best Animated Television / Broadcast Production for Preschool Children in the 43rd Annie Awards . As of 2018 , PAW Patrol has received seven Canadian Screen Award nominations with six wins . Year Award Nominee Result Ref . 2014 41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Original Song -- Main Title and Promo Scott Krippayne Smidi Smith Nominated Parents ' Choice Foundation `` Fun Stuff '' Award Spin Master Won Environmental Media Awards Environmental Media Award in Children 's Television Spin Master Won 2015 Toy of the Year Awards Property of the Year , 2015 Spin Master Nominated Preschool Toy of the Year , 2015 Spin Master Nominated 2016 Toy of the Year Awards Property of the Year , 2016 Spin Master Nominated 43rd Annie Awards Best Animated Television / Broadcast Production for Preschool Children Spin Master Nominated 4th Canadian Screen Awards Best Pre-School Program or Series Spin Master Nominated Best Direction in an Animated Program or Series Jamie Whitney Won Licensing.biz People Awards Licensee Team of the Year Spin Master Won Australian Toy Association Preschool License of the Year Spin Master Won Canadian Cinema Editors Awards Best Editing in Animation Tom Berger Nominated SOCAN Awards International TV Series Music Award Voodoo Highway Music & Post Won 2017 5th Canadian Screen Awards Best Pre-School Program or Series Spin Master Won Best Direction in an Animated Program or Series Jamie Whitney Won 2018 6th Canadian Screen Awards Best Pre-School Program or Series Spin Master Won Best Direction in an Animated Program or Series Charles E. Bastien Won Best Sound in an Animated Program or Series Spin Master Won Related Media ( edit ) Film ( edit ) In November 2017 , Ronnen Harary confirmed that Spin Master is `` currently considering whether to extend the PAW Patrol franchise into feature films at some point in the next 12 to 24 months . '' Animation tests were conducted in 2017 to measure how the characters `` would translate onto the big screen '' and the company is currently in the process of developing a film script . Merchandise ( edit ) On May 18 , 2014 , Spin Master introduced a toy line based on the television series at Toys `` R '' Us locations across Canada . The line was not distributed to international markets until June 22 of the same year . Dion Vlachos , a representative from Nickelodeon , was in charge of the U.S. product launch . PAW Patrol has since become one of Spin Master 's most profitable brands . Analysts for the National Bank of Canada reported that toys and games based on the show accounted for approximately $245 million U.S. ( or 25 per cent ) of Spin Master 's gross product sales for 2015 . Spin Master chairman Anton Rabie noted in August 2016 that the `` continuing strength '' of PAW Patrol toys , in addition to new acquisitions and movie licenses , made up 40.5 per cent of the firm 's second quarter revenue . Marketing manager Emma Eden said that the toys were responsible for increasing the company 's presence in the preschool market . Throughout 2016 , Spin Master 's revenue grew more in this market than in any other toy category . PAW Patrol has been cited as the sole reason for this . The NPD Group named PAW Patrol the top new toy brand of 2015 in the United Kingdom . The group also reported that it was the best - selling preschool license in France in the first quarter of 2015 . Dave Brandon , the chief executive officer of Toys `` R '' Us , listed the PAW Patroller vehicle toy as one of the 2015 holiday season 's `` hottest '' items . Argos the U.K. catalogue retailer included the PAW Patrol Air Patroller vehicle on its list of the toys it predicts will be bestsellers during the Christmas 2016 season . Live events ( edit ) In April 2016 , a stage show titled PAW Patrol Live : Race to the Rescue was announced . The show features the PAW Patrol characters competing in a race . It toured Canada , the United States , Mexico , Australia and the Philippines . A sequel show , titled PAW Patrol Live : The Great Pirate Adventure , was announced in June 2017 . It follows the PAW Patrol as they rescue Cap'n Turbot from a cavern , and it will tour the same countries as its predecessor . The shows are produced by VStar Entertainment Group , which is best known for producing the popular Sesame Street Live touring shows for 37 years . Mascots based on the PAW Patrol characters have appeared at events across Canada , the United States , and the United Kingdom . They joined an `` Etch A Sketch Day '' celebration at Spin Master 's office in Toronto on July 26 , 2016 . The characters , along with replicas of the Lookout tower from the program , were included as part of the Nick Jr . Play Date Tour in autumn 2015 . Marshall and Chase made appearances at shopping malls throughout Nottingham , Suffolk , and Somerset in the U.K. in the summer of 2016 . Multiple meet - and - greet events attracted far more attendees than expected , with some reaching over 5,000 visitors . They appeared for the first time in Northern Ireland at Glenarm Castle on July 13 , 2016 . They are scheduled to appear regularly in a Nickelodeon - themed area of the Thurrock 's Lakeside Shopping Centre located on the outskirts of London , England . Unauthorized productions and events featuring the show 's characters have attracted the attention of the show 's distributor . In February 2016 , several Greene King pubs in the U.K. scheduled breakfast events with costumed characters modelled after the pups . Nickelodeon forced the chain to stop every event by threatening a lawsuit if they went ahead . There was some consumer backlash as a result , but the events were not held . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Damon van der Linde ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` PAW Patrol has Spin Master on a roll as earnings exceed analyst expectations '' . Financial Post . Sun Media . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Picks Up Second Season of PAW Patrol , TV 's Number - One Preschool Series '' ( PDF ) . Nickelodeon Press . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Renews 4 Animated Series as Part of Growing Preschool Slate ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol '' . Screener / Zap2it . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Mgmt Roadshow Presentation 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Spin Master . 2 July 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood helps make Southern California center of toy universe '' . Daily Breeze . Digital First Media . November 26 , 2014 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's Paw Patrol 's secret ? How it captivated children and conquered the world '' -- via The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ `` Top Entertainment Brands Take Part in Licensing Expo '' . PR Newswire. April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Bows First Preschool IP '' . License ! Global . August 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Plans ' PAW Patrol ' Tour '' . License ! Global . July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weinman , Jaime ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` What 's not to love about PAW Patrol -- if you 're a kid ? '' . Maclean 's . Rogers Media . ^ Jump up to : Bryson , Carey . `` PAW Patrol - TV Show Review for Parents '' . About.com . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Verity ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` PAW Patrol drives Toronto toy firm 's profits '' . Toronto Star . Star Media Group . Jump up ^ `` Page 32 - Spin Master Corp . Fiscal 2016 Second Quarter Results Conference Call '' ( PDF ) . Spin Master . August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Announces Acquisition of Swimways Corporation and Establishment of Outdoor Business Segment '' . PR Newswire ( Press release ) . August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paw Patrol - TVOKids.com '' . tvokids.com . Jump up ^ `` Rentrée des classes 2016 : quels dessins animés regarder avant de partir à l'école '' . Le Figaro ( in French ) . Dassault Group . August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patrulha Pata Microsite '' . Canal Panda ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pups Save the Penguins - Channel 5 '' . Channel 5 . Viacom International Media Networks Europe . December 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 퍼피 구조대 Puppy Patrol '' . Spin Master ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hvolpasveitin á RÚV '' . RÚV ( in Icelandic ) . Government of Iceland . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ryhmä Hau Maanantaisin , Yle TV2 - Yle Areena 14 '' . Yle TV2 ( in Finnish ) . Yle . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` APOS News Round - Up '' . Animation Magazine . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Winter Rescues : Movies & TV '' `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Marshall & Chase on the Case : Movies & TV '' `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zahn , James ( August 9 , 2015 ) . `` PAW Patrol : Meet Everest comes to DVD this Fall '' . The Rock Father . Jump up ^ Bentley , Rick ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Legend , ' ' Room ' & ' Creed ' top new DVD releases on March 1 '' . The Fresno Bee . The McClatchy Company . Jump up ^ `` '' PAW Patrol : Sports Day ! '' Available on DVD August 2 ! `` . BSC Kids . July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Pups Save Christmas : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paw Patrol : Pups Save the Bunnies : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . ASIN B01NAJ4KKZ . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : The Great Pirate Rescue ! '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : The Great Snow Rescue '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Sea Patrol '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Summer Rescues '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Woodcock , Ashley . `` Nickelodeon and Outright Games Announce PAW Patrol : On a Roll '' . TrueAchievements.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ashby , Emily . `` PAW Patrol TV Review '' . Common Sense Media . Jump up ^ Miller , Randy ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` PAW Patrol : Brave Heroes , Big Rescues '' . DVD Talk . Jump up ^ Pegler , Pattie ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` TV Review : Jake and the Neverland Pirates , PAW Patrol '' . Stuff.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` Scooby - Doo voted the nation 's all time favourite kids TV show '' . Sky plc. 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Conway , Cat ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` Quit Pushing Your Gendered Crap on My Son '' . The Mary Sue . Dan Abrams . Jump up ^ King , Brandy ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Media Moment : What I Learned from ( Paw ) - Patrolling My Kids ' TV Show '' . Center on Media and Child Health . Jump up ^ Waverman , Emma ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` It 's ridiculous that in 2015 we need # IncludeTheGirls ! '' . Today 's Parent. Rogers Media . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Viacom Quarterly Profit Rises 16 % , Lifted by Cable Fees and Lower Costs '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` ' PAW Patrol ' Renewed for Season Two by Nickelodeon '' . TV by the Numbers . November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kidscreen : Smart TV , building momentum '' ( PDF ) . Kidscreen . Brunico Communications . May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Scores 52 Straight Weeks at Number One and Wins the Month of July with Kids 2 - 11 , Kids 2 - 5 '' . PR Newswire ( Press release ) . August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Palmeri , Christopher ; Shaw , Lucas ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Dauman 's Done the Easy Part . Now He Has to Find Viacom Some Hits '' . Bloomberg L.P. Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon to Revive ' Legends of the Hidden Temple ' as TV Movie '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Jump up ^ Knox , David . `` Tuesday 17 March 2015 Ratings '' . TV Tonight . ^ Jump up to : Yvernault , Véronique ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Licences : Gare à la Pat'Patrouille ! '' . Libre Service Actualités ( in French ) . Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Corp. on Instagram '' . Spin Master . November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Songversation '' . The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . Episode 816 . February 4 , 2018 . NBC . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Deb , Sopan ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` Oscars 2018 : Jimmy Kimmel 's Opening Monologue , Transcribed '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Awards 2014 : Complete list of winners and nominees '' . The LA Times . ^ Jump up to : `` '' PAW Patrol : Pups Save a Mer - Pup '' - 43rd Annual Annie Awards `` . AnnieAwards.org . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Nominations : ' Young and the Restless ' Leads with 26 Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Catanzarite , Gina . `` PAW Patrol - Spring 2014 Television '' . Parents ' Choice Foundation . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( October 19 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Environmental Media Awards -- The Complete List of Winners '' . E ! News . ^ Jump up to : `` TIA Names Toy of the Year Nominees '' . License ! Global . November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Callan , Patrick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` 2016 Toy of the Year finalists revealed '' . Kidscreen . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Canadian Screen Awards Nominees Announced '' . ETCanada.com . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Winning Week for PAW Patrol : Program Director Takes Home Prize at Canadian Screen Awards '' . PR Newswire . March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dickson , Jeremy ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Spin Master opens Australian office '' . Kidscreen . Jump up ^ Pinto , Jordan ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Canadian Cinema Editors reveals 2016 award nominees '' . Playback . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol Wins the International TV Series Music Award at 2016 SOCAN Awards Ceremony '' . CCS Rights Management . June 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` TVO 's creative content lauded with eight 2017 Canadian Screen Awards '' . TVOntario . March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winners announced : 2018 Canadian Screen Awards honouring excellence in creative fiction storytelling '' . Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television . March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Edited transcript of TOY.TO earnings conference call '' . Yahoo ! News . Thomson Reuters . November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickson , Jeremy ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` PAW Patrol toy line hits Toys ' R ' Us '' . Kidscreen . Jump up ^ Griffin , Rachel ; Brown , Heather ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Spin Master to Launch Its Highly Anticipated PAW Patrol Toy Line at Toys `` R '' Us `` . Spin Master ( Press release ) . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon Ups Dion Vlachos to EVP Retail '' . Animation Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Reports Strong Q2 2016 Financial Results '' . KFMB - TV . August 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Burke , Jade ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Spin Master sees ' huge momentum ' for PAW Patrol toy line '' . Licensing.biz . NewBay Media . Jump up ^ Muller , Lutz ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Spin Master - An Interesting Performance '' . Seeking Alpha . Jump up ^ Smithers , Rebecca ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` The top Christmas toys for 2015 : will you pick PAW Patrol or Pie Face ? '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Bergeron , Tom ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Jersey 's own toy story : New CEO Dave Brandon talks shopping , shipping and how he aims to change Toys R Us '' . NJ Biz . Jump up ^ Miller , Ted ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Toys R Us declares hottest 15 toys of the holiday season '' . WBAY - TV . Media General . Jump up ^ Packham , Amy ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Top Argos Toys for Christmas 2016 : Predictions of Bestselling Toys Released '' . The Huffington Post . Verizon Communications . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon 's PAW Patrol Is On a Roll with First - Ever Live Tour '' . Business Wire ( Press release ) . Berkshire Hathaway . April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol Live ! Australia '' . Nick Jr . Australia . Nickelodeon . December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol Live in Manila '' . Life Like Touring . June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Juneau , Jen ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` All Paws on Deck ! PAW Patrol to Set Sail on 17 - City Tour with New Pirate - Themed Show '' . People . Time Inc . Jump up ^ Tucker , Tara ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Spin Master attempts a Guinness World Records title in celebration of Etch A Sketch Day '' . CNW Group . Cision . Jump up ^ `` Nick Jr . Play Date Tour comes to Westfield Trumbull '' . Trumbull Times . October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol is coming to Bridgwater '' . Bridgwater Mercury . July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 5,000 people visit White Post Farm to meet PAW Patrol 's Chase and Marshall '' . Nottingham Post . Local World . April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hundreds queue to see PAW Patrol stars '' . itv.com . ITV plc. April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Linda ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` PAW Patrol stars set to rock Glenarm Castle on night of music and display '' . Belfast Telegraph . Independent News & Media . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Branded FEC Coming to UK 's intu Lakeside Shopping Centre '' . Blooloop . May 13 , 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Emily ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Greene King : Kids ' meeting with PAW Patrol characters ' cancelled due to Nickelodeon legal threat '' . Morning Advertiser . William Reed Business Media . Jump up ^ Parry , Josh ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Parents angry after Nickelodeon ' force pub to cancel unofficial PAW Patrol event ' '' . Liverpool Echo . Trinity Mirror . External links ( edit ) Official website PAW Patrol at TVOKids.com PAW Patrol at NickJr.com PAW Patrol on IMDb PAW Patrol at TV.com Nickelodeon original programming Current SpongeBob SquarePants ( since 1999 ) PAW Patrol ( since 2013 ) Henry Danger ( since 2014 ) Blaze and the Monster Machines ( since 2014 ) Little Charmers ( since 2015 ) Shimmer and Shine ( since 2015 ) Game Shakers ( since 2015 ) Paradise Run ( since 2016 ) The Loud House ( since 2016 ) Crashletes ( since 2016 ) Rusty Rivets ( since 2016 ) Lip Sync Battle Shorties ( since 2016 ) Power Rangers Ninja Steel / Super Ninja Steel ( since 2017 ) Nella the Princess Knight ( since 2017 ) Hunter Street ( since 2017 ) The Dude Perfect Show ( since 2017 ) Welcome to the Wayne ( since 2017 ) Sunny Day ( since 2017 ) Mysticons ( since 2017 ) I Am Frankie ( since 2017 ) Massive Monster Mayhem ( since 2017 ) Top Wing ( since 2017 ) The Adventures of Kid Danger ( since 2018 ) Knight Squad ( since 2018 ) Keep It Spotless ( since 2018 ) Star Falls ( since 2018 ) Double Dare ( since 2018 ) Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( since 2018 ) Former 1970s debuts Pinwheel ( 1977 -- 84 ) America Goes Bananaz ( 1979 -- 80 ) Nickel Flicks ( 1979 -- 80 ) Hocus Focus ( 1979 -- 80 ) Video Comic Book ( 1979 -- 81 ) 1980s debuts First Row Features ( 1980 -- 82 ) Special Delivery ( 1980 -- 93 ) Standby ... 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Nickelodeon Rewind Nick : The Smart Place to Play Nickelodeon Saturday programming block Nick Studio 10 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PAW_Patrol&oldid=856762937 '' Categories : Television shows about dogs 2013 Canadian television series debuts Canadian animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Canadian computer - animated television series English - language television programs Fictional dogs 2010s Canadian animated television series Nick Jr. shows TVOntario shows Canadian children 's animated adventure television series Canadian children 's animated fantasy television series Canadian preschool education television series Toy brands Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Pages using web citations with no URL Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 11 : 15 ( UTC ) . 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what's the chicken called in paw patrol
[ "Mayor Goodway is the overdramatic but friendly mayor of Adventure Bay. She owns a pet chicken named Chickaletta, which she keeps in her purse. She shares a rivalry with Mayor Humdinger of the neighbouring town Foggy Bottom. She is voiced by Deann Degruijter.\nChickaletta is the mayor's pet chicken. She is not quick-witted or observant and often unintentionally causes trouble for herself and Mayor Goodway. She is introduced in \"Pup Pup and Away\" when she jumps into Mayor Goodway's purse during a hot air balloon race.\nFrancois Turbot is Cap'n Turbot's cousin and sidekick, who lives with him in the Seal Island lighthouse. He is very self-centered and loves to show off, but also cares deeply about animals. Francois works as a zoologist, artist, and nature photographer. He has a thick French accent and often uses French phrases in place of English words. He is voiced by Peter Cugno.\nWally is Cap'n Turbot's pet walrus, who lives in the waters surrounding Seal Island. He has a wife named Walinda and an unnamed baby child. Although he cannot talk, Ryder and Cap'n Turbot can understand Wally when he communicates by barking and moving his flippers.\nMayor Humdinger is the mayor of a neighbouring town called Foggy Bottom. He is Mayor Goodway's rival who spends most of his time devising unfair schemes to make his town seem better than Adventure Bay. He lives in a cave and leads a team of troublesome cats called the Kitten Catastrophe Crew. He is voiced by Ron Pardo.\nThe Kitten Catastrophe Crew is Mayor Humdinger's group of kittens who closely resemble the six original PAW Patrol pups. Each one is equipped with a uniform and a tool pack that mirror a particular pup's outfits and abilities.\nKatie is a girl Ryder's age. She runs Adventure Bay's pet clinic and owns a cat named Cali. She is voiced by Katherine Forrester.\nMr. Porter is a grocer in Adventure Bay. He is voiced by Blair Williams.\nAlex Porter is Mr. Porter's young grandson. He is voiced by Christian Distefano.\nFarmer Yumi and Farmer Al are two married farmers who live near Adventure Bay. They own a barn and have several animals, such as a pair of pigs and a cow. Farmer Yumi was voiced by Hiromi Okuyama from 2013–2014 and by Stephany Seki from 2014 onward. Farmer Al is voiced by Ron Pardo.\nJake is the owner of a ski resort near Adventure Bay. He becomes Everest's caretaker after she is introduced. He is voiced by Scott McCord.\nCarlos is a jungle explorer who is Tracker's caretaker. He was voiced by Lucius Hoyos and later by Jaiden Cannatelli.\nDanny is a daredevil boy who appears in the third season episode \"Pups Save Daring Danny X\".\nSweetie is a villainous pup and the pet of the Princess of Barkingburg. She acts as an antagonist in \"Mission PAW\"-themed episodes in the fourth season. She has a chew toy named Busby that she treats as a robot minion. She is voiced by Anya Cooke." ]
[ "Chickaletta" ]
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Death Star
Death Star - wikipedia Death Star Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For other uses , see Death Star ( disambiguation ) . Death Star First appearance Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker ( novel , 1976 ) Affiliation Galactic Empire The original and second Death Stars . Death Star is the name of a number of fictional mobile space stations and galactic superweapons featured in the Star Wars space opera franchise . The first Death Star was stated to be more than 100 km to 160 km in diameter , depending on source . It was crewed by an estimated 1.7 million military personnel and 400,000 droids . Its superweapon delivered enough energies on a scale equivalent to all the energy released by the Sun in an entire week . The second Death Star was significantly larger , between 200 km to 400 km in diameter depending on source , and technologically more advanced than its predecessor . Both versions of these dwarf planet - sized fortresses were designed for massive power projection capabilities , capable of destroying multiple naval fleets or entire planets with one blast from their superlasers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and design 1.1 Special effects 2 Depiction 2.1 Death Star - class 2.1. 1 DS - 1 Platform - ( Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope ) 2.1. 2 DS - 2 Platform - ( Star Wars : Episode VI -- Return of the Jedi ) 2.2 Similar super weapons of mass destruction 2.2. 1 Malachor Sith Temple - ( Star Wars Rebels ) 2.2. 2 Starkiller Base - ( Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) 2.3 Death Stars in Star Wars Legends 2.3. 1 DS - X Prototype Battle Station 2.3. 2 Death Star III - ( Star Tours : The Adventures Continue ) 3 Cultural influence 3.1 Science 3.2 Merchandise 3.3 White House petition 3.4 Petition in other countries 4 References 5 External links Origin and design ( edit ) Although details , such as the superlaser 's location , shifted between different concept models during production of Star Wars , the notion of the Death Star being a large , spherical space station over 100 kilometers in diameter was consistent in all of them . George Lucas gave the original task of designing a `` Death Star '' to concept artist and spaceship modeler Colin Cantwell , who had collaborated with Stanley Kubrick on the 1968 film 2001 : A Space Odyssey . In a 2016 interview , Cantwell related that `` I did n't originally plan for the Death Star to have a trench , but when I was working with the mold , I noticed the two halves had shrunk at the point where they met across the middle . '' As it `` would have taken a week of work just to fill and sand and refill this depression , '' Cantwell suggested a trench to Lucas to save the labor . Lucas liked the idea , and the Death Star model was created by John Stears . The buzzing sound counting down to the Death Star firing its superlaser comes from the Flash Gordon serials . Portraying an incomplete yet powerful space station posed a problem for Industrial Light & Magic 's modelmakers for Return of the Jedi . Only the front side of the 137 - centimeter model was completed , and the image was flipped horizontally for the final film . Both Death Stars were depicted by a combination of complete and sectional models and matte paintings . Special effects ( edit ) The explosion special effect . The Death Star explosions featured in the special edition of A New Hope and in Return of the Jedi are rendered with a Praxis effect , wherein a flat ring of matter erupts from the explosion . The grid plan animations shown during the Rebel briefing for the attack on the Death Star late in A New Hope were an actual computer graphics simulation from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory made by Larry Cuba and Gary Imhoff as part of a CalArts project , and had been included during filming . Depiction ( edit ) Emperor Palpatine ( left ) and Darth Vader ( right ) watch the original Death Star 's construction in Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . These are depictions of the Death Star and other similar weapons of mass destruction within the Star Wars canon . Death Star - class ( edit ) DS - 1 platform - ( Star Wars : Episode IV -- a New Hope ) ( edit ) The original Death Star 's completed form appears in Star Wars , known officially as the DS - 1 Orbital Battle Station , or Project Stardust in Rogue One . Commanded by Governor Tarkin , it is the Galactic Empire 's `` ultimate weapon '' , a huge spherical space station over 100 kilometers in diameter capable of destroying a planet with one shot of its superlaser . The film opens with Princess Leia transporting the station 's schematics to the Rebel Alliance to aid them in destroying the Death Star . Tarkin orders the Death Star to destroy Leia 's home world of Alderaan in an attempt to press her into giving him the location of the secret Rebel base ; she gives them the false location of Dantooine , but Tarkin has Alderaan destroyed anyway , as a demonstration of the Death Star 's firepower and the Empire 's resolve . Later , Luke Skywalker , Han Solo , Chewbacca , Obi - Wan Kenobi , C - 3PO , and R2 - D2 are pulled aboard the station by a tractor beam , where they discover and manage to rescue Princess Leia . As they make their escape , Obi - Wan dies fighting Darth Vader , enabling the others to flee the station . Later , Luke returns as part of a fighter force to attack its only weak point : a ray - shielded particle exhaust vent leading straight from the surface directly into its reactor core . Luke was able to successfully launch his fighter 's torpedoes into the vent , impacting the core and triggering a catastrophic explosion , which completely destroyed the station before it could use its superlaser weapon to annihilate its intended target , the rebel base on Yavin IV . The Clone Wars Legacy story reel from the unfinished Crystal Crisis on Utapau episodes revealed that the reason General Grievous was on Utapau in Revenge of the Sith was to acquire enormous kyber crystals , which were required to power the Death Star 's superlaser . The first Death Star 's schematics are visible in the scenes on Geonosis in Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones showcasing the early development of the Death Star prototype , the Death Star plans were designed by Geonosians led by Archduke Poggle the Lesser , a member of the Confederacy of Independent Systems , and is shown early in construction at the end of Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . The Death Star plans are a central plot - point in the 2016 film Rogue One and the original 1977 film Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope . A hologram from the original Death Star is briefly visible in a scene at the Resistance base in Star Wars : Episode VII - The Force Awakens and used as a means of comparison with one from the First Order 's own superweapon , Starkiller Base . In the animated series Star Wars Rebels , the two - part episode `` Ghost of Geonosis '' hinted that the Geonosians were nearly wiped out to extinction out of the Empire 's need for secrecy . Saw Gerrera , having been sent to Geonosis to investigate , deduced the Empire possesses a superweapon and resolved to discover the Death Star as depicted in the final season two - parter `` In the Name of the Rebellion . '' Though it was a dead end , finding only scientists being abducted by the Empire , Saw learned the weapon is powered by kyber crystals taken from the Jedha system . The anthology film Rogue One focuses on a band of Rebels stealing the plans for the first Death Star prior to the events of A New Hope . The Death Star project was overseen by Orson Krennic , the Director of Advanced Weapons Research for the Imperial Military . Under Krennic 's supervision , the project was beset by constant delays , and he forcibly recruited weapons designer Galen Erso ( the father of Jyn Erso , the movie 's main protagonist ) to complete the design ; nevertheless , it was another fifteen years before the Death Star was operational . The Death Star 's primary laser was powered by kyber crystals mined from the desert moon of Jedha , and is first used to destroy Jedha City both as a response to a violent insurgency on the planet , and as a display of the Death Star 's operational status to restore the Empire 's confidence in the project . Grand Moff Tarkin assumes control over the Death Star while Krennic investigates security breaches in the design project . It is subsequently revealed that Galen discreetly sabotaged the design by building a vulnerability into the reactor . This is the same vulnerability that Luke Skywalker takes advantage of during the events of A New Hope . After the Death Star plans are stolen from the Scarif vault , Tarkin fires the Death Star laser on the base killing Krennic , as well as Jyn Erso and Cassian Andor . The canonical population of the first Death Star was 1.7 million military personnel , 400,000 maintenance droids , and 250,000 civilians / independent contractors . The 2014 book Star Wars : Tarkin detailed the life of Grand Moff Tarkin , and prominently featured the first Death Star . The theme of the construction of the Death Star is continued in the 2016 book , Catalyst : A Rogue One Novel , which tells the story of the development of the Death Star 's superweapon by the scientist , Galen Erso and Krennic 's deception of him . It also reveals how Poggle worked with Krennic on the Project but then turned on him . In the film Rogue One , it is revealed that the Death Star 's superlaser is powered by multiple reactors , allowing it to vary its destructive power depending on the target . Skeptical of the station 's power , Tarkin ordered that it first be tested on Jedha City using a single reactor . Subsequently , a second single - reactor test would destroy their installation on Scarif , along with the Rebel strike force who had successfully stolen the station 's plans . The destruction of the planet Alderaan would be the first time the Death Star was tested with all reactors employed . DS - 2 platform - ( Star Wars : Episode VI -- Return of the Jedi ) ( edit ) Return of the Jedi features a second Death Star still under construction in orbit around the second moon of Endor . Emperor Palpatine and Darth Vader send the Rebels false information that the station 's weapons systems are not operational in order to lure them into a trap . When the station 's protective shield is disabled by a ground assault team on the forest moon of the planet Endor ( led by Han Solo ) with the help of the native Ewoks , rebel fighters flew into the unfinished station targeting its reactor core chamber and damaged the reactor core itself , which eventually explodes and destroys the station . It was destroyed by Wedge Antilles and Lando Calrissian ( with Nien Nunb as his Millennium Falcon co-pilot ) , the former destroying a power regulator and the latter destroying the main reactor . The Death Star II is featured in the cover of the book Star Wars : Aftermath ( 2015 ) , which also features many flashbacks to the destruction of the Death Star II , as well as the events directly after its destruction . One of the main characters in the story personally escaped the explosion of the Death Star . The destruction of the second Death Star was also shown in holograms in the book . The 2015 comic book Star Wars : Shattered Empire also explores the days following the destruction of the Death Star II from the perspective of Poe Dameron 's parents , who were pilots during the event . The video game Star Wars : Uprising also takes place during the aftermath of the second Death Star 's destruction , and features a hologram of its description on multiple occasions in and out of cutscenes . Similar super weapons of mass destruction ( edit ) Malachor Sith temple - ( Star Wars Rebels ) ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars Rebels The Star Wars Rebels episode Twilight of the Apprentice features a forbidden planet called Malachor , home of an ancient Sith Temple . This temple contained a Battle Station capable of destroying planets , and could only be activated by placing a special Sith Holocron in an obelisk at the summit of the pyramid inside the temple . Thousands of years prior , a battle was waged on Malachor that resulted in the deaths of its inhabitants . Somewhere between the events of his last appearance in The Clone Wars and this episode , Darth Maul had become stranded on Malachor . When Ahsoka Tano , Kanan and Ezra arrived , Ezra was separated from them . He was discovered by a character who later revealed himself to be Maul . Together , they solved a series of test chambers that required cooperation between two Force wielders , and retrieved a Sith Holocron . With the help of Kanan and Ahsoka , they fought three Inquisitors , all of whom were killed by Maul . Maul then betrayed his allies , blinding Kanan , and proceeded to activate the Battle Station . Once Maul was defeated by a sightless Kanan , Darth Vader arrived with the intention of retrieving the holocron , but was challenged by Ahsoka Tano , his former Padawan . While the station was preparing to fire , Kanan and Ezra retrieved the holocron themselves and escaped , preventing this weapon of mass destruction from being used . Even though the temple was destabilized , Ahsoka and Vader kept fighting to the death within the rapidly - crumbling building , until it eventually exploded , wounding Darth Vader and almost killing Ahsoka . Starkiller base - ( Star Wars : the Force Awakens ) ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : The Force Awakens Star Wars : The Force Awakens features Starkiller Base , a planet turned into a battle station built by the First Order . Significantly larger than either the first or second Death Star , and unlike either of those cost - prohibitive space stations , this battle station cut - costs by terraforming an existing planet and draws its fire power directly from a sun , but it requires time to draw enough energy . Once fired , it has the power to destroy up to five planets within the same star system simultaneously , making it a far deadlier superweapon than the Death Star . General Hux gave an intense speech while the Starkiller Base demonstrated its lethality by obliterating the five planets of the Hosnian Prime system ( the location of the Republic government , which rotates every few years ) , the cataclysm witnessed by Han Solo , Chewbacca , Rey and Finn from Maz Kanata 's castle . After Rey was captured by Kylo Ren , he interrogated her within the base . Han , Chewbacca and Finn approached the base at light - speed because the base 's shield kept out anything going under the speed of light . They found Rey and successfully lowered the protective shields , enabling an X-wing assault led by Poe Dameron and Nien Numb to destroy the planet - turned - base , with Poe firing the crucial , destructive shots . The name Starkiller Base paid homage to the early drafts of the original Star Wars film , referring to Luke Skywalker 's original name as Luke Starkiller . Death Stars in Star Wars Legends ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars Legends Both Death Stars appear throughout the non-canonical Star Wars Legends ( formerly known as the Expanded Universe ) . The first Death Star 's construction is the subject of Michael Reaves and Steve Perry 's novel Death Star . In LucasArts 's Star Wars : Battlefront II , the player participates in a mission to secure crystals used in the Death Star 's superlaser . The first Death Star under construction acts as the final stage in the video game , The Force Unleashed . Kevin J. Anderson 's Jedi Academy trilogy introduces the Maw Cluster of black holes that protect a laboratory where the Death Star prototype was built ( consisting of the super structure , power core , and superlaser ) . National Public Radio 's A New Hope adaptation portrays Leia ( Ann Sachs ) and Bail Organa 's ( Stephen Elliott ) discovery of the Death Star 's existence and Leia 's mission to steal the space station 's schematics . The first level of LucasArts ' Dark Forces gives the player a supporting role in Leia 's mission , while a mission in Battlefront II tasks the player with acting as a stormtrooper or Darth Vader in an attempt to recover the plans and capture Leia . Steve Perry 's novel Shadows of the Empire describes a mission that leads to the Rebels learning of the second Death Star 's existence , and that mission is playable in LucasArts ' X-Wing Alliance combat flight simulator . Numerous LucasArts titles recreate the movies ' attacks on the Death Stars , and the Death Star itself is a controllable weapon for the Empire in the Rebellion and Empire at War strategy game . A Death Star variation appears in Kevin J. Anderson 's novel Darksaber ( 1995 ) , and a prototype version of the Death Star can be found in his novel Jedi Search ( 1994 ) . The first Death Star is depicted in various sources of having a crew of 265,675 , as well as 52,276 gunners , 607,360 troops , 30,984 stormtroopers , 42,782 ship support staff , and 180,216 pilots and support crew . Its hangars contain assault shuttles , blastboats , Strike cruisers , land vehicles , support ships , and 7,293 TIE fighters . It is also protected by 10,000 turbolaser batteries , 2,600 ion cannons , and at least 768 tractor beam projectors . Various sources state the first Death Star has a diameter of between 140 and 160 kilometers . There is a broader range of figures for the second Death Star 's diameter , ranging from 160 to 900 kilometers . DS - X prototype battle station ( edit ) In the Legends novels Death Star , Dark Empire II , Jedi Search and Champions of the Force , an experimental Death Star prototype , DS - X ( a durasteel frame surrounding a reactor core , superlaser , engines and a control room ) was conceived by Grand Moff Wilhuff Tarkin as a test bed for the first Death Star . It was constructed by Bevel Lemelisk and his engineers at the Empire 's secret Maw Installation . The prototype measured 120 kilometers in diameter . Its superlaser was only powerful enough to destroy a planet 's core , rendering it an uninhabitable `` dead planet '' . The targeting system on the prototype was never calibrated and the superlaser was inefficient , leaving the weapon 's batteries drained . The prototype had no interior except a slave - linked control room , hyperdrive engines and other components ; the station operated with skeleton - crew of 75 personnel . George Lucas himself confirmed that the plans featured in Attack of the Clones and the under - construction facility in Revenge of the Sith was indeed the original Death Star . The Star Wars : The New Essential Chronology retconned the DS - X prototype into being built alongside the main Death Star . Death Star III - ( Star Tours : the Adventures Continue ) ( edit ) In the Disney attraction Star Tours : The Adventures Continue , guests can travel inside an incomplete Death Star during one of the randomized ride sequences . In the original Star Tours , a Death Star III is seen and destroyed during the ride sequence by the New Republic . Leland Chee originally created the third Death Star to explain why a Death Star is present on the Star Tours ride when both of the stations in the movies were destroyed . The station being built near the Forest Moon of Endor like the second Death Star before it is similar to an original concept for Return of the Jedi , where two Death Stars would have been built near Had Abbadon ( then the Imperial capital world ) . The Habitation spheres , based on the Imperials ' suspicious claims that they were designed strictly for peaceful purposes , were suggested by some fans to have been the origin for the Death Star III . This was later revealed to be the case in Part 2 of the StarWars.com Blog series The Imperial Warlords : Despoilers of an Empire . In the Star Wars Legends game Tiny Death Star , a random HoloNet entry states that one of the residents of the Death Star is simply staying there until he can afford to stay at the third Death Star . Cultural influence ( edit ) The Death Star placed ninth in a 2008 20th Century Fox poll of the most popular movie weapons . It is also referred to outside of the Star Wars context . KTCK ( SportsRadio 1310 The Ticket ) in Dallas were the first to use the term `` Death Star '' to describe the new mammoth Cowboys Stadium , now AT&T Stadium , in Arlington , Texas . The term has since spread to local media and is generally accepted as a proper nickname for the stadium . The Death Star strategy was the name Enron gave to one of their fraudulent business practices for manipulating California 's energy market . AT&T Corporation 's logo introduced in 1982 is informally referred to as the `` Death Star '' . Ars Technica referred to `` the AT&T Death Star '' in an article criticizing a company data policy . Competitor T - Mobile mocked AT&T 's `` Death Star '' logo and `` Empire - like reputation '' in a press release . Science ( edit ) See also : Physics and Star Wars The Saturnian moon Mimas , photographed by the Cassini probe in 2005 . The large crater in the upper right ( Herschel ) gives it a resemblance to the Death Star . In 1981 , following the Voyager spacecraft 's flight past Saturn , scientists noticed a resemblance between one of the planet 's moons , Mimas , and the Death Star . Additionally , a few astronomers sometimes use the term `` Death Star '' to describe Nemesis , a hypothetical star postulated in 1984 to be responsible for gravitationally forcing comets and asteroids from the Oort cloud toward Earth . Merchandise ( edit ) Kenner and AMT created a playset and a model , respectively , of the first Death Star . In 2005 and 2008 , Lego released models of Death Star II and Death Star I , respectively . In 1979 , Palitoy created a heavy card version of the Death Star as a playset for the vintage range of action figures in the UK , Australia and Canada . Both Death Stars are part of different Micro Machines three - packs . The Death Stars and locations in them are cards in Decipher , Inc. 's and Wizards of the Coast 's Star Wars Customizable Card Game and Star Wars Trading Card Game , respectively . Hasbro released a Death Star model that transforms into a Darth Vader mech . Estes Industries released a flying model rocket version . A Death Star trinket box was also released by Royal Selangor in 2015 , in conjunction with the upcoming December screening of Star Wars : The Force Awakens . In 2016 , Plox released the official levitating Death Star Speaker in anticipation of the upcoming screening of Rogue One : A Star Wars Story . White House petition ( edit ) In 2012 -- 13 , a proposal on the White House 's website urging the United States government to build a real Death Star as an economic stimulus and job creation measure gained more than 30,000 signatures , enough to qualify for an official response . The official ( tongue - in - cheek ) response was released in January 2013 : the cost of building a real Death Star has been estimated at $850 quadrillion by the Lehigh University , or about 13,000 times the amount of mineable resources on Earth , while the International Business Times cited a Centives economics blog calculation that , at current rates of steel production , the Death Star would not be ready for more than 833,000 years . The White House response also stated `` the Administration does not support blowing up planets , '' and questioned funding a weapon `` with a fundamental flaw that can be exploited by a one - man starship '' as reasons for denying the petition . Petition in other countries ( edit ) The Luxemburgish magician Christian Lavey ( born as Christian Kies ) submitted a petition for the construction of a Death Star to the Luxemburgish parliament . However , on an interview with a local radio station Lavey admitted that this petition was just a joke and some kind of protest against the space plans of the government . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Star Wars : Complete Locations ^ Jump up to : Beecroft , Simon ( 2010 ) . Star Wars : Death Star Battles . London , UK : Dorling Kindersley . Jump up ^ Brandon , John ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Death Star Physics : How Much Energy Does It Take to Blow Up a Planet ? '' . PopularMechanics.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death Star ( Behind the Scenes ) '' . Star Wars Databank . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Fashingbauer Cooper , Gael ( September 29 , 2016 ) , Star Wars Death Star 's famed feature was a complete accident , CNET , retrieved January 14 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Pereira , Alyssa ( September 27 , 2016 ) , ' Star Wars ' star ships designer reveals inspiration behind Death Star , X-Wing , and TIE fighter , SFGate , retrieved January 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` John Stears , 64 , Dies ; Film - Effects Wizard '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 Jump up ^ John Stears ; Special Effects Genius Behind 007 and R2 - D2 `` '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 Jump up ^ Rinzler , J.W. ( 2010 - 09 - 01 ) . The Sounds of Star Wars . Chronicle Books . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 7546 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death Star II ( Behind the Scenes ) '' . Star Wars Databank . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Death Star Plans ARE in the Main Computer - StarWars.com '' . 11 December 2014 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ This space station is also called `` Ultimate Weapon '' by the original owner , the Separatist Confederacy . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars - Story Reel : A Death on Utapau - Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One Prequel Book Reveals Secret Origins of the Death Star '' . MovieWeb.com. 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Malachor '' . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Malachor Sith temple '' . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sith holocron '' . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( 30 March 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Rebels : `` Twilight of the Apprentice '' Review `` . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` The Adventures Of Luke Starkiller ' : Peter Mayhew releases pages from his 1976 Star Wars script '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Locker , Melissa ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Original Star Wars Script Found , Solves Long - Running Mystery '' . Time . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death Star ( Expanded Universe ) '' . Star Wars Databank . Lucasfilm . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Slavicsek , Bill ( 1991 - 06 - 01 ) . Death Star Technical Companion . West End Games . Jump up ^ Mack , Eric ( 19 February 2012 ) . `` Finally , a cost estimate for building a real Death Star '' . CNET . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , David ( 1998 - 10 - 05 ) . Incredible Cross-Sections of Star Wars , Episodes IV , V & VI : The Ultimate Guide to Star Wars Vehicles and Spacecraft . DK Children . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 3480 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Death Star II ( Expanded Universe ) '' . Star Wars Databank . Lucasfilm . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Inside the Worlds of Star Wars , Episodes IV , V , & VI : The Complete Guide to the Incredible Locations . DK Children . 2004 - 08 - 16 . ISBN 0 - 7566 - 0307 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Convenient Daily Departures : The History of Star Tours - StarWars.com '' . 22 August 2013 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Sophie Borland ( 2008 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Lightsabre wins the battle of movie weapons '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The New Death Star Stadium -- Texas Stadium '' . theunticket.com . Jump up ^ Kranhold , Kathryn ; Bryan Lee ; Mitchel Benson ( 2002 - 05 - 07 ) . `` New Documents Show Enron Traders Manipulated California Energy Costs '' . Free Preview . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Bell System Memorial - Bell Logo History '' . beatriceco.com . Porticus.org . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . sterling silver American Bell logo ( which we recognize as the post-divestiture AT&T `` death star '' logo ) Jump up ^ Anderson , Nate ( 2012 - 08 - 23 ) . `` AT&T , have you no shame ? '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast Publications . p. 2 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Morran , Chris ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` T - Mobile Claims `` AT&T Dismantles Death Star '' In Mocking Press Release `` . The Consumerist . Consumer Reports . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Young , Kelly ( 2005 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Saturn 's moon is Death Star 's twin '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Saturn 's diminutive moon , Mimas , poses as the Death Star -- the planet - destroying space station from the movie Star Wars -- in an image recently captured by NASA 's Cassini spacecraft . Jump up ^ Britt , Robert Roy ( 2001 - 04 - 03 ) . `` Nemesis : Does the Sun Have a ' Companion ' ? '' . Space.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Any one of them could be the Death Star , as Nemesis has come to be called by some . Jump up ^ `` Death Star Space Station '' . SirStevesGuide.com Photo Gallery . Steve Sansweet . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Death Star '' . SirStevesGuide.com Photo Gallery . Steve Sansweet . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Death Star '' . Star Wars Cargo Bay . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Star Wars Death Star Landing Bay Diorama Made from Over 30,000 Bricks '' . 2011 - 10 - 07 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` # X : T - 16 Skyhopper , Lars Family Landspeeder , Death Star II ( 1996 ) '' . Star Wars Cargo Bay . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` # XIV : Landing Craft , Death Star , Speeder Swoop ( 1998 ) '' . Star Wars Cargo Bay . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Customizable Card Game Complete Card List '' ( PDF ) . Decipher , Inc. 2001 - 08 - 23 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars TRANSFORMERS Darth Vader Death Star '' . Hasbro . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ESTES INDUSTRIES INC . Model Rockets and Engines '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Selangor - Pewter - Products - Trinket Box , Death Star '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Accessories , Ninjabox Australia Latest Tech Gadgets & . `` Official Star Wars Levitating Death Star Bluetooth Speaker by Plox '' . Ninjabox Australia Latest Tech Gadgets & Accessories . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Shawcross , Paul ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` This Is n't the Petition Response You 're Looking For '' . Wired . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roxanne Palmer ( 15 January 2013 ) . `` White House Rejects Death Star Petition : Doomsday Devices US Could Build Instead '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` It 's a trap ! Petition to build Death Star will spark White House response '' . Jump up ^ `` US shoots down Death Star superlaser petition '' . BBC News . 2013 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Times - Community - Petition for Luxembourg to join dark side , build Death Star '' . luxtimes.lu . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Star Wars portal Speculative fiction portal Death Star in the StarWars.com Databank Death Star on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki NASA Engineer Says It Would Be Easier To Build A Death Star On Asteroid Fictional universe of Star Wars Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Princess Leia Darth Maul Nien Nunb Bink Otauna Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Rose Tico Darth Vader Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. Warrick Mace Windu Yoda Lists The Clone Wars characters Rebels characters Legends characters KotOR Other Jedi Sith Clone trooper Stormtrooper Droid Battle droid Families Skywalker Solo Music Bands Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes Max Rebo Band Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Rogue Squadron Planets and moons Alderaan Bespin Coruscant Dagobah Endor Hoth Jakku Kashyyyk Naboo Tatooine Yavin Species A -- E Bantha Ewok F -- J Hutt K -- O P -- T Sarlacc Tusken Raiders U -- Z Wookiee List of creatures Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Terrestrial vehicles Landspeeder Speeder bike Sandcrawler Walkers Starfighters A-wing B - wing TIE fighter X-wing Y - wing Aerospace crafts Death Star Millennium Falcon Mon Calamari cruiser Star Destroyer Tantive IV Other Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Mos Eisley Mos Eisley Cantina Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_Star&oldid=826670665 '' Categories : Fictional space stations Megastructures Star Wars spacecraft Star Wars weapons Weapons of mass destruction in fiction Fictional castles and fortresses Star Wars locations Fictional energy weapons Fictional doomsday devices Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 11 : 48 . 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who built the death star in star wars
[ "\nDeath Star\n\nFirst appearance\nStar Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker (novel, 1976)\n\n\nAffiliation\nGalactic Empire\n\n" ]
[ "Galactic Empire" ]
6110934658802530136
Lake Athabasca
Lake Athabasca - wikipedia Lake Athabasca Jump to : navigation , search Lake Athabasca Ice breakup on Lake Athabasca ( June 9 , 2002 ) Lake Athabasca ( August 24 , 2002 ) Location Division No. 18 , Saskatchewan / Wood Buffalo , Alberta Coordinates 59 ° 16 ′ N 109 ° 27 ′ W  /  59.267 ° N 109.450 ° W  / 59.267 ; - 109.450 Coordinates : 59 ° 16 ′ N 109 ° 27 ′ W  /  59.267 ° N 109.450 ° W  / 59.267 ; - 109.450 Primary inflows Peace River , which backs up through Rivière des Rochers during flooding , Athabasca River , William River , MacFarlane River , Colin River , Fond du Lac River , Primary outflows Rivière des Rochers that meets with the Peace to form the Slave Catchment area 274,540 km ( 106,000 sq mi ) Basin countries Canada Max. length 283 km ( 176 mi ) Max . width 50 km ( 31 mi ) Surface area 7,850 km ( 3,030 sq mi ) Max . depth 124 m ( 407 ft ) Shore length ~ 1,900 km ( 1,200 mi ) Surface elevation 213 m ( 699 ft ) Settlements Fort Chipewyan , Uranium City , Camsell Portage , Fond du Lac References Shore length is not a well - defined measure . Lake Athabasca ( / ˌæθəˈbæskə / ; French : lac Athabasca ; from Woods Cree : aðapaskāw , `` ( where ) there are plants one after another '' ) is located in the northwest corner of Saskatchewan and the northeast corner of Alberta between 58 ° and 60 ° N. The lake is 26 % in Alberta and 74 % in Saskatchewan . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography and natural history 2.1 Tributaries 3 Development and environment 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Athabasca Country The name in the Dene language originally referred only to the large delta formed by the confluence of the Athabasca River at the southwest corner of the lake . Prior to 1789 , Sir Alexander Mackenzie explored the lake . In 1791 , Philip Turnor , cartographer for the Hudson 's Bay Company , wrote in his journal , `` low swampy ground on the South side with a few willows growing upon it , from which the Lake in general takes its name Athapison in the Southern Cree tongue which signifies open country such as lakes with willows and grass growing about them '' . Peter Fidler originally recorded the name for the river in 1790 as the Great Arabuska . By 1801 , the name had gained a closer spelling to the current name -- Athapaskow Lake . By 1820 , George Simpson referred to both the lake and the river as `` Athabasca '' . Geography and Natural history ( edit ) Lake Athabasca , Canada Mackenzie River drainage basin showing Lake Athabasca 's position south of Great Slave Lake The lake covers 7,850 km ( 3,030 sq mi ) , is 283 km ( 176 mi ) long , has a maximum width of 50 km ( 31 mi ) , and a maximum depth of 124 m ( 407 ft ) , and holds 204 km ( 49 cu mi ) of water , making it the largest and deepest lake in both Alberta and Saskatchewan , and the eighth largest in Canada . Water flows northward from the lake via the Slave River and Mackenzie River systems , eventually reaching the Arctic Ocean . Fort Chipewyan , one of the oldest European settlements in Alberta , is located on the western shore of the lake , where the Rivière des Rochers drains the lake and flows toward Slave River , beginning its northward journey along the eastern boundary of Wood Buffalo National Park . The eastern section of the lake narrows to a width of about 1 km (. 6 miles ) near the community of Fond du Lac located on the northern shore then continues to its most easterly point at the mouth of the Fond du Lac River . Fidler Point on the north shore of Lake Athabasca is named for Peter Fidler , a surveyor and map maker for the Hudson 's Bay Company . Along with other lakes such as the Great Bear Lake and Great Slave Lake , Lake Athabasca is a remnant of the vast Glacial Lake McConnell . Tributaries ( edit ) Tributaries of Lake Athabasca include ( going clockwise ) ; Fond du Lac River , Otherside River , Helmer Creek , MacFarlane River , Archibald River , William River , Ennuyeuse Creek , Dumville Creek , Debussac Creek , Jackfish Creek , Claussen Creek , Old Fort River , Crown Creek , Athabasca River , Colin River , Oldman River , Bulyea River , Grease River and Robillard River . Development and environment ( edit ) Uranium and gold mining along the northern shore resulted in the birth of Uranium City , Saskatchewan , which was home to the mine workers and their families . While the last mine closed in the 1980s , the effects of mining operations have heavily contaminated the northern shores . The large oil sands mining nearby is suspected to have added to the current pollution levels in the lake . On October 31 , 2013 , one of Obed Mountain coal mine 's pits failed , and from between 600 million to a billion liters of slurry poured into the Plante and Apetowun Creeks . The plume of waste products then joined the Athabasca River , travelling downstream for a month before settling in Lake Athabasca near Fort Chipewyan , over 500 km ( 310 mi ) away . The Lake Athabasca Sand Dunes , the largest active sand dunes in the world north of 58 ° , are adjacent to the southern shore . The dunes were designated a `` Provincial Wilderness Park '' in 1992 . Lake Athabasca contains 23 species of fish , with a world record lake trout of 46.3 kg ( 102 lb ) having been caught from its depths in 1961 by means of a gillnet . Other fish species include walleye , yellow perch , northern pike , lake trout , goldeye , lake whitefish , cisco , Arctic grayling , burbot , white sucker and longnose sucker . See also ( edit ) Peace -- Athabasca Delta References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Great Slave Lake and Lake Athabasca , Canada ( Note : Lake Athabasca during ice - break - up ) '' . June 9 , 2002 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Burn Scars in Saskatchewan , Canada ( Note : Dark to light rust coloured areas are burn scars from forest fires ) '' . August 24 , 2002 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Atlas of Canada ( 2004 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Lakes of Canada '' . Natural Resources Canada . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Bright , William ( 2004 ) . Native American Place Names of the United States . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3576 - X . OCLC 53019644 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Athabasca '' . Atlas of Alberta Lakes . Edmonton : University of Alberta Press . 1990 . ISBN 0 - 88864 - 214 - 8 . Jump up ^ Place Names - Faria Creek - Friock Creek Jump up ^ `` Natural Resources Canada - Canadian Geographical Names ( Lake Athabasca ) '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Atlas of Canada Toporama '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Southren ( 2013 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Deep In Canadian Lakes , Signs Of Tar Sands Pollution '' . National Public Radio . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 01 . Canadian researchers have used the mud at the bottom of lakes like a time machine to show that tar sands oil production in Alberta , Canada , is polluting remote regional lakes as far as 50 miles from the operations . ^ Jump up to : Wohlberg , Meagan ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Two Years Later , Charges Laid in Massive Alberta Coal Mine Spill '' . Vice News . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Trout '' . Perspective Visuals , Inc . March 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Fish Species of Saskatchewan '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Lake Athabasca and associated Sand Dunes International Lake Environment Committee , June 21 , 2001 Fish Species of Saskatchewan Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan ( Lake Athabasca ) Athabasca Sand Dunes Provincial Park List of lakes of Canada ( by province or territory ) Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Book Portal WikiProject Hydrography of Alberta Rivers Athabasca Battle Beaver Bow Brazeau Clearwater Crowsnest Elbow Hay Little Bow Milk North Saskatchewan Oldman Peace Pembina Red Deer Slave Smoky South Saskatchewan Waterfalls Athabasca Bow Bridal Veil Crescent Crypt Elbow Lundbreck Panther Sunwapta Lakes Athabasca Beaverhill Bistcho Claire Cold La Biche Lesser Slave Pigeon Ste . Anne Sylvan Utikuma Wabamun Reservoirs Abraham Barrier Brazeau Chestermere Kananaskis McGregor Minnewanka Glenmore Milk River Ridge Sikome Gleniffer Glaciers Athabasca Bow Columbia Icefield Crowfoot Hector Peyto Saskatchewan Vulture Wapta Waputik Icefield Other Hay - Zama Wetlands Peace -- Athabasca Delta Whooping Crane Summer Range ( wetlands ) VIAF : 235155086 GND : 4283934 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Athabasca&oldid=796058223 '' Categories : Lakes of Saskatchewan Lakes of Alberta Hudson 's Bay Company trading posts Borders of Alberta Borders of Saskatchewan Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo Lake Athabasca Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Woods Cree - language text Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français Frysk Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 05 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is lake athabasca located on a map
[ "Lake Athabasca (/ˌæθəˈbæskə/; French: lac Athabasca; from Woods Cree: aðapaskāw, \"[where] there are plants one after another\")[4] is located in the northwest corner of Saskatchewan and the northeast corner of Alberta between 58° and 60° N. The lake is 26% in Alberta and 74% in Saskatchewan.", "Lake Athabasca (/ˌæθəˈbæskə/; French: lac Athabasca; from Woods Cree: aðapaskāw, \"[where] there are plants one after another\")[4] is located in the northwest corner of Saskatchewan and the northeast corner of Alberta between 58° and 60° N. The lake is 26% in Alberta and 74% in Saskatchewan." ]
[ "northwest corner of Saskatchewan", "northeast corner of Alberta" ]
-8935414494819377935
The Real Housewives of Orange County
The Real Housewives of Orange County - wikipedia The Real Housewives of Orange County California - based reality television series in the United States For the current season , see The Real Housewives of Orange County ( season 13 ) . The Real Housewives of Orange County Genre Reality television Starring Kimberly Bryant Jo De La Rosa Vicki Gunvalson Jeana Keough Lauri Peterson Tammy Knickerbocker Tamra Judge Quinn Fry Gretchen Rossi Lynne Curtin Alexis Bellino Peggy Tanous Heather Dubrow Lydia McLaughlin Shannon Beador Lizzie Rovsek Meghan King Edmonds Kelly Dodd Peggy Sulahian Emily Simpson Gina Kirschenheiter Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 13 No. of episodes 217 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Douglas Ross Greg Stewart Alex Baskin Bill Langworthy Bill Fritz Scott Dunlop Andy Cohen Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Evolution Media Release Original network Bravo Picture format SDTV ( 480i ) HDTV ( 1080i ) Original release March 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 21 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Followed by The Real Housewives of New York City Related shows Date My Ex : Jo & Slade Tamra 's OC Wedding External links Website The Real Housewives of Orange County ( abbreviated RHOC ) is an American reality television series that premiered on March 21 , 2006 on Bravo . It is currently in its thirteenth season and focuses on the personal and professional lives of several women residing in Orange County , California . The series originally focused on Kimberly Bryant , Jo De La Rosa , Vicki Gunvalson , Jeana Keough and Lauri Waring . The cast currently consists of Gunvalson , Tamra Judge , Shannon Beador , Kelly Dodd , Gina Kirschenheiter and Emily Simpson . Of the original housewives , Bryant and De La Rosa left after the first and second seasons , respectively , Peterson stopped filming during production of the fourth season and Keough left after the sixth season commenced . The remaining housewives joined in later seasons : Barney ( now Judge ) in the third , Beador in the ninth , Dodd in the eleventh and both Kirschenheiter and Simpson in the thirteenth . Other housewives include Tammy Knickerbocker ( season 2 -- 3 ) , Quinn Fry ( season 3 ) , Gretchen Rossi ( season 4 -- 8 ) , Lynne Curtin ( season 4 -- 5 ) , Alexis Bellino ( season 5 -- 8 ) , Peggy Tanous ( season 6 ) , Heather Dubrow ( season 7 -- 11 ) , Lydia McLaughlin ( seasons 8 and 12 ) , Lizzie Rovsek ( season 9 ) , Meghan King Edmonds ( seasons 10 -- 12 ) and Peggy Sulahian ( season 12 ) . The show 's success has allowed for the development of The Real Housewives franchise and similar spin - off series based in New York City , Atlanta , New Jersey , Washington , D.C. , Beverly Hills , Miami , Potomac and Dallas . The show has also resulted in the conceptions of the spin - offs Date My Ex : Jo & Slade and Tamra 's OC Wedding . Contents 1 Overview and casting 1.1 Season 1 - 3 1.2 Season 4 - 8 1.3 Season 9 - present 1.4 Timeline of housewives 2 Episodes 3 Spin - offs 4 References 5 External links Overview and casting ( edit ) Vicki Gunvalson appeared in all seasons as a main cast member . Season 1 - 3 ( edit ) In April 2005 , The Real Housewives was ordered by American television network Bravo . It was renamed as The Real Housewives of Orange County in January 2006 . Producer Scott Dunlop , said that it was originally planned to be set in a single gated community in Coto de Caza , California . The show was inspired by scripted soap operas Desperate Housewives and Peyton Place , and would document the lives of upper - class women who `` lead glamorous lives in a Southern California gated community where the average home has a $1.6 million price tag and residents include CEOs and retired professional athletes . '' The first season premiered on March 21 , 2006 , and starred Kimberly Bryant , Jo De La Rosa , Vicki Gunvalson , Jeana Keough and Lauri Waring . Bryant left after the first season . Tammy Knickerbocker joined the cast for the second season which premiered on January 16 , 2007 . Bryant appeared as a guest . After the second season , De La Rosa exited the series as a regular cast member . The third season premiered on November 6 , 2007 which featured Tamra Judge ( then Barney ) as the latest housewife . While Quinn Fry joined the cast in the sixth episode . Bryant and De La Rosa returned as guests . Knickerbocker and Fry left the main cast after the third season . Season 4 - 8 ( edit ) Gretchen Rossi was introduced in the fourth season premiere on November 25 , 2008 . Peterson made her final appearance as a main cast member in the third episode . While Lynne Curtin joined the cast in the fourth episode . Bryant and De La Rosa made their final guest appearance during the season finale . While Knickerbocker returned as a guest . Keough 's final season as a full - time cast member , season five premiered on November 5 , 2009 . After Keough left the show as a full - time cast member , Alexis Bellino was added to the main cast . Fry , Knickerbocker and Peterson returned as a guest . Curtin left after the fifth season . The sixth season which premiered on March 6 , 2011 introduced Peggy Tanous as the newest housewife and friend of the housewives Fernanda Rocha . Keough returned in a friend of the housewives status , while Curtin , Fry and Knickerbocker appeared as guests . Heather Dubrow joined the cast in the seventh season which premiered on February 7 , 2012 . Keough and Tanous appeared as a guest , while Sarah Winchester was featured as a friend of the housewives . On April 1 , 2013 , the eighth season premiered and the cast was joined by Lydia McLaughlin . Peterson also appeared as a friend of the housewives in the eighth season . Bellino , McLaughlin , Rossi and Peterson departed after the season . Season 9 - present ( edit ) The ninth season premiered on April 14 , 2014 and introduced Shannon Beador and Lizzie Rovsek as the new housewives . While Danielle Gregorio joined as friend of the housewives . The tenth season which premiered on June 8 , 2015 , saw Rovsek as a friend of the housewives , and Meghan King Edmonds joining the cast . Curtin , Keough and Knickerbocker made guest appearances in the season . The eleventh season premiered on June 20 , 2016 . It featured Kelly Dodd joining the cast and Keough making a guest appearance . The season served as Dubrow 's final season . McLaughlin returned for the show 's twelfth season which premiered on July 10 , 2017 . Peggy Sulahian joined as the latest housewife . While Keough , Rossi and Rovsek made guest appearances . After the season concluded , King Edmonds , McLaughlin and Sulahian left the show . Gina Kirschenheiter and Emily Simpson joined the cast for the thirteenth season , which premiered on July 16 , 2018 . Timeline of housewives ( edit ) Housewives Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Kimberly Bryant Main Guest Jo De La Rosa Main Guest Vicki Gunvalson Main Jeana Keough Main Friend Guest Guest Lauri Peterson Main Guest Friend Tammy Knickerbocker Main Guest Guest Tamra Judge Main Quinn Fry Main Guest Gretchen Rossi Main Guest Lynne Curtin Main Guest Guest Alexis Bellino Main Peggy Tanous Main Guest Heather Dubrow Main Lydia McLaughlin Main Main Shannon Beador Main Lizzie Rovsek Main Friend Guest Meghan King Edmonds Guest Main Kelly Dodd Main Peggy Sulahian Main Emily Simpson Guest Main Gina Kirschenheiter Main Friends of the housewives Fernanda Rocha Guest Friend Sarah Winchester Guest Friend Danielle Gregorio Friend Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Real Housewives of Orange County episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 March 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 21 ) May 9 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 09 ) 10 January 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 16 ) March 20 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 20 ) 12 November 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 06 ) January 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 29 ) 15 November 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ) June 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 11 ) 5 17 November 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) March 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) 6 16 March 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 06 ) June 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 20 ) 7 23 February 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 07 ) July 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 24 ) 8 22 April 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) 9 21 April 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 14 ) September 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 08 ) 10 24 June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) November 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 12 ) 11 21 June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 12 21 July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 13 TBA July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) TBA Spin - offs ( edit ) Date My Ex : Jo & Slade became the first spin - off from The Real Housewives of Orange County ; the dating game show documented De La Rosa as she began dating after moving to Los Angeles , where potential suitors were regularly surveyed by Smiley . It premiered on June 30 , 2008 and ended on September 8 , 2008 after broadcasting nine episodes during its first and only season . After becoming engaged to Judge in February 2013 , Barney was commissioned to star in the three - part spin - off special Tamra 's OC Wedding . It highlighted the preparations for their nuptials and was broadcast from September 2 , 2013 until September 16 , 2013 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bravo Launches Most Aggressive Slate of Original Programming for 2005 - 06 Season '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . April 26 , 2005 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bravo 's ' The Real Housewives of Orange County ' to premiere March 21 '' . Reality TV World . January 6 , 2006 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eades , Mark ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Producer gets real about the real housewives '' . Orange County Register . Freedom Communications . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Laudadio , Marisa . `` Jo De La Rosa : My Life After the Real Housewives '' . Bravo . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Orange County : Season 3 '' . Amazon . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Laudadio , Marisa . `` Tammy Knickerbocker : My Life After the Real Housewives '' . Bravo . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` You Just Do n't Get It '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` It Ends in Coto de Caza '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . November 19 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Laudadio , Marisa . `` Jeana Keough : My Life After the Real Housewives '' . Bravo . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Rocchio , Christopher . `` ' The Real Housewives of O.C. ' to debut Nov. 5 , Jeana Keough leaving '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Laudadio , Marisa . `` Lynne Curtin : My Life After the Real Housewives '' . Bravo . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Real Housewives ' Turns 100 : All The Ladies Who Were On ' Orange County ' '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . June 24 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Gregorio -- Bio '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris . `` The Real Housewives of Orange County Season 10 , Now With Sharks , Death Threats , Mock Funerals and Breakdowns '' . E Online . E News . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lizzie Rovsek '' . Bravo . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ep 5 : Game Changer '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Real Housewives of Orange County Season 10 Will Have a Birth , Death and Everything in Between '' . E ! News . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gajewski , Ryan ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Real Housewives of Orange County ' Season 11 Trailer Reveals Fights , a Newcomer and a Dune Buggy Accident : Watch ! '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` One of the Real Housewives of Orange County Confirms She Wo n't Return '' . Bravo . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenfeld , Laura ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` A Real Housewives of Orange County Alum Is Returning for Season 12 '' . Bravo . United States : NBCUniversal . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Dave ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Bravo 's 100th Housewife Makes Her Debut in Real Housewives of Orange County Season 12 Trailer '' . People . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Meghan King Edmonds Leaving The Real Housewives of Orange County '' . E ! Online . United States : NBCUniversal . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hearon , Sarah ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Lydia McLaughlin Is Leaving the Real Housewives of Orange County '' . Us Weekly . United States : American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` One of The Real Housewives of Orange County Says She Wo n't Be Returning : `` Moving on Seemed Like the Right Thing to Do '' `` . February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Your First Look at # RHOC Season 13 ! '' . June 11 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- Date My Ex : Jo & Slade on Bravo '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Zayda ( June 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' Real Housewives of OC ' star Tamra Barney marries Eddie Judge with castmates in attendance '' . Daily News . Mortimer Zuckerman . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- Tamra 's OC Wedding on Bravo '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Real Housewives of Orange County . Official website The Real Housewives of Orange County on IMDb The Real Housewives of Orange County at TV Guide Bravo original programming Current Below Deck ( since 2013 ) Below Deck Mediterranean ( since 2016 ) Do n't Be Tardy ( since 2012 ) Flipping Out ( since 2007 ) Going Off the Menu ( since 2016 ) Inside the Actors Studio ( since 1994 ) Married to Medicine ( since 2013 ) Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles ( since 2006 ) Million Dollar Listing New York ( since 2012 ) A Night with My Ex ( since 2017 ) Real Estate Wars ( since 2017 ) The Real Housewives of Atlanta ( since 2008 ) The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ( since 2010 ) The Real Housewives of Dallas ( since 2016 ) The Real Housewives of New Jersey ( since 2009 ) The Real Housewives of New York City ( since 2008 ) The Real Housewives of Orange County ( since 2006 ) The Real Housewives of Potomac ( since 2016 ) Shahs of Sunset ( since 2012 ) Southern Charm ( since 2014 ) Southern Charm New Orleans ( since 2018 ) Southern Charm Savannah ( since 2017 ) Summer House ( since 2017 ) Top Chef ( since 2006 ) Vanderpump Rules ( since 2013 ) Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen ( since 2009 ) Xscape : Still Kickin ' It ( since 2017 ) Your Husband Is Cheating on Us ( since 2018 ) Former 2000s debuts 30 Even Scarier Movie Moments ( 2006 ) The 100 Scariest Movie Moments ( 2004 ) The Awful Truth ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Battle of the Network Reality Stars ( 2005 ) Being Bobby Brown ( 2005 ) Better Halves ( 2007 ) Blow Out ( 2004 -- 06 ) Boy Meets Boy ( 2003 ) Bravo A-List Awards ( 2008 -- 09 ) Breaking News ( 2002 ) Celebrity Poker Showdown ( 2003 -- 06 ) Chef Academy ( 2009 -- 10 ) Date My Ex : Jo & Slade ( 2008 ) The Fashion Show : Ultimate Collection ( 2009 -- 11 ) First Class All the Way ( 2008 ) Gay Weddings ( 2002 ) Hey Paula ( 2007 ) The It Factor ( 2002 -- 03 ) Kathy Griffin : My Life on the D - List ( 2005 -- 10 ) Launch My Line ( 2009 -- 10 ) Make Me a Supermodel ( 2008 -- 09 ) Manhunt ( 2004 ) Miami Social ( 2009 ) The Millionaire Matchmaker ( 2008 -- 15 ) NYC Prep ( 2009 ) Outrageous and Contagious : Viral Videos ( 2006 ) Page to Screen ( 2002 -- 05 ) Party / Party ( 2005 -- 06 ) Queer Eye for the Straight Girl ( 2005 ) Queer Eye for the Straight Guy ( 2003 -- 07 ) The Rachel Zoe Project ( 2008 -- 13 ) Significant Others ( 2004 ) Shear Genius ( 2007 -- 10 ) Showbiz Moms & Dads ( 2004 ) Showdog Moms & Dads ( 2005 ) Sports Kids Moms & Dads ( 2005 ) Step It Up and Dance ( 2008 ) Tabatha Takes Over ( 2008 -- 13 ) Tabloid Wars ( 2006 ) Things I Hate About You ( 2004 ) Tim Gunn 's Guide to Style ( 2007 -- 08 ) Top Chef Masters ( 2009 -- 13 ) Top Design ( 2008 ) Welcome to the Parker ( 2007 ) Work Out ( 2006 -- 08 ) 2010s debuts 100 Days of Summer ( 2014 ) 9 By Design ( 2010 ) Après Ski ( 2015 ) Around the World in 80 Plates ( 2012 ) Best New Restaurant ( 2015 ) Bethenny Ever After ( 2010 -- 12 ) Blood , Sweat & Heels ( 2014 -- 15 ) Boys to Manzo ( 2011 ) Chef Roblé & Co. 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( 2010 ) Recipe for Deception ( 2016 ) Rocco 's Dinner Party ( 2011 ) Secrets and Wives ( 2015 ) The Singles Project ( 2014 ) Start - Ups : Silicon Valley ( 2012 ) Tamra 's OC Wedding ( 2013 ) Teresa Checks In ( 2015 ) Then and Now with Andy Cohen ( 2015 ) There Goes the Motherhood ( 2016 ) Thicker Than Water ( 2013 -- 16 ) Thintervention with Jackie Warner ( 2010 ) Timber Creek Lodge ( 2016 -- 17 ) Toned Up ( 2014 ) Top Chef Duels ( 2014 ) Top Chef : Just Desserts ( 2010 -- 11 ) Tour Group ( 2016 ) Untying the Knot ( 2014 -- 16 ) Vanderpump Rules After Show ( 2015 -- 16 ) Work of Art : The Next Great Artist ( 2010 -- 11 ) Work Out New York ( 2015 -- 16 ) Yours , Mine or Ours ( 2016 ) Upcoming Dirty John ( TBA ) Project Runway ( 2004 -- 08 , TBA ) The Fifth Beatle ( TBA ) The Real Housewives franchise United States installments Orange County Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 New York City Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 Atlanta Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 New Jersey Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Beverly Hills Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Miami Episodes Season 1 Potomac Episodes Season 1 Dallas Episodes Season 1 Others D.C. 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when does the real housewifes of orange county start
[ "SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired18March 21, 2006 (2006-03-21)May 9, 2006 (2006-05-09)210January 16, 2007 (2007-01-16)March 20, 2007 (2007-03-20)312November 6, 2007 (2007-11-06)January 29, 2008 (2008-01-29)415November 25, 2008 (2008-11-25)June 11, 2009 (2009-06-11)517November 5, 2009 (2009-11-05)March 11, 2010 (2010-03-11)616March 6, 2011 (2011-03-06)June 20, 2011 (2011-06-20)723February 7, 2012 (2012-02-07)July 24, 2012 (2012-07-24)822April 1, 2013 (2013-04-01)September 1, 2013 (2013-09-01)921April 14, 2014 (2014-04-14)September 8, 2014 (2014-09-08)1024June 8, 2015 (2015-06-08)November 12, 2015 (2015-11-12)1121June 20, 2016 (2016-06-20)November 21, 2016 (2016-11-21)1221July 10, 2017 (2017-07-10)November 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)13TBAJuly 16, 2018 (2018-07-16)TBA" ]
[ "July 16, 2018" ]
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James and the Giant Peach
James and the giant peach - wikipedia James and the giant peach Jump to : navigation , search For the 1996 film adaptation , see James and the Giant Peach ( film ) . For the musical adaptation , see James and the Giant Peach ( musical ) . James and the Giant Peach . First edition ( US ) Author Roald Dahl Illustrator Nancy Ekholm Burkert ( first US edition ) Michael Simeon ( first UK edition ) Emma Chichester Clark ( 1990 UK edition ) Quentin Blake ( 1995 edition ) Lane Smith ( 1996 US edition ) Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Children 's novel Publisher Alfred A. Knopf , Inc . Publication date 1961 Media type Hardcover Pages 160 OCLC 50568125 Dewey Decimal ( Fic ) 21 LC Class PZ8. D137 Jam 2002 James and the Giant Peach is a popular children 's novel written in 1961 by British author Roald Dahl . The original first edition published by Alfred Knopf featured illustrations by Nancy Ekholm Burkert . There have been reillustrated versions of it over the years , done by Michael Simeon for the first British edition , Emma Chichester Clark , Lane Smith and Quentin Blake . It was adapted into a film of the same name in 1996 . The plot centres on a young English orphan boy who enters a gigantic , magical peach , and has a wild and surreal cross-world adventure with seven magically - altered garden bugs he meets . They set off on a journey to escape from James ' two mean and cruel aunts . Roald Dahl was originally going to write about a giant cherry , but changed it to James and the Giant Peach because a peach is `` prettier , bigger and squishier than a cherry . '' Because of the story 's occasional macabre and potentially frightening content , it has become a regular target of the censors . The actors Jeremy Irons , Andrew Sachs , and Julian Rhind - Tutt provide the English language audiobook recordings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Characters 3 References in the book to other Roald Dahl works 4 Film adaptations 5 Musical adaptation 6 Editions 7 References Summary ( edit ) Four - year - old James Henry Trotter lives with his loving parents in a beautiful cottage by the sea in the south of England , until his parents are killed by an escaped rhinoceros during a shopping trip in London . As a result , James is forced to live with his two cruel aunts , Spiker and Sponge , in a run - down house on a high , desolate hill near the White Cliffs of Dover . For four years , James is treated as a drudge , forced to do hard labor , beaten for hardly any reason , improperly fed , and forced to sleep on bare floorboards in the attic . One summer afternoon , after a particularly upsetting altercation with his aunts , James stumbles across a mysterious stranger , who gives him magic green `` crocodile tongues '' which , when drunk with water , will bring him happiness and great adventures . On the way to the house , James spills the crocodile tongues onto a barren peach tree , which then produces a single peach that quickly grows to nearly the size of a house . The next day , the aunts sell tickets to neighbors and tourists to see the giant peach while James watches from the window of his room in which he is locked up , to prevent him from getting in the way of his aunts ' business . When night comes , the aunts release James and send him to collect rubbish discarded by the crowd . James goes to take a closer look at the giant peach , but he discovers a tunnel , which leads to a secret room inside the peach 's seed , inhabited by a rag - tag band of human - sized , talking invertebrates ( an old green grasshopper , centipede , earthworm , spider , ladybug , silkworm , and a glowworm ) , also transformed by the magic of the crocodile tongues given him earlier . These bugs then become James ' companions in his adventure , and the companionship is prompted by a common hatred of the aunts . Upon James ' arrival , the Centipede bites through the stem of the peach , whereupon it rolls down the hill early next morning , crushing and killing Spiker and Sponge on the way . Everyone inside the peach feels it rolling over the aunts and bursts out cheering . It rolls through villages , houses , and a famous chocolate factory before falling off the cliffs of Dover into the sea . James and the bugs emerge to find themselves floating in the sea but manage to sustain themselves on the delicious flesh of the peach . Hours later , near the Azores , the peach is surrounded by sharks . Using the Earthworm as bait , James and the others of the peach lure five hundred seagulls to the peach from the nearby islands , which they tie to the broken stem as a source of flight . Now airborne , the peach crosses the Atlantic Ocean . At one incident , the Centipede entertains the others with ribald dirges to Sponge and Spiker , but in his excitement , he falls into the ocean and is rescued by James . That night , thousands of feet in the air , the giant peach floats through mountain - like , moonlit clouds , where the bugs and James discover the ghostly `` Cloud - Men '' , who control the weather . As the Cloud - Men form hailstones to throw down to the world below , the Centipede insults them , and an army of Cloud - Men pelt the giant peach with hail . They escape and then encounter a rainbow which they smash through . One Cloud - Man pours a tin of `` rainbow paint '' onto the Centipede , briefly turning him into a statue before he is freed by a Cloud - Man who pours water on him . One Cloud - Man almost boards the peach by climbing down the silken strings tied to the stem , which the Centipede severs to release him . Thereafter , James and the bugs approach New York City ; whereupon the military , police , fire department , and rescue services are all called , and people flee to air raid shelters and subway stations , believing the city is about to be destroyed . A huge passenger jet flies past the giant peach and severs the silken strings connecting the seagulls to the peach , which is then impaled upon the tip of the Empire State Building . The people on the 86th floor at first believe the inhabitants of the giant peach to be monsters or extraterrestrials ; but when James appears and explains his story , the people hail James and his friends as heroes . The remains of the giant peach are brought down to the streets , where it is consumed by the town 's children , and its seed is established as a mansion in Central Park , where James lives , while his friends establish careers in the human world . In conclusion , James is said to have written the preceding story . Characters ( edit ) James Henry Trotter -- The protagonist of the book , who wants nothing more than to have friends and be happy . Though something of a dreamer , James is clever , kind - hearted , innocent , and ever - resourceful throughout his adventure in the giant peach , and his intuitive plans save his friends ' lives on each occasion . The Old Man -- A friendly yet mysterious individual , who initiates James ' adventure . In the 1980 re-printing of the book , with illustrations by Nancy Ekholm Burkert , he can be seen in the final illustration , amongst the New York City crowd . Aunt Spiker -- A dominating , cruel , malicious , and thoroughly repulsive woman ; possibly the older of James ' aunts . Spiker is described as tall and thin -- almost emaciated -- with steel glasses , and her speech produces spit whenever she gets angry or excited . James never hears her or her sister Sponge laugh , and they never call him by his name , but always refer to him as insults such as `` you nasty little beast '' or `` you miserable creature '' . She seems to be the smartest of the aunts . She is destroyed by the giant peach in its escape . It is unknown if she and her sister Sponge are the sisters of James 's mother or father , or ( since the illustrations depict them as elderly ) his great - aunts . Aunt Sponge -- Spiker 's sister : a greedy , selfish , and morbidly obese woman , and equally as cruel and repulsive as Spiker , but seems to be less smart , and destroyed concurrently . The Centipede -- A male centipede , depicted as a boisterous rascal with a good heart , and perhaps James ' closest friend in the peach . He is generally optimistic and even brave , but outspoken and rash . His sources of pride are his `` 100 legs '' , even though he has only 42 , and his ancestral status of garden pest . He often asks for help with putting on his many boots , or taking them off , or shining them . In the last chapter of the book , it is revealed that he becomes Vice-President - in - Charge - of - Sales of a high - class firm of boot and shoe manufacturers . The Earthworm -- A male earthworm who often quarrels with the Centipede , and is frequently the most pessimistic of the protagonists , though on amicable terms with nearly all . In New York City , he becomes the mascot of a skin - cream company . The Old Green Grasshopper -- A male grasshopper , who ( as the eldest ) assumes an almost paternal role to James and the others . He is an accomplished musician ; wherefore , he ultimately becomes a member of the New York Symphony Orchestra where his playing is greatly admired . The Ladybird -- A kind , motherly female ladybird who takes care of James . In the last chapter of the book , it is revealed that the Ladybird `` married the head of the New York City Fire Department and lived happily ever after '' . Miss Spider -- A good - natured female spider who takes care of James . Generally friendly and decent in manner , but described by Dahl as having `` a large , black and murderous - looking head , which to a stranger was probably the most terrifying of all '' . She has particular resentment toward Sponge , who caused the deaths of Miss Spider 's father and grandmother . On the journey , Miss Spider makes hammocks for the others to sleep ; and in the final chapter , becomes a tightrope manufacturer . The Glowworm -- A female glowworm , who quietly hangs from the ceiling at the center of the giant peach and provides lighting for the interior . After the adventure , she illuminates the Statue of Liberty 's torch . The Silkworm -- A female Silkworm , who assists Miss Spider in the production of thread , both before and after the adventure . She is never seen to speak and is also the only one of James ' travelling companions not to appear in the film adaptation . References in the book to other Roald Dahl works ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) James and the Giant Peach possibly references Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in the beginning and end of the novel ( although its copyright date is three years earlier ) . When the peach rolls off the tree , it rolls through a `` famous chocolate factory '' : a reference to Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory . Towards the end of the book , people in New York City identify the protagonists , incorrectly , as Whangdoodles , Snozzwangers , Hornswogglers , or Vermicious Knids . All of those animals ( except the last ) are mentioned by Willy Wonka as predators of the Oompa - Loompas ; and Vermicious Knids feature in the sequel book , Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , when they try to link up with the Space Hotel U.S.A. It also references `` the BFG '' in the end of the novel : on the last page , James writes a recount of his adventure ( the illustration shows him smiling with a book in his hands ) . This is also how the BFG ended . In both cases , the recounted stories are purported to be the books themselves . Film adaptations ( edit ) Main article : James and the Giant Peach ( film ) Though Roald Dahl declined numerous offers during his lifetime to have a film version of James and the Giant Peach produced , his widow , Liccy Dahl , approved an offer to have a film adaptation produced in conjunction with Disney in the mid-1990s . It was directed by Henry Selick and produced by Denise Di Novi and Tim Burton , both of whom previously produced The Nightmare Before Christmas . The movie consists of live action and stop - motion to reduce production finances . It was narrated by Pete Postlethwaite ( who also played the wizard ) . The film was released on 12 April 1996 . There are numerous changes in both the plot of the film and the plot of the book , though the film was generally well received . Liccy Dahl said that , `` I think Roald would have been delighted with what they did with James . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a positive review , praising the animated part , but calling the live - action segments `` crude . '' The movie was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score ( by Randy Newman ) . It won Best Animated Feature Film at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival . In August 2016 , Sam Mendes was revealed to be in negotiations with Disney to direct another live action adaptation of the novel . In May 2017 , however , Mendes was no longer attached to the project due to him entering talks with Disney about directing a live - action film adaptation of Pinocchio . Musical adaptation ( edit ) Main article : James and the Giant Peach ( musical ) The book was made into a musical with music and lyrics by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul and book by Timothy Allen McDonald that premiered at Goodspeed Musicals in 2010 and is currently frequently produced in regional and youth theatre . Editions ( edit ) ISBN 0 - 06 - 054272 - 1 ( audio CD read by Jeremy Irons , 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 037156 - 7 ( paperback , 1995 ) ISBN 1 - 55734 - 441 - 8 ( paperback , 1994 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 034269 - 9 ( paperback , 1990 ) ISBN 0 - 553 - 15113 - 4 ( Bantam Skylark paperback , 1980 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 81282 - 4 ( hardcover , 1961 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 91282 - 0 ( library binding , 1961 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roald Dahl Fact Sheet : Puffin play ground Puffin Books Jump up ^ Clarie Heald ( 11 June 2005 ) `` Chocolate doors thrown open to Dahl '' . BBC News Jump up ^ The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 . American Library Association . Jump up ^ `` Why is China banning Winnie the Pooh and other foreign picture books ? '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ `` James and the Giant Peach Audiobook '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved 26 June 2015 ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Chloe ; Darren Horne . `` Roald Dahl : From Page to Screen '' . close-upfilm.com . Archived from the original on 4 February 2009 . Retrieved 9 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Evans , Noah Wolfgram . `` Layers : A Look at Henry Selick '' . Retrieved 12 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` James And The Giant Peach '' . bcdb.com , 23 March 2011 Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 19 April 1996 ) . `` PITS A WONDERFUL LIFE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 12 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Mendes in Talks to Direct Disney 's Live - Action ' James and the Giant Peach ' '' . Variety . 25 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Mendes in Early Talks to Direct ' Pinocchio ' Live - Action Movie '' . Variety . 22 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Mendes will no longer direct the `` James and the Giant Peach '' remake for Disney , which he was attached to less than a year ago . ( hide ) Roald Dahl Children 's fiction The Gremlins ( 1943 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1961 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 1964 ) The Magic Finger ( 1966 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 1970 ) Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator ( 1972 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1975 ) The Enormous Crocodile ( 1978 ) The Twits ( 1980 ) George 's Marvellous Medicine ( 1981 ) The BFG ( 1982 ) The Witches ( 1983 ) The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me ( 1985 ) Matilda ( 1988 ) Esio Trot ( 1990 ) The Vicar of Nibbleswicke ( 1991 ) The Minpins ( 1991 ) Children 's poetry Revolting Rhymes ( 1982 ) Dirty Beasts ( 1983 ) Rhyme Stew ( 1989 ) Adult novels Sometime Never : A Fable for Supermen ( 1948 ) My Uncle Oswald ( 1979 ) Adult short story collections Over to You : Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying ( 1946 ) Someone Like You ( 1953 ) Kiss Kiss ( 1960 ) Lamb to the Slaughter ( 1953 ) Switch Bitch ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More ( 1977 ) The Best of Roald Dahl ( 1978 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 ) More Tales of the Unexpected ( 1980 ) The Roald Dahl Omnibus ( 1986 ) Two Fables ( 1986 ) Ah , Sweet Mystery of Life : The Country Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1989 ) The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) The Roald Dahl Treasury ( 1997 ) The Great Automatic Grammatizator ( 1998 ) Skin and Other Stories ( 2000 ) Roald Dahl : Collected Stories ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Mildenhall Treasure ( 1946 ) Boy : Tales of Childhood ( 1984 ) Going Solo ( 1986 ) Memories with Food at Gipsy House ( 1991 ) Roald Dahl 's Guide to Railway Safety ( 1991 ) My Year ( 1993 ) Film adaptations 36 Hours ( 1965 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1989 ) The BFG ( 1989 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Four Rooms ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Matilda ( 1996 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) Revolting Rhymes ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Film scripts The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling ( 1966 , unfinished ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) The Night Digger ( 1971 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Television series Way Out ( 1961 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 -- 88 ) Musicals and plays The Honeys ( 1955 ) Matilda ( 2010 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 2016 ) See also Quentin Blake Roald Dahl bibliography Roald Dahl short stories bibliography Roald Dahl 's Book of Ghost Stories ( 1983 ) List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes Related Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre Roald Dahl Children 's Gallery Patricia Neal ( wife ) Tessa Dahl ( daughter ) Ophelia Dahl ( daughter ) Lucy Dahl ( daughter ) Sophie Dahl ( granddaughter ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_and_the_Giant_Peach&oldid=806784260 '' Categories : 1961 British novels Children 's books by Roald Dahl British novels adapted into films Alfred A. Knopf books Novels about orphans British children 's novels Novels by Roald Dahl Insects in fiction Novels set in England 1961 children 's books Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2012 Use dmy dates from August 2015 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles that may contain original research from February 2015 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 03 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what killed james parents in james and the giant peach
[ "Four-year-old James Henry Trotter lives with his loving parents in a beautiful cottage by the sea in the south of England, until his parents are killed by an escaped rhinoceros during a shopping trip in London." ]
[ "escaped rhinoceros" ]
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Anne of Green Gables
Anne of Green Gables - wikipedia Anne of Green Gables Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For other uses , see Anne of Green Gables ( disambiguation ) . Anne of Green Gables First edition . Author Lucy Maud Montgomery Illustrator M.A. and W.A.J. Claus Country Written and set in Canada , published in the United States Language English Series Anne of Green Gables Genre Novel Set in Prince Edward Island , 1876 -- 81 Published June 1908 ( L.C. Page & Co . ) Followed by Anne of Avonlea Text Anne of Green Gables at Wikisource Anne of Green Gables is a 1908 novel by Canadian author Lucy Maud Montgomery ( published as L.M. Montgomery ) . Written for all ages , it has been considered a classic children 's novel since the mid-twentieth century . Set in the late 19th century , the novel recounts the adventures of Anne Shirley , an 11 - year - old orphan girl who is mistakenly sent to Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert , a middle - aged brother and sister who had intended to adopt a boy to help them on their farm in the fictional town of Avonlea on Prince Edward Island . The novel recounts how Anne makes her way with the Cuthberts , in school , and within the town . Since its publication , Anne of Green Gables has sold more than 50 million copies and has been translated into at least 36 languages . Montgomery wrote numerous sequels , and since her death , another sequel has been published , as well as an authorized prequel . The original book is taught to students around the world . The book has been adapted as films , made - for - television movies , and animated and live - action television series . Musicals and plays have also been created , with productions annually in Canada since 1964 of the first musical production , which has toured in Canada , the United States , Europe , and Japan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plot summary 3 Characters 3.1 Green Gables household 3.2 Anne 's schoolmates 3.3 Avonlea 's locals 3.4 Others 4 Related works 5 Tourism and merchandising 6 Legacy and honours 7 Adaptations 7.1 Films 7.2 Literature 7.3 Radio productions 7.4 Stage productions 7.5 Television movies 7.6 Television series 7.7 Web productions 8 Parodies 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Background ( edit ) The portrait of Evelyn Nesbit by Rudolf Eickemeyer Jr. which inspired Montgomery . In writing the novel , Montgomery was inspired by notes she had made as a young girl about a couple who were mistakenly sent an orphan girl instead of the boy they had requested yet decided to keep her . She drew upon her own childhood experiences in rural Prince Edward Island , Canada . Montgomery used a photograph of Evelyn Nesbit , which she had clipped from New York 's Metropolitan Magazine and put on the wall of her bedroom , as the model for the face of Anne Shirley and a reminder of her `` youthful idealism and spirituality . '' Montgomery was also inspired by the `` formula Ann '' orphan stories ( called such because they followed such a predictable formula ) which were popular at the time and distinguished her character by spelling her name with an extra `` e '' . She based other characters , such as Gilbert Blythe , in part on people she knew . She said she wrote the novel in the twilight of the day , while sitting at her window and overlooking the fields of Cavendish . Plot summary ( edit ) Anne attacks Gilbert Anne Shirley , a young orphan from the fictional community of Bolingbroke , Nova Scotia ( based upon the real community of New London , Prince Edward Island ) , is sent to live with Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert , siblings in their fifties and sixties , after a childhood spent in strangers ' homes and orphanages . Marilla and Matthew had originally decided to adopt a boy from the orphanage to help Matthew run their farm at Green Gables , which is set in the fictional town of Avonlea . Through a misunderstanding , the orphanage sends Anne instead . Anne is highly imaginative , eager to please and , at times , quite a dramatic individual . However , she is defensive about her appearance , despising her red hair and pale , thin frame . She is often quite talkative , especially when it comes to describing her fantasies and dreams . At first , stern and sharp Marilla says Anne must return to the orphanage , but after much observation and considering , along with Matthew 's strong liking to Anne , she decides to let her stay . As a child of imagination , Anne takes much joy in life and adapts quickly , thriving in the close - knit farming village . Her imagination and talkativeness soon brighten up Green Gables . The book recounts Anne 's adventures in making a home : the country school where she quickly excels in her studies ; her friendship with Diana Barry , the girl living next door ( her best or `` bosom friend '' as Anne fondly calls her ) ; her budding literary ambitions ; and her rivalry with her classmate Gilbert Blythe , who teases her about her red hair . For that , he earns her instant hatred , although he apologizes many times . As time passes , Anne realizes she no longer hates Gilbert but can not bring herself to speak to him . The book also follows Anne 's adventures with her new - found friends . Episodes include her play - time with her friends Diana , a calm girl named Jane Andrews and a good - natured but often hysterical girl called Ruby Gillis , and her run - ins with the unpleasant Pye sisters Gertie and Josie ; and domestic mishaps such as dyeing her hair green while intending to dye it black , and accidentally getting Diana drunk by giving her what she thought was raspberry cordial but turned out to be currant wine . At sixteen , Anne goes to Queen 's Academy to earn a teaching license , along with Gilbert , Ruby , Josie , Jane , and several other students , excluding Diana much to Anne 's dismay . She obtains her license in one year instead of the usual two and wins the Avery Scholarship for the top student in English . Her attainment of this scholarship would allow her to pursue a Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) degree at the fictional Redmond College ( based on the real Dalhousie University ) on the mainland in Nova Scotia . Near the end of the book however , tragedy strikes when Matthew dies of a heart attack after learning that all of his and Marilla 's money has been lost in a bank failure . Out of devotion to Marilla and Green Gables , Anne gives up the scholarship to stay at home and help Marilla , whose eyesight is failing . She plans to teach at the Carmody school , the nearest school available , and return to Green Gables on weekends . In an act of friendship , Gilbert Blythe gives up his teaching position at the Avonlea School to work at the White Sands School instead , knowing that Anne wants to stay close to Marilla after Matthew 's death . After this kind act , Anne and Gilbert 's friendship is cemented , and Anne looks forward to what life will bring next . Characters ( edit ) Diana and Anne Green Gables household ( edit ) Anne Shirley : An imaginative , talkative , red - headed orphan who comes to live with Matthew Cuthbert and Marilla Cuthbert . Anne is very sensitive and dislikes the color of her hair . She exhibits categorical interest in everything romantic . Marilla Cuthbert : Matthew 's sister , she is an austere but fair woman who objects to Anne 's imaginative , unusual conduct on the grounds of its being part of the same group of behavioral misconducts that bring about dereliction of responsibility or produce a disrespectful personal image . Life experience with Anne , however , profoundly affects Marilla 's ways ; in a very early instance , she experiences first - hand how worthless a confession under duress could be . Although conservative and austere , she is fond of Anne and has the glimmerings of a sense of humor . Matthew Cuthbert : Marilla 's brother , he is an overly shy , albeit kind , old man with a lumbering frame and above - average strength . Matthew takes a liking to Anne from the start and the two become fast friends . Because Marilla has primary responsibility for rearing the girl , he has no qualms about `` spoiling '' her and indulging her in pretty clothes and other frivolities . Anne 's schoolmates ( edit ) Diana Barry : Anne 's bosom friend and a kindred spirit . Anne and Diana become best friends from the moment they meet . She is the only girl of Anne 's age who lives close to Green Gables . Anne admires Diana for being pretty and for her amiable disposition . Diana lacks Anne 's powerful imagination but is a loyal friend . Gilbert Blythe : A handsome , smart , witty and chivalrous classmate who has a crush on Anne the moment he sees her . Unaware of Anne 's near - pathological sensitivity about her red hair , he tries to get Anne 's attention by holding her braid and calling her `` Carrots '' . Anne 's explosively hostile reaction only causes Gilbert to be more smitten . He makes several attempts to apologize , the failure of all of which do not seem to mar his admiration . He attempts to apologize one last time when he saves Anne from drowning ; Anne crassly rebuffs this attempt , only to regret it almost immediately . Years later , he gives up his job offer of teaching at the Avonlea school so that Anne may live at Green Gables , upon which the two reconcile and become good friends ( and eventually marry ) . Ruby Gillis : Another of Anne 's friends . Having several `` grown up '' sisters , Ruby loves to share her knowledge of beaux with her friends . Ruby is portrayed as traditionally beautiful with long golden hair . She is hysterical and suffers from consumption ( tuberculosis ) . Jane Andrews : One of Anne 's friends from school , she is plain and sensible . She does well enough academically to join Anne 's class at Queen 's . Josie Pye : A classmate generally disliked by the other girls ( as are her siblings ) , Josie is vain , dishonest , and jealous of Anne 's popularity . Avonlea 's locals ( edit ) Mrs. Rachel Lynde : A neighbour of Matthew and Marilla , Mrs. Lynde is an amalgamation of vices and virtues . She is industrious and helpful , and does work for the church , yet she is famous for being nosy and condescending . Although she and Anne start off the wrong foot , owing to Mrs. Lynde 's blunt criticism and Anne 's short temper , they soon become quite close . Mrs. Lynde is married and has raised ten children , although her husband , Thomas Lynde , is mentioned briefly and never speaks . Mr. Phillips : Anne 's first teacher at Avonlea , Mr. Phillips is unpopular with students , because of his boring and crude ways . In Anne 's case , he continually misspells her name ( without the `` E '' ) and punishes only her among twelve pupils who arrive late . He is described as lacking discipline , and `` courts '' one of his pupils openly ( this was less frowned upon then as opposed to more contemporary times ) . Miss Muriel Stacy : Anne 's energetic replacement teacher . Her warm and sympathetic nature appeals to her students , but Avonlea 's conservative parents disapprove of her liberal teaching methods . She forms a special relationship with Anne , who views her as a mentor . Miss Stacy encourages Anne to develop her character and intellect and helps prepare her for the entrance exam at Queen 's Academy , where she finishes in a tie for first with Gilbert Blythe . Reverend and Mrs. Allan : The minister and his wife also befriend Anne , with Mrs. Allan becoming particularly close . She is described as pretty . Mr. & Mrs. Barry : Diana 's parents . Mr. Barry farms . Near the end of the book , he offers to rent some tracts to help out Anne and Marilla , after Matthew 's passing . Mrs. Barry has a severe personality , expecting her children to follow strict rules . After Anne accidentally gets Diana drunk , Mrs. Barry rejects the girl , forbidding Diana to have anything to do with Anne . This sanction is repealed after Anne saves Minnie May . Minnie May Barry : Diana 's baby sister , whose life is saved by Anne when she comes down with croup . Others ( edit ) Miss Josephine Barry : Diana 's great - aunt . Initially portrayed in a negative light , she is quickly charmed by Anne 's imagination , and eventually invites her and Diana to tea . She refers to Anne as `` the Anne - girl '' and even sends Anne beaded slippers as a Christmas present . Mrs Hammond : Anne had lived with her for a portion of her pre-Green - Gables life . She was very mean as a result of her husband ′ s death . Anne was treated more as a maid in her home than as a daughter or friend . Related works ( edit ) Based on the popularity of her first book , Montgomery wrote a series of sequels to continue the story of her heroine Anne Shirley . They are listed chronologically below , by Anne 's age in each of the novels . Lucy Maud Montgomery 's books on Anne Shirley : No Book Date published Anne Shirley 's age Timeline year Anne of Green Gables 1908 11 -- 16 1876 -- 1881 Anne of Avonlea 1909 16 -- 18 1881 -- 1883 Anne of the Island 1915 18 -- 22 1883 - 1887 Anne of Windy Poplars ( Canada and USA ) Anne of Windy Willows ( UK and Australia ) 1936 22 -- 25 1887 -- 1890 5 Anne 's House of Dreams 1917 25 -- 27 1890 -- 1892 6 Anne of Ingleside 1939 34 -- 40 1899 -- 1905 The following books focus on Anne 's children , or on other family friends . Anne appears in these volumes , but plays a lesser part . No Book Date published Anne Shirley 's age Timeline year 7 Rainbow Valley 1919 41 -- 43 1906 -- 1908 8 Rilla of Ingleside 1921 49 -- 53 1914 -- 1918 9 The Blythes Are Quoted 2009 40 -- 75 1905 -- 1940 Anne Shirley features in one story ( and is referenced in other stories ) in each of the following collections : No Book Date published Anne Shirley 's age Timeline year -- Chronicles of Avonlea 1912 approx. 20 1885 -- Further Chronicles of Avonlea 1920 approx. 20 1885 The prequel , Before Green Gables ( 2008 ) , was written by Budge Wilson with authorization of heirs of L.M. Montgomery . Tourism and merchandising ( edit ) The Green Gables farmhouse located in Cavendish Sign marking trail through Balsam Hollow The province and tourist facilities have highlighted the local connections to the internationally popular novels . Anne of Green Gables has been translated into 36 languages . `` Tourism by Anne fans is an important part of the Island economy '' . Merchants offer items based on the novels . The Green Gables farmhouse is located in Cavendish , Prince Edward Island . Many tourist attractions on Prince Edward Island have been developed based on the fictional Anne , and provincial licence plates once bore her image . Balsam Hollow , the forest that inspired the Haunted Woods and Campbell Pond , the body of water which inspired The Lake of Shining Waters , both described in the book , are located in the vicinity . In addition , the Confederation Centre of the Arts has featured the wildly successful Anne of Green Gables musical on its mainstage every summer for over five decades . The Anne of Green Gables Museum is located in Park Corner , PEI , in a home that inspired L.M. Montgomery . The novel has been very popular in Japan , where it is known as Red - haired Anne , and where it has been included in the national school curriculum since 1952 . ' Anne ' is revered as `` an icon '' in Japan , especially since 1979 when this story was broadcast as anime , Anne of Green Gables . Japanese couples travel to Prince Edward Island to have civil wedding ceremonies on the grounds of the Green Gables farm . Some Japanese girls arrive as tourists with red - dyed hair styled in pigtails , to look like Anne . In 2014 , Asadora ' Hanako to Anne ' ( Hanako Muraoka is the first translator in Japan ) was broadcast and Anne became popular among old and young alike . A replica of the Green Gables house in Cavendish is located in the theme park Canadian World in Ashibetsu , Hokkaido , Japan . The park was a less expensive alternative for Japanese tourists instead of traveling to P.E.I. The park hosted performances featuring actresses playing Anne and Diana . The theme park is open during the summer season with free admission , though there are no longer staff or interpreters . The Avonlea theme park near Cavendish and the Cavendish Figurines shop have trappings so that tourists may dress like the book 's characters for photos . Souvenir shops throughout Prince Edward Island offer numerous foods and products based on details of the ' Anne Shirley ' novels . Straw hats for girls with sewn - in red braids are common , as are bottles of raspberry cordial soda . In the first book , Lucy Maud Montgomery established the cordial soda as the favorite beverage of Anne , who declares : `` I just love bright red drinks ! '' Panorama of Green Gable farmhouse and grounds in Cavendish Entrance to Anne of Green Gables Museum in Park Corner Legacy and honours ( edit ) Buildings The popularity of the books and subsequent film adaptations is credited with inspiring the design and naming of buildings `` Green Gables '' . An example still standing is an apartment block called `` Green Gables '' built in the 1930s , in New Farm , Queensland , Australia . Museum Bala 's Museum , located in Bala , Ontario , Canada , is a house museum established in 1992 and dedicated to Lucy M. Montgomery information and heritage . The house was a tourist home owned by Fanny Pike when Montgomery and her family stayed there on a summer vacation in 1922 . That visit to the region inspired the novel The Blue Castle ( 1926 ) . The town is named Deerwood in the novel ; this was Montgomery 's only narrative setting outside Atlantic Canada . Postage stamps On May 15 , 1975 , Canada Post issued Lucy Maud Montgomery , Anne of Green Gables designed by Peter Swan and typographed by Bernard N.J. Reilander . The 8 ¢ stamps are perforated 13 and were printed by Ashton - Potter Limited . In 2008 , Canada Post issued two postage stamps and a souvenir sheet honouring Anne and the `` Green Gables '' house . Reading lists In 2003 , Anne of Green Gables was ranked number 41 in The Big Read , a survey of the British public by BBC to determine the `` nation 's best - loved novel '' ( not children 's novel ) . In 2012 , it was ranked number nine among all - time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal , a monthly with primarily U.S. audience . Adaptations ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1919 ) , a silent film adapted to the screen by Frances Marion , directed by William Desmond Taylor , and starring Mary Miles Minter as Anne ; this is considered a lost film . Anne of Green Gables ( 1934 ) , black & white `` talkie '' directed by George Nichols Jr. and starring Dawn O'Day as Anne Shirley ; after filming , O'Day changed her screen name to `` Anne Shirley '' . Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1940 ) -- directed by Jack Hively , is a black & white `` talkie '' starring Dawn O'Day as Anne Shirley , now billed as `` Anne Shirley '' . Anne of Green Gables ( TBA ) , an upcoming feature film version of Anne of Green Gables : The Musical . Literature ( edit ) Ana of California : A Novel ( 2015 ) , by Andi Teran , is a `` contemporary spin on Anne of Green Gables . The lead character of Anne Shirley has been adapted to Ana Cortez , a 15 - year - old orphan who `` ca n't tell a tomato plant from a blackberry bush '' when she leaves East Los Angeles for the Northern California farm of Emmett and Abbie Garber . Radio productions ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1941 ) , a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Home Service Basic , adapted into four parts by Muriel Levy , and starring Cherry Cottrell as Anne . Anne of Green Gables ( 1944 ) , a recreation of the 1941 BBC Radio drama , produced and broadcast by BBC Home Service Basic . Anne of Green Gables ( 1954 ) , a Canadian radio drama produced and broadcast by CBC Radio , adapted into 13 parts by Andrew Allen and starring Toby Tarnow as Anne . Anna zo Zeleného domu ( 1966 ) , a Slovak radio drama produced and broadcast by Czechoslovak Radio , starring Anna Bučinská as Anne . Anne of Green Gables ( 1971 ) , a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Radio 4 , adapted into 13 parts by Cristina Sellors , and read by Ann Murray . Anne of Green Gables ( 1997 ) , a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Radio 4 , dramatized into five parts by Marcy Kahan and starred Barbara Barnes as Anne . Stage productions ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables : The Musical , performed annually in the summer , at Charlottetown Festival , since 1965 , this is Canada 's longest - running main stage musical production , and has had a total audience of more than 2 million . Anne of Green Gables -- The Musical was composed by Canadians Don Harron and Norman Campbell , with lyrics by Elaine Campbell and Mavor Moore . The production has been performed before Queen Elizabeth II and it has toured across Canada , the United States , and Europe . In 1969 , it had a run in London 's West End . The Charlottetown Festival production performed at the 1970 World 's Fair in Osaka , Japan . Walter Learning directed and organized a successful national tour of the musical in Japan in 1991 . The Guild in Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island , hosts Anne and Gilbert , The Musical . Written by Nancy White , Bob Johnston , and Jeff Hochhauser , the production is based on Montgomery 's sequels featuring Anne Shirley . The Nine Lives of L.M. Montgomery , a musical adapted from Montgomery 's novel and her life , opened at Kings Playhouse in Georgetown , Prince Edward Island on June 20 , 2008 , the 100th anniversary of the book 's publication . With book and lyrics by Adam - Michael James and music by Emmy - nominated composer Leo Marchildon , the musical depicts events from Montgomery 's life and features as characters heroines from all of her novels . Anne figures prominently , and is shown from age 12 into her 40s . Gilbert Blythe also appears . The show 's second production was at the Carrefour Theatre in Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island and opened July 11 , 2009 . Both years , the musical was nominated for The Prince Edward Island Museum and Heritage Foundation 's Wendell Boyle Award . In July 2010 , a concert version of the show toured Prince Edward Island , with four performances at Green Gables . Theatreworks USA , a New York - based children 's theatre company , produced an Anne of Green Gables musical in 2006 at the Lucille Lortel Theatre . A revived production , with musical contributions from Gretchen Cryer , is planned to tour grade - schools . The Peterborough Players , based in Peterborough , New Hampshire , staged an adaptation by Joseph Robinette of Anne of Green Gables in August 2009 . Anne and Gilbert is a musical adaptation of the books Anne of Avonlea and Anne of the Island . It depicts the relationship of Anne and Gilbert during their years as teachers and college students , as well as their return to Avonlea . Television movies ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1956 ) , a made - for - television musical version directed by Norman Campbell and starring Toby Tarnow as Anne . Anne de Green Gables ( 1957 ) , a French - Canadian television film directed by Jacques Gauthier , starring Mireille Lachance as Anne Shirley . Anne of Green Gables ( 1958 ) , a recreation of the 1956 film directed by Don Harron , starring Kathy Willard as Anne . Anne of Green Gables ( 1972 ) , a British made - for - television 5 - part mini-series directed by Joan Craft , starring Kim Braden as Anne . Anne of Avonlea ( 1975 ) , a British made - for - television 4 - part mini-series directed by Joan Craft , starring Kim Braden as Anne . Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 ) , a CBC 4 - hour television mini series directed by Kevin Sullivan with Megan Follows as Anne . Anne of Green Gables : The Sequel ( 1987 ) , a sequel to the 1985 miniseries which aired on CBC and the Disney Channel as Anne of Avonlea : The Continuing Story of Anne of Green Gables . Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story ( 2000 ) , a television miniseries based upon the novels . Anne : Journey to Green Gables ( 2005 ) , an animated video film produced by Sullivan Entertainment and the prequel to Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2008 ) , a television miniseries whose script is not based on the novels . L.M. Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables ( 2016 ) , a 90 - minute made - for - television adaptation of the book by Breakthrough Films & Television , which began filming in Toronto in May 2015 . Casting was held in February 2015 . ( This replaces the previously announced 13 - part series that had been set to film in 2013 ) . It was adapted by Susan Coyne , directed by John Kent Harrison , and stars Ella Ballentine as Anne . The world premiere of the film , advertised under the abbreviated title Anne of Green Gables , on February 15 , 2016 on YTV . Anne of Green Gables : The Good Stars aired on YTV on February 20 , 2017 . Anne of Green Gables : Fire & Dew , aired July 1 , 2017 on YTV . Television series ( edit ) Anne as she appeared in the 1979 Japanese anime adaptation of Anne of Green Gables . Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series Anne of Green Gables ( 1952 ) , a BBC television series starring Carole Lorimer as Anne . Akage no An ( 1979 ; Red - Haired Anne ) , an animated television series , part of Nippon Animation 's World Masterpiece Theater , produced in Japan and directed by Isao Takahata . Road to Avonlea ( 1990 -- 1996 ) shown on CBC , a live - action television series produced by Kevin Sullivan , based upon characters and episodes from several of L.M. Montgomery 's books , excluding Anne Shirley . Gilbert Blythe , Marilla Cuthbert , Rachel Lynde and other characters from the Anne books are included , and the series is set within the same continuity as Sullivan 's 1980s miniseries . Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) , a PBS Kids animated series for older children ages eight to twelve , created by Sullivan Entertainment Inc . Kon'nichiwa Anne : Before Green Gables ( 2009 ) , part of the World Masterpiece Theater , this prequel to Akage no An is based on Budge Wilson 's authorized prequel Before Green Gables ( 2008 ) . Anne ( 2017 ) , an eight - part TV series produced and broadcast by CBC in Canada , and released through Netflix internationally under the title , Anne with an `` E '' . Web productions ( edit ) Green Gables Fables ( 2014 -- 2016 ) , an American - Canadian web series which conveys the story in the form of Tumblr posts , tweets , vlogs , and other social media . It is a modern adaptation of Anne of Green Gables and Anne of the Island , with many of its elements changed to better suit 21st - century culture . Mandy Harmon portrays the main character , Anne Shirley . Project Green Gables ( 2015 -- 2016 ) , a Finnish web series and a modern adaptation of Anne of Green Gables , which conveys the story in the form of vlogs . Laura Eklund Nhaga plays Anne Shirley . Parodies ( edit ) As one of the most familiar characters in Canadian literature , Anne of Green Gables has been parodied by several Canadian comedy troupes , including CODCO ( Anne of Green Gut ) and The Frantics ( Fran of the Fundy ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Devereux , Cecily Margaret ( 2004 ) . A Note on the Text . In Montgomery ( 2004 ) , p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 362 - 3 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Lucy Maud ( 2004 ) ( 1908 ) . Devereux , Cecily Margaret , ed . Anne of Green Gables . Peterborough , Ontario : Broadview Press . ISBN 1 - 55111 - 362 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` ' Anne of Green Gables ' 1st edition sells at auction for US $37,000 , a new record '' . The Guardian . December 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mollins , Julie ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` New Anne of Green Gables book stirs debate '' . Reuters Life ! . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables New TV Series Willow and Thatch '' . Willow and Thatch. 2016 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Tourists flock to see Anne of Green Gables-World-chinadaily.com.cn '' . www.chinadaily.com.cn . Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia ISBN 978 - 0 - 771 - 02099 - 5 p. 1972 ^ Jump up to : Gammel , Irene ( 2009 ) . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic . New York : St. Martin 's Press . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables '' . Jump up ^ Gammel , Irene ( July 8 , 2008 ) . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and Her Literary Classic . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 38237 - 7 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Gammel , Irene ( 2009 ) . `` The Mystery of Anne Revealed , '' . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic . New York : St. Martin 's Press . Jump up ^ `` The Geography of Anne of the Island '' . lmm-anne.net. 2008 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Birthplace of L.M. Montgomery , New London '' . lmm-anne.net. 2008 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Anne of Green Gables -- Celebrate 100 Years Archived December 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . `` Anne of Green Gables has sold millions of copies in more than 36 languages '' Jump up ^ Anne of Green Gables still rules Prince Edward Island `` , USA Today , August 5 , 2008 Jump up ^ CBC News ( June 19 , 2008 ) . CBC.ca , `` 100 years of Anne of Green Gables '' . Jump up ^ `` License plate goes green '' , `` The Guardian '' , April 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ Green Gables Government of Prince Edward Island . Retrieved on July 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables - The Musical '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Museum - Park Corner , Prince Edward Island - Home Page '' . www.annemuseum.com . Jump up ^ Yuka Kajihara ( April 4 , 2004 ) . `` Anne in Japan FAQ 1.0 '' . Yukazine.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Buttercups : L.M. Montgomery & Anne of Green Gables fan club in Japan '' Archived May 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Yukazine , April 4 , 2004 Jump up ^ Bruni , Frank ( November 18 , 2007 ) . `` Beckoned by Bivalves : Prince Edward Island '' . The New York Times Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables theme park in Japan falls on hard times '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cloning Anne of Green Gables '' . Tacky Tourist Photos . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Heroine 's Bookshelf : Anne of Green Gables '' . Theheroinesbookshelf.com . October 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In search of Anne with some unexpected discoveries '' . State Library of Queensland. 2016 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History : A look back at the last 20 years '' . Bala 's Museum with Memories of Lucy Maud Montgomery . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Lucy Maud ( 12 February 2018 ) . `` The Blue Castle '' . Bibliotech Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Depository , Book . `` The Blue Castle : Lucy Maud Montgomery : 9781618950239 '' . www.bookdepository.com . Jump up ^ L.M. Montgomery and Canadian Culture ISBN 978 - 0 - 802 - 04406 - 8 pp. 120 - 121 Jump up ^ `` Canadian Postal Archives Database '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Canada Post -- Anne of Green Gables '' . Canada Post . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Read -- Top 100 '' . BBC . April 2003 . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Anne of Green Gables film announced '' . cbc.ca. 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Teran , Andi ( June 2015 ) . Ana of California : A Novel . Penguin Books . Jump up ^ `` BBC Home Service Basic - 21 April 1944 - BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ IMDB , Toby Tarnow Biography , http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0850558/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm Jump up ^ `` Panáček v říši mluveného slova '' . mluveny.panacek.com . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables '' . 9 September 1971 . p. 37 -- via BBC Genome . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 FM - 26 January 1997 - BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` 25 Hundred and Counting '' . 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Andrew . `` Lucy Maud Montgomery '' . Jump up ^ `` 150surprises '' . 150surprises . Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia ISBN 978 - 0 - 771 - 02099 - 5 p. 439 Jump up ^ `` Charlottetown expands as Land of Musical Anne - The Guardian '' . www.theguardian.pe.ca . Jump up ^ `` The Nine Lives of L.M. Montgomery '' . Ninelivesoflmm.com . February 15 , 2012 . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TheatreworksUSA 2006 - 2007 season '' . 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PeterBoroughPlayers.org '' . PeterBoroughPlayers.org . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna . `` Anne of Green Gables : Netflix 's Bleak Adaptation Gets It All So Terribly Wrong '' . Jump up ^ `` In Production -- ANNE OF GREEN GABLES TV Movie '' . Ontario Film Commission . May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MAJOR UPDATE : ANNE OF GREEN GABLES ADAPTATION BY BREAKTHROUGH ENTERTAINMENT '' . L.M. Montgomery Online . April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Wide Casting for Anne of Green Gables ( Movie of the Week ) '' . ACTpei . February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables returns to TV '' . CBC News . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables Movies 1 X 90 '' . Breakthrough Entertainment . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lorimer , Carole ; Miller , Joan ; Richardson , Charles ; Young , Joan ( 1952 - 09 - 16 ) , Anne of Green Gables , retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables set for new life on CBC - TV '' . CBC . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Boards CBC 's ' Anne Of Green Gables ' Adaptation ; Niki Caro To Helm Premiere '' . Deadline . August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Green Gables Fables , `` Cast and Crew '' http://www.greengablesfables.com/cast-crew Jump up ^ `` About '' . www.projectgreengables.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bustard , Ned ( January 2009 ) . Anne of Green Gables Comprehension Guide . Veritas Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932168 - 79 - 2 . Campbell , Norman ( 1972 ) . Anne of Green Gables . Samuel French , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 573 - 68002 - 1 . Gammel , Irene ( 2008 ) . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic . authorized by the heirs of L.M. Montgomery . Gammel , Irene ; Benjamin Lefebvre ( May 30 , 2010 ) . Anne 's World : A New Century of Anne of Green Gables . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 1106 - 1 . Montgomery , Lucy Maud ( June 3 , 2008 ) . The Green Gables Collection . Doubleday Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 66599 - 5 . Teran , Andi ( June 2015 ) . Ana of California . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 312649 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anne of Green Gables . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Anne of Green Gables Wikiquote has quotations related to : Anne of Green Gables The Anne of Green Gables and L.M. Montgomery Lexicon , collection of Anne book cover artwork , games , recipes , time line and more Anne of Green Gables at Project Gutenberg Anne of Green Gables at Faded Page ( Canada ) Anne of Green Gables public domain audiobook at LibriVox Anne of Green Gables Centenary `` L.M. Montgomery Research Centre '' , University of Guelph Library Archival & Special Collections . Anne of Green Gables at L.M. Montgomery Online Formerly the L.M. Montgomery Research Group `` Top 100 Children 's Novels # 9 '' . School Library Journal Blog . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Works by Lucy Maud Montgomery Novels Anne of Green Gables series Anne of Green Gables ( 1908 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1909 ) Anne of the Island ( 1915 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1936 ) Anne 's House of Dreams ( 1917 ) Anne of Ingleside ( 1939 ) Rainbow Valley ( 1919 ) Rilla of Ingleside ( 1921 ) Emily trilogy Emily of New Moon ( 1923 ) Emily Climbs ( 1925 ) Emily 's Quest ( 1927 ) Pat of Silver Bush Pat of Silver Bush ( 1932 ) Mistress Pat ( 1935 ) The Story Girl The Story Girl ( 1911 ) The Golden Road ( 1913 ) Miscellaneous Kilmeny of the Orchard ( 1910 ) The Blue Castle ( 1926 ) Magic for Marigold ( 1929 ) A Tangled Web ( 1931 ) Jane of Lantern Hill ( 1937 ) Short story collections Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1912 ) Further Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1920 ) The Blythes Are Quoted ( 2009 ) Poetry The Watchman & Other Poems ( 1916 ) The Poetry of Lucy Maud Montgomery ( 1987 ) Non-fiction The Alpine Path : The Story of My Career ( 1917 ) Courageous Women ( 1934 ) ( with Marian Keith and Mabel Burns McKinley ) The Selected Journals of L.M. Montgomery , Vol . I -- V ( 1985 -- 2004 ) The Anne of Green Gables series by L.M. Montgomery Characters Anne Shirley Gilbert Blythe Walter Blythe Original novels Anne of Green Gables ( 1908 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1909 ) Anne of the Island ( 1915 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1936 ) Anne 's House of Dreams ( 1917 ) Anne of Ingleside ( 1939 ) Rainbow Valley ( 1919 ) Rilla of Ingleside ( 1921 ) Companion books Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1912 ) Further Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1920 ) Before Green Gables ( authorised prequel by Budge Wilson , 2008 ) The Blythes Are Quoted ( 2009 ) Films Anne of Green Gables ( 1919 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1934 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1940 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1956 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Sequel ( 1987 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story ( 2000 ) Anne : Journey to Green Gables ( 2005 ) Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2008 ) L.M. Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables ( 2016 ) Television series Anne of Green Gables ( 1972 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1975 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1979 ) Road to Avonlea ( 1990 - 1996 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) Kon'nichiwa Anne : Before Green Gables ( 2009 ) Anne ( 2017 ) Stage Anne of Green Gables : The Musical ( since 1965 ) Anne & Gilbert ( since 2005 ) Related articles Avonlea Green Gables BNF : cb14532211w ( data ) GND : 4359421 - 9 LCCN : no2010143485 VIAF : 181345094 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_of_Green_Gables&oldid=843402830 '' Categories : Anne of Green Gables 1908 Canadian novels Anne of Green Gables books New Canadian Library Novels by Lucy Maud Montgomery Works about adoption Novels about orphans Canadian children 's novels Novels set in Prince Edward Island Debut novels Canadian novels adapted into films 1908 children 's books Novels set in the 1870s Novels set in the 1880s Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles that link to Wikisource Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Български Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 22 : 51 . 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where does the story anne of green gables take place
[ "Anne of Green Gables is a 1908 novel by Canadian author Lucy Maud Montgomery (published as L. M. Montgomery). Written for all ages, it has been considered a classic children's novel since the mid-twentieth century. Set in the late 19th century, the novel recounts the adventures of Anne Shirley, an 11-year-old orphan girl who is mistakenly sent to Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert, a middle-aged brother and sister who had intended to adopt a boy to help them on their farm in the fictional town of Avonlea on Prince Edward Island. The novel recounts how Anne makes her way with the Cuthberts, in school, and within the town." ]
[ "Prince Edward Island" ]
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List of countries and territories by population density
List of countries and territories by population density - wikipedia List of countries and territories by population density Jump to : navigation , search Population density ( people per km ) by country in 2017 This is a list of countries and dependencies ranked by human population density and measured by the number of human inhabitants per square kilometer or number density Contents 1 Methodology 2 Main table 3 Density amongst the most populous 4 See also 5 Notes Methodology ( edit ) The list includes sovereign states and self - governing dependent territories based upon the ISO standard ISO 3166 - 1 . The list also includes but does not rank unrecognized but de facto independent countries . The figures in the following table are based on areas including inland water bodies ( lakes , reservoirs , rivers ) . Figures used in this article are mainly based on the latest censuses and official estimates ( or projections ) . Where there is not such updated national data available , figures are based on the 2015 estimates provided by the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . Main table ( edit ) The names of dependent territories as well as recognized states with no or limited control over their territory are shown in italics . Area figures given here are taken from various ( usually unspecified ) sources . The European Union is a sui generis supranational union possessing `` country - like '' characteristics . The entity is composed of 28 member countries . Its population density has been estimated at 116 people per km , and it would be ranked 95th if it were included in the list . ( population : 506,913,394 on January 1 , 2014 , area : 4,324,782 km ) . See also : List of regional organizations by population . The most densely populated sovereign nation is Monaco , with a population density of 18,713 people / km . Area includes land and water . Pos . Country ( or dependent territory ) Area ( km ) Area ( mi ) Population Density ( pop. / km ) Density ( pop. / mi ) Date Population source 0 World ( land only , excluding Antarctica ) 134,940,000 52,100,000 7,570,058,000 56 145 September 26 , 2017 USCB 's world population clock 0 World ( land only ) 148,940,000 57,510,000 7,570,058,000 51 132 September 26 , 2017 USCB 's World population clock 0 World ( with water ) 510,072,000 196,940,000 7,570,058,000 15 39 September 26 , 2017 USCB 's World population clock Macau ( China ) 30.5 12 647,700 21,236 55,001 September 30 , 2016 Official quarterly estimate Monaco 2.02 0.78 37,550 18,589 48,145 December 31 , 2016 Official estimate Singapore 719.2 278 5,607,300 7,797 20,194 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate Hong Kong ( China ) 1,105.7 427 7,389,500 6,683 17,309 July 1 , 2017 Official estimate 5 Gibraltar ( UK ) 6.8 2.6 33,140 4,874 12,624 March 7 , 2017 Official estimate 6 Bahrain 757 292 1,472,483 1,945 5,038 March 21 , 2016 Final 2010 census result 7 Vatican City 0.44 0.17 800 1,818 4,709 2012 Official estimate 8 Malta 315 122 426,149 1,353 3,504 March 21 , 2016 Preliminary 2011 census result 9 Bermuda ( UK ) 52 20 64,319 1,237 3,204 July 1 , 2017 Revised 2010 census result 10 Sint Maarten ( Kingdom of the Netherlands ) 34 13 39,410 1,159 3,002 January 1 , 2016 Official estimate 11 Maldives 298 115 344,023 1,154 2,989 September 20 , 2014 Preliminary 2014 census result 12 Bangladesh 143,998 55,598 163,201,626 1,133 2,935 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 13 Jersey ( UK ) 116 45 97,857 844 2,186 March 27 , 2011 2011 census result 14 Guernsey ( UK ) 78 30 62,431 800 2,072 March 31 , 2010 Official estimate 15 Palestinian Territories 6,020 2,324 4,550,368 756 1,958 2014 Official estimate 16 Saint Martin ( France ) 54 21 36,979 685 1,774 January 1 , 2010 Official estimate 17 Barbados 430 166 285,719 664 1,720 July 1 , 2017 UN projection 18 Taiwan 36,197 13,976 23,556,169 651 1,686 August 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 19 Mauritius 2,040 788 1,262,879 619 1,603 July 1 , 2015 Official estimate 20 Lebanon 10,452 4,036 6,082,000 596 1,544 July 1 , 2017 UN projection 21 Mayotte ( France ) 374 144 212,600 568 1,471 August 21 , 2012 2012 census result 22 San Marino 61 24 33,028 541 1,401 May 31 , 2016 Monthly official estimate 23 Aruba ( Kingdom of the Netherlands ) 193 75 101,484 526 1,362 September 29 , 2010 2010 census result 24 South Korea 100,210 38,691 51,446,201 513 1,329 July 1 , 2017 Annual official estimate 25 Nauru 21 8 10,084 480 1,243 October 30 , 2011 2011 census result 26 Rwanda 25,314 9,774 11,809,295 467 1,210 July 1 , 2017 Annual official estimate 27 Tuvalu 26 10 11,323 436 1,129 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 28 Saint Barthélemy ( France ) 21 8 8,938 426 1,103 January 1 , 2010 Official estimate 29 Comoros 1,861 719 784,745 422 1,093 July 1 , 2015 Official estimate 30 Netherlands 41,526 16,033 17,157,978 413 1,070 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 31 Burundi 27,816 10,740 10,400,938 410 1,062 July 1 , 2017 Official annual projection 32 Haiti 27,065 10,450 10,911,819 403 1,044 March 31 , 2015 Official estimate 33 India 3,287,240 1,269,211 1,321,753,056 402 1,041 September 26 , 2017 Population clock based on 2011 census 34 Israel 22,072 8,522 8,746,620 396 1,026 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 35 Puerto Rico ( US ) 8,868 3,424 3,411,307 385 997 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 36 Belgium 30,528 11,787 11,366,665 372 963 June 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 37 Philippines 300,000 115,831 104,652,792 349 903 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 38 Martinique ( France ) 1,128 436 385,551 342 886 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 39 Curaçao ( Kingdom of the Netherlands ) 444 171 150,563 339 878 March 26 , 2011 2011 census result 40 Japan 377,944 145,925 126,730,000 335 868 May 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 41 Réunion ( France ) 2,512 970 821,136 327 847 January 1 , 2010 Official estimate 42 Sri Lanka 65,610 25,332 21,203,000 323 837 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 43 El Salvador 21,040 8,124 6,581,940 313 811 July 1 , 2017 Official projection 44 Marshall Islands 181 70 56,086 310 803 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 45 United States Virgin Islands ( US ) 352 136 106,405 302 782 April 1 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 46 Grenada 344 133 103,328 300 777 May 12 , 2011 2011 census result 47 Guam ( US ) 541 209 159,358 295 764 April 1 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 48 Vietnam 331,212 127,882 93,700,000 283 733 July 1 , 2017 Official estimate 49 American Samoa ( US ) 197 76 55,519 282 730 April 1 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 50 United Kingdom 242,495 93,628 65,648,000 271 702 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 51 Saint Lucia 617 238 166,526 270 699 May 10 , 2010 Preliminary 2010 census result 52 Pakistan 803,940 310,403 209,035,000 260 673 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 53 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 389 150 100,892 259 671 July 1 , 2009 Official estimate 54 Trinidad and Tobago 5,155 1,990 1,328,019 258 668 January 9 , 2011 2011 census result 55 Jamaica 10,991 4,244 2,730,894 248 642 December 31 , 2016 Official estimate 56 Guadeloupe ( France ) 1,630 629 402,119 247 640 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 57 Liechtenstein 160 62 37,815 236 611 December 31 , 2016 Official estimate 58 Germany 357,168 137,903 82,800,000 232 601 December 31 , 2016 Quarterly official estimate 59 Luxembourg 2,586 998 590,667 228 591 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate 60 Kuwait 17,818 6,880 4,007,000 225 583 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 61 Dominican Republic 47,875 18,485 10,528,000 220 570 July 1 , 2015 UN projection 62 Cayman Islands ( UK ) 259 100 55,456 214 554 October 10 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 63 Nigeria 923,768 356,669 191,836,000 208 539 July 1 , 2017 UN projection 64 Switzerland 41,285 15,940 8,391,973 204 528 December 31 , 2016 Population growth 2016 : provisional figures 65 Italy 301,308 116,336 60,541,591 201 521 February 28 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 66 North Korea 120,540 46,541 24,213,510 201 521 October 1 , 2014 Preliminary 2014 census result 67 Seychelles 455 176 93,144 200 518 December 31 , 2015 Official estimate 68 British Virgin Islands ( UK ) 151 58 29,537 196 508 Official estimate 69 Antigua and Barbuda 442 171 86,295 195 505 May 27 , 2011 Preliminary 2011 census result 70 Saint Kitts and Nevis 270 104 51,970 192 497 July 1 , 2009 Official estimate 71 São Tomé and Príncipe 1,001 386 187,356 187 484 May 13 , 2012 2012 census result 72 Nepal 147,181 56,827 26,494,504 180 466 June 22 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 73 Qatar 11,571 4,468 2,024,707 175 453 October 31 , 2013 Monthly official estimate 74 Gambia 10,690 4,127 1,849,000 173 448 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 75 Kosovo 10,910 4,212 1,815,606 166 430 December 31 , 2012 Official estimate 76 Andorra 464 179 76,246 164 425 2012 Official estimate 77 Uganda 241,551 93,263 36,860,700 153 396 July 1 , 2016 Annual official estimate 78 Isle of Man 572 221 84,497 148 383 March 27 , 2011 2011 census result 79 Kiribati 726 280 106,461 147 381 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 80 Cyprus 5,896 2,276 862,000 146 378 December 31 , 2011 Official estimate 81 Tonga 720 278 104,270 145 376 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 82 Federated States of Micronesia 701 271 101,351 145 376 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 83 Guatemala 108,889 42,042 15,806,675 145 376 June 30 , 2014 Annual Official estimate 84 China 9,640,821 3,722,342 1,386,574,510 144 373 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 85 Tokelau ( NZ ) 10 1,411 141 365 October 18 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 86 Anguilla ( UK ) 96 37 13,452 140 363 May 11 , 2011 Preliminary 2011 census result 87 Indonesia 1,904,569 735,358 261,890,900 138 357 July 1 , 2017 Official projection 88 Czech Republic 78,867 30,451 10,588,063 134 347 June 30 , 2017 Official quarterly estimate 89 Denmark 43,098 16,640 5,756,170 134 347 March 31 , 2017 Quarterly official estimate 90 Thailand 513,120 198,117 65,729,098 128 332 December 31 , 2015 Official estimate 91 Togo 56,600 21,853 7,143,000 126 326 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 92 France 543,965 210,026 67,032,000 123 319 May 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 93 Poland 312,685 120,728 38,439,000 123 319 October 31 , 2016 Official estimate 94 Cape Verde 4,033 1,557 491,875 122 316 June 16 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 95 Malawi 118,484 45,747 14,388,600 121 313 July 1 , 2011 Official estimate 96 Ghana 238,533 92,098 28,308,301 119 308 October 26 , 2016 Official projection 97 Northern Mariana Islands ( US ) 457 176 53,883 118 306 April 1 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 98 United Arab Emirates 83,600 32,278 9,856,000 118 306 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 99 Azerbaijan 86,600 33,436 9,836,700 114 295 May 1 , 2017 Official estimate 100 Portugal 92,090 35,556 10,309,573 112 290 December 31 , 2016 Official estimate 101 Slovakia 49,036 18,933 5,435,343 111 287 December 31 , 2016 Official estimate 102 Jordan 89,342 34,495 9,978,204 112 289 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 103 Hungary 93,029 35,919 9,799,000 105 272 January 1 , 2017 Annual official estimate 104 Moldova 33,843 13,067 3,550,900 105 272 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate 105 Austria 83,879 32,386 8,783,198 105 272 April 1 , 2017 Official quarterly estimate 106 Cuba 109,884 42,426 11,239,004 102 264 December 31 , 2015 Annual official estimate 107 Turkey 783,562 302,535 79,814,871 102 264 December 31 , 2016 Annual official estimate 108 Slovenia 20,273 7,827 2,064,241 102 264 July 1 , 2016 Official quarterly estimate 109 Armenia 29,743 11,484 2,995,100 101 262 June 30 , 2016 Official estimate 110 Albania 28,703 11,082 2,886,026 101 262 January 1 , 2016 Official annual estimate 111 Syria 185,180 71,498 18,564,000 100 259 July 1 , 2016 UN estimate 112 Sierra Leone 71,740 27,699 7,075,641 99 256 December 4 , 2015 Preliminary 2015 census result 113 Malaysia 330,803 127,724 32,228,200 97 252 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 114 Dominica 739 285 71,293 96 249 May 14 , 2011 Preliminary 2011 census result 115 Ethiopia 1,063,652 410,678 101,853,000 96 249 July 1 , 2016 UN projection 116 Costa Rica 51,100 19,730 4,890,379 96 249 June 30 , 2016 Official estimate 117 Benin 112,622 43,484 10,653,654 95 246 July 1 , 2016 Official projection 118 Northern Cyprus 3,355 1,295 313,626 93 241 2014 Official estimate 119 Egypt 1,002,450 387,048 93,598,102 93 242 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 120 Spain 505,990 195,364 46,438,422 92 238 January 1 , 2016 Official estimate 121 Serbia 77,474 29,913 7,058,322 91 236 June 30 , 2016 Official estimate 122 Cambodia 181,035 69,898 15,626,444 86 223 July 1 , 2016 Official annual projection 123 Iraq 434,128 167,618 36,787,000 85 220 July 1 , 2016 Annual official projection 124 Kenya 581,834 224,647 49,699,862 85 220 July 1 , 2017 UN projection 125 Romania 238,391 92,043 19,638,000 82 212 January 1 , 2017 Official annual estimate 126 Greece 131,957 50,949 10,858,018 82 212 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 127 Macedonia 25,713 9,928 2,073,702 81 210 December 31 , 2016 Official estimate 128 Myanmar 676,577 261,228 54,363,426 80 207 March 29 , 2014 Preliminary 2014 census result 129 Honduras 112,492 43,433 8,866,351 79 205 July 1 , 2017 Official projection 130 Morocco 446,550 172,414 34,444,767 77 200 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 131 French Polynesia ( France ) 3,521 1,359 268,270 76 197 August 22 , 2012 Preliminary 2012 census result 132 Senegal 196,722 75,955 14,799,859 75 194 2016 Official estimate 133 Croatia 56,542 21,831 4,190,669 74 192 December 31 , 2015 Annual official estimate 134 Ukraine 576,500 222,588 42,481,972 74 192 June 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 135 Ivory Coast 322,921 124,680 23,202,000 72 186 2012 Official estimate 136 Swaziland 17,364 6,704 1,250,000 72 186 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 137 Timor - Leste 14,919 5,760 1,066,409 71 184 July 11 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 138 Bosnia and Herzegovina 51,209 19,772 3,531,159 69 179 September 30 , 2013 Official estimate 139 Uzbekistan 444,103 171,469 30,492,800 69 179 January 1 , 2014 Official estimate 140 Lesotho 30,355 11,720 2,074,000 68 176 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 141 Brunei 5,765 2,226 393,162 68 176 June 20 , 2011 Preliminary 2011 census result 142 Ireland 70,273 27,133 4,757,976 68 176 April 24 , 2016 Official census figures 143 Samoa 2,831 1,093 187,820 66 171 November 7 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 144 Tunisia 163,610 63,170 10,777,500 66 171 July 1 , 2012 Official estimate 145 Caribbean Netherlands ( Netherlands ) 322 124 21,133 66 171 January 1 , 2011 Official estimate 146 Norfolk Island ( Australia ) 35 14 2,302 66 171 August 9 , 2011 2011 census result 147 Burkina Faso 270,764 104,543 17,322,796 64 166 2013 Official estimate 148 Ecuador 255,595 98,686 16,595,000 65 168 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 149 Bulgaria 111,002 42,858 7,101,859 64 166 December 31 , 2016 ( 1 ) 150 Turks and Caicos Islands ( UK ) 497 192 31,458 63 163 January 25 , 2012 2012 census result 151 Cook Islands ( NZ ) 237 92 14,974 63 163 December 1 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 152 Mexico 1,967,138 759,516 123,518,000 63 163 July 1 , 2017 Official estimate 153 Tanzania 883,749 341,217 55,155,473 62 161 August 26 , 2012 2012 census result 154 Tajikistan 143,100 55,251 8,742,000 61 158 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate 155 Equatorial Guinea 28,051 10,831 1,622,000 58 150 Official estimate 156 Yemen 455,000 175,676 24,527,000 54 140 2012 Official estimate 157 Guinea 245,857 94,926 12,947,000 53 137 July 1 , 2016 UN projection 158 Georgia 69,700 26,911 3,718,200 53 137 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate 159 Nicaragua 121,428 46,884 6,262,703 52 135 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 160 Iran 1,648,195 636,372 80,459,320 49 126 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 161 Montserrat ( UK ) 102 39 4,922 48 124 May 12 , 2011 2011 census result 162 Wallis and Futuna ( France ) 274 106 13,135 48 124 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 163 Fiji 18,333 7,078 858,038 47 122 July 1 , 2012 Official estimate 164 Panama 74,177 28,640 3,405,813 46 119 May 16 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 165 Belarus 207,600 80,155 9,469,200 46 119 July 1 , 2014 Quarterly official estimate 166 Montenegro 13,812 5,333 620,029 45 117 April 1 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 167 Eritrea 121,100 46,757 5,482,000 45 117 July 1 , 2017 UN estimate 168 Cameroon 466,050 179,943 20,386,799 44 114 2012 Official estimate 169 Colombia 1,141,748 440,831 49,420,821 43 112 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 170 South Africa 1,220,813 471,359 52,981,991 43 111 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 171 Palau 488 188 20,901 43 111 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 172 Guinea - Bissau 36,125 13,948 1,547,777 43 111 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 173 Lithuania 65,300 25,212 2,819,753 43 111 August 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 174 Liberia 97,036 37,466 4,076,530 42 109 July 1 , 2016 Official projection 175 Afghanistan 645,807 249,347 25,500,100 39 101 January 1 , 2013 Official estimate 176 Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ( Australia ) 14 5 550 39 101 August 9 , 2011 2011 census result 177 Djibouti 23,000 8,880 864,618 38 98 July 1 , 2011 Official estimate 178 Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,345,095 905,446 85,026,000 36 93 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 179 Madagascar 587,041 226,658 20,696,070 35 91 2011 Official estimate 180 Saint Helena ( UK ) 122 47 4,255 35 91 February 10 , 2008 Preliminary 2008 census result 181 Faroe Islands ( Denmark ) 1,399 540 48,244 34 88 April 1 , 2013 Monthly official estimate 182 United States 9,833,517 3,796,742 325,827,904 33 86 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 183 Zimbabwe 390,757 150,872 12,973,808 33 85 August 17 , 2012 Preliminary 2012 census result 184 Venezuela 916,445 353,841 28,946,101 32 83 October 30 , 2011 Preliminary 2011 census result 185 Latvia 64,562 24,928 1,935,800 30 78 August 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 186 Mozambique 799,380 308,642 23,700,715 30 78 2012 Official estimate 187 Kyrgyzstan 199,945 77,199 5,895,100 29 75 2015 Official estimate 188 Estonia 45,339 17,505 1,315,635 29 75 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate 189 Laos 236,800 91,429 6,580,800 28 73 2013 Official estimate 190 Bahamas 13,940 5,382 351,461 25 65 May 3 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 191 Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( France ) 242 93 6,081 25 65 January 1 , 2010 Official estimate 192 Brazil 8,515,767 3,287,956 208,046,276 24 63 September 26 , 2017 Official estimate 193 Peru 1,285,216 496,225 30,475,144 24 62 June 30 , 2013 Official estimate 194 Angola 1,246,700 481,354 28,359,634 23 60 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate 195 Chile 756,096 291,930 17,373,831 23 60 August 31 , 2017 Preliminary 2017 census result 196 Sweden 450,295 173,860 10,079,461 22 58 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 197 Zambia 752,612 290,585 16,405,229 22 57 July 1 , 2017 Official annual projection 198 Sudan 1,839,542 710,251 40,782,742 22 57 July 1 , 2017 Official annual projection 199 Vanuatu 12,190 4,707 272,459 22 57 December 31 , 2016 Official mini-census result 200 Bhutan 38,394 14,824 791,604 21 53 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 201 Uruguay 176,215 68,037 3,286,314 19 49 September 30 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 202 Åland Islands ( Finland ) 1,552 599 28,502 18 47 December 31 , 2012 Official estimate 203 Solomon Islands 28,370 10,954 515,870 18 47 November 23 , 2009 2009 census result 204 South Sudan 644,329 248,777 11,296,000 18 47 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 205 Algeria 2,381,741 919,595 41,697,498 18 47 July 1 , 2017 Official projection 206 New Zealand 270,467 104,428 4,819,828 18 46 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 207 Papua New Guinea 462,840 178,704 8,151,300 18 47 July 1 , 2016 Annual official estimate 208 Paraguay 406,752 157,048 6,953,646 17 44 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate 209 Finland 338,424 130,666 5,508,714 16 41 July 31 , 2017 Official monthly estimate 210 Norway 323,782 125,013 5,277,762 16 41 July 1 , 2017 Quarterly official estimate 211 Christmas Island ( Australia ) 137 53 2,072 15 39 August 9 , 2011 2011 census result 212 Somalia 637,657 246,201 9,331,000 15 39 July 1 , 2010 Official estimate 213 Niger 1,186,408 458,075 17,129,076 14 36 December 10 , 2012 Preliminary 2012 census result 214 Argentina 2,780,400 1,073,518 40,117,096 14 36 October 27 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 215 Belize 22,965 8,867 324,528 14 36 May 12 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 216 Saudi Arabia 2,149,690 830,000 29,994,272 14 36 2013 Annual official estimate 217 New Caledonia ( France ) 18,575 7,172 258,958 14 36 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 218 Oman 309,500 119,499 4,183,841 14 36 June 9 , 2015 Weekly official estimate 219 Republic of the Congo 342,000 132,047 4,448,000 13 34 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 220 Mali 1,248,574 482,077 14,528,662 12 31 April 1 , 2009 Final 2009 census result 221 Turkmenistan 491,210 189,657 5,240,000 11 28 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 222 Ascension Island ( UK ) 88 34 880 10 26 February 10 , 2008 Preliminary 2008 census result 223 Bolivia 1,098,581 424,164 10,389,913 9 23 November 21 , 2012 Preliminary 2012 census result 224 Chad 1,284,000 495,755 11,274,106 9 23 May 20 , 2009 Preliminary 2009 census result 225 Russia 17,098,242 6,601,668 143,975,923 8 21 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 226 Central African Republic 622,436 240,324 4,616,000 7 18 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 227 Gabon 267,667 103,347 1,672,000 6 16 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 228 Kazakhstan 2,724,900 1,052,090 17,186,000 6 16 February 1 , 2014 Monthly official estimate 229 Niue ( NZ ) 261 101 1,613 6 16 September 10 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 230 Guyana 214,999 83,012 784,894 10 Official estimate 231 Libya 1,770,060 683,424 6,244,174 10 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 232 Canada 9,984,670 3,855,103 36,669,707 10 September 26 , 2017 Official estimate 233 Australia 7,692,024 2,969,907 24,664,444 8 September 26 , 2017 Official estimate 234 Botswana 581,730 224,607 2,024,904 8 August 22 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 235 Mauritania 1,030,700 397,955 3,461,041 8 2013 Official estimate 236 Suriname 163,820 63,251 534,189 8 August 13 , 2012 Preliminary 2012 census result 237 Iceland 102,775 39,682 332,529 8 January 1 , 2016 Official estimate 238 French Guiana ( France ) 86,504 33,399 244,118 8 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 239 Namibia 825,118 318,580 2,113,077 8 August 28 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 240 Western Sahara 252,120 97,344 567,000 5.7 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 241 Mongolia 1,564,100 603,902 3,000,000 1.9 4.9 January 24 , 2015 Official estimate 242 Tristan da Cunha ( UK ) 207 80 266 1.3 3.4 February 10 , 2008 Preliminary 2008 census result 243 Pitcairn Islands ( UK ) 47 18 56 3.1 2013 2013 census result 244 Falkland Islands ( UK ) 12,173 4,700 2,563 0.21 0.54 April 15 , 2012 2012 census result 245 Svalbard and Jan Mayen ( Norway ) 61,399 23,706 2,655 0.04 0.10 September 1 , 2012 Official estimate 246 Greenland ( Denmark ) 2,166,000 836,297 55,984 0.03 0.08 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate Pos . Country ( or dependent territory ) Area ( km ) Area ( mi ) Population Density ( pop. / km ) Density ( pop. / mi ) Date Population source Density amongst the most populous ( edit ) This list consists of the one hundred most populous countries . ( see also List of countries by population ) . Pos . Country ( or dependent territory ) Area ( km ) Area ( mi ) Population Density ( pop. / km ) Density ( pop. / mi ) Date Population source Bangladesh 143,998 55,598 163,201,626 1,133 2,935 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock Taiwan 36,191 13,973 23,556,169 651 1,686 August 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate South Korea 100,210 38,691 51,446,201 513 1,329 July 1 , 2017 Annual official projection Rwanda 25,314 9,774 11,809,295 467 1,210 July 1 , 2017 Annual official estimate 5 Netherlands 41,526 16,033 17,157,978 413 1,070 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 6 Burundi 27,816 10,740 10,400,938 410 1,062 July 1 , 2017 Official annual projection 7 Haiti 27,065 10,450 10,911,819 403 1,044 March 31 , 2015 Official estimate 8 India 3,287,240 1,269,211 1,321,753,056 402 1,041 September 26 , 2017 India Population clock 9 Israel 22,072 8,522 8,746,620 396 1,026 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 10 Belgium 30,528 11,787 11,366,665 372 963 June 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 11 Philippines 300,000 115,831 104,652,792 349 903 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 12 Japan 377,944 145,925 126,730,000 335 868 May 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 13 Sri Lanka 65,610 25,332 21,203,000 323 837 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 14 Vietnam 331,212 127,882 93,700,000 283 733 July 1 , 2017 Official estimate 15 United Kingdom 242,910 93,788 65,648,000 271 702 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 16 Pakistan 803,940 310,403 209,035,000 260 673 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 17 Germany 357,168 137,903 82,800,000 232 601 December 31 , 2016 Quarterly official estimate 18 Dominican Republic 47,875 18,485 10,528,000 220 570 July 1 , 2015 UN projection 19 Nigeria 923,768 356,669 191,836,000 208 539 July 1 , 2017 UN projection 20 Switzerland 41,285 15,940 8,391,973 203 526 September 30 , 2016 Quarterly provisional figure 21 Italy 301,308 116,336 60,541,591 201 521 February 28 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 22 North Korea 122,762 47,399 24,213,510 197 510 October 1 , 2014 Preliminary 2014 census result 23 Nepal 147,181 56,827 26,494,504 180 466 June 22 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 24 Uganda 241,551 93,263 36,860,700 153 396 July 1 , 2016 Annual official estimate 25 Guatemala 108,889 42,042 15,806,675 145 376 June 30 , 2014 Annual Official estimate 26 China 9,640,821 3,722,342 1,386,574,510 144 373 September 26 , 2017 Official estimate 27 Indonesia 1,904,569 735,358 261,890,900 138 357 July 1 , 2017 Official projection 28 Czech Republic 78,867 30,451 10,588,063 134 347 June 30 , 2017 Quarterly official estimate 29 Thailand 513,120 198,117 65,729,098 128 332 December 31 , 2015 Official estimate 30 France 543,965 210,026 67,032,000 123 319 May 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 31 Poland 312,685 120,728 38,439,000 123 319 October 31 , 2016 Official estimate 32 Malawi 118,484 45,747 14,388,600 121 313 July 1 , 2011 Official estimate 33 Ghana 238,533 92,098 28,308,301 119 308 October 26 , 2016 Official projection 34 United Arab Emirates 83,600 32,278 9,856,000 118 306 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 35 Azerbaijan 86,600 33,436 9,836,700 114 295 May 1 , 2017 Official estimate 36 Portugal 92,090 35,556 10,309,573 112 290 December 31 , 2016 Official estimate 37 Hungary 93,029 35,919 9,799,000 105 272 January 1 , 2017 Annual official estimate 38 Austria 83,879 32,386 8,783,198 105 272 April 1 , 2017 Official quarterly estimate 39 Cuba 109,886 42,427 11,239,004 102 264 December 31 , 2015 Annual official estimate 40 Turkey 783,562 302,535 79,814,871 102 264 December 31 , 2016 Annual official estimate 41 Syria 185,180 71,498 18,564,000 100 259 July 1 , 2016 UN estimate 42 Malaysia 330,803 127,724 32,228,200 97 252 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 43 Ethiopia 1,063,652 410,678 101,853,000 96 249 July 1 , 2016 UN projection 44 Benin 112,622 43,484 10,653,654 95 246 July 1 , 2016 Official projection 45 Egypt 1,002,450 387,048 93,598,102 93 242 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 46 Spain 503,783 194,512 46,438,422 92 238 January 1 , 2016 Official estimate 47 Cambodia 181,035 69,898 15,626,444 86 223 July 1 , 2016 Official annual projection 48 Iraq 434,128 167,618 36,787,000 85 220 July 1 , 2016 Annual official projection 49 Kenya 581,834 224,647 49,699,862 85 220 July 1 , 2017 UN projection 50 Romania 238,391 92,043 19,638,000 82 212 January 1 , 2017 Official annual estimate 51 Greece 131,957 50,949 10,858,018 82 212 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 52 Myanmar 676,577 261,228 54,363,426 80 207 March 29 , 2014 Preliminary 2014 census result 53 Honduras 112,088 43,277 8,866,351 79 205 July 1 , 2017 Official projection 54 Morocco 446,550 172,414 34,444,767 77 200 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 55 Ukraine 576,500 222,588 42,481,972 74 192 June 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate 56 Ivory Coast 322,921 124,680 23,202,000 72 186 2012 Official estimate 57 Senegal 196,722 75,955 13,567,338 69 179 2013 Official estimate 58 Uzbekistan 444,103 171,469 30,492,800 69 179 January 1 , 2014 Official estimate 59 Tunisia 163,610 63,170 10,777,500 66 171 July 1 , 2012 Official estimate 60 Bulgaria 111,002 42,858 7,153,784 64 166 December 31 , 2015 ( 2 ) 61 Burkina Faso 270,764 104,543 17,322,796 64 166 2013 Official estimate 62 Ecuador 255,595 98,686 16,595,000 65 168 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 63 Mexico 1,967,138 759,516 123,518,000 63 163 July 1 , 2017 Official estimate 64 Tanzania 883,749 341,217 55,155,473 62 161 August 26 , 2012 2012 census result 65 Tajikistan 143,100 55,251 8,742,000 61 158 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate 66 Yemen 455,000 175,676 24,527,000 54 140 2012 Official estimate 67 Guinea 245,857 94,926 12,947,000 53 137 July 1 , 2016 UN projection 68 Iran 1,648,195 636,372 80,459,320 49 126 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 69 Belarus 207,600 80,155 9,469,200 46 119 July 1 , 2014 Quarterly official estimate 70 Cameroon 466,050 179,943 20,386,799 44 114 2012 Official estimate 71 South Africa 1,220,813 471,359 52,981,991 43 111 July 1 , 2013 Official estimate 72 Colombia 1,141,748 440,831 49,420,821 43 112 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 73 Afghanistan 645,807 249,347 25,500,100 39 101 January 1 , 2013 Official estimate 74 Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,345,095 905,446 85,026,000 36 93 July 1 , 2016 Official estimate 75 Madagascar 587,041 226,658 20,696,070 35 91 2011 Official estimate 76 Zimbabwe 390,757 150,872 12,973,808 33 85 August 17 , 2012 Preliminary 2012 census result 77 United States 9,833,517 3,796,742 325,827,904 33 86 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 78 Venezuela 916,445 353,841 28,946,101 32 83 October 30 , 2011 Preliminary 2011 census result 79 Mozambique 799,380 308,642 23,700,715 30 78 2012 Official estimate 80 Peru 1,285,216 496,225 30,475,144 24 62 June 30 , 2013 Official estimate 81 Brazil 8,515,767 3,287,956 208,046,276 24 63 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 82 Angola 1,246,700 481,354 28,359,634 23 60 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate 83 Chile 756,096 291,930 17,373,831 23 60 August 31 , 2017 Preliminary 2017 census result 84 Sweden 450,295 173,860 10,079,461 22 58 September 26 , 2017 Official population clock 85 Zambia 752,612 290,585 16,405,229 22 57 July 1 , 2017 Official annual projection 86 Sudan 1,839,542 710,251 40,782,742 22 57 July 1 , 2017 Official annual projection 87 South Sudan 644,329 248,777 11,296,000 18 47 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate 88 Algeria 2,381,741 919,595 41,697,498 18 47 July 1 , 2017 Official annual projection 89 Papua New Guinea 462,840 178,704 8,151,300 18 47 July 1 , 2016 Annual official estimate 90 Somalia 637,657 246,201 9,331,000 15 39 July 1 , 2010 Official estimate 91 Argentina 2,780,400 1,073,518 40,117,096 14 36 October 27 , 2010 Final 2010 census result 92 Niger 1,186,408 458,075 17,129,076 14 36 December 10 , 2012 Preliminary 2012 census result 93 Saudi Arabia 2,149,690 830,000 29,994,272 14 36 2013 Annual official estimate 94 Mali 1,248,574 482,077 14,528,662 12 31 April 1 , 2009 Final 2009 census result 95 Bolivia 1,098,581 424,164 10,389,913 9 23 November 21 , 2012 Preliminary 2012 census result 96 Chad 1,284,000 495,755 11,274,106 9 23 May 20 , 2009 Preliminary 2009 census result 97 Russia 17,098,242 6,601,668 143,975,923 8 21 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 98 Kazakhstan 2,724,900 1,052,090 17,186,000 6 16 February 1 , 2014 Monthly official estimate 99 Canada 9,984,670 3,855,103 36,669,707 10 September 26 , 2017 Official estimate 100 Australia 7,692,024 2,969,907 24,664,444 8 September 26 , 2017 Official estimate Pos . Country ( or dependent territory ) Area ( km ) Area ( mi ) Population Density ( pop. / km ) Density ( pop. / mi ) Date Population source See also ( edit ) Excel Tables - United Nations World Population Prospects , the 2012 Revision List of countries by real population density ( based on food growing capacity ) By region : Population density of Asian countries List of African countries by population density List of North American countries by population density List of South American countries by population density List of the European Union members by density Area and population of European countries Population density of countries in Oceania Cities : List of cities by population density List of the most densely populated administrative units in the world Other List of population concern organizations Notes ( edit ) ^ `` World Population Prospects '' . ^ `` Eurostat - Tables , Graphs and Maps Interface ( TGM ) table '' . European Commission . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . ^ Current Special Administrative Region ( SAR ) of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) . Former Portuguese colony . ^ Territory claimed by Spain . ^ Borders and area of Palestinian - administered territories are pending outcome of negotiations with Israel . ^ Commonwealth of the United States . ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia . The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008 , but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory . The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013 , as part of the Brussels Agreement . Kosovo has received formal recognition as an independent state from 111 out of 193 United Nations member states . ^ Excludes Crimea ^ Administration is split between Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic , both of which claim the entire territory . ^ Islands claimed by Argentina . ^ Partially recognized state , claimed by the People 's Republic of China as one of its provinces . Lists of countries by population statistics World population Current population Current population ( United Nations ) Continental Asia Africa Europe North America Oceania South America Regional Americas Arab world Caribbean Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future population Past population ( United Nations ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 2000 2005 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Domestic citizens Ethnic and cultural diversity level Foreign - born population Immigrant population Median age Net migration rate Number of households Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant mortality rate Life expectancy Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure covered by government Suicide rate Total health expenditure ( PPP ) per capita Body Mass Index ( BMI ) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index International Innovation Index Innovation Union Scoreboard Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Progress in International Reading Literacy Study Student skills Tertiary education attainment Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study Women 's average years in school World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Development aid given Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Imports Income equality Job security Labour force Number of millionaires ( US dollars ) Number of billionaires ( US dollars ) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Sen social welfare function Unemployment rate List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_and_territories_by_population_density&oldid=802465399 '' Categories : Human overpopulation Lists of countries by population Lists of countries by population density Lists by population density Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî ລາວ Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Papiamentu Polski Português Română Romani Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 09 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
country with highest population density per square mile
[ "The most densely populated sovereign nation is Monaco, with a population density of 18,713 people/km2." ]
[ "Monaco" ]
5673654937376429220
Pretty Little Liars (season 7)
Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) Season 7 DVD Cover Starring Troian Bellisario Ashley Benson Tyler Blackburn Lucy Hale Ian Harding Laura Leighton Shay Mitchell Andrea Parker Janel Parrish Sasha Pieterse Country of origin United States No. of episodes 20 Release Original network Freeform Original release June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) -- June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Pretty Little Liars episodes The seventh and final season of the American mystery drama television series Pretty Little Liars , based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard , was renewed on June 10 , 2014 , for two additional seasons , making the show Freeform 's longest running original series . The season consisted of 20 episodes , in which ten episodes aired in the summer of 2016 , with the remaining ten episodes aired from April 2017 . The season 's premiere aired on June 21 , 2016 , on Freeform . Production and filming began in the end of March 2016 , which was confirmed by showrunner I. Marlene King . The season premiere was written by I. Marlene King and directed by Ron Lagomarsino . King revealed the title of the premiere on Twitter on March 17 , 2016 . On August 29 , 2016 , it was confirmed that this would be the final season of the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Special guest star 2.4 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 Specials 5 Production 5.1 Development 5.1. 1 Final season speculation 5.2 Filming 5.3 Casting 6 Reception 6.1 Live + SD Ratings 6.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 7 References Overview ( edit ) A.D. gives the Liars 24 hours to find Charlotte 's real killer or Hanna dies . While discussing possible suspects , the girls ' suspicion fell on Alison . Aria suspects the red jacket blonde she saw entering the church was Alison . Emily finds the jacket in Alison 's things and Caleb gives it to A.D. Meanwhile , Hanna manages to escape . Elliot 's true motive is later revealed to Alison ; she managed to use his phone to alert the girls to her location when he takes her out in his car one night . She jumps out of the car and he gives chase but Hanna accidentally runs him over and they bury him in the woods . The Liars find out Jenna is calling Elliot as `` Archer '' on his burner phone . Mona then traces most of the sent messages from a secret apartment where they find out his real name is `` Archer Dunhill '' . Toby discovers this and gets the cops to release Alison who reveals that she was the red jacket blonde but only tried to comfort Charlotte . Jenna befriends Sara and Noel begins helping them . Emily confronts Jenna and Sara . Jenna reveals that she became Charlotte 's friend after feeling sympathy for her in Welby and helped Archer fake his identity to be with Charlotte . Sara reveals that they are all looking for the same thing but is killed soon after . A.D. tricks Hanna into believing Archer is alive and records her digging up his grave . The Liars find videos in Noel 's cabin of him torturing them in the dollhouse . Hanna kidnaps Noel after negotiating with him does n't work and films an interrogation video . He manages to escape and lures the Liars to an abandoned blind school . They leave the dollhouse videos on a table and someone takes them but Noel and Jenna attempt to murder them . In the confrontation , Noel is accidentally killed , and Spencer is shot by A.D. , while Jenna corners Spencer . Jenna prepares to kill Spencer , but is knocked out by Mary . She then reveals that Spencer is her second child . A.D. saves Jenna who asks if they shot Spencer . One week later , Spencer has recovered and A.D. sends Jenna to confess to the cops that Noel wanted money Charlotte left Jenna for another eye surgery , killed Sara and tried to kill Jenna in the blind school . Peter returns and reveals that Mary is the one who killed Jessica . Hanna and Spencer follow the trail of a private investigator he hired to find Mary and bump into Ted who reveals he has been hiding her as she is his college fling with whom he conceived Charles . Mary reveals to Spencer that Peter and Jessica were planning to kill her , thus she used his pills to kill Jessica . A.D. then uses Emily 's stolen eggs to impregnate Alison , as a way to further torture the liars . Meanwhile , A.D. hires Sydney Driscoll as their helper and she fakes being A.D. to recruit Aria into joining the A.D. team . Aria is forced into playing and becomes A.D. 's new helper , destroying Emison 's baby nursery and leaving an `` A '' message in Spencer 's house , until the Liars catch her in the act and she defects . Mona , who is becoming addicted to the A-game again , reveals that she tried to scare Charlotte into not resuming the A-game but Charlotte attacked her and she killed her in self - defense . Mary confesses to Rollins and Jessica 's murder . A.D. ends the game as they have finally learned that Mona was Charlotte 's killer . One year later , Mary escapes from prison and Mona is released from Welby but rejoins the A-Team and is sent to kidnap Spencer , who comes face - to - face with A.D. - Alex Drake , her twin sister . Mary reveals she sold Alex to a London family to get out of Radley . Alex ran away and met Wren who revealed everything about Spencer to her and introduced her to Charlotte who left her everything . She became A.D. to use the Liars to find Charlotte 's killer and killed Wren as he always saw her as Alex while she wanted to become Spencer to have her `` perfect life '' . She explains that Sara was looking for Charlotte 's false treasure in the Radley which was actually the secret fall and Jenna recruited Noel to look for `` Charlotte 's sister '' . Jenna uses her enhanced sense of smell to figure out `` Spencer 's not Spencer '' and alerts Toby who tells the others . Mona reveals to them that Wren was going to kill her but she convinced him she could get Mary out . The Liars , Toby , Mona , and Caleb come face to face with Alex and Spencer as they can not tell them apart , until Toby makes the distinction by asking what Spencer 's favorite poem from a book she gave him . Mona tracked A.D. 's location has a cop arrest her . The Liars then say goodbye to one another as Aria leaves for her honeymoon with Ezra . Mona moves to Paris and the `` cop '' is revealed to be her boyfriend who has imprisoned Alex and Mary in her basement dollhouse . In the finale moment , a new set of liars are awaken to find their leader , Addison , has just gone missing . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Pretty Little Liars characters Main cast ( edit ) Troian Bellisario as Spencer Hastings and Alex Drake Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin Tyler Blackburn as Caleb Rivers Lucy Hale as Aria Montgomery Ian Harding as Ezra Fitz Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields Andrea Parker as Mary Drake and Jessica DiLaurentis Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal Sasha Pieterse as Alison DiLaurentis Recurring cast ( edit ) Nicholas Gonzalez as Marco Furey Keegan Allen as Toby Cavanaugh Tammin Sursok as Jenna Marshall Lindsey Shaw as Paige McCullers Brant Daugherty as Noel Kahn Lulu Brud as Sabrina Huw Collins as Archer Dunhill Special guest star ( edit ) Holly Marie Combs as Ella Montgomery Chad Lowe as Byron Montgomery Guest cast ( edit ) Lesley Fera as Veronica Hastings Brendan Robinson as Lucas Gottesman Vanessa Ray as CeCe Drake / Charlotte DiLaurentis Kara Royster as Yvonne Phillips Jim Titus as Barry Maple Chloe Bridges as Sydney Driscoll Nia Peeples as Pam Fields Drew Van Acker as Jason DiLaurentis Nolan North as Peter Hastings Julian Morris as Wren Kingston Roma Maffia as Linda Tanner Dre Davis as Sara Harvey Shane Coffey as Holden Strauss Rebecca Breeds as Nicole Gordon Ava Allan as Addison Derringer Torrey DeVitto as Melissa Hastings Edward Kerr as Ted Wilson John O'Brien as Principal Arthur Hackett Roberto Aguire as Liam Greene David Coussins as Jordan Hobart Meg Foster as Carla Grunwald Mary Page Keller as Dianne Fitzgerald Emma Dumont as Katherine Daly I. Marlene King as Wedding Photographer Notes Unlike the other series regulars , Laura Leighton is only credited in the episodes she appears in . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Pretty Little Liars episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 141 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' Ron Lagomarsino I. Marlene King June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) 2M7201 1.43 Whilst searching for Hanna , the gang sees Mary Drake enter the police station . They learn of her identity and that she is the new owner of the Lost Woods resort . After tricking the girls with a doll made to look like a dead Hanna , `` Uber A '' informs them that they have 24 hours to hand over Charlotte 's real killer or Hanna dies . The Liars and the others admit to believing that Alison killed Charlotte and they set out to find proof . Aria and Ezra search Alison 's house , and are almost caught by Elliott . At the psychiatric hospital , Alison , in a drugged state - of - mind , seemingly admits to Emily that she killed Charlotte . After Aria recalls to have seen someone with a red jacket follow Charlotte the night she was murdered , Emily finds the jacket at Alison 's house . Caleb gives the proof to ' Uber A ' in order to save Hanna . Hanna is locked up by `` Uber A '' , but manages to escape . However , she later meets Mary . Elliott reveals his duplicity to Alison as he wants to punish her for killing Charlotte . 142 `` Bedlam '' Tawnia McKiernan Joseph Dougherty June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 2M7202 1.24 After putting herself in danger , Hanna is rescued by Mary Drake . After Alison calls Emily about her current condition , this leads the Liars to grow suspicious of Elliott . Spencer and Caleb 's relationship is on the rocks after Hanna tells Caleb about her feelings towards him . Liam is assigned to help Aria and Ezra on their book and after Aria breaks up with him , he unleashes on Ezra . Hanna breaks off her engagement with Jordan , and later signs a contract with Lucas to construct a fashion company . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' wheels Alison on a stretcher and adds medication to her intravenous fluids . 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' Zetna Fuentes Jonell Lennon July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 2M7203 1.12 Emily connects the puzzle pieces as she figures out that Elliott and Mary may be working together . Toby and Yvonne get engaged . Spencer feels like breaking up with Caleb because she feels that he still loves Hanna . Emily reveals her true feelings to Sabrina . Aria and Hanna find out about Elliott and Charlotte 's love affair . The Liars attempt to rescue Alison from the psychiatric hospital to protect her from Uber A 's threats . Meanwhile , Alison manages to escape Rollins , who chases her to the woods , where a distracted Hanna hits him with her car . 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' Michael Goi Maya Goldsmith July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 2M7204 1.26 After killing Rollins , the Liars bury his body and try to hide his death , but they end up straining their romantic relationships in the process . At the psychiatric hospital , Alison finally comes clean about the night Charlotte died : she followed Charlotte into the Church and they argued about Elliott , and Alison left minutes before someone killed Charlotte . Mona intervenes with a cover - up plan to help the girls , for better or worse . Spencer meets a man named Marco Furey at The Radley and almost hooks up with him . Jenna comes back to Rosewood and is revealed to be in connection with Elliott , whose real name is revealed to be Archer . 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' Norman Buckley Bryan M. Holdman July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 2M7205 1.17 Jenna befriends Sara Harvey which puts her at the top of the ' Uber A ' suspect list . Alison is placed under the watch of Mary Drake , and finds out that Archer stole all her money . Spencer enlists Hanna 's help to search for Caleb , she later visits Toby in the police department in order to find out something about Caleb 's disappearance and ends up bumping into Marco , who is revealed to be a detective . Aria and Emily discover a secret apartment that belonged to Archer Dunhill and suspect him to be `` A.D '' . Ali receives her red jacket back with a note from `` Uber A '' saying her friends gave it to them . Ezra proposes to Aria and Noel Kahn meets up with Sara and Jenna . 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' Bethany Rooney Lijah J. Barasz August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 2M7206 1.10 The Rosewood P.D. begin to question Elliott 's disappearance and explore the possibility of him being dead . The investigation leads the Liars to question Elliott 's murder altogether , with Hanna being conflicted about whether or not to tell the police the truth . Spencer talks with Marco in order to make things clear regarding the kiss they had in the Radley elevator . Meanwhile , Aria and Ezra struggle with their relationship after Aria turns down Ezra 's proposal because of Elliott 's murder . Emily questions the fact that Sara and Jenna have teamed up together , and finds out that Charlotte enlisted Jenna 's help to find her birth mother and make Archer the alias of Elliott Rollins in order to purposely meet Ali and take advantage of her good intentions for her eventual release . Spencer and Caleb finally have a conversation about their relationship and break up . `` A.D. '' unsuccessfully attacks Alison at her house wearing a mask . After hearing everything from Aria , Ezra proposes to her again -- and , this time , she says yes . Sara is murdered by an unseen figure and her body is discovered in a bathtub at The Radley . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' watches a recording of Hanna and Spencer digging up Archer 's grave on their computer . 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' Melanie Mayron Kateland Brown August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 2M7207 1.16 Jason comes back to Rosewood in order to stop Alison from becoming too close to Mary . Meanwhile , Noel Kahn 's behaviour starts to worry the girls when they find out he broke into Toby 's house to steal Mary 's Radley file . The Liars discover new information about Mary and Jessica , leading them to a secret cellar in Carol Ward 's house where they discover that Jessica had files about them and that Mary had a second child while at Radley . They then begin to think that this child , a cousin of Alison , may be behind the `` A.D. '' mask , and wanting revenge for something . The cellar explodes right after the girls leave , and someone writes `` I see you '' on the rear window of their car . Ezra and Aria decide to elope in Italy , but right before they are about to leave , the FBI contacts Ezra and tells him that Nicole may be alive . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' steals the files about Aria and Noel , and pours Irish Whiskey over the Noel file and strikes a match on a wax doll face to burn the file . 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' Kimberly McCullough Charlie Craig August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 2M7208 1.11 After receiving a job offer as the Rosewood High swim coach , Emily discovers that Paige has returned to Rosewood and is also a candidate for the job . Hanna is visited by Mrs. Grunwald , who warns her about Noel . Meanwhile , Alison goes back to work at Rosewood High , but finds it difficult after her students play a prank on her . Aria struggles with her relationship with Ezra after telling him she deleted a call that came from Nicole 's cellphone , and later , with Spencer , visits the doctor who delivered Mary 's baby in order to get answers . Aria buys a plane ticket for Ezra to get him closer to the latest news on Nicole , delaying their wedding . After not getting any help from the Liars , Hanna goes rogue and decides to work alone in an unknown plan to try and discover who `` A.D. '' is . 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' Chad Lowe Jonell Lennon August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 2M7209 1.09 When the typical methods of sleuthing are n't working , Hanna rages and ends up trying to make a deal with Noel Kahn ( who she thinks is `` A.D. '' ) and indirectly drug him in order to lock him up ; however , her initial goal fails . Emily turns to Paige for comfort , while her relationship with Sabrina plummets . Jason and Aria look into Mary 's past where they learn that Steven Kahn , Noel and Eric 's father , orchestrated the adoption of Mary 's second child . Aria learns from Ezra that Nicole is still missing . At the Kahn 's cabin , Spencer and Emily discover that Charlotte and Noel were working together to torture the girls in the dollhouse however the videos are stolen after someone breaks into Spencer 's house . At the end , after unsuccessfully trying to drug Noel , Hanna knocks him out from behind . 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' Arlene Sanford I. Marlene King & Maya Goldsmith August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 2M7210 1.33 The Liars , Alison , Mona , and Caleb team up with Rosewood P.D. to find Hanna . Emily and Paige continue to rebuild their friendship . Alison reveals to Emily that she 's pregnant . Spencer learns that Toby and Yvonne are planning to leave Rosewood . Aria finds out that Nicole is alive . Noel manages to escape and leads the Liars to an abandoned school for the blind where Jenna , armed with a gun , attempts to murder the Liars with Noel . However , Noel , while attacking Hanna and Emily , trips on his axe and accidentally kills himself . Jenna then shoots at the Liars and gets Spencer . Jenna corners her and is about to execute her when Mary Drake knocks her out and reveals that she is Spencer 's biological mother . While leaving town , Toby and Yvonne are in a car accident . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' drags an unconscious Jenna from the abandoned school , and Jenna asks if it was they who shot Spencer . They throw her their mask and she realizes it is `` A.D. '' , as they put up their hoodie . 151 11 `` Playtime '' Chad Lowe Allyson N. Nelson & Joseph Dougherty April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 2M7211 1.33 One week after the events of the last episode , Toby is well but Yvonne is in a coma while Spencer has recovered . Ezra arrives and reveals he has n't told Nicole about him and Aria getting married . Hanna and Caleb are back together and Mona helps her get back into the fashion business . Emily is appointed coach of the varsity swimming team and Paige is made an athletics supervisor at Rosewood High . The Liars are given a interactive board game by `` A.D. '' which shows the area of notable places of Rosewood and figurines of the Liars . Spencer plays the game and receives a puzzle piece and a letter from Mary . Hanna tries to destroy the game but a video appears showing that `` A.D. '' knows they killed Rollins . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' has Jenna in a dark room without her glasses . She 's drinking a cup of tea and asks for more information about the game . `` A.D. '' takes the teacup and throws a binder with a lot of papers written in braille on her lap . After reading the top of the first page , Jenna mutters `` end game '' . 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' Ron Lagomarsino Oliver Goldstick April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 2M7212 0.92 The Liars question what to do with the board game . Emily refuses to play and leaves . Aria learns that Ezra might have been engaged to Nicole before she went missing and while they started dating again . Meanwhile , Emily battles with a student named Addison Derringer who despises her . Spencer asks Marco to track down Mary Drake and shows him the letter that her mother had written to her before she was born in Radley . Jenna , having been in hiding , returns and claims that Charlotte left behind money for her eye surgery . She further says Noel wanted it , threatened Jenna , and murdered Sara . Emily confronts Addison but Paige interferes and reveals that Addison sent an email to a friend gloating about how she was going to get rid of Emily . 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' Marta Cunningham Bryan M. Holdman May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 2M7213 0.86 Hanna is sure Jenna is to blame for a recent professional setback and is forced to bring Caleb up to speed on current events . Aria and Emily team up to investigate Sydney for more information about Jenna and her connection to `` A.D. '' and discover that she is working for `` A.D. '' after they find her making a deposit for a surgery for Jenna . They realize that `` A.D. '' is paying Jenna off for helping with the blind school and confront Sydney , who claims that `` A.D. '' is simply an anonymous client . Sydney leaves , however , Aria plants a tracking device in her bag . Meanwhile , Spencer grows closer to Detective Furey , while Aria struggles with her current situation with Ezra , and Hanna 's turn at the game is more intense than she bargained for , leading to shocking consequences . 154 14 `` Power Play '' Roger Kumble Lijah J. Barasz May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 2M7214 0.91 Ali 's turn at the game forces her to make a drastic decision to abort her child but is haunted when `` A.D '' reminds her of when she was in the psychiatric hospital and was wheeled into a operating room . Alison is traumatized to remember that Emily 's donated eggs were implanted inside her uterus , realizing Emily is her child 's mother . Spencer has a long overdue conversation with her father about his past sins and recent whereabouts . Emily continues to navigate working at Rosewood High with both Ali and Paige , learning the truth about Ali 's pregnancy . Meanwhile , Paige contemplates leaving Rosewood , but decides against it , resulting in her and Emily renewing their relationship . Aria continues to question the fate of her relationship with Ezra after Nicole 's arrival and bristles under `` A.D. 's '' taunts . While searching for Mary , wanting answers from her , Hanna and Spencer run into Pastor Ted , who eventually reveals himself as Charlotte 's biological father . He also reveals that Lucas was Charlotte 's old childhood friend . Meanwhile , Aria discovers that Sydney is on the A-Team , working with `` A.D. '' . Sydney and `` A.D. '' offer Aria the chance to join the A-Team . 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' Troian Bellisario Joseph Dougherty May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 2M7215 0.85 After being blackmailed by `` A.D. '' , Aria supplies info to them about the Liars findings . Detective Furey reveals to Spencer that she used Archer 's credit card to buy drinks when they first met and she is now a suspect in Archer 's death . After some arguing , Ezra finally agrees to leave Nicole behind for Aria , while Emily encourages Ali to not get an abortion and raise her child . Paige discovers Emily is going to help Alison raise her child . That night Paige and Alison discuss Emily , while finally making up after years of hate . Realizing that Emily loves Alison , Paige leaves Rosewood and Emily for good . After learning about Lucas ' relation with Charles , Hanna sets out to prove he is innocent , but finds more evidence that he is `` A.D '' , when the Liars find a comic book made by Lucas and Charles , that heavily resembles the `` A '' game . Hanna tells Mona about the game and tries to convince her to help . Meanwhile , `` A.D. '' sends Aria to retrieve the comic book for them , and in return she is gifted the official `` A '' uniform . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' is busy playing around with Aria 's face that they created during their snapchat videos , while `` A.D. '' , masquerading as Aria , holds a secret file of Aria 's , while they laugh uncontrollably . 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' Paula Hunziker Maya Goldsmith May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 2M7216 0.90 Spencer steals a flash drive from Marco 's apartment about Lucas ' alibi confession to the police the night Archer was killed . `` A.D. '' sends Aria to destroy Alison and Emily 's nursery . In Hanna 's turn at the game , `` A.D. '' makes her pick up something at the computer repair shop and bring it to Rosewood High School . The Liars have a confrontation with Lucas where he explains to them that he did n't know Charles and Charlotte were the same person , or that Charlotte was `` A '' . A second comic book exists and depicts turning vengeance into a game . Aria breaks down in remorse after her plot to destroy the nursery . Meanwhile , Caleb and Hanna return to Lucas 's loft with the hard drive Hanna picked up . The audio file contains a Patsy Cline song . Hanna remembers that `` A '' played a different Patsy song in the Dollhouse . Alison finally admits her feelings to Emily . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' has the second comic book . They are shown sketching the ending of the comic book . They draw a gravestone and write `` Here lies '' . 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' Oliver Goldstick Francesca Rollins & Oliver Goldstick June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 2M7217 0.97 With Mona making inroads in the game , Emily reluctantly teams up with her to investigate the doctor who performed Ali 's procedure . Ashley returns to Rosewood to check on Hanna and asks Caleb what his intentions are with her daughter , to which he admits that he wants to marry Hanna and the two become engaged . Meanwhile , `` A.D. '' sends Aria to deliver a gift to the Hastings family that contains a voice recording of Peter and Mary discussing Jessica 's murder , leaving Spencer more confused than ever about who to trust . Ezra notices Aria 's change in attitude and fears he may have lost her ; and `` A.D. '' 's machinations cause Aria to have a terrifying nightmare . 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' Norman Buckley Charlie Craig June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 2M7218 0.96 The Liars have been served with search warrants at their homes . Spencer goes to the police station where she finds out that the case is now being investigated by Detective Tanner . The Liars are sent a phone with a timer that tells them to `` Choose or Lose '' . Caleb and Hanna get married at the courthouse with Ashley as a witness . Caleb and Ezra find the cell tower location from which the game phone has been sending signals from , and later discover that they are being sent from Mona 's house . While leaving to find Spencer , Aria discovers Archer 's corpse is in her car trunk , just as a police car pulls up to confront her . 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' Joseph Dougherty Joseph Dougherty June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 2M7219 0.83 The Liars are told by Caleb that Mona has the board game and jump to conclusions that Mona is `` A.D. '' . Mary meets with Spencer at Lost Woods Resort and gives her ownership of the building . Mona reveals that Charlotte never recovered and was going to resume the A-game . She confronted Charlotte and threatened to push her out the window but never planned to go through with it . When Hanna , Caleb and Spencer take Mona back to their car , the final two puzzle pieces are waiting . Later , the Liars gather in a room at the Lost Woods and put the two final puzzle pieces in . When the pieces are in place , the game says `` Congratulations . Claim the grand prize '' , a picture of Archer . Augmented reality shows a man walking toward Aunt Carol 's house . The Liars are arrested by Tanner at Aunt Carol 's where Archer 's body is found . Mary lies and says she killed Archer , also confessing to Jessica 's murder , saving the Liars from a murder charge . Mona reveals that after she stopped threatening her , Charlotte attacked Mona and in the struggle she accidentally killed Charlotte in self - defense . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' drives off into the sunrise with the Liars ' game pieces in a plastic bag . 160 20 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' I. Marlene King Story by : I. Marlene King & Kyle Bown Teleplay by : I. Marlene King & Maya Goldsmith June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 2M7220 1.41 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A year later , Ezra and Aria are getting ready to be married . Alison and Emily have twin daughters , named Grace and Lily . Alison proposes to Emily , who accepts . Before their wedding , Ezra suddenly goes missing , so the wedding is postponed . Spencer is kidnapped by Mona , who is back on the A-Team and working for `` A.D. '' When Spencer awakens , she meets her secret twin sister , Alex Drake , who is revealed as `` A.D. '' Alex explains that she met Wren at a bar in England , where he later introduced her to Charlotte , whom she had a close relationship with . She became `` A.D. '' in hopes of avenging her death and also reveals that she murdered Wren , and turned him into an eternity stone . Alex explains she has been impersonating Spencer and wants to take her place because she is in love with Toby . With help from Mona , who reveals she 's playing to beat `` A.D. '' , the Liars eventually find Spencer and Ezra struggling with Alex . Toby holds Spencer and Alex at gun point and realizes who the real Spencer is , and Alex and Mary are arrested . The Liars are gathered to see Aria off , when Hanna reveals she is pregnant . Aria reveals that she and Ezra are going to visit an adoption agency after their honeymoon . The girls exchange goodbyes and Aria leaves . In France , Mona has imprisoned Mary and Alex in a new Dollhouse , officially winning the `` A '' game . Meanwhile , Addison 's friends are having a sleepover . When they awaken , they find that Addison has gone missing , with Willa saying `` I think I heard a scream '' and the series ends . Specials ( edit ) Special no . Title Narrator ( s ) Aired after Original air date U.S viewers ( million ) `` A-List Wrap Party '' I. Marlene King & The Cast of Pretty Little Liars `` Till Death Do Us Part '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 0.62 Showrunner I. Marlene King and the Liars sit down for an hour long unbarred and uncensored tell - all after series finale to discuss all of the series ' tightly held secrets , behind - the - scenes insights , and top moments . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The seventh season was ordered with the sixth season on June 10 , 2014 , right before the fifth - season premiere aired , which made Pretty Little Liars ABC Family 's longest running original series , surpassing The Secret Life of the American Teenager , which was ABC Family 's previous longest running original series . The season will consist of 20 episodes , in which ten episodes will air in the summer of 2016 , with the remaining ten episodes beginning to air in April 2017 . Charlie Craig , who served as writer / consulting producer on the second season , will return for the seventh season as executive producer / co-showrunner . I. Marlene King revealed the title of the premiere `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' on Twitter . Variety announced that season premiere would air on June 21 , 2016 , the latest for a season premiere in the show 's history . Additionally , series star Troian Bellisario would make her directorial debut this season . Bellisario is set to direct the fifteenth episode of the season . A promo was released on May 12 , 2016 . Freeform released a promotional poster for the season , on June 7 , 2016 . After the season premiere , Freeform released another poster which included Ashley Benson . On August 29 , 2016 , I. Marlene King with the principal cast of the show announced that Pretty Little Liars would end after the seventh season . King also announced that the show would start airing the second half of the season later than usual , in April 2017 and that the series finale would be a two - hour episode event . It was reported on October 26 , 2016 , that a tell - all special will air after the series finale `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , where the main cast and showrunner I. Marlene King talked about the show and behind - the - scenes exclusive . Final season speculation ( edit ) The seventh season had been speculated by both fans and the cast and crew of the show to being the final season of Pretty Little Liars ever since the show was renewed for two additional seasons . In an interview with BuzzFeed , Troian Bellisario said `` This is the beginning of the end . But the best part about these last two years is that , because it 's the beginning of the end , we can actually start telling the story I think we 've been waiting to tell for a long time . '' Regarding the show 's ending , Lucy Hale said to E ! News that `` Seven seasons will definitely end the show . '' Showrunner I. Marlene King commented on these rumors to TVLine as she said `` We have enough story to take us to the end of Season 7 , and we 're going to let the fans tell us if they 're ready to say goodbye to this world and these characters . '' She confirmed to being open for an eighth season and a movie and a new book . In an interview with Variety regarding the five - year time - jump , King said `` I think that this story when we 're back will end next year at the end of Season 7 '' . She later took to Twitter where she confirmed that the current storyline that began in the second half of the sixth season would end after the seventh season , but would not necessarily mean that the show would end after the seventh season . Hale said on The Late Late Show with James Corden that the show was ending after the seventh season . Bellisario 's fiancé Patrick J. Adams said in June 2016 , that the show was ending in 2017 , as the couple has decided to get married after the show ends . Freeform gave out a statement not long after saying that `` There has been no official decision made for PLL beyond a season 7 . '' It was announced on August 29 , 2016 , the day before the mid-season finale would air , that Pretty Little Liars will end after the seventh season . Filming ( edit ) Production began on February 1 , 2016 , when King announced on Twitter that the writers were in full swing brainstorming and mapping the seventh season . Production and filming began in the end of March 2016 and officially wrapped up in October 2016 . Casting ( edit ) The seventh season has nine roles receiving star billing , with eight of them returning from the previous season , six of which was part of the original cast from the first season . The season saw the four protagonists of the series continue the roles as they try to take down the new ' A ' . Troian Bellisario played Spencer Hastings , who has relationship problems with Caleb , while Ashley Benson played Hanna Marin , who was kidnapped at the end of last season . Lucy Hale continued her role as Aria Montgomery as she is set in a love triangle with Ezra and her boyfriend Liam . Shay Mitchell portrayed Emily Fields who begins to rekindle her relationship with Alison . Sasha Pieterse continued to portray Alison DiLaurentis as Alison struggles with being in a psych - ward . Janel Parrish returned as Mona Vanderwaal who seems to be finally on their side . Tyler Blackburn continues to play Caleb Rivers and Ian Harding also continued his role as Ezra Fitz . Andrea Parker was added as a series regular , playing Jessica DiLaurentis ' twin sister Mary Drake . After the sixth - season finale , it was announced that Andrea Parker would return to the show as Mary Drake , Jessica DiLaurentis ' identical twin sister and biological mother to Charlotte DiLaurentis . TVLine later confirmed that Parker was added as a series regular for the upcoming season . Deadline reported on May 10 , 2016 , that actor Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Detective Vic Furey , a character who will oversee the Rosewood Police Department . The character was later renamed Det . Marco Furey . Tammin Sursok announced that she will return to the show as Jenna Marshall after last appearing in the fifth - season episode `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' . On June 2 , 2016 , Variety reported that Brant Daugherty would be returning as Noel Kahn ; Brant has not appeared on the show since the beginning of the fifth season . On June 10 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lindsey Shaw would be returning as Paige McCullers after leaving in the fifth season mid-season premiere . The actress playing Sydney Driscoll , Chloe Bridges , posted an image on social media , confirming that she would return to the show after last appearing in the Christmas special episode . On July 28 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Shane Coffey would be returning as Holden Strauss ; Shane has not appeared on the show since the beginning of the third season . It was announced on August 8 , 2016 , that Ava Allan will appear on the show , and will first appear in the second half of the season as Addison . On August 17 , 2016 , TVLine reported that Edward Kerr would be returning to the show as Pastor Ted Wilson in the second half of the season . Kerr had not been on the show since towards the end of the fifth season . Reception ( edit ) Live + SD Ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) Rank ( 18 - 49 ) 141 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. 0.7 1.43 11 142 `` Bedlam '' June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 0.6 1.24 15 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 0.5 1.12 12 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 0.6 1.26 7 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 0.6 1.17 15 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 0.5 1.10 12 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 0.6 1.16 9 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 0.6 1.11 14 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 0.5 1.09 16 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 0.7 1.33 11 151 11 `` Playtime '' April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 0.7 1.33 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 0.5 0.92 10 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 0.4 0.86 11 154 14 `` Power Play '' May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 0.5 0.91 9 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 0.4 0.85 11 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 0.4 0.90 8 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 0.5 0.97 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.5 0.96 7 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 0.4 0.83 9 160 20 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 0.7 1.41 721 `` A-List Wrap Party '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) Tuesday 10 : 00 p.m. 0.3 0.62 14 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 rating increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref . 141 `` Tick - Tok , Bitches '' June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. 0.5 1.05 2.48 142 `` Bedlam '' June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 0.4 0.82 1.0 2.05 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 0.4 0.74 0.9 1.85 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 0.4 0.76 1.0 2.01 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 0.5 0.84 1.0 1.94 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 0.5 0.95 1.1 2.11 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 0.5 0.86 1.1 1.97 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 0.5 0.71 0.9 1.80 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 0.4 0.77 1.1 2.10 151 11 `` Playtime '' April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 0.4 0.85 1.1 2.19 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 154 14 `` Power Play '' May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 0.4 0.85 0.9 1.77 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 0.5 0.98 0.9 1.83 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 0.5 0.91 0.9 1.82 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 0.5 0.93 1.0 1.90 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.4 0.93 0.9 1.90 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 0.5 0.79 0.9 1.62 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Renewed For Seasons Six & Seven by ABC Family '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aguilera , Leanne ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Boss Talks Season 7 Secrets , Amping Up the Sex and the ' PLL ' Movie ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wieselman , Jarett ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` It 's The Beginning Of The End For `` Pretty Little Liars '' `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Official : ' Pretty Little Liars ' to End With Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Freeform Sets ' Pretty Little Liars ' Season 7 Premiere Date and Schedules More Summer Series '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aguilera , Leanne ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ' Pretty Little Liars ' Postmortem : Ashley Benson Dishes on Hanna 's ' Questionable ' Fate in Season 7 ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Here we go . First # PLLTableReAd of seAson 7 '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : King , I. Marlene ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Season 7 premiere title is `` Tic Tock , Bitches '' @ ThexCreator `` . Twitter . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special PLL Announcement '' . Facebook . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : Copa America 2016 scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' rules the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' lands on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' and ' The Haves and The Have Nots ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' premieres , NBA Playoffs lead the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Genius ' premieres , ' Pretty Little Liars ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : NBA Playoffs rule , ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up , ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' returns well , ' WWE Smackdown ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up , ' Animal Kingdom ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' and ' WWE Smackdown ' fall '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Haves and The Have Nots ' and ' Queen Sugar ' return , ' Animal Kingdom ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' series finale scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` TVLine Items : Pretty Little Liars Tell All , Saving Hope 's Final Season and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Clarissa ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` PRETTY LITTLE LIARS : Freeform to Air Tell - All Special After Series Finale '' . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Writer Charlie Craig Returns As Co-Showrunner For Season 7 '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TROIAN BELLISARIO WILL MAKE HER DIRECTORIAL DEBUT IN ' PRETTY LITTLE LIARS ' SEASON 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Pretty Little Liars.com. April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freeform 's Hit Original Series `` Pretty Little Liars '' Starts Production on Season Seven `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Trailer : Hanna 's Cliffhanger Fate Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Poster : The Girls ( Minus Hanna ) Are Dressed to Kill '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE NEW PLL POSTER IS OUT AND WE ARE SO RELIEVED ! '' . June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars Star ' Lucy Hale ' On E ! News '' . YouTube . October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denton , Elizabeth ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Is Season 7 The End For Pretty Little Liars ? ! '' . Seventeen . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Boss on Charles ' Transition , Ali 's New Man and the Show 's Future After Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Creator Marlene King Teases Possible Movie & Season 8 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Will End After Season 7 , Says Creator '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andy , Swift ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Boss Clears the Air About Ending Series After Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Lucy Hale confirms ' Pretty Little Liars ' ending with Season 7 , reveals how she hopes it ends '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longeretta , Emily ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Ending After Season 7 -- It 's ' Coming To An End This Year ' '' . Hollywoodlife.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Howell , Ernie ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' PRETTY LITTLE LIARS ' NETWORK DROPS BOMBSHELL , CONFIRMS SEASON 7 WILL END ' PLL AS WE KNOW IT ' '' . The Inquisitr . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` We 're back ! # Prettylittlewriters '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Let 's do this . # Prettylittlewriters # Season7 '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season Finale Recap : ( Spoiler ) 's Twin Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Welcomes Back Andrea Parker as Series Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Casts Nicholas Gonzalez As Rosewood 's Newest Detective '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars exclusive : Meet the man who 's going to solve murders in Rosewood '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : Jenna Returning to Rosewood in Season 7 ( ' Be Afraid ' ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Brant Daugherty Returning to ' Pretty Little Liars ' Season 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Lindsey Shaw to Return for Season 7 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bridges , Chloe ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Back at it again ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Books Another Alum for Season 7 Return ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Adds Ava Allan In Season 7B '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : Pastor Ted Returns in Season 7B -- Good News For Ashley ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 20 - 26 : ' Game of Thrones ' finale dominates '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , June 27 - July 3 : ' Love & Hip Hop , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , July 4 - 10 : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' and ' Preacher ' make biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , July 11 - 17 : ' Mr. Robot , ' ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , ' ' Major Crimes ' lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 1 - 7 : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 8 - 14 : ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Ballers , ' ' The Last Ship ' make biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 15 - 21 : ' Fear the Walking Dead , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 22 - 28 : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' and ' Rizzoli & Isles ' lead again '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fargo ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 17 - 23 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Brockmire ' makes a big jump in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 8 - 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' racks up more big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 22 - 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville ' return makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for June 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' on top again : Cable Live + 7 ratings for June 12 - 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2017 ) . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/doctor-who-quadruples-in-18-49-cable-live-7-ratings-for-june-19-25/ . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ( hide ) Sara Shepard 's Pretty Little Liars Pretty Little Liars ( 2006 ) Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll TV series Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' Season 2 `` UnmAsked '' Season 3 `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' Season 4 `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' `` Grave New World '' `` Free Fall '' `` A Is for Answers '' Season 5 `` Miss Me × 100 '' `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' Season 6 `` Game On , Charles '' `` Game Over , Charles '' `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' `` Charlotte 's Web '' `` Where Somebody Waits For Me '' `` Hush , Hush , Sweet Liars '' Season 7 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' `` Bedlam '' `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' `` Along Comes Mary '' `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' `` Original G'A'ngsters '' `` Exes and OMGs '' `` The Wrath of Kahn '' `` The DArkest Knight '' `` Playtime '' `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' `` Hold Your Piece '' `` Power Play '' `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' `` Driving Miss Crazy '' `` Choose or Lose '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Miscellaneous Rosewood , Pennsylvania Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists Pretty Dirty Secrets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Little_Liars_(season_7)&oldid=802195051 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons Pretty Little Liars Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how many episodes of pretty little liars season 7b
[ "The season consisted of 20 episodes, in which ten episodes aired in the summer of 2016, with the remaining ten episodes aired from April 2017.[2][3][4] The season's premiere aired on June 21, 2016, on Freeform.[5] Production and filming began in the end of March 2016, which was confirmed by showrunner I. Marlene King.[6] The season premiere was written by I. Marlene King and directed by Ron Lagomarsino.[7] King revealed the title of the premiere on Twitter on March 17, 2016.[8] On August 29, 2016, it was confirmed that this would be the final season of the series.[9]" ]
[ "ten" ]
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Red River Showdown
Red River Showdown - wikipedia Red River Showdown Jump to : navigation , search Red River Showdown Oklahoma Sooners Texas Longhorns Sport Football First meeting October 10 , 1900 Texas 28 , Oklahoma 2 Latest meeting October 14 , 2017 Oklahoma 29 , Texas 24 Next meeting 2018 Stadiums Cotton Bowl , Dallas , Texas Trophy Golden Hat Statistics Meetings total 112 All - time series Texas leads , 61 -- 46 -- 5 Largest victory Oklahoma , 65 -- 13 ( 2003 ) Longest win streak Texas , 8 ( 1940 -- 47 , 1958 -- 65 ) Current win streak Oklahoma , 2 ( 2016 -- present ) Stadum packed for Red River Rivalry game The Red River Showdown , commonly called the Red River Rivalry , the Red River Classic , or the Red River Shootout , is an American college football rivalry game played annually at the Cotton Bowl stadium in Dallas , Texas , during the third weekend of the State Fair of Texas in October . The participants are the Oklahoma Sooners football team of the University of Oklahoma and the Texas Longhorns football team of the University of Texas at Austin . The game is played the week following the State Fair Classic featuring Prairie View A&M University and Grambling State University . The series is one of the major rivalries in NCAA football and in all of American sports . The name is derived from the Red River that forms part of the boundary between Texas and Oklahoma that has in the past caused conflict between the two states , most notably the 1931 Red River Bridge War . There are three Red River Shootout trophies exchanged based on the outcome of the game . The best known of these is the Golden Hat , which is a gold ten - gallon hat , formerly of bronze . The trophy is kept by the winning school 's athletic department until the next year . A newer trophy , the Red River Rivalry trophy , has been exchanged between the two student governments since 2003 . The governor of Texas and governor of Oklahoma also exchange the Governors ' trophy and frequently place a bet on the game such as the losing governor having to present a side of beef to the winning governor , often donated to charity . Another annual tradition is the running of game balls by the schools ' Reserve Officers ' Training Corps programs . Each school 's ROTC program uses a relay running system to run one game ball all the way from their respective campus to Dallas . Once there , they participate against each other in a football scrimmage , with the winner taking home a rivalry trophy and bragging rights . For both teams , the rivalry is bitterly emotional and territorial in nature relating to the two states ' proximity , past border disputes and economic and cultural differences . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series history 1.1 1900 -- 1960 1.2 1960 -- 1995 1.3 1996 -- 2001 1.4 Texas beats Oklahoma to break five - year skid 1.5 2007 Oklahoma vs. Texas football game , Oklahoma 28 , Texas 21 1.6 2008 Texas vs. Oklahoma football game 1.7 Recent games 2 Venue 3 Game results 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Series history ( edit ) The game originated in 1900 , while Oklahoma was still a United States territory and the Oklahoma campus was still in Oklahoma Territory . Until the 2005 meeting , the 100th meeting between the schools , the game was called the Red River Shootout . In 2005 , it was sponsored by SBC Communications , and the game was officially renamed the SBC Red River Rivalry , with the word `` Rivalry '' replacing `` Shootout '' out of a desire not to convey an attitude of condoning gun violence . In 2006 , with SBC 's merger with AT&T Corporation , the game was renamed the AT&T Red River Rivalry . In 2014 , the name changed again and is now the AT&T Red River Showdown . The term Red River Shootout or Red River Showdown is also applied to meetings between the two schools in sports other than football . During a Q&A session with DeLoss Dodds ( the Athletic Director of UT ) during the Big 12 restructuring and chaos that ensued thereafter , Dodds stated in an interview , `` That game -- the rivalry game for us has always been Oklahoma . The A&M game 's been a great game and all of that . And we may play ' em . But it 's not something that we have to do . I think the Oklahoma game is something we have to do . '' Since 1936 , the first year of the AP Poll , at least one of the teams has come into the game ranked 70 times , including every one of the last 19 meetings . Texas leads the overall series 61 -- 46 -- 5 . However , the series is tied since World War II ( since 1945 ) with a record of 35 - 35 - 3 , and Oklahoma leads the series in the last 20 years with a record of 12 − 8 . In 2005 , The Dallas Morning News asked the 119 Division 1A football coaches to identify the top rivalry game in college football . The Red River Rivalry ranked third , behind only Michigan -- Ohio State and Army -- Navy . 1900 -- 1960 ( edit ) A page from the 1916 OU Yearbook depicts the 1915 game . The first meeting between Oklahoma and Texas football teams occurred in 1900 , before either team had acquired their current nickname . At that time , the Texas team was typically called `` Varsity '' . The write - up in the Austin American - Statesman article referred to the game as a `` practice game '' . The paper reported : The game of football yesterday afternoon at the Varsity athletic field was an interesting contrast , notwithstanding the rather one - sided score of 28 -- 2 in favor of the Varsity . The Oklahoma men played a very good game , but they had weak points and the Varsity men found this out , and proceeded to take advantage of them . For instance , the visitors ' tackles and ends were weak , and the Varsity men made most of their gains through these men . Their guards and center , though , were stiff enough , and the Varsity 's attack at these points never netted large gains , and were frequently futile . While Oklahoma should be given credit for the stiffness of her center trio , the fact that the Varsity backs made but small headway at these points is partly due to the Varsity backs themselves . They had not the life and dash that is necessary to successful line plunging , and they failed to heed Coach Thompson 's oft repeated admonition to hit the line low and with speed , and the consequence was that when they got to the line they did not have the necessary momentum to plunge on through . This was the case , notwithstanding the fact that the men are coached to play a good distance behind the line , so that they can get up speed by the time they reach it . In the 1950 rivalry game , Billy Vessels scored on an 11 - yard run late in the contest and Texas native Jim Weatherall kicked the extra point to give Oklahoma a narrow 14 -- 13 win . In 1958 , Texas defeated Oklahoma by one point , breaking the University of Oklahoma 's series dominance of the 1950s . The game was notable in that Texas Longhorns head coach Darrell Royal had 10 years earlier been the quarterback for the Oklahoma Sooners . Royal defeated his former coach and mentor Bud Wilkinson in the game . Wilkinson would lose to Texas the next five years before retiring in 1963 . 1960 -- 1995 ( edit ) The 1963 game featured # 1 Oklahoma versus # 2 Texas , the seventh regular season # 1 versus # 2 game ( eighth , overall ) in the history of the AP Poll . Texas won the game , took the # 1 ranking and kept it for the rest of the season , winning its first national championship . The 1976 rivalry game was overshadowed by allegations by Texas coach Darrell Royal that Oklahoma had been spying on his practices . The claim was later confirmed in OU Coach Barry Switzer 's book , Bootlegger 's Boy . Royal and Switzer ( who was 3 -- 0 against Texas as a head coach coming into this game ) were involved in a serious feud at the time . The 1976 game was attended by U.S. President Gerald Ford . Ford made an appearance with Royal and Switzer before the game . Switzer and Royal both spoke to Ford but not to each other . The game ended in a 6 -- 6 tie . It was Royal 's final Red River Shootout . In the 1977 game , Texas lost both their starting and backup quarterbacks in the first half . Yet , behind the power running of eventual Heisman Trophy winner Earl Campbell , a strong defense , and the unheralded composure of third - string - quarterback Randy McEachern , the Horns prevailed 13 -- 6 . In a rain - soaked 1984 game , Texas entered the game ranked # 1 , Oklahoma # 3 ( # 2 in some polls ) . University of Oklahoma coach Barry Switzer wore a ballcap during the game that read `` Beat Texas . '' This game also marked the only time that future University of Texas at Austin head coach Mack Brown participated in the Red River Shootout not as a Texas Longhorn ( Brown was OU 's offensive coordinator ) . Texas jumped to a 10 -- 0 halftime lead but OU rallied to lead 15 -- 12 in the game 's closing seconds . With 10 seconds remaining , trailing by 3 , Texas was driving and was within field goal range but decided to take one more shot at the end zone . Texas quarterback ( and future North Texas head coach ) Todd Dodge appeared ( in replays ) to be intercepted in the end zone by OU 's Keith Stanberry , but the officials ruled it incomplete . Texas 's Jeff Ward subsequently kicked a field goal and the game ended in a 15 -- 15 tie . 1996 -- 2001 ( edit ) The first Big 12 Conference overtime game , the 1996 meeting featured a John Blake squad under the direction of freshman quarterback Justin Fuente . The game ended Oklahoma 30 -- Texas 27 after a come from behind victory in the final seven minutes . Jarrail Jackson returned a punt 51 yards for a touchdown , then Fuente completed a 2 - point conversion pass to Stephen Alexander to cut the lead to 24 -- 21 . The Sooners forced the Longhorns to punt , and drove to the Texas 28 . Jeremy Alexander kicked a 44 - yard field goal to tie the game at 24 . In overtime , Texas was forced to settle for a 43 - yard Phil Dawson field goal , after losing 1 yard on three plays . Lining up at the Texas 25 , James Allen broke a ten - yard run , carried for two and three yards , then caught an 8 - yard screen pass from Fuente on 3rd and 5 from the 10 . On the next play , Allen took a pitch from Fuente two yards into the endzone , doing what he was unable to do two years before . The 2000 game was marked by rain and 49 - degree weather , but it ended up being noted for bringing the most lopsided margin of victory in the history of the match - up ( at that time ; Oklahoma would top its feat three years later ) . Oklahoma came into the game ranked 10th , with Texas ranked 11th . This was the highest combined rankings of the teams since 1984 . The Sooners got up to a 42 - point lead before Texas scored . Oklahoma won the game 63 -- 14 . OU also held Texas to minus - 7 yards rushing , an all - time regular - season low for the Longhorns . Longhorn coach Mack Brown said `` It was n't even a game because we did not play in the first half . '' Sooner coach Bob Stoops said , `` This was a total team victory , everybody made plays ... We had a little bit of everything . '' Stoops improved his record vs the Longhorns to 1 win , 1 loss as a result of the game . OU President David Boren cancelled classes the following Monday on account of inclement weather : `` It was snowing touchdowns in Dallas . '' Sooner running back Quentin Griffin scored six touchdowns , tying the all - time NCAA record for most rushing touchdowns in a game . Oklahoma went on to an undefeated season , and won the 2000 National Championship . The 2001 game , which ended Oklahoma 14 -- Texas 3 , was a classic defensive struggle that was notable for a play made late in the 4th quarter . Both the Sooners ' and the Longhorns ' defenses were outstanding , holding their counterparts to less than 100 yards rushing for the entire game . When either offense could muster any momentum , they were often let down by their kicker - OU 's Tim Duncan missed two field goals and UT 's Dusty Mangum had one blocked . OU led 7 -- 3 at the half on a Quentin Griffin 2 - yard touchdown in the second quarter . That score held until late in the fourth quarter . The Sooners got the ball with just over eight minutes to play on their own 20 - yard line , and put together a 12 - play , 53 - yard drive that took them all the way to the Texas 27 - yard line . Facing a 4th & 16 , OU sent out Tim Duncan for what appeared to be a 44 - yard FG attempt . Instead , Duncan sent a pooch punt deep into the Texas zone , which caught UT 's Nathan Vasher off guard . Confused , Vasher caught the ball at his own 3 - yard line and was immediately downed . Down 7 -- 3 , Texas had 2 : 06 to drive 97 yards on the stiff Sooner defense . On first down , Texas quarterback Chris Simms ' pass was deflected by OU safety Roy Williams , who had blitzed and literally leapt over the blocker , Brett Robin , to collide with Simms at the moment he released the ball . The ball landed right in Oklahoma linebacker Teddy Lehman 's hands , who walked into the endzone for a touchdown . The play happened so fast , many fans did not know exactly what had happened . The play by Roy Williams is often called `` The Superman Play '' because of the way that Williams resembled Superman flying through the air with his arms stretched out at Chris Simms when he hit him . Duncan 's extra point sealed the 14 -- 3 OU victory . Texas beats Oklahoma to break five - year skid ( edit ) The 2005 game , which ended Texas 45 -- Oklahoma 12 , was the 100th meeting in the series and a special logo was created to commemorate the event . The game logo included both team logos , the logo of the sponsor for that game , SBC communications , the number 100 , a football , and a star . Prior to the game , the Longhorns were ranked 2nd by the Associated Press , and the Sooners were unranked for the first time since 1999 , which was also Texas 's last victory over OU . By breaking the string of five consecutive losses to Oklahoma , Longhorn coach Mack Brown preserved the Longhorns 's National Championship hopes . With the win , Texas tied its largest margin of victory in the series . Freshman running back Jamaal Charles set a record for rushing yards by a Texas freshman in the series . With his 80 - yard scamper , Charles also had the longest touchdown from scrimmage by a Texas running back in the series . The game also featured one of the most violent hits in the series history , when Texas DE , Brian Robison , blindsided Oklahoma quarterback , Rhett Bomar , in the 4th quarter , causing a fumble and ensuing touchdown by Longhorn tackle , Rodrique Wright . As had occurred the two seasons prior , the road to the National Championship game went through Dallas . Oklahoma left the game with a 1 -- 1 conference record and a 2 -- 3 record overall , finishing with a 6 -- 2 conference and 8 -- 4 overall record , including a victory in the Holiday Bowl . The Longhorns improved to 5 -- 0 overall , 2 -- 0 in the Big 12 on their way to an 8 -- 0 conference , 13 -- 0 overall record , including a victory in the Rose Bowl and the 2005 football National Championship . 2007 Oklahoma vs Texas football game , Oklahoma 28 , Texas 21 ( edit ) 2007 Red River Rivalry The 2007 match - up between Oklahoma and Texas was predicted to be the # 3 game to watch in 2007 by SI. com 's `` Top 20 Games To Watch In 2007 '' list , and it did not disappoint . The game was close from start to finish as the Sooners struck first with a quick touchdown pass to TE Jermaine Gresham . QB Colt McCoy 's passing attack responded quickly to tie the game for the ' Horns , then again to take a lead , particularly off the efforts of TE Jermichael Finley . The Sooners were able to tie the score going into the half off of another Sam Bradford - to - Jermaine Gresham connection . The Longhorns were able to get into the red zone at the beginning of the second half , but a costly fumble by RB Jamaal Charles at the 5 - yard line cut short the momentum . A few series later , RB DeMarco Murray ripped off a 65 - yard TD run to give the Sooners a 21 -- 14 lead . The ' Horns did not take this lying down , as they were able to score soon thereafter . The Oklahoma passing attack scored the final touchdown of the game with about ten minutes left to play , on a 35 - yard touchdown pass to WR Malcolm Kelly from Bradford . The ' Horns threatened twice in the final waning minutes , as it took a CB Reggie Smith interception and defensive play against star WR Limas Sweed to secure the win for Oklahoma . 2008 Texas vs Oklahoma football game ( edit ) The 2008 Meeting of the Red River Rivalry ended Texas 45 , Oklahoma 35 . Oklahoma ranked # 1 in the nation and Texas was ranked # 5 . Both were 5 -- 0 coming into the game . In the first quarter , Bradford completed a 5 - yard touchdown pass to Manuel Johnson . The Sooners led 7 -- 0 . With 6 : 41 left in the first quarter , Texas answered with a Hunter Lawrence 26 - yard field goal . OU scored 2 touchdowns in the second quarter and Texas scored two touchdowns and a field goal including a 96 - yard kickoff return by Jordan Shipley . The score at the half was 21 -- 20 OU . Texas ended up winning this 103rd meeting , 45 -- 35 . It was the highest scoring event in the history of rivalry , and it was seen by the most fans , a record 92,182 . Recent games ( edit ) The 2012 Red River Rivalry In 2009 Texas won a low scoring game , 16 -- 13 . Texas scored only one touchdown and three field goals , while OU scored one touchdown and two field goals . Oklahoma quarterback Sam Bradford had injured his shoulder earlier in the year when playing the BYU Cougars , at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington , TX . Despite this injury , Bradford started in the 2009 Red River Rivalry confident that his shoulder was healed . However , early in the first quarter a sack by Aaron Williams re-aggravated his injury and forced him out of the game , ending his season and making the Texas game his final college game . Texas quarterback Colt McCoy threw for 127 yards , while the team combined for 142 rushing yards . OU 's replacement quarterback , Landry Jones , replaced Bradford and threw for 250 yards of passing with 2 interceptions . The most notable statistic of the game was that the Sooners were held to minus 16 yards of rushing by the Longhorn defense . In 2012 , the 107th meeting of the University of Texas at Austin and University of Oklahoma , Oklahoma routed Texas 63 -- 21 . It appeared that the game would have a very different feel than the 2011 meeting after OU scored its first touchdown and Quandre Diggs of Texas recovered a blocked PAT and ran the distance of the field to score a 2 - point conversion . This game had moments that will add to the history of this rivalry . Damien Williams broke free for a 95 - yard touchdown run for the longest rush in Red River Rivalry history . Trey Millard had a 73 - yard reception , the longest pass play by an OU player in Red River Rivalry history , surpassing Buddy Leake 's 65 - yarder in 1953 . The Sooners dominated the Longhorns in every phase ( offense , defense , and special teams ) of this game , and Oklahoma ended up with a 677 -- 289 advantage in total yardage and it is third 60 + point Red River scoring effort in Bob Stoops ' tenure . In 2013 , Texas came onto the field in Dallas with Coach Mack Brown on the hot seat . Former Longhorn great Earl Campbell had publicly stated two weeks earlier that Mack Brown was `` too old '' to continue coaching . Brown 's players rallied behind their beleaguered coach , however , and Texas won the Red River Rivalry game for the first time since 2009 . Texas walked in as major underdogs , in part due to a 1 -- 2 start with an upset loss at BYU and a mauling by # 25 Ole Miss . The game was notable in part because a defensive lineman from each team scored a touchdown on an interception return . In addition , Colt McCoy 's brother Case lead the Longhorns to victory , becoming the first quarterback to lead the team to victory since his brother accomplished this feat in 2009 . In 2014 , the game was played following both teams ' losses the prior weekend . Oklahoma had fallen to # 11 in the rankings following its loss to # 25 TCU , with a 4 -- 1 record ( 1 -- 1 Big 12 ) , whereas Texas had fallen to a 2 -- 3 record after losing to # 7 Baylor , ( also 1 -- 1 Big 12 ) . Oklahoma 's offense had been explosive all five games prior , and its defense had been equally solid . With this being said , Texas ' defense was able to prevent an Oklahoma offensive touchdown for the entire first half , and held the Sooners to under 30 total first - half yards , while the Texas Offense managed to gain over 240 yards . In each game of the 2014 season , every team that had led the opposition by more than 200 yards gained was 57 -- 0 . However , another perfect record had been on the line , as Oklahoma 's first kick return was returned for a touchdown , and on Texas ' first second - quarter possession , Oklahoma 's defense forced an interception that was returned for a touchdown , and in every Oklahoma game where that occurred , Oklahoma won ( 8 -- 0 ) . Oklahoma was able to widen the halftime scoreline of 17 -- 13 to 31 -- 13 after a pair of offensive touchdowns , but Texas was able to score two late touchdowns of their own , but failed the second two - point conversion . Oklahoma was then able to take several minutes off the clock , and Texas was unable to score on its final possession , ending the game 31 -- 26 in favor of Oklahoma . In 2015 , Oklahoma walked into Dallas # 10 in the country with a high - octane Air Raid offense while Texas was 1 - 4 after a string of painful losses due to special teams ( Cal 45 -- 44 , missed PAT , Oklahoma State , 30 -- 27 mishandled snap on punt setting up FG ) and blowout losses ( Notre Dame , 38 -- 3 , TCU , 50 -- 7 ) with Charlie Strong 's job already being in question in his second year . The Longhorns ' running game pumped out 313 yards , which featured D'Onta Foreman breaking free for an 81 - yard rush to set up a TD to put Texas in command 24 -- 10 while the young Texas defense held OU to 67 yards rushing , and sacking OU quarterback Baker Mayfield multiple times as Texas stunned Oklahoma 24 -- 17 , giving Strong his first signature win . The game often airs on ABC as part of its college football coverage . Venue ( edit ) 2006 Red River Rivalry with yellow arrow indicating the seating division in the stands The series began in 1900 and has been played in Dallas since 1912 , except for 1913 ( Houston ) , 1922 ( Norman , Okla . ) , and 1923 ( Austin ) . Dallas was chosen as a `` neutral '' site since it is situated approximately halfway between Austin , Texas and Norman , Oklahoma -- the locations of UT and OU , respectively . This also provides both teams an opportunity to showcase themselves for Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex - based alumni and potential high - school recruits of both teams . Since 1932 the game has been held at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas , during the State Fair of Texas . The designated `` home '' team alternates from year to year : Oklahoma in even - numbered years and Texas in odd - numbered years . Ticket sales for the game are split 50 -- 50 between the two schools , with the stadium divided along the 50 - yard line . Historically , the Oklahoma fans have occupied the south end zone , which contains the tunnel where both teams enter and exit the field . Beginning in 2007 , the teams will have the option to alternate North and South ends of the field , thereby giving the home team fans the seats adjacent to the tunnel leading to both teams ' locker rooms . However , Texas has declined to exercise its option to move to the south end each year in which they have been the designated home team . However , former Texas coach Charlie Strong said he would favor Texas fans being in the south end zone during their home games . Officials at both universities had indicated that soon the game may be rotated between each campus because they prefer a venue with more seats , which would mean more revenue -- the Cotton Bowl then seated just 68,252 ; the Darrell K. Royal - Texas Memorial Stadium seated 94,113 ( but has subsequently been expanded to 101,000 and will soon be expanded further ) , and the Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium holds 82,112 . Additionally , the Cotton Bowl has no luxury suites , is cramped , has narrow seats and its plumbing can be faulty . Renovations to the stadium , however , were completed shortly before the 2008 match solving many of these problems . To ensure that the game -- which produces about $17 million annually for local businesses -- stays in Dallas , Dallas mayor Laura Miller supported a bond referendum to pay for more expansion and renovation at the Cotton Bowl . Additionally , the governing board of the State Fair engaged a consultant to prepare plans for a complete renovation . In November 2006 , Dallas voters passed a $30 million bond issue for improvements to the stadium in addition to $20 million to come from the city and the State Fair of Texas . Texas and Oklahoma agreed in 2006 to keep their game at the Cotton Bowl through 2010 , but the future of the series remained in doubt . In February 2007 , the AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic announced it would move to Cowboys Stadium in Arlington in 2010 . The game received a subsidy of $700,000 from the city of Dallas , which ended when the game moved out of Dallas . In April 2007 , Texas and Oklahoma agreed to keep the game at Fair Park through 2015 . The deal increased payouts to the two schools from $250,000 to $850,000 , funded in part by the savings from the end of the Cotton Bowl Classic 's grant . The stadium was renovated with a new video scoreboard , new seats , and many other improvements . Its capacity was increased to more than 90,000 due to the addition of surrounding upper decks in both end zones . On June 10 , 2014 , Dallas officials announced that the football game between Texas and OU would be held at Fair Park through 2025 . Game results ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rankings taken from the AP Poll released prior to the game . Oklahoma victories Texas victories Tie games No . Date Location Winner Score 1900 Austin Texas 28 -- 2 1901 Austin Texas 12 -- 6 1901 Norman Texas 11 -- 0 1902 Austin Texas 22 -- 6 5 1903 Austin Tie 6 -- 6 6 1903 Norman Texas 11 -- 5 7 1904 Austin Texas 40 -- 10 8 1905 Oklahoma City Oklahoma 2 -- 0 9 1906 Oklahoma City Texas 10 -- 9 10 1907 Austin Texas 29 -- 10 11 1908 Norman Oklahoma 50 -- 0 12 1909 Austin Texas 30 -- 0 13 1910 Austin Oklahoma 3 -- 0 14 1911 Austin Oklahoma 6 -- 3 15 1912 Dallas Oklahoma 21 -- 6 16 1913 Houston Texas 14 -- 6 17 1914 Dallas Texas 32 -- 7 18 1915 Dallas Oklahoma 14 -- 13 19 1916 Dallas Texas 21 -- 7 20 1917 Dallas Oklahoma 14 -- 0 21 1919 Dallas Oklahoma 12 -- 7 22 1922 Norman Texas 32 -- 7 23 1923 Austin Texas 26 -- 14 24 1929 Dallas Texas 21 -- 0 25 1930 Dallas Texas 17 -- 7 26 1931 Dallas Texas 3 -- 0 27 1932 Dallas Texas 17 -- 10 28 1933 Dallas Oklahoma 9 -- 0 29 1934 Dallas Texas 19 -- 0 30 1935 Dallas Texas 12 -- 7 31 1936 Dallas Texas 6 -- 0 32 1937 Dallas Tie 7 -- 7 33 1938 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 14 ) 13 -- 0 34 1939 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 3 ) 24 -- 12 35 1940 Dallas Texas 19 -- 16 36 1941 Dallas Texas 40 -- 7 37 1942 Dallas Texas 7 -- 0 38 1943 Dallas Texas 13 -- 7 39 1944 Dallas Texas 20 -- 0 40 1945 Dallas Texas ( # 10 ) 12 -- 7 41 1946 Dallas Texas ( # 1 ) 20 -- 13 42 1947 Dallas Texas ( # 3 ) 34 -- 14 43 1948 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 16 ) 20 -- 14 44 1949 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 3 ) 20 -- 14 45 1950 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 3 ) 14 -- 13 46 1951 Dallas Texas ( # 6 ) 9 -- 7 47 1952 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 12 ) 49 -- 20 48 1953 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 16 ) 19 -- 14 49 1954 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 1 ) 14 -- 7 50 1955 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 3 ) 20 -- 0 51 1956 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 1 ) 45 -- 0 52 1957 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 1 ) 21 -- 7 53 1958 Dallas Texas ( # 16 ) 15 -- 14 54 1959 Dallas Texas ( # 4 ) 19 -- 12 55 1960 Dallas Texas ( # 15 ) 24 -- 0 56 1961 Dallas Texas ( # 4 ) 28 -- 7 57 1962 Dallas Texas ( # 2 ) 9 -- 6 No . Date Location Winner Score 58 1963 Dallas Texas ( # 2 ) 28 -- 7 59 1964 Dallas Texas ( # 1 ) 28 -- 7 60 1965 Dallas Texas ( # 1 ) 19 -- 0 61 1966 Dallas Oklahoma 18 -- 9 62 1967 Dallas Texas 9 -- 7 63 1968 Dallas Texas 26 -- 20 64 1969 Dallas Texas ( # 2 ) 27 -- 17 65 1970 Dallas Texas ( # 2 ) 41 -- 9 66 1971 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 4 ) 48 -- 27 67 1972 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 2 ) 27 -- 0 68 1973 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 6 ) 52 -- 13 69 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 2 ) 16 -- 13 70 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 2 ) 24 -- 17 71 1976 Dallas Tie 6 -- 6 72 1977 Dallas Texas ( # 5 ) 13 -- 6 73 1978 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 1 ) 31 -- 10 74 1979 Dallas Texas ( # 4 ) 16 -- 7 75 1980 Dallas Texas ( # 3 ) 20 -- 13 76 1981 Dallas Texas ( # 3 ) 34 -- 14 77 1982 Dallas Oklahoma 28 -- 22 78 Dallas Texas ( # 2 ) 28 -- 16 79 1984 Dallas Tie 15 -- 15 80 1985 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 2 ) 14 -- 7 81 1986 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 6 ) 47 -- 12 82 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 1 ) 44 -- 9 83 1988 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 10 ) 28 -- 13 84 1989 Dallas Texas 28 -- 24 85 1990 Dallas Texas 14 -- 13 86 1991 Dallas Texas 10 -- 7 87 1992 Dallas Texas 34 -- 24 88 1993 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 10 ) 38 -- 17 89 1994 Dallas Texas ( # 15 ) 17 -- 10 90 1995 Dallas Tie 24 -- 24 91 Dallas Oklahoma 30 -- 27 92 1997 Dallas Texas 27 -- 24 93 1998 Dallas Texas 34 -- 3 94 1999 Dallas Texas ( # 23 ) 38 -- 28 95 2000 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 10 ) 63 -- 14 96 2001 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 3 ) 14 -- 3 97 2002 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 2 ) 35 -- 24 98 2003 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 1 ) 65 -- 13 99 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 2 ) 12 -- 0 100 2005 Dallas Texas ( # 2 ) 45 -- 12 101 2006 Dallas Texas ( # 7 ) 28 -- 10 102 2007 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 10 ) 28 -- 21 103 2008 Dallas Texas ( # 5 ) 45 -- 35 104 2009 Dallas Texas ( # 3 ) 16 -- 13 105 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 8 ) 28 -- 20 106 2011 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 3 ) 55 -- 17 107 2012 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 13 ) 63 -- 21 108 2013 Dallas Texas 36 -- 20 109 2014 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 11 ) 31 -- 26 110 2015 Dallas Texas 24 -- 17 111 2016 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 20 ) 45 -- 40 112 2017 Dallas Oklahoma ( # 12 ) 29 -- 24 Series : Texas leads 61 -- 46 -- 5 See also ( edit ) Most - played rivalries in NCAA Division I FBS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Patterson , Chip ( 4 April 2014 ) . `` Rivalry game name change : Texas - OU now ' AT&T Red River Showdown ' '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Erick . Full plate of Big 12 , SEC showdowns worth feasting on , USA Today , October 5 , 2005 ( accessed May 1 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` To the victor goes the trophy -- OU and Texas will vie for the right to take the trophy home '' . OUDaily.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2003 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.texnews.com/1998/2002/texas/texas_Perry__Ok109.html Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma and Texas governors make bet '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://oudaily.com/news/2011/oct/05/perry-not-betting-rivalry-game/ Jump up ^ Furman , Evan ( 2006 - 10 - 06 ) . `` ROTC members run game ball to Dallas for OU matchup '' . The Daily Texan . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Richard Justice ( July 15 , 2006 ) . `` How they 'll finish in the Big 12 South : 1 . A&M 2 . Oklahoma 3 . Texas '' . SportsJustice . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original ( comment on blog entry of Richard Justice ) on 2008 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 01 . The only thing I disagree with you on in the standings is that the University of Texas at Norman will be 1st in the Big 12 South and A&M will be second . ( emphasis added ) Jump up ^ Stuckinok ( 2006 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Texas Tech sticks it to the Sooners again '' ( comment on blog entry of Brian ) . Bevo Sports . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 02 . Over the course of this last decent run that OU has made , their roster has been over 60 % Texas and California players . If they are n't careful , OU will have to change it 's ( sic ) name to University of Texas at Norman ! ( emphasis added ) Jump up ^ Pat ( 2004 - 10 - 02 ) . `` The Texas - Oklahoma Game '' ( comment on blog entry by bloggard ) . The Adventures of Bloggard . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 02 . It is the University of Texas at Norman . Oklahomans refer to Texas as `` Baja Oklahoma . '' Take away the Texas boys and you have nothing . ( emphasis added ) Jump up ^ Column : Rivalries spark college football , The News Record , University of Cincinnati ( accessed 2006 - 06 - 15 ) Jump up ^ Davis , Brian ( 2005 - 10 - 07 ) . `` UT - OU : Best Rivalry ? '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas 28 , Oklahoma 2 '' . Austin American - Statesman. 1900 . ^ Jump up to : Nichols , Bill ( 1996 - 10 - 13 ) . `` Sooners win later -- OU ends Red River drought in OT '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Whitmire , Keith ( 2000 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Crimson cream -- Oklahoma scores early , often in rout '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jerome Solomon Columnist Email Me ( 2001 - 10 - 06 ) . `` UT , OU ready to rumble -- Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` SoonerNation : Ten years ago , Roy Williams took flight to win the Red River Rivalry for the Oklahoma Sooners '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Games To Watch In 2007 '' . SI.com . Retrieved 30 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Texas 45 -- Oklahoma 35 -- Texas builds on second - half momentum to drop Oklahoma '' . ESPN.com . The Disney Company . October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Is Mack Brown on the hot seat in Texas ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Notebook : Reversal of fortunes '' . Austin American Statesman. 2006 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.foxsports.com/college-football/story/texas-longhorns-oklahoma-sooners-cotton-bowl-charlie-strong-swap-seats-102215 Jump up ^ `` Darrell K Royal - Texas Memorial Stadium '' . MackBrown-TexasFootball.com . University of Texas at Austin Athletic Department . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Memorial Stadium -- Oklahoma Sooners '' . Soonersports.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://dfw.cbslocal.com/2014/06/10/texas-vs-ou-game-will-stay-at-fair-park-through-2025/ External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red River Shootout . Oklahoma Sooners football Venues Boyd Field ( 1905 -- 23 ) Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium ( 1923 -- present ) Barry Switzer Center Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Missouri ( Tiger -- Sooner Peace Pipe ) Nebraska Oklahoma State : Bedlam Series Texas : Red River Showdown ( Golden Hat ) Culture & lore Championships T formation Wishbone formation Oklahoma drill Sooner Schooner Boomer and Sooner `` Boomer Sooner '' Marching band The Kick The Oklahoma Heismen Play Like a Champion Today People Head coaches Starting quarterbacks All - Americans NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Texas Longhorns football Venues Clark Field ( 1896 -- 1924 ) Darrell K Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium ( 1924 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Arkansas Nebraska Oklahoma : Red River Showdown ( Golden Hat ) Texas A&M Texas Tech Rice Culture & lore History Brown years Bevo Hook ' em `` Texas Fight '' Hex Rally 1969 `` Game of the Century '' Longhorn Band Godzillatron The University of Texas National Championship 2005 2005 Ohio State game 2008 Texas Tech game 1 Second Left People Head coaches All - Americans Statistical leaders NFL draft Seasons 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Big 12 Conference football rivalry games Conference Baylor -- TCU Baylor -- Texas Tech Bedlam Series ( Oklahoma -- Oklahoma State ) Iowa State -- Kansas State Kansas -- Kansas State Oklahoma State -- Texas Tech Red River Showdown ( Oklahoma -- Texas ) TCU -- Texas Tech Texas -- Texas Tech Non-conference Arkansas -- Texas Battle of the Brazos ( Baylor -- Texas A&M ) Border War ( Kansas -- Missouri ) Cy - Hawk Series ( Iowa -- Iowa State ) Telephone Trophy ( Iowa State -- Missouri ) Kansas -- Nebraska Kansas State -- Nebraska Missouri -- Oklahoma Nebraska -- Oklahoma Nebraska -- Texas Oklahoma State -- Tulsa Rice -- Texas SMU -- TCU TCU -- Texas A&M Texas A&M -- Texas Tech Texas -- Texas A&M Friends of Coal Bowl ( Marshall -- West Virginia ) Maryland -- West Virginia Penn State -- West Virginia Syracuse -- West Virginia Virginia Tech -- West Virginia Backyard Brawl ( Pittsburgh -- West Virginia ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Showdown&oldid=835096189 '' Categories : Red River Showdown College football rivalries in the United States Oklahoma Sooners football Texas Longhorns football Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2012 Articles with dead external links from June 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 15 : 05 . 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where is the red river rivalry played 2017
[ "\n\nNo.\nDate\nLocation\nWinner\nScore\n\n\n58\n1963\nDallas\nTexas (#2)\n28–7\n\n\n59\n1964\nDallas\nTexas (#1)\n28–7\n\n\n60\n1965\nDallas\nTexas (#1)\n19–0\n\n\n61\n1966\nDallas\nOklahoma\n18–9\n\n\n62\n1967\nDallas\nTexas\n9–7\n\n\n63\n1968\nDallas\nTexas\n26–20\n\n\n64\n1969\nDallas\nTexas (#2)\n27–17\n\n\n65\n1970\nDallas\nTexas (#2)\n41–9\n\n\n66\n1971\nDallas\nOklahoma (#4)\n48–27\n\n\n67\n1972\nDallas\nOklahoma (#2)\n27–0\n\n\n68\n1973\nDallas\nOklahoma (#6)\n52–13\n\n\n69\n1974\nDallas\nOklahoma (#2)\n16–13\n\n\n70\n1975\nDallas\nOklahoma (#2)\n24–17\n\n\n71\n1976\nDallas\nTie\n6–6\n\n\n72\n1977\nDallas\nTexas (#5)\n13–6\n\n\n73\n1978\nDallas\nOklahoma (#1)\n31–10\n\n\n74\n1979\nDallas\nTexas (#4)\n16–7\n\n\n75\n1980\nDallas\nTexas (#3)\n20–13\n\n\n76\n1981\nDallas\nTexas (#3)\n34–14\n\n\n77\n1982\nDallas\nOklahoma\n28–22\n\n\n78\n1983\nDallas\nTexas (#2)\n28–16\n\n\n79\n1984\nDallas\nTie\n15–15\n\n\n80\n1985\nDallas\nOklahoma (#2)\n14–7\n\n\n81\n1986\nDallas\nOklahoma (#6)\n47–12\n\n\n82\n1987\nDallas\nOklahoma (#1)\n44–9\n\n\n83\n1988\nDallas\nOklahoma (#10)\n28–13\n\n\n84\n1989\nDallas\nTexas\n28–24\n\n\n85\n1990\nDallas\nTexas\n14–13\n\n\n86\n1991\nDallas\nTexas\n10–7\n\n\n87\n1992\nDallas\nTexas\n34–24\n\n\n88\n1993\nDallas\nOklahoma (#10)\n38–17\n\n\n89\n1994\nDallas\nTexas (#15)\n17–10\n\n\n90\n1995\nDallas\nTie\n24–24\n\n\n91\n1996\nDallas\nOklahoma\n30–27OT\n\n\n92\n1997\nDallas\nTexas\n27–24\n\n\n93\n1998\nDallas\nTexas\n34–3\n\n\n94\n1999\nDallas\nTexas (#23)\n38–28\n\n\n95\n2000\nDallas\nOklahoma (#10)\n63–14\n\n\n96\n2001\nDallas\nOklahoma (#3)\n14–3\n\n\n97\n2002\nDallas\nOklahoma (#2)\n35–24\n\n\n98\n2003\nDallas\nOklahoma (#1)\n65–13\n\n\n99\n2004\nDallas\nOklahoma (#2)\n12–0\n\n\n100\n2005\nDallas\nTexas (#2)\n45–12\n\n\n101\n2006\nDallas\nTexas (#7)\n28–10\n\n\n102\n2007\nDallas\nOklahoma (#10)\n28–21\n\n\n103\n2008\nDallas\nTexas (#5)\n45–35\n\n\n104\n2009\nDallas\nTexas (#3)\n16–13\n\n\n105\n2010\nDallas\nOklahoma (#8)\n28–20\n\n\n106\n2011\nDallas\nOklahoma (#3)\n55–17\n\n\n107\n2012\nDallas\nOklahoma (#13)\n63–21\n\n\n108\n2013\nDallas\nTexas\n36–20\n\n\n109\n2014\nDallas\nOklahoma (#11)\n31–26\n\n\n110\n2015\nDallas\nTexas\n24–17\n\n\n111\n2016\nDallas\nOklahoma (#20)\n45–40\n\n\n112\n2017\nDallas\nOklahoma (#12)\n29–24\n\n\nSeries: Texas leads 61–46–5\n\n" ]
[ "Dallas" ]
8730848509965577502
List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders - wikipedia List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders Barry Bonds holds the record for most career home runs , hitting 762 over his 22 - year career . This is a list of the top 300 Major League Baseball leaders in home runs hit . In the sport of baseball , a home run is a hit in which the batter scores by circling all the bases and reaching home plate in one play , without the benefit of a fielding error . This can be accomplished either by hitting the ball out of play while it is still in fair territory ( a conventional home run ) , or by an inside - the - park home run . Barry Bonds holds the Major League Baseball home run record with 762 . He passed Hank Aaron , who is currently second with 755 , on August 7 , 2007 . The only other player to have hit 700 or more is Babe Ruth with 714 . Alex Rodriguez ( 696 ) , Willie Mays ( 660 ) , Albert Pujols ( 633 ) , Ken Griffey , Jr. ( 630 ) , Jim Thome ( 612 ) , and Sammy Sosa ( 609 ) are the only other players to have hit 600 or more . Listed are all Major League Baseball players with 215 or more home runs hit during an official regular season ( i.e. , excluding playoffs or exhibition games ) . Players in bold face are active as of the 2018 Major League Baseball season ( including free agents ) , with the number in parentheses designating the number of home runs they have hit during the 2018 season . The last change in the cutoff for the top 300 occurred on September 30 , 2017 , when Carlos González hit his 215th career home run , displacing Jeff Conine and José Guillén . Contents 1 Key 2 List 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Key ( edit ) Rank Rank amongst leaders in career home runs . A blank field indicates a tie . Player ( 2018 HRs ) Number of home runs hit during the 2018 Major League Baseball season . HR Total career home runs hit . * denotes elected to National Baseball Hall of Fame . Bold denotes active player . List ( edit ) Stats updated as of August 28 , 2018 . Rank Player ( 2018 HRs ) HR Barry Bonds 762 Hank Aaron * 755 Babe Ruth * 714 Alex Rodriguez 696 5 Willie Mays * 660 6 Albert Pujols ( 19 ) 633 7 Ken Griffey , Jr. * 630 8 Jim Thome * 612 9 Sammy Sosa 609 10 Frank Robinson * 586 11 Mark McGwire 583 12 Harmon Killebrew * 573 13 Rafael Palmeiro 569 14 Reggie Jackson * 563 15 Manny Ramirez 555 16 Mike Schmidt * 548 17 David Ortiz 541 18 Mickey Mantle * 536 19 Jimmie Foxx * 534 20 Willie McCovey * 521 Frank Thomas * 521 Ted Williams * 521 23 Ernie Banks * 512 Eddie Mathews * 512 25 Mel Ott * 511 26 Gary Sheffield 509 27 Eddie Murray * 504 28 Lou Gehrig * 493 Fred McGriff 493 30 Stan Musial * 475 Willie Stargell * 475 32 Carlos Delgado 473 33 Adrian Beltre ( 7 ) 469 34 Chipper Jones * 468 35 Miguel Cabrera ( 3 ) 465 Dave Winfield * 465 37 José Canseco 462 Adam Dunn 462 39 Carl Yastrzemski * 452 40 Jeff Bagwell * 449 Vladimir Guerrero * 449 42 Dave Kingman 442 43 Jason Giambi 440 44 Paul Konerko 439 45 Andre Dawson * 438 46 Carlos Beltrán 435 47 Juan González 434 Andruw Jones 434 49 Cal Ripken , Jr. * 431 50 Mike Piazza * 427 51 Billy Williams * 426 52 Darrell Evans 414 53 Alfonso Soriano 412 54 Mark Teixeira 409 55 Duke Snider * 407 56 Andrés Galarraga 399 Al Kaline * 399 58 Dale Murphy 398 59 Joe Carter 396 60 Jim Edmonds 393 61 Graig Nettles 390 62 Johnny Bench * 389 63 Aramis Ramírez 386 64 Dwight Evans 385 65 Harold Baines 384 66 Larry Walker 383 67 Frank Howard 382 Ryan Howard 382 Jim Rice * 382 70 Albert Belle 381 71 Orlando Cepeda * 379 Tony Pérez * 379 73 Matt Williams 378 74 Norm Cash 377 Jeff Kent 377 Rank Player ( 2018 HRs ) HR 76 Edwin Encarnación ( 28 ) 376 Carlton Fisk * 376 78 Rocky Colavito 374 79 Gil Hodges 370 80 Todd Helton 369 Ralph Kiner * 369 82 Lance Berkman 366 83 Joe DiMaggio * 361 84 Gary Gaetti 360 85 Johnny Mize * 359 86 Yogi Berra * 358 Carlos Lee 358 88 Nelson Cruz ( 32 ) 355 Greg Vaughn 355 90 Luis Gonzalez 354 Lee May 354 92 Torii Hunter 353 93 Ellis Burks 352 94 Dick Allen 351 95 Chili Davis 350 96 George Foster 348 97 José Bautista ( 11 ) 342 Ron Santo * 342 99 Jack Clark 340 100 Tino Martinez 339 Dave Parker 339 Boog Powell 339 103 Don Baylor 338 104 Joe Adcock 336 105 Darryl Strawberry 335 106 Moisés Alou 332 Bobby Bonds 332 108 Hank Greenberg * 331 Derrek Lee 331 110 Curtis Granderson ( 11 ) 330 111 Shawn Green 328 Mo Vaughn 328 113 Jermaine Dye 325 Willie Horton 325 115 Gary Carter * 324 Lance Parrish 324 117 Ron Gant 321 118 Vinny Castilla 320 Troy Glaus 320 120 Cecil Fielder 319 Prince Fielder 319 122 Roy Sievers 318 123 Adrian Gonzalez ( 6 ) 317 George Brett * 317 125 Ryan Braun ( 14 ) 316 Ron Cey 316 Scott Rolen 316 128 Jeromy Burnitz 315 Matt Holliday ( 1 ) 315 130 Reggie Smith 314 131 Iván Rodríguez * 311 132 Jay Buhner 310 133 Edgar Martínez 309 134 Greg Luzinski 307 Al Simmons * 307 Miguel Tejada 307 137 Robinson Canó ( 5 ) 306 Fred Lynn 306 Richie Sexson 306 Rubén Sierra 306 141 Raúl Ibañez 305 David Justice 305 Reggie Sanders 305 144 Steve Finley 304 145 Rogers Hornsby * 301 146 Chuck Klein * 300 147 Giancarlo Stanton ( 32 ) 299 Tim Salmon 299 149 Rickey Henderson * 297 150 Magglio Ordóñez 294 Rank Player ( 2018 HRs ) HR Robin Ventura 294 152 Kent Hrbek 293 Mark Reynolds ( 12 ) 293 154 Pat Burrell 292 Rusty Staub 292 156 Craig Biggio * 291 Jimmy Wynn 291 158 Bobby Abreu 288 Del Ennis 288 Bob Johnson 288 Hank Sauer 288 162 Garret Anderson 287 Bobby Bonilla 287 Brian Giles 287 Bernie Williams 287 166 Carlos Peña 286 Frank Thomas 286 168 Will Clark 284 Eric Karros 284 170 Chris Davis ( 16 ) 283 171 Ken Boyer 282 Eric Davis 282 Ryne Sandberg * 282 Justin Upton ( 26 ) 282 175 Jay Bruce ( 4 ) 281 Paul O'Neill 281 177 Ted Kluszewski 279 178 Mike Cameron 278 Ryan Klesko 278 180 Matt Kemp ( 18 ) 277 Rudy York 277 182 Brian Downing 275 Evan Longoria ( 14 ) 275 Roger Maris 275 Dean Palmer 275 Jorge Posada 275 187 Dante Bichette 274 188 Steve Garvey 272 189 Tom Brunansky 271 Raúl Mondesí 271 George Scott 271 192 Vernon Wells 270 193 Hanley Ramírez ( 6 ) 269 194 Brian McCann ( 5 ) 268 Joe Morgan * 268 Brooks Robinson * 268 Gorman Thomas 268 198 George Hendrick 267 Mike Napoli ( 0 ) 267 200 Vic Wertz 266 Joey Votto ( 9 ) 266 202 George Bell 265 Matt Stairs 265 204 Adam Jones ( 13 ) 264 Bobby Thomson 264 206 Ryan Zimmerman ( 12 ) 263 207 Danny Tartabull 262 208 Eric Chavez 260 Derek Jeter 260 Javy López 260 Tim Wallach 260 212 Chase Utley ( 1 ) 259 213 Bob Allison 256 Larry Parrish 256 Vada Pinson 256 216 Kirk Gibson 255 Adam LaRoche 255 John Mayberry 255 John Olerud 255 220 Larry Doby * 253 Joe Gordon * 253 Andre Thornton 253 Todd Zeile 253 224 Bret Boone 252 Bobby Murcer 252 Rank Player ( 2018 HRs ) HR Joe Torre * 252 226 Tony Armas 251 Tony Clark 251 Cy Williams 251 Robin Yount * 251 231 José Valentín 249 232 Goose Goslin * 248 Ted Simmons 248 234 Ian Kinsler ( 13 ) 247 Justin Morneau 247 Vern Stephens 247 237 Ken Singleton 246 238 Deron Johnson 245 Nick Swisher 245 Mickey Tettleton 245 241 Lou Whitaker 244 Hack Wilson * 244 243 Víctor Martínez ( 6 ) 243 244 Dusty Baker 242 Sal Bando 242 Wally Berger 242 Roy Campanella * 242 J.D. Drew 242 Aubrey Huff 242 David Wright 242 251 Jesse Barfield 241 Cecil Cooper 241 Rick Monday 241 254 Jeff Burroughs 240 Roberto Clemente * 240 256 Dolph Camilli 239 Ken Caminiti 239 258 Earl Averill * 238 Ray Lankford 238 260 Doug DeCinces 237 Gus Zernial 237 262 Gabby Hartnett * 236 263 Johnny Damon 235 Bill Nicholson 235 Ben Oglivie 235 Dan Uggla 235 267 Gary Matthews 234 Kevin Mitchell 234 Paul Molitor * 234 270 Cliff Floyd 233 271 Mike Trout ( 31 ) 232 272 Jimmy Rollins 231 273 Rob Deer 230 Carlos González ( 15 ) 230 275 Nomar Garciaparra 229 Jayson Werth 229 277 Howard Johnson 228 Dick Stuart 228 Hal Trosky 228 280 Marquis Grissom 227 281 Johnny Callison 226 282 Bobby Grich 224 Troy Tulowitzki ( 0 ) 224 284 Bobby Doerr * 223 Travis Fryman 223 Mike Lowell 223 287 Jason Bay 222 Don Mattingly 222 Hunter Pence ( 2 ) 222 290 Tony Batista 221 Geoff Jenkins 221 292 Tony Oliva 220 293 Jim Bottomley * 219 Al Oliver 219 Joe Pepitone 219 296 Bob Horner 218 Andrew McCutchen ( 15 ) 218 Mark Trumbo ( 17 ) 218 299 Benito Santiago 217 300 Ron Fairly 215 Pedro Guerrero 215 Chet Lemon 215 Mike Sweeney 215 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal 500 home run club List of Major League Baseball progressive career home runs leaders List of Major League Baseball single - game home run leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or has not played for a full season . References ( edit ) MLB Official Career Home Run List Active Leaders & Records for Home Runs Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Titles leaders Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Runs Stolen bases Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitters Perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Individual streaks Titles streaks Baseball statistics Batting Batting average On - base percentage Slugging percentage Hit Single Double Triple Home run Extra-base hit Grand slam Total bases RBI Game - winning RBI Walk Bunt Sacrifice bunt Sacrifice fly On - base plus slugging Times on base Walk - to - strikeout ratio Walk percentage Base running Run Stolen base Stolen base percentage Caught stealing Pitching Win -- loss record Innings pitched Pitchers of record Save Hold Run Earned ERA Strikeout Walk Perfect game No - hitter WHIP BB / 9 K / 9 Quality start Complete game Shutout Wild pitch Strikeout - to - walk ratio Fielding Fielding percentage Assist Putout Error Fielder 's choice Defensive indifference Passed ball Sabermetrics Adjusted ERA+ Base runs Batting park factor Catcher 's ERA Defensive Runs Saved Extrapolated Runs Game score Isolated Power Range factor Runs created Secondary average Speed Score NERD Out of zone plays made Ultimate zone rating Value over replacement player Weighted on - base average Wins Above Replacement Win probability added Win Shares Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_home_run_leaders&oldid=857110838 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Major League Baseball statistics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 16 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who leads the national league in home runs this year
[ "\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer (2018 HRs)\n\nHR\n\n\n1\n\nBarry Bonds\n\n762\n\n\n2\n\nHank Aaron *\n\n755\n\n\n3\n\nBabe Ruth *\n\n714\n\n\n4\n\nAlex Rodriguez\n\n696\n\n\n5\n\nWillie Mays *\n\n660\n\n\n6\n\nAlbert Pujols (19) \n\n633\n\n\n7\n\nKen Griffey, Jr. *\n\n630\n\n\n8\n\nJim Thome*\n\n612\n\n\n9\n\nSammy Sosa\n\n609\n\n\n10\n\nFrank Robinson *\n\n586\n\n\n11\n\nMark McGwire\n\n583\n\n\n12\n\nHarmon Killebrew *\n\n573\n\n\n13\n\nRafael Palmeiro\n\n569\n\n\n14\n\nReggie Jackson *\n\n563\n\n\n15\n\nManny Ramirez\n\n555\n\n\n16\n\nMike Schmidt *\n\n548\n\n\n17\n\nDavid Ortiz\n\n541\n\n\n18\n\nMickey Mantle *\n\n536\n\n\n19\n\nJimmie Foxx *\n\n534\n\n\n20\n\nWillie McCovey *\n\n521\n\n\n\n\nFrank Thomas *\n\n521\n\n\n\n\nTed Williams *\n\n521\n\n\n23\n\nErnie Banks *\n\n512\n\n\n\n\nEddie Mathews *\n\n512\n\n\n25\n\nMel Ott *\n\n511\n\n\n26\n\nGary Sheffield\n\n509\n\n\n27\n\nEddie Murray *\n\n504\n\n\n28\n\nLou Gehrig *\n\n493\n\n\n\n\nFred McGriff\n\n493\n\n\n30\n\nStan Musial *\n\n475\n\n\n\n\nWillie Stargell *\n\n475\n\n\n32\n\nCarlos Delgado\n\n473\n\n\n33\n\nAdrian Beltre (7)\n\n469\n\n\n34\n\nChipper Jones*\n\n468\n\n\n35\n\nMiguel Cabrera (3)\n\n465\n\n\n\n\nDave Winfield *\n\n465\n\n\n37\n\nJosé Canseco\n\n462\n\n\n\n\nAdam Dunn\n\n462\n\n\n39\n\nCarl Yastrzemski *\n\n452\n\n\n40\n\nJeff Bagwell *\n\n449\n\n\n\n\nVladimir Guerrero*\n\n449\n\n\n42\n\nDave Kingman\n\n442\n\n\n43\n\nJason Giambi\n\n440\n\n\n44\n\nPaul Konerko\n\n439\n\n\n45\n\nAndre Dawson *\n\n438\n\n\n46\n\nCarlos Beltrán\n\n435\n\n\n47\n\nJuan González\n\n434\n\n\n\n\nAndruw Jones\n\n434\n\n\n49\n\nCal Ripken, Jr. *\n\n431\n\n\n50\n\nMike Piazza *\n\n427\n\n\n51\n\nBilly Williams *\n\n426\n\n\n52\n\nDarrell Evans\n\n414\n\n\n53\n\nAlfonso Soriano\n\n412\n\n\n54\n\nMark Teixeira\n\n409\n\n\n55\n\nDuke Snider *\n\n407\n\n\n56\n\nAndrés Galarraga\n\n399\n\n\n\n\nAl Kaline *\n\n399\n\n\n58\n\nDale Murphy\n\n398\n\n\n59\n\nJoe Carter\n\n396\n\n\n60\n\nJim Edmonds\n\n393\n\n\n61\n\nGraig Nettles\n\n390\n\n\n62\n\nJohnny Bench *\n\n389\n\n\n63\n\nAramis Ramírez\n\n386\n\n\n64\n\nDwight Evans\n\n385\n\n\n65\n\nHarold Baines\n\n384\n\n\n66\n\nLarry Walker\n\n383\n\n\n67\n\nFrank Howard\n\n382\n\n\n\n\nRyan Howard\n\n382\n\n\n\n\nJim Rice *\n\n382\n\n\n70\n\nAlbert Belle\n\n381\n\n\n71\n\nOrlando Cepeda *\n\n379\n\n\n\n\nTony Pérez *\n\n379\n\n\n73\n\nMatt Williams\n\n378\n\n\n74\n\nNorm Cash\n\n377\n\n\n\n\nJeff Kent\n\n377\n" ]
[ "Barry Bonds" ]
-6360182662849781733
Fraser River
Fraser River - wikipedia Fraser River Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Fraser River ( disambiguation ) . Fraser River Staulo , Lhtako , Tacoutche Tesse , ʔElhdaqox , Sto : lo The Fraser River , from the grounds of Westminster Abbey , above Hatzic in Mission , British Columbia , looking upstream ( E ) Name origin : Fur trader and explorer Simon Fraser Country Canada Province British Columbia Regional District Fraser - Fort George , Cariboo , Thompson - Nicola , Squamish - Lillooet , Fraser Valley , and Greater Vancouver Tributaries - left Bowron River , Willow River , Quesnel River , Thompson River , Coquihalla River , Chilliwack River - right Morkill River , McGregor River , Salmon River , Nechako River , West Road ( Blackwater ) River , Chilcotin River , Bridge River , Harrison River , Stave River , Pitt River , Coquitlam River Cities McBride , BC , Prince George , BC , Quesnel , BC , Hope , BC , Chilliwack , BC , Abbotsford , BC , Vancouver , BC Source Fraser Pass - location Rocky Mountains , Mount Robson Provincial Park , British Columbia , Canada - elevation 2,145 m ( 7,037 ft ) - coordinates 53 ° 4 ′ 44.2 '' N 119 ° 7 ′ 9.7 '' W  /  53.078944 ° N 119.119361 ° W  / 53.078944 ; - 119.119361 Mouth Fraser River Delta - location Strait of Georgia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 49 ° 10 ′ 40 '' N 123 ° 12 ′ 45 '' W  /  49.17778 ° N 123.21250 ° W  / 49.17778 ; - 123.21250 Coordinates : 49 ° 10 ′ 40 '' N 123 ° 12 ′ 45 '' W  /  49.17778 ° N 123.21250 ° W  / 49.17778 ; - 123.21250 Length 1,375 km ( 854 mi ) Basin 220,000 km ( 84,942 sq mi ) Discharge for mouth ( average and min ) ; max at Hope - average 3,475 m / s ( 122,718 cu ft / s ) - max 17,000 m / s ( 600,349 cu ft / s ) - min 575 m / s ( 20,306 cu ft / s ) Fraser River watershed The Fraser River / ˈfreɪzər / is the longest river within British Columbia , Canada , rising at Fraser Pass near Blackrock Mountain in the Rocky Mountains and flowing for 1,375 kilometres ( 854 mi ) , into the Strait of Georgia at the city of Vancouver . It is the 10th longest river in Canada . The river 's annual discharge at its mouth is 112 cubic kilometres ( 27 cu mi ) or 3,550 cubic metres per second ( 125,000 cu ft / s ) , and it discharges 20 million tons of sediment into the ocean . Contents ( hide ) 1 Naming 2 Course 2.1 Discharge 3 History 4 Uses 5 Fishing 6 Flooding 6.1 1948 flood 6.1. 1 Timeline 6.1. 2 Reasons for the flood of 1948 6.2 Later flooding 7 Tributaries 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Naming ( edit ) The river is named after Simon Fraser , who led an expedition in 1808 on behalf of the North West Company from the site of present - day Prince George almost to the mouth of the river . The river 's name in the Halqemeylem ( Upriver Halkomelem ) language is Sto : lo , often seen archaically as Staulo , and has been adopted by the Halkomelem - speaking peoples of the Lower Mainland as their collective name , Sto : lo . The river 's name in the Dakelh language is Lhtakoh . The Tsilhqot'in name for the river , not dissimilar to the Dakelh name , is ʔElhdaqox , meaning Sturgeon ( ʔElhdachogh ) River ( Yeqox ) . Course ( edit ) Map of the Fraser River drainage basin Source of Fraser River at Fraser Pass The Fraser drains a 220,000 - square - kilometre ( 85,000 sq mi ) area . Its source is a dripping spring at Fraser Pass . The river then flows north to the Yellowhead Highway and west past Mount Robson to the Rocky Mountain Trench and the Robson Valley near Valemount . After running northwest past 54 ° north , it makes a sharp turn to the south at Giscome Portage , meeting the Nechako River at the city of Prince George , then continuing south , progressively cutting deeper into the Fraser Plateau to form the Fraser Canyon from roughly the confluence of the Chilcotin River , near the city of Williams Lake , southwards . It is joined by the Bridge and Seton Rivers at the town of Lillooet , then by the Thompson River at Lytton , where it proceeds south until it is approximately 64 kilometres ( 40 mi ) north of the 49th parallel , which is Canada 's border with the United States . Fraser River in Lillooet From Lytton southwards it runs through a progressively deeper canyon between the Lillooet Ranges of the Coast Mountains on its west and the Cascade Range on its east . Hell 's Gate , located immediately downstream of the town of Boston Bar , is a famous portion of the canyon where the walls narrow dramatically , forcing the entire volume of the river through a gap only 35 metres ( 115 feet ) wide . An aerial tramway takes visitors out over the river . Hells Gate is visible from the Trans - Canada Highway 1 about 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) south of the tramway . Simon Fraser was forced to portage the gorge on his trip through the canyon in June 1808 . At Yale , at the head of navigation on the river , the canyon opens up and the river is wider , though without much adjoining lowland until Hope , where the river then turns west and southwest into a lush lowland valley , known as the Fraser Valley , past Chilliwack and the confluence of the Harrison and Sumas Rivers , bending northwest at Abbotsford and Mission , turning southwest again just east of New Westminster , where it splits into a North Arm , which is the southern boundary of the City of Vancouver , and the South Arm , which divides the City of Richmond from the City of Delta . Richmond is on the largest island in the Fraser , Lulu Island and also on Sea Island , which is the location of Vancouver International Airport ; the eastern end of Lulu Island is within the City of New Westminster and is called Queensborough . Also in the lowermost Fraser , among other smaller islands , is Annacis Island , an important industrial and port area , which lies to the southeast of the eastern end of Lulu Island ( Sea , Lulu and Annacis Islands lie between the North and South Arms . Other notable islands in the lower Fraser are Barnston Island , Matsqui Island , Nicomen Island and Sea Bird Island . Other islands lie on the outer side of the estuary , most notably Westham Island , a wildfowl preserve , and Iona Island , the location of the main sewage plant for the City of Vancouver . After 100 kilometres ( about 60 mi ) , it forms a delta where it empties into the Strait of Georgia between the mainland and Vancouver Island . The lands south of the City of Vancouver , including the cities of Richmond and Delta , sit on the flat flood plain . The islands of the delta include Iona Island , Sea Island , Lulu Island , Annacis Island , and a number of smaller islands . While the vast majority of the river 's drainage basin lies within British Columbia , a small portion in the drainage basin lies across the international border in Washington in the United States , namely the upper reaches of the tributary Chilliwack and Sumas rivers . Most of lowland Whatcom County , Washington is part of the Fraser Lowland and was formed also by sediment deposited from the Fraser , though most of the county is not in the Fraser drainage basin . Similar to the Columbia River Gorge east of Portland , Oregon , the Fraser exploits a topographic cleft between two mountain ranges separating a more continental climate ( in this case , that of the British Columbia Interior ) from a milder climate near the coast . When an Arctic high - pressure area moves into the British Columbia Interior and a relatively low - pressure area builds over the general Puget Sound and Strait of Georgia region , the cold Arctic air accelerates southwest through the Fraser Canyon . These outflow winds can gust up to 97 to 129 kilometres per hour ( 60 to 80 mph ) and have at times exceeded 160 kilometres per hour ( 100 mph ) . Such winds frequently reach Bellingham and the San Juan Islands , gaining strength over the open water of the Strait of Juan de Fuca . The estuary at the river 's mouth is a site of hemispheric importance in the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network . Discharge ( edit ) The Water Survey of Canada currently operates 17 gauge stations that measure discharge and water level along the majority of the mainstem from Red Pass just downstream of Moose Lake within the Mount Robson Provincial Park to Steveston in Vancouver at the river mouth . With an average flow at the mouth of about 3,475 cubic metres per second ( 122,700 cu ft / s ) , the Fraser is the largest river by discharge flowing into the Pacific seaboard of Canada and the fifth largest in the country . The average flow is highly seasonal ; summer discharge rates can be ten times larger than the flow during the winter . The Fraser 's highest recorded flow , in June 1894 , is estimated to have been 17,000 cubic metres per second ( 600,000 cu ft / s ) at Hope . It was calculated using high - water marks near the hydrometric station at Hope and various statistical methods . In 1948 the Fraser River Board adopted the estimate for the 1894 flood . It remains the value specified by regulatory agencies for all flood control work on the river . Further studies and hydraulic models have estimated the maximum discharge of the Fraser River , at Hope during the 1894 flood , as within a range of about 16,000 to 18,000 cubic metres per second ( 570,000 to 640,000 cu ft / s ) . History ( edit ) The Descent of the Fraser River , 1808 , by C.W. Jefferys On June 14 , 1792 , the Spanish explorers Dionisio Alcalá Galiano and Cayetano Valdés entered and anchored in the North Arm of the Fraser River , becoming the first Europeans to find and enter it . The existence of the river , but not its location , had been deduced during the 1791 voyage of José María Narváez , under Francisco de Eliza . The upper reaches of the Fraser River were first explored by Sir Alexander Mackenzie in 1793 , and fully traced by Simon Fraser in 1808 , who confirmed that it was not connected with the Columbia River . In 1828 George Simpson visited the river , mainly to examine Fort Langley and determine whether it would be suitable as the Hudson 's Bay Company 's main Pacific depot . Simpson had believed the Fraser River might be navigable throughout its length , even though Simon Fraser had described it as non-navigable . Simpson journeyed down the river and through the Fraser Canyon and afterwords wrote `` I should consider the passage down , to be certain Death , in nine attempts out of Ten . I shall therefore no longer talk about it as a navigable stream '' . His trip down the river convinced him that Fort Langley could not replace Fort Vancouver as the company 's main depot on the Pacific coast . Much of British Columbia 's history has been bound to the Fraser , partly because it was the essential route between the Interior and the Lower Coast after the loss of the lands south of the 49th Parallel with the Oregon Treaty of 1846 . It was the site of its first recorded settlements of Aboriginal people ( see Musqueam , Sto : lo , St'at'imc , Secwepemc and Nlaka'pamux ) , the route of multitudes of prospectors during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush and the main vehicle of the province 's early commerce and industry . In 1998 , the river was designated as a Canadian Heritage River for its natural and human heritage . It remains the longest river with that designation . Uses ( edit ) The Fraser is heavily exploited by human activities , especially in its lower reaches . Its banks are rich farmland , its water is used by pulp mills , and a few dams on some tributaries provide hydroelectric power . The main flow of the Fraser has never been dammed partly because its high level of sediment flows would result in a short dam lifespan , but mostly because of strong opposition from fisheries and other environmental concerns . In 1858 , the Fraser River and surrounding areas were occupied when the gold rush came to the Fraser Canyon and the Fraser River . It is also a popular fishing location for residents of the Lower Mainland . The delta of the river , especially in the Boundary Bay area , is an important stopover location for migrating shorebirds The Fraser Herald , a regional position within the Canadian Heraldic Authority is named after the river . Fraser River as seen from the grounds of Westminster Abbey , above Hatzic in Mission , British Columbia . Sumas Mountain in background . Fishing ( edit ) The Fraser River is known for the fishing of white sturgeon , all five species of Pacific salmon ( Chinook , Coho , Chum , Pink , Sockeye ) , as well as Steelhead Trout . A typical white sturgeon catch averages between 14 to 45 kilograms ( 30 to 100 lb ) . A large white sturgeon weighing an estimated 500 kilograms ( 1,100 lb ) and measuring 3.76 metres ( 12 ft 4 in ) was caught and released on the Fraser River in July 2012 ( see : http://greatriverfishing.com/world-record-sturgeon-fraser-river/ ) , but it was reportedly measured nose to tip of tail , not nose to fork as is the officially recognized method for accurate measurement of this species . Thus the reported length of this fish , and its estimated weight , were likely greater than what its actual measurements would have been if standard data collection had been utilized in this case . Regardless of this discrepancy , landing large sturgeon like this is reasonably uncommon , however fish nearing or achieving this size are caught on rod and reel in the Fraser river virtually every year , and reports of even larger fish being lost occur with fair regularity . A variety of guiding outfits throughout the Fraser valley and lower mainland offer services to pursue this magnificent sportfish . Flooding ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) After European settlement , the first disastrous flood in the Fraser Valley occurred in 1894 . With no protection against the rising waters of the Fraser River , Fraser Valley communities from Chilliwack downstream were inundated with water . In the 1894 floods , the water mark at Mission reached 7.85 metres ( 25.75 ft ) . After the 1894 flood , a dyking system was constructed throughout the Fraser Valley . The dyking and drainage projects greatly improved the flood problems , but unfortunately over time , the dykes were allowed to fall into disrepair and became overgrown with brush and trees . With some dykes constructed of a wooden frame , they gave way in 1948 in several locations , marking the second disastrous flood . Flooding since 1948 has been minor in comparison . 1948 flood ( edit ) 1948 saw massive flooding in Chilliwack and other areas along the Fraser River . The high - water mark at Mission rose to 7.5 metres ( 24.7 ft ) . Timeline ( edit ) Throughout the May 24 long weekend , the waters of the Fraser were rising steadily , but only a few thought any real danger lay ahead . On May 28 , 1948 , the Semiault Creek Dyke broke . On May 29 , 1948 , dykes near Glendale ( now Cottonwood Corners ) gave way and in four days , 49 square kilometres ( 12,000 acres ) of fertile ground were under water . On June 1 , 1948 , the Cannor Dyke ( east of Vedder Canal near Trans Canada Highway ) broke and released tons of Fraser River water onto the Greendale area , destroying homes and fields . On June 3 , 1948 , the steamer Gladys supplied flood - stricken Chilliwack with tents and provisions as well as moving people and stock onto high ground . Reasons for the flood of 1948 ( edit ) Cool temperatures during March , April and early May had delayed the melting of the heavy snowpack that had accumulated over the winter season . Several days of hot weather and warm rains over the holiday weekend in late May hastened the thawing of the snowpack . Rivers and streams quickly swelled with spring runoff , reaching heights surpassed only in 1894 . Finally , the poorly maintained dike systems failed to contain the water . At the height of the 1948 flood , 200 square kilometres ( 50,000 acres ) stood under water . Dykes broke at Agassiz , Chiliwack , Nicomen Island , Glen Valley and Matsqui . By the time the flood waters receded a month later , 16,000 people had been evacuated , damages totaled $20 million . Later flooding ( edit ) Due to record snowpacks on the mountains in the Fraser River catch basin which began melting , combined with heavy rainfall , water levels on the Fraser River rose in 2007 to a level not reached since 1972 . Low - lying land in areas upriver such as Prince George suffered minor flooding . Evacuation alerts were given for the low - lying areas not protected by dikes in the Lower Mainland . However , the water levels did not breach the dikes , and major flooding was averted Tributaries ( edit ) Tributaries are listed from the mouth of the Fraser and going up river . Fraser River in the Glen Fraser area , about 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) upstream of Lillooet An east - facing aerial view of Ladner beyond Barber Island , Duck Island , Gunn Island and Port Guichon in the Fraser River Estuary Brunette River Coquitlam River Pitt River Stave River Kanaka Creek D'Herbomez Creek Norrish Creek Sumas River Harrison River Ruby Creek Coquihalla River Emory Creek Spuzzum Creek Anderson River Nahatlatch River Thompson River Stein River Seton River Bridge River Churn Creek Chilcotin River Williams Lake River Quesnel River Cottonwood River West Road River ( Blackwater River ) Nechako River Salmon River Willow River McGregor River Bowron River Torpy River Morkill River Goat River Doré River Holmes River Castle Creek Raush River Kiwa Creek Tete Creek McLennan River Swiftcurrent Creek Robson River Moose River See also ( edit ) List of tributaries of the Fraser River List of crossings of the Fraser River List of crossings of the Thompson River List of crossings of the Nechako River List of longest rivers of Canada French Bar Canyon Fraser Canyon List of British Columbia rivers Moran Dam ( proposal ) Steamboats of the Lower Fraser and Harrison Lake Vanport Oregon flood May 30 , 1948 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Salishan languages and Chinook Jargon . The Halkomelem form is Sto : lo , used as the name of the people of the Fraser Valley stretch of the river . `` Staulo '' is the anglicization used in the Kamloops Wawa lexicon of the Chinook Jargon Jump up ^ Carrier language . Lhtako is also used to mean the Dakelh people of the Quesnel / North Cariboo area Jump up ^ Indigenous name recorded by Alexander Mackenzie on expedition to find Columbia River 's headwaters ; circa 18 - ? Jump up ^ Tsilhqot'in name meaning Sturgeon ( ʔElhdachogh ) River ( Yeqox ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fraser River Fact Sheet '' . Canadian Heritage Rivers System . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ambient Water Quality Assessment and Objectives for the Fraser River sub-basin from Kanaka Creek to the Mouth , BC Ministry of Environment ^ Jump up to : `` Comprehensive Review of Fraser River at Hope : Flood Hydrology and Flows , Scoping Study Final Report '' ( PDF ) . BC Ministry of Environment . October 2008 . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fraser River '' . BC Geographical Names . Jump up ^ Canadian Global Almanac . John Wiley and Sons . 2004 Jump up ^ Cannings , Richard and Sidney . British Columbia : A Natural History . p. 41 . Greystone Books . Vancouver . 1996 Jump up ^ Dakelh Placenames , Yinka Dene Language Institute website Jump up ^ `` North Arm Fraser River '' . BC Geographical Names . Jump up ^ Mass , Cliff ( 2008 ) . The Weather of the Pacific Northwest . University of Washington Press . pp. 146 -- 148 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98847 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Description '' . Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network . Retrieved February 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://wateroffice.ec.gc.ca/google_map/google_map_e.html?searchBy=p&province=BC&doSearch=Go Jump up ^ `` Ambient Water Quality Assessment and Objectives for the Fraser River Sub-basin from Kanaka Creek to the Mouth '' . British Columbia Ministry of Environment , Water Management Branch , Resource Quality Section . November 1985 . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , John W. ; Michael Healey ( May 2009 ) . `` Hydropower in the Fraser and Columbia Rivers '' . Catch and Culture ( newsletter ) . Mekong River Commission . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Derek ( 1999 ) . Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest : Maps of exploration and Discovery . Sasquatch Books . ISBN 1 - 57061 - 215 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mackie , Richard Somerset ( 1997 ) . Trading Beyond the Mountains : The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793 - 1843 . Vancouver : University of British Columbia ( UBC ) Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0613 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Fraser River '' . Canadian Council for Geographic Education . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Reifel Bird Sanctuary '' . Jump up ^ River Water Still Rising . Prince George Free Press , June 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Fraser flood alert imminent Mission gauge under close scrutiny , river likely to peak at 7.5 m by Saturday . Langley Times , June 6 , 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Boyer , David S. ( July 1986 ) . `` The Untamed Fraser River '' . National Geographic . Vol. 170 no . 1 . pp. 44 -- 75 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . The Fraser , Bruce Hutchison , 1950 , classic work by noted BC editor and publisher External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fraser River . Map and photographs Hydrography of British Columbia Rivers Columbia Fraser Kootenay Liard Nass Nechako Peace Quesnel Skeena Stikine Thompson more ... Lakes Atlin Harrison Nechako Okanagan Shuswap Tagish Teslin Williston more ... 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MacMillan Space Centre Harbour Centre Hotel Europe Hotel Georgia Hotel Vancouver International Buddhist Temple Living Shangri - La Marine Building One Wall Centre Orpheum Pacific Central Station Pacific Coliseum Park Royal Parq Vancouver Rogers Arena Royal Centre Royal Vancouver Yacht Club Science World Seaforth Armoury Shaw Tower Sinclair Centre Stanley Theatre Sun Tower Sylvia Hotel Vancouver Art Gallery Vancouver City Hall Vancouver Public Library Waterfront Station Bridges Alex Fraser Bridge Arthur Laing Bridge Burrard Bridge Cambie Bridge Capilano Suspension Bridge Georgia Viaduct Golden Ears Bridge Granville Street Bridge Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing Knight Street Bridge Lions Gate Bridge Oak Street Bridge Pattullo Bridge Pitt River Bridge Port Mann Bridge Queensborough Bridge Skybridge Locations Chinatown `` The Drive '' Gastown Golden Village Granville Island Kitsilano Beach Metrotown Punjabi Market Robson Square Stanley Park / Vancouver Aquarium Geographical Burnaby Mountain Burrard Inlet Burrard Peninsula Cypress Mountain English Bay False Creek Fraser River Golden Ears Grouse Mountain Indian Arm The Lions Mount Seymour Point Grey Little Mountain Portal WikiProject GND : 4093210 - 2 VIAF : 248099607 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fraser_River&oldid=843519765 '' Categories : Fraser River Rivers of British Columbia Rivers of the Pacific Ranges Rivers of the Canadian Rockies Canadian Heritage Rivers Canadian Cascades Interior of British Columbia Landforms of Vancouver South Coast of British Columbia Floods in Canada Drainage basins of the Pacific Ocean Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles to be expanded from June 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 17 : 37 . 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where is the fraser river located on a map
[ "The Fraser River /ˈfreɪzər/ is the longest river within British Columbia, Canada, rising at Fraser Pass near Blackrock Mountain in the Rocky Mountains and flowing for 1,375 kilometres (854 mi), into the Strait of Georgia at the city of Vancouver.[5][8] It is the 10th longest river in Canada.[9] The river's annual discharge at its mouth is 112 cubic kilometres (27 cu mi) or 3,550 cubic metres per second (125,000 cu ft/s), and it discharges 20 million tons of sediment into the ocean.[10]" ]
[ "British Columbia, Canada, rising at Fraser Pass near Blackrock Mountain in the Rocky Mountains and flowing for 1,375 kilometres (854 mi), into the Strait of Georgia at the city of Vancouver" ]
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Ashley Peacock
Ashley Peacock - wikipedia Ashley Peacock Jump to : navigation , search Ashley Peacock Coronation Street character Portrayed by Steven Arnold Duration 1995 -- 2010 First appearance Episode 3812 1 February 1995 Last appearance Episode 7489 10 December 2010 Introduced by Sue Pritchard ( 1995 ) Brian Park ( 1996 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Entrepreneur ( 2006 -- 2010 ) ( show ) Family Father Fred Elliott Mother Kathleen Gutteridge Adoptive father Sam Peacock Adoptive mother Beryl Peacock Wife Maxine Peacock ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Claire Peacock ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Sons Freddie Peacock Adoptive sons Joshua Peacock Stepsons Joshua Peacock ( 2002 - 2003 ) Grandfathers William Elliott Grandmothers Amelia Elliott Aunts Beryl Peacock Ashley Sibelius Peacock is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera , Coronation Street . Portrayed by Steven Arnold , the character first appeared on - screen during the episode airing on 1 February 1995 . On 23 April 2010 , it was announced that the character had been axed along with his on - screen family by new producer Phil Collinson . Ashley was a victim of the tram crash and died as part of the show 's 50th birthday in December 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character Development 1.1 Background 2 Storylines 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Character development ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Ashley is the son of Fred Elliott ( John Savident ) and Kathleen Gutteridge ( Elizabeth Rider ) . He was conceived when his father had a relationship with Kathleen who was an employee at his family 's shop . Fred proposed to Kathleen , wanting to provide stability for his son but Kathleen rejected his proposal as she did not want to be tied down at a young age . When Ashley was born , Kathleen agreed to let Fred 's sister Beryl Peacock ( Anny Tobin ) and her husband Sam , raise Ashley as their own son . Ashley grew up believing Fred was his uncle and Beryl was his mother . Storylines ( edit ) Ashley is first seen doing bicycle deliveries for his uncle , Fred , from his butcher 's shop . Fred sends Ashley to Rita Sullivan ( Barbara Knox ) with a parcel of rump steak . Rita does n't want it as she does n't want to be obligated to Fred . Jamie does his puncture trick on Ashley 's bike and is paid again . Kelly Thomson ( Sarah Moffett ) is pleased to see Ashley , her old school friend . She gives him a cup of tea and is pleased to discover that he 's not going out with anyone . She tells him that his old girlfriend Margaret was two timing him all the time . She is embarrassed when Sally Webster ( Sally Dynevor ) matchmakes between them . Ashley and Kelly arrange to have a date in The Rovers , both terribly shy of actually asking the other out . Ashley feels bold enough to kiss Kelly but runs off in case Fred catches him . Ashley tells Judy that Fred intends to sell the horse for horsemeat . Ashley and Kelly plan to spend the night together at No. 1 in Ken Barlow 's ( William Roache ) absence . Ashley spends the night with Kelly at No. 1 . Emily Bishop ( Eileen Derbyshire ) sees Ashley leaving No. 1 in the morning and realises that he spent the night with Kelly . Ken returns from the course to find Ashley wearing his dressing gown . Emily is annoyed when Ashley accuses her of telling Ken about him staying the night with Kelly . Emily tells Ken that she 's not going to tell tales on Kelly but admits Ashley stayed the night . Kelly and Ashley have to cancel an evening out in Blackpool as Ken has an emergency meeting . Ashley tells Kelly that Ken puts on her but she accuses him of being selfish . Ashley apologises to Kelly and tells her that he 's fed up as they never get any privacy . Ashley asks for time off as he has enteritis . However , Fred discovers that he 's helping Kelly to move into Ken 's house . A row ensues and Ashley gets fired . Ashley refuses to make amends with Fred . Kelly asks Rita to persuade Fred to take Ashley back as Ashley 's too scared to approach Fred . Rita asks Fred to give Ashley a second chance but he tells her to let him run his business his way . She is put out . Rita explains to Kelly that she had no luck with Fred in getting Ashley 's job back . Fred reinstates Ashley . Ashley does n't like his mother 's boyfriend Trevor and feels they want him to leave home . Kelly tells Ashley that Don Brennan ( Geoffrey Hinsliff ) needs a lodger and it would be handy as it 's only two doors from her . Don shows Ashley around No. 5 . Ashley likes it but Kelly is wary of Don . Kelly thinks that No. 5 is n't the right house for Ashley as she does n't like Don . Ashley moves into No. 5 . Don tells him that now he has his rent money he does n't need to work so many night shifts . Ashley is disappointed as he was hoping to entertain Kelly . Ashley 's plans to go out with Kelly are spoiled when Don drags him onto a poker game . Kelly is furious when he stands her up as he enjoys the game and wins the others money . Don advises Ashley to be masterful with Kelly . Ashley tells Kelly that he 's not weak and is stunned when she slams the door in his face . Kelly is upset that Ashley is trying to act macho . Fred is annoyed by the new masterful Ashley and blames Kelly for changing him but she tells him that it 's Don 's fault . Fred advises Ashley to show Kelly he 's the boss by grabbing her for a kiss . Kelly is pleased when Ashley kisses her passionately and apologises but he oversteps the mark when he tells her to shut up so she slams the door on him again . Kelly and Ashley make - up and she admits that she does enjoy it when he 's forceful . Kelly tells Ashley that she fears she 'll have to go home to her parents and hints about them getting a flat together but he does n't pick up on the hint as he likes his independence at No. 5 . Kelly moves back home with Ashley 's help . Ashley and Kelly have a tearful farewell when she leaves for Scotland . He gives her a charm bracelet to remember him by . Don breaks open Ashley 's present to him - a bottle of whisky . Ashley keeps Don company . Ashley brings Don out of himself by talking to him about gambling . After his relationship with Kelly ends , Ashley is involved in an on - off relationship with Maxine Heavey ( Tracy Shaw ) . Eventually , Maxine moves in with Ashley at No. 4 - Fred 's house . When teenage runaway Zoe Tattersall ( Joanne Froggatt ) comes to Coronation Street , Ashley feels sorry for her and allows her to move in but Maxine is uncomfortable with the arrangement and leaves . Eventually Ashley falls in love with Zoe and sets out to be a provider for her and her baby daughter , Shannon . However , Zoe exploits Ashley 's good nature and runs off to join a cult after Shannon dies of meningitis . In 1999 , Ashley and Maxine get back together , and finally marry in September . Ashley also finds out that his uncle , Fred , is actually his biological father . Fred tells Ashley about Kathleen and her reluctance to be a mother at a young age . Fred also explains to Ashley that Beryl , who he believed to be his mother , is actually his aunt , and that Fred let her raise Ashley so he could watch him grow up . Ashley decides that he wants to meet his birth mother but Fred begs him not to , believing it would hurt Beryl . Ashley , however , tracks Kathleen down to her home in Oldham . He is initially very bitter towards her for abandoning him but they reconcile and Ashley lets Kathleen attend his and Maxine 's wedding . Ashley as he appeared in 1995 . Ashley and Maxine decide to have a baby and after months of trying , it is discovered that Ashley needs minor surgery . While he is in hospital overnight , Maxine gets drunk and has a one - night stand with local doctor Matt Ramsden ( Stephen Beckett ) and subsequently becomes pregnant with his child . When Joshua ( Benjamin Beresford ) is born in 2002 , Maxine lets Ashley believe that he is the father and Ashley is named on the birth certificate . Maxine tells Ashley the truth and he is hurt and betrayed by her actions , but he forgives her and agrees to raise Joshua as his son and asks her never to reveal to anybody that he is not Joshua 's biological father . In January 2003 , Maxine is murdered by Richard Hillman ( Brian Capron ) , leaving Ashley devastated . At Maxine 's funeral , her boss Audrey Roberts ( Sue Nicholls ) causes a scene and accuses Richard of murdering Maxine and attempting to kill her and Emily . Later at the wake in The Rovers ' , Ashley is very angry with Audrey and does not accept her apology . However , he accepts the support of Audrey 's daughter , Gail ( Helen Worth ) , Richard 's wife . Ashley is further devastated when a blood test confirms that Matt is indeed Joshua 's biological father . Ashley realizes that he needs help looking after Joshua and hires a nanny , Claire Casey ( Julia Haworth ) . Ashley and Claire bond over Joshua and they eventually fall in love . In September 2004 , Ashley proposes to Claire in The Rovers and she accepts . They get married on Christmas Day 2004 . In November 2005 , Fred challenges another butcher , Eddie Maddocks , to a boxing match between Ashley and Eddie 's son , Marvin , a local boxing champion . On the day of the fight , Fred drops a weight on Ashley 's foot and he is hospitalised . Ashley recovers and goes ahead with the fight but a riot breaks out amongst the spectators . In order to restore order , Ashley and Marvin agree on a tie . On their first wedding anniversary in December 2005 , Claire tells Ashley that she is pregnant . Their son Thomas is born on 17 July 2006 . Around the same time , Matt contacts Ashley and demands access to Joshua . Ashley refuses and the matter goes to court . Eventually , Claire persuades Ashley to make Matt an offer of limited access which he accepts but ends up delivering Claire 's baby when she goes into labour and congratulates Ashley on becoming a father himself . Ashley supports Claire when she suffers from post-natal depression and is sectioned after trying to kill Thomas . Ashley stands by Claire during her ordeal and they reconcile when she is allowed home . In October 2006 , Ashley is devastated when Fred dies of a heart attack . Fred was due to marry Bev Unwin ( Susie Blake ) but visited his former lover , Audrey 's , house . Although Ashley swore that Fred and Audrey were not having an affair , not everyone believed him . Ashley had to cope with losing his father and people gossiping about why Fred had been at Audrey 's house . Ashley blamed Audrey for Fred 's death because she told him that she loved him and wished he was marrying her instead of Bev . Ashley is comforted by Claire who suggests that they rename their son Freddie , in Fred 's honour . Ashley takes over the running of his father 's shop . In May 2007 , whilst Ashley and Joshua visit Maxine 's parents , the Peacocks ' house is set on fire . Claire is rescued but Freddie is missing and is later found in a local park . Claire suspects her former friend Casey Carswell ( Zoe Henry ) but Ashley does not believe her . One day whilst Claire is out , Ashley kisses Casey and they agree to forget it ever happened . However , Casey has no intention of forgetting anything , manipulating Ashley into having an affair . They are almost caught when Claire returns from a trauma support group . Feeling guilty about his affair , Ashley tells Audrey and Kevin Webster ( Michael Le Vell ) . Ashley decides to make his marriage work and ends things with Casey but , adamant that Ashley loves her , Casey pesters him constantly . Claire becomes suspicious , as Casey had stayed with Ashley while she was away , and she asks Ashley if he had slept with Casey but he denies it . Casey becomes obsessed with Ashley and is prepared to do anything to get his attention , eventually kidnapping Freddie and takes him to her house , knowing Ashley would come to get him . When Ashley arrives , he is horrified to see Casey has photos of him everywhere . He tries to reason with her but Claire barges in and Audrey , who also accompanied them , calls the police . Claire talks to Casey and she reveals her affair with Ashley . Claire rescues Freddie , and Casey is arrested and admits starting the fire at the Peacocks ' house . After Ashley and Casey 's affair is revealed , Claire tells Ashley that their marriage is over . He moves out , staying briefly with the Websters before moving in with Audrey , Bill Webster ( Peter Armitage ) and her grandson , David Platt ( Jack P. Shepherd ) . Ashley sees Joshua and Freddie regularly but it is clear that Claire is angry and hurt by his actions . She struggles with childcare and work but can not bring herself to forgive Ashley until Audrey convinces her to do so and the couple reconcile . During 2008 , Claire is shocked to discover that she and Ashley are struggling financially . Ashley confesses to using their savings to keep the butcher 's shop going so Claire discusses housing options with Sally when she mentions that her daughters , Rosie ( Helen Flanagan ) and Sophie Webster ( Brooke Vincent ) , are getting too old to share a room . Ashley and Claire 's sons are young enough for room sharing not to be a problem so Claire and Sally decide to swap houses . Initially , Ashley and Kevin are reluctant to move but are persuaded to do so by their wives . The couples agree to value the houses and the Websters agree to give the Peacocks the difference in cash . Eventually , the purchase price is agreed and both families move . In July 2009 , Claire is rushed into hospital after collapsing due to a near - fatal blood clot , brought on by a miscarriage . Claire and Ashley were unaware that Claire was pregnant . During her recovery , Claire decides not to have any more children and insists Ashley have a vasectomy . He agrees but when he arrives at the clinic for the surgery , he changes his mind and goes home , telling Claire that he has had it done . Eventually however , he tells her the truth , causing tension between the couple ; eventually he agrees to have the operation . On 10 November 2008 , Ashley employs Graeme Proctor ( Craig Gazey ) at his shop following the teenager 's release from a Young Offenders Institution and he and Ashley form a close bond and friendship . Since Autumn 2009 , Ashley developed a friendship with Steve McDonald ( Simon Gregson ) due to Claire 's newly developed friendship with Steve 's wife , Becky ( Katherine Kelly ) . In August 2010 , Claire is babysitting Joshua , Freddie , Aadi Alahan ( Zennon Ditchett ) , Asha Alahan ( Tanisha Gorey ) and Simon Barlow ( Alex Bain ) . She is forced to leave the children when her mother is taken ill and asks Sophie and Sian Powers ( Sacha Parkinson ) to watch the children . Whilst she is gone , Aadi and Simon have a fight and Aadi hits his head and later collapses and is rushed to hospital . He recovers and Aadi 's parents , Dev ( Jimmi Harkishin ) and Sunita Alahan ( Shobna Gulati ) , tell the police Claire was babysitting . When Claire is questioned , she tells the police about Sophie and Sian babysitting . Claire later tells Ashley she is concerned that her past mental health problems will be brought up but he reassures her that she has nothing to worry about . The Peacocks are angry with the Alahans for telling the police about Claire . After the police question Sophie and Sian , Sally confronts the Peacocks at Roy ( David Neilson ) and Hayley Cropper 's ( Julie Hesmondhalgh ) wedding and accuses Claire of using the girls as a scapegoat and causing Aadi 's injury herself and mocks her former mental health problems . Claire then reveals that Sophie and Sian are lesbians and that she saw them kissing after returning home but the girls deny it . Ashley and Claire leave the ceremony and Claire shouts at Sophie as they walk past her for letting everyone believe that she is a liar . Claire then goes to stay with her mother and leaves Joshua and Freddie with Ashley . Ashley is angry with Sunita when she comes into the butchers to ask after Claire and he orders her to leave . When the truth is revealed about Simon causing Aadi 's injury , Ashley angrily confronts Simon 's father Peter Barlow ( Chris Gascoyne ) and accuses Simon of lying to cover his tracks and causing Claire 's problems . Peter apologises to Ashley . When Claire returns home , Sunita comes round to apologize but the Peacocks do not accept it and Ashley orders Sunita to leave . In order to put her ordeal behind her , Claire asks Ashley if they can move away from Weatherfield for a fresh start . Ashley is reluctant at first but agrees . However , Claire 's mother Yvonne ( Yvonne O'Grady ) later visits and she convinces Claire to move to France , where she lives . Claire is enthusiastic and agrees but Ashley changes his mind about moving , not wanting to leave the country . In October 2010 , Ashley is closing the butcher 's shop when he witnesses Graeme get run over by his former friend David . Ashley calls an ambulance and has to restrain Graeme 's girlfriend , Tina McIntyre ( Michelle Keegan ) , David 's ex-girlfriend , from attacking David . Ashley and Claire accompany Graeme to the hospital and Ashley believes Claire is having second thoughts about leaving . Ashley is angry with David and accuses him of deliberately running Graeme over , saying some horrible comments . However , upon learning that David had an epileptic fit at the wheel and did not mean to run Graeme over , he feels guilty and apologises off - screen . In order to change Ashley 's mind about moving , Claire arranges a romantic meal for them but Ashley realises that she is trying to win him round when he notices that the food and wine is French . Ashley refuses to move again , but suddenly feels a pain in his chest . Believing he is having a heart attack , Claire rushes him to hospital . Ashley discovers that he was suffering from indigestion but he does not tell Claire this and he lets her continue thinking that he has heart problems in order for her to change her mind about moving and it works . Ashley is given indigestion tablets and removes them from their packet and puts them in a biscuit tin in the kitchen . Later , Joshua feeds Freddie one of Ashley 's pills and Claire panics and takes Freddie to hospital . Ashley is forced to admit that the tablets were for indigestion and not heart problems . When Claire returns home she apologises to Ashley for forcing him to move and tells him that she will move to France alone , with Joshua and Freddie and leave him behind . Ashley is forced to sleep on the sofa and later gets drunk in The Rovers . Graeme and Tina take him home and let him spend the night at their flat in order to sleep off his hangover . Ashley attends Jack Dobbs ' christening and Jack Duckworth ( Bill Tarmey ) asks him how things are between him and Claire . Ashley is forced to admit that his marriage may be over but Jack convinces Ashley to speak to Claire and he does so in The Rovers but they end up arguing again . Jack dies from cancer two weeks later and at his funeral , Ashley comforts Claire . At Jack 's wake , Ashley and Claire reconcile and he agrees to move to France with her . Ashley tells Graeme he will be selling the shop . Graeme is upset but wishes Ashley and Claire well . On 6 December 2010 , Ashley attends Peter 's stag night at The Joinery Bar . Ashley gets drunk and decides to go home . He goes into the office to say goodbye to Peter . He wishes Peter well and tells him never to turn his back on his fiancée Leanne Battersby ( Jane Danson ) . He also asks Peter to come and visit himself and Claire in France once they have settled down and the two men embrace . An explosion then tears through The Joinery , severing the overhead railway line and derailing a tram . Ashley is trapped in the office with Peter and bar manager Nick Tilsley ( Ben Price ) . He then helps Nick free Peter who is buried under debris and badly injured . Ashley tries to search for a way out and realises he is seriously injured when he coughs up blood . He then tries to call Claire but gets no reply . He leaves a message on her phone telling her that he loves her and is looking forward to going to France with her and the boys . Ashley and Nick then manage to carry Peter to a hole in the wall after hearing firefighters call out to them . The roof starts to collapse and Ashley is trapped but holds the ceiling up long enough for Nick to pass Peter out to safety . Nick offers to stay behind and help Ashley but realising it is too late to save himself , Ashley shouts at Nick to get out and save himself . The roof then gives way and Ashley is crushed to death . Claire then listens to the voicemail that Ashley left her whilst he was trapped in the joinery . A distraught Claire then goes with Graeme to identify Ashley 's body at the morgue . Ashley 's funeral was held on 16 December 2010 , off - screen . The character has been referenced to several times since his death . Reception ( edit ) For his portrayal of Ashley , Arnold was nominated in the category of `` Most Popular Actor '' at the 1999 National Television Awards . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Webmaster ( 2009 ) . `` Coronation Street - Cast & Characters - Ashley Peacock '' . ITV.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Daily Mail Reporter ( 2010 ) . `` Coronation Street 's Ashley and Claire Peacock Axed '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on 28 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ New Corrie butcher is David Platt 's old cellmate ( 2008 - 10 - 16 ) . `` New Corrie butcher is David Platt 's old cellmate : Corrieblog '' . Corrieblog.tv . Archived from the original on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` TV stars prepare for battle '' . BBC News . ( BBC ) . 26 October 1999 . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . External links ( edit ) Ashley Peacock at itv.com Ashley Peacock at What 's on TV Coronation Street characters Present and future characters Ken Barlow Rita Sullivan Peter Barlow Gail McIntyre Tracy Barlow Audrey Roberts Kevin Webster Jenny Bradley Sally Webster Gina Seddon Sarah Platt Liz McDonald Steve McDonald Rosie Webster David Platt Norris Cole Sophie Webster Daniel Osbourne Roy Cropper Robert Preston Leanne Battersby Toyah Battersby Tyrone Dobbs Dev Alahan Eileen Grimshaw Maria Connor Kirk Sutherland Bethany Platt Adam Barlow Todd Grimshaw Fiz Brown Simon Barlow Sean Tully Chesney Brown Amy Barlow Aadi Alahan Asha Alahan Michelle Connor Carla Connor Anna Windass Gary Windass Mary Taylor Liam Connor Jr . Izzy Armstrong Max Turner Jack Webster Hope Stape Faye Windass Eva Price Beth Tinker Craig Tinker Joseph Brown Ruby Dobbs Tim Metcalfe Sinead Tinker Jake Windass Lily Platt Pat Phelan Luke Britton Alya Nazir Yasmeen Nazir Dr. Susan Gaddas Zeedan Nazir Gemma Winter Billy Mayhew Cathy Matthews Aidan Connor Alex Warner Johnny Connor Kate Connor Rana Habeeb Harry Platt Seb Franklin Shona Ramsey Jude Appleton Oliver Battersby Nicola Rubinstein Summer Spellman Moira Pollock Angie Appleton George Appleton Abi Franklin ( hide ) Past characters Sunita Alahan Christine Appleby Lewis Archer Shirley Armitage Katy Armstrong Owen Armstrong Danny Baldwin Frankie Baldwin Jamie Baldwin Mike Baldwin Deirdre Barlow Frank Barlow Ida Barlow Susan Barlow Des Barnes Natalie Barnes Janice Battersby Les Battersby Cilla Battersby - Brown Sheila Birtles Emily Bishop Natasha Blakeman Alan Bradley Renee Bradshaw Teresa Bryant Julie Carp Casey Carswell Matt Carter Paul Clayton Liam Connor Paul Connor Ryan Connor Kelly Crabtree Hayley Cropper Trevor Dean Marcus Dent Jackie Dobbs Molly Dobbs Rob Donovan Jack Duckworth Terry Duckworth Tommy Duckworth Vera Duckworth Fred Elliott Anne Foster Frank Foster Alec Gilroy Tony Gordon Cheryl Gray Jason Grimshaw Alma Halliwell Richard Hillman Charlotte Hoyle Blanche Hunt Mel Hutchwright Amber Kalirai Ray Langton Bet Lynch Tara Mandal Ciaran McCarthy Becky McDonald Jim McDonald Karen McDonald Joe McIntyre Tina McIntyre Darryl Morton Jerry Morton Kayleigh Morton Mel Morton Lloyd Mullaney Karl Munro Hilda Ogden Stan Ogden Ashley Peacock Claire Peacock Kylie Platt Martin Platt Sian Powers Stella Price Graeme Proctor Mark Redman Alf Roberts Maya Sharma Ena Sharples Kirsty Soames John Stape Jed Stone Candice Stowe Luke Strong Charlie Stubbs Percy Sugden Leonard Swindley Dennis Tanner Elsie Tanner Albert Tatlock Ivy Tilsley Nick Tilsley Vernon Tomlin Shelley Unwin Annie Walker Curly Watts Raquel Watts Bill Webster Betty Williams Violet Wilson Derek Wilton Mavis Wilton Eddie Windass Eddie Yeats Lists of characters 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 Original characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashley_Peacock&oldid=813283481 '' Categories : Coronation Street characters Fictional butchers Fictional businesspeople Fictional characters introduced in 1995 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2014 Use British English from March 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 21 : 48 . About Wikipedia
who was married to ashley in coronation street
[ "Ashley realizes that he needs help looking after Joshua and hires a nanny, Claire Casey (Julia Haworth). Ashley and Claire bond over Joshua and they eventually fall in love. In September 2004, Ashley proposes to Claire in The Rovers and she accepts. They get married on Christmas Day 2004. In November 2005, Fred challenges another butcher, Eddie Maddocks, to a boxing match between Ashley and Eddie's son, Marvin, a local boxing champion. On the day of the fight, Fred drops a weight on Ashley's foot and he is hospitalised. Ashley recovers and goes ahead with the fight but a riot breaks out amongst the spectators. In order to restore order, Ashley and Marvin agree on a tie." ]
[ "Claire Casey" ]
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Antibody
Antibody - wikipedia Antibody Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the class of proteins . For other uses , see Antibody ( disambiguation ) . Each antibody binds to a specific antigen ; an interaction similar to a lock and key . An antibody ( Ab ) , also known as an immunoglobulin ( Ig ) , is a large , Y - shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses . The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen , called an antigen , via the Fab 's variable region . Each tip of the `` Y '' of an antibody contains a paratope ( analogous to a lock ) that is specific for one particular epitope ( similarly analogous to a key ) on an antigen , allowing these two structures to bind together with precision . Using this binding mechanism , an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system , or can neutralize its target directly ( for example , by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival ) . Depending on the antigen , the binding may impede the biological process causing the disease or may activate macrophages to destroy the foreign substance . The ability of an antibody to communicate with the other components of the immune system is mediated via its Fc region ( located at the base of the `` Y '' ) , which contains a conserved glycosylation site involved in these interactions . The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system . Antibodies are secreted by B cells of the adaptive immune system , mostly by differentiated B cells called plasma cells . Antibodies can occur in two physical forms , a soluble form that is secreted from the cell to be free in the blood plasma , and a membrane - bound form that is attached to the surface of a B cell and is referred to as the B - cell receptor ( BCR ) . The BCR is found only on the surface of B cells and facilitates the activation of these cells and their subsequent differentiation into either antibody factories called plasma cells or memory B cells that will survive in the body and remember that same antigen so the B cells can respond faster upon future exposure . In most cases , interaction of the B cell with a T helper cell is necessary to produce full activation of the B cell and , therefore , antibody generation following antigen binding . Soluble antibodies are released into the blood and tissue fluids , as well as many secretions to continue to survey for invading microorganisms . Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily . They constitute most of the gamma globulin fraction of the blood proteins . They are typically made of basic structural units -- each with two large heavy chains and two small light chains . There are several different types of antibody heavy chains that define the five different types of crystallisable fragments ( Fc ) that may be attached to the antigen - binding fragments . The five different types of Fc regions allow antibodies to be grouped into five isotypes . Each Fc region of a particular antibody isotype is able to bind to its specific Fc Receptor ( except for IgD , which is essentially the BCR ) , thus allowing the antigen - antibody complex to mediate different roles depending on which FcR it binds . The ability of an antibody to bind to its corresponding FcR is further modulated by the structure of the glycan ( s ) present at conserved sites within its Fc region . The ability of antibodies to bind to FcRs helps to direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter . For example , IgE is responsible for an allergic response consisting of mast cell degranulation and histamine release . IgE 's Fab paratope binds to allergic antigen , for example house dust mite particles , while its Fc region binds to Fc receptor ε . The allergen - IgE - FcRε interaction mediates allergic signal transduction to induce conditions such as asthma . Though the general structure of all antibodies is very similar , a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable , allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures , or antigen - binding sites , to exist . This region is known as the hypervariable region . Each of these variants can bind to a different antigen . This enormous diversity of antibody paratopes on the antigen - binding fragments allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide variety of antigens . The large and diverse population of antibody paratope is generated by random recombination events of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen - binding sites ( or paratopes ) , followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene , which create further diversity . This recombinational process that produces clonal antibody paratope diversity is called V ( D ) J or VJ recombination . Basically , the antibody paratope is polygenic , made up of three genes , V , D , and J. Each paratope locus is also polymorphic , such that during antibody production , one allele of V , one of D , and one of J is chosen . These gene segments are then joined together using random genetic recombination to produce the paratope . The regions where the genes are randomly recombined together is the hyper variable region used to recognise different antigens on a clonal basis . Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switching that changes the one type of heavy chain Fc fragment to another , creating a different isotype of the antibody that retains the antigen - specific variable region . This allows a single antibody to be used by different types of Fc receptors , expressed on different parts of the immune system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Forms 2 Antibody -- antigen interactions 3 Isotypes 4 Structure 4.1 Immunoglobulin domains 4.2 Heavy chain 4.3 Light chain 4.4 CDRs , Fv , Fab and Fc regions 5 Function 5.1 Activation of complement 5.2 Activation of effector cells 5.3 Natural antibodies 6 Immunoglobulin diversity 6.1 Domain variability 6.2 V ( D ) J recombination 6.3 Somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation 6.4 Class switching 6.5 Affinity designations 6.6 Asymmetrical antibodies 7 Medical applications 7.1 Disease diagnosis 7.2 Disease therapy 7.3 Prenatal therapy 8 Research applications 9 Regulations 9.1 Production and testing 9.2 Before clinical trials 9.3 Preclinical studies 10 Structure prediction 11 History 12 Antibody mimetic 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Forms ( edit ) The membrane - bound form of an antibody may be called a surface immunoglobulin ( sIg ) or a membrane immunoglobulin ( mIg ) . It is part of the B cell receptor ( BCR ) , which allows a B cell to detect when a specific antigen is present in the body and triggers B cell activation . The BCR is composed of surface - bound IgD or IgM antibodies and associated Ig - α and Ig - β heterodimers , which are capable of signal transduction . A typical human B cell will have 50,000 to 100,000 antibodies bound to its surface . Upon antigen binding , they cluster in large patches , which can exceed 1 micrometer in diameter , on lipid rafts that isolate the BCRs from most other cell signaling receptors . These patches may improve the efficiency of the cellular immune response . In humans , the cell surface is bare around the B cell receptors for several hundred nanometers , which further isolates the BCRs from competing influences . Antibody -- antigen interactions ( edit ) The antibody 's paratope interacts with the antigen 's epitope . An antigen usually contains different epitopes along its surface arranged discontinuously , and dominant epitopes on a given antigen are called determinants . Antibody and antigen interact by spatial complementarity ( lock and key ) . The molecular forces involved in the Fab - epitope interaction are weak and non-specific -- for example electrostatic forces , hydrogen bonds , hydrophobic interactions , and van der Waals forces . This means binding between antibody and antigen is reversible , and the antibody 's affinity towards an antigen is relative rather than absolute . Relatively weak binding also means it is possible for an antibody to cross-react with different antigens of different relative affinities . Often , once an antibody and antigen bind , they become an immune complex , which functions as a unitary object and can act as an antigen in its own right , being countered by other antibodies . Similarly , haptens are small molecules that provoke no immune response by themselves , but once they bind to proteins , the resulting complex or hapten - carrier adduct is antigenic . Isotypes ( edit ) Antibodies can come in different varieties known as isotypes or classes . In placental mammals there are five antibody isotypes known as IgA , IgD , IgE , IgG , and IgM . They are each named with an `` Ig '' prefix that stands for immunoglobulin , a name sometimes used interchangeably with antibody , and differ in their biological properties , functional locations and ability to deal with different antigens , as depicted in the table . The different suffixes of the antibody isotypes denote the different types of heavy chains the antibody contains , with each heavy chain class named alphabetically : α ( alpha ) , γ ( gamma ) , δ ( delta ) , ε ( epsilon ) , and μ ( mu ) . This gives rise to IgA , IgG , IgD , IgE , and IgM , respectively . Antibody isotypes of mammals Name Types Description Antibody complexes IgA Found in mucosal areas , such as the gut , respiratory tract and urogenital tract , and prevents colonization by pathogens . Also found in saliva , tears , and breast milk . IgD Functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens . It has been shown to activate basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors . IgE Binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils , and is involved in allergy . Also protects against parasitic worms . IgG In its four forms , provides the majority of antibody - based immunity against invading pathogens . The only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus . IgM Expressed on the surface of B cells ( monomer ) and in a secreted form ( pentamer ) with very high avidity . Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell - mediated ( humoral ) immunity before there is sufficient IgG . The antibody isotype of a B cell changes during cell development and activation . Immature B cells , which have never been exposed to an antigen , express only the IgM isotype in a cell surface bound form . The B lymphocyte , in this ready - to - respond form , is known as a `` naive B lymphocyte . '' The naive B lymphocyte expresses both surface IgM and IgD . The co-expression of both of these immunoglobulin isotypes renders the B cell ready to respond to antigen . B cell activation follows engagement of the cell - bound antibody molecule with an antigen , causing the cell to divide and differentiate into an antibody - producing cell called a plasma cell . In this activated form , the B cell starts to produce antibody in a secreted form rather than a membrane - bound form . Some daughter cells of the activated B cells undergo isotype switching , a mechanism that causes the production of antibodies to change from IgM or IgD to the other antibody isotypes , IgE , IgA , or IgG , that have defined roles in the immune system . Antibody isotypes not found in mammals Name Types Description IgY Found in birds and reptiles ; related to mammalian IgG . IgW Found in sharks and skates ; related to mammalian IgD . Structure ( edit ) Antibodies are heavy ( ~ 150 k Da ) globular plasma proteins . They have sugar chains ( glycans ) added to conserved amino acid residues . In other words , antibodies are glycoproteins . The attached glycans are critically important to the structure and function of the antibody . Among other things the expressed glycans can modulate an antibody 's affinity for its corresponding FcR ( s ) . The basic functional unit of each antibody is an immunoglobulin ( Ig ) monomer ( containing only one Ig unit ) ; secreted antibodies can also be dimeric with two Ig units as with IgA , tetrameric with four Ig units like teleost fish IgM , or pentameric with five Ig units , like mammalian IgM . Several immunoglobulin domains make up the two heavy chains ( red and blue ) and the two light chains ( green and yellow ) of an antibody . The immunoglobulin domains are composed of between 7 ( for constant domains ) and 9 ( for variable domains ) β - strands . The variable parts of an antibody are its V regions , and the constant part is its C region . Immunoglobulin domains ( edit ) The Ig monomer is a `` Y '' - shaped molecule that consists of four polypeptide chains ; two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains connected by disulfide bonds . Each chain is composed of structural domains called immunoglobulin domains . These domains contain about 70 -- 110 amino acids and are classified into different categories ( for example , variable or IgV , and constant or IgC ) according to their size and function . They have a characteristic immunoglobulin fold in which two beta sheets create a `` sandwich '' shape , held together by interactions between conserved cysteines and other charged amino acids . Heavy chain ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Immunoglobulin heavy chain . There are five types of mammalian Ig heavy chain denoted by the Greek letters : α , δ , ε , γ , and μ . The type of heavy chain present defines the class of antibody ; these chains are found in IgA , IgD , IgE , IgG , and IgM antibodies , respectively . Distinct heavy chains differ in size and composition ; α and γ contain approximately 450 amino acids , whereas μ and ε have approximately 550 amino acids . Fab region Fc region Heavy chain ( blue ) with one variable ( V ) domain followed by a constant domain ( C 1 ) , a hinge region , and two more constant ( C 2 and C 3 ) domains Light chain ( green ) with one variable ( V ) and one constant ( C ) domain Antigen binding site ( paratope ) Hinge regions Each heavy chain has two regions , the constant region and the variable region . The constant region is identical in all antibodies of the same isotype , but differs in antibodies of different isotypes . Heavy chains γ , α and δ have a constant region composed of three tandem ( in a line ) Ig domains , and a hinge region for added flexibility ; heavy chains μ and ε have a constant region composed of four immunoglobulin domains . The variable region of the heavy chain differs in antibodies produced by different B cells , but is the same for all antibodies produced by a single B cell or B cell clone . The variable region of each heavy chain is approximately 110 amino acids long and is composed of a single Ig domain . Light chain ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Immunoglobulin light chain . In mammals there are two types of immunoglobulin light chain , which are called lambda ( λ ) and kappa ( κ ) . A light chain has two successive domains : one constant domain and one variable domain . The approximate length of a light chain is 211 to 217 amino acids . Each antibody contains two light chains that are always identical ; only one type of light chain , κ or λ , is present per antibody in mammals . Other types of light chains , such as the iota ( ι ) chain , are found in other vertebrates like sharks ( Chondrichthyes ) and bony fishes ( Teleostei ) . CDRs , Fv , Fab and Fc regions ( edit ) Some parts of an antibody have the same functions . The arms of the Y , for example , contain the sites that can bind to antigens ( in general , identical ) and , therefore , recognize specific foreign objects . This region of the antibody is called the Fab ( fragment , antigen - binding ) region . It is composed of one constant and one variable domain from each heavy and light chain of the antibody . The paratope is shaped at the amino terminal end of the antibody monomer by the variable domains from the heavy and light chains . The variable domain is also referred to as the F region and is the most important region for binding to antigens . To be specific , variable loops of β - strands , there each on the light ( V ) and heavy ( V ) chains are responsible for binding to the antigen . These loops are referred to as the complementarity determining regions ( CDRs ) . The structures of these CDRs have been clustered and classified by Chothia et al. and more recently by North et al. and Nikoloudis et al . In the framework of the immune network theory , CDRs are also called idiotypes . According to immune network theory , the adaptive immune system is regulated by interactions between idiotypes . The base of the Y plays a role in modulating immune cell activity . This region is called the Fc ( Fragment , crystallizable ) region , and is composed of two heavy chains that contribute two or three constant domains depending on the class of the antibody . Thus , the Fc region ensures that each antibody generates an appropriate immune response for a given antigen , by binding to a specific class of Fc receptors , and other immune molecules , such as complement proteins . By doing this , it mediates different physiological effects including recognition of opsonized particles ( binding to FcγR ) , lysis of cells ( binding to complement ) , and degranulation of mast cells , basophils , and eosinophils ( binding to FcεR ) . In summary , the Fab region of the antibody determines antigen specificity while the Fc region of the antibody determines the antibody 's class effect . Since only the constant domains of the heavy chains make up the Fc region of an antibody , the classes of heavy chain in antibodies determine their class effects . Possible classes of heavy chains in antibodies include alpha , gamma , delta , epsilon , and mu , and they define the antibody 's isotypes IgA , G , D , E , and M , respectively . This infers different isotypes of antibodies have different class effects due to their different Fc regions binding and activating different types of receptors . Possible class effects of antibodies include : Opsonisation , agglutination , haemolysis , complement activation , mast cell degranulation , and neutralisation ( though this class effect may be mediated by the Fab region rather than the Fc region ) . It also implies that Fab - mediated effects are directed at microbes or toxins , whilst Fc mediated effects are directed at effector cells or effector molecules ( see below ) . Function ( edit ) Further information : Immune system The main categories of antibody action include the following : Neutralisation , in which neutralizing antibodies block parts of the surface of a bacterial cell or virion to render its attack ineffective Agglutination , in which antibodies `` glue together '' foreign cells into clumps that are attractive targets for phagocytosis Precipitation , in which antibodies `` glue together '' serum - soluble antigens , forcing them to precipitate out of solution in clumps that are attractive targets for phagocytosis Complement activation ( fixation ) , in which antibodies that are latched onto a foreign cell encourage complement to attack it with a membrane attack complex , which leads to the following : Lysis of the foreign cell Encouragement of inflammation by chemotactically attracting inflammatory cells Activated B cells differentiate into either antibody - producing cells called plasma cells that secrete soluble antibody or memory cells that survive in the body for years afterward in order to allow the immune system to remember an antigen and respond faster upon future exposures . At the prenatal and neonatal stages of life , the presence of antibodies is provided by passive immunization from the mother . Early endogenous antibody production varies for different kinds of antibodies , and usually appear within the first years of life . Since antibodies exist freely in the bloodstream , they are said to be part of the humoral immune system . Circulating antibodies are produced by clonal B cells that specifically respond to only one antigen ( an example is a virus capsid protein fragment ) . Antibodies contribute to immunity in three ways : They prevent pathogens from entering or damaging cells by binding to them ; they stimulate removal of pathogens by macrophages and other cells by coating the pathogen ; and they trigger destruction of pathogens by stimulating other immune responses such as the complement pathway . Antibodies will also trigger vasoactive amine degranulation to contribute to immunity against certain types of antigens ( helminths , allergens ) . The secreted mammalian IgM has five Ig units . Each Ig unit ( labeled 1 ) has two epitope binding Fab regions , so IgM is capable of binding up to 10 epitopes . Activation of complement ( edit ) Antibodies that bind to surface antigens ( for example , on bacteria ) will attract the first component of the complement cascade with their Fc region and initiate activation of the `` classical '' complement system . This results in the killing of bacteria in two ways . First , the binding of the antibody and complement molecules marks the microbe for ingestion by phagocytes in a process called opsonization ; these phagocytes are attracted by certain complement molecules generated in the complement cascade . Second , some complement system components form a membrane attack complex to assist antibodies to kill the bacterium directly ( bacteriolysis ) . Activation of effector cells ( edit ) To combat pathogens that replicate outside cells , antibodies bind to pathogens to link them together , causing them to agglutinate . Since an antibody has at least two paratopes , it can bind more than one antigen by binding identical epitopes carried on the surfaces of these antigens . By coating the pathogen , antibodies stimulate effector functions against the pathogen in cells that recognize their Fc region . Those cells that recognize coated pathogens have Fc receptors , which , as the name suggests , interact with the Fc region of IgA , IgG , and IgE antibodies . The engagement of a particular antibody with the Fc receptor on a particular cell triggers an effector function of that cell ; phagocytes will phagocytose , mast cells and neutrophils will degranulate , natural killer cells will release cytokines and cytotoxic molecules ; that will ultimately result in destruction of the invading microbe . The activation of natural killer cells by antibodies initiates a cytotoxic mechanism known as antibody - dependent cell - mediated cytotoxicity ( ADCC ) -- this process may explain the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies used in biological therapies against cancer . The Fc receptors are isotype - specific , which gives greater flexibility to the immune system , invoking only the appropriate immune mechanisms for distinct pathogens . Natural antibodies ( edit ) Humans and higher primates also produce `` natural antibodies '' that are present in serum before viral infection . Natural antibodies have been defined as antibodies that are produced without any previous infection , vaccination , other foreign antigen exposure or passive immunization . These antibodies can activate the classical complement pathway leading to lysis of enveloped virus particles long before the adaptive immune response is activated . Many natural antibodies are directed against the disaccharide galactose α ( 1 , 3 ) - galactose ( α - Gal ) , which is found as a terminal sugar on glycosylated cell surface proteins , and generated in response to production of this sugar by bacteria contained in the human gut . Rejection of xenotransplantated organs is thought to be , in part , the result of natural antibodies circulating in the serum of the recipient binding to α - Gal antigens expressed on the donor tissue . Immunoglobulin diversity ( edit ) Virtually all microbes can trigger an antibody response . Successful recognition and eradication of many different types of microbes requires diversity among antibodies ; their amino acid composition varies allowing them to interact with many different antigens . It has been estimated that humans generate about 10 billion different antibodies , each capable of binding a distinct epitope of an antigen . Although a huge repertoire of different antibodies is generated in a single individual , the number of genes available to make these proteins is limited by the size of the human genome . Several complex genetic mechanisms have evolved that allow vertebrate B cells to generate a diverse pool of antibodies from a relatively small number of antibody genes . Domain variability ( edit ) The complementarity determining regions of the heavy chain are shown in red ( PDB : 1IGT ​ ) The chromosomal region that encodes an antibody is large and contains several distinct gene loci for each domain of the antibody -- the chromosome region containing heavy chain genes ( IGH @ ) is found on chromosome 14 , and the loci containing lambda and kappa light chain genes ( IGL @ and IGK @ ) are found on chromosomes 22 and 2 in humans . One of these domains is called the variable domain , which is present in each heavy and light chain of every antibody , but can differ in different antibodies generated from distinct B cells . Differences , between the variable domains , are located on three loops known as hypervariable regions ( HV - 1 , HV - 2 and HV - 3 ) or complementarity determining regions ( CDR1 , CDR2 and CDR3 ) . CDRs are supported within the variable domains by conserved framework regions . The heavy chain locus contains about 65 different variable domain genes that all differ in their CDRs . Combining these genes with an array of genes for other domains of the antibody generates a large cavalry of antibodies with a high degree of variability . This combination is called V ( D ) J recombination discussed below . V ( D ) J recombination ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see V ( D ) J recombination . Simplified overview of V ( D ) J recombination of immunoglobulin heavy chains Somatic recombination of immunoglobulins , also known as V ( D ) J recombination , involves the generation of a unique immunoglobulin variable region . The variable region of each immunoglobulin heavy or light chain is encoded in several pieces -- known as gene segments ( subgenes ) . These segments are called variable ( V ) , diversity ( D ) and joining ( J ) segments . V , D and J segments are found in Ig heavy chains , but only V and J segments are found in Ig light chains . Multiple copies of the V , D and J gene segments exist , and are tandemly arranged in the genomes of mammals . In the bone marrow , each developing B cell will assemble an immunoglobulin variable region by randomly selecting and combining one V , one D and one J gene segment ( or one V and one J segment in the light chain ) . As there are multiple copies of each type of gene segment , and different combinations of gene segments can be used to generate each immunoglobulin variable region , this process generates a huge number of antibodies , each with different paratopes , and thus different antigen specificities . Interestingly , the rearrangement of several subgenes ( i.e. V2 family ) for lambda light chain immunoglobulin is coupled with the activation of microRNA miR - 650 , which further influences biology of B - cells . RAG proteins play an important role with V ( D ) J recombination in cutting DNA at a particular region . Without the presence of these proteins , V ( D ) J recombination would not occur . After a B cell produces a functional immunoglobulin gene during V ( D ) J recombination , it can not express any other variable region ( a process known as allelic exclusion ) thus each B cell can produce antibodies containing only one kind of variable chain . Somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation ( edit ) Further information : Somatic hypermutation and Affinity maturation Following activation with antigen , B cells begin to proliferate rapidly . In these rapidly dividing cells , the genes encoding the variable domains of the heavy and light chains undergo a high rate of point mutation , by a process called somatic hypermutation ( SHM ) . SHM results in approximately one nucleotide change per variable gene , per cell division . As a consequence , any daughter B cells will acquire slight amino acid differences in the variable domains of their antibody chains . This serves to increase the diversity of the antibody pool and impacts the antibody 's antigen - binding affinity . Some point mutations will result in the production of antibodies that have a weaker interaction ( low affinity ) with their antigen than the original antibody , and some mutations will generate antibodies with a stronger interaction ( high affinity ) . B cells that express high affinity antibodies on their surface will receive a strong survival signal during interactions with other cells , whereas those with low affinity antibodies will not , and will die by apoptosis . Thus , B cells expressing antibodies with a higher affinity for the antigen will outcompete those with weaker affinities for function and survival allowing the average affinity of antibodies to increase over time . The process of generating antibodies with increased binding affinities is called affinity maturation . Affinity maturation occurs in mature B cells after V ( D ) J recombination , and is dependent on help from helper T cells . Mechanism of class switch recombination that allows isotype switching in activated B cells Class switching ( edit ) Isotype or class switching is a biological process occurring after activation of the B cell , which allows the cell to produce different classes of antibody ( IgA , IgE , or IgG ) . The different classes of antibody , and thus effector functions , are defined by the constant ( C ) regions of the immunoglobulin heavy chain . Initially , naive B cells express only cell - surface IgM and IgD with identical antigen binding regions . Each isotype is adapted for a distinct function ; therefore , after activation , an antibody with an IgG , IgA , or IgE effector function might be required to effectively eliminate an antigen . Class switching allows different daughter cells from the same activated B cell to produce antibodies of different isotypes . Only the constant region of the antibody heavy chain changes during class switching ; the variable regions , and therefore antigen specificity , remain unchanged . Thus the progeny of a single B cell can produce antibodies , all specific for the same antigen , but with the ability to produce the effector function appropriate for each antigenic challenge . Class switching is triggered by cytokines ; the isotype generated depends on which cytokines are present in the B cell environment . Class switching occurs in the heavy chain gene locus by a mechanism called class switch recombination ( CSR ) . This mechanism relies on conserved nucleotide motifs , called switch ( S ) regions , found in DNA upstream of each constant region gene ( except in the δ - chain ) . The DNA strand is broken by the activity of a series of enzymes at two selected S - regions . The variable domain exon is rejoined through a process called non-homologous end joining ( NHEJ ) to the desired constant region ( γ , α or ε ) . This process results in an immunoglobulin gene that encodes an antibody of a different isotype . Affinity designations ( edit ) A group of antibodies can be called monovalent ( or specific ) if they have affinity for the same epitope , or for the same antigen ( but potentially different epitopes on the molecule ) , or for the same strain of microorganism ( but potentially different antigens on or in it ) . In contrast , a group of antibodies can be called polyvalent ( or unspecific ) if they have affinity for various antigens or microorganisms . Intravenous immunoglobulin , if not otherwise noted , consists of polyvalent IgG . In contrast , monoclonal antibodies are monovalent for the same epitope . Asymmetrical antibodies ( edit ) Heterodimeric antibodies , which are also asymmetrical and antibodies , allow for greater flexibility and new formats for attaching a variety of drugs to the antibody arms . One of the general formats for a heterodimeric antibody is the `` knobs - into - holes '' format . This format is specific to the heavy chain part of the constant region in antibodies . The `` knobs '' part is engineered by replacing a small amino acid with a larger one . It fits into the `` hole '' , which is engineered by replacing a large amino acid with a smaller one . What connects the `` knobs '' to the `` holes '' are the disulfide bonds between each chain . The `` knobs - into - holes '' shape facilitates antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity . Single chain variable fragments ( scFv ) are connected to the variable domain of the heavy and light chain via a short linker peptide . The linker is rich in glycine , which gives it more flexibility , and serine / threonine , which gives it specificity . Two different scFv fragments can be connected together , via a hinge region , to the constant domain of the heavy chain or the constant domain of the light chain . This gives the antibody bispecificity , allowing for the binding specificities of two different antigens . The `` knobs - into - holes '' format enhances heterodimer formation but does n't suppress homodimer formation . To further improve the function of heterodimeric antibodies , many scientists are looking towards artificial constructs . Artificial antibodies are largely diverse protein motifs that use the functional strategy of the antibody molecule , but are n't limited by the loop and framework structural constraints of the natural antibody . Being able to control the combinational design of the sequence and three - dimensional space could transcend the natural design and allow for the attachment of different combinations of drugs to the arms . Heterodimeric antibodies have a greater range in shapes they can take and the drugs that are attached to the arms do n't have to be the same on each arm , allowing for different combinations of drugs to be used in cancer treatment . Pharmaceuticals are able to produce highly functional bispecific , and even multispecific , antibodies . The degree to which they can function is impressive given that such a change shape from the natural form should lead to decreased functionality . Medical applications ( edit ) Disease diagnosis ( edit ) Detection of particular antibodies is a very common form of medical diagnostics , and applications such as serology depend on these methods . For example , in biochemical assays for disease diagnosis , a titer of antibodies directed against Epstein - Barr virus or Lyme disease is estimated from the blood . If those antibodies are not present , either the person is not infected or the infection occurred a very long time ago , and the B cells generating these specific antibodies have naturally decayed . In clinical immunology , levels of individual classes of immunoglobulins are measured by nephelometry ( or turbidimetry ) to characterize the antibody profile of patient . Elevations in different classes of immunoglobulins are sometimes useful in determining the cause of liver damage in patients for whom the diagnosis is unclear . For example , elevated IgA indicates alcoholic cirrhosis , elevated IgM indicates viral hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis , while IgG is elevated in viral hepatitis , autoimmune hepatitis and cirrhosis . Autoimmune disorders can often be traced to antibodies that bind the body 's own epitopes ; many can be detected through blood tests . Antibodies directed against red blood cell surface antigens in immune mediated hemolytic anemia are detected with the Coombs test . The Coombs test is also used for antibody screening in blood transfusion preparation and also for antibody screening in antenatal women . Practically , several immunodiagnostic methods based on detection of complex antigen - antibody are used to diagnose infectious diseases , for example ELISA , immunofluorescence , Western blot , immunodiffusion , immunoelectrophoresis , and magnetic immunoassay . Antibodies raised against human chorionic gonadotropin are used in over the counter pregnancy tests . New dioxaborolane chemistry enables radioactive fluoride ( F ) labeling of antibodies , which allows for positron emission tomography ( PET ) imaging of cancer . Disease therapy ( edit ) Targeted monoclonal antibody therapy is employed to treat diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis , multiple sclerosis , psoriasis , and many forms of cancer including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma , colorectal cancer , head and neck cancer and breast cancer . Some immune deficiencies , such as X-linked agammaglobulinemia and hypogammaglobulinemia , result in partial or complete lack of antibodies . These diseases are often treated by inducing a short term form of immunity called passive immunity . Passive immunity is achieved through the transfer of ready - made antibodies in the form of human or animal serum , pooled immunoglobulin or monoclonal antibodies , into the affected individual . Prenatal therapy ( edit ) Rh factor , also known as Rh D antigen , is an antigen found on red blood cells ; individuals that are Rh - positive ( Rh+ ) have this antigen on their red blood cells and individuals that are Rh - negative ( Rh -- ) do not . During normal childbirth , delivery trauma or complications during pregnancy , blood from a fetus can enter the mother 's system . In the case of an Rh - incompatible mother and child , consequential blood mixing may sensitize an Rh - mother to the Rh antigen on the blood cells of the Rh+ child , putting the remainder of the pregnancy , and any subsequent pregnancies , at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn . Rho ( D ) immune globulin antibodies are specific for human RhD antigen . Anti-RhD antibodies are administered as part of a prenatal treatment regimen to prevent sensitization that may occur when a Rh - negative mother has a Rh - positive fetus . Treatment of a mother with Anti-RhD antibodies prior to and immediately after trauma and delivery destroys Rh antigen in the mother 's system from the fetus . It is important to note that this occurs before the antigen can stimulate maternal B cells to `` remember '' Rh antigen by generating memory B cells . Therefore , her humoral immune system will not make anti-Rh antibodies , and will not attack the Rh antigens of the current or subsequent babies . Rho ( D ) Immune Globulin treatment prevents sensitization that can lead to Rh disease , but does not prevent or treat the underlying disease itself . Research applications ( edit ) Immunofluorescence image of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton . Microtubules as shown in green , are marked by an antibody conjugated to a green fluorescing molecule , FITC . Specific antibodies are produced by injecting an antigen into a mammal , such as a mouse , rat , rabbit , goat , sheep , or horse for large quantities of antibody . Blood isolated from these animals contains polyclonal antibodies -- multiple antibodies that bind to the same antigen -- in the serum , which can now be called antiserum . Antigens are also injected into chickens for generation of polyclonal antibodies in egg yolk . To obtain antibody that is specific for a single epitope of an antigen , antibody - secreting lymphocytes are isolated from the animal and immortalized by fusing them with a cancer cell line . The fused cells are called hybridomas , and will continually grow and secrete antibody in culture . Single hybridoma cells are isolated by dilution cloning to generate cell clones that all produce the same antibody ; these antibodies are called monoclonal antibodies . Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are often purified using Protein A / G or antigen - affinity chromatography . In research , purified antibodies are used in many applications . Antibodies for research applications can be found directly from antibody suppliers , or through use of a specialist search engine . Research antibodies are most commonly used to identify and locate intracellular and extracellular proteins . Antibodies are used in flow cytometry to differentiate cell types by the proteins they express ; different types of cell express different combinations of cluster of differentiation molecules on their surface , and produce different intracellular and secretable proteins . They are also used in immunoprecipitation to separate proteins and anything bound to them ( co-immunoprecipitation ) from other molecules in a cell lysate , in Western blot analyses to identify proteins separated by electrophoresis , and in immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence to examine protein expression in tissue sections or to locate proteins within cells with the assistance of a microscope . Proteins can also be detected and quantified with antibodies , using ELISA and ELISPOT techniques . Antibodies used in research are some of the most powerful , yet most problematic reagents with a tremendous number of factors that must be controlled in any experiment including cross reactivity , or the antibody recognizing multiple epitopes and affinity , which can vary widely depending on experimental conditions such as pH , solvent , state of tissue etc . Multiple attempts have been made to improve both the way that researchers validate antibodies and ways in which they report on antibodies . Researchers using antibodies in their work need to record them correctly in order to allow their research to be reproducible ( and therefore tested , and qualified by other researchers ) . Less than half of research antibodies referenced in academic papers can be easily identified . Papers published in F1000 in 2014 and 2015 provide researchers with a guide for reporting research antibody use . The RRID paper , is co-published in 4 journals that implemented the RRIDs Standard for research resource citation , which draws data from the antibodyregistry.org as the source of antibody identifiers ( see also group at Force11 ) Regulations ( edit ) Production and testing ( edit ) Traditionally , most antibodies are produced by hybridoma cell lines through immortalization of antibody - producing cells by chemically - induced fusion with myeloma cells . In some cases , additional fusions with other lines have created `` triomas '' and `` quadromas '' . The manufacturing process should be appropriately described and validated . Validation studies should at least include : The demonstration that the process is able to produce in good quality ( the process should be validated ) The efficiency of the antibody purification ( all impurities and virus must be eliminated ) The characterization of purified antibody ( physicochemical characterization , immunological properties , biological activities , contaminants , ... ) Determination of the virus clearance studies Before clinical trials ( edit ) Product safety testing : Sterility ( bacteria and fungi ) , In vitro and in vivo testing for adventitious viruses , Murine retrovirus testing ... Product safety data needed before the initiation of feasibility trials in serious or immediately life - threatening conditions , it serves to evaluate dangerous potential of the product . Feasibility testing : These are pilot studies whose objectives include , among others , early characterization of safety and initial proof of concept in a small specific patient population ( in vito or in vivo testing ) . Preclinical studies ( edit ) Example of tissue cross-reactivity on human tissue microarray Testing cross-reactivity of antibody : to highlight unwanted interactions ( toxicity ) of antibodies with previously characterized tissues . This study can be performed in vitro ( Reactivity of the antibody or immunoconjugate should be determined with a quick - frozen adult tissues ) or in vivo ( with appropriates animal models ) . More informations about in vitro cross-reactivity testing . Preclinical pharmacology and toxicity testing : Preclinical safety testing of antibody is designed to identify possible toxicities in humans , to estimate the likelihood and severity of potential adverse events in humans , and to identify a safe starting dose and dose escalation , when possible . Animal toxicity studies : Acute toxicity testing , Repeat - dose toxicity testing , Long - term toxicity testing http://www.animalresearch.info/en/drug-development/safety-testing/ Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics testing : Use for determinate clinical dosages , antibody activities ( AUC , pharmacodynamics , biodistribution , ... ) , evaluation of the potential clinical effects Structure prediction ( edit ) The importance of antibodies in health care and the biotechnology industry demands knowledge of their structures at high resolution . This information is used for protein engineering , modifying the antigen binding affinity , and identifying an epitope , of a given antibody . X-ray crystallography is one commonly used method for determining antibody structures . However , crystallizing an antibody is often laborious and time - consuming . Computational approaches provide a cheaper and faster alternative to crystallography , but their results are more equivocal , since they do not produce empirical structures . Online web servers such as Web Antibody Modeling ( WAM ) and Prediction of Immunoglobulin Structure ( PIGS ) enables computational modeling of antibody variable regions . Rosetta Antibody is a novel antibody F region structure prediction server , which incorporates sophisticated techniques to minimize CDR loops and optimize the relative orientation of the light and heavy chains , as well as homology models that predict successful docking of antibodies with their unique antigen . The ability to describe the antibody through binding affinity to the antigen is supplemented by information on antibody structure and amino acid sequences for the purpose of patent claims . History ( edit ) See also : History of immunology The first use of the term `` antibody '' occurred in a text by Paul Ehrlich . The term Antikörper ( the German word for antibody ) appears in the conclusion of his article `` Experimental Studies on Immunity '' , published in October 1891 , which states that , `` if two substances give rise to two different antikörper , then they themselves must be different '' . However , the term was not accepted immediately and several other terms for antibody were proposed ; these included Immunkörper , Amboceptor , Zwischenkörper , substance sensibilisatrice , copula , Desmon , philocytase , fixateur , and Immunisin . The word antibody has formal analogy to the word antitoxin and a similar concept to Immunkörper ( immune body in English ) . As such , the original construction of the word contains a logical flaw ; the antitoxin is something directed against a toxin , while the antibody is a body directed against something . Angel of the West ( 2008 ) by Julian Voss - Andreae is a sculpture based on the antibody structure published by E. Padlan . Created for the Florida campus of the Scripps Research Institute , the antibody is placed into a ring referencing Leonardo da Vinci 's Vitruvian Man thus highlighting the similarity of the antibody and the human body . The study of antibodies began in 1890 when Kitasato Shibasaburō described antibody activity against diphtheria and tetanus toxins . Kitasato put forward the theory of humoral immunity , proposing that a mediator in serum could react with a foreign antigen . His idea prompted Paul Ehrlich to propose the side - chain theory for antibody and antigen interaction in 1897 , when he hypothesized that receptors ( described as `` side - chains '' ) on the surface of cells could bind specifically to toxins -- in a `` lock - and - key '' interaction -- and that this binding reaction is the trigger for the production of antibodies . Other researchers believed that antibodies existed freely in the blood and , in 1904 , Almroth Wright suggested that soluble antibodies coated bacteria to label them for phagocytosis and killing ; a process that he named opsoninization . Michael Heidelberger In the 1920s , Michael Heidelberger and Oswald Avery observed that antigens could be precipitated by antibodies and went on to show that antibodies are made of protein . The biochemical properties of antigen - antibody - binding interactions were examined in more detail in the late 1930s by John Marrack . The next major advance was in the 1940s , when Linus Pauling confirmed the lock - and - key theory proposed by Ehrlich by showing that the interactions between antibodies and antigens depend more on their shape than their chemical composition . In 1948 , Astrid Fagreaus discovered that B cells , in the form of plasma cells , were responsible for generating antibodies . Further work concentrated on characterizing the structures of the antibody proteins . A major advance in these structural studies was the discovery in the early 1960s by Gerald Edelman and Joseph Gally of the antibody light chain , and their realization that this protein is the same as the Bence - Jones protein described in 1845 by Henry Bence Jones . Edelman went on to discover that antibodies are composed of disulfide bond - linked heavy and light chains . Around the same time , antibody - binding ( Fab ) and antibody tail ( Fc ) regions of IgG were characterized by Rodney Porter . Together , these scientists deduced the structure and complete amino acid sequence of IgG , a feat for which they were jointly awarded the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . The Fv fragment was prepared and characterized by David Givol . While most of these early studies focused on IgM and IgG , other immunoglobulin isotypes were identified in the 1960s : Thomas Tomasi discovered secretory antibody ( IgA ) ; David S. Rowe and John L. Fahey discovered IgD ; and Kimishige Ishizaka and Teruko Ishizaka discovered IgE and showed it was a class of antibodies involved in allergic reactions . In a landmark series of experiments beginning in 1976 , Susumu Tonegawa showed that genetic material can rearrange itself to form the vast array of available antibodies . Antibody mimetic ( edit ) Antibody mimetics are organic compounds that , like antibodies , can specifically bind antigens . They are usually artificial peptides or proteins with a molar mass of about 3 to 20 kDa . Nucleic acids and small molecules are sometimes considered antibody mimetics , but not artificial antibodies , antibody fragments and fusion proteins are composed from these . Common advantages over antibodies are better solubility , tissue penetration , stability towards heat and enzymes , and comparatively low production costs . Antibody mimetics such as the Affimer and the DARPin have being developed and commercialised as research , diagnostic and therapeutic agents . See also ( edit ) Affimer Antibody mimetic Anti-mitochondrial antibodies Anti-nuclear antibodies Aptamer Colostrum ELISA Humoral immunity Immunology Immunosuppressive drug Intravenous immunoglobulin ( IVIg ) Magnetic immunoassay Microantibody Monoclonal antibody Neutralizing antibody Secondary antibodies Single - domain antibody Slope spectroscopy Western blot normalization References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rhoades RA , Pflanzer RG ( 2002 ) . Human Physiology ( 4th ed . ) . Thomson Learning . p. 584 . 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J Obstet Gynaecol Can . 25 ( 9 ) : 765 -- 73 . PMID 12970812 . Jump up ^ Tini M , Jewell UR , Camenisch G , Chilov D , Gassmann M ( 2002 ) . `` Generation and application of chicken egg - yolk antibodies '' . Comp . Biochem. Physiol. , Part a Mol . Integr . Physiol. 131 ( 3 ) : 569 -- 574 . doi : 10.1016 / S1095 - 6433 ( 01 ) 00508 - 6 . PMID 11867282 . Jump up ^ Cole SP , Campling BG , Atlaw T , Kozbor D , Roder JC ( 1984 ) . `` Human monoclonal antibodies '' . Mol . Cell. Biochem. 62 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 20 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00223301 . PMID 6087121 . Jump up ^ Kabir S ( 2002 ) . `` Immunoglobulin purification by affinity chromatography using protein A mimetic ligands prepared by combinatorial chemical synthesis '' . Immunol Invest . 31 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 263 -- 278 . doi : 10.1081 / IMM - 120016245 . PMID 12472184 . ^ Jump up to : Brehm - Stecher B , Johnson E ( 2004 ) . `` Single - cell microbiology : tools , technologies , and applications '' . Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 68 ( 3 ) : 538 -- 559 . doi : 10.1128 / MMBR. 68.3. 538 - 559.2004 . PMC 515252 . PMID 15353569 . Archived from the original on 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Williams N ( 2000 ) . `` Immunoprecipitation procedures '' . Methods Cell Biol. Methods in Cell Biology . 62 : 449 -- 453 . doi : 10.1016 / S0091 - 679X ( 08 ) 61549 - 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 544164 - 3 . PMID 10503210 . Jump up ^ Kurien B , Scofield R ( 2006 ) . `` Western blotting '' . Methods. 38 ( 4 ) : 283 -- 293 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ymeth. 2005.11. 007 . PMID 16483794 . Jump up ^ Scanziani E ( 1998 ) . `` Immunohistochemical staining of fixed tissues '' . Methods Mol Biol. 104 : 133 -- 140 . doi : 10.1385 / 0 - 89603 - 525 - 5 : 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89603 - 525 - 6 . PMID 9711649 . Jump up ^ Reen DJ. ( 1994 ) . `` Enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) '' . Methods Mol Biol. 32 : 461 -- 466 . doi : 10.1385 / 0 - 89603 - 268 - X : 461 . ISBN 0 - 89603 - 268 - X . PMC 2366430 . PMID 7951745 . Jump up ^ Kalyuzhny AE ( 2005 ) . `` Chemistry and biology of the ELISPOT assay '' . Methods Mol Biol. 302 : 015 -- 032 . doi : 10.1385 / 1 - 59259 - 903 - 6 : 015 . ISBN 1 - 59259 - 903 - 6 . PMID 15937343 . Jump up ^ Saper ( 2005 ) . `` An open letter to our readers on the use of antibodies '' . Journal of Comparative Neurology . 493 : 477 -- 8 . doi : 10.1002 / cne. 20839 . PMID 16304632 . Jump up ^ `` Implementing Rigor and Transparency in NIH & AHRQ Research Grant Applications '' . Jump up ^ `` On the reproducibility of science : unique identification of research resources in the biomedical literature '' . PeerJ. 2 September 2013 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Bandrowski A , Brush M , Grethe JS , Haendel MA , Kennedy DN , Hill S , Hof PR , Martone ME , Pols M , Tan S , Washington N , Zudilova - Seinstra E , Vasilevsky N ( 2015 ) . `` The Resource Identification Initiative : a cultural shift in publishing '' . F1000Res. 4 : 134 . doi : 10.12688 / f1000research. 6555.2 . PMC 4648211 . PMID 26594330 . Jump up ^ `` Reporting research antibody use : how to increase experimental reproducibility '' . F1000. 23 August 2013 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Antibody Registry '' . Jump up ^ `` Resource Identification Initiative '' . FORCE11 . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Archived 18 November 2010 at WebCite WAM Jump up ^ Marcatili P , Rosi A , Tramontano A ( 2008 ) . `` PIGS : automatic prediction of antibody structures '' . Bioinformatics. 24 ( 17 ) : 1953 -- 1954 . doi : 10.1093 / bioinformatics / btn341 . PMID 18641403 . Archived from the original on 18 November 2010 . Prediction of Immunoglobulin Structure ( PIGS ) Jump up ^ Archived 18 November 2010 at WebCite RosettaAntibody Jump up ^ Park , Hyeongsu . `` Written Description Problems of the Monoclonal Antibody Patents after Centocor v. Abbott '' . jolt.law.harvard.edu . Retrieved 12 Dec 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lindenmann , Jean ( 1984 ) . `` Origin of the Terms ' Antibody ' and ' Antigen ' '' . Scand. J. Immunol. 19 ( 4 ) : 281 -- 5 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3083.1984. tb00931. x . PMID 6374880 . Archived from the original on 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Padlan , Eduardo ( February 1994 ) . `` Anatomy of the antibody molecule '' . Mol . Immunol. 31 ( 3 ) : 169 -- 217 . doi : 10.1016 / 0161 - 5890 ( 94 ) 90001 - 9 . PMID 8114766 . Jump up ^ `` New Sculpture Portraying Human Antibody as Protective Angel Installed on Scripps Florida Campus '' . Archived from the original on 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 12 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Pescovitz , David . `` Protein sculpture inspired by Vitruvian Man '' . Archived from the original on 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 12 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Emil von Behring -- Biography '' . Archived from the original on 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2007 . Jump up ^ AGN ( 1931 ) . `` The Late Baron Shibasaburo Kitasato '' . Canadian Medical Association Journal . 25 ( 2 ) : 206 . PMC 382621 . PMID 20318414 . Jump up ^ Winau F , Westphal O , Winau R ( 2004 ) . `` Paul Ehrlich -- in search of the magic bullet '' . Microbes Infect. 6 ( 8 ) : 786 -- 789 . doi : 10.1016 / j. micinf. 2004.04. 003 . PMID 15207826 . Jump up ^ Silverstein AM ( 2003 ) . `` Cellular versus humoral immunology : a century - long dispute '' . Nat . Immunol. 4 ( 5 ) : 425 -- 428 . doi : 10.1038 / ni0503 - 425 . PMID 12719732 . Jump up ^ Van Epps HL ( 2006 ) . `` Michael Heidelberger and the demystification of antibodies '' ( PDF ) . J. Exp . Med. 203 ( 1 ) : 5 . doi : 10.1084 / jem. 2031fta . PMC 2118068 . PMID 16523537 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Marrack , JR ( 1938 ) . Chemistry of antigens and antibodies ( 2nd ed . ) . London : His Majesty 's Stationery Office . OCLC 3220539 . Jump up ^ `` The Linus Pauling Papers : How Antibodies and Enzymes Work '' . Archived from the original on 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Silverstein AM ( 2004 ) . `` Labeled antigens and antibodies : the evolution of magic markers and magic bullets '' ( PDF ) . Nat . Immunol. 5 ( 12 ) : 1211 -- 1217 . doi : 10.1038 / ni1140 . PMID 15549122 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Edelman GM , Gally JA ( 1962 ) . `` The nature of Bence - Jones proteins . Chemical similarities to polypetide chains of myeloma globulins and normal gamma - globulins '' . J. Exp . Med. 116 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 227 . doi : 10.1084 / jem. 116.2. 207 . PMC 2137388 . PMID 13889153 . Jump up ^ Stevens FJ , Solomon A , Schiffer M ( 1991 ) . `` Bence Jones proteins : a powerful tool for the fundamental study of protein chemistry and pathophysiology '' . Biochemistry . 30 ( 28 ) : 6803 -- 6805 . doi : 10.1021 / bi00242a001 . PMID 2069946 . ^ Jump up to : Raju TN ( 1999 ) . `` The Nobel chronicles. 1972 : Gerald M Edelman ( b 1929 ) and Rodney R Porter ( 1917 -- 85 ) '' . Lancet . 354 ( 9183 ) : 1040 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 05 ) 76658 - 7 . PMID 10501404 . Jump up ^ Hochman J , Inbar D , Givol D ( 1973 ) . `` An active antibody fragment ( Fv ) composed of the variable portions of heavy and light chains '' . Biochemistry . 12 ( 6 ) : 1130 -- 1135 . doi : 10.1021 / bi00730a018 . PMID 4569769 . Jump up ^ Tomasi TB ( 1992 ) . `` The discovery of secretory IgA and the mucosal immune system '' . Immunol . Today . 13 ( 10 ) : 416 -- 418 . doi : 10.1016 / 0167 - 5699 ( 92 ) 90093 - M. PMID 1343085 . Jump up ^ Preud'homme JL ; Petit I ; Barra A ; Morel F ; Lecron JC ; Lelièvre E ( 2000 ) . `` Structural and functional properties of membrane and secreted IgD '' . Mol . Immunol. 37 ( 15 ) : 871 -- 887 . doi : 10.1016 / S0161 - 5890 ( 01 ) 00006 - 2 . PMID 11282392 . Jump up ^ Johansson SG ( 2006 ) . `` The discovery of immunoglobulin E '' . Allergy and Asthma Proceedings . 27 ( 2 Suppl 1 ) : S3 -- 6 . PMID 16722325 . Jump up ^ Hozumi N , Tonegawa S ( 1976 ) . `` Evidence for somatic rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes coding for variable and constant regions '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73 ( 10 ) : 3628 -- 3632 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 73.10. 3628 . PMC 431171 . PMID 824647 . Jump up ^ Gebauer M , Skerra A ( June 2009 ) . `` Engineered protein scaffolds as next - generation antibody therapeutics '' . Curr Opin Chem Biol. 13 ( 3 ) : 245 -- 255 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cbpa. 2009.04. 627 . PMID 19501012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antibodies . Mike 's Immunoglobulin Structure / Function Page at University of Cambridge Antibodies as the PDB molecule of the month Discussion of the structure of antibodies at RCSB Protein Data Bank Microbiology and Immunology On - line Textbook at University of South Carolina A hundred years of antibody therapy History and applications of antibodies in the treatment of disease at University of Oxford How Lymphocytes Produce Antibody from Cells Alive ! Antibody applications Fluorescent antibody image library , University of Birmingham Immunology : lymphocytic adaptive immune system and complement Lymphoid Antigens Antigen Superantigen Allergen Hapten Epitope Linear Conformational Mimotope Antigen presentation / Professional APCs : Dendritic cell Macrophage B cell Immunogen Antibodies Antibody Monoclonal antibodies Polyclonal antibodies Autoantibody Microantibody Polyclonal B cell response Allotype Isotype Idiotype Immune complex Paratope Immunity vs . tolerance action : Immunity Autoimmunity Alloimmunity Allergy Hypersensitivity Inflammation Cross-reactivity inaction : Tolerance Central Peripheral Clonal anergy Clonal deletion Tolerance in pregnancy Immunodeficiency Immunogenetics Affinity maturation Somatic hypermutation Clonal selection V ( D ) J recombination Junctional diversity Immunoglobulin class switching MHC / HLA Lymphocytes Cellular T cell Humoral B cell NK cell Substances Cytokines Opsonin Cytolysin Proteins : Globular proteins Serum globulins Alpha globulins serpins : alpha - 1 ( Alpha 1 - antichymotrypsin , Alpha 1 - antitrypsin ) alpha - 2 ( Alpha 2 - antiplasmin ) Antithrombin ( Heparin cofactor II ) carrier proteins : alpha - 1 ( Transcortin ) alpha - 2 ( Ceruloplasmin ) Retinol binding protein other : alpha - 1 ( Orosomucoid ) alpha - 2 ( alpha - 2 - Macroglobulin , Haptoglobin ) Beta globulins carrier proteins : Sex hormone - binding globulin Transferrin other : Angiostatin Hemopexin Beta - 2 microglobulin Factor H Plasminogen Properdin Gamma globulin Immunoglobulins Other Fibronectin ( fFN : Fetal fibronectin ) Macroglobulin / Microglobulin Transcobalamin Edestin Other globulins Beta - lactoglobulin Lactoferrin Thyroglobulin Alpha - lactalbumin 11S globulin family ( seeds ) 7S globulin family ( seeds ) Albumins Egg white Conalbumin Ovalbumin Avidin Serum albumin Human serum albumin Bovine serum albumin Prealbumin Other C - reactive protein Lactalbumin ( Alpha - lactalbumin ) Parvalbumin Ricin see also disorders of globin and globulin proteins Antibodies Antibodies Light chain IGK @ IGL @ surrogate IGLL1 Heavy chain IGH @ IGHM IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM IgY Heavy - chain antibody / IgNAR see also disorders of globin and globulin proteins Autoantibodies Anti-nuclear antibody PBC : Anti-gp210 Anti-p62 Anti-sp100 ENA : Anti-topoisomerase / Scl - 70 Anti-Jo1 ENA4 Anti-Sm Anti-nRNP Anti-Ro Anti-La Anti-centromere Anti-dsDNA Anti-mitochondrial antibody Anti-cardiolipin Anti-cytoplasm antibody Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic C - ANCA P - ANCA Anti-smooth muscle Anti-actin Anti-TPO / Antimicrosomal Cell membrane Anti-ganglioside Anti-GBM Anti-glutamate Extracellular Anti-thrombin Lupus anticoagulant Coeliac disease : Anti-transglutaminase Anti-gliadin not autoantibody RA Rheumatoid factor / anti-IgG Anti-citrullinated peptide Multiple locations Anti-phospholipid Anti-apolipoprotein Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antibody&oldid=818745533 '' Categories : Antibodies Glycoproteins Immune system Immunology Reagents for biochemistry Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Good articles Use dmy dates from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 09 : 23 . 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what is the role of antibodies in the immune response
[ "An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig),[1] is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen, via the Fab's variable region.[2][3] Each tip of the \"Y\" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival). Depending on the antigen, the binding may impede the biological process causing the disease or may activate macrophages to destroy the foreign substance. The ability of an antibody to communicate with the other components of the immune system is mediated via its Fc region (located at the base of the \"Y\"), which contains a conserved glycosylation site involved in these interactions.[4] The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system.[5]" ]
[ "neutralize pathogens" ]
-1720267579135550215
Lunar south pole
Lunar south pole - wikipedia Lunar south pole Jump to : navigation , search Lunar south polar region as imaged by Clementine . Play media A view of the south pole of the Moon showing where reflectance and temperature data indicate the possible presence of surface water ice . The lunar south pole is of special interest to scientists because of the postulated occurrence of water ice in permanently shadowed areas around it . Of the lunar poles , the south pole is of greater interest because the area that remains in shadow is much larger than that at the north pole . The lunar south pole craters are unique in that sunlight does not reach the bottom . Such craters are cold traps that contain a fossil record of the early solar system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Craters 2 Exploration 2.1 Future 3 Discoveries 3.1 Illumination 3.2 Cold traps 3.3 Magnetic surface 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Geography ( edit ) The lunar south pole is located on the center base of the far side of the moon ( 80 ° S to 90 ° S ) and covers a distance of about 1250 km . The lunar south pole has shifted 5 degrees from where it previously was billions of years ago . This shift has changed the rotational axis of the moon allowing sunlight to reach areas of the moon previously shadowed . The axis spin is 88.5 degrees from the plane of the elliptic . The south pole contains areas of permanent darkness , where the sunlight never reaches . On the contrary , the pole also contains areas with permanent exposure to sunlight . The south pole contains many craters and basins such as the South Pole - Aitken basin ; which appears to be one of the most fundamental features of the moon . The south pole contains mountains such as Epsilon Peak which is taller than any mountain found on earth . The south pole is thermally benign , ranging at an average of 250 -- 270 kelvins . Craters ( edit ) Lunar south polar region as imaged by Diviner . The rotational axis of the Moon lies within Shackleton Crater . Notable craters nearest to the lunar south pole include De Gerlache , Sverdrup , Shoemaker , Faustini , Haworth , Nobile and Cabeus . Exploration ( edit ) Lunar south polar region map . Spacecraft from several countries have explored the region around the lunar south pole . Extensive studies were conducted by the Lunar Orbiter , Clementine , Lunar Prospector , Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter , Kaguya , and Chandrayaan . NASA 's LCROSS mission found a significant amount of water in Cabeus . NASA 's LCROSS mission deliberately crashed into the floor of Cabeus and from samples found that it contained nearly 5 % water . The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter , or LRO , is a mission that has already begun and is currently mapping the lunar south pole . This mission will help scientists see if the Lunar south pole has enough sustainable resources to have a permanent station. The LRO had a Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment , commonly known as Diviner , on board which investigated the radiation and thermophysical properties of the south pole surface . The Diviner is designed to watch the thermal environment of the south pole . It can detect reflected solar radiation and internal infrared emissions . The LRO Diviner was able to detect where water and ice could be trapped on the surface . The lunar south pole is suitable a for a lunar outpost . The permanently shadowed places on the moon could contain ice and other minerals , which would be vital resources for future explorers . The mountain peaks near the pole are illuminated for large periods of time and could be used to provide solar energy to an outpost . With an outpost on the moon scientists will be able to analyze fossil and water samples dating back to the beginning of the Solar System . One place scientists deemed as an ideal spot for future landing missions . Connecting Ridge is the ridge that connects Shackleton to the de Gerlache crater . Scientists used LOLA ( Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter ) which was a device used by NASA to provide an accurate topographic model of the moon . With this data locations on the south pole were found that yielded sunlight for 92.27 % -- 95.65 % of the time based on altitude ranging from 2m above ground to 10m above ground . At the same spots it was discovered that the longest continuous periods of darkness were only 3 to 5 days . The Lunar South pole is a place where scientists may be able to use radio waves under 30 Hz . No place in space has been able to use radio waves of this frequency because the waves would interfere with Earth 's radio signals . The lunar south pole has mountains and basins that are not facing earth and would be an ideal place to project radio signals . Future ( edit ) Future planned exploration of the Lunar south polar region includes a private mission by Shackleton Energy Company , no earlier than 2016 . Shackleton intends to land a robotic precursor exploration rover to `` identify and characterize the nature , composition and locations of the optimum ice concentrations at the north and Lunar south pole craters '' . Lunar Mission One is a British - led , unmanned Moon mission announced in November 2014 and planned for 2024 . It will attempt to land on the lunar south pole , then drill down at least 20m and possibly as deep as 100m . This could dramatically improve the understanding of the Moon 's composition , its geologic history and formation , revealing new clues about the early Solar System . The mission is attempting to gain crowdfunding on Kickstarter . Blue Origin is planning a mission to the south polar region in about 2020 . This would lead to a series of missions landing equipment for a colony in a south polar region crater , using their Blue Moon lander . India 's second lunar mission , Chandrayaan - 2 , scheduled to launch on April 2018 will attempt to soft - land a lander and rover in the south polar region of the moon . If successful , Chandrayaan - 2 will be the first ever mission to land a rover on the moon 's unexplored south pole . Discoveries ( edit ) Illumination ( edit ) The lunar south pole is one of the only spots in space that Illumination Conditions from the sun exist . These conditions at the Lunar South Pole have been observed using High Resolution Digital Terrain Models from LOLA . In addition to its illumination conditions , its surface can also reflect solar wind as energetic neutral atoms . On average , 16 % of these atoms have been protons that varies based on location . These atoms have created an integral flux of backscattered hydrogen atoms due to the reflected amount of plasma that exists on the surface of the moon . They also reveal the line boundary and the magnetic dynamics within the regions of these neutral atoms on the moon 's surface . Cold traps ( edit ) Cold traps are some of the important places on the lunar south pole in terms of possible water and iced deposits . Cold traps can contain water and ice that were originally from comets , meteorites and solar wind induced iron reduction . From experiments and sample readings scientists were able to confirm that cold traps do contain ice . Hydroxyl has also been found in these cold traps . The discovery of these two compounds has led to the founding of missions focusing primarily on the lunar poles using global scale infrared detection . The ice stays in these traps only because of the thermal behavior of the moon . These thermal behaviors are controlled by thermophysical properties , scattered sunlight , thermal re-radiation , internal heat and light given off by the earth . With the cold temperatures in the cold traps delivering ice could be a possibility in the near future , since it would not melt . Degree of the slopes found near the south pole of the Moon Magnetic surface ( edit ) In addition to the amount of cold traps discovered , there also exists areas of the moon where the crust is magnetized . This is what is known as the magnetic anomaly that exists on the surface of the moon due to the remnants of metal iron that was emplaced by the SPA basin - forming impactor . The observations of the moon 's surface were conducted using iron perspected maps to locate the concentration of iron that is embedded in the moon 's surface . However , the concentration of iron that was theorized to be in the basin was not present in the mappings , but other plausible ideas were still possible to detect this amount of iron . With regards to the SPA Impactor , the iron causing the magnetic fluctuations could still be present , but were not detected as they could be too deep in the moon 's crust for the mappings to detect or caused by another anomaly that did not involve metallic properties . In addition , the findings were proven inadequate due to the inconsistencies between the maps that were used and they were not able to detect the magnitude of the magnetic fluctuations that occurred from the moon 's surface . See also ( edit ) Colonization of the Moon polar regions Face on Moon South Pole Lunar north pole Selenography References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` South Pole Region of the Moon as Seen by Clementine '' . NASA . June 3 , 1996 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Takes Aim at Moon with Double Sledgehammer '' . Space.com . February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : ( NASA -- Lunar South Pole . ( 2017 ) . Nasa.gov . Retrieved 29 March 2017 , from https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lroc-20100927_southpole.html ) ^ Jump up to : ( Lunar South Pole . ( 2017 ) . Fossweb.com . Retrieved 29 March 2017 , from https://www.fossweb.com/delegate/ssi-wdf-ucm-webContent/Contribution%20Folders/FOSS/multimedia/Planetary_Science/binders/moon/moon_images/lunar_south_pole_1.html ) ^ Jump up to : Spudis , P.D. ; Stockstill , K.R. ; Ockels , W.J. ; Kruijff , M. ( 1995 ) . `` Physical Environment of the Lunar South Pole from Clementine Data : Implications for Future Exploration of the Moon '' . Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference . 26 . Bibcode : 1995LPI ... 26.1339 S . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( November 13 , 2009 ) . `` LCROSS Mission Finds Water on Moon , NASA Scientists Say '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( ( 2017 ) . Retrieved 29 March 2017 , from https://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/lessonkit/Diviner-Planning%20a%20Mission%20to%20South%20Pole.pdf ) ^ Jump up to : Wei , Guangfei ; Li , Xiongyao ; Wang , Shijie ( 2016 ) . `` Thermal behavior of regolith at cold traps on the moon ׳ s south pole : Revealed by Chang ׳ E-2 microwave radiometer data '' . Planetary and Space Science . 122 : 101 . Bibcode : 2016P&SS ... 122 ... 101W . doi : 10.1016 / j. pss. 2016.01. 013 . ^ Jump up to : Gläser , P. ; Scholten , F. ; De Rosa , D. ; Marco Figuera , R. ; Oberst , J. ; Mazarico , E. ; Neumann , G.A. ; Robinson , M.S. ( 2014 ) . `` Illumination conditions at the lunar south pole using high resolution Digital Terrain Models from LOLA '' . Icarus . 243 : 78 . Bibcode : 2014Icar ... 243 ... 78G . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2014.08. 013 . Jump up ^ ( NASA -- LOLA. ( 2017 ) . Nasa.gov . Retrieved 29 March 2017 , from https://lola.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ) Jump up ^ Takahashi , Yuki D. ( 2003 ) . `` A concept for a simple radio observatory at the lunar south pole '' . Advances in Space Research . 31 ( 11 ) : 2473 . Bibcode : 2003AdSpR ... 31.2473 T . doi : 10.1016 / S0273 - 1177 ( 03 ) 00540 - 4 . Jump up ^ Shackleton Energy 's cislunar economic development plans Archived 2013 - 01 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . David Livingston interview with James Keravala , The Space Show , 14 Dec 2012 , at 55 : 25 -- 57 : 40 , accessed 2012 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Lunar Mission One , http://www.lunarmissionone.com Jump up ^ `` UK ' to lead moon landing ' funded by public contributions '' . BBC . 19 November 2014 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LUNAR MISSION ONE : A new lunar mission for everyone '' . Kickstarter. 19 November 2014 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Monica Hunter - Hart ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Blue Origin is Still Going to the Moon , Even if Mars is Hip '' . inVerse . Jump up ^ Christian Davenport ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` An exclusive look at Jeff Bezos 's plan to set up Amazon - like delivery for ' future human settlement ' of the moon '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Pallava Bagla ( 31 Jan 2018 ) . `` India plans tricky and unprecedented landing near moon 's south pole '' . sciencemag.org . Jump up ^ ( Vorburger , A. ( 2015 ) . Imaging the South Pole -- Aitken basin in backscattered neutral hydrogen atoms . Planetary And Space Science , 115 , 57 -- 63 . ) Jump up ^ Cahill , Joshua T.S. ; Hagerty , Justin J. ; Lawrence , David J. ; Klima , Rachel L. ; Blewett , David T. ( 2014 ) . `` Surveying the South Pole - Aitken basin magnetic anomaly for remnant impactor metallic iron '' . Icarus . 243 : 27 . Bibcode : 2014Icar ... 243 ... 27C . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2014.08. 035 . External links ( edit ) USGS : Earth 's Moon ( hide ) The Moon Physical properties Internal structure Topography Atmosphere Gravity field Hill sphere Magnetic field Sodium tail Moonlight Earthshine Orbit Orbital elements Distance Perigee & apogee Nodes Nodal period Precession Syzygy New moon Full moon Eclipses Lunar eclipse Total penumbral lunar eclipse Tetrad Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Eclipse cycle Supermoon Tide Tidal force Tidal locking Tidal acceleration Tidal range Lunar mansion Surface & features Selenography Terminator Hemispheres Near side Far side Poles North pole South pole Face Maria List Mountains Peak of eternal light Valleys Volcanic features Domes Calderas Craters List Ray systems Crater of eternal darkness Shackleton crater South Pole -- Aitken basin Soil Swirls Rilles Wrinkle ridges Rocks Lunar basalt 70017 Water Space weathering Micrometeorite Sputtering Quakes Transient lunar phenomenon Science Observation Libration Lunar theory Origin Giant - impact hypothesis Theia Lunar magma ocean Geology Timescale Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar meteorites KREEP Experiments Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 Apollo 17 Exploration Missions Apollo program Probes Landing Conspiracy theories Colonization Tourism Time - telling Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Month Lunar month Nodal period Fortnight Sennight Lunar mansion Phases & names New Full Names Crescent Super & micro Blood Blue Black Dark Wet Tetrad Related topics Psychology Lunar effect Moon illusion Pareidolia Man in the Moon Moon rabbit Craters named after people Memorials on the Moon Moon in fiction Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil `` Moon is made of green cheese '' Natural satellite Double planet Lilith ( hypothetical second moon ) Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lunar_south_pole&oldid=830884748 '' Categories : Moon Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Español Română Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 13 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what are the coordinates for the south pole of the moon
[ "The lunar south pole is located on the center base of the far side of the moon (80°S to 90°S)[3] and covers a distance of about 1250 km.[4] The lunar south pole has shifted 5 degrees from where it previously was billions of years ago. This shift has changed the rotational axis of the moon allowing sunlight to reach areas of the moon previously shadowed. The axis spin is 88.5 degrees from the plane of the elliptic. The south pole contains areas of permanent darkness, where the sunlight never reaches. On the contrary, the pole also contains areas with permanent exposure to sunlight. The south pole contains many craters and basins such as the South Pole-Aitken basin; which appears to be one of the most fundamental features of the moon.[5] The south pole contains mountains such as Epsilon Peak which is taller than any mountain found on earth.[4] The south pole is thermally benign, ranging at an average of 250–270 kelvins.[5]" ]
[ "80°S to 90°S" ]
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Solar radius
Solar radius - wikipedia Solar radius Jump to : navigation , search Conversion of nominal solar radius 1 R = Units 7008695700000000000 ♠ 6.957 00 × 10 metres 695,700 kilometres 0.00465047 astronomical unit 432,288 miles 6992735355000000000 ♠ 7.353 55 × 10 light - year 6992225461000000000 ♠ 2.254 61 × 10 parsec 2.32061 light - seconds Solar radius is a unit of distance used to express the size of stars in astronomy . The solar radius is usually defined as the radius to the layer in the Sun 's photosphere where the optical depth equals 2 / 3 : 1 R ⊙ = 6.957 × 10 5 km ( \ displaystyle 1 \ , R_ ( \ odot ) = 6.957 \ times 10 ^ ( 5 ) ( \ hbox ( km ) ) ) The solar radius is approximately 695,700 kilometres ( 432,300 miles ) , which is about 10 times the average radius of Jupiter , 110 times the radius of the Earth , and 1 / 215th of an astronomical unit , the distance of the Earth from the Sun . It varies slightly from pole to equator due to its rotation , which induces an oblateness in the order of 10 parts per million . ( See 1 gigametre for similar distances . ) The unmanned SOHO spacecraft was used to measure the radius of the Sun by timing transits of Mercury across the surface during 2003 and 2006 . The result was a measured radius of 696,342 ± 65 kilometres ( 432,687 ± 40 miles ) . Haberreiter , Schmutz & Kosovichev ( 2008 ) determined the radius corresponding to the solar photosphere to be 695,660 ± 140 kilometres ( 432,263 ± 87 miles ) . This new value is consistent with helioseismic estimates ; the same study showed that previous estimates using inflection point methods had been overestimated by approximately 300 km ( 190 mi ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nominal solar radius 2 Examples 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Nominal solar radius ( edit ) In 2015 , the International Astronomical Union passed Resolution B3 , which defined a set of nominal conversion constants for stellar and planetary astronomy . Resolution B3 defined the nominal solar radius ( symbol R ⊙ N ( \ displaystyle R_ ( \ odot ) ^ ( N ) ) ) to be equal to exactly 695,700 km . The nominal values were adopted to help astronomers avoid confusion when quoting stellar radii in units of the Sun 's radius , even when future observations will likely refine the Sun 's actual photospheric radius ( which is currently only known to about the ± 100 -- 200 km accuracy ) . Examples ( edit ) Solar radii as a unit are popular when talking about spacecraft moving close to the sun . Two spacecraft in the 2010s . Solar Orbiter ( as close as 45 Solar radii , R ) Parker Solar Probe ( as close as 9 Solar radii , R ) See also ( edit ) Astronomical unit Orders of magnitude ( length ) Solar luminosity Solar mass References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NASA RHESSI oblateness measurements 2012 Jump up ^ Emilio , Marcelo ; Kuhn , Jeff R. ; Bush , Rock I. ; Scholl , Isabelle F. , `` Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits '' , The Astrophysical Journal , 750 : 135 , arXiv : 1203.4898 , Bibcode : 2012ApJ ... 750 ... 135E , doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 750 / 2 / 135 Jump up ^ Haberreiter , M ; Schmutz , W ; Kosovichev , A.G. , `` Solving the Discrepancy between the Seismic and Photospheric Solar Radius '' , Astrophysical Journal , 675 ( 1 ) : L53 -- L56 , arXiv : 0711.2392 , Bibcode : 2008ApJ ... 675L ... 53H , doi : 10.1086 / 529492 Jump up ^ Mamajek , E.E. ; Prsa , A. ; Torres , G. ; et , al. , IAU 2015 Resolution B3 on Recommended Nominal Conversion Constants for Selected Solar and Planetary Properties , arXiv : 1510.07674 , Bibcode : 2015arXiv151007674M External links ( edit ) S.C. Tripathy ; H.M. Antia ( 1999 ) . `` Influence of surface layers on the seismic estimate of the solar radius '' . Solar Physics. 186 ( 1 / 2 ) : 1 -- 11 . Bibcode : 1999SoPh ... 186 ... 1T . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1005116830445 . T.M. Brown ; J. Christensen - Dalsgaard ( 1998 ) . `` Accurate Determination of the Solar Photospheric Radius '' . Astrophysical Journal Letters. 500 ( 2 ) : L195 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9803131 . Bibcode : 1998ApJ ... 500L. 195B . doi : 10.1086 / 311416 . ( hide ) Units of length used in Astronomy Astronomical system of units Earth radius ( R or R ) Light - second ( ls ) Solar radius ( R ) gigametre ( Gm ) Astronomical unit ( AU ) terametre ( Tm ) light - year ( ly ) parsec ( pc ) kiloparsec ( kpc ) megaparsec ( Mpc ) gigaparsec ( Gpc ) See also Cosmic distance ladder Orders of magnitude ( length ) Conversion of units Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_radius&oldid=841539553 '' Categories : Sun Stellar astronomy Units of length Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 13 : 18 . About Wikipedia
what is the solar radius of the sun
[ "The solar radius is approximately 695,700 kilometres (432,300 miles), which is about 10 times the average radius of Jupiter, 110 times the radius of the Earth, and 1/215th of an astronomical unit, the distance of the Earth from the Sun. It varies slightly from pole to equator due to its rotation, which induces an oblateness in the order of 10 parts per million. (See 1 gigametre for similar distances.)[1]" ]
[ "approximately 695,700 kilometres (432,300 miles)" ]
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2011 Census of India
2011 Census of India - Wikipedia 2011 Census of India Jump to : navigation , search 15th Census of India General information Country India Date taken 2010 - 2011 Total population 1,210,193,422 Percent change 17.70 % Most populous state Uttar Pradesh ( 199,812,341 ) Least populous state Sikkim ( 610,577 ) The 15th Indian Census was conducted in two phases , house listing and population enumeration . House listing phase began on 1 April 2010 and involved collection of information about all buildings . Information for National Population Register was also collected in the first phase , which will be used to issue a 12 - digit unique identification number to all registered Indian residents by Unique Identification Authority of India ( UIDAI ) . The second population enumeration phase was conducted between 9 and 28 February 2011 . Census has been conducted in India since 1872 and 2011 marks the first time biometric information was collected . According to the provisional reports released on 31 March 2011 , the Indian population increased to 121 crore with a decadal growth of 17.64 % . Adult literacy rate increased to 74.04 % with a decadal growth of 9.21 % . The motto of census 2011 was ' Our Census , Our future ' . Spread across 29 states and 7 union territories , the census covered 640 districts , 5,767 tehsils , 7,933 towns and more than 6 lakh villages . A total of 27 lakh officials visited households in 7,933 towns and 6 lakh villages , classifying the population according to gender , religion , education and occupation . The cost of the exercise was approximately ₹ 2,200 crore ( US $340 million ) -- this comes to less than $0.50 per person , well below the estimated world average of $4.60 per person . Conducted every 10 years , this census faced big challenges considering India 's vast area and diversity of cultures and opposition from the manpower involved . Information on castes was included in the census following demands from several ruling coalition leaders including Lalu Prasad Yadav , Sharad Yadav and SP suprimo Mulayam Singh Yadav supported by opposition parties Bharatiya Janata Party , Akali Dal , Shiv Sena and Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam . Information on caste was last collected during the British Raj in 1931 . During the early census , people often exaggerated their caste status to garner social status and it is expected that people downgrade it now in the expectation of gaining government benefits . There was speculation that there would be a caste - based census conduced in 2011 , the first time for 80 years ( last was in 1931 ) , to find the exact population of the `` Other Backward Classes '' ( OBCs ) in India . This was later accepted and the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 was conducted whose first findings were revealed on 3 July 2015 by Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley . Mandal Commission report of 1980 quoted OBC population at 52 % , though National Sample Survey Organisation ( NSSO ) survey of 2006 quoted OBC population at 41 % There is only one instance of a caste - count in post-independence India . It was conducted in Kerala in 1968 by the Communist government under EMS Namboodiripad to assess the social and economic backwardness of various lower castes . The census was termed Socio - Economic Survey of 1968 and the results were published in the Gazetteer of Kerala , 1971 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Census 2 Information 2.1 House - listings 2.2 Population enumeration 2.3 National Population Register 3 Census report 4 Population 5 Religious demographics 6 Literacy 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Census ( edit ) C Chandramauli was the Register General and Census Commissioner of India for the 2011 Indian Census . Census data was collected in 16 languages and the training manual was prepared in 18 languages . In 2011 , India and Bangladesh also conducted their first - ever joint census of areas along their border . The census was conducted in two phases . The first , the house - listing phase , began on 1 April 2010 and involved collection of data about all the buildings and census houses . Information for the National Population Register was also collected in the first phase . The second , the population enumeration phase , was conducted from 9 -- 28 February 2011 all over the country . The eradication of epidemics , the availability of more effective medicines for the treatment of various types of diseases and the improvement in the standard of living were the main reasons for the high decadal growth of population in India . Information ( edit ) House - listings ( edit ) The House - listing schedule contained 35 questions . Building number Census house number Predominant material of floor , wall and roof of the census house Ascertain use of actual house Condition of the census house Household number Total number of persons in the household Name of the head of the household Sex of the head Caste status ( SC or ST or others ) Ownership status of the house Number of dwelling rooms Number of married couple the household Main source of drinking water Availability of drinking water source Main source of lighting Latrine within the premises Type of latrine facility Waste water outlet connection Bathing facility within the premises Availability of kitchen Fuel used for cooking Radio / Transistor Television Computer / Laptop Telephone / Mobile phone Bicycle Scooter / Motor cycle / Moped Car / Jeep / Van Availing Banking services . Population enumeration ( edit ) The Population enumeration schedule contained 30 questions . Name of the person Relationship to head Sex Date of birth and age Current marital status Age at marriage Religion Scheduled Caste / Scheduled Tribe Disability Mother tongue Other languages known Literacy status Status of attendance ( Education ) Highest educational level attained Working any time during last year Category of economic activity Occupation Nature of industry Trade or service Class of worker Non economic activity Seeking or available for work Travel to place of work Birthplace Place of last residence Reason for migration Duration of stay in the place of migration Children surviving Children ever born Number of children born alive during last one year National population Register ( edit ) The National Population Register household schedule contained 9 questions . Name of the person and resident status Name of the person as should appear in the population register Relationship to head gender Date of birth Marital status Educational qualification Occupation / Activity Names of father , mother and spouse Once the information was collected and digitised , fingerprints were taken and photos collected . Unique Identification Authority of India was to issue a 12 - digit identification number to all individuals and the first ID was to have been issued in 2011 . Census report ( edit ) Decadal growth of Indian population ( 1901 -- 2011 ) . Provisional data from the census was released on 31 March 2011 ( and was updated on 20 May 2013 ) . Transgender population was counted in population census in India for first time in 2011 . The official count of the third gender in India is 4.9 lakh Population Total 1,210,854,977 Males 623,724,248 Females 586,469,174 Literacy Total 74 % Males 82.10 % Females 65.50 % Density of population per km 382 Sex ratio per 1000 males 940 females Child sex ratio ( 0 -- 6 age group ) per 1000 males 919 Population ( edit ) The population of India as per 2011 census was 1,210,193,422 . India added 181.5 million to its population since 2001 , slightly lower than the population of Brazil . India , with 2.4 % of the world 's surface area , accounts for 17.5 % of its population . Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state with roughly 200 million people . A little over 5 out of 10 Indians live in the six states of Uttar Pradesh , Maharashtra , Bihar , West Bengal , Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh . Of the 121 crore Indians , 83.3 crore ( 68.84 % ) live in rural areas while 37.7 crore stay in urban areas . 45.36 crore people in India are migrants , which is 37.8 % of total population . India is the homeland of major belief systems such as Hinduism , Buddhism , Sikhism and Jainism , while also being home to several indigenous faiths and tribal religions which have survived the influence of major religions for centuries . Ever since its inception , the Census of India has been collecting and publishing information about the religious affiliations as expressed by the people of India . In fact , population census has the rare distinction of being the only instrument that collects this diverse and important characteristic of the Indian population . Population distribution in India by states ( hide ) Rank State / Union Territory ( UT ) Type Population % of total population Males Females Sex Ratio Literacy rate ( % ) Rural Population Urban Population Area ( km2 ) Density ( / km2 ) Decadal Growth % ( 2001 - 2011 ) Uttar Pradesh State 199,812,341 16.5 104,480,510 95,331,831 930 67.68 155,111,022 44,470,455 240,928 828 20.1 % Maharashtra State 112,374,333 9.28 58,243,056 54,131,277 929 82.34 61,545,441 50,827,531 307,713 365 16.0 % Bihar State 104,099,452 8.6 54,278,157 49,821,295 918 61.80 92,075,028 11,729,609 94,163 1,102 25.1 % West Bengal State 91,276,115 7.54 46,809,027 44,467,088 950 76.26 62,213,676 29,134,060 88,752 1,030 13.9 % 5 Andhra Pradesh State 84,580,777 6.99 42,442,146 42,138,631 993 67.02 56,361,702 28,219,075 275,045 308 11.1 % 6 Madhya Pradesh State 72,626,809 6.00 37,612,306 35,014,503 931 69.32 52,537,899 20,059,666 308,245 236 20.3 % 7 Tamil Nadu State 72,147,030 5.96 36,137,975 36,009,055 996 80.09 37,189,229 34,949,729 130,058 555 15.6 % 8 Rajasthan State 68,548,437 5.66 35,550,997 32,997,440 928 66.11 51,540,236 17,080,776 342,239 201 21.4 % 9 Karnataka State 61,095,297 5.05 30,966,657 30,128,640 973 75.36 37,552,529 23,578,175 191,791 319 15.7 % 10 Gujarat State 60,439,692 4.99 31,491,260 28,948,432 919 78.03 34,670,817 25,712,811 196,024 308 19.2 % 11 Odisha State 41,974,218 3.47 21,212,136 20,762,082 979 72.87 34,951,234 6,996,124 155,707 269 14.0 % 12 Kerala State 33,406,061 2.76 16,027,412 17,378,649 1,084 94.00 17,445,506 15,932,171 38,863 859 4.9 % 13 Jharkhand State 32,988,134 2.72 16,930,315 16,057,819 948 66.41 25,036,946 7,929,292 79,714 414 22.3 % 14 Assam State 31,205,576 2.58 15,939,443 15,266,133 958 72.19 26,780,526 4,388,756 78,438 397 16.9 % 15 Punjab State 27,743,338 2.29 14,639,465 13,103,873 895 75.84 17,316,800 10,387,436 50,362 550 13.7 % 16 Chhattisgarh State 25,545,198 2.11 12,832,895 12,712,303 991 70.28 19,603,658 5,936,538 135,191 189 22.6 % 17 Haryana State 25,351,462 2.09 13,494,734 11,856,728 879 75.55 16,531,493 8,821,588 44,212 573 19.9 % 18 Delhi UT 16,787,941 1.39 8,887,326 7,800,615 868 86.21 944,727 12,905,780 1,484 11,297 21 % 19 Jammu and Kashmir State 12,541,302 1.04 6,640,662 5,900,640 889 67.16 9,134,820 3,414,106 222,236 56 23.7 % 20 Uttarakhand State 10,086,292 0.83 5,137,773 4,948,519 963 79.63 7,025,583 3,091,169 53,483 189 19.2 % 21 Himachal Pradesh State 6,864,602 0.57 3,481,873 3,382,729 972 82.80 6,167,805 688,704 55,673 123 12.8 % 22 Tripura State 3,673,917 0.30 1,874,376 1,799,541 960 87.22 2,710,051 960,981 10,486 350 14.7 % 23 Meghalaya State 2,966,889 0.25 1,491,832 1,475,057 989 74.43 2,368,971 595,036 22,429 132 27.8 % 24 Manipur State 2,721,756 0.21 1,290,171 1,280,219 992 79.21 1,899,624 822,132 22,327 122 18.7 % 25 Nagaland State 1,978,502 0.16 1,024,649 953,853 931 79.55 1,406,861 573,741 16,579 119 - 0.5 % 26 Goa State 1,458,545 0.12 739,140 719,405 973 88.70 551,414 906,309 3,702 394 8.2 % 27 Arunachal Pradesh State 1,383,727 0.11 713,912 669,815 938 65.38 1,069,165 313,446 83,743 17 25.9 % 28 Puducherry UT 1,247,953 0.10 612,511 635,442 1,037 85.85 394,341 850,123 479 2,598 27.7 % 29 Mizoram State 1,097,206 0.09 555,339 541,867 976 91.33 529,037 561,997 21,081 52 22.8 % 30 Chandigarh UT 1,055,450 0.09 580,663 474,787 818 86.05 29,004 1,025,682 114 9,252 17.1 % 31 Sikkim State 610,577 0.05 323,070 287,507 890 81.42 455,962 151,726 7,096 86 12.4 % 32 Andaman and Nicobar Islands UT 380,581 0.03 202,871 177,710 876 86.63 244,411 135,533 8,249 46 6.7 % 33 Dadra and Nagar Haveli UT 343,709 0.03 193,760 149,949 774 76.24 183,024 159,829 491 698 55.5 % 34 Daman and Diu UT 243,247 0.02 150,301 92,946 618 87.10 60,331 182,580 112 2,169 53.5 % 35 Lakshadweep UT 64,473 0.01 33,123 31,350 946 91.85 14,121 50,308 32 2,013 6.2 % TOTAL India 35 1,210,854,977 100 623,724,248 586,469,174 943 73.00 833,087,662 377,105,760 3,287,240 382 17.64 % Religious demographics ( edit ) The religious data on India Census 2011 was released by the Government of India on 25 August , 2015 . Hindus are 79.8 % ( 966.3 million ) , while Muslims are 14.23 % ( 172.2 million ) in India. and Christians are 2.30 % ( 28.7 million ) . According to the 2011 Census of India , there are 57,264 Parsis in India . For the first time , a `` No religion '' category was added in the 2011 census . 2.87 million were classified as people belonging to `` No Religion '' in India in the 2011 census. - 0.24 % of India 's population of 1.21 billion . Given below is the decade - by - decade religious composition of India till the 2011 census . There are six religions in India that have been awarded `` National Minority '' status - Muslims , Christians , Sikhs , Jains , Buddhists and Parsis . Sunnis , Shias , Bohras , Agakhanis and Ahmadiyyas were identified as sects of Islam in India . As per 2011 census , six major faiths - Hindus , Muslims , Christians , Sikhs , Buddhists , Jains make up over 99.4 % of India 's 121 crore population , while `` other religions , persuasions '' ( ORP ) count is 82 . Among the ORP faiths , six faiths - 49.57 lakh - strong Sarna , 10.26 lakh - strong Gond , 5.06 lakh - strong Sari , Doni Polo ( 3.02 lakh ) in Arunachal Pradesh , Sanamahi ( 2.22 lakh ) in Manipur , Khasi ( 1.38 lakh ) in Meghalaya dominate . Maharashtra is having the highest number of atheists in the country with 9,652 such people , followed by Meghalaya ( 9,089 ) and Kerala . Population trends for major religious groups in India ( 1951 -- 2011 ) Religious group Population % 1951 Population % 1961 Population % 1971 Population % 1981 Population % 1991 Population % 2001 Population % 2011 Hinduism 84.1 % 83.45 % 82.73 % 82.30 % 81.53 % 80.46 % 79.80 % Islam 9.8 % 10.69 % 11.21 % 11.75 % 12.61 % 13.43 % 14.23 % Christianity 2.3 % 2.44 % 2.60 % 2.44 % 2.32 % 2.34 % 2.30 % Sikhism 1.79 % 1.79 % 1.89 % 1.92 % 1.94 % 1.87 % 1.72 % Buddhism 0.74 % 0.74 % 0.70 % 0.70 % 0.77 % 0.77 % 0.70 % Jainism 0.46 % 0.46 % 0.48 % 0.47 % 0.40 % 0.41 % 0.37 % Zoroastrianism 0.13 % 0.09 % 0.09 % 0.09 % 0.08 % 0.06 % n / a Other religions / No religion 0.43 % 0.43 % 0.41 % 0.42 % 0.44 % 0.72 % 0.9 % Literacy ( edit ) Any one above age 7 who can read and write in any language with an ability to understand was considered a literate . In censuses before 1991 , children below the age 5 were treated as illiterates . The literacy rate taking the entire population into account is termed as `` crude literacy rate '' , and taking the population from age 7 and above into account is termed as `` effective literacy rate '' . Effective literacy rate increased to a total of 74.04 % with 82.14 % of the males and 65.46 % of the females being literate . S.No . Census Year Total ( % ) Male ( % ) Female ( % ) 1901 5.35 9.83 0.60 1911 5.92 10.56 1.05 1921 7.16 12.21 1.81 1931 9.50 15.59 2.93 5 1941 16.10 24.90 7.30 6 1951 16.67 24.95 9.45 7 1961 24.02 34.44 12.95 8 1971 29.45 39.45 18.69 9 1981 36.23 46.89 24.82 10 1991 42.84 52.74 32.17 11 2001 64.83 75.26 53.67 12 2011 74.04 82.14 65.46 The table lists the `` crude literacy rate '' in India from 1901 to 2011 . See also ( edit ) India portal Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 Demographics of India Other Backward Class Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes List of Other Backward Classes Notes ( edit ) `` Cities having population 1 lakh and above , Census 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Census of India , 2011 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Decadal Growth : www.censusindia.gov.in '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` India 's population -- 127 , 42 , 39,769 and growing '' . ^ Jump up to : C Chandramouli ( 23 August 2011 ) . `` Census of India 2011 -- A Story of Innovations '' . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . Jump up ^ `` Do we really need the census ? '' . Jump up ^ Demand for caste census rocks Lok Sabha Jump up ^ `` Login '' . Jump up ^ `` OBC data not in 2011 Census , says Moily '' . Indian Express . 18 December 2009 . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No data since 1931 , will 2011 Census be all - caste inclusive ? -- The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Caste in Census 2011 : Is it necessary ? '' . The Times Of India . 28 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` OBCs form 41 % of population : Survey -- The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . 1 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Govt releases socio - economic and caste census for better policy - making '' . Jump up ^ `` OBc count : 52 or 41 % ? -- The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . 1 November 2006 . Jump up ^ G.O.K 1971 : Appendix XVIII Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh and India begin joint census of border areas '' . Jump up ^ `` Census in Indian and Bangladesh enclaves ends '' . Jump up ^ Kumar , Vinay ( 4 April 2010 ) . `` House listing operations for Census 2011 progressing well '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Census of India 2011 ; Houselisting and Housing Census Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Census of India 2011 ; Household Schedule - Side A '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Census of India 2011 ; Household Schedule - Side B '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National population register ; Household Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Census operation in history kicks off '' . The Hindu . 1 April 2010 . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` India launches new biometric census '' . Yahoo news . 1 April 2010 . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` India launches biometric census '' . BBC . 1 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2010 . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` India 's total population is now 121 crore '' . LiveMint . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India at Glance -- Population Census 2011 '' . Census Organisation of India . 2011 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's official . We are the second most populous nation in the world at 1.2 billion '' . Jump up ^ `` India 's total population is now 1.21 billion '' . Jump up ^ `` India 's total population is 1.21 billion , final census reveals '' . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan counts transgender people in national census for first time '' . Jump up ^ Over 70,000 transgenders in rural India , UP tops list : Census 2011 Jump up ^ `` First count of third gender in census : 4.9 lakh '' . Jump up ^ `` Why activists are upset with Census disability numbers '' . Jump up ^ `` Indian States Census 2011 '' . Census Organization of India . 2011 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About 68.84 per cent Indians live in rural areas : Census report '' . Jump up ^ `` Rural Urban '' . Jump up ^ `` Every 3rd Indian migrant , most headed south '' . Jump up ^ http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/minorityview/migration-in-india-is-still-largely-remains-a-social-rather-than-an-economic-phenomenon/ Jump up ^ http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/minorityview/migration-in-india-is-slowly-becoming-more-urban-and-driven-by-economic-factors/ Jump up ^ `` List of states with Population , Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011 '' . 2011 Census of India . Retrieved 23 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking of States and Union territories by population size : 1991 and 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Government of India ( 2001 ) . Census of India . pp. 5 -- 6 . Retrieved 12 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Population '' ( PDF ) . Government of India ( 2011 ) . Census of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Provisional Population Totals '' . Government of India ( 2011 ) . Census of India . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Area of India / state / district '' . Government of India ( 2001 ) . Census of India . Retrieved 27 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Abantika Ghosh , Vijaita Singh ( 24 January 2015 ) . `` Census 2011 : Muslims record decadal growth of 24.6 pc , Hindus 16.8 pc '' . Indian Express . Indian Express . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hindus 79.8 % , Muslims 14.2 % of population : census data '' . Jump up ^ `` India Census 2011 '' . Censusindia.gov.in . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India 's religions by numbers '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Muslim population growth slows '' . Jump up ^ `` Muslim representation on decline '' . The Times of India . 31 August 2015 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Share on Twitter ( 26 August 2015 ) . `` Muslim share of population up 0.8 % , Hindus ' down 0.7 % between 2001 and 2011 - Times of India '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Where we belong : The fight of Parsi women in interfaith marriages '' . Jump up ^ `` Parsi population dips by 22 per cent between 2001 - 2011 : study '' . Jump up ^ `` The tradition of atheism in India goes back 2,000 years . I 'm proud to be a part of that '' . Jump up ^ `` Why a Tinder date is better than 72 virgins in paradise '' . Jump up ^ `` Against All Gods : Meet the league of atheists from rural Uttar Pradesh '' . Jump up ^ `` People without religion have risen in Census 2011 , but atheists have nothing to cheer about '' . Jump up ^ `` 2.87 million Indians have no faith , census reveals for first time '' . Jump up ^ `` 1.88 lakh people in Tamil Nadu state ' no religion ' in 2011 census '' . Jump up ^ `` Muslim politics : At a crossroads '' . livemint.com . Livemint . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Aariz Mohammed ( 1 -- 15 May 2013 ) . `` Demographic Dividend and Indian Muslims - i '' . Milli Gazette . Milli Gazette . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Aariz Mohammed ( 1 -- 15 May 2013 ) . `` Demographic Dividend and Indian Muslims - i '' ( PDF ) . Milli Gazette . Milli Gazette . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National minority status for Jains '' . Jump up ^ Jains become sixth minority community Jump up ^ `` Sunnis , Shias , Bohras , Agakhanis and Ahmadiyyas were identified as sects of Islam . '' . Jump up ^ `` Protest against inclusion of Ahmediyyas in Muslim census '' . Jump up ^ `` Minority in a minority '' . Jump up ^ `` Fewer minor faiths in India now , finds Census ; number of their adherents up '' . Jump up ^ `` God versus Atheism , Bengal vouches for believers '' . Jump up ^ `` Population by religious community - 2011 '' . 2011 Census of India . Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner . Archived from the original on 25 August 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Census Provional Population Totals '' . The Registrar General & Census Commissioner , India . Retrieved 14 February 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Census of India , 2011 . Official Website Census India 2011 - Population of India Census of India Pre-Independence National Censuses Overview Post-Independence National Censuses 1951 1961 1991 2001 2011 Other Censuses Indian economic census 2011 Socio Economic and Caste Census See Also : Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_Census_of_India&oldid=807198608 '' Categories : 2011 in India Censuses in India Political history of India Manmohan Singh administration 2011 censuses Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Use dmy dates from August 2016 Use Indian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Български Deutsch فارسی हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी Norsk தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 14 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
number of villages in india as per 2011 census
[ "Spread across 29 states and 7 union territories, the census covered 640 districts, 5,767 tehsils, 7,933 towns and more than 6 lakh villages. A total of 27 lakh officials visited households in 7,933 towns and 6 lakh villages, classifying the population according to gender, religion, education and occupation.[3] The cost of the exercise was approximately ₹2,200 crore (US$340 million)[4] – this comes to less than $0.50 per person, well below the estimated world average of $4.60 per person.[3] Conducted every 10 years, this census faced big challenges considering India's vast area and diversity of cultures and opposition from the manpower involved." ]
[ "more than 6" ]
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Victorian era
Victorian era - wikipedia Victorian era Jump to : navigation , search Victorian era 1837 -- 1901 Queen Victoria by Bassano ( 1887 ) Preceded by Regency era Followed by Edwardian era Monarch Victoria Leader ( s ) Lord Melbourne Sir Robert Peel Lord John Russell Lord Derby Lord Aberdeen Lord Palmerston Benjamin Disraeli William Ewart Gladstone Lord Salisbury Lord Rosebery Periods in English history ( hide ) Prehistoric Britain until c. 43 Roman Britain c. 43 -- 410 Anglo - Saxon c. 500 -- 1066 Norman 1066 -- 1154 Plantagenet 1154 -- 1485 Tudor 1485 -- 1603 Elizabethan 1558 -- 1603 Stuart 1603 -- 1714 Jacobean 1603 -- 1625 Caroline 1625 -- 1649 ( Interregnum ) 1649 -- 1660 Restoration 1660 -- 1714 Georgian 1714 -- 1837 Regency 1811 -- 1837 Victorian 1837 -- 1901 Edwardian 1901 -- 1914 First World War 1914 -- 1918 Interwar Britain 1918 -- 1939 Second World War 1939 -- 1945 See also Political history ( 1945 -- present ) Social history ( 1945 -- present ) Timeline In the history of the United Kingdom , the Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria 's reign , from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901 . The era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period , and its later half overlaps with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe . Defined according to sensibilities and political concerns , the period is sometimes considered to begin with the passage of the Reform Act 1832 . The period is characterised as one of relative peace among the great powers ( as established by the Congress of Vienna ) , increased economic activity , `` refined sensibilities '' and national self - confidence for Great Britain . Ideologically , the Victorian era witnessed resistance to the rationalism that defined the Georgian period and an increasing turn towards romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion , social values , and arts . In international relations , the supremacy of the Royal Navy helped maintain a period of relative peace among the great powers ( Pax Britannica ) as well as economic , colonial , and industrial consolidation and expansion , a notable exception being the Crimean War ( 1853 - 6 ) . Britain embarked on global imperial expansion , particularly in Asia and Africa , which made the British Empire the largest empire in history . Domestically , the political agenda was increasingly liberal , with a number of shifts in the direction of gradual political reform , industrial reform , and the widening of the voting franchise . There were unprecedented demographic changes : the population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901 , and Scotland 's population also rose rapidly , from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901 . However , Ireland 's population decreased sharply , from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901 , mostly due to the Great Famine . Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrated from Great Britain , mostly to the United States , Canada , South Africa , New Zealand , and Australia . The two main political parties during the era remained the Whigs / Liberals and the Conservatives ; by its end , the Labour Party had formed as a distinct political entity . These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne , Sir Robert Peel , Lord Derby , Lord Palmerston , Benjamin Disraeli , William Gladstone , and Lord Salisbury . The unsolved problems relating to Irish Home Rule played a great part in politics in the later Victorian era , particularly in view of Gladstone 's determination to achieve a political settlement in Ireland . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology and periodisation 2 Political and diplomatic history 2.1 Early 2.2 Middle 3 Society and culture 3.1 Religion 3.2 Education 3.3 Literature and arts 3.4 Entertainment 3.4. 1 Sport 4 Economy , industry and trade 4.1 Progress 5 Technology , science and engineering 5.1 Railways 5.2 Health and medicine 6 Population 6.1 Fertility rates 6.2 Mortality rates 7 High culture 8 The middle - class 8.1 Journalism 8.2 Leisure 9 Housing 10 Poverty 11 Child labour 12 Morality 12.1 Prostitution 13 Events 14 See also 15 Citations 16 References 17 Further reading 17.1 Historiography 17.2 Primary sources 18 External links Terminology and periodisation See also : Periodisation In the strictest sense , the Victorian era covers the duration of Victoria 's reign as Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , from her accession on 20 June 1837 -- after the death of her uncle , William IV -- until her death on 22 January 1901 , after which she was succeeded by her eldest son , Edward VII . Her reign lasted for 63 years and seven months , a longer period than any of her predecessors . The term ' Victorian ' was in contemporaneous usage to describe the era . The era has also been understood more extensively as a period that possessed sensibilities and characteristics distinct from those adjacent , in which case it is sometimes dated to begin before Victoria 's accession -- typically from the passage of or agitation for ( during the 1830s ) the Reform Act 1832 , which introduced a wide - ranging change to the electoral system of England and Wales . Definitions according to a distinct sensibility or politics have also created scepticisim about the worth of the label `` Victorian '' , though there have equally been defences of it as a marker of time . Political and diplomatic history Main articles : United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Early In 1832 , after much political agitation , the Reform Act was passed on the third attempt . The Act abolished many borough seats and created others in their place , as well as expanding the franchise in England and Wales ( a Scottish Reform Act and Irish Reform Act were passed separately ) . Minor reforms followed in 1835 and 1836 . The East India Company steamship Nemesis ( right background ) destroying Chinese war junks in the Second Battle of Chuenpi on 7 January 1841 during the First Opium War between Britain and the Qing dynasty . On June 20 1837 , Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom on the death of her uncle , William IV . Being female , Victoria was prevented by Salic law from acceding to the throne of Hanover , as had been the custom for British monarchs since the Hanoverian succession ; the kingdom passed instead to her uncle , who became King Ernest Augustus I of Hanover . The government at the time of Victoria 's accession was led by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne , but within two years he had resigned , and the Tory politician Sir Robert Peel formed a new ministry . In the same year , a seizure of opium exports to China prompted the First Opium War against the Qing dynasty , and British imperial India initiated the First Anglo - Afghan War -- one of the first major conflicts of the Great Game between Britain and Russia . In 1840 , Queen Victoria married Prince Albert of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfield and gave birth to her first child , Victoria , who became Princess Royal . In the same year , the Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand . The signing of the Treaty of Nanking in 1842 ended the First Opium War and gave Britain control over Hong Kong Island , but a disastrous retreat from Kabul in the same year led to the annihilation of a British army column . In 1845 , the Great Famine began to cause mass starvation and disease in Ireland , ultimately initiating widespread emigration ; in response , the Peel government repealed the Corn Laws , in the process leading to its downfall and replacement by the Whig ministry of Lord John Russell . In 1853 , Britain fought alongside France in the Crimean War , against Russia . The goal was to ensure that Russia could not benefit from the declining status of the Ottoman Empire , a strategic consideration known as the Eastern Question . The conflict marked a rare breach in the Pax Britannica , the period of relative peace ( 1815 - 1914 ) that existed among the Great Powers of the time ( and especially in Britain 's interaction with them ) . On its conclusion in 1856 with the Treaty of Paris , Russia was prohibited from hosting a military presence in the Crimea . In October of the same year , the Second Opium War saw Britain overpower the Qing dynasty in China . During 1857 - 8 , an uprising by sepoys against the East India Company was suppressed , an event that led to the end of Company rule in India and the transferral of administration to the direct rule by the government . The princely states were not affected and remained under British guidance . Middle In 1861 , Prince Albert died . In 1867 , the second Reform Act was passed , expanding the franchise , and the British North America Act consolidated the country 's possessions in that region into a Canadian Confederation . In 1878 , Britain was a plenipotentiary at the Treaty of Berlin , which gave de jure recognition to the independent states of Romania , Serbia , and Montenegro . Society and Culture See also : English cuisine § Nineteenth century Religion Nonconformist conscience describes the moral sensibility of the Nonconformist churches -- those which dissent from the established Church of England -- that influenced British politics in the 19th and early 20th centuries . In the 1851 census of church attendance , noncomformists who went to chapel comprised half the attendance of Sunday services . Noncomformists were focused in the fast - growing urban middle class . The two categories of this group were in addition to the evangelicals or `` Low Church '' element in the Church of England : `` Old Dissenters , '' dating from the 16th and 17th centuries , included Baptists , Congregationalists , Quakers , Unitarians , and Presbyterians outside Scotland ; `` New Dissenters '' emerged in the 18th century and were mainly Methodists . The `` Nonconformist conscience '' of the Old group emphasised religious freedom and equality , the pursuit of justice , and opposition to discrimination , compulsion , and coercion . The New Dissenters ( and also the Anglican evangelicals ) stressed personal morality issues , including sexuality , temperance , family values , and Sabbath - keeping . Both factions were politically active , but until the mid-19th century , the Old group supported mostly Whigs and Liberals in politics , while the New -- like most Anglicans -- generally supported Conservatives . In the late 19th century , the New Dissenters mostly switched to the Liberal Party . The result was a merging of the two groups , strengthening their great weight as a political pressure group . They joined together on new issues especially regarding schools and temperance , with the latter of special interest to Methodists . By 1914 the linkage was weakening and by the 1920s it was virtually dead . Parliament had long imposed a series of political disabilities on Nonconformists outside Scotland . They could not hold most public offices , they had to pay local taxes to the Anglican church , be married by Anglican ministers , and be denied attendance at Oxford or degrees at Cambridge . Dissenters demanded the removal of political and civil disabilities that applied to them ( especially those in the Test and Corporation Acts ) . The Anglican establishment strongly resisted until 1828 . Disseneters organized into a political pressure group and succeeded in 1828 in repeal of some restrictions . It was a major achievement for an outside group , but the Dissenters were not finished and the early Victorian period saw them even more active and successful in eliminating their grievances . Next on the agenda was the matter of church rates , which were local taxes at the parish level for the support of the parish church building in England and Wales . Only buildings of the established church received the tax money . Civil disobedience was attempted but was met with the seizure of personal property and even imprisonment . The compulsory factor was finally abolished in 1868 by William Ewart Gladstone , and payment was made voluntary . While Gladstone was a moralistic evangelical inside the Church of England , he had strong support in the Nonconformist community . The marriage question was settled in 1837 , by allowing local government registrars to handle marriages . Nonconformist ministers in their own chapels were allowed to marry couples if a registrar was present . Also in 1836 , civil registration of births , deaths , and marriages was taken from the hands of local parish officials and given to local government registrars . Burial of the dead was a more troubling problem , for urban chapels had no graveyards , and sought to use the traditional graveyards controlled by the established church . The Burials Act of 1880 finally allowed that . Oxford University required students seeking admission to submit to the 39 articles of the Church of England . Cambridge required that for a diploma . The two ancient universities opposed giving a charter to the new London University in the 1830s because it had no such restriction . London University , nevertheless , was established in 1837 , and by the 1850s Oxford dropped its restrictions . In 1871 Gladstone sponsored legislation that provided full access to degrees and fellowships . The Scottish universities never had restrictions . Nonconformists ( especially Unitarians and Presbyterians ) played major roles in founding new universities in the late 19th century at Manchester , as well as Birmingham , Liverpool and Leeds . Education Further information : History of education in England § Nineteenth century , and Public school ( United Kingdom ) ‎ The era saw a reform and renaissance of public schools , inspired by Thomas Arnold at Rugby . The public school became a model for gentlemen and for public service . Literature and arts Main article : Victorian literature In prose , the novel rose from a position of relative neglect during the 1830s to become the leading literary genre by the end of the era . In the 1830s and 1840s , the social novel ( also `` Condition - of - England novels '' ) responded to the social , political and economic upheaval associated with industrialisation . Though it remained influential throughout the period , there was a notable resurgence of Gothic fiction in the fin de siecle , such as in Robert Louis Stevenson 's novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde ( 1886 ) and Oscar Wilde 's The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1891 ) . Entertainment Pablo Fanque performing at Astley 's Amphitheatre , 1847 The Epsom Derby ; painting by James Pollard , c. 1840 Llandudno , 1856 . With the arrival of the railway network , seaside towns became popular destinations for Victorian holiday makers Popular forms of entertainment varied by social class . Victorian Britain , like the periods before it , was interested in literature ( see Charles Dickens , Arthur Conan Doyle , Charlotte , Emily and Anne Brontë , Robert Louis Stevenson and William Makepeace Thackeray ) , theatre and the arts ( see Aesthetic movement and Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood ) , and music , drama , and opera were widely attended . Michael Balfe was the most popular British grand opera composer of the period , while the most popular musical theatre was a series of fourteen comic operas by Gilbert and Sullivan , although there was also musical burlesque and the beginning of Edwardian musical comedy in the 1890s . Drama ranged from low comedy to Shakespeare ( see Henry Irving ) . There were , however , other forms of entertainment . Gentlemen went to dining clubs , like the Beefsteak club or the Savage club . Gambling at cards in establishments popularly called casinos was wildly popular during the period : so much so that evangelical and reform movements specifically targeted such establishments in their efforts to stop gambling , drinking , and prostitution . Brass bands and ' The Bandstand ' became popular in the Victorian era . The band stand was a simple construction that not only created an ornamental focal point , but also served acoustic requirements whilst providing shelter from the changeable British weather . It was common to hear the sound of a brass band whilst strolling through parklands . At this time musical recording was still very much a novelty . The Victorian era marked the golden age of the British circus. Astley 's Amphitheatre in Lambeth , London , featuring equestrian acts in a 42 - foot wide circus ring , was the epicentre of the 19th century circus . The permanent structure sustained three fires but as an institution lasted a full century , with Andrew Ducrow and William Batty managing the theatre in the middle part of the century . William Batty would also build his own 14,000 - person arena , known commonly as Batty 's Hippodrome , in Kensington Gardens and draw crowds from the Crystal Palace Exhibition . Travelling circuses , like Pablo Fanque 's , dominated the British provinces , Scotland , and Ireland ( Fanque would enjoy fame again in the 20th century when John Lennon would buy an 1843 poster advertising his circus and adapt the lyrics for The Beatles song , Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! ) . Fanque also stands out as a black man who achieved great success and enjoyed great admiration among the British public only a few decades after Britain had abolished slavery . Another form of entertainment involved ' spectacles ' where paranormal events , such as mesmerism , communication with the dead ( by way of mediumship or channelling ) , ghost conjuring and the like , were carried out to the delight of crowds and participants . Such activities were more popular at this time than in other periods of recent Western history . Natural history became increasingly an `` amateur '' activity . Particularly in Britain and the United States , this grew into specialist hobbies such as the study of birds , butterflies , seashells ( malacology / conchology ) , beetles and wild flowers . Amateur collectors and natural history entrepreneurs played an important role in building the large natural history collections of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . Middle - class Victorians used the train services to visit the seaside , helped by the Bank Holiday Act of 1871 , which created a number of fixed holidays . Large numbers travelling to quiet fishing villages such as Worthing , Brighton , Morecambe and Scarborough began turning them into major tourist centres , and people like Thomas Cook saw tourism and even overseas travel as viable businesses . Sport Main article : Sport in the United Kingdom § History Rugby football match between England and Scotland , c. 1880 The Victorian Era saw the introduction and development of many modern sports . Often originating in the public schools , they exemplified new ideals of manliness . Cricket , cycling , croquet , horse - riding , and many water activities are examples of some of the popular sports in the Victorian Era . The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham , England , between 1859 and 1865 . The world 's oldest tennis tournament , the Wimbledon championships , were first played in London in 1877 . Britain was an active competitor in all the Olympic Games starting in 1896 . Economy , industry and trade Further information : Industrial revolution and Second industrial revolution The most obvious and the most distinctive feature of the History of Civilisation , during the last fifty years ( 1837 - 87 ) , is the wonderful increase of industrial production by the application of machinery , the improvement of old technical processes and the invention of new ones , accompanied by an even more remarkable development of old and new means of locomotion and intercommunication -- Thomas Henry Huxley Progress Historians have characterised the mid-Victorian era ( 1850 -- 1870 ) as Britain 's `` Golden Years '' . There was prosperity , as the national income per person grew by half . Much of the prosperity was due to the increasing industrialisation , especially in textiles and machinery , as well as to the worldwide network of trade and engineering that produced profits for British merchants , and exports from across the globe . There was peace abroad ( apart from the short Crimean war , 1854 -- 56 ) , and social peace at home . Opposition to the new order melted away , says Porter . The Chartist movement peaked as a democratic movement among the working class in 1848 ; its leaders moved to other pursuits , such as trade unions and cooperative societies . The working class ignored foreign agitators like Karl Marx in their midst , and joined in celebrating the new prosperity . Employers typically were paternalistic and generally recognised the trade unions . Companies provided their employees with welfare services ranging from housing , schools and churches , to libraries , baths , and gymnasia . Middle - class reformers did their best to assist the working classes ' aspirations to middle - class norms of `` respectability '' . There was a spirit of libertarianism , says Porter , as people felt they were free . Taxes were very low , and government restrictions were minimal . There were still problem areas , such as occasional riots , especially those motivated by anti-Catholicism . Society was still ruled by the aristocracy and the gentry , who controlled high government offices , both houses of Parliament , the church , and the military . Becoming a rich businessman was not as prestigious as inheriting a title and owning a landed estate . Literature was doing well , but the fine arts languished as the Great Exhibition of 1851 showcased Britain 's industrial prowess rather than its sculpture , painting or music . The educational system was mediocre ; the main universities ( outside Scotland ) were likewise mediocre . Historian Llewellyn Woodward has concluded : For leisure or work , for getting or for spending , England was a better country in 1879 than in 1815 . The scales were less weighted against the weak , against women and children , and against the poor . There was greater movement , and less of the fatalism of an earlier age . The public conscience was more instructed , and the content of liberty was being widened to include something more than freedom from political constraint ... Yet England in 1871 was by no means an earthly paradise . The housing and conditions of life of the working class in town & country were still a disgrace to an age of plenty . Technology , science and engineering The railways changed communications and society dramatically The Victorians were impressed by science and progress and felt that they could improve society in the same way as they were improving technology . Britain was the leading world center for advanced engineering and technology . Its engineering firms were in worldwide demand for designing and constructing railways . A central development during the Victorian era was the improvement of communication . The new railways all allowed goods , raw materials , and people to be moved about , rapidly facilitating trade and industry . The financing of railways became an important specialty of London 's financiers . The railway system led to a reorganisation of society more generally , with `` railway time '' being the standard by which clocks were set throughout Britain ; the complex railway system setting the standard for technological advances and efficiency . Steam ships such as the SS Great Britain and SS Great Western made international travel more common but also advanced trade , so that in Britain it was not just the luxury goods of earlier times that were imported into the country but essentials and raw materials such as corn and cotton from the United States and meat and wool from Australia . One more important innovation in communications was the Penny Black , the first postage stamp , which standardised postage to a flat price regardless of distance sent . Even later communication methods such as electric power , telegraph , and telephones , had an impact . Photography was realised in 1839 by Louis Daguerre in France and William Fox Talbot in Britain . By 1889 , hand - held cameras were available . Brunel 's Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol Similar sanitation reforms , prompted by the Public Health Acts 1848 and 1869 , were made in the crowded , dirty streets of the existing cities , and soap was the main product shown in the relatively new phenomenon of advertising . A great engineering feat in the Victorian Era was the sewage system in London . It was designed by Joseph Bazalgette in 1858 . He proposed to build 82 mi ( 132 km ) of sewer system linked with over 1,000 mi ( 1,600 km ) of street sewers . Many problems were encountered but the sewers were completed . After this , Bazalgette designed the Thames Embankment which housed sewers , water pipes and the London Underground . During the same period , London 's water supply network was expanded and improved , and a gas network for lighting and heating was introduced in the 1880s . The model town of Saltaire was founded , along with others , as a planned environment with good sanitation and many civic , educational and recreational facilities , although it lacked a pub , which was regarded as a focus of dissent . During the Victorian era , science grew into the discipline it is today . In addition to the increasing professionalism of university science , many Victorian gentlemen devoted their time to the study of natural history . This study of natural history was most powerfully advanced by Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution first published in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859 . Glasgow slum in 1871 Crossing the Lagan Canal by the Ulster Railway near Moira , a sensible legacy of the Victorian era . Although initially developed in the early years of the 19th century , gas lighting became widespread during the Victorian era in industry , homes , public buildings and the streets . The invention of the incandescent gas mantle in the 1890s greatly improved light output and ensured its survival as late as the 1960s . Hundreds of gasworks were constructed in cities and towns across the country . In 1882 , incandescent electric lights were introduced to London streets , although it took many years before they were installed everywhere . Railways One of the great achievements of the Industrial Revolution in Britain was the introduction and advancement of railway systems , not only in the United Kingdom and the British Empire but across the world . British engineers and financiers designed , built and funded many major systems . They retained an ownership share even while turning over management to locals ; that ownership was largely liquidated in 1914 - 1916 to pay for the World War . Railroads originated in England because industrialists had already discovered the need for inexpensive transportation to haul coal for the new steam engines , to supply parts to specialized factories , and to take products to market . The existing system of canals was inexpensive but was too slow and too limited in geography . The engineers and businessmen needed to create and finance a railway system were available ; they knew how to invent , to build , and to finance a large complex system . The first quarter of the 19th century involved numerous experiments with locomotives and rail technology . By 1825 railways were commercially feasible , as demonstrated by George Stephenson ( 1791 - 1848 ) when he built the Stockton and Darlington . On his first run , his locomotive pulled 38 freight and passenger cars at speeds as high as 12 miles per hour . Stephenson went on to design many more railways and is best known for standardizing designs , such as the `` standard gauge '' of rail spacing , at 4 feet 8 1⁄2 inches . Thomas Brassey ( 1805 -- 70 ) was even more prominent , operating construction crews that at one point in the 1840s totalled 75,000 men throughout Europe , the British Empire , and Latin America . Brassey took thousands of British engineers and mechanics across the globe to build new lines . They invented and improved thousands of mechanical devices , and developed the science of civil engineering to build roadways , tunnels and bridges . Britain had a superior financial system based in London that funded both the railways in Britain and also in many other parts of the world , including the United States , up until 1914 . The boom years were 1836 and 1845 -- 47 when Parliament authorised 8,000 miles of lines at a projected cost of £ 200 million , which was about the same value as the country 's annual Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) at that time . A new railway needed a charter , which typically cost over £ 200,000 ( about $1 million ) to obtain from Parliament , but opposition could effectively prevent its construction . The canal companies , unable or unwilling to upgrade their facilities to compete with railways , used political power to try to stop them . The railways responded by purchasing about a fourth of the canal system , in part to get the right of way , and in part to buy off critics . Once a charter was obtained , there was little government regulation , as laissez - faire and private ownership had become accepted practices . The different lines typically had exclusive territory , but given the compact size of Britain , this meant that multiple competing lines could provide service between major cities . George Hudson ( 1800 - 1871 ) became the `` railway king '' of Britain . He merged various independent lines and set up a `` Clearing House '' in 1842 which rationalized interconnections by establishing uniform paperwork and standard methods for transferring passengers and freight between lines , and rates when one system used freight cars owned by another . By 1850 , rates had fallen to a penny a ton mile for coal , at speeds of up to fifty miles an hour . Britain now had had the model for the world in a well integrated , well - engineered system that allowed fast , cheap movement of freight and people , and which could be replicated in other major nations . Frith 's depiction of Paddington railway station in London . The railways directly or indirectly employed tens of thousands of engineers , mechanics , repairmen and technicians , as well as statisticians and financial planners . They developed new and more efficient and less expensive techniques . Most important , they created a mindset of how technology could be used in many different forms of business . Railways had a major impact on industrialization . By lowering transportation costs , they reduced costs for all industries moving supplies and finished goods , and they increased demand for the production of all the inputs needed for the railroad system itself . By 1880 , there were 13,500 locomotives which each carried 97,800 passengers a year , or 31,500 tons of freight . India provides an example of the London - based financiers pouring money and expertise into a very well built system designed for military reasons ( after the Mutiny of 1857 ) , and with the hope that it would stimulate industry . The system was overbuilt and much too elaborate and expensive for the small amount of freight traffic it carried . However , it did capture the imagination of the Indians , who saw their railways as the symbol of an industrial modernity -- but one that was not realized until a century or so later . Health and medicine Joseph Thomas Clover demonstrating the Chloroform apparatus he invented in 1862 Medicine progressed during Queen Victoria 's reign . Although nitrous oxide , or laughing gas , had been proposed as an anaesthetic as far back as 1799 by Humphry Davy , it was n't until 1846 when an American dentist named William Morton started using ether on his patients that anaesthetics became common in the medical profession . In 1847 chloroform was introduced as an anaesthetic by James Young Simpson . Chloroform was favoured by doctors and hospital staff because it is much less flammable than ether , but critics complained that it could cause the patient to have a heart attack . Chloroform gained in popularity in England and Germany after John Snow gave Queen Victoria chloroform for the birth of her eighth child ( Prince Leopold ) . By 1920 , chloroform was used in 80 to 95 % of all narcoses performed in the UK and German - speaking countries . Anaesthetics made painless dentistry possible . At the same time sugar consumption in the British diet increased , greatly increasing instances of tooth decay . As a result , more and more people were having teeth extracted and needing dentures . This gave rise to `` Waterloo Teeth '' , which were real human teeth set into hand - carved pieces of ivory from hippopotamus or walrus jaws . The teeth were obtained from executed criminals , victims of battlefields , from grave - robbers , and were even bought directly from the desperately impoverished . Medicine also benefited from the introduction of antiseptics by Joseph Lister in 1867 in the form of carbolic acid ( phenol ) . He instructed the hospital staff to wear gloves and wash their hands , instruments , and dressings with a phenol solution and in 1869 , he invented a machine that would spray carbolic acid in the operating theatre during surgery . 1880 London magazine ad links prosperity to temperance . Population The Victorian era was a time of unprecedented population growth in Britain . The population rose from 13.9 million in 1831 to 32.5 million in 1901 . Two major contributary factors were fertility rates and mortality rates . Britain was the first country to undergo the Demographic transition and the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions . The Louth - London Royal Mail travelling by train from Peterborough East , 1845 Britain had the lead in rapid economic and population growth . At the time , Thomas Malthus believed this lack of growth outside Britain was due to the ' Malthusian trap ' . That is , the tendency of a population to expand geometrically while resources grew more slowly , reaching a crisis ( such as famine , war , or epidemic ) which would reduce the population to a sustainable size . Britain escaped the ' Malthusian trap ' because the Industrial Revolution had a positive impact on living standards . People had more money and could improve their standards ; therefore , a population increase was sustainable . Fertility rates In the Victorian era , fertility rates increased in every decade until 1901 , when the rates started evening out . There were several reasons for this . One is biological : with improving living standards , a higher proportion of women were biologically able to have children . Another possible explanation is social . In the 19th century , the marriage rate increased , and people were getting married at a very young age until the end of the century , when the average age of marriage started to increase again slowly . The reasons why people got married younger and more frequently are uncertain . One theory is that greater prosperity allowed people to finance marriage and new households earlier than previously possible . With more births within marriage , it seems inevitable that marriage rates and birth rates would rise together . Birth rates were originally measured by the ' Crude birth rate ' -- births per year divided by total population . This is indeed a crude measure , as key groups and their fertility rates are not clear . It is likely to be affected mainly by changes in the age distribution of the population . The Net Reproduction Rate was then introduced as an alternative measure : it measures the average fertility rate of women of child - bearing ages . The evening out of fertility rates at the beginning of the 20th century was mainly the result of a few big changes : availability of forms of birth control , and changes in people 's attitude towards sex . Mortality rates The mortality rates in England changed greatly through the 19th century . There was no catastrophic epidemic or famine in England or Scotland in the 19th century -- it was the first century in which a major epidemic did not occur throughout the whole country , and deaths per 1000 of population per year in England and Wales fell from 21.9 from 1848 -- 54 to 17 in 1901 ( cf , for instance , 5.4 in 1971 ) . Social class had a significant effect on mortality rates : the upper classes had a lower rate of premature death early in the 19th century than poorer classes did . Environmental and health standards rose throughout the Victorian era ; improvements in nutrition may also have played a role , although the importance of this is debated . Sewage works were improved , as was the quality of drinking water . With a healthier environment , diseases were caught less easily and did not spread as much . Technology improved because the population had more money to spend on medical technology ( for example , techniques to prevent death in childbirth , so that more women and children survived ) , which also led to a greater number of cures for diseases . However , there was a cholera epidemic in London in 1848 -- 49 , which killed 14,137 people , and another in 1853 killing 10,738 . Reformers rushed to complete a modern London sewerage system . Tuberculosis ( spread in congested dwellings ) , lung diseases from the mines and typhoid remained common . High Culture See also : Victorian literature , Victorian architecture , Victorian decorative arts , and Victorian fashion A picture of Leadenhall Street , London , c. 1837 The Poultry Cross , Salisbury , painted by Louise Rayner , c. 1870 Gothic Revival architecture became increasingly significant during the period , leading to the Battle of the Styles between Gothic and Classical ideals . Charles Barry 's architecture for the new Palace of Westminster , which had been badly damaged in an 1834 fire , was built in the medieval style of Westminster Hall , the surviving part of the building . It constructed a narrative of cultural continuity , set in opposition to the violent disjunctions of Revolutionary France , a comparison common to the period , as expressed in Thomas Carlyle 's The French Revolution : A History and Charles Dickens ' Great Expectations and A Tale of Two Cities . Gothic was also supported by critic John Ruskin , who argued that it epitomised communal and inclusive social values , as opposed to Classicism , which he considered to epitomise mechanical standardisation . The middle of the 19th century saw The Great Exhibition of 1851 , the first World 's Fair , which showcased the greatest innovations of the century . At its centre was the Crystal Palace , a modular glass and iron structure -- the first of its kind . It was condemned by Ruskin as the very model of mechanical dehumanisation in design but later came to be presented as the prototype of Modern architecture . The emergence of photography , showcased at the Great Exhibition , resulted in significant changes in Victorian art with Queen Victoria being the first British monarch to be photographed . John Everett Millais was influenced by photography ( notably in his portrait of Ruskin ) as were other Pre-Raphaelite artists . It later became associated with the Impressionistic and Social Realist techniques that would dominate the later years of the period in the work of artists such as Walter Sickert and Frank Holl . The long - term effect of the reform movements was to tightly link the nonconformist element with the Liberal party . The dissenters gave significant support to moralistic issues , such as temperance and sabbath enforcement . The nonconformist conscience , as it was called , was repeatedly called upon by Gladstone for support for his moralistic foreign policy . In election after election , Protestant ministers rallied their congregations to the Liberal ticket . In Scotland , the Presbyterians played a similar role to the Nonconformist Methodists , Baptists and other groups in England and Wales The political strength of Dissent faded sharply after 1920 with the secularization of British society in the 20th century . The middle - class The rise of the middle class during the era had a formative effect on its character ; the historian Walter E. Houghton reflects that `` once the middle class attained political as well as financial eminence , their social influence became decisive . The Victorian frame of mind is largely composed of their characteristic modes of thought and feeling '' . Industrialisation brought with it a rapidly growing middle class whose increase in numbers had a significant effect on the social strata itself : cultural norms , lifestyle , values and morality . Identifiable characteristics came to define the middle class home and lifestyle . Previously , in town and city , residential space was adjacent to or incorporated into the work site , virtually occupying the same geographical space . The difference between private life and commerce was a fluid one distinguished by an informal demarcation of function . In the Victorian era , English family life increasingly became compartmentalised , the home a self - contained structure housing a nuclear family extended according to need and circumstance to include blood relations . The concept of `` privacy '' became a hallmark of the middle - class life . The English home closed up and darkened over the decade ( 1850s ) , the cult of domesticity matched by a cult of privacy . Bourgeois existence was a world of interior space , heavily curtained off and wary of intrusion , and opened only by invitation for viewing on occasions such as parties or teas . `` The essential , unknowability of each individual , and society 's collaboration in the maintenance of a façade behind which lurked innumerable mysteries , were the themes which preoccupied many mid-century novelists . '' -- Kate Summerscale quoting historian Anthony S. Wohl Journalism Main article : History of journalism in the United Kingdom A wounded British officer reading The Times 's report of the end of the Crimean War There were four major factors that radically transformed newspapers in 19th century Britain . First , by the 1830s the government had ended very high taxes and lifted severe legal restraints . Second , new machines , especially the rotary press , allowed the printing of tens of thousands of copies a day at a low cost . Third , the newspapers reached out to new readers in multiple ways , including features , illustrations , and advertisements that enlarged the audience . Finally , the franchise was expanded from one or two percent of the men to a majority , and newspapers became the primary means of political education . In 1817 Thomas Barnes became general editor of The Times ; he was a political radical , a sharp critic of parliamentary hypocrisy and a champion of freedom of the press . Under Barnes and his successor in 1841 , John Thadeus Delane , the influence of The Times rose to great heights , especially in politics and in the financial district ( the City of London ) . It spoke of reform . The Times originated the practice of sending war correspondents to cover particular conflicts . W.H. Russell wrote immensely influential dispatches on the Crimean War of 1853 - 1856 ; for the first time , the public could read about the reality of warfare . Russell wrote one dispatch that highlighted the surgeons ' `` inhumane barbarity '' and the lack of ambulance care for wounded troops . Shocked and outraged , the public reacted in a backlash that led to major reforms especially in the provision of nursing , led by Florence Nightingale . The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by a group of non-conformist businessmen . Its most famous editor , Charles Prestwich Scott , made the Guardian into a world - famous newspaper in the 1890s . The Daily Telegraph in 1856 became the first penny newspaper in London . It was funded by advertising revenue based on a large audience . Leisure Ramsgate beach in 1899 Opportunities for leisure activities increased dramatically as real wages continued to grow and hours of work continued to decline . In urban areas , the nine - hour workday became increasingly the norm ; the 1874 Factory Act limited the workweek to 56.5 hours , encouraging the movement toward an eventual eight - hour workday . Furthermore , a system of routine annual vacations came into play , starting with white - collar workers and moving into the working - class . Some 200 seaside resorts emerged thanks to cheap hotels and inexpensive railway fares , widespread banking holidays and the fading of many religious prohibitions against secular activities on Sundays . By the late Victorian era , the leisure industry had emerged in all cities . It provided scheduled entertainment of suitable length at convenient locales at inexpensive prices . These included sporting events , music halls , and popular theater . By 1880 football was no longer the preserve of the social elite , as it attracted large working - class audiences . Average gate attendance was 5000 in 1905 , rising to 23,000 in 1913 . That amounted to 6 million paying customers with a weekly turnover of £ 400,000 . Sports by 1900 generated some three percent of the total gross national product . Professional sports were the norm , although some new activities reached an upscale amateur audience , such as lawn tennis and golf . Women were now allowed in some sports , such as archery , tennis , badminton and gymnastics . Housing The very rapid growth in population in the 19th century in the cities included the new industrial and manufacturing cities , as well as service centers such as Edinburgh and London . The critical factor was financing , which was handled by building societies that dealt directly with large contracting firms . Private renting from housing landlords was the dominant tenure . P. Kemp says this was usually of advantage to tenants . People moved in so rapidly that there was not enough capital to build adequate housing for everyone , so low income newcomers squeezed into increasingly overcrowded slums . Clean water , sanitation , and public health facilities were inadequate ; the death rate was high , especially infant mortality , and tuberculosis among young adults . Cholera from polluted water and typhoid were endemic . Unlike rural areas , there were no famines such as the one which devastated Ireland in the 1840s . Poverty Part of Charles Booth 's poverty map showing the Old Nichol , a slum in the East End of London . Published 1889 in Life and Labour of the People in London . The red areas are `` middle class , well - to - do '' , light blue areas are `` poor , 18s to 21s a week for a moderate family '' , dark blue areas are `` very poor , casual , chronic want '' , and black areas are the `` lowest class ... occasional labourers , street sellers , loafers , criminals and semi-criminals '' . Working class life in Victorian Wetherby , West Yorkshire 19th century Britain saw a huge population increase accompanied by rapid urbanisation stimulated by the Industrial Revolution . Wage rates improved steadily ; real wages ( after taking inflation into account ) were 65 percent higher in 1901 , compared to 1871 . Much of the money was saved , as the number of depositors in savings banks rose from 430,000 in 1831 , to 5.2 million in 1887 , and their deposits from £ 14 million to over £ 90 million . People flooded into industrial areas and commercial cities faster than housing could be built , resulting in overcrowding and lagging sanitation facilities such as fresh water and sewage . These problems were magnified in London , where the population grew at record rates . Large houses were turned into flats and tenements , and as landlords failed to maintain these dwellings , slum housing developed . Kellow Chesney described the situation as follows : `` Hideous slums , some of them acres wide , some no more than crannies of obscure misery , make up a substantial part of the metropolis ... In big , once handsome houses , thirty or more people of all ages may inhabit a single room . '' Significant changes happened in the British Poor Law system in England and Wales , Scotland , and Ireland . These included a large expansion in workhouses ( or poorhouses in Scotland ) , although with changing populations during the era . Child Labour Girl pulling a coal tub in mine . From official report of the parliamentary commission in the mid 19th century . The early Victorian era before the reforms of the 1840s became notorious for the employment of young children in factories and mines and as chimney sweeps . Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset : novelist Charles Dickens , for example , worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory , with his family in a debtors ' prison . Reformers wanted the children in school : in 1840 only about 20 percent of the children in London had any schooling . By 1860 about half of the children between 5 and 15 were in school ( including Sunday school ) . The children of the poor were expected to help towards the family budget , often working long hours in dangerous jobs for low wages . Agile boys were employed by the chimney sweeps ; small children were employed to scramble under machinery to retrieve cotton bobbins ; and children were also employed to work in coal mines , crawling through tunnels too narrow and low for adults . Children also worked as errand boys , crossing sweepers , shoe blacks , or sold matches , flowers , and other cheap goods . Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades , such as building , or as domestic servants ( there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid 19th century ) . Working hours were long : builders might work 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter , while domestic servants were theoretically on duty 80 - hours a week . `` Mother bides at home , she is troubled with bad breath , and is sair weak in her body from early labour . I am wrought with sister and brother , it is very sore work ; can not say how many rakes or journeys I make from pit 's bottom to wall face and back , thinks about 30 or 25 on the average ; the distance varies from 100 to 250 fathom . I carry about 1 cwt. and a quarter on my back ; have to stoop much and creep through water , which is frequently up to the calves of my legs . '' ( Isabella Read , 12 years old , coal - bearer , testimony gathered by Ashley 's Mines Commission 1842 ) As early as 1802 and 1819 , Factory Acts were passed to limit the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day . These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation , by for example the `` Short Time Committees '' in 1831 , a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11 -- 18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day , children aged 9 -- 11 a maximum of eight hours , and children under the age of nine should no longer be permitted to work . This act , however , only applied to the textile industry , and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10 - hour working days . Morality See also : Victorian morality and Women in the Victorian era The Victorian era is famous for the Victorian standards of personal morality . Historians generally agree that the middle classes held high personal moral standards ( and usually followed them ) , but have debated whether the working classes followed suit . Moralists in the late 19th century such as Henry Mayhew decried the slums for their supposed high levels of cohabitation without marriage and illegitimate births . However new research using computerized matching of data files shows that the rates of cohabitation were quite low -- under 5 % -- for the working class and the poor . By contrast in 21st century Britain , nearly half of all children are born outside marriage , and nine in ten newlyweds have been cohabitating . Prostitution A victim of Jack the Ripper Prostitution had been a factor in city life for centuries . The reformers started mobilizing in the late 1840s , major news organisations , clergymen , and single women became increasingly concerned about prostitution , which came to be known as `` The Great Social Evil '' . Estimates of the number of prostitutes in London in the 1850s vary widely ( in his landmark study , Prostitution , William Acton reported that the police estimated there were 8,600 in London alone in 1857 ) . While the Magdalene Asylums had been reforming prostitutes since the mid-18th century , the years between 1848 and 1870 saw a veritable explosion in the number of institutions working to `` reclaim '' these `` fallen women '' from the streets and retrain them for entry into respectable society -- usually for work as domestic servants . The theme of prostitution and the `` fallen woman '' ( any woman who has had sexual intercourse out of marriage ) became a staple feature of mid-Victorian literature and politics . In the writings of Henry Mayhew , Charles Booth , Charles Dickens and others , prostitution began to be seen as a social problem . When Parliament passed the first of the Contagious Diseases Acts in 1864 ( which allowed the local constabulary to force any woman suspected of venereal disease to submit to its inspection ) , Josephine Butler 's crusade to repeal the CD Acts yoked the anti-prostitution cause with the emergent feminist movement . Butler attacked the long - established double standard of sexual morality . Prostitutes were often presented as victims in sentimental literature such as Thomas Hood 's poem The Bridge of Sighs , Elizabeth Gaskell 's novel Mary Barton , and Dickens ' novel Oliver Twist . The emphasis on the purity of women found in such works as Coventry Patmore 's The Angel in the House led to the portrayal of the prostitute and fallen woman as soiled , corrupted , and in need of cleansing . This emphasis on female purity was allied to the stress on the homemaking role of women , who helped to create a space free from the pollution and corruption of the city . In this respect , the prostitute came to have symbolic significance as the embodiment of the violation of that divide . The double standard remained in force . Divorce legislation introduced in 1857 allowed for a man to divorce his wife for adultery , but a woman could only divorce if adultery were accompanied by cruelty . The anonymity of the city led to a large increase in prostitution and unsanctioned sexual relationships . Dickens and other writers associated prostitution with the mechanisation and industrialisation of modern life , portraying prostitutes as human commodities consumed and thrown away like refuse when they were used up . Moral reform movements attempted to close down brothels , something that has sometimes been argued to have been a factor in the concentration of street - prostitution . Events 1832 Passage of the first Reform Act . The 1843 launch of the Great Britain , the revolutionary ship of Isambard Kingdom Brunel 1837 Ascension of Queen Victoria to the throne . 1838 Treaty of Balta Liman ( Great Britain trade alliance with the Ottoman Empire ) 1839 First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) fought between Britain and China . 1840 Queen Victoria marries Prince Albert of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfield . He had been naturalised and granted the British style of Royal Highness beforehand . For the next 17 years , he was known as HRH Prince Albert . 1840 Birth of the Queen 's first child The Princess Victoria . Within months she was granted the title Princess Royal . 1840 New Zealand becomes a British colony , through the Treaty of Waitangi . No longer part of New South Wales First Opium War : British ships approaching Canton in May 1841 1841 Birth of the Queen 's heir - apparent The Prince Albert Edward , Duke of Cornwall ( Duke of Rothesay ) . He was swiftly made Prince of Wales . Sir James Brooke founds the White Rajah dynasty of Sarawak . The last stand of the survivors of Her Majesty 's 44th Foot at Gandamak , Afghanistan 1842 Treaty of Nanking . The Massacre of Elphinstone 's Army by the Afghans in Afghanistan results in the death or incarceration of 16,500 soldiers and civilians . The Mines Act of 1842 banned women / children from working in coal , iron , lead and tin mining . The Illustrated London News was first published . 1843 Birth of The Princess Alice 1844 Birth of The Prince Alfred 1845 The Irish famine begins . Within 5 years it would become the UK 's worst human disaster , with starvation and emigration reducing the population of Ireland itself by over 50 % . The famine permanently changed Ireland 's and Scotland 's demographics and became a rallying point for nationalist sentiment that pervaded British politics for much of the following century . 1846 Repeal of the Corn Laws . 1846 Birth of The Princess Helena 1848 Death of around 2,000 people a week in a cholera epidemic . 1848 Birth of The Princess Louise The last of the mail coaches at Newcastle upon Tyne , 1848 1850 Restoration of the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England and Wales . ( Scotland did not follow until 1878 . ) 1850 Birth of The Prince Arthur 1851 The Great Exhibition ( the first World 's Fair ) is held at the Crystal Palace , with great success and international attention . The Victorian gold rush . In ten years the Australian population nearly tripled . The Great Exhibition in London . The United Kingdom was the first country in the world to industrialise . 1853 Birth of The Prince Leopold 1854 Crimean War : The United Kingdom declares war on Russia . 1857 The Indian Mutiny , a widespread revolt in India against the rule of the British East India Company , is sparked by sepoys ( native Indian soldiers ) in the Company 's army . The rebellion , involving not just sepoys but many sectors of the Indian population as well , is largely quashed within a year . In response to the mutiny , the East India Company is abolished in August 1858 and India comes under the direct rule of the British crown , beginning the period of the British Raj . Prince Albert is given the title The Prince Consort 1857 Birth of The Princess Beatrice 1858 The Prime Minister , Lord Palmerston , responds to the Orsini plot against French emperor Napoleon III , the bombs for which were purchased in Birmingham , by attempting to make such acts a felony ; the resulting uproar forces him to resign . 1859 Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species , which leads to various reactions . Victoria and Albert 's first grandchild , Prince Wilhelm of Prussia , is born -- he later became William II , German Emperor . John Stuart Mill publishes On Liberty , a defence of the famous harm principle . Governor - General of India Lord Canning meets Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir , 1860 1861 Death of Prince Albert ; Queen Victoria refuses to go out in public for many years , and when she did she wore a widow 's bonnet instead of the crown . 1863 The Prince of Wales marries Princess Alexandra of Denmark at Windsor . 1865 Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland is published . 1866 An angry crowd in London , protesting against John Russell 's resignation as Prime Minister , is barred from Hyde Park by the police ; they tear down iron railings and trample on flower beds . Disturbances like this convince Derby and Disraeli of the need for further parliamentary reform . 1867 The Constitution Act , 1867 passes and British North America becomes Dominion of Canada . The defence of Rorke 's Drift during the Anglo - Zulu War of 1879 1875 Britain purchased Egypt 's shares in the Suez Canal as the African nation was forced to raise money to pay off its debts . 1876 Scottish - born inventor Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone . 1877 The Princess Alice becomes Grand Duchess of Hesse when her husband succeeds as Louis IV , Grand Duke of Hesse 1878 Treaty of Berlin ( 1878 ) . Cyprus becomes a Crown colony . The Princess Alice dies . Princess Louise 's husband The Marquis of Lorne is appointed Governor - General of Canada . First incandescent light bulb by Joseph Wilson Swan . 1879 The Battle of Isandlwana is the first major encounter in the Anglo - Zulu War . Victoria and Albert 's first great - grandchild , Princess Feodora of Saxe - Meiningen , is born . Following the Fourth Anglo - Ashanti War in 1896 , the British proclaimed a protectorate over the Ashanti Kingdom . 1881 The British suffer defeat at the Battle of Majuba Hill , leading to the signing of a peace treaty and later the Pretoria Convention , between the British and the reinstated South African Republic , ending the First Boer War . Sometimes claimed to mark the beginning of the decline of the British Empire . 1882 British troops begin the occupation of Egypt by taking the Suez Canal , to secure the vital trade route and passage to India , and the country becomes a protectorate . 1883 Princess Louise and Lord Lorne return from Canada 1884 The Fabian Society is founded in London by a group of middle class intellectuals , including Quaker Edward R. Pease , Havelock Ellis , and E. Nesbit , to promote socialism . Prince Leopold , Duke of Albany dies . 1885 Blackpool Electric Tramway Company starts the first electric tram service in the United Kingdom . 1886 Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone and the Liberal Party tries passing the First Irish Home Rule Bill , but the House of Commons rejects it . Daimler Wagonette , Ireland , c. 1899 1888 The serial killer known as Jack the Ripper murders and mutilates five ( and possibly more ) prostitutes on the streets of London . Victoria 's eldest daughter , the Princess Royal , becomes German Empress when her husband succeeds as Frederick III , German Emperor . Within months , Frederick dies , and their son becomes William II , German Emperor . The widowed Vicky becomes the Dowager Empress as is known as `` Empress Frederick '' . 1889 Emily Williamson founds the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds British and Australian officers in South Africa during the Second Boer War 1870 -- 1891 Under the Elementary Education Act 1870 , basic State Education becomes free for every child under the age of 10 . 1891 Victoria and Albert 's last grandchild , Prince Maurice of Battenberg , is born . 1892 The Prince of Wales ' eldest son Prince Albert Victor , Duke of Clarence dies of influenza . Workmen leaving Platt 's Works , Oldham , 1900 1893 The Prince Alfred , Duke of Edinburgh succeeds as Duke of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha when his uncle dies . The Duchy skips over The Prince of Wales due to his renunciation of his succession rights to that Duchy . 1898 British and Egyptian troops led by Horatio Kitchener defeat the Mahdist forces at the battle of Omdurman , thus establishing British dominance in the Sudan . Winston Churchill takes part in the British cavalry charge at Omdurman . 1899 The Second Boer War is fought between the British Empire and the two independent Boer republics . The Boers finally surrendered and the British annexed the Boer republics . 1900 Alfred , Duke of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha dies . His nephew Prince Charles Edward , Duke of Albany succeeds him , because his brother Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and nephew Prince Arthur of Connaught had renounced their rights . 1901 The death of Victoria sees the end of this era . The ascension of her eldest son , Edward , begins the Edwardian era ; albeit considerably shorter , this was another time of great change . See also Victorian era portal United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland covers politics and diplomacy Historiography of the United Kingdom Historiography of the British Empire International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Imperialism Pax Britannica Victorian decorative arts Victorian fashion Victorian morality Victorian literature Neo-Victorian Social history of England Victorian America Women in the Victorian era Victoriana Horror Victorianorum Victorian cemeteries Gilded Age , in the United States Belle Époque , in France Citations Jump up ^ John Wolffe ( 1997 ) . Religion in Victorian Britain : Culture and empire . Volume V. Manchester University Press . pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Nicholas ( 2010 ) . `` From Georgian to Victorian '' . History Review . 2010 ( 68 ) : 34 -- 38 . Jump up ^ The UK and future , statistics.gov.uk Jump up ^ `` Ireland -- Population Summary '' . Homepage.tinet.ie . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Exiles and Emigrants . National Museum of Australia ^ Jump up to : Plunkett , John ; et al. , eds. ( 2012 ) . Victorian Literature : A Sourcebook . Houndmills , Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 2 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Hewitt , Martin ( Spring 2006 ) . `` Why the Notion of Victorian Britain Does Make Sense '' . Victorian Studies . 48 ( 3 ) : 395 -- 438 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swisher , ed. , Victorian England , pp. 248 - 50 . Jump up ^ Kinealy , Christine ( 1994 ) , This Great Calamity , Gill & Macmillan , p. xv Jump up ^ Lusztig , Michael ( July 1995 ) . `` Solving Peel 's Puzzle : Repeal of the Corn Laws and Institutional Preservation '' . Comparative Politics . 27 ( 4 ) : 393 -- 408 . doi : 10.2307 / 422226 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Taylor , A.J.P. ( 1954 ) . The Struggle for Mastery in Europe : 1848 -- 1918 . pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Jill C. Bender , The 1857 Indian Uprising and the British Empire ( 2016 ) , 205pp . Jump up ^ Dijkink , Gertjan ; Knippenberg , Hans ( 2001 ) . The Territorial Factor : Political Geography in a Globalising World . Amsterdam University Press . p. 226 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5629 - 188 - 4 . Jump up ^ John Ramsden ( ed . ) , The Oxford Companion to Twentieth - Century British Politics ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2005 ) , p. 474 . Jump up ^ D.W. Bebbington , The Nonconformist Conscience . Chapel and Politics , 1870 -- 1914 ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Sally Mitchell , Victorian Britain An Encyclopedia ( 2011 ) , p 547 Jump up ^ Michael R. Watts ( 2015 ) . The Dissenters : The crisis and conscience of nonconformity . Clarendon Press . p. 105 . Jump up ^ Timothy Larsen , `` A Nonconformist Conscience ? Free Churchmen in Parliament in Nineteenth ‐ Century England . '' Parliamentary History 24 # 1 ( 2005 ) : 107 - 119 . Jump up ^ Richard Helmstadter , `` The Nonconformist Conscience '' in Peter Marsh , ed. , The Conscience of the Victorian State ( 1979 ) pp 135 - 72 . Jump up ^ John F. Glaser , `` English Nonconformity and the Decline of Liberalism . '' American Historical Review 63.2 ( 1958 ) : 352 - 363 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ G.I.T. Machin , `` Resistance to Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts , 1828 . '' Historical Journal 22 # 1 ( 1979 ) : 115 - 139 . Jump up ^ Richard W. Davis , `` The Strategy of ' Dissent ' in the Repeal Campaign , 1820 - 1828 . '' Journal of Modern History 38.4 ( 1966 ) : 374 - 393 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Olive Anderson , `` Gladstone 's Abolition of Compulsory Church Rates : a Minor Political Myth and its Historiographical Career . '' Journal of Ecclesiastical History 25 # 2 ( 1974 ) : 185 - 198 . Jump up ^ G.I.T. Machin , `` Gladstone and Nonconformity in the 1860s : The Formation of an Alliance ' . '' Historical Journal 17 ( 1974 ) : 347 - 64 . Jump up ^ Jacob P. Ellens , Religious Routes to Gladstonian Liberalism : The Church Rate Conflict in England and Wales 1852 - 1868 ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Richard Helmstadter , `` The Nonconformist Conscience '' in Peter Marsh , ed. , The Conscience of the Victorian State ( 1979 ) pp 144 - 47 . Jump up ^ Helmstadter , `` The Nonconformist Conscience '' p 147 . Jump up ^ Edward C. Mack , Public Schools and British Opinion since 1860 ( 1941 ) online . Jump up ^ John , Juliet , ed. ( 2016 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Victorian Literary Culture . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Peter Bailey , Leisure and class in Victorian England : Rational recreation and the contest for control , 1830 - 1885 ( Routledge , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Hazel Conway , People 's parks : the design and development of Victorian parks in Britain ( Cambridge University Press , 1991 ) Jump up ^ Brenda Assael , The circus and Victorian society ( U of Virginia Press , 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : `` 19th century Circus Peep behind the scenes '' . Fairsarefun.net. 6 January 1990 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Alison Winter , Mesmerized : powers of mind in Victorian Britain ( U of Chicago Press , 2000 ) Jump up ^ Lynn L. Merrill , The romance of Victorian natural history ( Oxford University Press , 1989 ) Jump up ^ Simon Naylor , `` The field , the museum and the lecture hall : the spaces of natural history in Victorian Cornwall . '' Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers ( 2002 ) 27 # 4 pp : 494 - 513 . online Jump up ^ John K. Walton , The English seaside resort . A social history 1750 - 1914 ( Leicester University Press , 1983 ) Jump up ^ William J. Baker , `` The state of British sport history . '' Journal of Sport History 10.1 ( 1983 ) : 53 - 66 . online Jump up ^ Joe Maguire , `` Images of manliness and competing ways of living in late Victorian and Edwardian Britain . '' International Journal of the History of Sport 3.3 ( 1986 ) : 265 - 287 . Jump up ^ Keith Sandiford , Cricket and the Victorians ( Routledge Press , 1994 ) . Jump up ^ `` Victorian Games & Sports , Tennis , Cricket , Football , Croquet , Cycling '' in Victorian-Era.org Online Jump up ^ Houghton , The Victorian Frame of Mind , p. 5 Jump up ^ Bernard Porter , Britannia 's Burden : The Political Evolution of Modern Britain 1851 -- 1890 ( 1994 ) ch 3 Jump up ^ F.M.L. Thompson , Rise of Respectable Society : A Social History of Victorian Britain , 1830 -- 1900 ( 1988 ) pP 211 -- 14 Jump up ^ Porter , ch 1 -- 3 ; K Theodore Hoppen , The Mid-Victorian Generation : 1846 -- 1886 ( 1998 ) , ch 1 to 3 , 9 -- 11 Jump up ^ Llewellyn Woodward , The Age of Reform , 1815 -- 1870 ( 2nd ed. 1962 ) p 629 Jump up ^ Lionel Thomas Caswell Rolt , Victorian engineering ( Penguin , 1974 ) . Jump up ^ Herbert L. Sussman , Victorian technology : invention , innovation , and the rise of the machine ( ABC - CLIO , 2009 ) Jump up ^ John R. Kellett , The impact of railways on Victorian cities ( Routledge , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Tom Standage , The Victorian Internet : The remarkable story of the telegraph and the nineteenth century 's online pioneers ( Weidenfeld & Nicolson , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Anthony S. Wohl , Endangered lives : public health in Victorian Britain ( JM Dent and Sons , 1983 ) Jump up ^ Jack Simmons and Gordon Biddle , eds. , The Oxford Companion to British Railway History : From 1603 to the 1990s ( 2nd ed. 1999 ) Jump up ^ L.T.C. Rolt , George & Robert Stephenson : The Railway Revolution ( 1960 ) . Jump up ^ For example see John H. Jensen and Gerhard Rosegger . `` British Railway Builders along the Lower Danube , 1856 - 1869 . '' Slavonic and East European Review 46 # 106 ( 1968 ) : 105 - 128 ; H.R. Stones , British railways in Argentina 1860 - 1948 ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Charles Walker , Thomas Brassey : railway builder ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Mark Casson , The World 's First Railway System : Enterprise , Competition , and Regulation on the Railway Network in Victorian Britain ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ R. S Joby , The Railway Builders : Lives and Works of the Victorian Railway Contractors ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Ian J. Kerr , Building the Railways of the Raj , 1850 - 1900 ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ `` Dr William Green Morton ( 1819 -- 68 ) '' . General-anaesthesia.com . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of chloroform anaesthesia '' . General-anaesthesia.com . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Ralph R. Frerichs . `` Anesthesia and Queen Victoria '' . Ph.ucla.edu . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` h2g2 -- Waterloo Teeth : A History of Dentures '' . BBC . 24 August 2005 . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Waterloo Teeth '' . Historyhome.co.uk . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joseph Lister '' . Web.ukonline.co.uk. 10 February 1912 . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Malthus , An Essay on the Principle of Population : Library of Economics '' Jump up ^ Simon Szreter , Fertility , class and gender in Britain , 1860 - 1940 ( Cambridge University Press , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Bradlaw and Besant published ' Fruits of Philosophy ' , which is a publication about birth control . ^ Jump up to : Szreter , Simon ( 1988 ) . `` The importance of social intervention in Britain 's mortality decline c. 1850 -- 1914 : A re-interpretation of the role of public health '' . Social History of Medicine . 1 : 1 -- 37 . doi : 10.1093 / shm / 1.1. 1 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Robert W. Fogel , The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death , 1700 -- 2100 : Europe , America , and the Third World ( Cambridge Studies in Population , Economy and Society in Past Time ) ( 2004 ) p 40 Jump up ^ Peter Vinten - Johansen et al. Cholera , Chloroform , and the Science of Medicine : A Life of John Snow ( 2003 ) p. 355 Jump up ^ D.W. Bebbington , The Nonconformist Conscience : Chapel and Politics , 1870 - 1914 ( George Allen & Unwin , 1982 ) Jump up ^ David L. Wykes , `` Introduction : Parliament and Dissent from the Restoration to the Twentieth Century , '' Parliamentary History ( 2005 ) 24 # 1 pp 1 - 26 Jump up ^ Houghton , The Victorian Frame of Mind , p. 1 Jump up ^ Wohl , Anthony S. ( 1978 ) . The Victorian family : structure and stresses . London : Croom Helm . ISBN 9780856644382 . Cited in : Summerscale , Kate ( 2008 ) . The suspicions of Mr. Whicher or the murder at Road Hill House . London : Bloomsbury . pp. 109 -- 110 . ISBN 9780747596486 . ( novel ) Jump up ^ Andrew Marr , My trade : a short history of British journalism ( 2004 ) p. 13 Jump up ^ Reginald Watters , `` Thomas Barnes and ' The Times ' 1817 - 1841 , '' History Today ( 1979 ) 29 # 9 pp 561 - 68 Jump up ^ Trowbridge H. Ford , `` Political Coverage in ' The Times , ' 1811 - 41 : The Role of Barnes and Brougham , '' Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research ( 1986 ) 59 # 139 , pp 91 - 107 . Jump up ^ Alan Hankinson , Man of Wars : William Howard Russell of ' The Times ' ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ G.R. Searle , A New England ? : Peace and War , 1886 - 1918 ( Oxford University Press , 2004 ) , 529 - 70 . Jump up ^ Hugh Cunningham , Time , work and leisure : Life changes in England since 1700 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ John K. Walton , The English seaside resort . A social history 1750 - 1914 ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Searle , A New England ? pp 547 - 53 Jump up ^ H.J. Dyos , `` The speculative builders and developers of Victorian London . '' Victorian Studies 11 ( 1968 ) : 641 - 690 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Christopher Powell , The British building industry since 1800 : An economic history ( Taylor & Francis , 1996 ) . Jump up ^ P. Kemp , `` Housing landlordism in late nineteenth - century Britain . '' Environment and Planning A 14.11 ( 1982 ) : 1437 - 1447 . Jump up ^ H.J. Dyos , `` The Slums of Victorian London . '' Victorian Studies 11.1 ( 1967 ) : 5 - 40 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Anthony S. Wohl , The eternal slum : housing and social policy in Victorian London ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ Martin J. Daunton , House and home in the Victorian city : working class housing , 1850 - 1914 ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ J.A.R. Marriott , Modern England : 1885 - 1945 ( 4th ed. , 1948 ) p 166 . ^ Jump up to : Barbara Daniels , Poverty and Families in the Victorian Era ^ Jump up to : Testimony Gathered by Ashley 's Mines Commission Laura Del Col , West Virginia University Jump up ^ Jane Humphries , Childhood & Child Labour in The British Industrial Revolution ( Cambridge UP , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Del Col , Laura ( 1988 ) . `` The Life of the Industrial Worker in Ninteenth - Century ( sic ) England '' . The Victorian Web . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Child Labor David Cody , Hartwick College Jump up ^ Rebecca Probert , `` Living in Sin , '' BBC History Magazine ( September 2012 ) ; G. Frost , Living in Sin : Cohabiting as Husband and Wife in Nineteenth - Century England ( Manchester U.P. 2008 ) Jump up ^ Judith R. Walkowitz , Prostitution and Victorian society : Women , class , and the state ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Nancy Boyd , Three Victorian Women Who Changed Their World : Josephine Butler , Octavia Hill , Florence Nightingale ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ George Watt , The fallen woman in the nineteenth - century English novel ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Judith R. Walkowitz , `` Male vice and feminist virtue : feminism and the politics of prostitution in nineteenth - century Britain . '' History Workshop ( 1982 ) 13 : 79 -- 93 . in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Swisher , Clarice , ed . Victorian England . San Diego : Greenhaven Press , 2000 . pp. 248 -- 250 Jump up ^ `` Anthony Brooke '' . The Daily Telegraph . 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Vallely , Paul ( 25 April 2006 ) . `` 1841 : A window on Victorian Britain '' . London : Independent.co.uk . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Illustrated London News '' . Iln.org.uk . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ California Gold Rush . Robert Whaples , Wake Forest University . Jump up ^ Farwell , Byron ( 2009 ) . Queen Victoria 's Little Wars . Pen & Sword Books . ISBN 9781848840157 . Jump up ^ `` Is this what Labour 's next Clause four should say ? '' . Fabians.org.uk . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1870 Education Act '' . Retrieved 27 September 2009 . References Hobsbawm , Eric ( 1997 ) . The Age of Capital , 1848 − 1875 . London : Abacus . Houghton , Walter E. ( 1957 ) . The Victorian frame of mind , 1830 - 1870 ( 16 . printing . ed . ) . New Haven : Yale Univ . Press for Wesley College . ISBN 0 - 300 - 00122 - 3 . Clarice Swisher , ed. ( 2000 ) . Victorian England . San Diego : Greenhaven Press . Further reading Adams , James , ed . Encyclopedia of the Victorian Era ( 4 Vol. 2004 ) , short essays on a wide range of topics by experts Altick , Richard Daniel . Victorian People and Ideas : A Companion for the Modern Reader of Victorian Literature . W.W. Norton & Company : 1974 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 09376 - X . Bailey , Peter . Leisure and class in Victorian England : Rational recreation and the contest for control , 1830 - 1885 ( Routledge , 2014 ) . Bourne , Kenneth . The foreign policy of Victorian England , 1830 - 1902 ( Oxford UP , 1970 . ) pp 195 -- 504 are 147 `` Selected documents '' Boyd , Kelly and Rohan McWilliam , eds . The Victorian Studies Reader ( 2007 ) 467pp ; articles and excerpts by scholars excepts and text search Bright , J. Franck . A History Of England . Period 4 : Growth Of Democracy : Victoria 1837 - 1880 ( 1902 ) online 608pp ; highly detailed political narrative Burton , Antoinette , ed . Politics and Empire in Victorian Britain : A Reader . Palgrave Macmillan : 2001 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 29335 - 6 . Clark , G. Kitson The making of Victorian England ( 1963 ) . Ensor , R.C.K. England , 1870 -- 1914 ( 1936 ) online Flanders , Judith . Inside the Victorian Home : A Portrait of Domestic Life in Victorian England . W.W. Norton & Company : 2004 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05209 - 5 . Harrison , J.F.C. Late Victorian Britain 1875 - 1901 ( Routledge , 2013 ) . Heilmann , Ann , and Mark Llewellyn , eds . Neo-Victorianism : The Victorians in the Twenty - First Century , 1999 -- 2009 ( Palgrave Macmillan ; 2011 ) 323 pages ; looks at recent literary & cinematic , interest in the Victorian era , including magic , sexuality , theme parks , and the postcolonial Hoppen , K. Theodore . The Mid-Victorian Generation 1846 - 1886 ( New Oxford History of England ) ( 2000 ) , comprehensive scholarly history excerpt and text search McCord , Norman and Bill Purdue . British History , 1815 - 1914 ( 2nd ed. 2007 ) , 612 pp online , university textbook Marriott , J.A.R. England Since Waterloo ( 1913 ) online Martin , Howard. Britain in the 19th Century ( Challenging History series , 2000 ) 409pp ; textbook ; emphasizing politics , diplomacy and use of primary sources Mitchell , Sally . Daily Life in Victorian England . Greenwood Press : 1996 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29467 - 4 . Paul , Herbert . History of Modern England , 1904 - 6 ( 5 vols ) vol 2 online 1855 - 1865 Roberts , Clayton and David F. Roberts . A History of England , Volume 2 : 1688 to the present ( 2013 ) university textbook ; 1985 edition online Steinbach , Susie L. Understanding the Victorians : Politics , Culture and Society in Nineteenth - Century Britain ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Walpole , Spencer . A History of England from the Conclusion of the Great War in 1815 ( 6 vol. 1878 - 86 ) , very well written political narrative to 1855 ; online Walpole , Spencer . History of Twenty - Five Years ( 4 vol. 1904 - 1908 ) covers 1856 - 1880 ; online Weiler , Peter . The New Liberalism : Liberal Social Theory in Great Britain , 1889 - 1914 ( Routledge , 2016 ) . Wilson , A.N. The Victorians . Arrow Books : 2002 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 945186 - 7 Woodward , E.L. The Age of Reform : 1815 - 1870 ( 1954 ) comprehensive survey online Historiography Burton , Antoinette . `` Victorian History : Some Experiments with Syllabi . '' Victorian Studies 54.2 ( 2012 ) : 305 - 311 . Elton , G.R. Modern Historians on British History 1485 - 1945 : A Critical Bibliography 1945 - 1969 ( 1969 ) , annotated guide to 1000 history books on every major topic , plus book reviews and major scholarly articles . online Goodlad , Lauren ME . `` ' A Middle Class Cut into Two ' : Historiography and Victorian National Character . '' ELH 67.1 ( 2000 ) : 143 - 178 . Homans , Margaret , and Adrienne Munich , eds . Remaking Queen Victoria ( Cambridge University Press , 1997 ) Kent , Christopher . `` Victorian social history : post-Thompson , post-Foucault , postmodern . '' Victorian Studies ( 1996 ) : 97 - 133 . ( in JSTOR ) Mays , Kelly J. `` Looking backward , looking forward : the Victorians in the rear - view mirror of future history . '' Victorian Studies 53.3 ( 2011 ) : 445 - 456 . Moore , D.C. `` In Search of a New Past : 1820 -- 1870 , '' in Richard Schlatter , ed. , Recent Views on British History : Essays on Historical Writing since 1966 ( Rutgers UP , 1984 ) , pp 255 -- 298 Parry , J.P. `` The State of Victorian Political History . '' Historical Journal ( 1983 ) 26 # 2 pp. 469 - 484 online Sandiford , Keith AP . `` The Victorians at play : Problems in historiographical methodology . '' Journal of Social History ( 1981 ) : 271 - 288 . in JSTOR Stansky , Peter . `` British History : 1870 -- 1914 , '' in Richard Schlatter , ed. , Recent Views on British History : Essays on Historical Writing since 1966 ( Rutgers UP , 1984 ) , pp 299 -- 326 Vernon , James . `` Historians and the Victorian Studies Question . '' Victorian Studies 47.2 ( 2005 ) : 272 - 79 Webb , R.K. Modern England : from the 18th century to the present ( 1968 ) online widely recommended university textbook Primary sources Black , E.C. ed . British politics in the nineteenth century ( 1969 ) online External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Victorian era . Victorians British Library website exploring the Victorian period . Victorians.co.uk Victorian Era History Guide . Great Victorian Lives -- An Era in Obituaries from The Times Mostly-Victorian.com A collection of primary - source documents drawn from Victorian periodicals . The Victorian Dictionary The Victorian Web The Twilight City An exploration of vagrancy and streetwalkers in late Victorian London Victorians British Library history resources about the Victorian era , featuring collection material and text by Liza Picard . Timelines : Sources from history -- British Library interactive Notable Victorian Scientists and Inventors United Kingdom articles History Chronology Formation Georgian era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar Second World War UK since 1945 ( social history ) By topic Economic Empire Maritime Military Geography Administrative Countries of the United Kingdom Crown dependencies Overseas territories City status Towns Former colonies Physical British Isles terminology Great Britain Coastline Geology Northern Ireland Lakes and lochs Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Resources Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Hydraulic frac . Hydroelectricity Marine North Sea oil Solar Wind Food Agriculture Fishing English Scottish Hunting Materials Flora Forestry Mining Politics Constitution Courts Elections Foreign relations History Human rights Intersex LGBT Transgender Judiciary Law Law enforcement Legislation Monarchy monarchs Nationality Parliament House of Commons House of Lords Political parties Government Cabinet list Civil service Departments Prime Minister list Military Royal Navy Army Royal Air Force Weapons of mass destruction Economy Banks Bank of England Budget Economic geography Manufacturing Pound ( currency ) Stock Exchanges ( London Exchange ) Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transport British Rail Society Affordability of housing Crime Demography Drug policy Education Ethnic groups Health care Immigration Innovation Languages Poverty Food banks Prostitution Public holidays Social care Social structure Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Identity Literature Media television Music Religion Sport Symbols Theatre Countries of the United Kingdom England History social timeline Geography Politics Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Northern Ireland History Geography Politics Assembly Executive First Minister and deputy Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Scotland History timeline Geography Politics Parliament Government First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Wales History Geography Welsh Government Politics Assembly First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Outline Index Book Portal GND : 7503447 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victorian_era&oldid=808038036 '' Categories : Victorian era Historical eras History of the United Kingdom by period History of England by period 19th century in England 19th century in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages EngvarB from June 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 14 : 19 . 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what are the beginning and the ending years of the victorian period
[ "\nVictorian era\n\n1837–1901\n\n\n\nQueen Victoria by Bassano (1887)\n\n\n\nPreceded by\nRegency era\n\n\nFollowed by\nEdwardian era\n\n\nMonarch\nVictoria\n\n\nLeader(s)\n\n\n\nLord Melbourne\nSir Robert Peel\nLord John Russell\nLord Derby\nLord Aberdeen\nLord Palmerston\nBenjamin Disraeli\nWilliam Ewart Gladstone\nLord Salisbury\nLord Rosebery\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "1837–1901" ]
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AFL–CIO
AFL -- CIO - wikipedia AFL -- CIO AFL - CIO Full name American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations Founded December 4 , 1955 ; 62 years ago ( 1955 - 12 - 04 ) Members 12,741,859 ( 2014 ) Affiliation ITUC Key people Richard Trumka , president Office location 815 16th Street NW , Washington , D.C. Country United States Website aflcio.org The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations ( AFL - CIO ) is the largest federation of unions in the United States . It is made up of fifty - six national and international unions , together representing more than 12 million active and retired workers . The AFL - CIO engages in substantial political spending and activism , typically in support of Democrats and liberal or progressive policies . The AFL - CIO was formed in 1955 when the AFL and the CIO merged after a long estrangement . Membership in the union peaked in 1979 , when the AFL - CIO had nearly twenty million members . From 1955 until 2005 , the AFL - CIO 's member unions represented nearly all unionized workers in the United States . Several large unions split away from AFL - CIO and formed the rival Change to Win Federation in 2005 , although a number of those unions have since re-affiliated . The largest union currently in the AFL - CIO is the American Federation of State , County and Municipal Employees ( AFSCME ) , with approximately 1.4 million members . Contents 1 Membership 2 Political activities 3 Governance 4 Constituency groups 5 Allied organizations 6 Programs 7 International policy 8 History 8.1 Civil rights 8.1. 1 AFL - CIO opposition to illegal immigration 8.2 New Unity Partnership 8.3 ILWU disaffiliation 8.4 Presidents 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Constitution 11.2 Archives 12 External links Membership ( edit ) Total membership ( US records ; × 1000 ) Finances ( US records ; × $1000 ) Assets Liabilities Receipts Disbursements Main article : List of unions affiliated with the AFL - CIO The AFL - CIO is a federation of international labor unions . As a voluntary federation , the AFL - CIO has little authority over the affairs of its member unions except in extremely limited cases ( such as the ability to expel a member union for corruption and enforce resolution of disagreements over jurisdiction or organizing ) . As of June 2014 , the AFL - CIO had 56 member unions representing 12.5 million members . Political activities ( edit ) The AFL - CIO was a major component of the New Deal Coalition that dominated politics into the mid-1960s . Although it has lost membership , finances , and political clout since 1970 , it remains a major player on the liberal side of national politics , with a great deal of activity in lobbying , grassroots organizing , coordinating with other liberal organizations , fund - raising , and recruiting and supporting candidates around the country . In recent years the AFL - CIO has concentrated its political efforts on lobbying in Washington and the state capitals , and on `` GOTV '' ( get - out - the - vote ) campaigns in major elections . For example , in the 2010 midterm elections , it sent 28.6 million pieces of mail . Members received a `` slate card '' with a list of union endorsements matched to the member 's congressional district , along with a `` personalized '' letter from President Obama emphasizing the importance of voting . In addition , 100,000 volunteers went door - to - door to promote endorsed candidates to 13 million union voters in 32 states . Governance ( edit ) The AFL - CIO is governed by its members , who meet in a quadrennial convention . Each member union elects delegates , based on proportional representation . The AFL - CIO 's state federations , central and local labor councils , constitutional departments , and constituent groups are also entitled to delegates . The delegates elect officers and vice presidents , debate and approve policy , and set dues . Executive council The AFL - CIO has three executive officers : president , secretary - treasurer and executive vice president . Each officer 's term is four years , and elections occur at the quadrennial convention . Current officers are Richard Trumka ( President ) , Liz Shuler ( Secretary - Treasurer ) and Tefere Gebre ( Executive Vice-President ) . The AFL - CIO membership elects 43 vice presidents at each convention , who have a term of four years . The AFL - CIO constitution permits the president of the federation to appoint up to three additional vice presidents during the period when the convention is not in session . Annual meetings From 1951 to 1996 , the Executive Council held its winter meeting in the resort town of Bal Harbour , Florida . The meeting at the Bal Harbour Sheraton has been the object of frequent criticism , including over a labor dispute at the hotel itself . Citing image concerns , the council changed the meeting site to Los Angeles . However , the meeting was moved back to Bal Harbour several years later . The 2012 meeting was held in Orlando , Florida . Executive committee An executive committee was authorized by constitutional change in 2005 . The executive committee is composed of the president , vice presidents from the 10 largest affiliates , and nine other vice presidents chosen in consultation with the executive council . The other two officers are non-voting ex officio members . The executive committee governs the AFL - CIO between meetings of the executive council , approves its budget , and issues charters ( two duties formerly discharged by the executive council ) . It is required to meet at least four times a year , and in practice meets on an as - needed basis ( which may mean once a month or more ) . General Board The AFL - CIO also has a General Board . Its members are the AFL - CIO executive council , the chief executive officer of each member union , the president of each AFL - CIO constitutional department , and four regional representatives elected by the AFL - CIO 's state federations . The General Board 's duties are very limited . It only takes up matters referred to it by the executive council , but referrals are rare . However , because of the sensitive nature of political endorsements and the advisability of consensus when making them , the General Board traditionally is the body that provides the AFL - CIO 's endorsement of candidates for president and vice president of the United States . State and local bodies AFL - CIO headquarters in Washington , D.C. Article XIV of the AFL - CIO constitution permits the AFL - CIO to charter and organize state , regional , local and citywide bodies . They are commonly called `` state federations '' and `` central labor councils '' ( CLCs ) , although the names of the various bodies varies widely at the local and regional level . Each body has its own charter , which establishes its jurisdiction , governance structure , mission , and more . Jurisdiction tends to be geo - political : Each state or territory has its own `` state federation . '' In large cities , there is usually a CLC covering the city . Outside large cities , CLCs tend to be regional ( to achieve an economy of scale in terms of dues , administrative effectiveness , etc . ) . State federations and CLCs are each entitled to representation and voting rights at the quadrennial convention . The duties of state federations differ from those of CLCs . State federations tend to focus on state legislative lobbying , statewide economic policy , state elections , and other issues of a more overarching nature . CLCs tend to focus on county or city lobbying , city or county elections , county or city zoning and other economic issues , and more local needs . Both state federations and CLCs work to mobilize members around organizing campaigns , collective bargaining campaigns , electoral politics , lobbying ( most often rallies and demonstrations ) , strikes , picketing , boycotts , and similar activities . The AFL - CIO constitution permits international unions to pay state federation and CLC dues directly , rather than have each local or state federation pay them . This relieves each union 's state and local affiliates of the administrative duty of assessing , collecting and paying the dues . International unions assess the AFL - CIO dues themselves , and collect them on top of their own dues - generating mechanisms or simply pay them out of the dues the international collects . But not all international unions pay their required state federation and CLC dues . Constitutional departments Throughout its history , the AFL - CIO had a number of constitutionally mandated departments . Initially , the rationale for having them was that affiliates felt that such decisions should not be left to the whims ( or political needs ) of the president of the federation . Currently , Art . XII establishes seven departments , but allows the executive council or convention of the AFL - CIO to establish others . Each department is largely autonomous , but must conform to the AFL - CIO 's constitution and policies . Each department has its own constitution , membership , officers , governance structure , dues and organizational structure . Departments may establish state and local bodies . Any member union of the AFL - CIO may join a department , provided it formally affiliates and pays dues . The chief executive officer of each department may sit in on the meetings of the AFL - CIO executive council . Departments have representation and voting rights at the AFL - CIO convention . One of the most well - known departments was the Industrial Union Department ( IUD ) . It had been constitutionally mandated by the new AFL - CIO constitution created by the merger of the AFL and CIO in 1955 , as CIO unions felt that the AFL 's commitment to industrial unionism was not strong enough to permit the department to survive without a constitutional mandate . For many years , the IUD was a de facto organizing department in the AFL - CIO . For example , it provided money to the near - destitute American Federation of Teachers ( AFT ) as it attempted to organize the United Federation of Teachers in 1961 . The organizing money enabled the AFT to win the election and establish its first large collective bargaining affiliate . For many years , the IUD remained rather militant on a number of issues . It proved to be a center of opposition to AFL - CIO president John Sweeney , and was abolished in 1999 . There are six AFL - CIO constitutionally mandated departments : Building and Construction Trades Department , AFL - CIO Maritime Trades Department , AFL - CIO Metal Trades Department , AFL - CIO Department for Professional Employees , AFL - CIO Transportation Trades Department , AFL - CIO Union Label Department , AFL - CIO Constituency groups ( edit ) Constituency groups are nonprofit organizations chartered and funded by the AFL - CIO as voter registration and mobilization bodies . These groups conduct research , host training and educational conferences , issue research reports and publications , lobby for legislation and build coalitions with local groups . Each constituency group has the right to sit in on AFL - CIO executive council meetings , and to exercise representational and voting rights at AFL - CIO conventions . The AFL - CIO 's seven constituency groups include the A. Philip Randolph Institute , the AFL - CIO Union Veterans Council , the Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance , the Coalition of Black Trade Unionists , the Coalition of Labor Union Women , the Labor Council for Latin American Advancement and Pride at Work . Allied organizations ( edit ) The Working for America Institute started out as a department of the AFL - CIO . Established in 1958 , it was previously known as the Human Resources Development Institute ( HRDI ) . John Sweeney renamed the department and spun it off as an independent organization in 1998 to act as a lobbying group to promote economic development , develop new economic policies , and lobby Congress on economic policy . The American Center for International Labor Solidarity started out as the Free Trade Union Committee ( FTUC ) , which internationally promoted free labor - unions . Other organizations that are allied with the AFL - CIO include : Alliance for Retired Americans Solidarity Center American Rights at Work International Labor Communications Association Jobs with Justice Labor Heritage Foundation Labor and Working - Class History Association National Day Laborer Organizing Network United Students Against Sweatshops Working America Working for America Institute Ohio Organizing Collaborative Programs ( edit ) Programs are organizations established and controlled by the AFL - CIO to serve certain organizational goals . Programs of the AFL - CIO include the AFL - CIO Building Investment Trust , the AFL - CIO Employees Federal Credit Union , the AFL - CIO Housing Investment Trust , the National Labor College and Union Privilege . International policy ( edit ) The AFL - CIO is affiliated to the Brussels - based International Trade Union Confederation , formed November 1 , 2006 . The new body incorporated the member organizations of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions , of which the AFL - CIO had long been part . The AFL - CIO had had a very active foreign policy in building and strengthening free trade unions . During the Cold War it vigorously opposed Communist unions in Latin America and Europe . In opposing Communism it helped split the CGT in France and helped create the anti-Communist Force Ouvriere . History ( edit ) For the history of the AFL - CIO prior to and including the merger see American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations and Labor unions in the United States . Civil rights ( edit ) AFL - CIO headquarters in Washington , D.C. The AFL - CIO has a long relationship with civil rights struggles . One of the major points of contention between the AFL and the CIO , particularly in the era immediately after the CIO split off , was the CIO 's willingness to include black workers ( excluded by the AFL in its focus on craft unionism . ) Later , blacks would also criticize the CIO for abandoning their interests , particularly after the merger with the AFL . In 1961 , Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. , gave a speech titled `` If the Negro Wins , Labor Wins '' to the organization 's convention in Bal Harbour , Florida . King hoped for a coalition between civil rights and labor that would improve the situation for the entire working class by ending white supremacy . However , King also criticized the AFL - CIO for its tolerance of unions that excluded black workers . `` I would be lacking in honesty , '' he told the delegates of the 1965 Illinois AFL - CIO Convention during his keynote address , `` if I did not point out that the labor movement of thirty years ago did more in that period for civil rights than labor is doing today ... Our combined strength is potentially enormous , but we have not used a fraction of it for our own good or the needs of society as a whole . '' King and the AFL - CIO diverged further in 1967 , when King announced his opposition to the Vietnam War , which the AFL - CIO strongly supported . The AFL - CIO endorsed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . AFL - CIO opposition to illegal immigration ( edit ) As a whole , during the 1970s the AFL - CIO 's policies towards illegal immigrants mirrored the economic arguments made towards legal immigrants during the first half of the century . During this time the AFL - CIO believed that illegal immigrants were willing to work for less money under worse conditions than legal workers , and thus would drag down the wages of native workers and increase unemployment . They therefore pushed for policies aimed at reducing the flow of illegal immigration , such as increased enforcement and employer sanctions . New Unity Partnership ( edit ) In 2003 , the AFL - CIO began an intense internal debate over the future of the labor movement in the United States with the creation of the New Unity Partnership ( NUP ) , a loose coalition of some of the AFL - CIO 's largest unions . This debate intensified in 2004 , after the defeat of labor - backed candidate John Kerry in the November 2004 U.S. presidential election . The NUP 's program for reform of the federation included reduction of the central bureaucracy , more money spent on organizing new members rather than on electoral politics , and a restructuring of unions and locals , eliminating some smaller locals and focusing more along the lines of industrial unionism . In 2005 , the NUP dissolved and the Change to Win Federation ( CtW ) formed , threatening to secede from the AFL - CIO if its demands for major reorganization were not met . As the AFL - CIO prepared for its 50th anniversary convention in late July , three of the federations ' four largest unions announced their withdrawal from the federation : the Service Employees International Union ( SEIU ) , the International Brotherhood of Teamsters ( `` The Teamsters '' ) , and the United Food and Commercial Workers International Union ( UFCW ) . UNITE HERE disaffiliated in mid-September 2005 , the United Farm Workers left in January 2006 , and the Laborers ' International Union of North America disaffiliated on June 1 , 2006 . Two unions later left CtW and rejoined the AFL - CIO . After a bitter internal leadership dispute that involved allegations of embezzlement and accusations that SEIU was attempting to raid the union , a substantial number of UNITE HERE members formed their own union ( Workers United ) while the remainder of UNITE HERE reaffiliated with the AFL - CIO on September 17 , 2009 . The Laborers ' International Union of North America said on August 13 , 2010 , that it would also leave Change to Win and rejoin the AFL - CIO in October 2010 . ILWU disaffiliation ( edit ) In August 2013 , the International Longshore and Warehouse Union ( ILWU ) disaffiliated from the AFL - CIO . The ILWU said that members of other AFL - CIO unions were crossing its picket lines , and the AFL - CIO had done nothing to stop it . The ILWU also cited the AFL - CIO 's willingness to compromise on key policies such as labor law reform , immigration reform , and health care reform . The longshoremen 's union said it would become an independent union . Presidents ( edit ) George Meany ( 1955 -- 1979 ) Lane Kirkland ( 1979 -- 1995 ) Thomas R. Donahue ( 1995 ) John J. Sweeney ( 1995 -- 2009 ) Richard Trumka ( 2009 - ) See also ( edit ) Change to Win Federation Directly Affiliated Local Union ( DALU ) Labor federation competition in the U.S. Labor movement Labor unions in the United States List of unions affiliated with the AFL - CIO List of U.S. trade unions Union organizer References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : US Department of Labor , Office of Labor - Management Standards . File number 000 - 106 . Report submitted September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Steven . `` Promising a New Day , Again . '' New York Times . September 15 , 2009 ; Greenhouse , Steven . `` Labor Leader Is Stepping Down Both Proud and Frustrated . '' New York Times . September 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFL - CIO '' . FactCheck.org . Annenberg Public Policy Center . June 17 , 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Timothy J. Minchin , Labor under Fire : A History of the AFL - CIO since 1979 ( U of North Carolina Press , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Jillson , Cal ( July 2007 ) . American Government : Political Change and Institutional Development . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0415960779 . Jump up ^ US Department of Labor , Office of Labor - Management Standards . File number 000 - 289 . Report submitted March 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : US Department of Labor , Office of Labor - Management Standards . File number 000 - 106 . ( Search ) Jump up ^ Constitution Art . X , Sec. 17 Jump up ^ Nelson Lichtenstein , State of the Union : A Century of American Labor ( 2nd ed. 2013 ) Jump up ^ William Holley ; et al. ( 2011 ) . The Labor Relations Process . Cengage Learning . p. 153ff . ISBN 978 - 1133713623 . Jump up ^ AFL - CIO , `` AFL - CIO Announces Huge ' FINAL FOUR ' GOTV Push '' `` Press release '' Oct. 30 2010 Archived 2006 - 12 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Walsh , Deirdre ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` AFL - CIO steps up get - out - the - vote effort '' . CNN . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray M. Tillman and Michael S. Cummings , The Transformation of U.S. Unions : Voices , Visions , and Strategies from the Grassroots ( 1999 ) pp 49 - 60 explains in detail the governance structure of the AFL - CIO Jump up ^ See `` Executive Council '' Archived 2015 - 01 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Galvin , Kevin ( 19 February 1996 ) . `` AFL - CIO saying goodbye to fun in sun as it fights decline '' . Houston Chronicle . p. 5 . The Bal Harbour meeting dates to 1951 , before the American Federation of Labor merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations . Jump up ^ Stieghorst , Tom ( 21 December 1991 ) . `` AFL - CIO May Cancel Annual Trip Sheraton Bal Harbor Focus Of Labor Dispute '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Sturr , Chris ( 24 September 2009 ) . `` The Staley Lockout ( Thad Williamson ) '' . Dollars & Sense . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . In of the book 's most memorable scenes , Staley workers made a pilgrimage to AFL - CIO executive council meetings in Bal Harbour , Florida in February 1995 , confronting stunned national leaders inside the luxurious Sheraton Hotel . Jump up ^ Carmichael , Dan ( 19 February 1986 ) . `` Maverick strikers refused meeting '' . United Press International . Renegade strikers at a Minnesota Hormel plant were refused entrance to an AFL - CIO Executive Council meeting Wednesday and they accused President Lane Kirkland and other labor leaders of being ' out of touch ' with workers . Jump up ^ `` Media Advisory for AFL - CIO Executive Council Meeting February 17 -- 20 '' . Press Releases . AFL - CIO . Archived from the original on 30 July 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Top leaders of the AFL - CIO will meet for nearly a week at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles beginning Sunday , February 16th -- the first time in more than 30 years that the winter executive council meeting has not been held in the resort town of Bal Harbour , Florida . Jump up ^ Hershey , William ( 23 February 1996 ) . `` Union Meeting Heads for L.A. : After 70 Years of Flocking to Florida , AFL - CIO Will Go Where There 's Work , Organizing to Be Done '' . Akron Beacon Journal . p . B8 . Jump up ^ Strope , Leigh ( 9 March 2004 ) . `` AFL - CIO President Says Bush AWOL on Jobs '' . Associated Press Online . The decision to return to Bal Harbor , where room rates for the meeting start at $225 a night , was made a few years ago to avoid losing deposit money , Sweeney said . Jump up ^ Daraio , Robert ( 14 March 2012 ) . `` The AFL - CIO Executive Council and the IATSE General Executive Board Endorses Obama for Second Term '' . Broadcast Union News . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Michelle Amber , `` SEIU Agrees to Pay Nearly $4 Million to Settle Dispute With AFL - CIO Over Dues , '' Daily Labor Report , March 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gilroy , Tom . `` Labor to Stress Get - Out - the - Vote Among Members in Fall Elections , '' Labor Relations Week , October 21 , 1998 . Jump up ^ Under AFL - CIO president Lane Kirkland , the Free Trade Union Committee had four units : the American Institute for Free Labor Development ( AIFLD ) , which covered Latin America ; the African - American Labor Center ( AALC ) ; the Asian - American Free Labor Institute ( AAFLI ) ; and the Free Trade Union Institute ( FTUI ) , which was active Europe . These four units were merged into the American Center for International Labor Solidarity in 1997 . Jump up ^ Robert Anthony Waters and Geert van Goethem , eds. , American Labor 's Global Ambassadors : The International History of the AFL - CIO During the Cold War ( Palgrave Macmillan ; 2014 ) Jump up ^ Targ , Harry ( 24 May 2010 ) . `` Class and Race in the US Labor Movement : The Case of the Packinghouse Workers '' . Political Affairs . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Sustar , Lee ( 28 June 2012 ) . `` Socialist Worker '' . Blacks and the Great Depression . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . But the well - entrenched bureaucrats of the AFL had long used racism to keep strict control over their membership , and could not countenance the threat of a racially united rank and file . Jump up ^ Herman , Arthur . Freedom 's Forge : How American Business Produced Victory in World War II , p. 184 , Random House , New York , NY . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6964 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hill , Herbert ( Spring 1961 ) . `` Racism Within Organized Labor : A Report of Five Years of the AFL - CIO , 1955 - 1960 '' . The Journal of Negro Education . 30 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 118 . doi : 10.2307 / 2294330 . JSTOR 2294330 . Jump up ^ Honey , Michael K. ( 2007 ) . `` Dr. King , Labor , and the Civil Rights Movement '' . Going down Jericho Road the Memphis strike , Martin Luther King 's last campaign . New York ( u.a. ) : Norton . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 04339 - 6 . He optimistically projected a coalition in which registered blacks and organized labor would vote together to improve the conditions of all Americans . Yet King did not shirk from condemning union racism , nor did Randolph and the NAACP , leading to open conflict with AFL - CIO president George Meany . Jump up ^ Soderstrom , Carl ; Soderstrom , Robert ; Stevens , Chris ; Burt , Andrew ( 2018 ) . Forty Gavels : The Life of Reuben Soderstrom and the Illinois AFL - CIO . 3 . Peoria , IL : CWS Publishing . pp. 261 - 261 . ISBN 978 - 0998257532 . Jump up ^ Honey , Michael K. ( 2007 ) . `` Standing at the Crossroads '' . Going down Jericho Road the Memphis strike , Martin Luther King 's last campaign . New York ( u.a. ) : Norton . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 04339 - 6 . King 's antiwar position opened a huge gap between him and the AFL - CIO , its member unions , and its president , George Meany , who strongly supported the war . Jump up ^ Dubofsky , Melvyn ( 1994 ) . The State & Labor in Modern America . University of North Carolina Press . p. 223 . ISBN 9780807844366 . Jump up ^ ( Jacobson , Robin and Geron , Kim ( 2008 ) ' Unions and the Politics of Immigration ' , Socialism and Democracy , 22 : 3,105 -- 122 , Page 112 ) Jump up ^ Edsall , Thomas B. ( July 26 , 2005 ) . `` Two Top Unions Split From AFL - CIO , Others Are Expected To Follow Teamsters '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Steven . `` Third Union Is Leaving A.F.L. - C.I.O. '' New York Times . July 30 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Steven . `` 4th Union Quits A.F.L. - C.I.O. in a Dispute Over Organizing . '' New York Times . September 15 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Steven . `` Washington : United Farm Workers Quit A.F.L. - C.I.O. '' New York Times . January 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Laborers ' Announce Official Split With AFL - CIO As of June 1 . '' Engineering News - Record . May 29 , 2006 ; `` Laborer 's to Make AFL - CIO Break Official . '' Chicago Sun Times . May 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Larrubia , Evelyn . `` UNITE HERE Faction Sets Vote on Leaving Union . '' Los Angeles Times . March 7 , 2009 ; Mishak , Michael . `` UNITE HERE Even More Split as Co-Leader Resigns in Huff . '' Las Vegas Sun . May 31 , 2009 ; Greenhouse , Steven . `` Infighting Distracts Unions at Crucial Time . '' New York Times . July 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Steve . `` Union Rejoining A.F.L. - C.I.O. '' New York Times . September 17 , 2009 ; Stutz , Howard . `` Culinary Parent UNITE HERE Rejoins AFL - CIO , Ending Four - Year Separation . '' Las Vegas Review - Journal . September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Construction Workers ' Union to Rejoin A.F.L. - C.I.O. '' Associated Press . August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Longshore Union Pulls Out of National AFL - CIO . '' Associated Press . August 31 , 2013 . Archived April 13 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2013 - 08 - 31 . Further reading ( edit ) Amber , Michelle . `` SEIU Agrees to Pay Nearly $4 Million to Settle Dispute With AFL - CIO Over Dues . '' Daily Labor Report . March 2 , 2006 . Arnesen , Eric , ed . Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working - Class History ( 2006 ) , 3 vol ; 2064pp ; 650 articles by experts ISBN 0415968267 Gilroy , Tom . `` Labor to Stress Get - Out - the - Vote Among Members in Fall Elections . '' Labor Relations Week . October 21 , 1998 . Greenhouse , Steven . `` For Chairwoman of Breakaway Labor Coalition , Deep Roots in the Movement . '' New York Times . October 10 , 2005 . Lichtenstein , Nelson . `` Two Roads Forward for Labor : The AFL - CIO 's New Agenda . '' Dissent 61.1 ( 2014 ) : 54 - 58 . Online Lichtenstein , Nelson . State of the Union : A Century of American Labor ( 2nd ed. 2013 ) Minchin , Timothy J. Labor under Fire : A History of the AFL - CIO since 1979 ( U of North Carolina Press , 2017 ) . xvi , 414 pp . Mort , Jo - Ann , ed . Not Your Father 's Union Movement : Inside the AFL - CIO ( 2002 ) Rosenfeld , Jake . What Unions No Longer Do . ( Harvard University Press , 2014 ) ISBN 0674725115 Tillman , Ray M. and Michael S. Cummings . The Transformation of U.S. Unions : Voices , Visions , and Strategies from the Grassroots ( 1999 ) Yates , Michael D. Why Unions Matter ( 2009 ) Constitution ( edit ) Constitution of the AFL - CIO , as amended at the Twenty - Fifth Constitutional Convention , July 25 - 28 , 2005 . Accessed January 15 , 2007 . Archives ( edit ) AFL - CIO Region 9 Records . circa 1955 - 2000 . 14.00 cubic feet ( 14 boxes ) . At the Labor Archives of Washington , University of Washington Libraries Special Collections . Preliminary Guide to the AFL - CIO King County Labor Council of Washington Provisional Trades Section Records . 1935 - 1971 ... 42 cubic foot ( 1 box ) . At the Labor Archives of Washington , University of Washington Libraries Special Collections . AFL - CIO , Washington State Labor Council Records . 1919 - 2010 . 187.18 cubic feet . At the Labor Archives of Washington , University of Washington Libraries Special Collections . Washington State Federation of Labor Records . 1901 - 1967 . 45.44 cubic feet ( including 2 microfilm reels , 1 package , and 1 vertical file ) . At the Labor Archives of Washington , University of Washington Libraries Special Collections . Antonia Bohan 1995 AFL - CIO Convention Delegate Collection . 1995 - 1996 . 0.39 cubic feet ( 1 box and 1 oversized folder ) . At University of Washington Libraries , Special Collections . Contains material collected by Bohan as a Service Employees International Union delegate to the AFL - CIO convention that elected John Sweeney president in 1995 . Jackie Boschok Papers. 1979 - 2011 . 16.32 cubic feet ( 22 boxes ) . At University of Washington Libraries , Special Collections . Contains records from AFL - CIO National Community Services Documents , AFL - CIO Resources , and AFL - CIO Working Women Working Together Conference Records . Phil Lelli Papers. 1933 - 2004 . 10.45 cubic feet ( 11 boxes and 1 vertical file ) . At University of Washington Libraries , Special Collections . Contains `` Principles of Autonomy & Jurisdictional Intergrity within the AFL - CIO '' . George Meany Memorial AFL - CIO Archive . Approximately 40 million documents . At University of Maryland Libraries , Special Collections and University Archives . Contains material that will help researchers better understand pivotal social movements in this country , including those to gain rights for women , children and minorities . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to AFL - CIO . Official website AFL - CIO at OpenSecrets.org One Hat for Labor ? by David Moberg , The Nation , April 29 , 2009 . Labor 's Cold War by Tim Shorrock . The Nation , May 19 , 2003 . AFL -- CIO Governance Presidents George Meany ( 1955 -- 1979 ) Lane Kirkland ( 1979 -- 1995 ) Thomas R. Donahue ( 1995 ) John J. Sweeney ( 1995 -- 2009 ) Richard Trumka ( 2009 -- ) Departments Building and Construction Trades Department Maritime Trades Metal Trades Professional Employees Transportation Trades Union Label Constituency groups A. Philip Randolph Institute Alliance for Retired Americans Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance Coalition of Black Trade Unionists Coalition of Labor Union Women Labor Council for Latin American Advancement Pride at Work Allied organizations American Center for International Labor Solidarity International Labor Communications Association Working for America Institute Allied groups American Rights at Work International Rescue Committee Jewish Labor Committee Labor and Working - Class History Association Working America Programs AFL -- CIO Employees Federal Credit Union National Labor College Affiliated unions AAAA AGMA AGVA GIAA AEA ALPA ATU AFGE AFM AFSA AFSCME AFT APWU ARA ATDA BCTGM BRS CSEA CWA FLOC GMPIU IATSE Ironworkers IAFF AWIU IAM Boilermakers IBEW IFPTE ILA Printers & Engravers Novelty and Production Workers BAC IUEC IUOE IUPAT IUPA MEBA NATCA NALC NFLPA / FPA NNU NPMHU OPEIU OPCMIA SAG - AFTRA SIU SMWIA TWU UA UAW UFCW UMWA USW UTU Roofers and Waterproofers UNITE HERE UWUA WGAE State federations Florida Maine Massachusetts Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Washington State West Virginia See also Directly Affiliated Local Union American Federation of Labor Congress of Industrial Organizations Organized labour portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AFL -- CIO&oldid = 852198190 '' Categories : AFL -- CIO National federations of trade unions National trade union centers of the United States Organizations established in 1955 527 organizations Trade Union Confederation of the Americas 1955 establishments in the United States 1955 in economics Organizations based in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 08 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the afl-cio is considered what type of group
[ "The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) is the largest federation of unions in the United States. It is made up of fifty-six national and international unions,[3] together representing more than 12 million active and retired workers.[1] The AFL-CIO engages in substantial political spending and activism, typically in support of Democrats and liberal or progressive policies.[4]\n" ]
[ "federation of unions" ]