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Hurricane Matthew
Hurricane Matthew - wikipedia Hurricane Matthew Jump to : navigation , search For other storms of the same name , see Tropical Storm Matthew . Hurricane Matthew Category 5 major hurricane ( SSHWS / NWS ) Hurricane Matthew rapidly intensifying north of Colombia late on September 30 Formed September 28 , 2016 Dissipated October 10 , 2016 ( Extratropical after October 9 ) Highest winds 1 - minute sustained : 165 mph ( 270 km / h ) Lowest pressure 934 mbar ( hPa ) ; 27.58 inHg Fatalities 586 direct , 17 indirect Damage $15.09 billion ( 2016 USD ) Areas affected Lesser Antilles , Leeward Antilles , Venezuela , Colombia , Jamaica , Hispaniola , Puerto Rico , Cuba , Turks and Caicos Islands , The Bahamas , East Coast of the United States , Atlantic Canada Part of the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season History Meteorological history Effects Haiti Other wikis Commons : Matthew images Hurricane Matthew was a powerful and devastating tropical cyclone which became the first Category 5 Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Felix in 2007 . The thirteenth named storm , fifth hurricane and second major hurricane of the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season , Matthew brought widespread destruction and catastrophic loss of life during its journey across the Western Atlantic , including parts of Haiti , Cuba , Dominican Republic , the Lucayan Archipelago , the southeastern United States , and the Canadian Maritimes . A total of 603 deaths have been attributed to the storm , including 546 in Haiti , 47 in the United States , 4 in Cuba , 4 in the Dominican Republic , 1 in Colombia , and 1 in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , making it the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Stan in 2005 , which killed 1,668 in Central America . With the storm causing damages estimated in excess of US $15 billion , it was also the most destructive Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Sandy in 2012 , as well as the ninth - costliest Atlantic hurricane in recorded history . Originating from a tropical wave that emerged off Africa on September 22 , Matthew developed into a tropical storm just east of the Lesser Antilles on September 28 . It became a hurricane north of Venezuela and Colombia on September 29 , before undergoing explosive intensification , ultimately reaching Category 5 intensity on October 1 at just 13.4 ° N latitude -- the lowest latitude ever recorded for a storm of this intensity in the Atlantic basin , breaking the record set by Hurricane Ivan in 2004 . Matthew weakened slightly and fluctuated in intensity while making a northward turn toward the Greater Antilles , remaining a strong Category 4 hurricane as it made its first landfall over Haiti 's Tiburon Peninsula early on October 4 , and then a second one in Cuba later that day . Matthew weakened somewhat but re-intensified as it tracked northwest , making landfall in the northern Bahamas . The storm then paralleled the coast of the southeastern United States over the next 36 hours , gradually weakening while remaining just offshore before making its fourth and final landfall over the Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge near Myrtle Beach , South Carolina as a Category 1 hurricane on the morning of October 8 . Matthew re-emerged into the Atlantic shortly afterward , eventually completing its transition into an extratropical cyclone as it turned away from Cape Hatteras , North Carolina on October 9 . Widespread effects were felt from Matthew across its destructive path , however , the most significant impacts were felt in Haiti , with US $1.9 billion in damage and 546 deaths . The combination of flooding and high winds disrupted telecommunications and destroyed extensive swaths of land ; around 80 % of Jérémie sustained significant damage . Four people were killed in Cuba due to a bridge collapse , and total losses in the country amounted to US $2.58 billion , most of which occurred in the Guantánamo Province . Passing through the Bahamas as a major hurricane , Matthew spread damage across several islands , compounding relief efforts from Hurricane Joaquin which had pounded similar areas just the previous year . Grand Bahama was hit directly , where most homes sustained damage in the townships of Eight Mile Rock and Holmes Rock . Preparations began in earnest across the southeastern United States as Matthew approached , with several states declaring states of emergencies for either entire states or coastal counties ; widespread evacuations were ordered for extensive areas of the coast because of predicted high wind speeds and flooding , especially in the Jacksonville Metropolitan Area . In Florida , over 1 million lost power as the storm passed to the east , with 478,000 losing power in Georgia and South Carolina . While damage was primarily confined to the coast in Florida and Georgia , torrential rains spread inland in the Carolinas and Virginia , causing widespread flooding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meteorological history 1.1 Records 2 Preparations 2.1 Lesser Antilles and South America 2.2 Jamaica 2.3 Haiti 2.4 Dominican Republic 2.5 Cuba and the Bahamas 2.6 United States 2.6. 1 Online response 3 Impact 3.1 Lesser Antilles 3.2 ABC Islands and South America 3.3 Jamaica 3.4 Haiti 3.5 Dominican Republic 3.6 Cuba 3.7 Bahamas 3.8 United States 3.8. 1 Florida and Georgia 3.8. 2 North and South Carolina 3.8. 3 Virginia and the Northeast 3.9 Canada 4 Aftermath 4.1 Lesser Antilles 4.2 Haiti 4.3 Cuba 4.4 United States 4.5 Retirement 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Meteorological history ( edit ) Main article : Meteorological history of Hurricane Matthew Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm , according to the Saffir -- Simpson scale A vigorous tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 22 and moved rapidly across the Atlantic , being monitored by the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) for possible tropical cyclogenesis . Despite possessing tropical - storm winds as it approached the Lesser Antilles on September 27 , the wave could not initially be classified as a tropical cyclone , as reconnaissance aircraft could not find a closed center . However , by 12 : 00 UTC on September 28 , the wave developed a closed circulation while located near Barbados , hence becoming a tropical storm , and was assigned the name Matthew . Continuing westward under the influence of a mid-level ridge , the storm steadily intensified to attain hurricane intensity by 18 : 00 UTC on September 29 . The effects of southwesterly wind shear unexpectedly abated late that day , and Matthew began a period of explosive intensification ; during a 24 - hour period beginning at 00 : 00 UTC on September 30 , the cyclone 's maximum winds more than doubled , from 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) to 165 mph ( 270 km / h ) , making Matthew a Category 5 hurricane , the first since Hurricane Felix in 2007 ; the rate of intensification has only been exceeded a few times in the Atlantic since records began . Due to upwelling of cooler waters , Matthew weakened to a Category 4 hurricane later on October 1 , before attaining a secondary peak intensity with winds of 155 mph ( 250 km / h ) late on October 2 . Slowly rounding the ridge , Matthew fluctuated in intensity within the Category 4 range from October 1 -- 5 . Intensification resumed again late on October 3 and culminated when Matthew made landfall near Les Anglais , Haiti , around 11 : 00 UTC on October 4 with winds of 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) and a pressure of 934 millibars ( 27.6 inHg ) , making it the strongest to hit Haiti since Hurricane Cleo in 1964 . Continuing northward , the hurricane struck Maisí in Cuba early on October 5 as a slightly weaker storm . Cuba 's and Haiti 's mountainous terrain weakened Matthew to Category 3 status , as it began to accelerate northwestwards through the Bahamas . Restrengthening occurred as Matthew 's circulation became better organized , with the storm becoming a Category 4 hurricane again while passing Freeport . However , Matthew began to weaken again as an eyewall replacement cycle took place . The storm significantly weakened while closely paralleling the coasts of Florida and Georgia , with the northwestern portion of the outer eyewall coming ashore in Florida while the system was a Category 3 hurricane ( with the strongest winds remaining just offshore ) . Matthew weakened to a Category 2 hurricane late on October 7 and then to a Category 1 hurricane by 12 : 00 UTC on October 8 . The eye of Hurricane Matthew seen from the International Space Station on October 3 . Around 15 : 00 UTC on October 8 , the hurricane made landfall at Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge , near McClellanville , South Carolina , with winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) and a central pressure of 963 mbar ( 28.4 inHg ) , which made it the strongest to strike the United States in terms of pressure since Hurricane Isaac in 2012 , and the first hurricane to make landfall north of Florida in October since Hurricane Hazel in 1954 . Convection became displaced from the center as Matthew pulled away from land due to increasing wind shear , with the NHC declaring the system an extratropical cyclone about 200 mi ( 320 km ) east of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina , on October 9 . The remnants persisted for another day before they were absorbed by a cold front . Records ( edit ) Matthew set several records during its long and destructive journey . Matthew intensified into a Category 5 hurricane at a latitude of 13.4 degrees north , breaking the record set by Hurricane Ivan in 2004 , which had reached that intensity at a latitude of 13.7 degrees north . Matthew also maintained at least Category 4 status for the longest duration on record for the month of October , according to Phil Klotzbach of Colorado State University , doing so for roughly 5 days . Preparations ( edit ) Tropical Storm Matthew over the Lesser Antilles , shortly after formation on September 28 Lesser Antilles and South America ( edit ) On September 27 , prior to Matthew becoming a tropical cyclone , LIAT began cancelling flights across the Windward Islands in anticipation of squally weather . Schools and businesses were closed for the duration of Matthew 's passage on September 27 and 28 on Grenada , St. Vincent and St. Lucia ; schools in Dominica suspended classes until October 3 . Hewanorra International Airport and George F.L. Charles Airport on St. Lucia were closed on September 28 . Six shelters were opened across the island ; 133 sought refuge in them . Upon the formation of Matthew as a tropical cyclone on September 28 , governments across the Windward Islands issued tropical storm warnings in anticipation of gale - force winds . A map of forecast rainfall totals from Hurricane Matthew for the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas . Peak accumulations in excess of 30 in ( 760 mm ) were expected along the southern coast of Haiti 's Tiburon Peninsula . The storm 's unusual south track prompted the issuance of tropical storm watches on September 28 for Aruba , Bonaire , Curaçao , and the northern coast of Colombia from the Colombia -- Venezuela border to Riohacha . North Atlantic hurricanes affecting South America are uncommon . The watch in Colombia was later upgraded to a warning on September 30 as Matthew continued on a west - southwest track near the country . Residents across the ABC Islands were advised to board their homes and stock up on supplies , leading to long lines at supermarkets and gas stations . Curaçao 's government postponed the 2016 general election until October 5 . Government offices in Aruba closed for September 30 . A local sporting event , the Kingdom Tournament , was canceled in Aruba . Schools across the Guajira Peninsula of Colombia suspended activities for September 30 . Officials opened shelters and closed beaches across the peninsula . Jamaica ( edit ) With Matthew posing a significant threat to Jamaica , emergency officials ordered all fishermen on the nation 's cays and banks to evacuate to the mainland on September 29 . The following day , Prime Minister Andrew Holness held an emergency meeting regarding the hurricane and placed the government on high alert . A hurricane watch was issued for the country on September 30 , and later upgraded to a warning on October 1 . Officials in Trelawny Parish placed 60 shelters on stand - by on October 2 . Supermarkets were overwhelmed with residents stocking up on supplies , and many reported empty shelves and low supplies of bread , kerosene , and candles . Many people boarded up their homes and protected their property with sand bags . One hundred female prisoners were relocated from a facility in St. Catherine Parish to another in Kingston . Toll fees along Highway 2000 were to be waived during the hours before Matthew 's arrival . Service at both Norman Manley International Airport and Sangster International Airport was scheduled to be suspended during the evening of October 2 or by the morning of October 3 . The Jamaica Urban Transit Company scheduled to suspend services beginning at 6 : 00 p.m. local time . The Jamaica Public Service informed residents that the power grid may be shut off during the storm if conditions become too severe . Members of the Jamaica Defence Force were deployed nationwide in advance of the hurricane in order to more swiftly deal with its aftermath . Schools and government offices suspended operations starting on October 3 . A total of 900 shelters opened across Jamaica and the Urban Transit Company provided buses to evacuate people from Kingston to the National Arena . Local Minister Desmond McKenzie warned that the infrastructure of Kingston would be unable to handle the magnitude of rainfall expected . Prime Minister Andrew Holness warned residents that Matthew could be more severe than Hurricane Gilbert which devastated the nation in 1988 . Haiti ( edit ) Play media The animation shows Hurricane Matthew from September 28 to October 2 , and 3 - dimensional radar data from GPM 's DPR instrument . Though forecast to pass over Jamaica at the time , the large extent of tropical storm - force winds prompted the issuance of a tropical storm watch for Haiti 's Tiburon Peninsula toward the border with the Dominican Republic . Following an eastward shift in Matthew 's predicted track , a hurricane watch was issued for much of Haiti on October 1 , encompassing areas from Môle - Saint - Nicolas south to the Dominican Republic border ; this was upgraded to a warning just hours later . The warning eventually encompassed the entire country by the afternoon of October 2 . Residents on outlying islands of Haiti were evacuated to the mainland . Life - threatening rainfall was forecast to affect much of the nation , with accumulations averaging 15 to 25 in ( 38 to 64 cm ) along the southern coast with isolated peaks up to 40 in ( 100 cm ) . Although government officials held meetings on storm preparation , Radio France Internationale reported that Haiti does not have the logistical capability to handle a large - scale disaster . Only 576 shelters , with a collective capacity of 90,000 people , were listed for all of southern Haiti . According to the International Organization for Migration , 55,107 internally displaced persons remained in camps or hosting sites without adequate protection from the hurricane . Provisional President of Haiti Jocelerme Privert addressed the nation on October 2 , urging those living along the coast and in poorly constructed homes to evacuate and comply with authorities . Despite pleas from officials , many residents refused to leave their homes . Schools were closed for October 3 -- 4 , though government offices remained open . Nationwide , a total of 1,300 shelters were readied with a total capacity of 390,000 people . More than 18,000 volunteers and members of the Red Cross , community intervention teams , municipal committees , and local emergency services were readied to assist residents . At least 500 people were evacuated from Jérémie . Although civil protection officials took to the streets to warn people , many residents were unaware that Matthew was even approaching the country a day before its expected landfall . Evacuations continued through the hurricane 's landfall with the total number of people in shelters reaching 9,280 by 2 : 00 a.m. local time on October 4 . On October 5 , the Electoral Provisional Council postponed the presidential election , the second round of the legislative elections and the first round of the Senate elections until November 20 . Dominican Republic ( edit ) On the morning of October 2 , a tropical storm warning was raised for the southern coast of the Dominican Republic from Barahona west to the Haitian border , and a tropical storm watch was issued for the northern coast from Puerto Plata west to the Haitian border . At least 8,500 people were evacuated in southwestern areas of the country by the morning of October 3 . Cuba and the Bahamas ( edit ) Animation of Hurricane Matthew passing through the Bahamas on October 5 -- 6 The Meteorological Service of Cuba raised hurricane watches for all of southeastern Cuba on October 1 , encompassing the provinces of Camagüey , Las Tunas , Granma , Holguín , Santiago de Cuba , and Guantánamo . This was subsequently upgraded to a warning on October 2 for all provinces except Camagüey . Non-essential personnel in the United States ' Guantanamo Bay Naval Base began evacuations that day . Evacuations of more than 1 million people across Cuba started that morning , including 252,000 in Santiago de Cuba , and 230,000 from Las Tunas with priority placed on those along the coast . Across Santiago de Cuba , which suffered extensive damage from Hurricane Sandy in 2012 , 218 shelters were opened and officials placed extra attention on Socapa , Caracoles , and Cayo Granma . Emergency personnel , primarily doctors , were dispatched to high - risk areas and supplies were stockpiled . The Government of the Bahamas began issuing hurricane watches on October 2 for southeastern islands as well as the Turks and Caicos . Flights across southern islands were cancelled and schools suspended operations beginning the following day . United States ( edit ) National Hurricane Center Director Richard Knabb ( pictured ) regularly filmed briefings on the forecast and expected impacts of Hurricane Matthew in the United States . On October 3 , the governors of Florida and North Carolina declared a state of emergency . The next day , South Carolina governor Nikki Haley ordered an evacuation for those residents living within one hundred miles ( 160 km ) of the coast . Interstate 26 in South Carolina eastbound between the coast and Columbia was reversed on Wednesday to facilitate movement away from the Lowcountry and Charleston areas . Evacuations of Cape Lookout National Seashore in North Carolina began this day as well . By October 4 , North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory had ordered that evacuation be mandatory . A state of emergency was also declared for 13 counties in eastern Georgia . On October 5 , Port Canaveral was closed by the U.S. Coast Guard , the first closure since 2004 . Eight cruise ships and four cargo ships were scheduled to visit the port between October 5 -- 9 . On Cape Canaveral , home to both civilian and military spaceflight facilities , no rockets or spacecraft were in vulnerable positions ; at the time of Matthew 's approach , the next launch was scheduled for November 4 . The Kennedy Space Center began preparations of the facilities on October 5 . Older buildings at the KSC were designed to withstand winds of 105 -- 125 mph ( 170 -- 200 km / h ) ; buildings constructed after 1992 , when Category 5 Hurricane Andrew struck the Miami area , are built to withstand 130 mph ( 210 km / h ) winds . At Cape Canaveral Air Force Station , the U.S. Air Force 's 45th Space Wing began disconnecting electric power to non-essential facilities on October 4 . Hurricane Matthew nearing Florida on October 6 For the fourth time in its 45 - year history , the Walt Disney World Resort closes its theme parks are Magic Kingdom , Epcot , Disney 's Hollywood Studios and Disney 's Animal Kingdom water parks are Blizzard Beach and Typhoon Lagoon , and Disney Springs were closed at 5 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time on October 6 and did not open on October 7 . This was the first time since 2004 that the parks have closed , all instances due to hurricanes . Other Orlando - area theme parks , including Universal Orlando resort and SeaWorld Orlando , also closed . The Southeastern Conference football matchup between LSU and Florida , scheduled for October 8 in Gainesville , was cancelled . The hurricane washed out NASCAR racing at Charlotte Motor Speedway on October 7 and 8 , with the Drive for the Cure 300 race in the Xfinity Series originally scheduled for October 7 and the Bank of America 500 race in the Sprint Cup Series originally scheduled for October 8 both postponed until October 9 . On October 6 , U.S. President Barack Obama declared a federal state of emergency for Florida , later extending to include Georgia and South Carolina . Florida 's governor Rick Scott urged over 1.5 million people to evacuate , with Hurricane Matthew expected to make landfall by the evening of that day . Several news anchors also issued dire warnings urging Floridians to evacuate . That same day , Georgia governor Nathan Deal ordered a mandatory evacuation for all areas of the state east of Interstate 95 , and the Georgia Department of Public Safety reversed the eastbound lanes on a portion of Interstate 16 effective until the following day . Online Response ( edit ) On October 6 , the conservative news aggregator Drudge Report -- run by Matt Drudge -- headlined a five - word comment on Matthew : `` Storm Fizzle ? Matthew Looks Ragged ! '' which linked to a Miami Herald article . Drudge later used Twitter to claim that the National Hurricane Center was lying to the public about the intensity of the storm , stating that measurements from Nassau , Bahamas , did not match the 165 mph ( 270 km / h ) gusts listed in public advisories . The tweets implied that the hurricane was not as dangerous as it seemed and that politicians were trying to `` blame mankind , '' referring to a blog posting about Hillary Clinton . This came on the heels of radio talk show host Rush Limbaugh 's claims of the conspiracy to `` sell '' climate change . The claims of conspiracy were posted as Matthew posed a dire threat to Florida 's east coast and when residents across the state were being urged to evacuate immediately . Drudge 's commentary was quickly met with sharp condemnation and criticism from meteorologists and public officials . Democratic Representative Keith Ellison called the comments `` irresponsible '' and urged people to `` not listen to this man . '' Jason Samenow of The Washington Post described it as an `` incredible and offensive accusation '' , and stated that it `` may have introduced enough doubt to lead ( residents ) into a decision they will regret . '' Impact ( edit ) Deaths and damage by country Region / Country Fatalities Missing Damage 2016 ( USD ) Ref ( s ) Total Direct Indirect The Bahamas 0 0 0 0 7008600000000000000 ♠ $600 million Canada 0 0 0 0 7006760000000000000 ♠ $7.6 million Colombia 0 0 N / A Cuba 0 0 7009258000000000000 ♠ $2.58 billion Dominican Republic 0 0 N / A Haiti 546 546 0 128 7009190000000000000 ♠ $1.9 billion Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0 0 N / A United States 47 34 13 0 7010100000000000000 ♠ $10 billion Totals : 7002603000000000000 ♠ 603 586 17 128 7010150880000000000 ♠ $15.1 billion Lesser Antilles ( edit ) On St. Vincent heavy rains caused landslides and flooding across the island . One person was killed in the town of Layou when a boulder broke loose and crushed him . In nearby Buccament Bay , a river overtopped its banks , prompting at least 25 people to evacuate to emergency shelters . The Hermitage River rose by at least 3.6 ft ( 1.1 m ) in one hour , and as a precautionary measure , the Central Water and Sewage Authority shut off all water service . Flooding also took place in Vermont , South Rivers , sections of Kingstown , Campden Park , Arnos Vale , and Langley Park . Debris deposited by flooded rivers rendered many roads impassable . Strong winds in excess of 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) downed many trees and power lines on St. Lucia , leaving roughly 70 percent of the island without power . Landslides and flooding , the result of more than 10 in ( 250 mm ) of rain accompanying the storm , damaged many homes and roads . Rainfall at Hewanorra International Airport amounted to 13.19 in ( 335 mm ) . The nation 's banana crop suffered significant damage ; 85 percent of farms reported losses . Two homes were destroyed , one in Bisee , and one in Gros Islet ; several others were damaged . Roads in Castries , Gros - Islet , Dennery , and Soufriere became impassible from debris or landslides . Some damage was also reported on Dominica , temporarily leaving many people without water and electricity . Heavy rainfall in Grenada disrupted the water supply in multiple communities . In Martinique strong winds , which gusted up to 89 mph ( 143 km / h ) in Saint - Pierre , wreaked havoc on the power grid ; roughly 55,000 people lost electricity . Numerous trees downed by the winds blocked roadways while heavy rains led to flooding . The main road from Fort - de-France to southern towns was rendered impassable during the storm . Approximately 4,000 people lost their water supply . Three people sustained minor injuries . ABC Islands and South America ( edit ) The effects of Matthew across the ABC Islands were relatively limited despite its proximity . Some street flooding occurred on Aruba and Curaçao . Heavy winds were also experienced . There was some damage to cars after street flooding occurred . Outdoor bars and restaurants were damaged . The Guajira Peninsula of Colombia saw its first heavy rain event in three years , leading to widespread flash flooding . One person drowned in a swollen river in Uribia ; 1.29 in ( 32.8 mm ) of rain fell in 30 minutes in the town . Rainfall in Cartagena reached 8.7 in ( 222 mm ) during a 24 - hour span and Santa Marta saw 5.5 in ( 140 mm ) . Along coastal areas of the peninsula , large swells damaged buildings , prompting the evacuation of 380 people in Manaure . Roughly 70 percent of Tucurinca flooded when the Magdalena River overtopped its banks ; a nearby bridge collapsed , isolating some communities . Approximately 73,000 people were affected by the floods . The dangerous conditions produced by Matthew prevented thousands of people from voting in a peace agreement referendum . Jamaica ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jamaica suffered relatively minor effects , characteristic of tropical storm conditions . Along the coast , rip currents and beach erosion was reported , with additional flooding due to rainfall occurring . Strong wind gusts tore at the island 's vegetation , causing minor damage . Haiti ( edit ) Main article : Effects of Hurricane Matthew in Haiti Hurricane Matthew approaching Jamaica , Haiti and Cuba on October 3 Large swells reached the outlying Haitian island of Île - à - Vache on October 2 , prompting the evacuation of 89 people . Despite boating bans , many fishermen continued work in rough conditions . Consequently , two fishermen went missing on the morning of October 3 : one near Saint - Jean - du - Sud and the other near Aquin ; one was later found dead . Antecedent rainfall associated with the outer bands of Matthew triggered flooding in several towns in southern Haiti and the Dominican Republic . A person was killed when a tree fell on his home in Port Salut , while a 26 - year - old man drowned while trying to rescue a child from a rushing river . Striking the Tiburon Peninsula as a Category 4 hurricane on the morning of October 4 , Matthew was the strongest storm to directly impact Haiti since Hurricane Cleo in 1964 . An anemometer at Antoine - Simon Airport in Les Cayes , east of where Matthew made landfall , measured a gust of 107 mph ( 172 km / h ) before the station went offline . Gusts in the nation 's capital city of Port - au - Prince reached 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) . Communications with areas in the direct path of Matthew were lost , and tens of thousands of people became isolated as roads and bridges were destroyed . A major bridge connecting parts of Grand'Anse to the rest of the country collapsed during a flash flood . 80 % of Jérémie , along the north shore of the Tiburon Peninsula , suffered tremendous damage ; homes were flattened and medical facilities suffered major damage . A radio host in Port - au - Prince stated that Jérémie was `` pretty much wiped out from the seaboard all the way to the cathedral '' . Officially , 546 deaths were attributed to the storm in Haiti , however local governments believed the death toll to be over 1,000 ; this value may have been overestimated . According to the nation 's Civil Protection Directorate , the death toll was 546 as of October 14 , with 128 people missing and 439 injured . This figure was later confirmed by the National Hurricane Center . The government also estimates damages at close to $1.9 billion . Approximately 2.1 million people were affected by the storm , of whom 1.4 million ( 12 percent of Haiti 's population ) were left in need of assistance . Furthermore , roughly 175,000 people were left homeless . Dominican Republic ( edit ) The Dominican Republic reported significant rainfall and coastal flooding due to Matthew , an automated weather station in Cabo Rojo , Dominican Republic , measured 8.43 in ( 214 mm ) of rain by the afternoon of October 3 . Four people died in the Dominican Republic after a house collapsed on top of them . Cuba ( edit ) Costliest Cuban hurricanes Hurricane Season Damage Ike 2008 7009730000000000000 ♠ $7.3 billion Matthew 2016 7009258000000000000 ♠ $2.58 billion Irma 2017 7009220000000000000 ♠ $2.2 billion Gustav 2008 7009210000000000000 ♠ $2.1 billion Michelle 7009200000000000000 ♠ $2 billion Sandy 2012 7009200000000000000 ♠ $2 billion Dennis 2005 7009150000000000000 ♠ $1.5 billion Ivan 7009120000000000000 ♠ $1.2 billion Charley 7008923000000000000 ♠ $923 million View of cliff erosion a day after Hurricane Matthew hit Naval Station Guantanamo Bay Coastal flooding began in Granma Province , Cuba , on October 2 , affecting three towns along the Sierra Maestras . Hurricane Matthew struck the easternmost province of Cuba during the evening of October 4 as a Category 4 , causing tremendous damage . The coastal city of Baracoa suffered widespread damage from violent winds , and storm surge , the latter of which gutted countless buildings . Despite the severity of damage , no fatalities were reported in the city . A communication tower in Majayara collapsed during the storm and a bridge spanning the Toa river was destroyed ; several communities left isolated as a result . Damages in Cuba amounted to $2.58 billion USD ; most of which occurred in the Guantánamo Province . Nearly two months later , on November 22 , a municipal bridge in the city of Moa that was damaged by Hurricane Matthew collapsed , killing four employees of Canadian mining company Sherritt International . The employees were undertaking repairs to restore access between Moa and a mining site . Bahamas ( edit ) Experiencing a direct hit from the eyewall of Matthew , Grand Bahama suffered extensive damage . An estimated 95 percent of homes in Eight Mile Rock and Holmes Rock sustained severe damage . Numerous trees and power lines were toppled by the storm 's high winds , rendering roads impassable . Flooding - induced by the backside of the storm affected much of the western half of the island . Total losses from Matthew in the Bahamas are estimated to be around $600 million USD . United States ( edit ) Deaths and damage by U.S. state State Deaths Damage Ref Florida 12 $2.75 billion Georgia > $90 million North Carolina 26 $1.6 billion South Carolina $249.6 million Virginia $58.14 million In total , the storm killed 47 people in the US , including 26 in North Carolina , 12 in Florida , 3 in Georgia , 4 in South Carolina , and 2 in Virginia . According to the National Centers for Environmental Information , damage from Matthew across the United States reached approximately $10 billion . This ranked it the costliest national disaster in the country for 2016 alongside record floods in Louisiana . Florida and Georgia ( edit ) As Hurricane Matthew traveled rapidly towards the southeastern region of the United States , it hit closely to the coasts of Florida , South Carolina , Georgia , and North Carolina . On October 7 in Fernandina Beach , Florida , there was a peak surge of 9.88 ft ( 3.01 m ) above normal . Additionally , in the St. Augustine area , water was reported to be 2.5 ft ( 0.76 m ) above ground . As Matthew tracked parallel to the Florida coast , it left over one million people without power across the state of Florida . In Jacksonville it caused major sand dune damage and flooding in the St. Johns River . It also destroyed many properties and knocked out power for nearly 250,000 electrical customers . In Indialantic , Florida , firefighters exposed themselves to the storm 's winds to put out a fire , which reportedly destroyed a greenhouse . In Florida , one woman died due to a heart attack ; she had called for aid , but medical services were not able to arrive due to Matthew 's high winds . Another two women were killed by falling trees . In the Flagler Beach area , a portion of Florida State Road A1A was washed away . At Kennedy Space Center , winds reached 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) at ground level while a gust of 136 mph ( 219 km / h ) was observed atop a 500 ft ( 150 m ) tower . The facility suffered several million dollars - worth of damage , though overall impacts were less than anticipated . The roof of Operations Support Building II broke , and rainwater damaged the interior . Air conditioning was lost throughout Launch Complex 39 as well . The planned launches of GOES - R , NOAA 's next generation weather satellite , and CYGNSS , a cluster of smaller satellites which study hurricanes , were delayed due to the suspension of operations during Matthew . Over 250,000 customers were left without power in Georgia after Hurricane Matthew affected the area . Roads were also blocked in the Brunswick , Georgia , area , where all access points to St. Simons Island were rendered impassable . North and South Carolina ( edit ) Flooding in Charleston , South Carolina on October 8 . Across South Carolina , at least 600,000 individuals lost power , where significant flooding was reported to have occurred in Charleston after a seawall was breached . Hilton Head Island experienced widespread water , sewer and power outages for several days , and the only road onto the island was not re-opened to residents until October 11 . It is estimated that over 120,000 trees were downed on the island , causing extensive tree - strike damage to residences and businesses . Over 2.1 million cubic yards of vegetative debris generated by the storm was collected . The Waccamaw River crested in Conway at 17.9 ft ( 5.5 m ) , breaking a record set by the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane . The Little Pee Dee River reached a record crest of 17.1 ft ( 5.2 m ) at Galivant 's Ferry , also breaking a 1928 record . The Tar River overflowing its banks near Pitt -- Greenville Airport on October 12 ; it later crested at 24.5 feet ( 7.5 m ) . Twenty - six people died in storm - related incidents across North Carolina . 680,000 in North Carolina were without power at one point . Sections of Interstate 95 in South Carolina and in North Carolina had to be shut down as a result of hurricane flooding . The North Carolina section reopened October 17 . After 10 in ( 25 cm ) of rain fell in Cumberland , Harnett , Hoke , Moore and Robeson Counties on September 28 causing flooding , Matthew dumped another 10 in ( 25 cm ) to 14 in ( 36 cm ) . As a result , the Lumber River reached a record 24 ft ( 7.3 m ) in the south end of Lumberton , breaking the record of 20.5 ft ( 6.2 m ) feet . Robeson County schools did not reopen until October 31 . In Smithfield , the Neuse River crested at 29.09 ft ( 8.87 m ) , 2 ft ( 0.61 m ) higher than after Hurricane Fran . In Kinston , the Neuse crested at 28.31 ft ( 8.63 m ) , a foot ( 300 mm ) higher than the record set by Hurricane Floyd . In Greenville , the Tar River crested at 24.5 ft ( 7.5 m ) . Preliminary estimates indicate that roughly 100,000 structures were flooded across the state and damage reached US $1.5 billion . Virginia and the Northeast ( edit ) Heavy rains and high winds resulted in trees falling and record flooding in Lago Mar , Virginia Beach , Virginia . When the hurricane hit Virginia , Matthew caused two deaths and street flooding in the eastern part of the state . The Northeast received heavy rain and minor flooding throughout the days of October 9 and 10 . Canada ( edit ) Satellite image loop from October 6 , when Matthew was a hurricane , to October 11 , when it had joined a mid-latitude storm sweeping across eastern Canada . Matthew 's post-tropical remains were absorbed into a frontal zone off the coast of North Carolina . The humidity of the tropical system was drawn into the storm that was formed then . The latter gave heavy rain and strong winds in Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland from October 10 to 11 . In Nova Scotia , rain amounts were recorded from east to west as 8.85 in ( 224.8 mm ) in Sydney ( Cape Breton Island ) , 5.09 in ( 129.2 mm ) in Port Hawkesbury , 4.50 in ( 114.4 mm ) in Chéticamp , 4.05 in ( 102.8 mm ) in Halifax , 3.263 in ( 82.88 mm ) in Kentville , and 1.94 in ( 49.2 mm ) in Yarmouth . Heavy rains and strong winds caused flooding and dangerous conditions , particularly in the counties of Pictou , Antigonish , Guysborough and Cape Breton . Several roads were closed to heavy trucks , including Halifax Harbour bridges and the Confederation Bridge between New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island . Newfoundland was even more affected with accumulations generally ranging from 3.9 to 5.9 in ( 100 to 150 mm ) in the central , southern and western areas . Steady rain fell sometimes at a rate of 0.39 to 0.79 in ( 10 to 20 mm ) per hour , and even 1.7 in ( 42 mm ) per hour in Burgeo . A private station in that community recorded a total of 9.23 in ( 234.4 mm ) , while the official station of the Gander International Airport signaled 6.45 in ( 163.8 mm ) . The rain caused numerous landslides and swollen rivers cut roads . The state of emergency was declared in Lewisporte , St. Alban 's and Little Burnt Bay . The town of St. Alban 's , a community of about 1,200 , was cut off from the surrounding communities when the main bridge in town was carried by the waters and a nearby community ( Conne River ) provided a boat to transport people to St. Alban 's and out of the community . The highway to Burgeo , on the south coast of Newfoundland , was also flooded and had to be closed . The winds of over 56 mph ( 90 km / h ) also caused many fallen trees and electric power outages . The official maximum winds were recorded in Port aux Basques at 80 mph ( 128 km / h ) and informally in Green Island , Fortune Bay , at 81 mph ( 130 km / h ) . Damage to roads across Newfoundland was assessed in excess of CA $10 million ( US $7.6 million ) . Aftermath ( edit ) Lesser Antilles ( edit ) In Martinique , Électricité de France requested additional crews from Guadeloupe and French Guiana to help restore power . Members of the military and Forces françaises aux Antilles were deployed to assist in clearing debris from roadways . The St. Lucia Red Cross distributed non-food items to 270 people affected by the storm . Haiti ( edit ) A CH - 53E Sea Stallion helicopter assigned to the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit , lands on the flight deck of the amphibious transport dock ship USS Mesa Verde . It is underway in preparation to support humanitarian assistance and disaster relief efforts in Haiti in response to Hurricane Matthew On October 4 , the United States prepared the aircraft carrier , the hospital ship USNS Comfort -- which previously aided thousands in the wake of the 2010 Haiti earthquake -- and the transport dock for relief operations in Haiti . USS Mesa Verde and USS George Washington were later relieved by USS Iwo Jima , along with the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit . United States Southern Command also deployed 100 troops with 9 helicopters to the Cayman Islands to prepare for relief work . Initial estimates indicated at least 350,000 people were in need of assistance . The bridge between the south and Port - au - Prince was destroyed . As a result , aid agencies reported they were having difficulty getting around to the most damaged and storm - affected parts of Haiti . The commander of U.S. forces in the Caribbean reported that troops and 6 helicopters from Joint Task Force - Bravo had been deployed to Haiti for the aftermath , and were expected to arrive on October 6 . These are expected to help with search - and - rescue missions as well as providing medical assistance . In addition to his , a one - star navy admiral will also travel to lead the task force involved in the operations . More than 300 military personnel will most likely travel to Haiti , with 300 Marines on board on the ships sent out for aid from the U.S. A number of aid agencies deployed to Haiti to help with the aftermath : Action Aid reported that over 50,000 people were in immediate need of clean water and shelters . World Nation also sent out helicopters , reporting difficulties and their concern about young children and food . They will be providing water and sanitation for over 50,000 people . The UN 's World Food Program arranged for enough food to feed up to 300,000 people for a month . A further 34 tonnes are ready in Miami to be used if needed . UNICEF will be providing life - saving aid for 10,000 people . UN 's Food and Agricultural Organisation said it would be helping farmers rebuild their businesses by providing seeds . The US Agency for International Development said it would provide $400,000 for aid to Jamaica and Haiti on October 3 . Red Cross launched a campaign to raise $9.6 million to provide water , shelter , and food for 50,000 people . They also sent a large number of local volunteers to the south . Cuba ( edit ) The World Food Programme coordinated with the Government of Cuba to provide food to approximately 180,000 people in need across eastern provinces . The operation would span six months and cost US $4 million . United States ( edit ) North Carolina National Guard assisting with high - water rescues in Fayetteville , North Carolina In Georgia , the Governor retracted previous evacuations later , emphasizing that their lives could not be endangered for those who chose not to leave . 1,000 members of the National Guard were deployed for help later . In North Carolina , nearly 900 people had been rescued by boat crews by the morning of October 9 . In April 2017 , North Carolina Governor Roy Cooper requested $929 million in federal funds . The following month , the Trump administration denied more than 99 percent of this request and only provided $6.1 million to the state . Retirement ( edit ) See also : List of retired Atlantic hurricane names On March 26 , 2017 , it was announced by the World Meteorological Organization that the name Matthew was retired due to the extensive damage and loss of life it caused along its track , particularly in Haiti , Cuba , and the United States , and will never again be used to name an Atlantic hurricane . It will be replaced with Martin for the 2022 Atlantic hurricane season . See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal 2010s portal List of Florida hurricanes ( 2000 -- present ) List of North Carolina hurricanes ( 2000 -- present ) Hurricane Hazel -- Took a similar track through the Caribbean in 1954 , and struck North Carolina as a Category 4 hurricane . Hurricane David -- Made landfall in the Dominican Republic as a Category 5 before skirting the eastern coast of Florida in 1979 . Hurricane Tomas -- Traced a slightly similar path in the Caribbean , but stayed out to sea rather than curving towards the United States after impacting Hispaniola in 2010 . Hurricane Joaquin -- Ravaged the Central Bahamas roughly a year before Matthew . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although Hurricane Sandy was significantly deeper and made landfall much farther north in late October 2012 , it was an extratropical cyclone at the time of landfall . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Stewart , Stacy R ( April 3 , 2017 ) . Tropical Cyclone Report : Hurricane Matthew ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . United States National Hurricane Center . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Storm History '' . The Weather Channel . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Lixion A. Avila ( September 30 , 2016 ) . Hurricane Matthew Public Advisory Number 12 ( Report ) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew Records / Notable Facts Recap ( through October 8 ) '' ( PDF ) . Colorado State University . October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philip Klotzbach on Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makeida Antonio ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Weather disturbance draws nearer to Eastern Caribbean '' . The Daily Observer . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schools Closed on Wednesday 28 September '' ( Press release ) . National Disaster Management Agency . September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 -- via Grenada Now . ^ Jump up to : `` One dead as Matthew batters Eastern Caribbean '' . Jamaica Observer . Kingstown , St. Vincent . Caribbean Media Corporation . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` One dead in St Vincent as Matthew rages '' . National News . Kingstown , St. Vincent . Caribbean Media Corporation . September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Next Steps in Saint Lucia Recovery After Tropical Storm Matthew '' . St. Lucia Times . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniel Brown ( September 28 , 2016 ) . Tropical Storm Matthew Public Advisory Number 1 ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniel Brown ( September 28 , 2016 ) . Tropical Storm Matthew Public Advisory Number 2 ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniel Brown and Richard Pasch ( September 29 , 2016 ) . Hurricane Matthew Public Advisory Number 6 ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Brennan ( September 30 , 2016 ) . Hurricane Matthew Public Advisory Number 10 ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Edge of Hurricane Matthew whips at Aruba , Bonaire , Curacao '' . Oranjestad , Aruba : Fredricksburg.com . Associated Press . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orkaan Matthew op Curaçao lijkt storm in glas water '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Omroep Stichting . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eliana Mejía Ospino ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` La Guajira , en alerta roja por huracán Matthew '' . El Tiempo ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sandra Guerrero Barriga ( October 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Matthew ' coge fuerza en su avance frente a la Costa '' . El Heraldo ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kimone Francis ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Met Service says Jamaica in Hurricane Matthew 's cross hairs '' . Jamaica Observer . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Brennan ( September 30 , 2016 ) . Hurricane Matthew Public Advisory Number 11 ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Template : Cite report = Michael Brennan Jump up ^ Mark Cummings ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` # TrackingMatthew : Trelawny beach closed , shelter managers put on alert '' . Jamaica Observer . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaica braces for Matthew 's fury '' . Jamaica Observer . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # TrackingMatthew : JUTC to terminate services at six o'clock '' . Jamaica Observer . Kingston , Jamaica . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # TrackingMatthew : JPS might shut down power plants if hurricane severe '' . Jamaica Observer . Kingston , Jamaica . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # TrackingMatthew : JDF deploys troops islandwide '' . Jamaica Observer . Kingston , Jamaica . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` First taste of Hurricane Matthew leaves city roads flooded '' . Jamaica Observer . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # TrackingMatthew : All Gov 't offices , tax offices closed '' . Jamaica Observer . Kingston , Jamaica . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John Bacon ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew may hit Haiti , Jamaica with 25 inches of rain '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Brennan ( October 1 , 2016 ) . Hurricane Matthew Public Advisory Number 14 ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg ( October 2 , 2016 ) . Hurricane Matthew Public Advisory Number 17 ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Matthew : Evacuations in Haiti as powerful storm looms '' . BBC . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Howard Campbell ( October 1 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew Soaks Colombia , Heads for Jamaica , Haiti '' . Kingston , Jamaica : ABC News . Associated Press . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Pasch ( October 2 , 2016 ) . Hurricane Matthew Intermediate Public Advisory Number 18A ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Amélie Baron ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` Haïti démunie face à l'arrivée de l'ouragan Matthew '' ( in French ) . Radio France Internationale . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti -- Matthew : 55,107 persons in camps in Haiti without protection ... '' . Haiti Libre . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Matthew : Schools closed on Monday and Tuesday -- Address to the Nation of Privert '' . Haiti Libre . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti -- Flash : Matthew the situation this morning '' . Haiti Libre . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti -- Flash : Hurricane Matthew en route to Haiti , first effects tonight '' . Haiti Libre . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Huracán Matthew deja 1 muerto en Haití y 8 mil 500 evacuados en República Dominicana '' ( in Spanish ) . RCN Radio . Agencia EFE . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Pam ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew Kills Two Fishermen in Haiti ; They ' Took Risks to Feed Their Families , ' Official Says '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Huracán Mathew toca tierra en Cuba tras dejar muertos por su paso por Haití '' ( in Spanish ) . CNN . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti -- FLASH : The elections of October 9 postponed '' . Haiti Libre. 5 October 2016 . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg ( October 2 , 2016 ) . Hurricane Matthew Intermediate Public Advisory Number 16A ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Carlos Sanabia Marrero ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` Primeros daños y evacuados por huracan Matthew en Santiago de Cuba '' . Radio Rebelde . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Manuel Juan Somoza ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` Cuba inicia evacuación por huracán ' Matthew ' '' . Milenio ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # TrackingMatthew : Bahamas preparing for passage of Hurricane Matthew '' . Jamaica Observer . Nassau , Bahamas . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Rick Scott Issues State of Emergency For All Counties in Florida Ahead of Hurricane Matthew '' . NBC6 . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` McCrory declares state of emergency as Matthew approaches US '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Raleigh , North Carolina . Associated Press . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ LaFleur , Elizabeth ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` 1.1 million South Carolinians could be evacuated '' . Greenville Online . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andy Paras ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` I - 26 eastbound lane reversal in effect : what you need to know '' . WCIV . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Lookout National Seashore evacuating ahead of Hurricane Matthew '' . Carteret County News - Times . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Nathan Deal declares state of emergency ahead of Hurricane Matthew '' . WTOC . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berman , Dave ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Port Canaveral closing to ships , business on Wednesday '' . Florida Today . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dean , James ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` KSC , Cape Canaveral AFS preparing for Hurricane Matthew '' . Florida Today . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berger , Eric ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew poses a significant threat to Kennedy Space Center '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew forces Disney World to close for 4th time ever '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew -- Theme Park Closings and Updates -- Attractions Magazine '' . Attractions Magazine . October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Menzer , Joe ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Rain washes out XFINITY race , all Friday activities at Charlotte '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` NASCAR Sprint Cup race at Charlotte postponed until Sunday '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mazzei , Patricia ; Clark , Kristen ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Obama signs Florida emergency declaration to deal with Hurricane Matthew '' . The Miami Herald . Jump up ^ Merle , Renae ; Berman , Mark ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew , now a Category 3 storm , approaches Florida ; emergencies declared in three states '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew Approaches Florida ; Governor Urges 1.5 Million to Flee '' . The New York Times . October 6 , 2016 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Florida governor tells residents to ' evacuate , evacuate , evacuate ' '' . NBC News . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hurricane Matthew will kill you & your kids ' : Fox News anchor issues dire warning '' . RT International . October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berry , Lorraine ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` I almost refused to evacuate before Hurricane Matthew . Here 's why I changed my mind . '' . Vox . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Deal : Savannah , all coastal Georgia east of I - 95 under mandatory evacuation '' . Savannah Morning News . October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Juan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Contraflow begins on I - 16 in Georgia to help motorists evacuate '' . WJCL - TV . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jason Samenow ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Drudge Report 's playing down and politicizing of Hurricane Matthew was ' deplorable ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Storm Fizzle ? Matthew Looks Ragged ! '' . Drudge Report . October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sam Sanders ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Matt Drudge Suggests Government May Be Lying About Hurricane Matthew '' . NPR . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blog about Hillary Clinton blaming hurricanes on climate change , Marc Morano , Climate Depot Jump up ^ Chris D'Angelo ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Matt Drudge 's Hurricane Theory Takes Conspiracies To A Dangerous Level '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reena Flores ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Matt Drudge suggests government is `` lying '' about Hurricane Matthew `` . CBS News . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Government of the Bahamas ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` PM Christie : Hurricanes Matthew and Joaquin Losses Estimated in Hundreds of Millions '' . Relief Web . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Absolutely unbelievable ' road damage , some areas still cut off '' . CBC News . October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bridge damaged by Hurricane Matthew collapses in Cuba , killing 4 '' . BNO News . November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Matthew slams Haiti , takes aim at US East Coast '' . Associated Press . ^ Jump up to : `` Haiti : Cholera spreads from Hurricane Mathew , death toll reaches 546 '' . News Ghana.com . News Ghana . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Haiti Hurricane Matthew Situation Report # 07 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . ReliefWeb . World Food Programme . October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tropical Storm Matthew Near Hurricane Strength in the Caribbean Sea ; Jamaica , Hispañola , Cuba , Bahamas Threats Next Week '' . The Weather Channel . September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Update on Water Systems '' ( Press release ) . National Water and Sewerage Authority . September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 -- via Now Grenada . ^ Jump up to : `` Tempête Matthew en Martinique : 3 blessés et 55.000 personnes sans électricité '' ( in French ) . La Chaîne Info . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Huracán Matthew se fortalece y aumenta a categoría cuatro '' . Noticias Caracol ( in Spanish ) . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Juan David Umaña Gallego ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` '' Matthew '' provocó estragos en la Costa `` . El Colombiano ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fuertes inundaciones se registran en zona bananera , Magdalena '' . El Universal ( in Spanish ) . Bogotá , Colombia . Colprensa . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lluvias por coletazo del huracán Matthew afectan el plebiscito en Colombia '' . La Vanguardia ( in Spanish ) . Bogotá , Colombia . Agencia EFE . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti -- FLASH : Matthew , first evacuations in Haiti '' . Haiti Libre . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` At least 11 people dead as Hurricane Matthew makes landfall '' . Toronto Star . Associates Press . October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNoldy , Brian ; Fritz , Angela ; Samenow , Jason ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane warning in Florida after Matthew strikes Haiti as strongest hurricane in 52 years '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Matthew : Haiti dead reach 800 as south awaits aid '' . BBC News . October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Matthew : New images show scale of Haiti destruction '' . BBC . October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bernhard , Mühr ; Daniell , James ; Wisotzky , Christina ; Wandel , Jan ; Becker , Florian ; Buchholz , Marcel ; Baumstark , Sven ; Dittrich , André. `` C EDIM Forensic Disaster Analysis Group ( FDA ) Hurricane Matthew 1 4 October 2016 -- Report No. 2 '' ( PDF ) . Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Kills 1,332 In Haiti , Cholera Spreading In New Outbreak '' . Jump up ^ Delva , Joseph ; Craft , Diane . `` Hurricane Matthew death toll in Haiti hits 1,000 '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ Reuters ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` BREAKING : Hurricane Matthew death toll in Haiti rises to 842 -- local officials . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ' Catastrophic ' Hurricane Matthew Devastates Haiti , 339 Dead '' . TeleSur . October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew : Haiti in national mourning as aid gears up '' . BBC News . October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( OCHA ) , United Nations ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` HAITI , Hurricane Matthew Situation Report Number 9 ( 13 October 2016 ) '' ( PDF ) . Humanitarian Response Info . United Nations . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew damage tally in Haiti nearly $2 bn '' . Yahoo News . October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John Morales ( @ JohnMoralesNBC6 ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Official @ onamet automated rain gauge in southwestern Dominican Republic ( Cabo Rojo , Pedernales Province ) has received 8.43 '' of rain already '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Daniel P ; Beven , John L ; Franklin , James L ; Blake , Eric S ( May 1 , 2010 ) . `` Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2008 * '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 138 ( 5 ) : 1975 -- 2001 . doi : 10.1175 / 2009MWR3174. 1 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Matthew in Cuba causes over 2.5 bln USD in damage '' . New China . Xinhua . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 飓风 '' 伊 玛 `` 在 加勒比 海 地区 造成 的 破坏 性 损失 料 增 至 130 亿 美元 '' ( Hurricane `` Irma '' in the Caribbean causes devastating losses 13 billion US dollars of materials ) ( in Chinese ) . FX112.com . September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pielke , Roger A ; Rubiera , Jose ; Landsea , Christopher ; Fernández , Mario L ; Klein , Roberta ( August 1 , 2003 ) . `` Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and The Caribbean : Normalized Damage and Loss Potentials '' ( PDF ) . Natural Hazards Review . 4 ( 3 ) : 101 -- 114 . ISSN 1527 - 6988 . doi : 10.1061 / ( ASCE ) 1527 - 6988 ( 2003 ) 4 : 3 ( 101 ) . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blake , Eric S ; Kimberlain , Todd B ; Berg , Robert J ; Cangialosi , John P ; Beven II , John L ; National Hurricane Center ( February 12 , 2013 ) . Hurricane Sandy : October 22 -- 29 , 2012 ( PDF ) ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lluvias intensas observadas y grandes inundaciones reportadas '' ( Heavy rains observed and large reported floods ) ( in Spanish ) . Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos. 2003 . Retrieved February 10 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : RA IV Hurricane Committee ( August 12 , 2005 ) . Twenty - seventh Session ( March 31 to April 5 , 2005 ) ( PDF ) ( Final Report ) . World Meteorological Organization . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jerry Iannelli ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew Destroyed Parts of Baracoa , Cuba , Last Night '' . Miami News - Times . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baracoa después de Matthew , sin pérdidas humanas '' . Redhum ( in Spanish ) . ReliefWeb . October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rashad Rolle ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Grand Bahama Suffers Significant Damage As Matthew Roars Through '' . Tribune 242 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Neil Hartnell ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Matthew Payouts To ' Absolutely ' Be Nine - Figure Sum '' . Tribune 242 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( Florida Event Reports related to Hurricane Matthew ) '' . National Centers for Environmental Information . 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amy Wenk ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew damages reach $90 million in Georgia '' . Atlanta Business Journal . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jay Price ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Road To Recovery Remains Long For Cities Hardest Hit By Hurricane Matthew '' . WUNC . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( South Carolina Event Reports related to Hurricane Matthew ) '' . National Centers for Environmental Information . 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( Virginia Event Reports related to Hurricane Matthew ) '' . National Centers for Environmental Information . 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew Death Toll Rises , ' Difficult Days ' Ahead , N.C. Governor Says '' . NBC News . Associated Press . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` McCrory says death toll from Hurricane Matthew rises to 28 '' . The Dispatch . The Associated Press . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stradling , Richard ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew death toll rises again in NC as floodwater recedes '' . News & Observer . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Staff , WAVY News ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Man found dead in standing water in Hampton '' . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billion - Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters : Table of Events '' . National Centers for Environmental Information . 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew Recap : Destruction From the Caribbean to the United States '' . The Weather Company . Hurricane News . 10 October 2016 . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Emily ; Winsor , Morgan ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew Batters Florida Coast ; 3 Dead as Over 1 Million Lose Power '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petkar , Sofia . `` Hurricane Matthew is the ' most dangerous storm in living memory ' '' . Metro . UK . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dean , James ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Firefighters douse Indialantic blaze '' . Florida Today . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew Avoids Direct Hit on Florida , Continues North '' . The New York Times . October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew kills 10 in US , floods Carolinas '' . BBC . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew washes away parts of A1A in Flagler County '' . WFTV . October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James Dean ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew at KSC : Millions in damages '' . Florida Today . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marco Santana ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew challenged latest prediction tech '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Santana , Marco . `` NASA 's GOES - R satellite launch delayed again '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Jump up ^ `` Pegasus launches hurricane - hunting satellites for NASA '' . USA TODAY . Jump up ^ Smith , Bruce ; Bynum , Russ ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` A weakening Matthew rakes Atlantic coast ; US deaths at 10 '' . Associated Press . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Weakened Hurricane Matthew Makes Landfall in South Carolina '' . The New York Times . October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Emily ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` 1928 hurricane left its mark in Horry County , but then came Matthew '' . The Sun News . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : King , Heather ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Greenville Update : Inspectors preparing to assess damage '' . WITN . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Minnick , Beau ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` As Raleigh recovers from Matthew , power outages could last a week in NC '' . WNCN . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ deBruyn , Jason . `` Dam Breached : Sixty Miles Of I - 95 Closed In Matthew 's Aftermath '' . WUNC . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chason , Rachel ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` I - 95 reopens in NC ; flooding keeps power out in some areas '' . News & Observer . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Quillin , Martha ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` Misery now , a struggle ahead for Robeson County after flooding from Hurricane Matthew '' . News & Observer . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harlan , Chico ; Fritz , Angela ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Flooding death toll climbs to 19 in North Carolina after Hurricane Matthew '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Death toll from Hurricane Matthew rises to 28 in NC , Gov. Pat McCrory says '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Associated Press . October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Drew ; Bennett , Abbie ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Record flood waters crest in Johnston County '' . News & Observer . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pulliam , Tim ; Hoggard , DeJuan ; Hohmann , Chris ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neuse River crests in Kinston , flooding could last days '' . WTVD . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NC Hurricane Matthew damage estimate more than a billion dollars '' . WYFF . October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew 's Heavy Rain Floods Parts of Virginia ; Multiple Road Closures Reported '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NHC : Matthew downgraded to post-tropical cyclone '' . am New York . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Maritimes se relèvent difficilement des inondations et pannes d'électricité '' . ICI Radio - Canada ( in French ) . October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` La tempête cause des dégâts pour au moins 1 , 5 millions de dollars à T. - N. - L . '' . ICI Radio - Canada ( in French ) . October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meteorological Service of Canada . `` Newfoudnland - and - Labrador '' . Station Results -- Historical Data . Environment Canada . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Multiple states of emergency declared as heavy rains batter central Newfoundland '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Update on recovery effort in the aftermath of Tropical Storm Matthew '' . St. Lucia News . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David B Larter and Mark D. Faram ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Carrier George Washington to deploy for Hurricane Matthew relief '' . Navy Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew : Strongest storm since 2004 nears Florida '' . BBC News . October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew Kills At Least 136 in Haiti : ' The Situation Is Catastrophic , ' Says Haitian President '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Sam ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew : at least 136 people killed in Haiti , officials say '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Sam ; Woolf , Nicky ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Hurricane Matthew makes landfall in Cuba after ripping through Haiti '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Local Red Cross volunteers head south to help with Hurricane Matthew '' . BINGHAMTONHOMEPAGE . October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WFP to provide food assistance in Cuba in the wake of Hurricane Matthew '' . Havana , Cuba : ReliefWeb . World Food Programme . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Batters Southeast ; 6 Dead , Over 1.4 Million Lose Power '' . ABC News . October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Matthew Toll Climbs to at Least 15 as North Carolina Suffers Record - Breaking Flooding '' . The New York Times . October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 99 percent of Hurricane Matthew aid requested by NC denied by Trump administration '' . WNCN . May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Meteorological Organisation retires storm names Matthew and Otto '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 27 March 2017 . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Matthew ( 2016 ) . The NHC 's advisory archive for Hurricane Matthew Taylor , SRA Mercedes ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Little Rock AFB provides humanitarian support '' . Armed Forces News Service . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Scalf , TSG Ralph ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` US provides initial critical aid in Haiti '' . Armed Forces News Service . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . `` AF heads to Haiti for Matthew relief '' . Joint Base McGuire - Dix - Lakehurst Public Affairs . October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . 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what category was hurricane matthew when he hit florida
[ "Slowly rounding the ridge, Matthew fluctuated in intensity within the Category 4 range from October 1–5. Intensification resumed again late on October 3 and culminated when Matthew made landfall near Les Anglais, Haiti, around 11:00 UTC on October 4 with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a pressure of 934 millibars (27.6 inHg), making it the strongest to hit Haiti since Hurricane Cleo in 1964. Continuing northward, the hurricane struck Maisí in Cuba early on October 5 as a slightly weaker storm. Cuba's and Haiti's mountainous terrain weakened Matthew to Category 3 status, as it began to accelerate northwestwards through the Bahamas. Restrengthening occurred as Matthew's circulation became better organized, with the storm becoming a Category 4 hurricane again while passing Freeport. However, Matthew began to weaken again as an eyewall replacement cycle took place. The storm significantly weakened while closely paralleling the coasts of Florida and Georgia, with the northwestern portion of the outer eyewall coming ashore in Florida while the system was a Category 3 hurricane (with the strongest winds remaining just offshore). Matthew weakened to a Category 2 hurricane late on October 7 and then to a Category 1 hurricane by 12:00 UTC on October 8.[1]" ]
[ "Category 3" ]
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First Battle of Bull Run
First battle of Bull Run - wikipedia First battle of Bull Run This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search First Battle of Bull Run ( Battle of First Manassas ) Part of the American Civil War First Battle of Bull Run . Chromolithograph by Kurz & Allison , 1889 Date July 21 , 1861 ( 1861 - 07 - 21 ) Location Fairfax County and Prince William County , Virginia 38 ° 48 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 31 ′ 22 '' W  /  38.8147 ° N 77.5227 ° W  / 38.8147 ; - 77.5227 Coordinates : 38 ° 48 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 31 ′ 22 '' W  /  38.8147 ° N 77.5227 ° W  / 38.8147 ; - 77.5227 Result Confederate victory Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States Commanders and leaders Political leaders : Abraham Lincoln Military commanders : Winfield Scott Irvin McDowell Robert Patterson Political leaders : Jefferson Davis Military commanders : P.G.T. Beauregard Thomas `` Stonewall '' Jackson Joseph E. Johnston Units involved Department of Northeastern Virginia : Army of Northeastern Virginia Department of Pennsylvania : Patterson 's Command ( not engaged ) Army of the Potomac Army of the Shenandoah Strength Army of Northeastern Virginia : 35,732 ( c. 18,000 engaged ) Patterson 's Command : 14 -- 18,000 ( not engaged ) 32,000 -- 34,000 ( c. 18,000 engaged ) Casualties and losses 2,708 ( 481 killed ; 1,011 wounded ; 1,216 missing ) 1,982 ( 387 killed ; 1,582 wounded ; 13 missing ) Manassas Campaign Fairfax Court House ( June 1861 ) Arlington Mills Vienna , Virginia Hoke 's Run Blackburn 's Ford 1st Bull Run Virginia ( 1861 ) Northeastern Virginia ( 1861 ) The First Battle of Bull Run ( the name used by Union forces ) , also known as the Battle of First Manassas ( the name used by Confederate forces ) , was fought on July 21 , 1861 in Prince William County , Virginia , just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west - southwest of Washington , D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War . The Union 's forces were slow in positioning themselves , allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail . Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle . It was a Confederate victory , followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces . Just months after the start of the war at Fort Sumter , the Northern public clamored for a march against the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia , which was expected to bring an early end to the rebellion . Yielding to political pressure , Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell led his unseasoned Union Army across Bull Run against the equally inexperienced Confederate Army of Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard camped near Manassas Junction . McDowell 's ambitious plan for a surprise flank attack on the Confederate left was poorly executed by his officers and men ; nevertheless , the Confederates , who had been planning to attack the Union left flank , found themselves at an initial disadvantage . Confederate reinforcements under Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the Shenandoah Valley by railroad , and the course of the battle quickly changed . A brigade of Virginians under the relatively unknown brigadier general from the Virginia Military Institute , Thomas J. Jackson , stood its ground , which resulted in Jackson receiving his famous nickname , `` Stonewall '' . The Confederates launched a strong counterattack , and as the Union troops began withdrawing under fire , many panicked and the retreat turned into a rout . McDowell 's men frantically ran without order in the direction of Washington , D.C. Both armies were sobered by the fierce fighting and many casualties , and realized that the war was going to be much longer and bloodier than either had anticipated . The Battle of First Bull Run highlighted many of the problems and deficiencies that were typical of the first year of the war . Units were committed piecemeal , attacks were frontal , infantry failed to protect exposed artillery , tactical intelligence was nil , and neither commander was able to employ his whole force effectively . McDowell , with 35,000 men , was only able to commit about 18,000 , and the combined Confederate forces , with about 32,000 men , committed only 18,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Military and political situation 1.2 Irvin McDowell 1.3 Intelligence 1.4 McDowell 's plan and initial movements in the Manassas Campaign 1.5 Prelude to battle 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 Battle 3.1 Morning phase 3.1. 1 Matthews Hill 3.2 Noon phase 3.2. 1 Henry House Hill 3.3 Union retreat 4 Aftermath 4.1 Brief observations 4.2 Detailed casualties 4.2. 1 Union 4.2. 2 Confederate 4.3 Effect on the Union and subsequent events 4.4 Effect on the Confederacy 4.5 Confederate victory : turning point of the American Civil War 4.6 `` Bull Run '' vs. `` Manassas '' 4.7 Confusion between the battle flags 4.8 Conclusions 5 Additional battle maps 5.1 Gallery : the First Bull Run hour by hour 6 In popular culture 7 Sesquicentennial 8 Battlefield preservation 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Memoirs and primary sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Background ( edit ) Military and political situation ( edit ) Main article : Manassas Campaign Further information : Origins of the American Civil War ; Battle of Fort Sumter ; Western Virginia Campaign ; Border states ( American Civil War ) ; President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers ; Eastern Theater of the American Civil War ; and American Civil War Opposing political leaders Pres . Abraham Lincoln , USA Pres . Jefferson Davis , CSA Northern Virginia Theater in July 1861 Confederate Union Further map details , see : Additional Map 1 and Additional Map 2 . On 15 April 1861 , the day after South Carolina military forces attacked and captured Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor , President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring an insurrection against the laws of the United States . Earlier , South Carolina and seven other Southern states had declared their secession from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America . To suppress the rebellion and restore Federal law in the Southern states , Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers with ninety - day enlistments to augment the existing U.S. Army of about 15,000 . He later accepted an additional 40,000 volunteers with three - year enlistments and increased the strength of the U.S. Army to almost 20,000 . Lincoln 's actions caused four more Southern states , including Virginia , to secede and join the Confederacy , and by 1 June the Confederate capital had been moved from Montgomery , Alabama , to Richmond , Virginia . In Washington , D.C. , as thousands of volunteers rushed to defend the capital , General in Chief Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott laid out his strategy to subdue the rebellious states . He proposed that an army of 80,000 men be organized and sail down the Mississippi River and capture New Orleans . While the Army `` strangled '' the Confederacy in the west , the U.S. Navy would blockade Southern ports along the eastern and Gulf coasts . The press ridiculed what they dubbed as Scott 's `` Anaconda Plan '' . Instead , many believed the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond , only one hundred miles south of Washington , would quickly end the war . By July 1861 thousands of volunteers were camped in and around Washington . Since General Scott was seventy - five years old and physically unable to lead this force , the administration searched for a more suitable field commander . Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott , General in Chief , USA Cartoon map illustrating Gen. Winfield Scott 's plan to crush the Confederacy , economically . It is sometimes called the `` Anaconda plan '' . Irvin McDowell ( edit ) Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase championed fellow Ohioan , 42 - year - old Maj . Irvin McDowell . Although McDowell was a West Point graduate , his command experience was limited . In fact , he had spent most of his career engaged in various staff duties in the Adjutant General 's Office . While stationed in Washington he had become acquainted with Chase , a former Ohio governor and senator . Now , through Chase 's influence , McDowell was promoted three grades to brigadier general in the Regular Army and on 27 May was assigned command ( by President Abraham Lincoln ) of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , which included the military forces in and around Washington ( Army of Northeastern Virginia ) . McDowell immediately began organizing what became known as the Army of Northeastern Virginia , 35,000 men arranged in five divisions . Under public and political pressure to begin offensive operations , McDowell was given very little time to train the newly inducted troops . Units were instructed in the maneuvering of regiments , but they received little or no training at the brigade or division level . He was reassured by President Lincoln , `` You are green , it is true , but they are green also ; you are all green alike . '' Against his better judgment , McDowell commenced campaigning . Intelligence ( edit ) During the previous year , U.S. Army captain Thomas Jordan set up a pro-Southern spy network in Washington City , including Rose O'Neal Greenhow , a prominent socialite with a wide range of contacts . He provided her with a code for messages . After he left to join the Confederate Army , he gave her control of his network but continued to receive reports from her . On July 9 and 16 , 1861 , Greenhow passed secret messages to Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard containing critical information regarding military movements for what would be the First Battle of Bull Run , including the plans of Union general McDowell . McDowell 's plan and initial movements in the Manassas Campaign ( edit ) On July 16 , 1861 , McDowell departed Washington with the largest field army yet gathered on the North American continent , about 35,000 men ( 28,452 effectives ) . McDowell 's plan was to move westward in three columns and make a diversionary attack on the Confederate line at Bull Run with two columns , while the third column moved around the Confederates ' right flank to the south , cutting the railroad to Richmond and threatening the rear of the Confederate army . He assumed that the Confederates would be forced to abandon Manassas Junction and fall back to the Rappahannock River , the next defensible line in Virginia , which would relieve some of the pressure on the U.S. capital . McDowell had hoped to have his army at Centreville by 17 July , but the troops , unaccustomed to marching , moved in starts and stops . Along the route soldiers often broke ranks to wander off to pick apples or blackberries or to get water , regardless of the orders of their officers to remain in ranks . The Confederate Army of the Potomac ( 21,883 effectives ) under Beauregard was encamped near Manassas Junction , approximately 25 miles ( 40 km ) from the United States capital . McDowell planned to attack this numerically inferior enemy army . Union Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson 's 18,000 men engaged Johnston 's force ( the Army of the Shenandoah at 8,884 effectives , augmented by Maj. Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes 's brigade of 1,465 ) in the Shenandoah Valley , preventing them from reinforcing Beauregard . Movements July 16 -- 21 , 1861 Situation July 18 Battlefield of Manassas After two days of marching slowly in the sweltering heat , the Union army was allowed to rest in Centreville . McDowell reduced the size of his army to approximately 31,000 by dispatching Brig. Gen. Theodore Runyon with 5,000 troops to protect the army 's rear . In the meantime , McDowell searched for a way to outflank Beauregard , who had drawn up his lines along Bull Run . On July 18 , the Union commander sent a division under Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler to pass on the Confederate right ( southeast ) flank. Tyler was drawn into a skirmish at Blackburn 's Ford over Bull Run and made no headway . Also on the morning of 18 July Johnston had received a telegram suggesting he go to Beauregard 's assistance if possible . Johnston marched out of Winchester about noon , while Stuart 's cavalry screened the movement from Patterson . Patterson was completely deceived . One hour after Johnston 's departure Patterson telegraphed Washington , `` I have succeeded , in accordance with the wishes of the General - in - Chief , in keeping General Johnston 's force at Winchester . '' For the maneuver to be successful McDowell felt he needed to act quickly . He had already begun to hear rumors that Johnston had slipped out of the valley and was headed for Manassas Junction . If the rumors were true , McDowell might soon be facing 34,000 Confederates , instead of 22,000 . Another reason for quick action was McDowell 's concern that the ninety - day enlistments of many of his regiments were about to expire . `` In a few days I will lose many thousands of the best of this force '' , he wrote Washington on the eve of battle . In fact , the next morning two units of McDowell 's command , their enlistments expiring that day , would turn a deaf ear to McDowell 's appeal to stay a few days longer . Instead , to the sounds of battle , they would march back to Washington to be mustered out of service . Becoming more frustrated , McDowell resolved to attack the Confederate left ( northwest ) flank instead . He planned to attack with Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler 's division at the Stone Bridge on the Warrenton Turnpike and send the divisions of Brig . Gens . David Hunter and Samuel P. Heintzelman over Sudley Springs Ford . From here , these divisions could march into the Confederate rear . The brigade of Col. Israel B. Richardson ( Tyler 's Division ) would harass the enemy at Blackburn 's Ford , preventing them from thwarting the main attack . Patterson would tie down Johnston in the Shenandoah Valley so that reinforcements could not reach the area . Although McDowell had arrived at a theoretically sound plan , it had a number of flaws : it was one that required synchronized execution of troop movements and attacks , skills that had not been developed in the nascent army ; it relied on actions by Patterson that he had already failed to take ; finally , McDowell had delayed long enough that Johnston 's Valley force was able to board trains at Piedmont Station and rush to Manassas Junction to reinforce Beauregard 's men . Prelude to battle ( edit ) On July 19 -- 20 , significant reinforcements bolstered the Confederate lines behind Bull Run . Johnston arrived with all of his army , except for the troops of Brig. Gen. Kirby Smith , who were still in transit . Most of the new arrivals were posted in the vicinity of Blackburn 's Ford , and Beauregard 's plan was to attack from there to the north toward Centreville . Johnston , the senior officer , approved the plan . If both of the armies had been able to execute their plans simultaneously , it would have resulted in a mutual counterclockwise movement as they attacked each other 's left flank . McDowell was getting contradictory information from his intelligence agents , so he called for the balloon Enterprise , which was being demonstrated by Prof. Thaddeus S.C. Lowe in Washington , to perform aerial reconnaissance . Opposing forces ( edit ) Union ( edit ) Further information : Union order of battle Key Union commanders Brig. Gen . Irvin McDowell , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( Commanding ) , USA Brig. Gen . Daniel Tyler , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 1st Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . David Hunter , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 2nd Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . Samuel P. Heintzelman , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 3rd Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . Theodore Runyon , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 4th Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . Dixon S. Miles , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 5th Div . ) USA Maj. Gen . Robert Patterson , Patterson 's Command , USA McDowell 's Army of Northeastern Virginia was organized into five infantry divisions of three to five brigades each . Each brigade contained three to five infantry regiments . An artillery battery was generally assigned to each brigade . The total number of Union troops present at the Battle of First Bull Run was about 35,000 , although only about 18,000 were actually engaged . The Union army was organized as follows : 1st Division of Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler the largest in the army , contained four brigades , led by Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck , Col. Erasmus Keyes , Col. William T. Sherman , and Col. Israel B. Richardson ; 2nd Division of Col. David Hunter of two brigades . These were led by Cols . Andrew Porter and Ambrose E. Burnside ; 3rd Division of Col. Samuel P. Heintzelman included 3 brigades , led by Cols . William B. Franklin , Orlando B. Willcox , and Oliver O. Howard ; 4th Division of Brig. Gen. Theodore Runyon without brigade organization and not engaged , contained seven regiments of New Jersey and one regiment of New York volunteer infantries ; 5th Division of Col. Dixon S. Miles included 2 brigades , commanded by Cols . Louis Blenker and Thomas A. Davies ; While McDowell organized the Army of Northeastern Virginia , a smaller Union command was organized and stationed northwest of Washington , near Harper 's Ferry . Commanded by Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson , 18,000 men of the Department of Pennsylvania protected against a Confederate incursion from the Shenandoah Valley . Abstract from the returns of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , commanded by Brigadier - General McDowell , U.S.A. , for July 16 and 17 , 1861 . ARMY OF NORTHEASTERN VIRGINIA Commands Present For duty Total Aggregate Officers Men General staff 19 21 First ( Tyler 's ) Division 569 12,226 9,494 9,936 Second ( Hunter 's ) Division 121 2,364 2,525 2,648 Third ( Heintzelman 's ) Division 382 8,680 9,385 9,777 Fourth ( Runyon 's ) Division 247 5,201 5,502 5,752 Fifth ( Miles ' ) Division 289 5,884 5,917 6,207 Twenty - first New York Volunteers 37 684 707 745 Twenty - fifth New York Militia 39 519 534 573 Second United States Cavalry , Company E 56 63 73 Total 1,707 35,614 34,127 35,732 Abstract from return of the Department of Pennsylvania , commanded by Major - General Patterson , June 28 , 1861 . PATTERSON 'S COMMAND Commanding officer Troops Present for duty Infantry Cavalry Artillery Officers Men Officers Men Officers Men Bvt . Maj. Gen. Geo . Cadwalader First division 322 6,637 11 307 7 251 Maj. Gen. W.H. Keim Second division 322 6,410 74 Total 644 13,047 14 381 7 251 Aggregate present for duty Infantry 13,691 Cavalry 395 Artillery 258 Total 14,344 Confederate ( edit ) Further information : Confederate order of battle Key Confederate commanders Brig. Gen . P.G.T. Beauregard , CSA Army of the Potomac Brig. Gen . Joseph E. Johnston , CSA Army of the Shenandoah , ( Commanding ) Joseph E. Johnston 's forces was organized as follows : The Army of the Potomac ( Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard ) was organized into six infantry brigades , with each brigade containing three to six infantry regiments . Artillery batteries were assigned to various infantry brigades . The total number of troops in the Confederate Army of the Potomac was approximately 22,000 . Beauregard 's army also contained thirty - nine pieces of field artillery and a regiment of Virginia cavalry . The Army of the Potomac was organized into seven infantry brigades . These were : 1st Brigade , under Brig. Gen. Milledge Luke Bonham ; 2nd Brigade , under Brig. Gen. Richard S. Ewell ; 3rd Brigade , under Brig. Gen. David R. Jones ; 4th Brigade , under Brig. Gen. James Longstreet ; 5th Brigade , under Col. Philip St. George Cocke ; 6th Brigade , under Col. Jubal Early ; 7th Brigade , under Col. Nathan G. Evans . The Army of the Shenandoah ( Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston ) was also organized into brigades . It consisted of four brigades of three to five infantry regiments each , which totaled approximately 12,000 men . Each brigade was assigned one artillery battery . In addition to the infantry , there were twenty pieces of artillery and about 300 Virginia cavalrymen under Col. J.E.B. Stuart . Although the combined strength of both Confederate armies was about 34,000 , only about 18,000 were actually engaged at First Bull Run . The Army of the Shenandoah consisted of four infantry brigades : 1st Brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson ; 2nd Brigade , commanded by Col. Francis S. Bartow ; 3rd Brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Barnard E. Bee ; 4th Brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith . Abstract front field return , First Corps ( Army of the Potomac ) , July 21 , 1861 . ( Dated September 25 , 1861 . ) ARMY OF THE POTOMAC Commands . General and Staff Officers Infantry . Cavalry . Artillery . Officers Men . Officers Men . Officers Men . First Brigade 211 4,070 Second Brigade 133 2,307 Third Brigade 128 1,989 Fourth Brigade 160 2,364 Fifth Brigade 208 8,065 Sixth Brigade 261 2,356 Seventh Louisiana 44 773 Eighth Louisiana 43 803 Hampton Legion 27 627 Thirteenth Virginia 34 642 Harrison 's Battalion ( three companies ) 13 196 Troops ( ten ) of cavalry 38 545 Washington ( Louisiana ) Artillery 19 201 Kemper 's battery 76 Latham 's battery 86 Loudoun Battery 55 Shield 's battery 82 Camp Pickens ( heavy artillery ) 18 275 Total 22 1,215 18,354 85 1,383 51 775 Aggregates : Infantry 19,569 Cavalry 1,468 Artillery 826 21,863 Abstract from monthly report of Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston 's division , or Army of the Shenandoah ( C.S.A. ) , for June 30 , 1861 . ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH Commanding officer . Troops . PRESENT FOR DUTY . Infantry . Cavalry . Artillery . Officers . Men . Officers . Men . Officers . Men . Colonel Jackson First brigade 128 2,043 81 Col. F.S. Bartow Second brigade 155 2,391 59 Brigadier - General Bee Third brigade 161 2,629 78 Col. A. Elzey Fourth brigade 156 2,106 45 Col. J.E.B. Stuart First Virginia Cavalry 21 313 Col. A.C. Cummings Virginia Volunteers 14 227 Total 614 9,396 21 313 15 263 Aggregate present for duty . General staff 32 Infantry 10,010 Cavalry 334 Artillery 278 10,654 Battle ( edit ) Morning phase ( edit ) Matthews Hill ( edit ) Situation morning , July 21 Situation at 05 : 30 -- 06 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) On the morning of July 21 , 1861 , McDowell sent the divisions of Hunter and Heintzelman ( about 12,000 men ) from Centreville at 2 : 30 a.m. , marching southwest on the Warrenton Turnpike and then turning northwest toward Sudley Springs . Tyler 's division ( about 8,000 ) marched directly toward the Stone Bridge . The inexperienced units immediately developed logistical problems . Tyler 's division blocked the advance of the main flanking column on the turnpike . The later units found the approach roads to Sudley Springs were inadequate , little more than a cart path in some places , and did not begin fording Bull Run until 9 : 30 a.m. Tyler 's men reached the Stone Bridge around 6 a.m. At 5 : 15 a.m. , Richardson 's brigade fired a few artillery rounds across Mitchell 's Ford on the Confederate right , some of which hit Beauregard 's headquarters in the Wilmer McLean house as he was eating breakfast , alerting him to the fact that his offensive battle plan had been preempted . Nevertheless , he ordered demonstration attacks north toward the Union left at Centreville . Bungled orders and poor communications prevented their execution . Although he intended for Brig. Gen. Richard S. Ewell to lead the attack , Ewell , at Union Mills Ford , was simply ordered to `` hold ... in readiness to advance at a moment 's notice '' . Brig. Gen. D.R. Jones was supposed to attack in support of Ewell , but found himself moving forward alone . Holmes was also supposed to support , but received no orders at all . U.S. cavalry at Sudley Spring Ford An 1862 illustration of a Confederate officer forcing slaves to fire a cannon at U.S. forces at gunpoint . According to John Parker , a former slave , he was forced by his Confederate captors to fire a cannon at U.S. soldiers at the Battle of Bull Run . All that stood in the path of the 20,000 Union soldiers converging on the Confederate left flank were Col. Nathan `` Shanks '' Evans and his reduced brigade of 1,100 men . Evans had moved some of his men to intercept the direct threat from Tyler at the bridge , but he began to suspect that the weak attacks from the Union brigade of Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck were merely feints . He was informed of the main Union flanking movement through Sudley Springs by Captain Edward Porter Alexander , Beauregard 's signal officer , observing from 8 miles ( 13 km ) southwest on Signal Hill . In the first use of wig - wag semaphore signaling in combat , Alexander sent the message `` Look out for your left , your position is turned . '' Evans hastily led 900 of his men from their position fronting the Stone Bridge to a new location on the slopes of Matthews Hill , a low rise to the northwest of his previous position . The Confederate delaying action on Matthews Hill included a spoiling attack launched by Major Roberdeau Wheat 's 1st Louisiana Special Battalion , `` Wheat 's Tigers '' . After Wheat 's command was thrown back , and Wheat seriously wounded , Evans received reinforcement from two other brigades under Brig. Gen. Barnard Bee and Col. Francis S. Bartow , bringing the force on the flank to 2,800 men . They successfully slowed Hunter 's lead brigade ( Brig. Gen. Ambrose Burnside ) in its attempts to ford Bull Run and advance across Young 's Branch , at the northern end of Henry House Hill . One of Tyler 's brigade commanders , Col. William Tecumseh Sherman , crossed at an unguarded ford and struck the right flank of the Confederate defenders . This surprise attack , coupled with pressure from Burnside and Maj . George Sykes , collapsed the Confederate line shortly after 11 : 30 a.m. , sending them in a disorderly retreat to Henry House Hill . ( Further map details , see : Additional Map 4 , Additional Map 5 , Additional Map 6 and Additional Map 7 . ) Noon phase ( edit ) Henry House Hill ( edit ) As they retreated from their Matthews Hill position , the remainder of Evans 's , Bee 's , and Bartow 's commands received some cover from Capt . John D. Imboden and his battery of four 6 - pounder guns , who held off the Union advance while the Confederates attempted to regroup on Henry House Hill . They were met by generals Johnston and Beauregard , who had just arrived from Johnston 's headquarters at the M. Lewis Farm , `` Portici '' . Fortunately for the Confederates , McDowell did not press his advantage and attempt to seize the strategic ground immediately , choosing to bombard the hill with the batteries of Capts . James B. Ricketts ( Battery I , 1st U.S. Artillery ) and Charles Griffin ( Battery D , 5th U.S. ) from Dogan 's Ridge . Attacks on Henry House Hill , noon -- 2 p.m Union retreat , after 4 p.m. Brig. Gen Thomas J. Jackson 's Virginia Brigade came up in support of the disorganized Confederates around noon , accompanied by Col. Wade Hampton and his Hampton 's Legion , and Col. J.E.B. Stuart 's cavalry . Jackson posted his five regiments on the reverse slope of the hill , where they were shielded from direct fire , and was able to assemble 13 guns for the defensive line , which he posted on the crest of the hill ; as the guns fired , their recoil moved them down the reverse slope , where they could be safely reloaded . Meanwhile , McDowell ordered the batteries of Ricketts and Griffin to move from Dogan 's Ridge to the hill for close infantry support . Their 11 guns engaged in a fierce artillery duel across 300 yards ( 270 m ) against Jackson 's 13 . Unlike many engagements in the Civil War , here the Confederate artillery had an advantage . The Union pieces were now within range of the Confederate smoothbores and the predominantly rifled pieces on the Union side were not effective weapons at such close ranges , with many shots fired over the head of their targets . Ruins of Judith Henry 's house , `` Spring Hill '' , after the battle Postwar house on site of Judith Henry house in Manassas Judith Henry grave One of the casualties of the artillery fire was Judith Carter Henry , an 85 - year - old widow and invalid , who was unable to leave her bedroom in the Henry House . As Ricketts began receiving rifle fire , he concluded that it was coming from the Henry House and turned his guns on the building . A shell that crashed through the bedroom wall tore off one of the widow 's feet and inflicted multiple injuries , from which she died later that day . `` The Enemy are driving us '' , Bee exclaimed to Jackson . Jackson , a former U.S. Army officer and professor at the Virginia Military Institute , is said to have replied , `` Then , Sir , we will give them the bayonet . '' Bee exhorted his own troops to re-form by shouting , `` There is Jackson standing like a stone wall . Let us determine to die here , and we will conquer . Rally behind the Virginians . '' This exclamation was the source for Jackson 's ( and his brigade 's ) nickname , `` Stonewall '' . There is some controversy over Bee 's statement and intent , which could not be clarified because he was mortally wounded almost immediately after speaking and none of his subordinate officers wrote reports of the battle . Major Burnett Rhett , chief of staff to General Johnston , claimed that Bee was angry at Jackson 's failure to come immediately to the relief of Bee 's and Bartow 's brigades while they were under heavy pressure . Those who subscribe to this opinion believe that Bee 's statement was meant to be pejorative : `` Look at Jackson standing there like a stone wall ! '' Artillery commander Griffin decided to move two of his guns to the southern end of his line , hoping to provide enfilade fire against the Confederates . At approximately 3 p.m. , these guns were overrun by the 33rd Virginia , whose men were outfitted in blue uniforms , causing Griffin 's commander , Maj . William F. Barry , to mistake them for Union troops and to order Griffin not to fire on them . Close range volleys from the 33rd Virginia and Stuart 's cavalry attack against the flank of the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment ( Ellsworth 's Fire Zouaves ) , which was supporting the battery , killed many of the gunners and scattered the infantry . Capitalizing on this success , Jackson ordered two regiments to charge Ricketts 's guns and they were captured as well . As additional Federal infantry engaged , the guns changed hands several times . Capture of Ricketts ' Battery , painting by Sidney E. King , National Park Service The capture of the Union guns turned the tide of battle . Although McDowell had brought 15 regiments into the fight on the hill , outnumbering the Confederates two to one , no more than two were ever engaged simultaneously . Jackson continued to press his attacks , telling soldiers of the 4th Virginia Infantry , `` Reserve your fire until they come within 50 yards ! Then fire and give them the bayonet ! And when you charge , yell like furies ! '' For the first time , Union troops heard the disturbing sound of the Rebel yell . At about 4 p.m. , the last Union troops were pushed off Henry House Hill by a charge of two regiments from Col. Philip St. George Cocke 's brigade . To the west , Chinn Ridge had been occupied by Col. Oliver Otis Howard 's brigade from Heintzelman 's division . Also at 4 p.m. , two Confederate brigades - Col. Jubal Early 's , which had moved from the Confederate right , and Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith 's ( commanded by Col. Arnold Elzey after Smith was wounded ) , which had just arrived from the Shenandoah Valley -- crushed Howard 's brigade . Beauregard ordered his entire line forward . At 5 p.m. everywhere McDowell 's army was disintegrating . Thousands , in large and small groups or as individuals , began to leave the battlefield and head for Centreville . McDowell rode around the field trying to rally regiments and groups of soldiers , but most had had enough . Unable to stop the mass exodus , McDowell gave orders for Porter 's Regular infantry battalion , near the intersection of the turnpike and Manassas - Sudley Road , to act as a rear guard as his army withdrew . The unit briefly held the crossroads , then retreated eastward with the rest of the army . McDowell 's force crumbled and began to retreat . ( Further map details , see : Additional Map 8 , Additional Map 9 , Additional Map 10 , Additional Map 11 and Additional Map 12 . ) Union retreat ( edit ) The retreat was relatively orderly up to the Bull Run crossings , but it was poorly managed by the Union officers . A Union wagon was overturned by artillery fire on a bridge spanning Cub Run Creek and incited panic in McDowell 's force . As the soldiers streamed uncontrollably toward Centreville , discarding their arms and equipment , McDowell ordered Col. Dixon S. Miles 's division to act as a rear guard , but it was impossible to rally the army short of Washington . In the disorder that followed , hundreds of Union troops were taken prisoner . Wagons and artillery were abandoned , including the 30 - pounder Parrott rifle , which had opened the battle with such fanfare . Expecting an easy Union victory , the wealthy elite of nearby Washington , including congressmen and their families , had come to picnic and watch the battle . When the Union army was driven back in a running disorder , the roads back to Washington were blocked by panicked civilians attempting to flee in their carriages . Since their combined army had been left highly disorganized as well , Beauregard and Johnston did not fully press their advantage , despite urging from Confederate President Jefferson Davis , who had arrived on the battlefield to see the Union soldiers retreating . An attempt by Johnston to intercept the Union troops from his right flank , using the brigades of Brig . Gens . Milledge L. Bonham and James Longstreet , was a failure . The two commanders squabbled with each other and when Bonham 's men received some artillery fire from the Union rear guard , and found that Richardson 's brigade blocked the road to Centreville , he called off the pursuit . In Washington President Lincoln and members of the cabinet waited for news of a Union victory . Instead , a telegram arrived stating `` General McDowell 's army in full retreat through Centreville . The day is lost . Save Washington and the remnants of this army . '' The tidings were happier in the Confederate capital . From the battlefield President Davis telegraphed Richmond , `` We have won a glorious but dear - bought victory . Night closed on the enemy in full flight and closely pursued . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Brief observations ( edit ) First Bull Run was a clash between relatively large , ill - trained bodies of recruits , led by inexperienced officers . Neither army commander was able to deploy his forces effectively , only 18,000 men from each side were actually engaged . Although McDowell had been active on the battlefield , he had expended most of his energy maneuvering nearby regiments and brigades , instead of controlling and coordinating the movements of his army as a whole . Other factors contributed to McDowell 's defeat : Patterson 's failure to hold Johnston in the valley ; McDowell 's two - day delay at Centreville ; allowing Tyler 's division to lead the march on 21 July thus delaying the flanking divisions of Hunter and Heintzelman ; and the 2 1 / 2 - hour delay after the Union victory on Matthews ' Hill , which allowed the Confederates to bring up reinforcements and establish a defensive position on Henry Hill . On Henry Hill Beauregard had also limited his control to the regimental level , generally allowing the battle to continue on its own and only reacting to Union moves . Johnston 's decision to transport his infantry to the battlefield by rail played a major role in the Confederate victory . Although the trains were slow and a lack of sufficient cars did not allow the transport of large numbers of troops at one time , almost all of his army arrived in time to participate in the battle . After reaching Manassas Junction , Johnston had relinquished command of the battlefield to Beauregard , but his forwarding of reinforcements to the scene of fighting was decisive . Detailed casualties ( edit ) Bull Run was the largest and bloodiest battle in United States history up to that point . Union casualties were 460 killed , 1,124 wounded , and 1,312 missing or captured ; Confederate casualties were 387 killed , 1,582 wounded , and 13 missing . Among the Union dead was Col. James Cameron , brother of President Lincoln 's first Secretary of War , Simon Cameron . Among the Confederate casualties was Col. Francis S. Bartow , who was the first Confederate brigade commander to be killed in the Civil War . General Bee was mortally wounded and died the following day . Compared to later battles , casualties at First Bull Run had not been especially heavy . Both Union and Confederate killed , wounded , and missing were a little over one thousand seven hundred each . Union ( edit ) Union casualties at the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . ARMY OF NORTHEASTERN VIRGINIA Troops Killed Wounded Missing Remarks Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men General staff First Division , General TYLER : First Brigade , Colonel Keyes 19 46 5 149 Eighteen others slightly wounded . Second Brigade , General Schenck 16 15 15 Third Brigade , Colonel Sherman 117 15 193 13 240 Fourth Brigade , Colonel Richardson Not engaged . Guarding Blackburn 's Ford . Total , First Division 6 152 19 254 19 404 Second Division , Colonel HUNTER : First Brigade , Colonel Porter 83 9 139 9 236 Four surgeons missing . Second Brigade , Colonel Burnside 5 35 85 59 Five surgeons missing . Total Second Division 6 118 12 224 11 295 Third Division , Colonel HEINTZELMAN : Division headquarters . First Brigade , Colonel Franklin 68 13 183 22 Second Brigade , Colonel Willcox 70 11 161 186 Third Brigade , Colonel Howard 48 7 108 6 174 Total , Third Division 6 186 32 452 10 382 Fourth Division , General RUNYON In reserve on the Potomac . Fifth Division , Colonel MILES : First Brigade Colonel Blenker 6 16 94 Second Brigade , Colonel Davies Total , Fifth Division 6 17 95 Grand total 19 462 64 947 40 1,176 Union artillery lost in the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . Batteries Commanders Guns lost Remarks Rifled Smooth Total First U.S. Artillery , Company G ( two 20 - pounder Parrotts , one 30 - pounder Parrott ) . Lieutenant Edwards 20 - pounders saved First U.S. Artillery , Company I ( six 10 - pounder Parrots ) Captain Ricketts 6 6 None saved Second U.S. Artillery , Company D Captain Arnold None saved Second U.S. Artillery , Company E ( two 13 - pounder James , two 6 - pounders ( old ) , two 12 - pounder howitzers ) . Captain Carlisle Two 6 - pounders saved Fifth S. Artillery ( Company D ) , ( two 10 - pounder Parrotts , two 6 - pounders ( old ) , two 12 - pounder howitzers ) . Captain Griffin 5 One 10 - pounder saved Rhode Island Battery ( six 13 - pounder James ) 5 5 One saved Total lost 17 8 25 Confederate ( edit ) Confederate casualties at the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . Command Killed Wounded Missing Aggregate Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men ARMY OF THE POTOMAC INFANTRY First Louisiana ( battalion ) 8 5 33 48 Seventh Louisiana 23 26 Thirteenth Mississippi 6 6 Seventeenth Mississippi 9 11 Eighteenth Mississippi 6 28 38 Fifth North Carolina Second South Carolina 5 6 37 48 Fourth South Carolina 10 9 70 6 96 Fifth South Carolina 23 26 Eighth South Carolina 5 20 28 Hampton Legion 19 100 121 First Virginia 6 6 Seventh Virginia 9 37 47 Eighth Virginia 6 23 30 Seventeenth Virginia Eighteenth Virginia 6 12 19 Nineteenth Virginia 6 Twenty - eighth Virginia 9 9 Forty - ninth Virginia 9 29 40 ARTILLERY Alexandria Light Artillery Latham 's Loudoun Washington ( La . ) CAVALRY Thirtieth Virginia 9 Hanover ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH INFANTRY Fourth Alabama 36 6 151 Seventh Georgia 18 12 122 Eighth Georgia 38 6 153 First Maryland 5 Second Mississippi 21 79 Eleventh Mississippi 7 21 Sixth North Carolina 22 46 Third Tennessee Second Virginia 15 69 Fourth Virginia 30 100 Fifth Virginia 6 47 Tenth Virginia 6 10 Twenty - seventh Virginia 18 122 Thirty - third Virginia 44 101 Total First Corps 6 99 29 490 12 632 Total Second Corps 19 263 34 1,029 Grand total 25 362 63 1,519 12 632 Today will be known as BLACK MONDAY . We are utterly and disgracefully routed , beaten , whipped by secessionists . Union diarist George Templeton Strong If the war had turned out to be of short duration , Bull Run would have been a disaster for the Union . But if , as now seemed more plausible , a long and nasty war was inevitable , that battle had a curiously salutary effect for the Union side . It provided a wake - up call for those optimists -- like Seward or even Lincoln -- who had hoped for or counted on a quick result . David Detzer , Donnybrook Bull Run was a turning point in the American Civil War ... in the sense that the battle struck with impelling force upon public opinion at home and abroad , upon Congress , and upon the Commander - in - chief . It framed new patterns of thought and led to far - reaching changes in the conduct of the war . The failure at Bull Run inspired a second Northern rising . Volunteering accelerated , 90 - day men reenlisted , states rushed fresh regiments forward in plenitude ... As they realized victory would not come readily , a new mood fastened upon Northerners . An iron resolve entered the Northern soul ... James A. Rawley , Turning Points of the Civil War Effect on the Union and subsequent events ( edit ) Union forces and civilians alike feared that Confederate forces would advance on Washington , D.C. , with very little standing in their way . On July 24 , Prof. Thaddeus S.C. Lowe ascended in the balloon Enterprise to observe the Confederates moving in and about Manassas Junction and Fairfax . He saw no evidence of massing Confederate forces , but was forced to land in Confederate territory . It was overnight before he was rescued and could report to headquarters . He reported that his observations `` restored confidence '' to the Union commanders . The Northern public was shocked at the unexpected defeat of their army when an easy victory had been widely anticipated . Both sides quickly came to realize the war would be longer and more brutal than they had imagined . On July 22 President Lincoln signed a bill that provided for the enlistment of another 500,000 men for up to three years of service . On July 25 , eleven thousand Pennsylvanians who had earlier been rejected by the U.S. Secretary of War , Simon Cameron , for federal service in either Patterson 's or McDowell 's command arrived in Washington , D.C. , and were finally accepted . Three months after First Bull Run Union forces suffered another , smaller defeat at the Battle of Ball 's Bluff , near Leesburg , Virginia . The perceived military incompetence at First Bull Run and Ball 's Bluff led to the establishment of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War , a congressional body created to investigate Northern military affairs . Concerning the Battle of First Bull Run , the committee listened to testimony from a variety of witnesses connected with McDowell 's army . Although the committee 's report concluded that the principal cause of defeat was Patterson 's failure to prevent Johnston from reinforcing Beauregard , Patterson 's enlistment had expired a few days after the battle , and he was no longer in the service . The Northern public clamored for another scapegoat , and McDowell bore the chief blame . On 25 July 1861 , he was relieved of army command and replaced by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan , who was named general - in - chief of all the Union armies . McDowell was also present to bear significant blame for the defeat of Maj. Gen. John Pope 's Army of Virginia by Gen. Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia thirteen months later , at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Effect on the Confederacy ( edit ) The reaction in the Confederacy was more muted . There was little public celebration as the Southerners realized that despite their victory , the greater battles that would inevitably come would mean greater losses for their side as well . Once the euphoria of victory had worn off , Jefferson Davis called for 400,000 additional volunteers . Beauregard was considered the Confederate hero of the battle and was promoted that day by C.S. President Davis to full general in the Confederate army . Stonewall Jackson , arguably the most important tactical contributor to the victory , received no special recognition , but would later achieve glory for his 1862 Valley Campaign . Privately , Davis credited Greenhow with ensuring Confederate victory . Jordan sent a telegram to Greenhow : `` Our President and our General direct me to thank you . We rely upon you for further information . The Confederacy owes you a debt . ( Signed ) JORDAN , Adjutant - General . '' The battle also had long - term psychological consequences . The decisive victory led to a degree of over-confidence on the part of Confederate forces , while prompting a determined organizational effort on the part of the Union . In hindsight commentators on both sides agreed that the one - sided outcome `` proved the greatest misfortune that would have befallen the Confederacy '' . Although modern historians generally agree with this interpretation , James M. McPherson has argued that the esprit de corps attained by Confederate troops on the heels of their victory , together with a new sense of insecurity felt by northern commanders , also gave the Confederacy a military edge in the following months . Confederate victory : turning point of the American Civil War ( edit ) Further information : Turning point of the American Civil War § Confederate victory in First Battle of Bull Run ( July 1861 ) `` Bull Run '' vs. `` Manassas '' ( edit ) The name of the battle has caused controversy since 1861 . The Union Army frequently named battles after significant rivers and creeks that played a role in the fighting ; the Confederates generally used the names of nearby towns or farms . The U.S. National Park Service uses the Confederate name for its national battlefield park , but the Union name ( Bull Run ) also has widespread currency in popular literature . Confusion between the battle flags ( edit ) Battlefield confusion between the battle flags , especially the similarity of the Confederacy 's `` Stars and Bars '' and the Union 's `` Stars and Stripes '' when fluttering , led to the adoption of the Confederate Battle Flag , which eventually became the most popular symbol of the Confederacy and the South in general . Conclusions ( edit ) First Bull Run demonstrated that the war would not be won by one grand battle , and both sides began preparing for a long and bloody conflict . The battle also showed the need for adequately trained and experienced officers and men . One year later many of the same soldiers who had fought at First Bull Run , now combat veterans , would have an opportunity to test their skills on the same battlefield at the Second Battle of Bull Run / Manassas . Additional battle maps ( edit ) Gallery : the First Bull Run hour by hour ( edit ) Map 1 : Situation Mid-July 1861 Map 2 : Beauregard 's defensive situation ( Mid-July 1861 ) Map 3 : Situation at 05 : 30 - 06 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 4 : Situation at 10 : 30 - 11 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 5 : Situation at 11 : 00 - 11 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 6 : Situation at 12 : 00 - 12 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 7 : Situation at 13 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 8 : Situation at 14 : 30 - 15 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 9 : Situation at 15 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 10 : Situation at 15 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 11 : Situation at 16 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 12 : Situation at 16 : 30 - 17 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) In popular culture ( edit ) The First Battle of Bull Run is mentioned in the novel Gods and Generals , but is depicted more fully in its film adaptation . The battle forms the climax of the film Class of ' 61 . It also appears in the first episode of the second season of the mini-series North and South , in the second episode of the first season of the mini-series How the West Was Won and in the first episode of the mini-series The Blue and the Gray . Manassas ( 1999 ) is the first volume in the James Reasoner Civil War Series of historical novels . The battle is described in Rebel ( 1993 ) , the first volume of Bernard Cornwell 's The Starbuck Chronicles series of historical novels . The battle is described from the viewpoint of a Union infantryman in Upton Sinclair 's novella Manassas , which also depicts the political turmoil leading up to the Civil War . The battle is also depicted in John Jakes 's The Titans , the fifth novel in The Kent Family Chronicles , a series that explores the fictional Confederate cavalry officer Gideon Kent . The battle is the subject of the Johnny Horton song , `` Battle of Bull Run '' . Shaman , second in the Cole family trilogy by Noah Gordon , includes an account of the battle . The battle is also depicted in the song `` Yankee Bayonet '' by indie - folk band The Decemberists . In Murder at 1600 , Detective Harlan Regis ( Wesley Snipes ) has built a plan - relief of the battle which plays a certain role in the plot . Sesquicentennial ( edit ) The National Jubilee of Peace building at Grant and Lee avenues in Manassas , Virginia , is draped with the U.S. flag for the 150th anniversary commemoration , held on July 21 , 2011 , of the First Battle of Bull Run . Prince William County staged special events commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Civil War through 2011 . Manassas was named the No. 1 tourist destination in the United States for 2011 by the American Bus Association for its efforts in highlighting the historical impact of the Civil War . The cornerstone of the commemoration event featured a reenactment of the battle on July 23 -- 24 , 2011 . Throughout the year , there were tours of the Manassas battlefield and other battlefields in the county and a number of related events and activities . The City of Manassas commemorated the 150th anniversary of the battle July 21 -- 24 , 2011 . Battlefield preservation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Manassas National Battlefield Park U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. Historic district U.S. National Battlefield Park Stonewall Jackson 's cannons on Henry House Hill Location Prince William County , Virginia Nearest city Gainesville , Virginia Coordinates 38 ° 48 ′ 46 '' N 77 ° 31 ′ 18 '' W  /  38.81278 ° N 77.52167 ° W  / 38.81278 ; - 77.52167 Area 5,073 acres ( 20.53 km ) NRHP reference # 66000039 Part of the site of the battle is now Manassas National Battlefield Park . Located north of Manassas , in Prince William County , Virginia , it preserves the site of two major American Civil War battles : the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21 , 1861 , and the Second Battle of Bull Run which was fought between August 28 and August 30 , 1862 ( also known as the First Battle of Manassas and the Second Battle of Manassas , respectively ) . The peaceful Virginia countryside bore witness to clashes between the armies of the North ( Union ) and the South ( Confederacy ) , and it was there that Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson acquired his nickname `` Stonewall . '' Today the National Battlefield Park provides the opportunity for visitors to explore the historic terrain where men fought and died more than a century ago . More than 900,000 people visit the battlefield each year . ( In comparison , roughly 15 million people annually visit nearby Washington , DC . ) As a historic area under the National Park Service , the park was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Second Battle of Bull Run Armies in the American Civil War Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1861 List of costliest American Civil War land battles Origins of the American Civil War Battle of Fort Sumter Manassas Campaign Manassas National Battlefield Park Bull Run Mountains Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Park Service . Jump up ^ National Park Service Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II pages 314 -- 315 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II pages 469 -- 470 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Abtract from returns of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , commanded by Brigadier - General McDowell , U.S.A. , for July 16 and 17 , 1861 ( Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 309 ) . ^ Jump up to : Strength figures vary by source . Eicher , p. 87 - 88 : 35,000 Union , 32,000 Confederate ; Esposito , map 19 : 35,000 Union , 29,000 Confederate ; Ballard , 35,000 Union ( 18,000 engaged ) , 34,000 Confederate ( 18,000 engaged ) ; Salmon , p. 20 : 28,450 Union , 32,230 Confederate ; Kennedy , p. 14 : 35,000 Union , 33,000 Confederate ; Livermore , p. 77 : 28,452 Union `` effectives '' , 32,323 Confederate engaged . Writing in The Century Magazine , adjutant generals James B. Fry cites Archived May 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . 18,572 Union men ( including stragglers not on the field ) and 24 guns engaged , Thomas Jordan cites Archived August 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . 18,052 Confederate men and 37 guns engaged . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 187 and pages 568 -- 569 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Casualties at the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . ( Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 327 ) . Jump up ^ 2,896 ( 460 killed ; 1,124 wounded ; 1,312 captured / missing ) , according to Eicher , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Casualties in the Army of the Potomac ( Confederate ) July 21 , 1861 . ( Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 570 ) . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page V ( Preface ) . Jump up ^ Ballard , 3 . Jump up ^ Ballard , 4 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 4 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 77 ; Williams , p. 21 ; McPherson , p. 336 ; Davis , p. 110 , attributes the remark to general - in - chief Winfield Scott . ^ Jump up to : Fishel , Edwin C. , The Secret War For The Union : The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1996 , pp. 59 -- 63 ^ Jump up to : `` Greenhow , Rose O'Neal '' , ( 1817 -- 1864 ) , The National Archives -- People Description. 1817 -- 1864 , ( accessed February 5 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Letter Written in Cipher on Mourning Paper by Rose Greenhow '' , National Archives and Records Administration , World Digital Library Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 110 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 8 . ^ Jump up to : Livermore , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 9 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 10 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 91 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 187 . Jump up ^ Beatie , pp. 285 -- 88 ; Esposito , text for Map 21 ; Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 94 ; Esposito , Map 22 . Jump up ^ Masur , Kate ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Slavery and Freedom at Bull Run '' . The New York Times . New York : The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Andy ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Memory : Frederick Douglass ' Black Confederate '' . Dead Confederates : A Civil War Blog . WordPress . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Brown , pp. 43 -- 45 ; Alexander , pp. 50 -- 51 . Alexander recalls that the signal was `` You are flanked . '' Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , pp. 312 -- 13 ; Rafuse , A Single Grand Victory `` , p. 131 ; Esposito , Map 22 ; Eicher , pp. 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 313 ; Eicher , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 357 ; Davis , pp. 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Robertson , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 1 , p. 82 ; Robertson , p. 264 . McPherson , p. 342 , reports the quotation after `` stone wall '' as being `` Rally around the Virginians ! '' Jump up ^ See , for instance , McPherson , p. 342 . There are additional controversies about what Bee said and whether he said anything at all . See Freeman , vol. 1 , pp. 733 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 96 -- 98 ; Esposito , Map 23 ; Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , pp. 314 -- 15 ; McPherson , pp. 342 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 315 ; Eicher , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 32 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , pp. 315 -- 16 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 344 ; Eicher , p. 98 ; Esposito , Map 24 . Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 1 , p. 76 ; Esposito , Map 24 ; Davis , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 35 . Jump up ^ Ballard , pages 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 434 -- 435 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 383 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard , page 36 . Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 328 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 488 . Jump up ^ Rawley , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Haydon , pp. 192 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Rawley , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Curtin , Andrew G. ( January 8 , 1862 ) . `` Message of Andrew G. Curtin , Governor of Pennsylvania , to the Legislature , '' . Executive Department : 8 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 492 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 1 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Greenhow , Rose O'Neal , My Imprisonment and the First Year of Abolition Rule at Washington , London : Richard Bentley , 1863 , p. 18 , full text online at Documenting the American South , University of North Carolina Jump up ^ James M. McPherson ( 1988 ) . The Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford University Press . p. 347 -- 350 . ISBN 9780199743902 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 346 , n . 7 . McPherson 's popular one - volume history of the war uses the two names interchangeably because he states that `` neither name has any intrinsic superiority over the other . '' Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 342 . Jump up ^ `` Plan a trip and discover your story '' . visitpwc.com . Jump up ^ `` manassascivilwar.org '' . manassascivilwar.org . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Washington DC GO ! References ( edit ) Alexander , Edward P. Fighting for the Confederacy : The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander . Edited by Gary W. Gallagher . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4722 - 4 . Ballard , Ted . First Battle of Bull Run : Staff Ride Guide . Washington , DC : United States Army Center of Military History , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 068078 - 6 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Beatie , Russel H. Army of the Potomac : Birth of Command , November 1860 -- September 1861 . New York : Da Capo Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81141 - 3 . Brown , J. Willard . The Signal Corps , U.S.A. in the War of the Rebellion . U.S. Veteran Signal Corps Association , 1896 . Reprinted 1974 by Arno Press . ISBN 0 - 405 - 06036 - X . Davis , William C. , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . First Blood : Fort Sumter to Bull Run . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4704 - 5 . Detzer , David . Donnybrook : The Battle of Bull Run , 1861 . New York : Harcourt , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 603143 - 1 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Praeger , 1959 . Freeman , Douglas S. Lee 's Lieutenants : A Study in Command . 3 vols . New York : Scribner , 1946 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85979 - 3 . Haydon , F. Stansbury . Military Ballooning during the Early Civil War . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1941 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6442 - 9 . Livermore , Thomas L. Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America 1861 -- 65 . Reprinted with errata , Dayton , OH : Morninside House , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 527 - 57600 - X . First published in 1901 by Houghton Mifflin . McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Rafuse , Ethan S. `` First Battle of Bull Run . '' In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History , edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . Rafuse , Ethan S. A Single Grand Victory : The First Campaign and Battle of Manassas . The American Crisis Series . Wilmington , DE : SR Books , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2875 - 7 . Rawley , James A. Turning Points of the Civil War . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1966 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8935 - 9 . Robertson , James I. , Jr . Stonewall Jackson : The Man , The Soldier , The Legend . New York : MacMillan Publishing , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864685 - 1 . Salmon , John S . The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2868 - 4 . Williams , T. Harry . Lincoln and His Generals . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1952 . ISBN 0 - 9654382 - 6 - 0 . National Park Service battle description Professor Thaddeus Lowe 's Official Report ( Part I ) Memoirs and primary sources ( edit ) Dyer , Frederick H. , A compendium of the War of the Rebellion , Volume 1 , 1908 , Des Moines IA Longstreet , James . From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America . New York : Da Capo Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80464 - 6 . First published in 1896 by J.B. Lippincott and Co . Robert Underwood Johnson , Clarence Clough Buell , Battles and Leaders of the Civil War : The Opening Battles , Volume 1 ( Pdf ) , New York : The Century Co. , 1887 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 Further reading ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bull Run . Davis , William C. Battle at Bull Run : A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1977 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0867 - 7 . Goldfield , David , et al . The American Journey : A History of the United States . 2nd ed . New York : Prentice Hall , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 088243 - 7 . Gottfried , Bradley M. The Maps of First Bull Run : An atlas of the First Bull Run ( Manassas ) Campaign , including the Battle of Ball 's Bluff , June -- October 1861 . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 60 - 9 . Hankinson , Alan . First Bull Run 1861 : The South 's First Victory . Osprey Campaign Series # 10 . London : Osprey Publishing , 1991 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 133 - 5 . Hennessy , John , Ethan Rafuse , and Harry Smeltzer . `` Historians ' Forum : The First Battle of Bull Run . '' Civil War History 57 # 2 ( June 2011 ) : 106 -- 120 . Hines , Blaikie . The Battle of First Bull Run , Manassas Campaign -- July 16 -- 22 , 1861 : An Illustrated Atlas and Battlefield Guide . Maine : American Patriot Press , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61364 - 129 - 3 . Longacre , Edward G . The Early Morning of War : Bull Run , 1861 ( 2014 ) . Rable , George . `` The Battlefield and Beyond . '' Civil War History 53 # 3 ( September 2007 ) : 244 -- 51 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Battle of Bull Run . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manassas National Battlefield Park . Battle of Bull Run : Battle maps , photos , history articles , and battlefield news ( Civil War Trust ) `` Map of the Battles of Bull Run , 1861 '' , prepared by Army engineer , National Archives and Record Administration , at World Digital Library Manassas National Battlefield Park website First Battle of Manassas : An End to Innocence , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Harper 's Weekly 1861 Report on the Battle of Bull Run Civil War Home website on First Bull Run Animated history of the First Battle of Bull Run FirstBullRun.co.uk The First Battle of Bull Run public domain audiobook at LibriVox First Manassas Campaign with Official Records and Reports Map of the Battles of Bull Run Near Manassas . Solomon Bamberger . Zoomable high - resolution map . Newspaper coverage of the First Battle of Bull Run Manassas Civil War 150th Anniversary July 21 -- 24 , 2011 Texts on Wikisource : Guernsey , Alfred H. ( 1879 ) . `` Bull Run '' . The American Cyclopædia . Eastern Theater of the American Civil War 1861 Campaigns Chesapeake blockade ( May -- Jun ) Western Virginia ( Jun -- Dec ) Manassas ( Jul ) Carolina coast blockade ( Aug ) McClellan 's Operations ( Oct -- Dec ) Potomac blockade ( Oct -- Jan 1862 ) Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run 1862 Campaigns Burnside 's NC Expedition ( Feb -- Jun ) Jackson 's Valley ( Mar -- Jun ) Peninsula ( Mar -- Jul ) Northern Virginia ( Jul - Sep ) Maryland ( Sep ) Fredericksburg ( Nov -- Dec ) Goldsboro Expedition ( Dec ) Major battles Hampton Roads Williamsburg Seven Pines Seven Days Battles Oak Grove Beaver Dam Creek Gaines 's Mill Garnett 's & Golding 's Farm Savage 's Station White Oak Swamp Glendale Malvern Hill 2nd Bull Run Antietam Fredericksburg 1863 Campaigns Tidewater Operations ( Mar -- Apr ) Chancellorsville ( Apr -- May ) Gettysburg ( Jun -- Jul ) Bristoe ( Oct -- Nov ) Mine Run ( Nov -- Dec ) Major battles Chancellorsville Gettysburg 1864 Campaigns Valley Campaigns ( May -- Oct ) : Lynchburg , Early 's B&O Raid , Sheridan 's Campaign Operations Against Plymouth ( Apr -- May ) Bermuda Hundred ( May ) Overland ( May -- Jun ) Petersburg ( Jun -- Mar 1865 ) Major battles Wilderness Spotsylvania Court House North Anna Cold Harbor Trevilian Station 2nd Petersburg Crater 2nd Deep Bottom Globe Tavern 3rd Winchester Chaffin 's Farm Cedar Creek Boydton Plank Road 1865 Campaigns Wilmington ( Dec -- Feb ) Appomattox ( Mar -- Apr ) Major battles 2nd Fort Fisher Bentonville Fort Stedman Five Forks 3rd Petersburg Sailor 's Creek Appomattox Court House Armies James Potomac Virginia Shenandoah Northern Virginia Geography Departments Monongahela Susquehanna Landforms Cumberland Valley Gettysburg - Newark Lowlands Shenandoah Valley Fairfax County in the American Civil War Battles Battle of Blackburn 's Ford Battle of Chantilly Battle of Dranesville Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1861 ) Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1863 ) First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Battle of Vienna , Virginia Skirmishes Bog Wallow Ambush Raids Burke 's Station Raid Mosby 's Raids Units 8th Virginia Infantry 17th Virginia Infantry 1st Virginia Cavalry 43rd Battalion of Virginia Cavalry Georgia Hussars ( later Jeff Davis Cavalry Legion , Company F ) 3rd New Jersey Volunteer Infantry 3rd Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment 45th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment 16th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry First New Jersey Brigade 2nd Vermont Brigade XXII Corps ( Union Army ) Union Army Balloon Corps People Clara Barton Michael Corcoran Antonia Ford Thaddeus Lowe John Quincy Marr John S. 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Udvar - Hazy Center Washington and Old Dominion Railway Fort Belvoir Transportation Air Manassas Regional Airport Washington Dulles International Airport Roads Fairfax County Parkway Springfield Interchange Virginia State Route 123 Dulles Toll Road ( VA 267 ) Transit Fairfax Connector Silver Line Virginia Railway Express Manassas Line Fredericksburg Line Culture Battles Battle of Chantilly First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Events Celebrate Fairfax ! Education George Mason University University of Fairfax Northern Virginia Community College Prince William County , Virginia Northern Virginia Washington Metropolitan Area Administration Prince William Board of County Supervisors Prince William County Public Schools Prince William County Department of Parks & Recreation Prince William County Public Library Prince William County Department of Fire and Rescue Prince William County Police Department Prince William County Sheriff 's Office Organizations Prince William Chamber of Commerce Landmarks National Museum of the Marine Corps Marine Corps Base Quantico Hylton Performing Arts Center Manassas National Battlefield Park Jiffy Lube Live Old Dominion Speedway Prince William Forest Park Leesylvania State Park Potomac Mills Transportation OmniRide Washington Dulles International Airport Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport Manassas Regional Airport Prince William Parkway Virginia State Route 234 Interstate 66 Interstate 95 U.S. Route 1 Culture Battles First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Events Dale City 4th of July Parade Education George Mason University Northern Virginia Community College Strayer University University of Northern Virginia Municipalities and communities of Prince William County , Virginia , United States County seat : Manassas Towns Dumfries Haymarket Occoquan Quantico CDPs Buckhall Bull Run Bull Run Mountain Estates Cherry Hill County Center Dale City Gainesville Independent Hill Lake Ridge Linton Hall Loch Lomond Marumsco Montclair Neabsco Nokesville Potomac Mills Quantico Base ‡ Sudley Triangle Woodbridge Yorkshire Unincorporated communities Aden Agnewville Antioch Batestown Bethel Brentsville Bristow Buckland Canova Catharpin Cornwell Featherstone Greenwich Groveton Hickory Ridge Hoadly Joplin Kopp Locust Hill Minnieville Rixlew Southbridge Sudley Springs Thoroughfare Wellington West Gate Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Bull_Run&oldid=804570602 '' Categories : Fairfax County in the American Civil War Manassas Campaign Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Confederate victories of the American Civil War Prince William County in the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War in Virginia United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries 1861 in the American Civil War 1861 in Virginia July 1861 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 21 : 21 . 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who won the battle of first bull run
[ "The First Battle of Bull Run (the name used by Union forces), also known as the Battle of First Manassas[1] (the name used by Confederate forces), was fought on July 21, 1861 in Prince William County, Virginia, just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west-southwest of Washington, D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War. The Union's forces were slow in positioning themselves, allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail. Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle. It was a Confederate victory, followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces." ]
[ "Confederate" ]
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Jack Haley
Jack Haley - wikipedia Jack Haley For other people named Jack Haley , see Jack Haley ( disambiguation ) . Jack Haley Haley in Alexander 's Ragtime Band ( 1938 ) John Joseph Haley Jr . ( 1897 - 08 - 10 ) August 10 , 1897 Boston , Massachusetts , U.S. June 6 , 1979 ( 1979 - 06 - 06 ) ( aged 81 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actor , comedian , singer , dancer Years active 1924 -- 1977 Known for The Tin Man in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Spouse ( s ) Florence McFadden ( m . 1921 ) Children 2 , including Jack Haley Jr . John Joseph Haley Jr ( August 10 , 1897 -- June 6 , 1979 ) was an American vaudevillian , actor , radio host , comedian , singer and dancer best known for his portrayal of the Tin Man and his farmhand counterpart Hickory in the classic 1939 MGM film The Wizard of Oz . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 `` The Tin Man '' in The Wizard of Oz 3 Personal life 3.1 Final years and death 4 Film 5 Short films 6 Broadway 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Haley was born in Boston , Massachusetts , to Canadian - born parents John Joseph Haley Sr. and Ellen Curley Haley . His father was a sailor by trade and died in a ship wreck off the coast of Nova Scotia on February 1 , 1898 , when Jack was only six months old . He had one older brother , Bill , who died of pneumonia in 1915 at the age of 20 after contracting tuberculosis . Career ( edit ) Haley ( far left ) in a trailer for Alexander 's Ragtime Band ( 1938 ) Haley headlined in vaudeville as a song - and - dance comedian . One of his closest friends was Fred Allen , who would frequently mention `` Mr. Jacob Haley of Newton Highlands , Massachusetts '' on the air . In the early 1930s , Haley starred in comedy shorts for Vitaphone in Brooklyn , New York . His wide - eyed , good - natured expression gained him supporting roles in musical feature films , including Poor Little Rich Girl with Shirley Temple , Higher and Higher with Frank Sinatra and the Irving Berlin musical Alexander 's Ragtime Band . Both Poor Little Rich Girl and Alexander 's Ragtime Band were released by Twentieth Century - Fox . Haley was under contract to them and appeared in the Fox films Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm and Pigskin Parade , marking his first appearance with Judy Garland . Haley hosted a radio show from 1937 to 1939 known to many as The Jack Haley Show . The first season ( 1937 - 1938 ) , the show was sponsored by Log Cabin Syrup and was known as The Log Cabin Jamboree . The next season ( 1938 - 1939 ) , the show was sponsored by Wonder Bread and was known as The Wonder Show . During the second season the show featured Gale Gordon and Lucille Ball as regular radio performers . Haley returned to musical comedies in the 1940s . Most of his ' 40s work was for RKO Radio Pictures . He left the studio in 1947 when he refused to appear in a remake of RKO 's Seven Keys to Baldpate . Phillip Terry took the role . He subsequently went into real estate , taking guest roles in television series over the next couple of decades . `` The Tin Man '' in the Wizard of Oz ( edit ) Margaret Hamilton , Ray Bolger and Jack Haley reunited in 1970 Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer hired Haley for the part of the Tin Man in The Wizard of Oz after its contracted song - and - dance comedian Buddy Ebsen suffered an almost fatal allergic reaction . He had unwittingly inhaled some of the aluminum dust that composed the majority of the components that went into the creation of his silver face makeup . Bits of it instantly began to settle on his lungs and within a few days of principal photographic testing , he found himself preparing to sit down to dinner one night only to encounter difficulties taking a regular breath of oxygen . The dust was subsequently converted into a paste for Haley in the hope that the previous catastrophe that befell Ebsen would not be repeated . This time around , however , a different incident occurred . The application of the aluminum paste to Haley 's face resulted in an eye infection that led to his being off the set for four days of shooting . Appropriate surgical treatment was administered and any chance of serious or permanent eye damage averted . Haley also portrayed the Tin Man 's Kansas counterpart , Hickory , one of Aunt Em and Uncle Henry 's farmhands . Haley did not remember the makeup or the costume fondly . Interviewed about the film years later by Tom Snyder , he related that many fans assumed making the film was a fun experience . Haley said , `` Like hell it was . It was work ! '' For his role as the Tin Woodman , Haley spoke in the same soft tone he used when reading bedtime stories to his children . Oz was one of only two films Haley made for MGM . The other was Pick a Star , a 1937 Hal Roach production distributed by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . Personal life ( edit ) Haley ( second from left ) at the National Film Society Convention on May 30 , 1979 , ( one week before his death ) Haley was raised Roman Catholic . He was a member of the Good Shepherd Parish and the Catholic Motion Picture Guild in Beverly Hills , California . He married Florence McFadden ( 1902 -- 1996 ) , a native of Wilkes Barre , Pennsylvania on February 25 , 1921 ; `` I met her casually '' Jack recalled . `` As show people often do , and we became inseparable . '' They remained married until his death . Flo Haley opened a successful beauty shop and had many film personalities among her clients . The couple had a son , Jack Haley Jr. ( 1933 -- 2001 ) , who became a successful film producer , and a daughter , Gloria ( 1923 -- 2010 ) . In 1974 , the younger Haley married entertainer Liza Minnelli , the daughter of his father 's Oz co-star Judy Garland . The marriage ended in divorce in 1979 . Jack Haley Jr. died on April 21 , 2001 . Gloria Haley - Parnassus died on May 1 , 2010 . His nephew Bob Dornan served as a Republican congressman from California . Final years and death ( edit ) Jack and Florence Haley 's grave at Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City , California . Their son , Jack Haley , Jr. , is buried next to them . Haley 's last film appearance was in 1977 's New York , New York -- in the lavish `` Happy Endings '' musical number , he played a host who introduces a top Broadway star at an award ceremony , played by his then - daughter - in - law , Liza Minnelli . On April 9 , 1979 he appeared at the 51st Academy Awards ceremony with his Oz co-star Ray Bolger to present the award for Best Costume Design . Bolger announced the nominees , Haley the winner . Before he could open the envelope , Bolger asked , `` How come you get to read the winner ? '' , to which Haley replied , `` When your son produces the show , you can announce the winner . '' Jack Jr. was the show 's producer that year . Haley remained active until a week before his death . On June 6 , 1979 , Haley died of a heart attack at the UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles , California at the age of 81 . He is buried in Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City , California . Haley 's autobiography , Heart of the Tin Man , was published in 2000 . Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Director / Studio Notes 1927 Broadway Madness Radio Announcer Burton L. King Excellent Pictures Film debut 1930 Follow Thru Jack Martin Lloyd Corrigan and Laurence Schwab Paramount Performer : Button Up Your Overcoat 1933 Mr. Broadway Jack Haley Johnnie Walker and Edgar G. Ulmer Broadway - Hollywood Productions Sitting Pretty Pete Pendleton Harry Joe Brown Paramount Performer : You 're Such a Comfort to Me ; I Wanna Meander with Miranda and Good Morning Glory 1934 Here Comes the Groom Mike Scanlon Edward Sedgwick Paramount 1935 Spring Tonic Sykes Clyde Bruckman Fox Film Corporation Redheads on Parade Peter Mathews Norman Z . McLeod Fox Film Corporation The Girl Friend Henry H. Henry Edward Buzzell Columbia Pictures Performer : What is This Power and Two Together Coronado Chuck Hornbostel Norman Z . McLeod Paramount Performer : All 's Well in Coronado by the Sea and Keep Your Fingers Crossed 1936 F - Man Johnny Dime Edward F. Cline Paramount Poor Little Rich Girl Jimmy Dolan Irving Cummings 20th Century Fox Performer : You 've got to Eat your Spinach Baby and Military Man Mr. Cinderella Joe Jenkins / Aloysius P. Merriweather Edward Sedgwick MGM Pigskin Parade Winston ' Slug ' Winters David Butler 20th Century Fox Performer : You Do the Darndest Things Baby and The Balboa 1937 Pick a Star Joe Jenkins Edward Sedgwick MGM Performer : Pick A Star and I 've Got It Bad She Had to Eat Danny Decker Malcolm St. Clair 20th Century Fox Wake Up and Live Eddie Kane Sidney Lanfield 20th Century Fox Danger -- Love at Work Henry MacMorrow Otto Preminger 20th Century Fox Performer : Danger Love at Work Uncredited Ali Baba Goes to Town Himself - Cameo David Butler 20th Century Fox Uncredited 1938 Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm Orville Smithers Allan Dwan 20th Century Fox Performer : Alone With You Alexander 's Ragtime Band Davey Lane Henry King 20th Century Fox Performer : Oh ! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning ; That International Rag and In My Harem ( DVD extra only ) Hold That Co-ed Wilber Peters George Marshall 20th Century Fox Thanks for Everything Henry Smith William A. Seiter 20th Century Fox 1939 The Wizard of Oz The Tin Man / Hickory Victor Fleming MGM ( writer , uncredited ) Performer : If I Only Had a Heart and The Merry Old Land of Oz 1941 Moon Over Miami Jack O'Hara Walter Lang 20th Century Fox Performer : Is That Good ? Navy Blues ' Powerhouse ' Bolton Lloyd Bacon Warner Bros . Performer : When are we Going to Land Abroad 1942 Beyond the Blue Horizon Squidge Sullivan Alfred Santell Paramount 1944 Higher and Higher Mike O'Brien Tim Whelan RKO Pictures Performer : Today I 'm a Debutante and The Music Stopped Take It Big Jack North Frank McDonald Paramount Performer : Take It Big One Body Too Many Albert Tuttle Frank McDonald Paramount 1945 Scared Stiff Larry Elliot Frank McDonald Paramount George White 's Scandals Jack Evans Felix E. Feist RKO Pictures Sing Your Way Home Steve Kimball Anthony Mann RKO Pictures 1946 People Are Funny Pinky Wilson Sam White Paramount Performer : Hey Jose Vacation in Reno Jack Caroll Leslie Goodwins RKO Pictures Last major film before retirement from motion pictures 1970 Norwood Mr. Reese Jack Haley , Jr . Paramount Directed by his son producer / director Jack Haley Jr . 1977 New York , New York Master of Ceremonies Martin Scorsese United Artists This film marked Jack Haley 's final screen appearance . Uncredited , ( final film role ) Short films ( edit ) Year Movie title Role Notes 1928 Haleyisms Jack Haley Also stars his wife Flo McFadden ; Vitaphone production reel # 2269 1930 The 20th Amendment Wallace Moore Success Elmer Performer : `` Just a Gigolo '' ; Vitaphone production reel # 1257 - 1258 1932 The Imperfect Lover Vitaphone production reel # 1324 - 1325 Absent Minded Abner Abner Vitaphone production reel # 1372 - 1373 Sherlock 's Home Vitaphone production reel # 1441 - 1442 Then Came the Yawn 1933 The Build Up Vitaphone production reel # 1444 - 1445 Wrongorilla Elmer Vitaphone production reel # 1486 - 1484 Hollywood on Parade No . A-9 Himself An Idle Roomer Vitaphone production reel # 1531 - 1532 Nothing but the Tooth Smilie Jones Performer : `` Smiles '' ; Vitaphone production reel # 1542 - 1543 Salt Water Daffy Elmer Wagonbottom 1939 Screen Snapshots Series 18 , No. 9 Himself Documentary / News Reel 1946 Screen Snapshots : The Skolsky Party Himself Documentary / News Reel Screen Snapshots : Famous Fathers and Sons Himself Documentary / News Reel Broadway ( edit ) Title Role Run Theater Notes Round the Town Jack Haley May 21 , 1924 - May 31 , 1924 Century Promenade Theatre 15 performances Gay Paree Jack Haley August 18 , 1925 - January 30 , 1926 Shubert Theatre 181 performances Gay Paree Jack Haley November 9 , 1926 - April 9 , 1927 Winter Garden Theatre 192 performances Follow Thru Jack Martin January 9 , 1929 - December 21 , 1929 Chanin 's 46th Theatre 401 performances Sang : Button Up Your Overcoat with Zelma O'Neal In 1930 , he starred in Technicolor 's film version Free For All Steve Potter Jr . September 8 , 1931 - September 19 , 1931 Manhattan Theatre 15 performances Take a Chance Duke Stanley November 26 , 1932 - July 1 , 1933 Apollo Theatre 243 performances Higher and Higher Zachary Ash April 4 , 1940 - June 15 , 1940 Shubert Theatre 84 performances Higher and Higher Zachary Ash August 5 , 1940 - August 24 , 1940 Shubert Theatre 24 performances In 1943 , he starred with Frank Sinatra in film version Show Time Jack Haley September 16 , 1942 - April 3 , 1943 Broadhurst Theatre 342 performances Inside U.S.A. Jack Haley April 30 , 1948 - February 19 , 1949 New Century Theatre and Majestic Theatre 399 performances References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TH - 266 - 12351 - 56802 - 28 ( 4537 × 3913 ) '' . FamilySearch.org . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TH - 1971 - 25965 - 26184 - 7 ( 3078 × 1533 ) '' . FamilySearch.org . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Haley '' . Social Security Death Index . FamilySearch.org . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://phw01.newsbank.com/cache/arhb/fullsize/pl_008272014_1253_31760_626.pdf Jump up ^ Haley , Jack ( March 1 , 2001 ) . `` Heart of the Tin Man : The Collected Writings of Jack Haley '' . Seven Locks Pr . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ Reinehr , Robert ; Swartz , Jon ( 2007 ) . Historical Dictionary of Old Time Radio . Lanham , MD : Scarecrow Press . p. 137 . ISBN 9780810857803 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard of Oz and Buddy Ebsen '' . Snopes.com . July 26 , 1997 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sun Journal '' . www.news.google.com . Jump up ^ `` Our History - Church of the Good Shepherd '' . Church of the Good Shepherd . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jack Haley '' . www.NNDB.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , J.Y. ( June 7 , 1979 ) . `` Jack Haley Dies , Was Tin Man in ' The Wizard of Oz ' '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jack Haley , 79 , who played the shy and diffident Tin Woodman in the film classic `` The Wizard of Oz , '' died yesterday at the UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles after a heart attack . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jack Haley . Jack Haley on IMDb Jack Haley at the Internet Broadway Database Jack Haley at Find a Grave WorldCat Identities BIBSYS : 5074814 BNE : XX4791972 BNF : cb13943369g ( data ) GND : 134608062 ISNI : 0000 0000 6310 3913 LCCN : n85376730 MusicBrainz : ecfbf9bc - 368b - 4077 - b716 - 2a997afc5087 SNAC : w6v72fws VIAF : 54337492 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Haley&oldid=866012079 '' Categories : 1897 births 1979 deaths American people of Irish descent American people of Canadian descent American male film actors American Roman Catholics Male actors from Boston Vaudeville performers 20th - century American male actors Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City People from Atlantic City , New Jersey Male actors from New Jersey Musicians from Atlantic City , New Jersey Catholics from New Jersey Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Italiano Lëtzebuergesch 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 17 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played the tin man in the wizard of oz 1939
[ "John Joseph Haley Jr (August 10, 1897 – June 6, 1979) was an American vaudevillian, actor, radio host, comedian, singer and dancer best known for his portrayal of the Tin Man and his farmhand counterpart Hickory in the classic 1939 MGM film The Wizard of Oz.\n" ]
[ "John Joseph Haley Jr" ]
7258524641710660553
Montgomery Improvement Association
Montgomery Improvement Association - wikipedia Montgomery Improvement Association Jump to : navigation , search The Montgomery Improvement Association ( MIA ) was formed on December 5 , 1955 by black ministers and community leaders in Montgomery , Alabama . Under the leadership of Ralph Abernathy , Martin Luther King , Jr. and Edgar Nixon , the MIA was instrumental in guiding the Montgomery bus boycott , a successful campaign that focused national attention on racial segregation in the South and catapulted King into the national spotlight . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Forming the Association 3 Victory 4 People 5 Organizations 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading History ( edit ) Following Rosa Parks ' arrest on 1 December 1955 for failing to vacate her seat for a white passenger on a Montgomery city bus , Jo Ann Robinson of the Women 's Political Council and E.D. Nixon of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) launched plans for a one - day boycott of Montgomery buses on December 5 , 1955 , the following Monday . According to Jo Ann Robinson , `` Regular bus routes had to be followed so that workers who `` walked along '' the streets could be picked up . This committee , headed by Alfonso Campbell and staffed by volunteer workers , worked all night Friday to complete this phase of the program . The pickup system was so effectively planned that many writers described it as comparable in precision to a military operation . What the ministers failed to do at that meeting was to select one person who would head the boycott . Those present discussed it , pointing out the leadership preparation of various individuals , but no definite decision was made . That had to wait until Monday afternoon , when the ministers realized that the one day boycott was going to be successful . Then they met again , and Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. , agreed to accept the leadership post. `` ( National Humanities Center `` The Montgomery Buy Boycott and the Women Women Who Started It : The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson , ed . David J. Garrow , 1987 , Ch. 2 . ) Since no one knew what to expect , the empty buses were a complete surprise . The success of the boycott on December 5 , and the excitement on the mass meeting on the evening of that day , removed any doubt about the strong motivation to continue the boycott . As King put it , `` ( t ) he question of calling off the protest was now academic . The enthusiasm of these thousands of people swept everything along like an onrushing tidal wave . '' On the afternoon of December 5 , the black leadership , consisting of civic and religious leaders of Montgomery , established the Montgomery Improvement Association . Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was chosen to lead the MIA at the age of 26 , with Ralph Abernathy , Jo Ann Robinson , E.D. Nixon , Rufus Lewis and other prominent figures at his side . Forming the Association ( edit ) At a meeting that evening attended by several thousand community members , the MIA was established to oversee the continuation and maintenance of the boycott , and King , a young minister new to Montgomery , was elected its chairman president . According to Rosa Parks , `` Dr. King was chosen in part because he was relatively new to the community and so did not have any enemies . '' The organization 's overall mission , extended beyond the boycott campaign , as it sought to `` improve the general status of Montgomery , to improve race relations , and to uplift the general tenor of the community . '' After the MIA 's initial meeting , the executive committee drafted the demands of the boycott and agreed that the campaign would continue until demands were met . Their demands included courteous treatment by bus operators , first - come , first - served seating , and employment of African American bus drivers . Thus , despite the Supreme Court 's decision in Brown v. Board of Education , the MIA was initially willing to accept a compromise that was consistent with separate but equal rather than complete integration . In this respect , it followed the pattern of earlier boycott campaigns in the Deep South during the 1950s . A prime example was the successful boycott of service stations in Mississippi for refusing to provide restrooms for blacks . The organizer of that campaign , T.R.M. Howard of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership , had spoken in Montgomery as King 's guest at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church only days before Parks 's arrest . Over the next year , the MIA organized carpools and held weekly gatherings with sermons and music to keep the black community mobilized . Also during this time period , officers of the organization negotiated with Montgomery city leaders , coordinated legal challenges with the NAACP to the city 's bus segregation ordinance , and supported the boycott financially , raising money by passing the plate at meetings and soliciting support from northern and southern civil rights organizations . Victory ( edit ) Following its success in Montgomery , the MIA became one of the founding organizations of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) in January 1957 . The MIA lost some vital momentum after King moved from Montgomery to Atlanta in 1960 , but the organization continued campaigns throughout the 1960s , focusing on voter registration , local school integration , and the integration of Montgomery city parks . Although it lost momentum , it did however improve the life of black people living in Montgomery after the boycott . People ( edit ) Jefferson Underwood II Ralph Abernathy Rosa Parks Hugo Black James F. Blake Aurelia Browder Johnnie Carr Claudette Colvin Clifford Durr Georgia Gilmore Robert Graetz Fred Gray Grover Hall Junior . T.R.M. Howard Martin Luther King Coretta Scott King Susie McDonald E.D. Nixon Mother Pollard Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Glenn Smiley Mary Louise Smith Debbie Jones formerly Abbie Medlock Organizations ( edit ) Women 's Political Council Montgomery Improvement Association Fellowship of Reconciliation Congress of Racial Equality Southern Christian Leadership Conference Committee for Nonviolent Integration Men of Montgomery National Association for the Advancement of Colored People See also ( edit ) Browder v. Gayle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ralph Abernathy : King 's Right Hand Man '' . Legacy.com. 11 March 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Michael ( 31 August 2013 ) . `` Ralph Abernathy 's widow says march anniversary overlooks her husband 's role '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ King , Martin Luther. ( 1958 ) 1965 . Stride Toward Freedom : The Montgomery story . ( 1st ) ed . New York : Harper. page 47 . Jump up ^ Burks , Mary Fair . 1993 . `` Trailblazers : Women in the Montgomery Bus Boycott . '' In Women in the Civil Rights Movement : Trailblazers and Torchbearers , 1941 - 1965 , edited by Vicki L. Crawford , Jacqueline Anne Rouse and Barbara Woods , 71 - 83 . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . Jump up ^ Gilliam , Thomas J. 1989 . `` The Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 - 1956 . '' In The Walking City : The Montgomery Bus Boycott , 1955 - 1956 , edited by David J. Garrow , 191 - 301 . Brooklyn , N.Y. : Carlson Pub . Jump up ^ Rosa Louise Parks . A Call to Conscience : The Landmark Speeches of Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr . Ed . Clayborne Carson and Kris Shepard . Grand Central Publishing , 2002 . p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Smiley , Glenn E '' . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) My Soul Is Rested , The Story Of The Civil Rights Movement In The Deep South , by Howell Raines , ISBN 0 - 14 - 006753 - 1 Parting The Waters ; America In The King Years 1954 - 63 , by Taylor Branch , ISBN 0 - 671 - 46097 - 8 Stride Toward Freedom , by Martin Luther King Jr. , ISBN 0 - 06 - 250490 - 8 The Origins Of The Civil Rights Movement , Black Communities Organizing For Change , by Aldon D. Morris , ISBN 0 - 02 - 922130 - 7 Eyes on The Prize , America 's Civil Rights Years 1954 - 1965 , by Juan Williams , ISBN 0 - 14 - 009653 - 1 Eyes on The Prize Civil Rights Reader , documents , speeches , and first hand accounts from the black freedom struggle , Ed . Clayborne Carson , David J. Garrow , Gerabld Gill , Vincent Harding , Darlene Clark Hine , p. 45 - 60 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 015403 - 5 Mary Fair Burks , `` Trailblazers : Women in the Montgomery Bus Boycott , '' in Vicki L. Crawford , * Jacqueline Anne Rouse and Barbara Woods , eds. , Women in the Civil Rights Movement ( Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1990 ) Clayborne Carson , Stewart Burns , Susan Carson , Peter Holloran & Dana L.H. Powell , eds. , The Papers of Martin Luther King , Jr. , Volume III : Birth of a New Age , December 1955 -- December 1956 ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 1997 ) Clayborne Carson , ed. , The Autobiography of Martin Luther King , Jr . ( New York : Warner Books , 1998 ) Robert Graetz , A White Preacher 's Memoir : The Montgomery Bus Boycott ( Black Belt Press , 1999 . ) Martin Luther King , Jr. , Stride Toward Freedom : the Montgomery Story ( New York : Harper & Row , 1958 ) Aldon Morris , The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement : Black Communities Organizing for Change ( New York : The Free Press , 1994 ) Howell Raines , My Soul is Rested : Movement Days in the Deep South Remembered ( New York : Puttnam , 1977 ) Jo Ann Robinson , The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It ( Knoxville , Tennessee : University of Tennessee Press , 1987 ) `` MIA Mass Meeting at Holt Street Baptist Church , '' 5 December 1955 `` To the Montgomery Public , '' advertisement submitted by King and the MIA to the Sunday Advertiser and Alabama Journal , 25 December 1955 King 's address to MIA Mass Meeting at Day Street Baptist Church , 26 April 1956 King 's address to MIA Mass Meeting at Holt Street Baptist Church , 14 November 1956 The Jack Rabin Collection on Alabama Civil Rights and Southern Activists , including materials from and oral history of MIA officials , at Penn State University Library ( 1 ) Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Lynching in the United States Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial The New Jim Crow ( 2010 ) Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montgomery_Improvement_Association&oldid=819314991 '' Categories : 1955 establishments in Alabama African Americans ' rights organizations History of African - American civil rights History of Montgomery , Alabama African - American history in Montgomery , Alabama Montgomery bus boycott Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 18 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what were the three demands made by the montgomery improvement association to the bus company
[ "P>After the MIA’s initial meeting, the executive committee drafted the demands of the boycott and agreed that the campaign would continue until demands were met. Their demands included courteous treatment by bus operators, first-come, first-served seating, and employment of African American bus drivers.\n" ]
[ "ourteous treatment by bus operators, first-come, first-served seating, and employment of African American bus drivers." ]
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Altitude training
Altitude training - wikipedia Altitude training Jump to : navigation , search Altitude training in the Swiss Olympic Training Base in the Alps ( elevation 1,856 m or 6,089 ft ) in St. Moritz . Altitude training is the practice by some endurance athletes of training for several weeks at high altitude , preferably over 2,400 metres ( 8,000 ft ) above sea level , though more commonly at intermediate altitudes due to the shortage of suitable high - altitude locations . At intermediate altitudes , the air still contains approximately 20.9 % oxygen , but the barometric pressure and thus the partial pressure of oxygen is reduced . Depending very much on the protocols used , the body may acclimate to the relative lack of oxygen in one or more ways such as increasing the mass of red blood cells and hemoglobin , or altering muscle metabolism . Proponents claim that when such athletes travel to competitions at lower altitudes they will still have a higher concentration of red blood cells for 10 -- 14 days , and this gives them a competitive advantage . Some athletes live permanently at high altitude , only returning to sea level to compete , but their training may suffer due to less available oxygen for workouts . Altitude training can be simulated through use of an altitude simulation tent , altitude simulation room , or mask - based hypoxicator system where the barometric pressure is kept the same , but the oxygen content is reduced which also reduces the partial pressure of oxygen . Hypoventilation training , which consists of reducing the breathing frequency while exercising , can also mimic altitude training by significantly decreasing blood and muscle oxygenation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background history 2 Training regimens 2.1 Live - high , train - low 2.2 Live - high , train - high 2.3 Repeated sprints in hypoxia 2.4 Artificial altitude 3 Principles and mechanisms 3.1 Increased red blood cell volume 3.2 Other mechanisms 4 See also 5 References Background history ( edit ) Altitude training in a low - pressure room in East Germany The study of altitude training was heavily delved into during and after the 1968 Olympics , which took place in Mexico City , Mexico : elevation 2,240 metres ( 7,349 ft ) . It was during these Olympic Games that endurance events saw significant below - record finishes while anaerobic , sprint events broke all types of records . It was speculated prior to these events how the altitude might affect performances of these elite , world - class athletes and most of the conclusions drawn were equivalent to those hypothesized : that endurance events would suffer and that short events would not see significant negative changes . This was attributed not only to less resistance during movement -- due to the less dense air -- but also to the anaerobic nature of the sprint events . Ultimately , these games inspired investigations into altitude training from which unique training principles were developed with the aim of avoiding underperformance . Training regimens ( edit ) Athletes or individuals who wish to gain a competitive edge for endurance events can take advantage of exercising at high altitude . High altitude is typically defined as any elevation above 1,500 metres ( 5,000 ft ) . Scientific studies on high - altitude training regimes were carried out on elite athletes close to their ultimate performance potential : these same training regimens are expected to be effective on ordinary athletes further from their peak potential . Live - high , train - low ( edit ) One suggestion for optimizing adaptations and maintaining performance is the live - high , train - low principle . This training idea involves living at higher altitudes in order to experience the physiological adaptations that occur , such as increased erythropoietin ( EPO ) levels , increased red blood cell levels , and higher VO max , while maintaining the same exercise intensity during training at sea level . Due to the environmental differences at high altitude , it may be necessary to decrease the intensity of workouts . Studies examining the live - high , train - low theory have produced varied results , which may be dependent on a variety of factors such as individual variability , time spent at high altitude , and the type of training program . For example , it has been shown that athletes performing primarily anaerobic activity do not necessarily benefit from altitude training as they do not rely on oxygen to fuel their performances . A non-training elevation of 2,100 -- 2,500 metres ( 6,900 -- 8,200 ft ) and training at 1,250 metres ( 4,100 ft ) or less has shown to be the optimal approach for altitude training . Good venues for live - high train - low include Mammoth Lakes , California ; Flagstaff , Arizona ; and the Sierra Nevada , near Granada in Spain . Altitude training can produce increases in speed , strength , endurance , and recovery by maintaining altitude exposure for a significant period of time . A study using simulated altitude exposure for 18 days , yet training closer to sea - level , showed performance gains were still evident 15 days later . Opponents of altitude training argue that an athlete 's red blood cell concentration returns to normal levels within days of returning to sea level and that it is impossible to train at the same intensity that one could at sea level , reducing the training effect and wasting training time due to altitude sickness . Altitude training can produce slow recovery due to the stress of hypoxia . Exposure to extreme hypoxia at altitudes above 16,000 feet ( 5,000 m ) can lead to considerable deterioration of skeletal muscle tissue . Five weeks at this altitude leads to a loss of muscle volume of the order of 10 -- 15 % . Live - high , train - high ( edit ) In the live - high , train - high regime , an athlete lives and trains at a desired altitude . The stimulus on the body is constant because the athlete is continuously in a hypoxic environment . Initially VO max drops considerably : by around 7 % for every 1000 m above sea level ) at high altitudes . Athletes will no longer be able to metabolize as much oxygen as they would at sea level . Any given velocity must be performed at a higher relative intensity at altitude . However , after long periods of training at altitude , highly trained athletes returning to sea level do not exhibit increased red blood cell count or improved performance on 4000 m cycling tests . Repeated sprints in hypoxia ( edit ) In repeated sprints in hypoxia ( RSH ) , athletes run short sprints under 30 seconds as fast as they can . They experience incomplete recoveries in hypoxic conditions . The exercise to rest time ratio is less than 1 : 4 , which means for every 30 second all out sprint , there is less than 120 seconds of rest . When comparing RSH and repeated sprints in normoxia ( RSN ) , studies show that RSH improved time to fatigue and power output . RSH and RSN groups were tested before and after a 4 - week training period . Both groups initially completed 9 -- 10 second all - out sprints before total exhaustion . After the 4 week training period , the RSH group was able to complete 13 all out sprints before exhaustion and the RSN group only completed 9 . Possible physiological advantages from RSH include compensatory vasodilation and regeneration of phosphocreatine ( PCr ) . The body 's tissues have the ability to sense hypoxia and induce vasodilation . The higher blood flow helps the skeletal muscles maximize oxygen delivery . A greater level of PCr augments the muscles power production . RSH is still a relatively new training method . For it to be fully understood and trusted , more double blind studies must be conducted . To achieve the best results a larger sample size should be used . Artificial altitude ( edit ) Altitude simulation systems have enabled protocols that do not suffer from the tension between better altitude physiology and more intense workouts . Such simulated altitude systems can be utilized closer to competition if necessary . In Finland , a scientist named Heikki Rusko has designed a `` high - altitude house . '' The air inside the house , which is situated at sea level , is at normal pressure but modified to have a low concentration of oxygen , about 15.3 % ( below the 20.9 % at sea level ) , which is roughly equivalent to the amount of oxygen available at the high altitudes often used for altitude training due to the reduced partial pressure of oxygen at altitude . Athletes live and sleep inside the house , but perform their training outside ( at normal oxygen concentrations at 20.9 % ) . Rusko 's results show improvements of EPO and red - cell levels . Artificial altitude can also be used for hypoxic exercise , where athletes train in an altitude simulator which mimics the conditions a high altitude environment . Athletes are able to perform high intensity training at lower velocities and thus produce less stress on the musculoskeletal system . This is beneficial to an athlete who suffered a musculoskeletal injury and is unable to apply large amounts of stress during exercise which would normally be needed to generate high intensity cardiovascular training . Hypoxia exposure for the time of exercise alone is not sufficient to induce changes in hematologic parameters . Hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations remain in general unchanged . There are a number of companies who provide altitude training system , most notably Hypoxico , Inc. who pioneered the artificial altitude training systems in the mid 1990s . Principles and mechanisms ( edit ) Altitude training works because of the difference in atmospheric pressure between sea level and high altitude . At sea level , air is denser and there are more molecules of gas per litre of air . Regardless of altitude , air is composed of 21 % oxygen and 78 % nitrogen . As the altitude increases , the pressure exerted by these gases decreases . Therefore , there are fewer molecules per unit volume : this causes a decrease in partial pressures of gases in the body , which elicits a variety of physiological changes in the body that occur at high altitude . The physiological adaptation that is mainly responsible for the performance gains achieved from altitude training , is a subject of discussion among researchers . Some , including American researchers Ben Levine and Jim Stray - Gundersen , claim it is primarily the increased red blood cell volume . Others , including Australian researcher Chris Gore , and New Zealand researcher Will Hopkins , dispute this and instead claim the gains are primarily a result of other adaptions such as a switch to a more economic mode of oxygen utilization . Increased red blood cell volume ( edit ) Human red blood cells At high altitudes , there is a decrease in oxygen hemoglobin saturation . This hypoxic condition causes hypoxia - inducible factor 1 ( HIF1 ) to become stable and stimulates the production of erythropoietin ( EPO ) , a hormone secreted by the kidneys , EPO stimulates red blood cell production from bone marrow in order to increase hemoglobin saturation and oxygen delivery . Some athletes demonstrate a strong red blood cell response to altitude while others see little or no gain in red cell mass with chronic exposure . It is uncertain how long this adaptation takes because various studies have found different conclusions based on the amount of time spent at high altitudes . While EPO occurs naturally in the body , it is also made synthetically to help treat patients suffering from kidney failure and to treat patients during chemotherapy . Over the past thirty years , EPO has become frequently abused by competitive athletes through blood doping and injections in order to gain advantages in endurance events . Abuse of EPO , however , increases RBC counts beyond normal levels ( polycythemia ) and increases the viscosity of blood , possibly leading to hypertension and increasing the likelihood of a blood clot , heart attack or stroke . The natural secretion of EPO by the human kidneys can be increased by altitude training , but the body has limits on the amount of natural EPO that it will secrete , thus avoiding the harmful side effects of the illegal doping procedures . Other mechanisms ( edit ) Other mechanisms have been proposed to explain the utility of altitude training . Not all studies show a statistically significant increase in red blood cells from altitude training . One study explained the success by increasing the intensity of the training ( due to increased heart and respiration rate ) . This improved training resulted in effects that lasted more than 15 days after return to sea level . Another set of researchers claim that altitude training stimulates a more efficient use of oxygen by the muscles . This efficiency can arise from numerous other responses to altitude training , including angiogenesis , glucose transport , glycolysis , and pH regulation , each of which may partially explain improved endurance performance independent of a greater number of red blood cells . Furthermore , exercising at high altitude has been shown to cause muscular adjustments of selected gene transcripts , and improvement of mitochondrial properties in skeletal muscle . In a study comparing rats active at high altitude versus rats active at sea level , with two sedentary control groups , it was observed that muscle fiber types changed according to homeostatic challenges which led to an increased metabolic efficiency during the beta oxidative cycle and citric acid cycle , showing an increased utilization of ATP for aerobic performance . Due to the lower atmospheric pressure at high altitudes , the air pressure within the breathing system must be lower than it would be at low altitudes in order for inhalation to occur . Therefore , inhalation at high altitudes typically involves a relatively greater lowering of the thoracic diaphragm than at low altitudes . See also ( edit ) Effects of high altitude on humans References ( edit ) Jump up ^ West , JB ( October 1996 ) . `` Prediction of barometric pressures at high altitude with the use of model atmospheres '' . J. Appl . Physiol. 81 ( 4 ) : 1850 -- 4 . PMID 8904608 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Online high - altitude oxygen and pressure calculator '' . Altitude.org . Jump up ^ Formenti , F ; Constantin - Teodosiu , D ; Emmanuel , Y ; Cheeseman , J ; et al. ( June 2010 ) . `` Regulation of human metabolism by hypoxia - inducible factor '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA . 107 ( 28 ) : 12722 -- 12727 . Bibcode : 2010PNAS ... 10712722F . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1002339107 . PMC 2906567 . PMID 20616028 . Jump up ^ Wehrlin , JP ; Zuest , P ; Hallén , J ; Marti , B ( June 2006 ) . `` Live high -- train low for 24 days increases hemoglobin mass and red cell volume in elite endurance athletes '' . J. Appl . Physiol. 100 ( 6 ) : 1938 -- 45 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 01284.2005 . PMID 16497842 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Gore , CJ ; Clark , SA ; Saunders , PU ( September 2007 ) . `` Nonhematological mechanisms of improved sea - level performance after hypoxic exposure '' . Med . Sci. Sports Exerc. 39 ( 9 ) : 1600 -- 9 . doi : 10.1249 / mss. 0b013e3180de49d3 . PMID 17805094 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Muza , SR ; Fulco , CS ; Cymerman , A ( 2004 ) . `` Altitude Acclimatization Guide '' . US Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report ( USARIEM -- TN -- 04 -- 05 ) . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Xavier Woorons , `` Hypoventilation training , push your limits ! '' , Arpeh , 2014 , 176 p ( ISBN 978 - 2 - 9546040 - 1 - 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Mexico 1968 Summer Olympics '' . Olympics.org . Jump up ^ Ward - Smith , AJ ( 1983 ) . `` The influence of aerodynamic and biomechanical factors on long jump performance '' . Journal of Biomechanics. 16 ( 8 ) : 655 -- 658 . doi : 10.1016 / 0021 - 9290 ( 83 ) 90116 - 1 . PMID 6643537 . Jump up ^ Gore , CJ ; Hahn , AG ; Aughey , RJ ; Martin , DT ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Live high : train low increases muscle buffer capacity and submaximal cycling efficiency '' ( PDF ) . Acta Physiol Scand. 173 ( 3 ) : 275 -- 286 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 201X. 2001.00906. x . PMID 11736690 . Jump up ^ Levine , BD ; Stray - Gunderson , J ( 2001 ) . `` The effects of altitude training are mediated primarily by acclimatization rather than by hypoxic exercise '' . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology . 502 : 75 -- 88 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4757 - 3401 - 0_7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 3374 - 4 . PMID 11950157 . Jump up ^ Stray - Gundersen , J ; Chapman , RF ; Levine , BD ( 2001 ) . `` '' Living high -- training low '' altitude training improves sea level performance in male and female elite runners `` . Journal of Applied Physiology. 91 ( 3 ) : 1113 -- 1120 . PMID 11509506 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez , FA ; Truijens , MJ ; Townsend , NE ; Stray - Gundersen , J ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Performance of runners and swimmers after four weeks of intermittent hypobaric hypoxic exposure plus sea level training '' . Journal of Applied Physiology . Am Physiological Soc. 103 ( 5 ) : 1523 -- 1535 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 01320.2006 . PMID 17690191 . Jump up ^ Egan , E. ( 2013 ) . Notes from higher grounds : an altitude training guide for endurance athletes . Kukimbia Huru Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0992755201 . ^ Jump up to : Brugniaux , JV ; Schmitt , L ; Robach , P ; Nicolet , G ; et al. ( January 2006 ) . `` Eighteen days of `` living high , training low '' stimulate erythropoiesis and enhance aerobic performance in elite middle - distance runners `` . Journal of Applied Physiology. 100 ( 1 ) : 203 -- 11 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 00808.2005 . PMID 16179396 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Smoliga , J ( Summer 2009 ) . `` High - altitude training for distance runners '' . Track Coach. 188 . ^ Jump up to : Hoppeler , H ; Vogt , M ( 2001 ) . `` Muscle tissue adaptations to hypoxia '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . The Company of Biologists Ltd. 204 ( 18 ) : 3133 -- 3139 . Jump up ^ Gore , C ; Hahn , N ; Rice , A ; Bourdon , A ; et al. ( September 1998 ) . `` Altitude training at 2690m does not increase total Haemoglobin mass or sea level V̇O2max in world champion track cyclists '' . Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 1 ( 3 ) : 156 -- 170 . doi : 10.1016 / S1440 - 2440 ( 98 ) 80011 - X . PMID 9783517 . ^ Jump up to : Faiss , Raphael ; Girard , Olivier ; Millet , Gregoire P ( 11 September 2013 ) . `` Advancing hypoxic training in team sports : from intermittent hypoxic training to repeated sprint training in hypoxia '' ( PDF ) . Br J Sports Med. 47 : i45 -- i50 . doi : 10.1136 / bjsports - 2013 - 092741 . Jump up ^ `` A High Altitude Resource '' . Altitude.org . Jump up ^ Levine , BD ; Stray - Gundersen , J ( November 2005 ) . `` Point : positive effects of intermittent hypoxia ( live high : train low ) on exercise performance are mediated primarily by augmented red cell volume '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 99 ( 5 ) : 2053 -- 5 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 00877.2005 . PMID 16227463 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Gore , CJ ; Hopkins , WG ( November 2005 ) . `` Counterpoint : positive effects of intermittent hypoxia ( live high : train low ) on exercise performance are not mediated primarily by augmented red cell volume '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 99 ( 5 ) : 2055 -- 7 ; discussion 2057 -- 8 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 00820.2005 . PMID 16227464 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Prchal , JT ; Pastore , YD ( 2004 ) . `` Erythropoietin and erythropoiesis : polycythemias due to disruption of oxygen homeostasis '' . Hematology Journal . 5 : S110 -- S113 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. thj. 6200434 . PMID 15190290 . Jump up ^ Chapman , R ; Levine , BD ( 2007 ) . `` Altitude training for the marathon '' . Sports Medicine . Springer . 37 ( 4 ) : 392 -- 395 . doi : 10.2165 / 00007256 - 200737040 - 00031 . Jump up ^ Rupert , JL ; Hochachka , PW ( 2001 ) . `` Genetic approaches to understanding human adaptation to altitude in the Andes '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 204 ( Pt 18 ) : 3151 -- 60 . PMID 11581329 . Jump up ^ Zoll , J ; Ponsot , E ; Dufour , S ; Doutreleau , S ; et al. ( April 2006 ) . `` Exercise training in normobaric hypoxia in endurance runners . III . Muscular adjustments of selected gene transcripts '' . J. Appl . Physiol. 100 ( 4 ) : 1258 -- 66 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 00359.2005 . PMID 16540710 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ponsot , E ; Dufour , SP ; Zoll , J ; Doutrelau , S ; et al. ( April 2006 ) . `` Exercise training in normobaric hypoxia in endurance runners . II . Improvement of mitochondrial properties in skeletal muscle '' . J. Appl . Physiol. 100 ( 4 ) : 1249 -- 57 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 00361.2005 . PMID 16339351 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bigard , AX ; Brunet , A ; Guezennec , CY ; Monod , H ( 1991 ) . `` Skeletal muscle changes after endurance training at high altitude '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 71 ( 6 ) : 2114 -- 2121 . PMID 1778900 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altitude_training&oldid=809433314 '' Categories : Exercise physiology Health sciences Medical specialties Sports medicine Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Norsk Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 02 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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why is training at high altitudes an advantage for athletes
[ "Depending very much on the protocols used, the body may acclimate to the relative lack of oxygen in one or more ways such as increasing the mass of red blood cells and hemoglobin, or altering muscle metabolism.[3][4][5][6] Proponents claim that when such athletes travel to competitions at lower altitudes they will still have a higher concentration of red blood cells for 10–14 days, and this gives them a competitive advantage. Some athletes live permanently at high altitude, only returning to sea level to compete, but their training may suffer due to less available oxygen for workouts." ]
[ "athletes travel to competitions at lower altitudes they will still have a higher concentration of red blood cells for 10–14 days, and this gives them a competitive advantage" ]
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Singin' in the Rain
Singin ' in the Rain - wikipedia Singin ' in the Rain Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1952 film . For the 1929 song sung in this film , see Singin ' in the Rain ( song ) . For the stage musical , see Singin ' in the Rain ( musical ) . Singin ' in the Rain Theatrical release poster Directed by Gene Kelly Stanley Donen Produced by Arthur Freed Screenplay by Betty Comden Adolph Green Story by Betty Comden Adolph Green Starring Gene Kelly Donald O'Connor Debbie Reynolds Music by Lennie Hayton ( original score ) Songs : Nacio Herb Brown ( music ) Arthur Freed ( lyrics ) Cinematography Harold Rosson Edited by Adrienne Fazan Production company Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Distributed by Loew 's Inc . Release date March 27 , 1952 ( 1952 - 03 - 27 ) ( Radio City Music Hall ) April 11 , 1952 ( 1952 - 04 - 11 ) ( United States ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2.5 million Box office $12.4 million Singin ' in the Rain is a 1952 American musical - romantic comedy film directed and choreographed by Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen , starring Kelly , Donald O'Connor , and Debbie Reynolds . It offers a lighthearted depiction of Hollywood in the late 1920s , with the three stars portraying performers caught up in the transition from silent films to `` talkies '' . The film was only a modest hit when first released . Donald O'Connor won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , and Betty Comden and Adolph Green won the Writers Guild of America Award for their screenplay , while Jean Hagen was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . However , it has since been accorded legendary status by contemporary critics , and is frequently regarded as the best film musical ever made , and the best film ever made in the `` Freed Unit '' at Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . It topped the AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals list and is ranked as the fifth - greatest American motion picture of all time in its updated list of the greatest American films in 2007 . In 1989 , the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry . In 2005 the British Film Institute included it in their list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . In Sight & Sound magazine 's 2017 list of the 50 greatest films of all time , Singin ' in the Rain placed 20th. . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Songs 4 Production 4.1 Revisions from early drafts 4.2 Scenes filmed but cut before release 4.3 Other notes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 6 Awards and honors 7 Home media 8 Adaptations 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Don Lockwood ( Gene Kelly ) is a popular silent film star with humble roots as a singer , dancer , and stuntman . Don barely tolerates his vain , cunning , and shallow leading lady , Lina Lamont ( Jean Hagen ) , though their studio , Monumental Pictures , links them romantically to increase their popularity . Lina is convinced they are in love , despite Don 's protestations otherwise . At the premiere of his newest film , The Royal Rascal , Don tells the gathered crowd an exaggerated version of his life story , including his motto : `` Dignity , always dignity . '' His words are humorously contradicted by flashbacks showing him alongside his best friend Cosmo Brown ( Donald O'Connor ) . To escape from his fans after the premiere , Don jumps into a passing car driven by Kathy Selden ( Debbie Reynolds ) . She drops him off , but not before claiming to be a stage actress and sneering at his `` undignified '' accomplishments as a movie star . Later , at a party , the head of Don 's studio , R.F. Simpson ( Millard Mitchell ) , shows a short demonstration of a talking picture , but his guests are unimpressed . To Don 's amusement , Kathy pops out of a mock cake right in front of him , revealing herself to be a chorus girl . Furious at Don 's teasing , she throws a real cake at him , only to hit Lina right in the face . She runs away . Don is smitten with Kathy and searches for her for weeks . While filming a love scene , Lina tells him that she had Kathy fired . Don finally finds Kathy working in another Monumental Pictures production . She confesses to having been a fan of his all along . After a rival studio has an enormous hit with its first talking picture , the 1927 film The Jazz Singer , R.F. decides he has no choice but to convert the next Lockwood and Lamont film , The Duelling Cavalier , into a talkie . The production is beset with difficulties , including Lina 's grating voice and strong New York accent . An exasperated diction coach tries to teach her how to speak properly , but to no avail . The Duelling Cavalier 's test screening is a disaster ; the actors are barely audible thanks to the awkward placing of the microphones , Don repeats the line `` I love you '' to Lina over and over , to the audience 's derisive laughter , and in the middle of the film , the sound goes out of synchronization , with hilarious results as Don 's voice is heard while Lina is speaking and vice versa . Don , Kathy and Cosmo come up with the idea to turn The Duelling Cavalier into a musical called The Dancing Cavalier , complete with a modern musical number called `` Broadway Melody '' . Cosmo , inspired by a scene in The Duelling Cavalier where Lina 's voice was out of sync , suggests that they dub Lina 's voice with Kathy 's . R.F. approves the idea but tells them not to inform Lina about the dubbing . When Lina finds out , she is infuriated . She becomes even angrier when she discovers that R.F. intends to give Kathy a screen credit and a big publicity buildup afterward . Lina threatens to sue R.F. unless he orders Kathy to continue working uncredited as Lina 's voice . R.F. reluctantly agrees to her demands , as a clause in her contract states that she can sue whenever denied a role of her choosing . The premiere of The Dancing Cavalier is a tremendous success . When the audience clamors for Lina to sing live , Don , Cosmo , and R.F. tell her to lip sync into the microphone while Kathy , hidden behind the curtain , sings into a second one . While Lina is `` singing , '' Don , Cosmo and R.F. gleefully raise the curtain , revealing the fakery . Lina flees . A distressed Kathy tries to run away as well , but Don proudly announces to the audience that she 's `` the real star of the film . '' Later , Kathy and Don kiss in front of a billboard for their new film , Singin ' in the Rain . Cast ( edit ) Gene Kelly as Don Lockwood . His performance in the song `` Singin ' in the Rain '' is now considered to be iconic . Debbie Reynolds as Kathy Selden . Directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen insisted that Reynolds was always first in their minds for the role . Although the film revolves around the idea that Kathy has to dub over for Lina 's voice , in the scene where Kathy is dubbing a line of Lina 's dialogue ( `` Our love will last ' til the stars turn cold '' ) , Jean Hagen 's normal voice is used . Donald O'Connor as Cosmo Brown , Don 's lifelong pal , and vaudeville partner , who becomes the head of Monumental Pictures ' music department . Jean Hagen as Lina Lamont . Fresh off her role in The Asphalt Jungle , Hagen read for the part for producer Arthur Freed . She did a dead - on impression of Judy Holliday 's Billie Dawn character from Born Yesterday , which won her the role . Millard Mitchell as R.F. Simpson . The initials of the fictional head of Monumental Pictures are a reference to producer Arthur Freed . R.F. also uses one of Freed 's favorite expressions when he says that he `` can not quite visualize it '' and has to see it on film first , referring to the `` Broadway Melody '' sequence . This is a joke , since the audience has just seen it . Cyd Charisse as the long - legged woman in the green sequined dress and Louise Brooks hair who vamps Gene Kelly in the `` Broadway Melody '' sequence . Douglas Fowley as Roscoe Dexter , the director of Don and Lina 's films . Rita Moreno as Zelda Zanders , the `` Zip Girl '' and Lina 's friend . Uncredited King Donovan as Rod , head of the publicity department at Monumental Pictures . Judy Landon as Olga Mara , a silent screen vamp who attends the premiere of The Royal Rascal . Madge Blake as Dora Bailey , a radio show host . Kathleen Freeman as Phoebe Dinsmore , Lina 's diction coach . Bobby Watson as diction coach during the `` Moses Supposes '' number . Jimmy Thompson as the singer of `` Beautiful Girl '' . Mae Clarke as the hairdresser who puts the finishing touches on Lina Lamont 's hairdo . Songs ( edit ) Singin ' in the Rain was originally conceived by MGM producer Arthur Freed , the head of the `` Freed Unit '' responsible for turning out MGM 's lavish musicals , as a vehicle for his catalog of songs written with Nacio Herb Brown for previous MGM musical films of the 1929 -- 39 period . Screenwriters Betty Comden and Adolph Green wrote two entirely new songs , `` Make ' Em Laugh '' and `` Moses Supposes '' , the latter with music director Roger Edens providing the music . ( see below ) . All songs have lyrics by Freed and music by Brown unless otherwise indicated . Some of the songs , such as `` Broadway Rhythm , '' `` Should I ? , '' and most notably `` Singin ' in the Rain , '' have been featured in numerous films . The films listed below mark the first time each song was presented on screen . `` Fit as a Fiddle ( And Ready for Love ) '' from College Coach ( 1933 ) ( music by Al Hoffman and Al Goodhart , lyrics by Freed ) `` Temptation '' ( instrumental only ) from Going Hollywood ( 1933 ) `` All I Do Is Dream of You '' from Sadie McKee ( 1934 ) `` Singin ' in the Rain '' from The Hollywood Revue of 1929 ( 1929 ) `` Make ' Em Laugh , '' considered an original song , but bearing a striking resemblance to Cole Porter 's `` Be a Clown , '' used in another MGM Freed - produced musical , The Pirate ( 1948 ) . Credited to Comden and Green . `` Beautiful Girl Montage '' comprising `` I 've Got a Feelin ' You 're Foolin ' '' from Broadway Melody of 1936 ( 1935 ) , `` The Wedding of the Painted Doll '' from The Broadway Melody ( 1929 ) , `` Should I ? '' from Lord Byron of Broadway ( 1930 ) and `` Beautiful Girl '' from Stage Mother ( 1933 ) `` You Were Meant for Me '' from The Broadway Melody ( 1929 ) `` You Are My Lucky Star '' from Broadway Melody of 1936 ( 1935 ) `` Moses Supposes '' ( music by Roger Edens , lyrics by Comden and Green ) , based on the tongue - twister with the same title . `` Good Morning '' from Babes In Arms ( 1939 ) `` Would You ? '' from San Francisco ( 1936 ) `` Broadway Melody '' composed of `` The Broadway Melody '' from The Broadway Melody ( 1929 ) and `` Broadway Rhythm '' from Broadway Melody of 1936 ( 1935 ) The music for the `` Broadway Ballet '' section is by Nacio Herb Brown . Production ( edit ) Revisions from early drafts ( edit ) Play media Trailer In an early draft of the script , the musical number `` Singin ' in the Rain '' was to be sung by Reynolds , O'Connor , and Kelly , emerging from a restaurant after the flop preview of The Dueling Cavalier , to celebrate the idea of changing the film into a musical . Kelly singing `` You Were Meant For Me '' to Reynolds on an empty sound stage was not included in that draft . The number was originally conceived as Kelly singing a medley of other songs to her as they romped around various studio back lot sets . Rita Moreno was originally to have sung the lead in `` I 've Got a Feelin ' You 're Foolin ' '' with other showgirls , but this ended up as part of the `` Beautiful Girl Montage '' without her . Scenes filmed but cut before release ( edit ) Gene Kelly sang a reprise of `` All I Do is Dream of You '' after the party at R.F. Simpson 's house when Kelly chases after Reynolds . The song , ending in Kelly 's bedroom , was cut from the release version after two previews , and the footage has been lost . Reynolds ' solo rendition of `` You Are My Lucky Star '' ( to a billboard showing an image of Lockwood ) was cut after previews . This number has survived and is included on the original soundtrack and DVD version of the film . In the steamy `` Vamp Dance '' segment of the `` Broadway Melody Ballet '' with Cyd Charisse and Gene Kelly , reviewers from both the Production Code and the Catholic Church 's Legion of Decency objected to a brief , suggestive pose or movement between the dancers . Although there is no precise documentation of what or where it was , close examination of footage toward the end of the dance shows an abrupt cut when Charisse is wrapped around Kelly , indicating the probable location . Other notes ( edit ) In the famous dance sequence in which Gene Kelly sings the title song while spinning an umbrella , splashing through puddles and getting soaked to the skin , Kelly was sick with a 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) fever . The rain in the scene caused Kelly 's wool suit to shrink during filming . A common myth is that Kelly managed to perform the entire song in one take , thanks to cameras placed at predetermined locations . However , this was not the case , the filming of the sequence taking place over 2 -- 3 days . Another myth is that the rain was mixed with milk in order for the drops to show up better on camera ; but the desired visual effect was produced , albeit with difficulty , through backlighting . Debbie Reynolds was not a dancer when she made Singin ' in the Rain ; her background was as a gymnast . Kelly apparently insulted her for her lack of dance experience , upsetting her . In a subsequent encounter when Fred Astaire was in the studio , he found Reynolds crying under a piano . Hearing what had happened , Astaire volunteered to help her with her dancing . Kelly later admitted that he had not been kind to Reynolds and was surprised that she was still willing to talk to him afterwards . After shooting the `` Good Morning '' routine , which had taken from 8 : 00 a.m. until 11 : 00 p.m. to shoot , Reynolds ' feet were bleeding . Years later , she was quoted as saying that `` Singin ' in the Rain and childbirth were the two hardest things I ever had to do in my life . '' Donald O'Connor had to stay in bed in the hospital for several days after filming the `` Make ' Em Laugh '' sequence , due to his smoking up to four packs of cigarettes a day . Most of the costumes from this film were eventually acquired by Debbie Reynolds and held in her massive collection of original film costumes , sets , and props . Many of these items were sold at a 2011 auction in Hollywood . While most items were sold to private collectors , Donald O'Connor's green check `` Fit As a Fiddle '' suit and shoes were purchased by Costume World , Inc . They are now on permanent display at the Costume World Broadway Collection Museum in Pompano Beach , Florida . Reception ( edit ) According to MGM records , during the film 's initial theatrical release , it made $3,263,000 in the US and Canada and $2,367,000 internationally , earning the studio a profit of $666,000 . It was the tenth highest - grossing movie of the year in the US and Canada . Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film had a score of a perfect 100 % `` Certified fresh '' approval rating based on 49 reviews with an average rating of 9.2 / 10 , the website 's critical consensus reads : `` Clever , incisive , and funny , Singin ' In The Rain is a masterpiece of the classical Hollywood musical . '' Awards and honors ( edit ) For her role as Lina Lamont , Jean Hagen was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . The film was also nominated for Best Original Music Score for Lennie Hayton . Donald O'Connor won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy for his portrayal of Cosmo Brown . Betty Comden and Adolph Green received the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Musical . Singin ' in the Rain has appeared twice on Sight & Sound 's list of the ten best films of all time , in 1982 and 2002 . Its position in 1982 was at number 4 on the critics list ; on the 2002 critics ' list , it was listed as number 10 , and it tied for 19 on the directors ' list . Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 100 % of critics gave the film a positive review based on 49 reviews , with an average score of 9.2 / 10 . The film is currently ranked as No. 14 on Rotten Tomatoes ' list of best rated films . Rotten Tomatoes summarizes the critical consensus as , `` Clever , incisive , and funny , Singin ' in the Rain is a masterpiece of the classical Hollywood musical . '' In 2008 , Singin ' in the Rain was placed on Empire 's 500 Greatest Movies of All Time List , ranking at # 8 , the highest ranked G - rated movie on the list . In 1989 , Singin ' in the Rain was among the first 25 films chosen for the newly established National Film Registry for films that are deemed `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation . The film is recognized by the American Film Institute in these lists : 1998 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 10 2000 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- # 16 2002 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- # 16 2003 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Lina Lamont -- Nominated Villain 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Singin ' in the Rain '' -- # 3 `` Make ' Em Laugh '' -- # 49 `` Good Morning '' -- # 72 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Lina Lamont : `` What do they think I am , dumb or something ? Why , I make more money than Calvin Coolidge ! Put together ! '' -- Nominated 2006 : AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- # 1 2007 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 5 Home media ( edit ) The 40th Anniversary Edition VHS version released in 1992 includes a documentary , the original trailer , and Reynolds ' solo rendition of `` You Are My Lucky Star , '' which had been cut from the final film . According to the audio commentary on the 2002 Special Edition DVD , the original negative was destroyed in a fire . Despite this , the film was digitally restored for its DVD release . A Blu - ray Ultimate Collector 's Edition was released in July 2012 . Adaptations ( edit ) Comic book adaptation Eastern Color Movie Love # 14 ( April 1952 ) Stage adaptation The Broadway musical Singin ' in the Rain was adapted from the motion picture , and the plot of the stage version closely adheres to the original . Directed and choreographed by post-modern choreographer Twyla Tharp , the opening night cast starred Don Correia as Don Lockwood , Mary D'Arcy as Kathy Selden , Richard Fancy as Roscoe Dexter , Faye Grant as Lina Lamont , and Peter Slutsker as Cosmo Brown . The musical opened on July 2 , 1985 at the Gershwin Theatre after 39 previews , and ran for 367 performances , closing on May 18 , 1986 . In popular culture ( edit ) Kelly 's hometown Pittsburgh Pirates games at PNC Park play the scene from the film during rain delays . `` Singin ' in the Rain '' is sung mockingly by Alex DeLarge , played by Malcolm McDowell , in the rape scene in Stanley Kubrick 's 1971 film A Clockwork Orange . The Gene Kelly version plays during the end credits . `` Singin ' in the Rain '' is sung by Inspector Jacques Clouseau played by Peter Sellers as part of the extended version of the grocery scene from The Pink Panther Strikes Again in Blake Edwards 1982 film Trail of the Pink Panther . 1n the 1983 television special Paddington Goes to the Movies , the film is mentioned at some points and Paddington performs a version of Gene Kelly 's famous dance from the 1952 film . In the 1989 Woody Allen film Crimes and Misdemeanors , Cliff ( Woody Allen ) and Halley ( Mia Farrow ) watch Singin ' in the Rain at Cliff 's apartment . Cliff claims to watch the film `` every few months to keep my spirits up . '' In their 1976 Christmas special , the British comedy act Morecambe and Wise parodied the `` Singin ' in the Rain '' sequence . Gene Kelly 's `` Singin ' in the Rain '' sequence is one of the opening scenes of The Great Movie Ride at Disney 's Hollywood Studios . Kelly approved his Audio - Animatronics likeness prior to its delivery to Florida . The dance to the title song is parodied in the 2005 Broadway musical Spamalot in the dance break to `` Always Look on the Bright Side of Life , '' complete with tap - dancing knights spinning bright yellow umbrellas around . The `` Singin ' in the Rain '' sequence was featured in a 2005 Volkswagen Golf commercial , with Gene Kelly seen break - dancing in the street . Also featured was Mint Royale 's version of the song accompanying the commercial . Two songs from the film were featured in `` The Substitute '' , a season 2 episode of the musical comedy television series Glee . In the 2012 film Silver Linings Playbook , Jennifer Lawrence 's character is inspired by a clip of Donald O'Connor and Gene Kelly dancing to `` Moses Supposes '' from Singin ' in the Rain . The 2013 anime short Gisoku no Moses features a young female ghost dancing with a pair of haunted dance shoes to the tune of `` Moses Supposes . '' In the 2015 romantic drama film Brooklyn , Tony Fiorello ( Emory Cohen ) takes Eilis Lacey ( Saoirse Ronan ) out on a date to see the film . In the next scene , he emulates Gene Kelly 's iconic swing on the lamppost . The scene in which Gene Kelly sings `` You Were Meant for Me '' is featured in the 2015 Nancy Meyers film The Intern . Singin ' in the Rain was an inspiration for the 2016 musical film La La Land , directed by Damien Chazelle . The 2017 Eurovision entry of Italy , Occidentali 's Karma , features the phrase `` Communque vada panta rei , and Singing in the Rain '' . The song `` Good Morning '' was featured in the Legends of Tomorrow Season 3 episode `` Phone Home '' . See also ( edit ) List of films considered the best List of films with a 100 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , a film review aggregator website List of films featuring fictional films References ( edit ) Informational notes Jump up ^ This scene pays homage to the original 1921 DeForest Phonofilm demonstration , featuring DeForest explaining the system . Jump up ^ This is a reference to a scene by John Gilbert in his first talkie . Citations ^ Jump up to : Singin ' in the Rain at the American Film Institute Catalog ^ Jump up to : `` Singin ' In The Rain ( 1952 ) '' . Jump up ^ Haley Jr. , Jack : That 's Entertainment ! , Frank Sinatra segments . Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , 1974 Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest Films of All Time Sight & Sound '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Betty Comden , Adolph Green ( 2002 ) . The story Behind Singin ' in the Rain : Now It Can be Told , reprint of the Singin ' In the Rain screenplay introduction , originally published in 1972 , included in the liner notes of the Music from the original motion picture soundtrack ( deluxe edition ) Singin ' in the Rain double CD by Rhino Entertainment and Turner Classic Movies . Jump up ^ Osborne , Robert . TCM commentary , `` Singing in the Rain . '' Jump up ^ Hess , Earl J. and Dabholkarm Pratibha A. ( 2009 ) . Singin ' in the Rain : The Making of an American Masterpiece . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Debbie & Columbia , David Patrick ( 1989 ) . Debbie : My Life . Pocket Books . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0671687922 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( 18 March 2007 ) . `` The 50 greatest film soundtracks : 11 . Singin ' In The Rain '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ George Feltenstein ( 2002 ) . `` Producer 's Note , '' included in the liner notes of the `` Music from the original motion picture soundtrack ( deluxe edition ) Singin ' in the Rain '' double CD by Rhino Entertainment and Turner Classic Movies ^ Jump up to : Track list in the liner notes of the `` Music from the original motion picture soundtrack ( deluxe edition ) Singin ' in the Rain '' double CD by Rhino Entertainment and Turner Classic Movies . Jump up ^ CineBooks ' Motion Picture Guide review of the film included on the Microsoft Cinemania 1997 CD Jump up ^ Hess , Earl J. ; Dabholkar , Pratibha A. ( 2009 ) . Singin ' in the Rain : The Making of an American Masterpiece . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1656 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hess , pp. 23 - 24 Jump up ^ Hess , p. 70 ^ Jump up to : Hess , p. 173 ^ Jump up to : New 50th Anniversary Documentary What a Glorious Feeling , hosted by Debbie Reynolds on the film 's DVD . Jump up ^ Hess , pp. 180 - 181 Jump up ^ Sanburn , Josh ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` Top Ten Movie Dance Scenes : A Wet , Soft Shoe in Singin ' in the Rain '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` The Biography Channel '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) -- Hollywood 's Greatest Musical ! '' . Key Light Enterprises . Archived from the original on 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Bubbeo , Daniel ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` Gene Kelly 's widow Patricia chats about her late husband and ' Singin ' in the Rain ' '' . Newsday . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Basics : Was There Really Milk in Singin ' in the Rain ? notes : `` Gene Kelly himself described what happened in several interviews , including American Film ( 1979 ) : ' Shooting the title number was just terrible for the photographer Hal Rossen ( sic ) . He had to backlight all the rain and then he had to put frontlight on the performer . That was as tough a job as I 've ever seen , because you ca n't photograph in rain and see it . ' '' Jump up ^ Reynolds , Debbie ( 2013 ) . Unsinkable : A Memoir . HarperCollins Publishers . p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 221365 - 5 . Jump up ^ Patrick Perry , `` ON TOUR WITH DEBBIE REYNOLDS : Feisty and Fit Actress Speaks Out About An All - Too - Common Problem - Overactive Bladder '' , The Saturday Evening Post , January / February 2003 . Jump up ^ Mankiewicz , Ben ( 2017 ) `` Intro to Singin ' in the Rain 65th Anniversary Theatrical Release '' Accessed : January 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ The Eddie Mannix Ledger , Los Angeles : Margaret Herrick Library , Center for Motion Picture Study . Jump up ^ `` Singin ' in the Rain - Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ ' Top Box - Office Hits of 1952 ' , Variety , January 7 , 1953 Jump up ^ `` Singin ' In The Rain '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` wga awards '' . Wga.org . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 - Critics ' top ten films of all time '' . BFI. 2011 - 08 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Movies Of All Time '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Singin ' in the Rain '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` VHS back cover '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Love # 14 '' . Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Singin ' in the Rain on the Internet Broadway Database Jump up ^ `` On Stage : Kate Hepburn , Richard Rauh and old Nixon '' . Arts & Entertainment . PG Publishing Co. , Inc . July 9 , 2003 . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ MacDougal , Stuart Y. ( 2003 ) Stanley Kubrick 's A Clockwork Orange Cambridge University Press . p. 98 ISBN 9780521574884 Jump up ^ `` The Morecambe and Wise Show '' BBC Two Jump up ^ `` Great Movie Ride Singin ' In the Rain '' Studios Central Jump up ^ Fleming , Brenda `` 9 Facts and Secrets about the Great Movie Ride at Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' DisDining Jump up ^ `` Spamalot : And now for something completely silly '' . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Gisoku no Moses `` , a delightful anime short inspired by Gene Kelly '' . Nerdwatch ! . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , Aisha ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` La La Land 's Many References to Classic Movies : A Guide '' . Slate . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Legends of Tomorrow ' Recap With Spoilers : `` Phone Home '' `` . comicbook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Further reading Comden , Betty ; Green , Adolph ( 1986 ) . Singin ' in the Rain . New York : Lorrimer Publishing . ISBN 0 - 85647 - 116 - X . OCLC 13125781 . Ebert , Roger ( 14 February 1999 ) . `` Reviews : Singin ' in the Rain '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . `` FilmSite Review : Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) '' . Filmsite.org . AMC . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . Hess , Earl J. ; Dabholkar , Pratibha A. ( 2009 ) . Singin ' in the Rain : The Making of an American Masterpiece . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1656 - 5 . OCLC 291908067 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . Telek , Scott ( 11 November 2007 ) . `` Speaking vs. Dancing in the Rain '' . Cinema de Merde . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . Wollen , Peter ( 1992 ) . Singin ' in the Rain . London : BFI Publishing . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 351 - 8 . OCLC 27108548 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Singin ' in the Rain ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Singin ' in the Rain Singin ' in the Rain at the American Film Institute Catalog Singin ' in the Rain on IMDb Singin ' in the Rain at the TCM Movie Database Singin ' in the Rain at AllMovie Singin ' in the Rain at CinemaClassic ( in French ) Singin ' in the Rain at Rotten Tomatoes Singin ' in the Rain at Virtual History Articles and topics related to Singin ' in the Rain Films directed by Gene Kelly On the Town ( 1949 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) It 's Always Fair Weather ( 1955 ) Invitation to the Dance ( 1956 ) The Happy Road ( 1957 ) The Tunnel of Love ( 1958 ) Gigot ( 1962 ) A Guide for the Married Man ( 1967 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) The Cheyenne Social Club ( 1970 ) That 's Entertainment , Part II ( 1976 ) Films directed by Stanley Donen On the Town ( 1949 ) Royal Wedding ( 1951 ) Love Is Better Than Ever ( 1952 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) Fearless Fagan ( 1952 ) Give a Girl a Break ( 1953 ) Seven Brides for Seven Brothers ( 1954 ) Deep in My Heart ( 1954 ) It 's Always Fair Weather ( 1955 ) Funny Face ( 1957 ) The Pajama Game ( 1957 ) Kiss Them for Me ( 1957 ) Indiscreet ( 1958 ) Damn Yankees ( 1958 ) Once More , with Feeling ! ( 1960 ) Surprise Package ( 1960 ) The Grass Is Greener ( 1960 ) Charade ( 1963 ) Arabesque ( 1966 ) Two for the Road ( 1967 ) Bedazzled ( 1967 ) Staircase ( 1969 ) The Little Prince ( 1974 ) Lucky Lady ( 1975 ) Movie Movie ( 1978 ) Saturn 3 ( 1980 ) Blame It on Rio ( 1984 ) Love Letters ( 1999 ) Arthur Freed musical productions As producer Babes in Arms ( 1939 ) Strike Up the Band ( 1940 ) Little Nellie Kelly ( 1940 ) Lady Be Good ( 1941 ) Babes on Broadway ( 1941 ) Panama Hattie ( 1942 ) For Me and My Gal ( 1942 ) Cabin in the Sky ( 1943 ) DuBarry Was a Lady ( 1943 ) Best Foot Forward ( 1943 ) Girl Crazy ( 1943 ) Meet Me in St. Louis ( 1944 ) Yolanda and the Thief ( 1945 ) The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) Ziegfeld Follies ( 1946 ) Till the Clouds Roll By ( 1946 ) Good News ( 1947 ) Summer Holiday ( 1948 ) The Pirate ( 1948 ) Easter Parade ( 1948 ) Words and Music ( 1948 ) Take Me Out to the Ball Game ( 1949 ) The Barkleys of Broadway ( 1949 ) On the Town ( 1949 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1950 ) Pagan Love Song ( 1950 ) Royal Wedding ( 1951 ) Show Boat ( 1951 ) An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Belle of New York ( 1952 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) The Band Wagon ( 1953 ) Brigadoon ( 1954 ) It 's Always Fair Weather ( 1955 ) Kismet ( 1955 ) Invitation to the Dance ( 1956 ) Silk Stockings ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Bells Are Ringing ( 1960 ) Uncredited as producer The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Meet the People ( 1944 ) Non-musicals The Clock ( 1945 ) Any Number Can Play ( 1949 ) Crisis ( 1950 ) The Subterraneans ( 1960 ) Light in the Piazza ( 1962 ) Cahiers du cinéma 's Top Ten Films All time Citizen Kane The Night of the Hunter The Rules of the Game Sunrise L'Atalante Singin ' in the Rain Vertigo Children of Paradise The Searchers Yearly By year BFI Sight & Sound Poll 1952 Bicycle Thieves City Lights The Gold Rush Battleship Potemkin Intolerance : Love 's Struggle Throughout the Ages Louisiana Story Greed Le Jour Se Lève The Passion of Joan of Arc Brief Encounter The Rules of the Game Le Million 1962 Citizen Kane L'Avventura The Rules of the Game Greed Ugetsu Monogatari Battleship Potemkin Bicycle Thieves Ivan the Terrible La Terra Trema L'Atalante 1972 Citizen Kane The Rules of the Game Battleship Potemkin 81⁄2 L'Avventura Persona The Passion of Joan of Arc The General The Magnificent Ambersons Ugetsu Monogatari Wild Strawberries 1982 Citizen Kane The Rules of the Game Seven Samurai Singin ' in the Rain 81⁄2 Battleship Potemkin L'Avventura The Magnificent Ambersons Vertigo The General The Searchers Critics ' Citizen Kane The Rules of the Game Tokyo Story Vertigo The Searchers L'Atalante The Passion of Joan of Arc Pather Panchali Battleship Potemkin 2001 : A Space Odyssey Directors ' Citizen Kane 81⁄2 Raging Bull La Strada L'Atalante The Godfather Modern Times Vertigo The Godfather Part II The Passion of Joan of Arc Rashomon Seven Samurai 2002 Critics ' Citizen Kane Vertigo The Rules of the Game The Godfather The Godfather Part II Tokyo Story 2001 : A Space Odyssey Battleship Potemkin Sunrise 81⁄2 Singin ' in the Rain Directors ' Citizen Kane The Godfather / The Godfather Part II 81⁄2 Lawrence of Arabia Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb Bicycle Thieves Raging Bull Vertigo Rashomon The Rules of the Game Seven Samurai 2012 Critics ' Vertigo Citizen Kane Tokyo Story The Rules of the Game Sunrise 2001 : A Space Odyssey The Searchers Man with a Movie Camera The Passion of Joan of Arc 81⁄2 Directors ' Tokyo Story 2001 : A Space Odyssey Citizen Kane 81⁄2 Taxi Driver Apocalypse Now The Godfather Vertigo The Mirror Bicycle Thieves Related The Sight & Sound Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time 2014 Documentaries Man with a Movie Camera Shoah Sans Soleil Night and Fog The Thin Blue Line Chronique d'un été Nanook of the North The Gleaners and I Dont Look Back Grey Gardens VIAF : 316751644 LCCN : n97121772 GND : 4375976 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singin%27_in_the_Rain&oldid=833177786 '' Categories : 1952 films English - language films 1950s musical comedy films 1950s romantic comedy films American musical comedy films American romantic comedy films American films American romantic musical films Films about Hollywood Films about actors Films set in 1927 Films set in the 1920s Films set in Los Angeles Films directed by Stanley Donen Films directed by Gene Kelly Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films United States National Film Registry films Jukebox musical films Films produced by Arthur Freed Films adapted into comics Films adapted into plays Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 02 : 35 . 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who are the actors in singing in the rain
[ "\nGene Kelly as Don Lockwood. His performance in the song \"Singin' in the Rain\" is now considered to be iconic.[5]\nDebbie Reynolds as Kathy Selden. Directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen insisted that Reynolds was always first in their minds for the role.[6] Although the film revolves around the idea that Kathy has to dub over for Lina's voice, in the scene where Kathy is dubbing a line of Lina's dialogue (\"Our love will last 'til the stars turn cold\"), Jean Hagen's normal voice is used.[7][8][9]\nDonald O'Connor as Cosmo Brown, Don's lifelong pal, and vaudeville partner, who becomes the head of Monumental Pictures' music department.\nJean Hagen as Lina Lamont. Fresh off her role in The Asphalt Jungle, Hagen read for the part for producer Arthur Freed. She did a dead-on impression of Judy Holliday's Billie Dawn character from Born Yesterday, which won her the role.\nMillard Mitchell as R.F. Simpson. The initials of the fictional head of Monumental Pictures are a reference to producer Arthur Freed. R.F. also uses one of Freed's favorite expressions when he says that he \"cannot quite visualize it\" and has to see it on film first, referring to the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence. This is a joke, since the audience has just seen it.\nCyd Charisse as the long-legged woman in the green sequined dress and Louise Brooks hair who vamps Gene Kelly in the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence.\nDouglas Fowley as Roscoe Dexter, the director of Don and Lina's films.\nRita Moreno as Zelda Zanders, the \"Zip Girl\" and Lina's friend.\n", "\nGene Kelly as Don Lockwood. His performance in the song \"Singin' in the Rain\" is now considered to be iconic.[5]\nDebbie Reynolds as Kathy Selden. Directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen insisted that Reynolds was always first in their minds for the role.[6] Although the film revolves around the idea that Kathy has to dub over for Lina's voice, in the scene where Kathy is dubbing a line of Lina's dialogue (\"Our love will last 'til the stars turn cold\"), Jean Hagen's normal voice is used.[7][8][9]\nDonald O'Connor as Cosmo Brown, Don's lifelong pal, and vaudeville partner, who becomes the head of Monumental Pictures' music department.\nJean Hagen as Lina Lamont. Fresh off her role in The Asphalt Jungle, Hagen read for the part for producer Arthur Freed. She did a dead-on impression of Judy Holliday's Billie Dawn character from Born Yesterday, which won her the role.\nMillard Mitchell as R.F. Simpson. The initials of the fictional head of Monumental Pictures are a reference to producer Arthur Freed. R.F. also uses one of Freed's favorite expressions when he says that he \"cannot quite visualize it\" and has to see it on film first, referring to the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence. This is a joke, since the audience has just seen it.\nCyd Charisse as the long-legged woman in the green sequined dress and Louise Brooks hair who vamps Gene Kelly in the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence.\nDouglas Fowley as Roscoe Dexter, the director of Don and Lina's films.\nRita Moreno as Zelda Zanders, the \"Zip Girl\" and Lina's friend.\n", "\nGene Kelly as Don Lockwood. His performance in the song \"Singin' in the Rain\" is now considered to be iconic.[5]\nDebbie Reynolds as Kathy Selden. Directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen insisted that Reynolds was always first in their minds for the role.[6] Although the film revolves around the idea that Kathy has to dub over for Lina's voice, in the scene where Kathy is dubbing a line of Lina's dialogue (\"Our love will last 'til the stars turn cold\"), Jean Hagen's normal voice is used.[7][8][9]\nDonald O'Connor as Cosmo Brown, Don's lifelong pal, and vaudeville partner, who becomes the head of Monumental Pictures' music department.\nJean Hagen as Lina Lamont. Fresh off her role in The Asphalt Jungle, Hagen read for the part for producer Arthur Freed. She did a dead-on impression of Judy Holliday's Billie Dawn character from Born Yesterday, which won her the role.\nMillard Mitchell as R.F. Simpson. The initials of the fictional head of Monumental Pictures are a reference to producer Arthur Freed. R.F. also uses one of Freed's favorite expressions when he says that he \"cannot quite visualize it\" and has to see it on film first, referring to the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence. This is a joke, since the audience has just seen it.\nCyd Charisse as the long-legged woman in the green sequined dress and Louise Brooks hair who vamps Gene Kelly in the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence.\nDouglas Fowley as Roscoe Dexter, the director of Don and Lina's films.\nRita Moreno as Zelda Zanders, the \"Zip Girl\" and Lina's friend.\n", "\nGene Kelly as Don Lockwood. His performance in the song \"Singin' in the Rain\" is now considered to be iconic.[5]\nDebbie Reynolds as Kathy Selden. Directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen insisted that Reynolds was always first in their minds for the role.[6] Although the film revolves around the idea that Kathy has to dub over for Lina's voice, in the scene where Kathy is dubbing a line of Lina's dialogue (\"Our love will last 'til the stars turn cold\"), Jean Hagen's normal voice is used.[7][8][9]\nDonald O'Connor as Cosmo Brown, Don's lifelong pal, and vaudeville partner, who becomes the head of Monumental Pictures' music department.\nJean Hagen as Lina Lamont. Fresh off her role in The Asphalt Jungle, Hagen read for the part for producer Arthur Freed. She did a dead-on impression of Judy Holliday's Billie Dawn character from Born Yesterday, which won her the role.\nMillard Mitchell as R.F. Simpson. The initials of the fictional head of Monumental Pictures are a reference to producer Arthur Freed. R.F. also uses one of Freed's favorite expressions when he says that he \"cannot quite visualize it\" and has to see it on film first, referring to the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence. This is a joke, since the audience has just seen it.\nCyd Charisse as the long-legged woman in the green sequined dress and Louise Brooks hair who vamps Gene Kelly in the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence.\nDouglas Fowley as Roscoe Dexter, the director of Don and Lina's films.\nRita Moreno as Zelda Zanders, the \"Zip Girl\" and Lina's friend.\n", "\nGene Kelly as Don Lockwood. His performance in the song \"Singin' in the Rain\" is now considered to be iconic.[5]\nDebbie Reynolds as Kathy Selden. Directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen insisted that Reynolds was always first in their minds for the role.[6] Although the film revolves around the idea that Kathy has to dub over for Lina's voice, in the scene where Kathy is dubbing a line of Lina's dialogue (\"Our love will last 'til the stars turn cold\"), Jean Hagen's normal voice is used.[7][8][9]\nDonald O'Connor as Cosmo Brown, Don's lifelong pal, and vaudeville partner, who becomes the head of Monumental Pictures' music department.\nJean Hagen as Lina Lamont. Fresh off her role in The Asphalt Jungle, Hagen read for the part for producer Arthur Freed. She did a dead-on impression of Judy Holliday's Billie Dawn character from Born Yesterday, which won her the role.\nMillard Mitchell as R.F. Simpson. The initials of the fictional head of Monumental Pictures are a reference to producer Arthur Freed. R.F. also uses one of Freed's favorite expressions when he says that he \"cannot quite visualize it\" and has to see it on film first, referring to the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence. This is a joke, since the audience has just seen it.\nCyd Charisse as the long-legged woman in the green sequined dress and Louise Brooks hair who vamps Gene Kelly in the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence.\nDouglas Fowley as Roscoe Dexter, the director of Don and Lina's films.\nRita Moreno as Zelda Zanders, the \"Zip Girl\" and Lina's friend.\n", "\nGene Kelly as Don Lockwood. His performance in the song \"Singin' in the Rain\" is now considered to be iconic.[5]\nDebbie Reynolds as Kathy Selden. Directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen insisted that Reynolds was always first in their minds for the role.[6] Although the film revolves around the idea that Kathy has to dub over for Lina's voice, in the scene where Kathy is dubbing a line of Lina's dialogue (\"Our love will last 'til the stars turn cold\"), Jean Hagen's normal voice is used.[7][8][9]\nDonald O'Connor as Cosmo Brown, Don's lifelong pal, and vaudeville partner, who becomes the head of Monumental Pictures' music department.\nJean Hagen as Lina Lamont. Fresh off her role in The Asphalt Jungle, Hagen read for the part for producer Arthur Freed. She did a dead-on impression of Judy Holliday's Billie Dawn character from Born Yesterday, which won her the role.\nMillard Mitchell as R.F. Simpson. The initials of the fictional head of Monumental Pictures are a reference to producer Arthur Freed. R.F. also uses one of Freed's favorite expressions when he says that he \"cannot quite visualize it\" and has to see it on film first, referring to the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence. This is a joke, since the audience has just seen it.\nCyd Charisse as the long-legged woman in the green sequined dress and Louise Brooks hair who vamps Gene Kelly in the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence.\nDouglas Fowley as Roscoe Dexter, the director of Don and Lina's films.\nRita Moreno as Zelda Zanders, the \"Zip Girl\" and Lina's friend.\n", "\nGene Kelly as Don Lockwood. His performance in the song \"Singin' in the Rain\" is now considered to be iconic.[5]\nDebbie Reynolds as Kathy Selden. Directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen insisted that Reynolds was always first in their minds for the role.[6] Although the film revolves around the idea that Kathy has to dub over for Lina's voice, in the scene where Kathy is dubbing a line of Lina's dialogue (\"Our love will last 'til the stars turn cold\"), Jean Hagen's normal voice is used.[7][8][9]\nDonald O'Connor as Cosmo Brown, Don's lifelong pal, and vaudeville partner, who becomes the head of Monumental Pictures' music department.\nJean Hagen as Lina Lamont. Fresh off her role in The Asphalt Jungle, Hagen read for the part for producer Arthur Freed. She did a dead-on impression of Judy Holliday's Billie Dawn character from Born Yesterday, which won her the role.\nMillard Mitchell as R.F. Simpson. The initials of the fictional head of Monumental Pictures are a reference to producer Arthur Freed. R.F. also uses one of Freed's favorite expressions when he says that he \"cannot quite visualize it\" and has to see it on film first, referring to the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence. This is a joke, since the audience has just seen it.\nCyd Charisse as the long-legged woman in the green sequined dress and Louise Brooks hair who vamps Gene Kelly in the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence.\nDouglas Fowley as Roscoe Dexter, the director of Don and Lina's films.\nRita Moreno as Zelda Zanders, the \"Zip Girl\" and Lina's friend.\n", "\nGene Kelly as Don Lockwood. His performance in the song \"Singin' in the Rain\" is now considered to be iconic.[5]\nDebbie Reynolds as Kathy Selden. Directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen insisted that Reynolds was always first in their minds for the role.[6] Although the film revolves around the idea that Kathy has to dub over for Lina's voice, in the scene where Kathy is dubbing a line of Lina's dialogue (\"Our love will last 'til the stars turn cold\"), Jean Hagen's normal voice is used.[7][8][9]\nDonald O'Connor as Cosmo Brown, Don's lifelong pal, and vaudeville partner, who becomes the head of Monumental Pictures' music department.\nJean Hagen as Lina Lamont. Fresh off her role in The Asphalt Jungle, Hagen read for the part for producer Arthur Freed. She did a dead-on impression of Judy Holliday's Billie Dawn character from Born Yesterday, which won her the role.\nMillard Mitchell as R.F. Simpson. The initials of the fictional head of Monumental Pictures are a reference to producer Arthur Freed. R.F. also uses one of Freed's favorite expressions when he says that he \"cannot quite visualize it\" and has to see it on film first, referring to the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence. This is a joke, since the audience has just seen it.\nCyd Charisse as the long-legged woman in the green sequined dress and Louise Brooks hair who vamps Gene Kelly in the \"Broadway Melody\" sequence.\nDouglas Fowley as Roscoe Dexter, the director of Don and Lina's films.\nRita Moreno as Zelda Zanders, the \"Zip Girl\" and Lina's friend.\n" ]
[ "Gene Kelly", "Debbie Reynolds", "Donald O'Connor", "Jean Hagen", "Millard Mitchell", "Cyd Charisse", "Douglas Fowley", "Rita Moreno" ]
-898248676806037356
Supreme Leader Snoke
Supreme Leader Snoke - wikipedia Supreme Leader Snoke Supreme Leader Snoke Star Wars character Supreme Leader Snoke in The Force Awakens First appearance The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Last appearance The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Created by Lawrence Kasdan J.J. Abrams Michael Arndt Portrayed by Andy Serkis Information Gender Male Affiliation First Order Title Supreme Leader Supreme Leader Snoke is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise . He is a CGI character voiced and performed by Andy Serkis . Introduced in the 2015 film Star Wars : The Force Awakens , Snoke is the Supreme Leader of the First Order , a military junta resurrected from the fallen Galactic Empire , which seeks to reclaim control of the galaxy . Powerful with the Force , he seduces Ben Solo to the dark side by telling him that he can be the next Darth Vader , and Solo serves him as the commander Kylo Ren . In Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) , Ren assassinates Snoke , replacing him as Supreme Leader . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character 1.1 Development 1.2 Portrayal 1.3 Description 2 Appearances 2.1 The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) 2.1. 1 Related works 2.2 The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Character ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Snoke 's appearance changed throughout principal photography and post-production of The Force Awakens . Serkis said , `` It 's the first time I 've been on set not yet knowing what the character 's gon na look like . I mean , talk about secrecy ! '' According to the actor , the character 's appearance , voice , and movements evolved as he and the film 's writer / director J.J. Abrams challenged the visual effects team . The Force Awakens senior sculptor Ivan Manzella wrote in The Art of Star Wars : The Force Awakens that `` Snoke almost became a female at one point . J.J. picked out a maquette he liked and then we took it to a full - size version , sculpted in plasteline . J.J. and ( creature creative supervisor Neal Scanlan ) did n't want him to be old and decrepit , like the Emperor . '' Portrayal ( edit ) Andy Serkis portrays Snoke in the Star Wars sequel trilogy . While Serkis secretly joined the project in February 2014 , his casting in The Force Awakens was first announced on April 29 , 2014 . When asked about his role in July 2014 , he joked , `` I 'm not Yoda . '' In May 2015 , a StarWars.com interview with photographer Annie Leibovitz about her The Force Awakens shoot for Vanity Fair revealed that Serkis would be playing a CGI character named Supreme Leader Snoke , and featured an image of the actor in motion capture gear . Serkis had previously played several CGI characters , including Gollum in The Lord of the Rings film series ( 2001 -- 2003 ) , the titular ape in 2005 's King Kong , and Caesar in the Planet of the Apes reboot series . In November 2015 , Serkis said of the process of creating Snoke : When we first started working on it , ( Abrams ) had some rough notions of how Snoke was gon na look , but it really had n't been fully - formed and it almost came out of discussion and performance ... We shot on set of course , and I was in the scenes I have with other actors , but the beauty of this process is you can go back and reiterate , keep informing and honing beats and moments . So J.J. , after we shot last year , we 've had a series of sessions where I 'd be in London at The Imaginarium , my studio , while he 's been directing from L.A. , and we 've literally been creating further additions and iterations to the character . That 's been fascinating . And in the meantime I 've been able to see the look and design of the character grow and change as the performances change . So it 's been really exciting in that respect . According to Serkis 's costar Lupita Nyong'o , who played the CGI character Maz Kanata in The Force Awakens , the actor coached her on performance - capture work , telling Nyong'o that `` a motion - capture character you develop the same way as any other . You have to understand who the character is and what makes them who they are . '' Serkis said of filming : It was quite an unusual situation . I worked specifically with Domhnall Gleeson and with Adam Driver . My first day was basically standing on a 25 - foot podium doing Lord Snoke without the faintest idea what he looked like ... or in fact who he was ! I was very high up , totally on my own , away from everybody else , but acting with them ... we used sort of a `` Kongolizer '' method of having sound come out of speakers to give a sense of scale and distance for the character . So it was very challenging and scary , in fact probably one of my most scary film experiences I 've ever had . Description ( edit ) Snoke , whom Abrams called `` a powerful figure on the Dark Side of the Force '' , is the leader of the evil First Order . He is master to the film 's primary villain , Kylo Ren . Serkis described Snoke as `` quite an enigmatic character , and strangely vulnerable at the same time as being quite powerful . Obviously he has a huge agenda . He has suffered a lot of damage . '' Serkis called Snoke `` a new character in this universe '' , adding `` I think it 'd be fair to say that he is aware of the past to a great degree . '' Explaining why CGI was the only way to create Snoke 's unique appearance , Serkis said before the film 's premiere , `` The scale of him , for instance , is one reason . He is large . He appears tall . And also just the facial design -- you could n't have gotten there with prosthetics ... he has a very distinctive , idiosyncratic bone and facial structure . '' Chief of creature and droid effects Neal Scanlan said , `` This character is much better executed as a CGI character . That 's just a practical reality when he 's 7 - foot - something tall ; he 's very , very thin . '' Snoke 's `` scarred , cavernous face '' was not revealed before the release of the film , in which he appears as a `` massive , ominous hologram '' . The character 's deep voice was first heard in the teaser trailer released on November 28 , 2014 . Robbie Collin of The Telegraph described the disfigured and skeletal Snoke as a `` sepulchral horror '' , Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times called him `` hissing and grotesque '' , and Andrew O'Hehir of Salon dubbed the character `` a spectral demonic figure '' . Variety 's Justin Chang wrote that Snoke resembled `` a plus - sized , more articulate Gollum '' , and Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly described him as `` essentially Emperor Palpatine crossed with one of the aliens from Close Encounters '' . Stephanie Zacharek of Time called the character `` a giant , scary , noseless dude who sits placidly in an oversized chair like a dark - lord version of the Lincoln Monument . '' There are multiple fan theories regarding the origins and identity of Snoke , including that he may be Darth Plagueis , a Sith Lord anecdotally mentioned in Revenge of the Sith and the master of Palpatine , possessing the power to prevent death ; `` the Operator '' Gallius Rax , a mysterious First Order manipulator from Chuck Wendig 's Aftermath novel trilogy ; or Ezra Bridger , a main character from the animated series Star Wars Rebels . Pablo Hidalgo of the Lucasfilm Story Group dismissed the Darth Plagueis theory in May 2016 , and Rax 's death in the 2017 novel Aftermath : Empire 's End disproved that theory as well . Appearances ( edit ) The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) ( edit ) In his first appearance in the film , Snoke is introduced as Supreme Leader of the First Order , and master to Kylo Ren . Seduced to the dark side by Snoke , the masked Kylo is really Ben Solo , the son of Han Solo and Leia Organa . Snoke senses an `` awakening '' in the Force , and warns Ren that the limits of his power will be tested when he faces his father in pursuit of the wayward droid BB - 8 . Leia reveals to her estranged husband Han that it was Snoke 's influence which corrupted their son . After Ren is defeated in a lightsaber duel with Rey , Snoke orders General Hux to collect Ren and ready him to complete his training . Related works ( edit ) Snoke appears in the 2015 novelization of The Force Awakens by Alan Dean Foster . In the novel , Leia tells Han in more detail how Snoke , aware that their son would be `` strong with the Force '' and possess `` equal potential for good or evil '' , had long watched Ben and manipulated events to draw him to the dark side . An unplayable Lego minifigure version of Snoke appears in cutscenes in the 2016 video game Lego Star Wars : The Force Awakens . In the spring of 2018 , Snoke was added to the mobile MOBA Star Wars : Force Arena as a playable Dark Side squad leader . The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Following the events of The Force Awakens , Snoke reprimands Hux for his failings as a military leader , and Ren for his failure to find and kill Luke Skywalker . Ren brings Rey to Snoke , who tortures her for information on Luke 's location . He reveals to Ren and Rey that he created the psychic bond between them as part of a plan to destroy Luke . Snoke then orders Ren to kill Rey , and gloats over his total control over his apprentice , only for Ren to use the Force to activate Luke 's lightsaber , which Rey had been using , from a distance and slice Snoke in half with it , killing him . After he and Rey defeat Snoke 's Praetorian Guards , Ren declares himself the new Supreme Leader of the First Order , pinning Snoke 's death on Rey to cover his actions . Reception ( edit ) Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` Supreme Leader Snoke is a larger - than - life , vaguely Harry Potter - ish hologram voiced with deep gravity by Andy Serkis ; the full weight of this character 's malignancy and dramatic power will presumably be better assessed in subsequent episodes . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times called Serkis `` the undisputed champion of the performance - capture roles '' . Though praising the `` unobtrusive sophistication '' of the visual effects used to portray the character , Variety 's Justin Chang said that Serkis is `` fine but not galvanizing '' in the role . Lindsay Bahr of the Associated Press deemed Snoke one of the `` less memorable '' characters in The Force Awakens . Serkis was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Virtual Performance for the role . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Leader Snoke : Andy Serkis on the ' damaged ' villain of Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : 12 things they cut from the film '' . The Telegraph . London , England : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serkis , Andy ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Andy Serkis ' Supreme Leader Snoke Alternate Voices '' . TeamCoco ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Conan O'Brien . TBS . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` How Star Wars Director J.J. Abrams Kept the Cast Secret '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles , California : Eldridge Industries . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode VII Cast Announced '' . StarWars.com. April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VII Cast Finalized : John Boyega , Daisy Ridley , Adam Driver , Oscar Isaac , Andy Serkis , Domhnall Gleeson & Max Von Sydow '' . Deadline Hollywood . Los Angeles , California : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Karlin , Lily ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` 5 Things You Did n't Know About Andy Serkis , AKA Caesar From Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes '' . The Huffington Post . new York City : Huffington Post Media Group . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Guerrasio , Jason ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Andy Serkis reveals how he came up with the voice of Snoke for the Star Wars movies '' . Business Insider . New York City : Axel Springer III . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Dan ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Capturing a Galaxy : An Interview with Annie Leibovitz '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLean , Craig ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` The evolution of Andy Serkis '' . The Independent . London , England : Independent Print Ltd . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : J.J. Abrams reveals backstory of alien Maz Kanata '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thrower , Emma ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Leader Snoke : Andy Serkis talks Star Wars ' latest villain '' . Empire . London , England : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dyer , James ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` JJ Abrams Spills Details On Kylo Ren '' . Empire . London , England : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zacharek , Stephanie ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Review : The Force Awakens Is Everything You Could Hope for in a Star Wars Movie -- and Less '' . Time . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tauber , Chris ( December 5 , 2015 ) . `` Who 's the Real Bad Guy in Star Wars : The Force Awakens ? '' . People . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` See exclusive new images of Maz Kanata and Supreme Leader Snoke from Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schuth , Louie ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Andy Serkis ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens character revealed '' . Hypable.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Andy ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Trailer Report : Star Wars Teaser Beats Age of Ultron In Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles , California : Eldridge Industries . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens review : ' the magic is back ' '' . The Telegraph . London , England : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Roeper , Richard ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : The thrills are strong with this one '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Chicago , Illinois : Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Hehir , Andrew ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : You know all the spoilers in J.J. Abrams ' obsessive reboot -- because you 've seen this movie before '' . Salon . San Francisco , California : Salon Media Group . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chang , Justin ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` J.J. Abrams ' hugely anticipated blockbuster brings welcome jolts of energy , warmth and excitement back to the biggest franchise in movie history '' . Variety . New York City : Penske Media Group . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : A ' rollicking adventure wrapped in epic mythology ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : Theories on Supreme Leader Snoke '' . Collider . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tremeer , Eleanor ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Leader Snoke 's Role In Star Wars Episode 8 Revealed By John Williams ? ! '' . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maharana , Kabita ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars 8 : Fan theories about Rey 's origin and Supreme Leader Snoke 's identity '' . International Business Times . New York City : Newsweek Media Group . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tremeer , Eleanor ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Supreme Leader Snoke Origins Revealed In Star Wars 7 Book Aftermath ? '' . Moviepilot . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Myrick , Robert ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Why It Makes Sense For Star Wars Rebels ' Ezra Bridger To Be Supreme Leader Snoke '' . Moviepilot . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Even More Evidence That Ezra From Star Wars : Rebels Is Supreme Leader Snoke '' . Moviepilot . July 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Claire . `` TheoryLoop : Is Ezra Bridger really Supreme Leader Snoke ? '' . Looper . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Story Group Definitively Says Supreme Leader Snoke is Not Darth Plagueis '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Kate ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` What the Aftermath Trilogy Tells About Star Wars : The Last Jedi '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Leader Snoke : Andy Serkis on the ' damaged ' villain of Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foster , Alan Dean ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter X '' . The Force Awakens ( e-book ) . New York City : Del Ray Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 96550 - 4 . Jump up ^ Foster , Alan Dean ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter XIV '' . Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( e-book ) . New York City : Del Ray Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 96550 - 4 . Jump up ^ Tylwallk , Nick ( 16 March 2018 ) . `` Old Luke , All - Out War Mode Invade ' Star Wars : Force Arena ' in New Update '' . TouchArcade . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi director explains Snoke 's big scene '' . IGN . San Francisco , California : J2 Global . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harrison , George ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Who is Supreme Leader Snoke , does he die in Star Wars The Last Jedi , is Kylo Ren his apprentice and is he Darth Plagueis ? '' . The Sun . London , England : News UK . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles , California : Eldridge Industries . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Star Wars : The Force Awakens Is Fun Fan Service '' . Tribune - Star . Terre Haute , Indiana : Community Newspaper Holdings . Associated Press . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Deadpool , Avengers , And Star Wars Nominated For MTV Movie Awards '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Supreme Leader Snoke in the StarWars.com Databank Snoke on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki hide Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qi'ra Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Rose Tico Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. Warrick Mace Windu Yoda Lists The Clone Wars characters Rebels characters Legends characters KotOR Groups Militaries Clone trooper Stormtrooper Droid Army Rogue Squadron Families Skywalker Solo Music Bands Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes Max Rebo Band Planets and moons Alderaan Bespin Coruscant Dagobah Endor Hoth Jakku Kashyyyk Naboo Tatooine Yavin Species A -- E Bantha Droid Ewok F -- J Hutt K -- O P -- T Sarlacc Tusken Raiders U -- Z Wookiee List of creatures Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Terrestrial vehicles Landspeeder Speeder bike Sandcrawler Walkers Starfighters A-wing B - wing TIE fighter X-wing Y - wing Spacecraft Death Star Millennium Falcon Mon Calamari cruiser Star Destroyer Tantive IV Other Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Mos Eisley Mos Eisley Cantina Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Leader_Snoke&oldid=850520984 '' Categories : Extraterrestrial supervillains Fictional characters introduced in 2015 Fictional characters with electric or magnetic abilities Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional dictators Fictional mass murderers Fictional telekinetics Male characters in film Star Wars CGI characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 11 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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who plays snoke in star wars the force awakens
[ "Supreme Leader Snoke is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. He is a CGI character voiced and performed by Andy Serkis. Introduced in the 2015 film Star Wars: The Force Awakens, Snoke is the Supreme Leader of the First Order, a military junta resurrected from the fallen Galactic Empire, which seeks to reclaim control of the galaxy. Powerful with the Force, he seduces Ben Solo to the dark side by telling him that he can be the next Darth Vader, and Solo serves him as the commander Kylo Ren. In Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017), Ren assassinates Snoke, replacing him as Supreme Leader.\n" ]
[ "Andy Serkis" ]
1988476799831656556
List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones
List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and Milestones - wikipedia List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and Milestones Jump to : navigation , search This is a comprehensive listing that highlights significant achievements and milestones based upon Billboard magazine 's singles charts , most notably the Billboard Hot 100 . This list spans the period from the issue dated January 1 , 1955 to present . The Billboard Hot 100 began with the issue dated August 4 , 1958 , and is currently the standard popular music chart in the United States . Prior to the creation of the Hot 100 , Billboard published four singles charts : `` Best Sellers in Stores '' , `` Most Played by Jockeys '' , `` Most Played in Jukeboxes '' and `` The Top 100 '' . These charts , which ranged from 20 to 100 slots , were phased out at different times between 1957 and 1958 . Though technically not part of the Hot 100 chart history , their data are included for computational purposes , and to avoid unenlightening or misleading characterizations . All items listed below are from the Hot 100 era , unless otherwise noted ( pre-Hot 100 charts ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 All - Time Hot 100 achievements ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 1.1 Top 10 songs of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 1.2 Top 10 artists of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 1.3 Artists with the most songs on Billboard 's Top 100 Hits of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 2 Song milestones 2.1 Most weeks at number one 2.2 Most weeks at number two ( without hitting number one ) 2.3 Most total weeks in the top ten 2.4 Most total weeks on the Hot 100 2.5 Number - one debuts 2.6 Biggest jump to number one 2.7 Biggest single - week upward movements 2.8 Longest climbs to number one 2.9 Biggest drop from number one 2.10 Biggest single - week downward movements 2.11 Biggest drops off the Hot 100 2.12 Number - one songs covered by different artists 2.13 Non-English language number - ones 2.14 Instrumental number - ones 3 Artist achievements 3.1 Most number - one singles 3.2 Most cumulative weeks at number one 3.3 Most consecutive number - one singles 3.4 Most consecutive weeks simultaneously topping the Hot 100 and Billboard 200 3.5 Most consecutive years charting a number - one single 3.6 Most number - one singles in a calendar year 3.7 Most top 10 singles 3.8 Most consecutive weeks in the top 10 3.9 Most top 40 singles 3.10 Most Hot 100 entries 3.11 Most consecutive weeks on Hot 100 3.12 Self - replacement at number one 3.13 Simultaneously occupying the top two positions 3.14 Simultaneously three or more singles in the top 10 3.15 Posthumous number - ones 3.16 Age records 3.17 Gap records 4 Album achievements 4.1 Most number - one singles from one album 4.2 Most top ten singles from one album 4.3 Other album achievements 5 Producer achievements 5.1 Producers with the most number - one singles 6 Songwriter achievements 6.1 Songwriters with the most number - one singles 6.2 Most number - one singles in a calendar year 7 Selected additional Hot 100 achievements 8 See also 9 References 10 Additional sources All - time Hot 100 achievements ( 1958 -- 2015 ) In 2008 , for the 50th anniversary of the Hot 100 , Billboard magazine compiled a ranking of the 100 best - performing songs on the chart over the 50 years , along with the best - performing artists . In 2013 , Billboard revised the rankings for the chart 's 55th anniversary edition . In 2015 , Billboard revised the rankings again . Shown below are the top 10 songs and top 10 artists over the 57 - year period of the Hot 100 , through October 2015 . Also shown are the artists placing the most songs on the overall `` all - time '' top 100 song list . Top 10 songs of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) Rank Single Year ( s ) released Artist ( s ) Peak and duration 1 . `` The Twist '' 1960 , 1961 * Chubby Checker # 1 for 3 weeks 2 . `` Smooth '' 1999 Santana featuring Rob Thomas # 1 for 12 weeks 3 . `` Mack the Knife '' 1959 Bobby Darin # 1 for 9 weeks 4 . `` How Do I Live '' 1997 LeAnn Rimes # 2 for 4 weeks 5 . `` Party Rock Anthem '' 2011 LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett & GoonRock # 1 for 6 weeks 6 . `` I Gotta Feeling '' 2009 The Black Eyed Peas # 1 for 14 weeks 7 . `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys mix ) '' Los Del Rio # 1 for 14 weeks 8 . `` Physical '' 1981 Olivia Newton - John # 1 for 10 weeks 9 . `` You Light Up My Life '' 1977 Debby Boone # 1 for 10 weeks 10 . `` Hey Jude '' 1968 The Beatles # 1 for 9 weeks * -- re-released Source : Top 10 artists of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) Rank Artist 1 . The Beatles 2 . Madonna 3 . Elton John 4 . Elvis Presley 5 . Mariah Carey 6 . Stevie Wonder 7 . Janet Jackson 8 . Michael Jackson 9 . Whitney Houston 10 . The Rolling Stones Source : Artists with the most songs on Billboard 's Top 100 Hits of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) Number of songs Artist Songs ( ranking ) Lionel Richie `` Endless Love '' ( 16 ) , `` Say You , Say Me '' ( 89 ) , `` All Night Long '' ( 91 ) Boyz II Men `` I 'll Make Love to You '' ( 20 ) , `` One Sweet Day '' ( 35 ) , `` End of the Road '' ( 52 ) Bee Gees `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( 23 ) , `` Night Fever '' ( 39 ) , `` Stayin ' Alive '' ( 56 ) Paul McCartney `` Silly Love Songs '' ( 37 ) , `` Say Say Say '' ( 41 ) , `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( 73 ) The Black Eyed Peas `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( 6 ) , `` Boom Boom Pow '' ( 53 ) The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' ( 10 ) , `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' ( 45 ) Mariah Carey `` We Belong Together '' ( 11 ) , `` One Sweet Day '' ( 35 ) Bruno Mars `` Uptown Funk '' ( 12 ) , `` Just the Way You Are '' ( 79 ) Diana Ross `` Endless Love '' ( 16 ) , `` Upside Down '' ( 77 ) Andy Gibb `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' ( 27 ) , `` Shadow Dancing '' ( 46 ) Marvin Gaye `` Let 's Get It On '' ( 38 ) , `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' ( 81 ) Michael Jackson `` Say Say Say '' ( 41 ) , `` Billie Jean '' ( 83 ) Pharrell Williams `` Blurred Lines '' ( 48 ) , `` Happy '' ( 76 ) Elton John `` Candle In the Wind 1997 '' ( 49 ) , `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 75 ) Stevie Wonder `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( 73 ) , `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 75 ) Source : Song milestones Most weeks at number one Number of weeks Artist ( s ) Song Year ( s ) 16 Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men `` One Sweet Day '' 1995 -- 96 Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber `` Despacito '' 2017 14 Whitney Houston `` I Will Always Love You '' 1992 -- 93 Boyz II Men `` I 'll Make Love to You '' 1994 Los del Río `` Macarena '' ( Bayside Boys mix ) Elton John `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' 1997 Mariah Carey `` We Belong Together '' 2005 The Black Eyed Peas `` I Gotta Feeling '' 2009 Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars `` Uptown Funk '' 2015 13 Boyz II Men `` End of the Road '' Brandy and Monica `` The Boy Is Mine '' 1998 12 Santana featuring Rob Thomas `` Smooth '' 1999 -- 2000 Eminem `` Lose Yourself '' 2002 -- 03 Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris `` Yeah ! '' The Black Eyed Peas `` Boom Boom Pow '' 2009 Robin Thicke featuring T.I. and Pharrell `` Blurred Lines '' 2013 Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth `` See You Again '' 2015 The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Closer '' 2016 Ed Sheeran `` Shape of You '' 2017 11 Elvis Presley † `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' 1956 All - 4 - One `` I Swear '' 1994 Toni Braxton `` Un-Break My Heart '' 1996 -- 97 Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 `` I 'll Be Missing You '' 1997 Destiny 's Child `` Independent Women Part I '' 2000 -- 01 10 The McGuire Sisters † † `` Sincerely '' 1955 Pérez Prado † † † `` Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White '' Debby Boone `` You Light Up My Life '' 1977 Olivia Newton - John `` Physical '' 1981 -- 82 Santana featuring The Product G&B `` Maria Maria '' 2000 Ashanti `` Foolish '' 2002 Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland `` Dilemma '' Kanye West featuring Jamie Foxx `` Gold Digger '' 2005 Beyoncé `` Irreplaceable '' 2006 -- 07 Flo Rida featuring T - Pain `` Low '' 2008 Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris `` We Found Love '' 2011 -- 12 Pharrell Williams `` Happy '' 2014 Adele `` Hello '' 2015 -- 16 Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla `` One Dance '' 2016 † Pre-Hot 100 : `` Best Sellers in Stores '' and `` Most Played in Jukeboxes '' charts . † † Pre-Hot 100 : `` Most Played by Jockeys '' chart . † † † Pre-Hot 100 : `` Best Sellers in Stores '' chart . Source : Most weeks at number two ( without hitting number one ) Number of weeks Artist ( s ) Song Year ( s ) 10 Foreigner `` Waiting for a Girl Like You '' 1981 -- 82 Missy Elliott `` Work It '' 2002 -- 03 9 Donna Lewis `` I Love You Always Forever '' Shania Twain `` You 're Still the One '' 1998 8 Shai `` If I Ever Fall in Love '' 1992 -- 93 Deborah Cox `` Nobody 's Supposed to Be Here '' 1998 -- 99 Brian McKnight `` Back at One '' 1999 -- 2000 Mario Winans featuring Enya and P. Diddy `` I Do n't Wanna Know '' Ed Sheeran `` Thinking Out Loud '' 2015 Source : Most total weeks in the top ten Number of weeks Artist ( s ) Song Year ( s ) 33 Ed Sheeran `` Shape of You '' 2017 32 LeAnn Rimes `` How Do I Live '' 1997 -- 98 The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Closer '' 2016 -- 17 31 Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars `` Uptown Funk '' 2014 -- 15 30 Santana featuring Rob Thomas `` Smooth '' 1999 -- 2000 29 LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock `` Party Rock Anthem '' 2011 -- 12 28 Jewel `` Foolish Games '' / `` You Were Meant for Me '' 1997 -- 98 Bruno Mars `` That 's What I Like '' 2017 26 Savage Garden `` Truly Madly Deeply '' 1997 -- 98 25 Chubby Checker `` The Twist '' 1960 , 1962 Toni Braxton `` Un-Break My Heart '' 1996 -- 97 Timbaland featuring OneRepublic `` Apologize '' 2007 -- 08 OneRepublic `` Counting Stars '' 2013 -- 14 Meghan Trainor `` All About That Bass '' 2014 -- 15 Fetty Wap `` Trap Queen '' 2015 The total weeks displayed in this section are total weeks the song was charted inside the top 10 portion of the chart , instead of total weeks spent on the chart . Only songs that spent 25 weeks or more in the top 10 are considered for inclusion in this section . Source : Most total weeks on the Hot 100 87 weeks -- Imagine Dragons -- `` Radioactive '' ( 2014 ) 79 weeks -- Awolnation -- `` Sail '' ( 2014 ) 76 weeks -- Jason Mraz -- `` I 'm Yours '' ( 2009 ) 69 weeks -- LeAnn Rimes -- `` How Do I Live '' ( 1998 ) 68 weeks -- LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock -- `` Party Rock Anthem '' ( 2012 ) , OneRepublic -- `` Counting Stars '' ( 2014 ) 65 weeks -- Jewel -- `` Foolish Games '' / `` You Were Meant for Me '' ( 1998 ) , Adele -- `` Rolling in the Deep '' ( 2012 ) 64 weeks -- Carrie Underwood -- `` Before He Cheats '' ( 2007 ) 62 weeks -- Lifehouse -- `` You and Me '' ( 2006 ) , The Lumineers -- `` Ho Hey '' ( 2013 ) The year displayed is the year the songs ended their respective chart runs . Number - one Debuts Michael Jackson -- `` You Are Not Alone '' ( September 2 , 1995 ) Mariah Carey -- `` Fantasy '' ( September 30 , 1995 ) Whitney Houston -- `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' ( November 25 , 1995 ) Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men -- `` One Sweet Day '' ( December 2 , 1995 ) Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 -- `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( June 14 , 1997 ) Mariah Carey -- `` Honey '' ( September 13 , 1997 ) Elton John -- `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' ( October 11 , 1997 ) Celine Dion -- `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( February 28 , 1998 ) Aerosmith -- `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( September 5 , 1998 ) Lauryn Hill -- `` Doo Wop ( That Thing ) '' ( November 14 , 1998 ) Clay Aiken -- `` This Is the Night '' ( June 28 , 2003 ) Fantasia Barrino -- `` I Believe '' ( July 10 , 2004 ) Carrie Underwood -- `` Inside Your Heaven '' ( July 2 , 2005 ) Taylor Hicks -- `` Do I Make You Proud '' ( July 1 , 2006 ) Britney Spears -- `` 3 '' ( October 24 , 2009 ) Eminem -- `` Not Afraid '' ( May 22 , 2010 ) Kesha -- `` We R Who We R '' ( November 13 , 2010 ) Britney Spears -- `` Hold It Against Me '' ( January 29 , 2011 ) Lady Gaga -- `` Born This Way '' ( February 26 , 2011 ) Katy Perry -- `` Part of Me '' ( March 3 , 2012 ) Baauer -- `` Harlem Shake '' ( March 2 , 2013 ) Taylor Swift -- `` Shake It Off '' ( September 6 , 2014 ) Justin Bieber -- `` What Do You Mean ? '' ( September 19 , 2015 ) Adele -- `` Hello '' ( November 14 , 2015 ) Zayn Malik -- `` Pillowtalk '' ( February 20 , 2016 ) Justin Timberlake -- `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' ( May 28 , 2016 ) Ed Sheeran -- `` Shape of You '' ( January 28 , 2017 ) DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne -- `` I 'm the One '' ( May 20 , 2017 ) Since 2009 , at least one song or more debuted at number one per year . In 1995 , four songs debuted at number one ( a record amount ) . Source : Biggest jump to number one 97 -- 1 -- Kelly Clarkson -- `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' ( February 7 , 2009 ) 96 -- 1 -- Britney Spears -- `` Womanizer '' ( October 25 , 2008 ) 80 -- 1 -- T.I. featuring Rihanna -- `` Live Your Life '' ( October 18 , 2008 ) 78 -- 1 -- Eminem , Dr. Dre and 50 Cent -- `` Crack a Bottle '' ( February 21 , 2009 ) 77 -- 1 -- Taylor Swift -- `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( September 16 , 2017 ) 72 -- 1 -- Taylor Swift -- `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' ( September 1 , 2012 ) 71 -- 1 -- T.I. -- `` Whatever You Like '' ( September 6 , 2008 ) 64 -- 1 -- Maroon 5 -- `` Makes Me Wonder '' ( May 12 , 2007 ) 60 -- 1 -- Rihanna featuring Drake -- `` What 's My Name ? '' ( November 20 , 2010 ) 58 -- 1 -- Flo Rida -- `` Right Round '' ( February 28 , 2009 ) Changes in when the eligibility of a single first begins , as well as more accurate digital download totals , have made abrupt chart jumps more commonplace . From 1955 to 2001 , under Billboard 's previous methodologies , only two singles ascended directly to # 1 from a previous position beneath the Top 20 : The Beatles ' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' , which jumped from # 27 to the top slot in April 1964 , and Brandy and Monica 's `` The Boy Is Mine '' which jumped from # 23 to # 1 in June 1998 . Biggest single - Week upward movements 97 -- 1 ( 96 positions ) -- Kelly Clarkson -- `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' ( February 7 , 2009 ) 96 -- 1 ( 95 positions ) -- Britney Spears -- `` Womanizer '' ( October 25 , 2008 ) 94 -- 3 ( 91 positions ) -- Beyoncé and Shakira -- `` Beautiful Liar '' ( April 7 , 2007 ) 95 -- 7 ( 88 positions ) -- Akon featuring Eminem -- `` Smack That '' ( October 14 , 2006 ) 97 -- 9 ( 88 positions ) -- Drake featuring Nicki Minaj -- `` Make Me Proud '' ( November 5 , 2011 ) 96 -- 11 ( 85 positions ) -- Carrie Underwood -- `` Cowboy Casanova '' ( October 10 , 2009 ) 100 -- 15 ( 85 positions ) -- A.R. Rahman and Pussycat Dolls featuring Nicole Scherzinger -- `` Jai Ho ! ( You Are My Destiny ) '' ( March 14 , 2009 ) 85 -- 2 ( 83 positions ) -- Katy Perry -- `` Roar '' ( August 31 , 2013 ) 86 -- 4 ( 82 positions ) -- Vanessa Hudgens and Zac Efron -- `` Breaking Free '' ( February 11 , 2006 ) 93 -- 12 ( 81 positions ) -- Matchbox Twenty -- `` How Far We 've Come '' ( September 22 , 2007 ) 93 -- 12 ( 81 positions ) -- Kygo and Selena Gomez -- `` It Ai n't Me '' ( March 11 , 2017 ) 100 -- 19 ( 81 positions ) -- Lorde -- `` Green Light '' ( March 25 , 2017 ) Under Billboard 's previous methodologies , jumps of this magnitude were rare . One exception was Jeannie C. Riley 's `` Harper Valley PTA , '' which advanced 74 slots in August 1968 ; this upward acceleration went unmatched for 30 years , but has been surpassed over a dozen times since 2006 . Changes in when the eligibility of a single first begins , as well as more accurate digital download totals , have made abrupt chart jumps more commonplace . Longest climbs to number one 33rd week -- Los del Río -- `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' ( 1995 -- 96 ) 31st week -- Lonestar -- `` Amazed '' ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 30th week -- John Legend -- `` All of Me '' ( 2013 -- 14 ) 27th week -- Creed -- `` With Arms Wide Open '' ( 2000 ) 26th week -- Vertical Horizon -- `` Everything You Want '' ( 2000 ) 25th week -- UB40 -- `` Red Red Wine '' ( 1988 ) 23rd week -- Patti Austin and James Ingram -- `` Baby , Come to Me '' ( 1983 ) , Sia featuring Sean Paul -- `` Cheap Thrills '' ( 2016 ) 22nd week -- Vangelis -- `` Chariots of Fire '' ( 1982 ) , Lady Gaga featuring Colby O'Donis -- `` Just Dance '' ( 2008 -- 09 ) 21st week -- Nick Gilder -- `` Hot Child in the City '' ( 1978 ) , Robert John -- `` Sad Eyes '' ( 1979 ) , Outkast -- `` The Way You Move '' ( 2003 -- 04 ) , Adele -- `` Set Fire to the Rain '' ( 2011 -- 12 ) Biggest drop from number one 1 -- 15 -- Billy Preston -- `` Nothing from Nothing '' ( October 26 , 1974 ) 1 -- 15 -- Dionne Warwicke and The Spinners -- `` Then Came You '' ( November 2 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Simon & Garfunkel -- `` The Sound of Silence '' ( January 29 , 1966 ) 1 -- 12 -- Barry White -- `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love , Babe '' ( September 28 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Andy Kim -- `` Rock Me Gently '' ( October 5 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Stevie Wonder -- `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' ( November 9 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Bachman -- Turner Overdrive -- `` You Ai n't Seen Nothing Yet '' ( November 16 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- John Lennon and Plastic Ono Band -- `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' ( November 23 , 1974 ) 1 -- 11 -- Diana Ross -- `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' ( January 31 , 1976 ) 1 -- 10 -- Phil Collins -- `` Two Hearts '' ( February 4 , 1989 ) Source : Biggest single - week downward movements 17 -- 96 ( 79 positions ) -- Javier Colon -- `` Stitch by Stitch '' ( July 23 , 2011 ) 21 -- 99 ( 78 positions ) -- Jordan Smith -- `` Somebody to Love '' ( January 2 , 2016 ) 16 -- 93 ( 77 positions ) -- 5 Seconds of Summer -- `` Amnesia '' ( July 26 , 2014 ) 17 -- 92 ( 75 positions ) -- Justin Bieber -- `` Die in Your Arms '' ( June 23 , 2012 ) 23 -- 96 ( 73 positions ) -- Colbie Caillat -- `` I Do '' ( March 5 , 2011 ) 21 -- 94 ( 73 positions ) -- Justin Bieber -- `` Never Let You Go '' ( March 27 , 2010 ) 21 -- 94 ( 73 positions ) -- Glee Cast -- `` Empire State of Mind '' ( October 16 , 2010 ) 16 -- 89 ( 73 positions ) -- Jonas Brothers -- `` Pushin ' Me Away '' ( August 9 , 2008 ) 13 -- 86 ( 73 positions ) -- Justin Timberlake and Matt Morris featuring Charlie Sexton -- `` Hallelujah '' ( February 20 , 2010 ) 20 -- 92 ( 72 positions ) -- The Beatles -- `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' ( June 5 , 1982 ) Source : Biggest drops off the Hot 100 From # 4 -- Prince and The Revolution -- `` Purple Rain '' † ( May 21 , 2016 ) From # 8 -- Prince -- `` When Doves Cry '' † ( May 21 , 2016 ) From # 9 -- Soko -- `` We Might Be Dead by Tomorrow '' ( April 5 , 2014 ) From # 11 -- Jonas Brothers -- `` A Little Bit Longer '' ( August 30 , 2008 ) , Taylor Swift -- `` Mean '' ( November 13 , 2010 ) , One Direction -- `` Diana '' ( December 14 , 2013 ) , Mariah Carey -- `` All I Want for Christmas is You '' ( January 16 , 2016 ) † † From # 12 -- Taylor Swift -- `` You Belong with Me '' * ( November 29 , 2008 ) , Lady Gaga -- `` Hair '' ( June 11 , 2011 ) , One Direction -- `` Midnight Memories '' ( December 14 , 2013 ) † -- `` Purple Rain '' and `` When Doves Cry '' reappeared on the Hot 100 for two weeks in 2016 , and the above reflects their re-entries only . When the songs originally charted in 1984 , their chart positions in their final week on the Hot 100 were well below the top 10 . † † -- A recurring holiday song charting during the Christmas season . * -- `` You Belong with Me '' later re-entered the Hot 100 as a single in 2009 to reach a peak of # 2 . The recurring song 's final week on the Hot 100 was in 2010 , when it was low as possible on the chart . Prior to 2008 , the biggest drop off the Hot 100 was `` Nights in White Satin '' by The Moody Blues , which ranked at # 17 in its final week on the chart in December 1972 . This high drop - off position was matched in January 1975 by `` Junior 's Farm '' by Paul McCartney and Wings . The record went unchallenged for more than three decades , but every title listed above achieved its drop - off after just four weeks or less on the Hot 100 . `` Nights in White Satin '' and `` Junior 's Farm '' dropped off after 18 and 12 weeks , respectively . Source : Number - one songs covered by different artists `` Go Away Little Girl '' -- Steve Lawrence ( 1963 ) and Donny Osmond ( 1971 ) `` The Loco - Motion '' -- Little Eva ( 1962 ) and Grand Funk ( 1974 ) `` Please Mr. Postman '' -- The Marvelettes ( 1961 ) and The Carpenters ( 1975 ) `` Venus '' -- Shocking Blue ( 1970 ) and Bananarama ( 1986 ) `` Lean on Me '' -- Bill Withers ( 1972 ) and Club Nouveau ( 1987 ) `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' -- The Supremes ( 1966 ) and Kim Wilde ( 1987 ) `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' -- Percy Sledge ( 1966 ) and Michael Bolton ( 1991 ) `` I 'll Be There '' -- The Jackson 5 ( 1970 ) and Mariah Carey ( 1992 ) `` Lady Marmalade '' -- Labelle ( 1975 ) and Christina Aguilera / Lil ' Kim / Mýa / Pink ( 2001 ) Source : Non-English language number - ones `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' -- Domenico Modugno ( Italian -- August 18 , 1958 for five non-consecutive weeks ) `` Sukiyaki '' -- Kyu Sakamoto ( Japanese -- June 15 , 1963 for three weeks ) `` Dominique '' -- The Singing Nun ( French -- December 7 , 1963 for four weeks ) `` Rock Me Amadeus '' -- Falco ( English / German -- March 29 , 1986 for three weeks ) `` La Bamba '' -- Los Lobos ( Spanish -- August 29 , 1987 for three weeks ) `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' -- Los del Río ( English / Spanish -- August 3 , 1996 for fourteen weeks ) `` Hips Do n't Lie '' -- Shakira featuring Wyclef Jean ( English / Spanish -- June 17 , 2006 for two weeks ) `` Despacito '' -- Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ( English / Spanish -- May 27 , 2017 for sixteen weeks ) Instrumental number - ones `` The Happy Organ '' -- Dave `` Baby '' Cortez ( May 11 , 1959 for one week ) `` Sleep Walk '' -- Santo & Johnny ( September 21 , 1959 for two weeks ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' -- Percy Faith ( February 22 , 1960 for nine weeks ) `` Wonderland by Night '' -- Bert Kaempfert ( January 9 , 1961 for three weeks ) `` Calcutta '' -- Lawrence Welk ( February 13 , 1961 for two weeks ) `` Stranger on the Shore '' -- Mr. Acker Bilk ( May 26 , 1962 for one week ) `` The Stripper '' -- David Rose ( July 7 , 1962 for one week ) `` Telstar '' -- The Tornados ( December 22 , 1962 for three weeks ) `` Love Is Blue '' -- Paul Mauriat ( February 10 , 1968 for five weeks ) `` Grazing in the Grass '' -- Hugh Masekela ( July 20 , 1968 for two weeks ) `` Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet '' -- Henry Mancini ( July 28 , 1969 for two weeks ) `` Frankenstein '' -- The Edgar Winter Group ( May 26 , 1973 for one week ) `` Love 's Theme '' -- Love Unlimited Orchestra ( February 9 , 1974 for one week ) `` TSOP ( The Sound of Philadelphia ) '' -- MFSB and The Three Degrees † ( April 20 , 1974 for two weeks ) `` Pick Up the Pieces '' -- Average White Band † ( February 22 , 1975 for one week ) `` The Hustle '' -- Van McCoy and the Soul City Symphony † ( July 26 , 1975 for one week ) `` Fly , Robin , Fly '' -- Silver Convention † ( November 29 , 1975 for three weeks ) `` Theme from S.W.A.T. '' -- Rhythm Heritage ( February 28 , 1976 for one week ) `` A Fifth of Beethoven '' -- Walter Murphy and the Big Apple Band ( October 9 , 1976 for one week ) `` Gonna Fly Now '' -- Bill Conti † ( July 2 , 1977 for one week ) `` Star Wars Theme / Cantina Band '' -- Meco ( October 1 , 1977 for two weeks ) `` Rise '' -- Herb Alpert ( October 20 , 1979 for two weeks ) `` Chariots of Fire '' -- Vangelis ( May 8 , 1982 for one week ) `` Miami Vice Theme '' -- Jan Hammer ( November 9 , 1985 for one week ) `` Harlem Shake '' -- Baauer † ( March 2 , 2013 for five weeks ) † -- Contains vocal part , but is considered an instrumental . See Instrumental # Borderline cases for more . Artist achievements Most number - one singles Number of singles Artist Biggest number - one 20 The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' 18 Elvis Presley † `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' Mariah Carey `` We Belong Together '' 14 Rihanna `` We Found Love '' 13 Michael Jackson `` Say Say Say '' ( duet with Paul McCartney ) 12 The Supremes `` Love Child '' Madonna `` Like a Virgin '' 11 Whitney Houston `` I Will Always Love You '' 10 Stevie Wonder `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( duet with Paul McCartney ) Janet Jackson `` That 's the Way Love Goes '' † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 . The biggest number - one listed by each artist reflects its overall performance on the Hot 100 , as calculated by Billboard , and may not necessarily be the single which spent the most weeks at # 1 for the artist , such as Madonna 's `` Like a Virgin '' ( six weeks at # 1 , compared to seven for `` Take a Bow '' ) , Mariah Carey 's `` We Belong Together '' ( fourteen weeks at # 1 , compared to sixteen for her duet with Boyz II Men , `` One Sweet Day '' ) and Michael Jackson 's duet with Paul McCartney , `` Say Say Say '' ( six weeks at # 1 , compared to seven for both his solo singles `` Billie Jean '' and `` Black or White '' ) . Billboard now credits the dual # 1 Presley single `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' as a single chart entity . `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' spent 11 weeks at # 1 , `` Hound Dog '' for 6 weeks , `` Do n't Be Cruel '' for 5 weeks . Many chart statisticians however , such as Joel Whitburn still lists Presley as having 18 number ones . Source : Most cumulative weeks at number one Weeks at number one Artist 79 Elvis Presley † Mariah Carey 60 Rihanna 59 The Beatles 50 Boyz II Men 47 Usher 37 Michael Jackson 36 Beyoncé 34 Elton John 33 Janet Jackson Katy Perry † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 . Presley is sometimes credited with an `` 80th week '' that occurred when `` All Shook Up '' spent a ninth week on top of the `` Most Played in Jukeboxes '' chart . Although Billboard 's chart statistician Joel Whitburn still counts this 80th week based on preexisting research , Billboard magazine itself has since revised its methodology and officially credits Presley with 79 weeks . Much of Presley 's total factors in pre-Hot 100 data . If counting from the August 1958 Hot 100 inception , Presley totaled 22 weeks at # 1 . Source : Most consecutive number - one singles Number of singles Artist First hit and date Final hit and date Streak - breaking song 7 Whitney Houston `` Saving All My Love for You '' ( October 26 , 1985 ) `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' ( April 23 , 1988 ) `` Love Will Save the Day '' ( # 9 -- August 27 , 1988 ) 6 The Beatles `` I Feel Fine '' ( December 26 , 1964 ) `` We Can Work It Out '' ( January 8 , 1966 ) `` Nowhere Man '' ( # 3 -- March 26 , 1966 ) Bee Gees `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( December 24 , 1977 ) `` Love You Inside Out '' ( June 9 , 1979 ) `` He 's A Liar '' ( # 30 -- October 24 , 1981 ) 5 Elvis Presley `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' ( August 10 , 1959 ) `` Surrender '' ( March 20 , 1961 ) `` I Feel So Bad '' ( # 5 -- May 1961 ) The Supremes `` Where Did Our Love Go '' ( August 22 , 1964 ) `` Back in My Arms Again '' ( June 12 , 1965 ) `` Nothing but Heartaches '' ( # 11 -- September 4 , 1965 ) Michael Jackson `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' ( with Siedah Garrett ) ( September 19 , 1987 ) `` Dirty Diana '' ( July 2 , 1988 ) `` Another Part of Me '' ( # 11 -- September 10 , 1988 ) Mariah Carey `` Vision of Love '' ( August 4 , 1990 ) `` Emotions '' ( October 12 , 1991 ) `` Ca n't Let Go '' ( # 2 -- January 25 , 1992 ) `` Fantasy '' ( September 30 , 1995 ) `` My All '' ( May 23 , 1998 ) `` When You Believe '' ( with Whitney Houston ) ( # 15 -- January 30 , 1999 ) Katy Perry `` California Gurls '' ( featuring Snoop Dogg ) ( June 19 , 2010 ) `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' ( August 17 , 2011 ) `` The One That Got Away '' ( # 3 -- January 7 , 2012 ) Houston 's `` Thinking About You '' is not counted as intrerupting the streak , as it never appeared on the Hot 100 , due to not being released to Pop radio . Likewise , Perry 's `` Not Like the Movies '' and `` Circle the Drain '' were only promotional singles , not radio singles . Sources : Most consecutive weeks simultaneously topping the Hot 100 and Billboard 200 Number of weeks Artist Year ( s ) charted Singles Albums 12 The Beatles 1964 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' , `` She Loves You '' , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' Meet the Beatles ! , The Beatles ' Second Album Whitney Houston 1992 -- 93 `` I Will Always Love You '' The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album 7 Michael Jackson `` Billie Jean '' Thriller Drake 2016 `` One Dance '' ( featuring Wizkid and Kyla ) Views The Monkees 1966 -- 67 `` I 'm a Believer '' The Monkees , More of the Monkees Sources : Most consecutive years charting a number - one single Number of years Artist First number - one hit and week Final number - one hit and final week 11 Mariah Carey `` Vision of Love '' ( August 4 , 1990 ) `` Thank God I Found You '' ( February 19 , 2000 ) 7 Elvis Presley † `` Heartbreak Hotel '' ( March 17 , 1956 ) `` Good Luck Charm '' ( April 28 , 1962 ) The Beatles `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' ( February 1 , 1964 ) `` The Long and Winding Road '' ( June 20 , 1970 ) 6 The Supremes `` Where Did Our Love Go '' ( August 22 , 1964 ) `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' ( December 27 , 1969 ) Lionel Richie `` Endless Love '' ( August 15 , 1981 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' ( January 11 , 1986 ) † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 . Source : Most number - one singles in a calendar year Number of singles Artist Year charted Singles 6 The Beatles 1964 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' `` She Loves You '' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' `` Love Me Do '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` I Feel Fine '' 5 1965 `` I Feel Fine '' `` Eight Days a Week '' `` Ticket to Ride '' `` Help ! '' `` Yesterday '' Elvis Presley † 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' `` All Shook Up '' `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Jailhouse Rock '' The Supremes 1965 `` Come See About Me '' `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' `` Back in My Arms Again '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' Jackson 5 1970 `` I Want You Back '' `` ABC '' `` The Love You Save '' `` I 'll Be There '' George Michael 1988 `` Faith '' `` Father Figure '' `` One More Try '' `` Monkey '' Usher `` Yeah ! '' ( featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris ) `` Burn '' `` Confessions Part II '' `` My Boo '' ( Duet with Alicia Keys ) Rihanna `` Rude Boy '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' ( Eminem featuring Rihanna ) `` What 's My Name ? '' ( featuring Drake ) `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' † Pre-Hot 100 charts . Chart notes : If counting Presley 's dual hit song `` Do n't Be Cruel / Hound Dog '' separately then Elvis has 5 for 1956 . Some Presley songs included here charted # 1 on Cashbox , but not on the Billboard Top 100 , the precursor to the Billboard Hot 100 . Sources : Most top 10 singles Number of singles Artist 38 Madonna 36 Elvis Presley † 34 The Beatles 31 Rihanna 29 Michael Jackson 28 Stevie Wonder 27 Elton John Janet Jackson Mariah Carey 23 The Rolling Stones Whitney Houston Paul McCartney † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 Source : Note : If Paul McCartney 's solo work and work with the Beatles were combined , he would top this list with 57 top ten hits Most consecutive weeks in the Top 10 Number of weeks Artist Years charted Singles 69 Katy Perry 2010 -- 11 `` California Gurls '' ( featuring Snoop Dogg ) `` Teenage Dream '' `` Firework '' `` E.T. '' ( featuring Kanye West ) `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' 61 The Chainsmokers 2016 -- 17 `` Do n't Let Me Down '' ( featuring Daya ) `` Closer '' ( featuring Halsey ) `` Paris '' `` Something Just Like This '' ( with Coldplay ) 51 Drake 2015 -- 16 `` Hotline Bling '' `` Work '' ( Rihanna featuring Drake ) `` Summer Sixteen '' `` One Dance '' ( featuring Wizkid and Kyla ) 48 Ace of Base 1993 -- 94 `` All That She Wants '' `` The Sign '' `` Do n't Turn Around '' 46 Rihanna 2010 -- 11 `` Love the Way You Lie '' ( Eminem featuring Rihanna ) `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' `` What 's My Name ? '' ( featuring Drake ) `` S&M '' Source : Most top 40 singles 114 -- Elvis Presley ( Pre -- Hot 100 charts included ) 69 -- Lil Wayne 57 -- Elton John 56 -- Drake 52 - Taylor Swift 51 -- Glee Cast 50 -- The Beatles 49 -- Madonna 47 -- Rihanna 46 -- Stevie Wonder 45 -- Jay Z Source : Notes : Presley is credited by Billboard for having 80 Top 40 chart entries which still ranks him first . However , if including his career before the Hot 100 inception , Presley is credited with 114 Top 40 entries . Most Hot 100 entries 207 -- Glee Cast 157 -- Drake 149 -- Elvis Presley ( Pre-Hot 100 and Hot 100 included ) 136 -- Lil Wayne 96 -- Jay Z 91 -- James Brown 86 -- Chris Brown 81 -- Kanye West 80 -- Nicki Minaj 75 -- Ray Charles Source : Notes : Elvis Presley has charted 149 singles on Billboard if tracking his entire career which predates the 1958 Hot 100 . If tracking begins after the 1958 inception of the Hot 100 , Presley only has 108 . Most consecutive weeks on Hot 100 431 -- Drake 326 -- Lil Wayne 216 -- Rihanna 207 -- Nicki Minaj 161 -- Chris Brown 159 -- Jay - Z 152 -- Nelly 141 -- Kenny Chesney 139 -- Destiny 's Child 139 -- Taylor Swift 139 -- Katy Perry Source : Self - replacement at number one Elvis Presley -- `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' → `` Love Me Tender '' ( October 27 , 1956 ) ( `` Best Sellers in Stores '' and `` Most Played by Jockeys '' charts ) The Beatles † -- `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' → `` She Loves You '' ( March 21 , 1964 ) ; `` She Loves You '' → `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' ( April 4 , 1964 ) Boyz II Men -- `` I 'll Make Love to You '' → `` On Bended Knee '' ( December 3 , 1994 ) Puff Daddy -- `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 ) → `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Puff Daddy and Mase ) ( August 30 , 1997 ) Ja Rule -- `` Always on Time '' ( Ja Rule featuring Ashanti ) → `` Ai n't It Funny '' ( Jennifer Lopez featuring Ja Rule ) ( March 9 , 2002 ) Nelly -- `` Hot in Herre '' → `` Dilemma '' ( Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland ) ( August 17 , 2002 ) OutKast -- `` Hey Ya ! '' → `` The Way You Move '' ( OutKast featuring Sleepy Brown ) ( February 14 , 2004 ) Usher -- `` Yeah ! '' ( Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris ) → `` Burn '' ( May 22 , 2004 ) ; `` Burn '' → `` Confessions Part II '' ( July 24 , 2004 ) T.I. -- `` Whatever You Like '' → `` Live Your Life '' ( T.I. featuring Rihanna ) ( October 18 , 2008 ) ; `` Whatever You Like '' → `` Live Your Life '' ( November 15 , 2008 ) The Black Eyed Peas -- `` Boom Boom Pow '' → `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( July 11 , 2009 ) Taylor Swift -- `` Shake It Off '' → `` Blank Space '' ( November 29 , 2014 ) The Weeknd -- `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' → `` The Hills '' ( October 3 , 2015 ) Justin Bieber -- `` Sorry '' → `` Love Yourself '' ( February 13 , 2016 ) ; `` I 'm the One '' ( DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne ) → `` Despacito '' ( Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ) ( May 27 , 2017 ) † The Beatles are the only act in history to have three consecutive , self - replacing # 1s . Source : Simultaneously occupying the top two positions Elvis Presley : October 20 -- November 3 , 1956 ( Pre-Hot 100 charts ) `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' `` Love Me Tender '' ( `` Best Sellers in Stores '' and `` Most Played by Jockeys '' charts ) The Beatles : From February 22 , 1964 until April 25 , 1964 the Beatles held the top two positions , with various singles . In some of the weeks , the band held the top three or top four slots , the only act in chart history to do so . On April 4 , 1964 , The Beatles occupied the entire top five . `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' `` Twist and Shout '' `` She Loves You '' `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' `` Please Please Me '' Bee Gees : March 18 -- April 15 , 1978 `` Night Fever '' `` Stayin ' Alive '' Puff Daddy : August 9 -- 30 , 1997 `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 ) `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Puff Daddy and Mase ) Ja Rule : March 9 -- 23 , 2002 `` Ai n't It Funny '' ( Jennifer Lopez featuring Ja Rule ) `` Always on Time '' ( Ja Rule featuring Ashanti ) Ashanti : April 20 -- May 18 , 2002 `` Foolish '' `` What 's Luv ? '' ( Fat Joe featuring Ashanti ) Nelly : August 10 -- 31 , 2002 `` Hot in Herre '' `` Dilemma '' ( Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland , songs switched positions on August 17 , 2002 ) OutKast : December 20 , 2003 -- February 7 , 2004 `` Hey Ya ! '' `` The Way You Move '' ( OutKast featuring Sleepy Brown ) Usher : June 26 -- July 3 , 2004 ; July 17 , 2004 `` Burn '' `` Confessions Part II '' 50 Cent : April 16 -- 30 , 2005 `` Candy Shop '' ( 50 Cent featuring Olivia ) `` Hate It or Love It '' ( The Game featuring 50 Cent ) Mariah Carey : September 10 , 2005 `` We Belong Together '' `` Shake It Off '' Akon : December 2 , 2006 `` I Wanna Love You '' ( Akon featuring Snoop Dogg ) `` Smack That '' ( Akon featuring Eminem ) April 14 , 2007 `` Do n't Matter '' `` The Sweet Escape '' ( Gwen Stefani featuring Akon ) T.I. : October 18 , 2008 ; November 1 -- 29 , 2008 `` Live Your Life '' ( T.I. featuring Rihanna ) `` Whatever You Like '' ( songs switched positions several times ) Black Eyed Peas : June 27 -- July 18 , 2009 `` Boom Boom Pow '' `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( songs switched positions on July 11 , 2009 ) Pharrell Williams : June 29 -- July 27 , 2013 `` Blurred Lines '' ( Robin Thicke featuring T.I. and Pharrell ) `` Get Lucky '' ( Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams ) Iggy Azalea : June 7 -- July 5 , 2014 `` Fancy '' ( Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX ) `` Problem '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea ) The Weeknd : September 26 , 2015 `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' `` The Hills '' Justin Bieber : February 6 -- 13 , 2016 `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' ( songs switched positions on February 13 , 2016 ) July 1 -- 22 , 2017 `` Despacito '' ( Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ) `` I 'm the One '' ( DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper , and Lil Wayne ) Simultaneously three or more singles in the top 10 The Beatles : February 29 -- May 2 , 1964 ( Note : The Beatles had as many as five in the top ten April 4 -- 11 , 1964 ) `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' `` She Loves You '' `` Please Please Me '' `` Twist and Shout '' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' The Bee Gees : February 25 -- March 4 , 1978 `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` Stayin ' Alive '' `` Night Fever '' Ashanti : March 30 -- April 6 , 2002 `` Always On Time '' ( Ja Rule featuring Ashanti ) `` What 's Luv ? '' ( Fat Joe featuring Ashanti ) `` Foolish '' 50 Cent : May 31 -- June 7 , 2003 `` In Da Club '' `` 21 Questions '' ( 50 Cent featuring Nate Dogg ) `` Magic Stick '' ( Lil ' Kim featuring 50 Cent ) February 19 -- April 30 , 2005 ; May 14 -- 21 , 2005 ( Note : 50 Cent had as many as four in the top ten April 2 -- 9 , 2005 ) `` Disco Inferno '' `` How We Do '' ( The Game featuring 50 Cent ) `` Candy Shop '' ( 50 Cent featuring Olivia ) `` Hate It or Love It '' ( The Game featuring 50 Cent ) `` Just a Lil Bit '' Usher : June 5 -- July 10 , 2004 `` Yeah ! '' ( Usher featuring Lil Jon & Ludacris ) `` Burn '' `` Confessions Part II '' Akon : May 5 , 2007 and May 19 , 2007 `` The Sweet Escape '' ( Gwen Stefani featuring Akon ) `` Do n't Matter '' `` I Tried '' ( Bone Thugs - n - Harmony featuring Akon ) T - Pain : November 3 -- December 29 , 2007 ( Note : All four titles below were in the top ten November 24 -- December 8 , 2007 ) `` Good Life '' ( Kanye West featuring T - Pain ) `` Cyclone '' ( Baby Bash featuring T - Pain ) `` Kiss Kiss '' ( Chris Brown featuring T - Pain ) `` Low '' ( Flo Rida featuring T - Pain ) Chris Brown : April 5 , 2008 and May 10 , 2008 ( Note : The first two titles below were in the top ten on both charts ) `` With You '' `` No Air '' ( Jordin Sparks & Chris Brown ) `` Shawty Get Loose '' ( Lil Mama featuring Chris Brown & T - Pain ) `` Forever '' Lil Wayne : September 27 , 2008 `` Got Money '' ( Lil Wayne featuring T - Pain ) `` Ca n't Believe It '' ( T - Pain featuring Lil Wayne ) `` Swagga Like Us '' ( Jay - Z & T.I. featuring Kanye West & Lil Wayne ) Adele : March 3 , 2012 `` Rolling in the Deep '' `` Someone Like You '' `` Set Fire to the Rain '' Iggy Azalea : August 30 , 2014 `` Fancy '' ( Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX ) `` Problem '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea ) `` Black Widow '' ( Iggy Azalea featuring Rita Ora ) Ariana Grande : August 30 , 2014 `` Problem '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea ) `` Bang Bang '' ( Jessie J , Ariana Grande & Nicki Minaj ) `` Break Free '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Zedd ) Justin Bieber : December 5 , 2015 -- February 6 , 2016 `` What Do You Mean ? '' `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' The Chainsmokers : March 18 , 2017 `` Closer '' ( The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey ) `` Paris '' `` Something Just Like This '' ( The Chainsmokers and Coldplay ) Posthumous number - ones Otis Redding ( d . December 10 , 1967 ) -- `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' ( March 16 , 1968 ) Janis Joplin ( d . October 4 , 1970 ) -- `` Me and Bobby McGee '' ( March 20 , 1971 ) Jim Croce ( d . September 20 , 1973 ) -- `` Time in a Bottle '' ( December 29 , 1973 ) John Lennon ( d . December 8 , 1980 ) -- `` ( Just Like ) Starting Over '' ( December 27 , 1980 ) The Notorious B.I.G. ( d . March 9 , 1997 ) -- `` Hypnotize '' ( May 3 , 1997 ) and `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( August 30 , 1997 ) Soulja Slim ( d . November 26 , 2003 ) -- `` Slow Motion '' ( Juvenile featuring Soulja Slim ) ( August 7 , 2004 ) Static Major ( d . February 25 , 2008 ) -- `` Lollipop '' ( Lil Wayne featuring Static Major ) ( May 3 , 2008 ) Source : Age records Louis Armstrong ( age 7004229240000000000 ♠ 62 years , 279 days ) is the oldest artist to top the Hot 100 . He set that record with `` Hello , Dolly ! '' on May 9 , 1964 . Cher ( age 7004192900000000000 ♠ 52 years , 297 days ) is the oldest female artist to top the Hot 100 . She set the record with `` Believe '' on March 13 , 1999 . The previous record holder was Grace Slick of Starship , who was 7004173230000000000 ♠ 47 years , 156 days old when their hit `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' began its two - week reign on April 4 , 1987 . Michael Jackson ( age 7003417300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 155 days ) is the youngest artist to top the Hot 100 . He achieved the record , as part of the Jackson 5 , with `` I Want You Back '' on January 31 , 1970 . Stevie Wonder ( age 7003483700000000000 ♠ 13 years , 89 days ) is the youngest solo artist to top the Hot 100 . He set the record with `` Fingertips Pt. 2 '' on August 10 , 1963 . Little Peggy March ( age 7003552800000000000 ♠ 15 years , 50 days ) is the youngest female artist to top the Hot 100 . The song which established this record for her was `` I Will Follow Him '' , which reached # 1 on April 27 , 1963 . Tony Bennett , at 7004311050000000000 ♠ 85 years , 59 days old , is the oldest living artist to chart . His song `` Body and Soul '' , a duet with Amy Winehouse , ranked at # 87 on October 1 , 2011 . French - born Jordy Lemoine ( age 7003198300000000000 ♠ 5 years , 156 days ) is the youngest artist to chart on the Hot 100 . He established the record when his song `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! ( It 's Tough to Be a Baby ) '' , where he is credited simply as Jordy , entered the chart on June 19 , 1993 . Gap Records The longest gap between # 1 hits on the Hot 100 for an artist is 7003912100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 355 days by Cher . Her single `` Believe '' hit # 1 on March 13 , 1999 , her first time on top since `` Dark Lady '' on March 23 , 1974 . Cher also holds the record gap between first and most recent # 1 on the Hot 100 over the longest period of time : 7004122850000000000 ♠ 33 years , 232 days . The first of three weeks at # 1 for `` I Got You Babe '' by Sonny & Cher was August 14 , 1965 . The last week at # 1 for Cher 's `` Believe '' was April 3 , 1999 . The record for the longest wait from an artist 's Hot 100 debut entry to its first # 1 belongs to Santana , with 30 years between the time he first cracked the Hot 100 with `` Jingo '' ( October 25 , 1969 ) and the first of 12 weeks at # 1 with `` Smooth , '' featuring Rob Thomas ( October 23 , 1999 ) . When the Tony Bennett and Amy Winehouse duet `` Body and Soul '' debuted at # 87 for the week of October 1 , 2011 , Bennett became the artist with the longest overall span of singles on the Hot 100 -- 7004194160000000000 ♠ 53 years , 58 days on account of his single `` Young and Warm and Wonderful '' which appeared at # 59 on the very first edition of the Hot 100 , dated August 4 , 1958 . Album achievements Most number - one singles from one album Number of Singles Artist Album Year 5 Michael Jackson Bad Katy Perry Teenage Dream Various artists Saturday Night Fever 1977 Whitney Houston Whitney George Michael Faith Paula Abdul Forever Your Girl 1988 Janet Jackson Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 1989 Mariah Carey Mariah Carey Usher Confessions Source : Saturday Night Fever generated number - one singles for two different artists : `` How Deep Is Your Love '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' and `` Night Fever '' by the Bee Gees ; and `` If I Ca n't Have You '' by Yvonne Elliman . Katy Perry 's Teenage Dream : The Complete Confection was a reissue of the Teenage Dream album , and featured an additional single , `` Part Of Me '' , which peaked at Number One on the Billboard Hot 100 . This brings her actual total to six . However , this does not count since the single comes from a reissue of the album and not the original release . Most Top ten singles from one album Number of singles Artist Album Year 7 Michael Jackson Thriller 1982 Bruce Springsteen Born in the U.S.A. 1984 Janet Jackson Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 1989 6 Michael Jackson Bad George Michael Faith Janet Jackson Janet . Katy Perry Teenage Dream 5 Lionel Richie Ca n't Slow Down Janet Jackson Control 1986 Genesis Invisible Touch Madonna True Blue Huey Lewis and the News Fore ! Whitney Houston Whitney Paula Abdul Forever Your Girl 1988 Bobby Brown Do n't Be Cruel New Kids on the Block Hangin ' Tough Bon Jovi New Jersey Milli Vanilli Girl You Know It 's True 1989 Various artists † Waiting to Exhale 1995 Fergie The Dutchess 2006 The Black Eyed Peas The E.N.D. 2009 Taylor Swift 1989 2014 Source : † Waiting to Exhale generated top ten singles for five different artists : `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' and `` Count on Me '' by Whitney Houston ( the latter with CeCe Winans ) , `` Not Gon ' Cry '' by Mary J. Blige , `` Sittin ' Up in My Room '' by Brandy , and `` Let It Flow '' by Toni Braxton . Other album achievements Janet Jackson 's Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 has the most top 5 singles , with 7 . Janet Jackson has the most albums with five or more Top 10 hits . Those albums are Control , Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 , and janet . Drake 's More Life places a record - breaking 22 entries to the Billboard Hot 100 at the same time , on the April 8 , 2017 chart , eclipsing his previous record of 18 from his album Views less than one year earlier , on May 21 , 2016 . NOTE : Numbers listed here are , per Billboard 's rules , over one release . Producer achievements Producers with the most number - one singles Number of singles Producer ( s ) Best known producing for Biggest number - one hit and date 23 George Martin The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' ( September 28 , 1968 ) 22 Max Martin Britney Spears , Katy Perry , Kelly Clarkson , Pink , Taylor Swift `` Dark Horse '' ( February 8 , 2014 ) 16 Steve Sholes † Elvis Presley `` Hound Dog / Do n't Be Cruel '' ( August 18 , 1956 ) Jimmy Jam , Terry Lewis Janet Jackson `` That 's the Way Love Goes '' ( May 15 , 1993 ) Dr. Luke Katy Perry , Kelly Clarkson , Kesha , Miley Cyrus `` Tik Tok '' ( January 2 , 2010 ) 14 Barry Gibb Bee Gees , Andy Gibb `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( December 24 , 1977 ) Mariah Carey Herself `` We Belong Together '' ( June 4 , 2005 ) † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 Source : Songwriter achievements Songwriters with the most number - one singles Number of singles Songwriter Best known writing for Biggest number - one hit and date 32 Paul McCartney The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' ( September 28 , 1968 ) 26 John Lennon 22 Max Martin Katy Perry , Britney Spears , Kelly Clarkson , Pink , Taylor Swift `` Dark Horse '' ( February 8 , 2014 ) 17 Mariah Carey Herself `` We Belong Together '' ( June 4 , 2005 ) 16 Barry Gibb Bee Gees , Andy Gibb `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( December 24 , 1977 ) Dr. Luke Katy Perry , Kesha , Miley Cyrus `` Tik Tok '' ( January 2 , 2010 ) Source : Most number - one singles in a calendar year Number of singles Songwriter ( s ) Year Number - one hits ( in chronological order ) 7 John Lennon Paul McCartney 1964 The Beatles -- `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' † , `` She Loves You '' † , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' † , `` Love Me Do '' Peter and Gordon -- `` A World Without Love '' The Beatles -- `` A Hard Day 's Night '' , `` I Feel Fine '' † † † Barry Gibb † † 1978 Bee Gees -- `` How Deep Is Your Love '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' † Andy Gibb -- `` ( Love Is ) Thicker Than Water '' † Bee Gees -- `` Night Fever '' † Yvonne Elliman -- `` If I Ca n't Have You '' † Andy Gibb -- `` Shadow Dancing '' Frankie Valli -- `` Grease '' 5 Lamont Dozier Brian Holland Eddie Holland 1965 The Supremes -- `` Come See About Me '' , `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' , `` Back in My Arms Again '' † Four Tops -- `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' † The Supremes -- `` I Hear a Symphony '' John Lennon † † † Paul McCartney † † † 1965 The Beatles -- `` I Feel Fine '' , `` Eight Days a Week '' , `` Ticket to Ride '' , `` Help ! '' , `` Yesterday '' † † † Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb 1978 Bee Gees -- `` How Deep Is Your Love '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' , `` Night Fever '' † Yvonne Elliman -- `` If I Ca n't Have You '' † Andy Gibb -- `` Shadow Dancing '' † Chronologically sequential , replacing each other at # 1 † † Holds all - time record of writing the most consecutively charted ( self - replacing ) # 1 songs on the Hot 100 , with 4 . † † † Hold all - time record of writing the most consecutive # 1 A-side singles , with 6 . Record includes these five 1965 A-sides and `` We Can Work It Out '' , which hit # 1 in January 1966 . Source : Selected additional Hot 100 achievements The first # 1 song on the Hot 100 was `` Poor Little Fool '' by Ricky Nelson ( August 4 , 1958 ) . The # 1 song in the first week Billboard incorporated sales and airplay data from Nielsen SoundScan and Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems was `` Set Adrift on Memory Bliss '' by P.M. Dawn ( November 30 , 1991 ) . The # 1 song in the first week Billboard allowed songs without a commercial single release to chart on the Hot 100 was `` I 'm Your Angel '' by R. Kelly and Céline Dion ( December 5 , 1998 ) . Though the song was making its first appearance on the Hot 100 that week , Billboard did not consider it a debut at # 1 , since it appeared on unpublished test charts prior to the allowance of airplay - only songs on the main chart . `` I 'm Your Angel '' also entered the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart that week at # 1 , so it would have been ineligible to chart on the Hot 100 before then . The first `` airplay - only '' song to reach # 1 ( no points from a commercial single release ) was `` Try Again '' by Aaliyah ( June 17 , 2000 ) . Drake holds the record for the most entries in the Hot 100 during a one - week period , with 24 on the April 8 , 2017 chart . The Beatles had long held this record , occupying 14 positions on the Hot 100 dated April 11 , 1964 , a feat unmatched for nearly 51 years . On March 7 , 2015 , Drake tied the Beatles mark , and he equaled it again on October 17 that year . Justin Bieber then reset the record to 17 on December 5 , 2015 , before Drake reclaimed the record with 20 on May 21 , 2016 . Drake also holds the record for the most debuting entries on a Hot 100 chart by any artist , with 21 on April 8 , 2017 . Beyoncé is the record - holder among female artists for the most simultaneous entries in the Hot 100 , with 12 on the May 14 , 2016 chart . The Beatles are the only artists to simultaneously hold the top 2 spots on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and Billboard 200 albums chart . They achieved this feat for nine consecutive weeks , from February 29 , 1964 , to April 25 , 1964 . For the first five weeks of that run , through March 28 , 1964 , `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' and `` She Loves You '' were the # 1 and # 2 singles ( which swapped positions during March 1964 ) , while Meet the Beatles ! and Introducing ... The Beatles held the top 2 spots on the albums charts . For the remaining weeks of the run , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' and their cover of `` Twist and Shout '' were the # 1 and # 2 singles , while Meet the Beatles ! and Introducing ... The Beatles continued their reign as the top 2 albums . Barry Gibb , Robin Gibb , John Lennon , and Paul McCartney hold the record of writing all of the Top 3 singles for one week . The Gibbs co-wrote the top 3 singles for the week of March 18 , 1978 -- # 1 `` Night Fever '' and # 2 `` Stayin ' Alive '' for the Bee Gees , and # 3 `` Emotion '' for Samantha Sang . Lennon and McCartney co-wrote the top 3 singles for the week of March 14 , 1964 -- # 1 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' , # 2 `` She Loves You '' , and # 3 `` Please Please Me '' , all for The Beatles . They continued this record the following week of March 21 , 1964 , when `` She Loves You '' switched places with `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' . The Black Eyed Peas hold the record for the longest uninterrupted time at # 1 on the Hot 100 , a total of 26 consecutive weeks from April to October 2009 . `` Boom Boom Pow '' spent the first 12 weeks on top , with `` I Gotta Feeling '' taking over for the remaining 14 weeks . Prior to August 2009 , Usher held this record , spending 19 consecutive weeks on top of the chart in 2004 with `` Yeah ! '' ( 12 weeks at # 1 ) and `` Burn '' ( first 7 of its 8 total weeks at # 1 ) . Taylor Swift holds the all - time record for most top ten debuts on the Hot 100 , with 14 . On December 4 , 2010 , Rihanna 's `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' reached the top spot two weeks after `` What 's My Name ? '' , becoming the first time in Hot 100 history that an album 's debut single hit # 1 after the second single did . Ed Sheeran became the first artist to debut more than one song in the top 10 for the same week . On the chart dated January 28 , 2017 , `` Shape of You '' debuted at # 1 , while `` Castle on the Hill '' entered at # 6 . Drake is the only other artist to have achieved this feat , doing so on April 8 , 2017 . Drake holds the record for being on the Hot 100 for the most consecutive weeks . He placed at least one song , either in a lead or featured role , on every chart from his debut on May 23 , 2009 , to August 19 , 2017 , for a total of 431 weeks in a row . See also List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade List of number - one hits ( United States ) List of best - charting music artists in the U.S. List of artists who reached number one in the United States References Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Anniversary : Find Out The Top Songs Of All Time '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . This contains the heading of the article only , no charts . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart : 50th Anniversary '' . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary Central '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . August 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Hot 100 Songs & Artists of All Time : Chubby Checker 's ' The Twist ' & The Beatles Reign '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greatest of All Time : Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time : Hot 100 Artists '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Longest - Leading Hot 100 No. 1s '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Letkemann , Jessica ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Biggest No. 2 Hits Ever : The Top 40 Hot 100 Tunes To Not Hit No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Mark Ronson , Bruno Mars Top Hot 100 , Maroon 5 Debuts at No. 8 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Chainsmokers ' ' Closer ' Ties Record for Most Weeks in Hot 100 's Top 10 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` Imagine Dragons ' ' Radioactive ' Ends Record Billboard Hot 100 Run '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Baauer 's ' Harlem Shake ' Debuts Atop Revamped Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Shake It Off ' Holds At No. 1 On Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Scores First Hot 100 No. 1 With Debut of ' What Do You Mean ? ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Adele Says ' Hello ' to No. 1 Hot 100 Debut ; First Song to Sell 1 Million Downloads in a Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Zayn 's ' Pillowtalk ' Debuts at No. 1 on Hot 100 ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Debuts at No. 1 on Hot 100 With ' Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Debuts Atop Hot 100 With ' Shape of You ' & in Top 10 With ' Castle on the Hill ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Khaled 's All - Star ' I 'm the One ' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 Debuts , a Guide '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . February 23 , 2012 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Silvio Pietroluongo ( Jan 28 , 2009 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Breaks Record For Hot 100 Jump '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` T.I. Maintains No. 1 Album While Britney Spears Zooms to No. 1 on the Hot 100 '' . Billboard magazine . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` T.I. 's ' Paper Trail ' Leads To No. 1 On The Billboard 200 '' . Billboard magazine . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` Eminem 's ' Bottle ' Breaks Digital Record '' . Billboard magazine . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Leaps to No. 1 on Hot 100 With Top Streaming & Sales Week of 2017 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` Taylor Swift Scores First - Ever No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 With ' Never ' '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( August 27 , 2008 ) . `` T.I. Sets New Record With Hot 100 No. 1 Jump '' . Billboard magazine . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' What 's My Name ? ' Rockets to No. 1 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Silvio Pietroluongo ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` Flo Rida Topples Single - Week Download Mark '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of February 7 , 2009 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of October 25 , 2008 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of April 7 , 2007 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of October 14 , 2006 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Adele 's ' Someone Like You ' Holds No. 1 on Hot 100 for Fifth Week ; Rihanna , Drake on the Rise '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of October 10 , 2009 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of March 14 , 2009 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` Robin Thicke No. 1 , Katy Perry No. 2 On Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of February 11 , 2006 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of September 22 , 2007 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Leads Hot 100 for Fifth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Stays Atop Hot 100 , Clean Bandit Bounds to Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of August 31 , 1968 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( Aug 4 , 2009 ) . `` Backwards Bullets : This Week In Charts 1996 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` John Legend 's ' All Of Me ' Tops Hot 100 , Ariana Grande Debuts At No. 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1998 ) . Billboard Top 10 Charts 1958 -- 1997 . Menomonee Falls , WI , USA : Record Research . p. 762 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 127 - 6 . 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Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of August 9 , 2008 ( Biggest Fall ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of February 20 , 2010 ( Biggest Fall ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hot 100 . Billboard . June 5 , 1982 . p. 68 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Records About Records '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( March 30 , 2014 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Lady Gaga 's Biggest Hot 100 Hits '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Singles Top 100 ( August 30 , 2008 ) '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Singles Top 100 ( November 13 , 2010 ) '' . November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Singles Top 100 ( December 14 , 2013 ) '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Singles Top 100 ( January 16 , 2016 ) '' . January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Singles Top 100 ( November 29 , 2008 ) '' . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Singles Top 100 ( June 11 , 2011 ) '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary . `` Chart Beat Chat '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Originals and Covers Both that hit Number One '' . Billboard . Retro Hits. 2000 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cover Me : Same Songs to Hit No. 1 By Two Different Artists '' . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.metrolyrics.com/hips-dont-lie-lyrics-shakira.html Jump up ^ https://acharts.co/song/8108 Jump up ^ Hound Dog ( song ) # Elvis Presley 's version ( 1956 ) Jump up ^ Do n't Be Cruel Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Top 40 Girl Group Songs Of All Time '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Madonna 's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Megill , Carl ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Top 20 Janet Jackson Hits '' . Yahoo Contributor Network . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Staff , Billboard ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary By The Numbers : Top 100 Artists , Most No. 1s , Biggest No. 2s , & More '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elvis 's Top 40 Hits '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Beatles discography # Singles Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna & Drake Rise to No. 1 on Hot 100 With ' Work ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . 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Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Replaces Himself at No. 1 on Hot 100 With ' Love Yourself ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Tops Hot 100 , Katy Perry Debuts at No. 4 & Bruno Mars , Rihanna & The Weeknd All Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Hold Atop Hot 100 , Shawn Mendes Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers & Halsey Lead Hot 100 & Rihanna Returns to Top 10 , Fueled by VMAs Gains '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drake & Rihanna 's ' Too Good ' Hits New Heights on Hot 100 '' . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Tops Hot 100 ; Drake Debuts Two in Top 10 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7717959/hot-100-chart-moves-lady-gaga-million-reasons-rihanna Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee ' Cast , Taylor Swift Add Hot 100 Milestones '' . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Trevor ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Shawn Mendes ' ' Treat ' Climbs , Kanye West Earns His 40th Top 40 Hit '' . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Drake Breaks Hot 100 Records : Most Hits Among Solo Artists & Most Simultaneously Charted Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` JAY - Z by the Numbers : From 1996 Chart Debut to Record - Extending No. 1 Album ' 4 : 44 ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Is n't on the Billboard Hot 100 for the First Time Since 2009 '' . Billboard . August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` The Weeknd Replaces Himself Atop Hot 100 as ' The Hills ' Hits No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee 's ' Despacito , ' Featuring Justin Bieber , Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift Makes Hot 100 History With ' Blank Space ' '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard US Charts -- Beatles '' . Mybeatles.net . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` Black Eyed Peas ' E.N.D. ' Up At No. 1 On Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee Rule Hot 100 , Imagine Dragons Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee 's ' Despacito ' Tops Hot 100 for Ninth Week & Becomes Top Radio Song '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justin Bieber , three simultaneous top 10s : Trust , Gary ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Adele Tops Hot 100 for Fourth Week ; Justin Bieber , Alessia Cara Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Fifth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Sixth Week , Selena Gomez Goes Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Adele Matches Her Longest Hot 100 Reign With Seventh Week at No. 1 for ' Hello ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Adele Scores Her Longest Hot 100 Reign With Eighth Week at No. 1 for ' Hello ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Ninth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Tops Hot 100 for 10th Week as Twenty One Pilots Fly to Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Trust , Gary ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Sorry ' Dethrones Adele 's ' Hello ' Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Trust , Gary ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Sorry ' Leads Hot 100 , Selena Gomez Hits Top Five '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Trust , Gary ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Nos. 1 & 2 on Hot 100 , The Chainsmokers Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Chainsmokers Match Beatles & Bee Gees With Three Songs in Hot 100 's Top 10 & Ed Sheeran Holds at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Ariana Grande , Iggy Azalea Triple Up In Hot 100 's Top 10 , MAGIC ! Still No. 1 '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Radish , Robert of the ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Billboard Hot 100 Posthumous Number One Singles '' . Y ! Music . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Blue Ivy Carter , Jay - Z and Beyonce 's Daughter , Becomes Youngest Person Ever to Appear on a Billboard Chart '' . Billboard.biz . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2009 ) . Top Pop Singles 12th Edition . Record Research . p. 515 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 180 - 2 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Tony Bennett Oldest Living Artist Ever On Hot 100 '' . Chart Beat . Billboard.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 31 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Is Taylor Swift 's ' 1989 ' the Next ' Teenage Dream ' ? '' . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry -- Chart history -- Billboard '' . Jump up ^ Anderson , Trevor ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' 1989 ' and Other Albums With Five Top 10 Hits ( or More ) '' . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Partridge , Kenneth ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Janet Jackson 's ' Rhythm Nation 1814 ' Revisited By Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis : Track - by - Track Review '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's 1989 and Other Albums With Five Top 10 Hits or More -- Billboard '' . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7358100/drake-hot-100-record-20-simultaneous-hits-one-dance Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Can Katy Perry Top Michael Jackson 's Hot 100 Record '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leight , Elias ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Top 20 Billboard Hot 100 Hits of the 2010s '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( July 7 , 2001 ) . `` ' Remind ' Gets Ushered Into No. 1 '' . Billboard . Random House Digital , Inc . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Max Martin scores 20th No. 1 on top 100 with Taylor Swift 's ' Bad Blood ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Weeknd 's ' Ca n't Feel My Face Gives Max Martin His 21st No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering George Martin : ' Fifth Beatle ' Holds Record for Most No. 1s by a Producer on Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Lady Gaga ' Born ' To Be at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brennan , Joseph . `` Gibb Songs version 2 '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Luke * * * Top Songs as a Writer * * * Music VF , US & UK hit charts '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( December 5 , 1998 ) . Chart Beat . Billboard . p. 130 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hot 100 Singles Sales ( chart ) . Billboard . December 5 , 1998 . p. 125 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Drake Ties the Beatles With 14 Simultaneous Hot 100 Hits '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Drake Breaks Hot 100 Record With 20 Simultaneous Hits '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Breaks the Beatles & Drake 's Record for Most Simultaneous Hot 100 Hits '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All 12 of Beyoncé 's ' Lemonade ' Tracks Debut on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Historical Analysis : Adele Matches The Beatles , 50 Cent with Hot 100 , Billboard 200 Moves '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ask Billboard : How Historic Is Adele & Justin Bieber 's Current Chart Domination ? '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` This Week In Billboard Chart History : Black Eyed Peas Begin Record Six - Month Hot 100 Reign '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( August 19 , 2009 ) . `` Black Eyed Peas , Jason Mraz Streak To Hot 100 Records '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Extends Her Lead As The Artist With The Most Top 10 Debuts With New Song '' . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( November 25 , 2010 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Only Girl ' Rebounds to No. 1 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 25 , 2010 ) . `` '' Ed Sheeran Debuts Atop Hot 100 With ' Shape of You ' & in Top 10 With ' Castle on the Hill ' `` . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Trevor ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Drake Is n't on the Billboard Hot 100 for the First Time Since 2009 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Additional sources Fred Bronson 's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits , 5th Edition ( ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 ) Christopher G. Feldman , The Billboard Book of No. 2 Singles ( ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7695 - 4 ) Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2008 ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 180 - 2 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Pop Charts , 1955 -- 1959 ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 092 - X ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Sixties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 074 - 1 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Seventies ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 076 - 8 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Eighties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 079 - 2 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Nineties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 137 - 3 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The 2000s ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 182 - 9 ) Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard 's online archive services and print editions of the magazine . ( hide ) Billboard charts Albums Billboard 200 Top Album Sales Top Catalog Albums Digital Albums Billboard Comprehensive Albums ( defunct ) R&B / Hip - Hop Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums Rap Albums Rock Rock Albums Alternative Albums Hard Rock Albums Folk Albums Country Top Country Albums Latin Top Latin Albums Regional Mexican Albums Latin Pop Albums Latin Rhythm Albums Tropical Albums Religious Christian Albums Other Heatseekers Albums Tastemaker Albums Dance / Electronic Albums Independent Albums Jazz Albums Reggae Albums Comedy Albums Kid Albums International Canadian Albums European Albums ( defunct ) Singles and tracks Hot 100 Radio Songs Digital Songs Digital Tracks Hot Singles Sales Streaming Songs On - Demand Songs Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles Pop Mainstream Top 40 Adult Contemporary Adult Top 40 Pop 100 ( defunct ) Top 40 Tracks ( defunct ) Dance / Electronic Dance Club Songs Hot Dance / Electronic Songs Dance / Mix Show Airplay Dance / Electronic Singles Sales ( defunct ) Dance / Electronic Digital Songs R&B / Hip - Hop Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles Hot Rap Songs Hot R&B Songs Mainstream R&B / Hip - Hop Adult R&B Songs Rhythmic Rock Hot Rock Songs Mainstream Rock Alternative Triple A Country Hot Country Songs Country Airplay Latin Hot Latin Songs Latin Pop Airplay Regional Mexican Airplay Tropical Airplay Latin Rhythm Airplay Religious Hot Christian Songs Other Heatseekers Songs Smooth Jazz Songs International Brasil Hot 100 Airplay Canadian Hot 100 Euro Digital Songs Japan Hot 100 Philippine Hot 100 Korea K - Pop Hot 100 ( defunct ) European Hot 100 ( defunct ) Türkiye Top 20 ( defunct ) Lists of number - one albums and singles Adult Contemporary Alternative Songs Billboard 200 Dance Club Songs Dance / Electronic Albums Dance / Mix Show Airplay Americana / Folk Albums Hot 100 Hot Country Songs Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs K - Pop Mainstream Rock Top Country Albums Year - End Lists of artists who reached number one US Canada Japan Dance Club Songs Dance / Mix Show Airplay Alternative Songs Mainstream Rock Adult Contemporary Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs Rhythmic Hot Country Songs Adult Top 40 Mainstream Top 40 Latin Songs Social 50 Artist 100 See also Billboard Radio Monitor ( defunct ) List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade Hot Country Songs achievements R&R ( defunct ) Billboard Japan Billboard Greece Billboard Türkiye Billboard Brasil Billboard En Español Billboard K - Town Timeline List of K - pop on the Billboard charts Albums Songs Billboard Philippines Billboard Twitter Real - Time Uncharted ( defunct ) Joel Whitburn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_chart_achievements_and_milestones&oldid=802243628 '' Categories : Billboard charts Lists of record chart achievements Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2017 Talk Views View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Italiano Kurdî Norsk Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 22 : 12 . 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who had the most number one hits of all time
[ "\n\nNumber of singles\nArtist\nBiggest number-one\n\n\n\n20\n\nThe Beatles\n\"Hey Jude\"[5]\n\n\n\n18\n\nElvis Presley †\n\"Don't Be Cruel\" / \"Hound Dog\"[69][70]\n\n\nMariah Carey\n\"We Belong Together\"[5]\n\n\n\n14\n\nRihanna\n\"We Found Love\"[5]\n\n\n\n13\n\nMichael Jackson\n\"Say Say Say\" (duet with Paul McCartney)[5]\n\n\n\n12\n\nThe Supremes\n\"Love Child\"[71]\n\n\nMadonna\n\"Like a Virgin\"[72]\n\n\n\n11\n\nWhitney Houston\n\"I Will Always Love You\"[5]\n\n\n\n10\n\nStevie Wonder\n\"Ebony and Ivory\" (duet with Paul McCartney)[5]\n\n\nJanet Jackson\n\"That's the Way Love Goes\"[73]\n\n" ]
[ "The Beatles" ]
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Bob McNab
Bob McNab - wikipedia Bob McNab Jump to : navigation , search Bob McNab Full name Robert McNab Date of birth ( 1943 - 07 - 20 ) 20 July 1943 ( age 74 ) Place of birth Huddersfield , Yorkshire , England Playing position Left - back Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 1963 -- 1966 Huddersfield Town 68 ( 0 ) 1966 -- 1975 Arsenal 278 ( 4 ) 1975 -- 1976 Wolverhampton Wanderers 13 ( 0 ) 1976 San Antonio Thunder 12 ( 1 ) 1976 -- 1977 Barnet 1979 Vancouver Whitecaps ( 0 ) 1983 -- 1984 Tacoma Stars ( indoor ) ( 0 ) National team 1968 -- 1969 England ( 0 ) Teams managed 1980 Vancouver Whitecaps Tacoma Stars 1983 -- 1985 Tacoma Stars ( assistant ) 1985 -- 1986 Tacoma Stars 1994 -- 1995 San Jose Grizzlies ( indoor ) 1999 -- 2000 Portsmouth ( caretaker ) * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only Robert McNab ( born 20 July 1943 ) is an English former footballer who played as a defender . McNab featured for clubs Huddersfield Town , Arsenal , Wolverhampton Wanderers , San Antonio Thunder , Barnet , Vancouver Whitecaps and Tacoma Stars in his playing career . He also played for England 's national football team . As a manager he was at the helm of teams Vancouver Whitecaps , Tacoma Stars , San Jose Grizzlies and Portsmouth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Club career 2 International career 3 Personal life 4 Honours 5 References 6 External links Club career ( edit ) Born in Huddersfield , Yorkshire , McNab started out at local club , Huddersfield Town , where he made close to seventy appearances . In October 1966 he was signed by Bertie Mee for Arsenal for £ 50,000 . He made his debut for the club in a defeat to Leeds United on 15 October 1968 . McNab went on to become a regular and so play in the 1969 Football League Cup Final which Arsenal lost to Swindon Town . As so with Arsenal he went on to lift the 1969 -- 70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . Being a stalwart in the back line alongside Pat Rice and Frank McLintock , McNab played 62 matches in Arsenal 's double - winning season , missing just two games . He thus featured throughout that campaign , going on to win a League and FA Cup Double in 1970 -- 71 with the Gunners . With such he missed much of the 1971 -- 72 season due to injury with Sammy Nelson deputising for him . McNab though was able to again play at Wembley in the 1972 FA Cup Final which Arsenal lost to Leeds United . McNab returned to full fitness in playing over 50 matches the following season . However , in 1973 -- 74 he suffered another curtailing injury . With this being the case he again had to share the role of left back . With the younger Nelson being in favour , the 32 - year - old McNab left the club on a free transfer in the summer of 1975 . In total he played 365 matches for Arsenal , scoring six goals . After leaving Arsenal , he at first played for Wolverhampton Wanderers before linking up in the U.S. with the NASL 's San Antonio Thunder . He then returned to England to join up with Barnet only to move back across the Atlantic to Canada . Whilst there he played for the NASL 's Vancouver Whitecaps , where he brought his playing days to a close . McNab went on to coach the Whitecaps and thereafter the Tacoma Stars of the Major Indoor Soccer League . He left being at the helm of the Stars in December 1983 only to become the club 's assistant manager . During the 1983 -- 84 season , whilst in the aforesaid role he also played a solo game for the Stars . He was reappointed as the side 's manager in March 1985 . McNab later emigrated to Los Angeles , California , where he presently lives and works as a property developer . In 1999 , he was part of a consortium led by Milan Mandaric that took over Portsmouth . He was for an instance a caretaker manager of the side until the appointment of Tony Pulis within the following month . International career ( edit ) McNab made his debut for England on 6 November 1968 against Romania . He made a sum of four appearances for England . These caps came wherein home and away draws to Romania as well as a 3 -- 1 win to Northern Ireland at Belfast and another 1 -- 1 tie at Wembley to Belgium altogether . Personal life ( edit ) As well as being a footballer , Bob McNab was a media personality in the 1970s , appearing on the panel for ITV 's coverage of the 1970 FIFA World Cup , and he had a cameo role in the 1973 On The Buses episode `` The Football Match '' . His daughter , Mercedes McNab is a notable actress . McNab was injured for the majority of the 1970 -- 71 season and was thus doubtful for the FA Cup semi final played at the neutral venue of Villa Park against Stoke City . This scenario was referenced in the film Fever Pitch , where Paul Ashworth correctly predicts part of the game 's lineup with the line , `` McNab wo n't play . Bertie Mee would n't risk him . '' Honours ( edit ) Arsenal First Division : 1970 -- 71 FA Cup : 1970 -- 71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup : 1969 -- 70 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bob McNab '' . Eurosport.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob McNab '' . Arsenal.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob McNab '' . England Football Online.com . Jump up ^ `` MCNAB BACK AS COACH ; GOODWIN RETURNS TO FRONT OFFICE '' , THE SEATTLE TIMES , 6 March 1985 Jump up ^ `` Florida millionaire set to buy Pompey '' . The Guardian . London . 12 May 1999 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dougan and Allison , the World Cup panel beaters , boldly went where no footballers had gone before '' . The Independent . London . 30 June 2007 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' On the Buses '' - The Football Match ( 1973 ) `` . IMdB . Jump up ^ `` Harmony in Huddersfield '' . BBC . External links ( edit ) Bob McNab 's FA Profile Bob McNab 's NASL / MISL Stats Harris , Jeff ( 1995 ) . Hogg , Tony , ed . Arsenal Who 's Who . Independent UK Sports . ISBN 1 - 899429 - 03 - 4 . Vancouver Whitecaps ( 1974 -- 1984 ) -- Head coaches Easton ( 1974 -- 75 ) Krautzun ( 1976 -- 77 ) Osieck ( 1977 ) Waiters ( 1977 -- 79 ) McNab ( 1980 ) Waiters ( 1980 ) Giles ( 1981 -- 83 ) Hinton ( 1984 ) Portsmouth F.C. -- managers Brettell ( 1898 -- 1901 ) Blyth ( 1901 -- 04 ) Bonney ( 1904 -- 08 ) Brown ( 1911 -- 20 ) McCartney ( 1920 -- 27 ) Tinn ( 1927 -- 47 ) Jackson ( 1947 -- 52 ) Lever ( 1952 -- 58 ) Cox ( 1958 -- 61 ) G. Smith ( 1961 -- 70 ) Tindall ( 1970 -- 73 ) Mortimore ( 1973 -- 74 ) St John ( 1974 -- 77 ) Dickinson ( 1977 -- 79 ) Burrows ( 1979 -- 82 ) Campbell ( 1982 -- 84 ) Ball ( 1984 -- 89 ) Gregory ( 1989 -- 90 ) Burrows ( 1990 -- 91 ) Barton ( 1991 ) J. Smith ( 1991 -- 95 ) Fenwick ( 1995 -- 98 ) Waldon ( 1998 ) Ball ( 1998 -- 99 ) McNab ( 1999 -- 00 ) Pulis ( 2000 ) Claridge ( 2000 -- 01 ) Rix ( 2001 -- 02 ) Redknapp ( 2002 -- 04 ) Zajec ( 2004 -- 05 ) Perrin ( 2005 ) Jordan ( 2005 ) Redknapp ( 2005 -- 08 ) Adams & Jordan ( 2008 ) Adams ( 2008 -- 09 ) Hart ( 2009 ) Groves & Woan ( 2009 ) Grant ( 2009 -- 10 ) Cotterill ( 2010 -- 11 ) Whittingham & Gray ( 2011 ) Appleton ( 2011 -- 12 ) Whittingham ( 2012 -- 13 ) Awford ( 2013 ) Barker ( 2013 -- 14 ) Awford ( 2014 -- 15 ) Waddock ( 2015 ) Cook ( 2015 -- 17 ) Jackett ( 2017 -- ) ( c ) = caretaker manager Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_McNab&oldid=833513905 '' Categories : Arsenal F.C. players Barnet F.C. players Continental Indoor Soccer League coaches England international footballers English expatriate footballers English expatriates in Canada English football managers English footballers English emigrants to the United States English people of Scottish descent Expatriate soccer players in Canada Expatriate soccer players in the United States Association football central defenders Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players Major Indoor Soccer League ( 1978 -- 92 ) coaches Major Indoor Soccer League ( 1978 -- 92 ) players North American Soccer League ( 1968 -- 84 ) coaches North American Soccer League ( 1968 -- 84 ) players Sportspeople from Huddersfield Sportspeople from Los Angeles Portsmouth F.C. managers San Antonio Thunder players English Football League players Vancouver Whitecaps ( 1974 -- 1984 ) coaches Vancouver Whitecaps ( 1974 -- 84 ) players Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players 1943 births Living people English Football League representative players Tacoma Stars players Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français עברית Polski Svenska Тоҷикӣ Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 01 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what arsenal player was in on the buses
[ "As well as being a footballer, Bob McNab was a media personality in the 1970s, appearing on the panel for ITV's coverage of the 1970 FIFA World Cup,[6] and he had a cameo role in the 1973 On The Buses episode \"The Football Match\".[7] His daughter, Mercedes McNab is a notable actress.[8]" ]
[ "Bob McNab" ]
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The Rescuers
The Rescuers - wikipedia The Rescuers Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Rescuers ( disambiguation ) . The Rescuers Original theatrical release poster Directed by Wolfgang Reitherman John Lounsbery Art Stevens Produced by Wolfgang Reitherman Ron W. Miller Story by Larry Clemmons Vance Gerry Ken Anderson Frank Thomas Burny Mattinson Fred Lucky Dick Sebast David Michener Ted Berman Based on The Rescuers and Miss Bianca by Margery Sharp Starring Bob Newhart Eva Gabor Michelle Stacy Geraldine Page Joe Flynn Jim Jordan John McIntire Jeanette Nolan Pat Buttram Bernard Fox Music by Score : Artie Butler Songs : Sammy Fain Carol Connors Ayn Robbins Shelby Flint Edited by James Koford James Melton Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Release date June 22 , 1977 ( 1977 - 06 - 22 ) Running time 77 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $7.5 million Box office $71.2 million The Rescuers is a 1977 American animated comedy - drama adventure film produced by Walt Disney Productions and first released on June 22 , 1977 , by Buena Vista Distribution . The 23rd Disney animated feature film , the film is about the Rescue Aid Society , an international mouse organization headquartered in New York City and shadowing the United Nations , dedicated to helping abduction victims around the world at large . Two of these mice , jittery janitor Bernard ( Bob Newhart ) and his co-agent , the elegant Miss Bianca ( Eva Gabor ) , set out to rescue Penny ( Michelle Stacy ) , an orphan girl being held prisoner in the Devil 's Bayou by treasure huntress Madame Medusa ( Geraldine Page ) . The film is based on a series of books by Margery Sharp , most notably The Rescuers and Miss Bianca . Due to the film 's success , a sequel entitled The Rescuers Down Under was released in 1990 , which made this film the first Disney animated film to have a sequel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Animation 4 Music 4.1 Track list 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 5.3 Controversy 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reaction 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot In an abandoned river boat in Devil 's Bayou , a young orphan named Penny drops a message in a bottle , containing a plea for help into the river . The bottle washes up in New York City , where it is recovered by the Rescue Aid Society , an international mouse organization inside the United Nations . The Hungarian representative , Miss Bianca , volunteers to accept the case and chooses Bernard , a stammering janitor , as her co-agent . The two visit Morningside Orphanage , where Penny lived , and meet an old cat named Rufus . He tells them about a woman named Madame Medusa who once tried to lure Penny into her car and may have succeeded in abducting Penny this time . The mice travel to Medusa 's pawn shop , where they discover that she and her partner , Mr. Snoops , are on a quest to find the world 's largest diamond , the Devil 's Eye . They mice learn that Medusa and Mr. Snoops are currently at the Devil 's Bayou with Penny , whom they have indeed kidnapped and placed under the guard of two trained crocodiles , Brutus and Nero . With the help of an albatross named Orville and a dragonfly named Evinrude , the mice follow Medusa to the bayou . There , they learn that Medusa plans to force Penny to enter a small hole that leads down into a pirates ' cave where the Devil 's Eye is located . Bernard and Miss Bianca find Penny and devise a plan of escape . They send Evinrude to alert the local animals , who loathe Medusa , but Evinrude is delayed when he is forced to take shelter from a flock of bats . The following morning , Medusa and Mr. Snoops send Penny down into the cave to find the gem . Unbeknownst to Medusa , Miss Bianca and Bernard are hiding in Penny 's skirt pocket . The three soon find the Devil 's Eye within a pirate skull . As Penny pries the mouth open with a sword , the mice push it out from within , but soon the oceanic tide rises and floods the cave . Miss Bianca , Penny , and Bernard barely manage to retrieve the diamond and escape . Medusa plans to keep the diamond for herself , hiding it in Penny 's teddy bear while holding Penny and Snoops at gunpoint . When she trips over a cable set as a trap by Bernard and Bianca , Medusa loses the bear to Penny , who runs away with it . The local animals arrive at the riverboat and trap the crocodiles Brutus and Nero , then set off Snoops 's fireworks to create more chaos . Meanwhile , Penny and the mice commandeer Medusa 's swamp - mobile , a makeshift airboat . Medusa unsuccessfully pursues them , using Brutus and Nero as water - skis , and is left clinging to the boat 's smoke stacks as the irritated Brutus and Nero circle below . Snoops escapes . Back in New York , the Rescue Aid Society watch a news report of how Penny found the Devil 's Eye , which has been given to the Smithsonian Institution , and how she has been adopted . The meeting is interrupted when Evinrude arrives with a call for help , sending Bernard and Bianca on a new adventure . Cast Bob Newhart as Bernard , Rescue Aid Society 's timid janitor , who reluctantly tags along with Miss Bianca . He is highly superstitious about the number 13 and dislikes flying ( the latter being a personality trait of Newhart ) . Eva Gabor as Miss Bianca , the Hungarian representative of the Rescue Aid Society . She is sophisticated and adventurous . Her Hungarian nationality was derived from that of her voice actress . Geraldine Page as Madame Medusa , a greedy , redheaded , wicked pawnshop owner . Michelle Stacy as Penny , a lonely six - year - old orphan girl , residing at Morningside Orphanage in New York City . Joe Flynn as Mr. Snoops , Medusa 's clumsy business partner . This was Flynn 's final role before his death in 1974 . Jim Jordan as Orville ( named after Orville Wright of the Wright brothers , the inventors of the aeroplane ) , an albatross who gives Bernard and Bianca a ride to Devil 's Bayou . The role was the last for Jordan , who retired after the film 's release . Several of Orville 's screams were recycled from Pinto Colvig 's performances as Goofy . John McIntire as Rufus , the elderly cat who resides at Morningside Orphanage and comforts Penny when she is sad . He was designed by animator Ollie Johnston , who retired after this film following a 40 - year career with Disney . Jeanette Nolan as Ellie Mae and Pat Buttram as Luke , two muskrats who reside in a Southern - style home on a patch of land in Devil 's Bayou . Luke drinks very strong , homemade liquor . James MacDonald as Evinrude , a dragonfly who mans a leaf boat across Devil 's Bayou , giving Bernard and Miss Bianca a ride across the swamp waters . Candy Candido as Brutus and Nero , Medusa 's two aggressive pet crocodiles . Bernard Fox as Mr. Chairman , the chairman to the Rescue Aid Society . George Lindsey as Deadeye , a fisher rabbit who is one of Luke and Ellie Mae 's friends . Larry Clemmons as Gramps , a grumpy , yet kind old turtle who carries a brown cane . Dub Taylor as Digger , a mole . John Fiedler as Deacon Owl Shelby Flint as Singer , Bottle Bill McMillian as T.V. Announcer Production In 1962 , the film began development with its initial treatment developed from the first book centering on a poet held captive by a totalitarian government in the Siberia - like stronghold . However , as the story grew overtly involved with international intrigue , Walt Disney shelved the project as he was unhappy with the political overtones . The project was revived in the early 1970s as a project for the young animators , led by Don Bluth , as the studio would alternate between full - scale `` A pictures '' and smaller , scaled - back `` B pictures '' with simpler animation . The animators had selected the most recent book , Miss Bianca in the Antarctic , with its story focusing on a captured polar bear forced into performing in shows causing the unsatisfied bear to place a bottle that would reach the mice . Jazz singer Louis Prima was to voice the character named Louis the Bear , and this version was to feature six songs sung by Prima written by Floyd Huddleston . However , in 1975 , following headaches and episodes of memory loss , Prima discovered he had a stem brain tumor , and the project was scrapped . Penny struggles to free the Devil 's Eye diamond from a pirate 's skull ; the filmmakers carefully designed every shot of the scene to raise the tension . Meanwhile , the `` A '' crew had finished work on Robin Hood , and was set to begin production on an adaptation of Paul Gallico 's book titled Scruffy under the direction of Ken Anderson . Its story concerned the monkeys of Gibraltar under World War II , which also involved Nazis . When the time had come to greenlight one of the two projects , the studio leaders eventually decided to go for The Rescuers . When Scruffy was shelved , the veteran team turned the project into a more traditional , full - scale production ultimately dropping the Arctic setting of the story with veteran Disney writer Fred Lucky stating , `` It was too stark a background for the animators . '' Cruella de Vil , the villainess from One Hundred and One Dalmatians , was originally considered to be the main antagonist of the film , but Disney animator Ollie Johnston stated it felt wrong to attempt a sequel and the idea was dropped . Instead , she was replaced by a retouched version of the Diamond Duchess in Miss Bianca . The motive to steal a diamond originated in Margery Sharp 's 1959 novel , Miss Bianca . Her appearance was based on animator Milt Kahl 's ex-wife , whom he did not particularly like . This was Kahl 's last film for the studio , and he wanted his final character to be his best ; he was so insistent on perfecting Madame Medusa that he ended up doing almost all the animation for the character himself . Penny was inspired by Patience , the orphan in the novel . For the accomplices , the filmmakers adapted the character , Mandrake , into Mr. Snoops and his appearance was caricatured from animation historian John Culhane . Culhane claims he was practically tricked into posing for various reactions , and his movements were imitated on Mr. Snoops 's model sheet . However , he stated , `` Becoming a Disney character was beyond my wildest dreams of glory . '' Brutus and Nero are based on the two bloodhounds , Tyrant and Torment in the novels . The writers had considered developing Bernard and Bianca into married professional detectives , though they decided that leaving the characters as unmarried novices was more romantic . For the supporting characters , a pint - sized swampmobile for the mice -- a leaf powered by a dragonfly -- was created . As they developed the comedic potential of displaying his exhaustion through buzzing , the dragonfly grew from an incidental into a major character . Veteran sound effects artist and voice talent Jimmy MacDonald came out of retirement to provide the effects . Also , the local swamp creatures were organized into a dedicated home guard that drilled and marched incessantly . However , the writers evolved them into a volunteer group of helpful little bayou creatures . Their leader , a singing bullfrog voiced by Phil Harris , was deleted from the film . A pigeon was originally proposed to be the transportation for Bernard and Bianca , until Ollie Johnston remembered a True Life Adventures episode that showed albatrosses and their clumsy take - offs and landings , and suggested the ungainly bird instead . Animation Ever since One Hundred and One Dalmatians , animation for theatrical Disney animated films was done by xerography , which had been only been able to produce black outlines , but had been improved for the cel artists to use a medium - grey toner in order to create a softer - looking line . At the end of production , it marked the last joint effort by veterans Milt Kahl , Ollie Johnston , and Frank Thomas , and the first Disney film worked on by Don Bluth as an animator , instead of an assistant animator . Other animators who stepped up during production were Glen Keane , Ron Clements , and Andy Gaskill , who would all play an important role in the Disney Renaissance . Music The Rescuers Film score Vinyl LP by Various Artists Released 1977 Recorded 1977 Label Disneyland Producer Artie Butler The songs were written by Sammy Fain , Carol Connors , and Ayn Robbins , and performed by Shelby Flint . For the first time since Bambi , all the most significant songs were sung as part of a narrative , as opposed to by the film 's characters as in most Disney animated films . `` The Journey '' ( also known as `` Who Will Rescue Me ? '' ) -- Sung during the film 's opening credits , the song follows Penny 's bottle as it floats out of the Devil 's Bayou and into the Atlantic Ocean . `` Rescue Aid Society '' -- Sung by the Chairman ( Bernard Fox ) , Bernard ( Bob Newhart ) , and Miss Bianca ( Robie Lester , filling in for Eva Gabor ) , as well as the various international mouse delegates ( the Disney Studio Chorus ) during the R.A.S. meeting . A reprise of the song plays when Bernard and Bianca begin to lose their faith , and are reminded of the song and its meaning . `` Faith is a Bluebird '' -- Although not an actual song , it is a poem recited by Rufus and partially by Penny in a flashback the old cat has to when he last saw the small orphan girl , and comforted her through the poem , about having faith . The titular bluebird that appears in this sequence originally appeared in Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) . `` Tomorrow is Another Day '' -- Sung as Bernard and Bianca travel to Devil 's Bayou upon Orville 's back . The song plays again at the film 's closure , as Bernard and Bianca , assisted by Evinrude and Orville , set out on a new rescue mission . `` Someone 's Waiting For You '' -- Sung as Penny begins to lose her faith , after Medusa cruelly speaks to her . During this segment , the star of faith , that Rufus mentioned earlier lights up the night sky . Bambi and his mother appear during this segment . The song was originally entitled `` The Need to Be Loved '' and featured different lyrics , with recorded versions by Jennifer Paz and Paul Francis Webster . `` For Penny 's a Jolly Good Fellow '' -- Sung by the orphan children at the end of the film , as a variation of the song `` For He 's a Jolly Good Fellow '' . Track list Side A 01 . `` The Journey '' -- Shelby Flint 02 . `` Rescue Aid Society '' -- Bernard Fox , Bob Newhart , and Robie Lester 03 . `` Tomorrow Is Another Day '' -- Shelby Flint Side B 04 . `` Someone 's Waiting For You '' -- Shelby Flint 05 . `` Tomorrow Is Another Day ( Reprise ) '' -- Shelby Flint Release The Rescuers was re-released to theaters on December 16 , 1983 along with a new Mickey Mouse featurette , Mickey 's Christmas Carol , Mickey 's first theatrical appearance after a 30 - year absence . In anticipation of its upcoming theatrically released sequel in 1990 , The Rescuers Down Under , The Rescuers saw another successful theatrical run on March 17 , 1989 . Marketing To tie in with the film 's 25th Anniversary , The Rescuers debuted in the Walt Disney Classics Collection line in 2002 , with three different figures featuring three of the film 's biggest stars , as well as the opening title scroll . The three figures were sculpted by Dusty Horner and they were : Brave Bianca , featuring Miss Bianca the heroine and priced at $75 , Bold Bernard , featuring hero Bernard , priced also at $75 and Evinrude Base , featuring Evinrude the dragonfly and priced at $85 . The title scroll featuring the film 's name , The Rescuers and from the opening song sequence `` The Journey , '' was priced at $30 . All figures were retired in March 2005 , except for the opening title scroll which was suspended in December 2012 . The Rescuers was the inspiration for another Walt Disney Classics Collection figure in 2003 . Ken Melton was the sculptor of Teddy Goes With Me , My Dear , a limited edition , 8 - inch sculpture featuring the evil Madame Medusa , the orphan girl Penny , her teddy bear `` Teddy '' and the Devil 's Eye diamond . 1,977 of these sculptures were made , in reference to the film 's release year , 1977 . The sculpture was priced at $299 and instantly declared retired in 2003 . In November 2008 , a sixth sculpture inspired by the film was released . Made with pewter and resin , Cleared For Take Off introduced the character of Orville into the collection and featured Bernard and Bianca a second time . The piece , inspired by Orville 's take - off scene in the film , was sculpted by Ruben Procopio . Home Media The Rescuers premiered on VHS and Laserdisc on September 18 , 1992 as part of the Walt Disney Classics series . It was re-released on VHS as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection on January 5 , 1999 , but was recalled three days later and reissued on March 23 , 1999 ( see `` Controversy '' ) . The Rescuers was released on DVD on May 20 , 2003 , as a standard edition , which was discontinued in November 2011 . On August 21 , 2012 , a 35th anniversary edition of The Rescuers was released on Blu - ray alongside its sequel in a `` 2 - Movie Collection '' . Controversy One of the frozen frames containing a picture of a topless woman in the window . On January 8 , 1999 , three days after the film 's second release on home video , The Walt Disney Company announced a recall of about 3.4 million copies of the videotapes because there was an objectionable image in one of the film 's backgrounds . The image in question is a blurry image of a topless woman that appears in two out of the film 's more than 110,000 frames . The image appears twice in non-consecutive frames during the scene in which Miss Bianca and Bernard are flying on Orville 's back through New York City . The two images could not be seen in ordinary viewing because the film runs too fast -- at 24 frames per second . On January 10 , 1999 , two days after the recall was announced , the London press site The Independent reported : A Disney spokeswoman said that the images in The Rescuers were placed in the film during production , but she declined to say what they were or who placed them ... The company said the aim of the recall was to keep its promise to families that they can trust and rely on the Disney brand to provide the best in family entertainment . The Rescuers video was reissued March 23 , 1999 , with the offending image edited out . Reception Box Office The Rescuers was successful upon its original theatrical release earning $48 million at the box office and becoming Disney 's most successful film to that date . During its initial release in France , it out - grossed Star Wars and became the highest - grossing film in West Germany at the time . The distributor rentals accumulated $19 million while its international rentals grossed $41 million . The film broke a record for the largest financial amount made for an animated film on opening weekend , a record it kept until 1986 , when An American Tail broke the record . The Rescuers was Disney 's first significant success since The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) and the last until The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) . The Rescuers was re-issued in theaters in 1983 and 1989 . The Rescuers has had a lifetime gross of $71.2 million across its original release and several reissues . Critical reaction The Rescuers was said to be Disney 's greatest film since Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) , and seemed to signal a new golden age for Disney animation . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received a 83 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 based on 26 reviews . The website 's consensus states that `` Featuring superlative animation , off - kilter characters , and affectionate voice work by Bob Newhart and Eva Gabor , The Rescuers represents a bright spot in Disney 's post-golden age . '' TV Guide gave the film three stars out of five , saying that `` Four years in the making , costing nearly $8 million , THE RESCUERS is a beautifully animated film that showed Disney still knew a lot about making quality children 's fare even as their track record was weakening . ( ... ) Comic relief is provided by a bird named Orville , who transports the mice as they search for the girl . The voices are all well suited to the characters , and the film is a delight for children as well as adults who appreciate good animation and brisk storytelling . '' Ellen MacKay of Common Sense Media gave the film four out of five stars , writing , `` Great adventure , but too dark for preschoolers '' . In his book , The Disney Films , film historian Leonard Maltin refers to The Rescuers as `` a breath of fresh air for everyone who had been concerned about the future of animation at Walt Disney 's , '' praises its `` humor and imagination and ( it is ) expertly woven into a solid story structure ( ... ) with a delightful cast of characters . '' Finally , he declares the film `` the most satisfying animated feature to come from the studio since 101 Dalmatians . '' He also briefly mentions the ease with which the film surpassed other animated films of its time . Jack Shaheen , in his study of Hollywood portrayals and stereotypes of Arabs , noted the inclusion of delegates from Arab countries in the Rescue Aid Society . Accolades The Rescuers was nominated in 1978 for an Academy Award for the song `` Someone 's Waiting for You '' at the 50th Academy Awards . The song lost to `` You Light Up My Life '' from the film of the same name . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Animation Film Sequel Main article : The Rescuers Down Under The Rescuers was the first Disney animated film to have a sequel . After three successful theatrical releases of the original film , The Rescuers Down Under was released theatrically on November 16 , 1990 . The Rescuers Down Under takes place in the Australian Outback , and involves Bernard and Bianca trying to rescue a boy named Cody and a giant golden eagle called Marahute from a greedy poacher named Percival C. McLeach . Both Bob Newhart and Eva Gabor reprised their lead roles . Jim Jordan , the voice of Orville , had since died , so a new albatross character , Wilbur , was voiced by John Candy . References Jump up ^ Variety Staff . `` Review : ' The Rescuers ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Rescuers '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Koenig , David ( January 28 , 2001 ) . Mouse Under Glass : Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks . Irvine , California : Bonaventure Press . pp. 153 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 0964060517 . Jump up ^ Beck , Jerry ( August 15 , 2011 ) . `` Lost Louis Prima Disney Song '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` This Day in Disney History -- August 24 '' . This Day in Disney History . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Rebecca ; Bunyan , Dan ( August 23 , 2002 ) . `` Animal Heroes '' . Disney : The Ultimate Visual Guide . Dorling Kindersley . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 0789488626 . Jump up ^ Ghez , Didier ( December 17 , 2013 ) . Walt 's People -- Volume 12 : Talking Disney With the Artists Who Knew Him . Xlibris . ISBN 9781477147900 . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Cruella de Vil 's Comeback That Was n't : See Long - Lost Sketches of Iconic Villain in ' The Rescuers ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beck , Jerry ( October 28 , 2005 ) . The Animated Movie Guide . Chicago Review Press . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 1556525919 . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madame Medusa '' . Disney Archives : Villains . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Rescuers DVD Fun Facts '' . Disney.go.com . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2009 . Retrieved April 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Ollie ; Thomas , Frank ( November 1 , 1993 ) . `` The Rescuers '' . The Disney Villain . Disney Editions . pp. 156 -- 63 . ISBN 978 - 1562827922 . Jump up ^ Sharp , Margery ( 1959 ) . The Rescuers . Illustrated by Garth Williams . Boston , Toronto : Little , Brown and Company . Jump up ^ Sharp , Margery ( 1962 ) . Miss Bianca . Illustrated by Garth Williams . Boston , Toronto : Little , Brown and Company . Jump up ^ `` James MacDonald '' . Variety . February 17 , 1991 . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Bob ( March 7 , 1997 ) . `` Carrying on the Tradition '' . Art of Animation : From Mickey Mouse to Hercules . Disney Editions . pp. 111 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 0786862412 . Jump up ^ Deja , Andreas ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Deja View : Xerox '' . Blogger . andreasdeja.blogspot.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finch , Christopher ( May 27 , 1988 ) . `` Chapter 9 : The End of an Era '' . The Art of Walt Disney : From Mickey Mouse to the Magic Kingdoms . Portland House . p. 260 . ISBN 978 - 0517664742 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rescuers '' . Secondary Price Guide . Retrieved April 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rescuers '' . Secondary Price Guide . Retrieved April 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Limited Edition - Orville with Bernard & Bianca '' . WDCC Duckman . Retrieved November 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Burger , Dennis . `` The Rescuers Slated for 2012 Blu - ray Release ! ( Along with Over 30 Other Disney Flicks ) '' . Technologytell . www.technologytell.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Josh Katz ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Teases 2012 Blu - ray Slate '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Photographic images of a topless woman can be spotted in The Rescuers '' . Urban Legends Reference Pages . Retrieved April 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Davies , Jonathan ( January 11 , 1999 ) . `` Dis Calls in ' Rescuers ' After Nude Images Found '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Howell , Peter ( January 13 , 1999 ) . `` Disney Knows the Net Never Blinks '' . The Toronto Star . Jump up ^ Miller , D.M. ( 2001 ) . `` What Would Walt Do ? '' . San Jose , CA : Writers Club Press . p. 96 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Recalls ' The Rescuers ' Video '' . Associated Press . January 8 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Disney recalls `` sabotaged '' video `` . The Independent ( London ) . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( June 22 , 2012 ) . `` Disney 's animated classic ' The Rescuers ' marks 35th anniversary '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean ( August 10 , 1978 ) . `` Disney film far behind schedule '' . The New York Times . Eugene Register - Guard . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( September 19 , 1984 ) . `` Walt Disney Productions returns to animation '' . Lewison Daily Sun . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Rescuers Release Summary '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cawley , John . `` The Rescuers '' . The Animated Films of Don Bluth . Cataroo.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Rescuers -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Rescuers Review '' . Movies.tvguide.com . September 3 , 2008 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ellen MacKay . `` The Rescuers -- Movie Review '' . Commonsensemedia.org . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leornard ( 2000 ) . The Disney Films , p. 265 . JessieFilm Ltd. , New York . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8527 - 0 . Quotations from this same source were used in the 1998 home video promotional trailer for the film found in the VHS release of Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) of the same year . Jump up ^ Jack G. , Shaheen ( 2001 ) . Reel Bad Arabs : How Hollywood Vilifies a People . Olive branch Press ( an imprint of Interlink publishing group ) . p. 393 . ISBN 1 - 56656 - 388 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars Database '' . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Rescuers Official website The Rescuers at AllMovie The Rescuers at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Rescuers on IMDb The Rescuers at the TCM Movie Database The Rescuers at Rotten Tomatoes Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Films directed by Wolfgang Reitherman Features One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) Shorts and featurettes The Truth About Mother Goose ( 1957 ) Goliath II ( 1960 ) Aquamania ( 1961 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rescuers&oldid=803430126 '' Categories : 1977 films English - language films 1977 animated films 1970s adventure films 1970s American animated films 1970s comedy - drama films 1970s crime drama films 1970s criminal comedy films 1970s fantasy films American adventure drama films American animated fantasy films American buddy films American children 's adventure films American children 's animated films American children 's fantasy films American comedy - drama films American coming - of - age films American fantasy adventure films Animated adventure films Animated buddy films Animated comedy films Animated coming - of - age films Animated drama films Animated films about birds Animated films about cats Animated films about mammals Animated films about reptiles and amphibians Animated films about death Animated films about orphans Animated films based on children 's books Films about abduction Films about the United Nations Films based on multiple works of a series Films directed by Wolfgang Reitherman Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring anthropomorphic mice Films produced by Ron W. Miller Films set in Louisiana Films set in New York City Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2016 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Bikol Central Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 13 : 54 . 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what are the names of the alligators in the rescuers
[ "The mice travel to Medusa's pawn shop, where they discover that she and her partner, Mr. Snoops, are on a quest to find the world's largest diamond, the Devil's Eye. They mice learn that Medusa and Mr. Snoops are currently at the Devil's Bayou with Penny, whom they have indeed kidnapped and placed under the guard of two trained crocodiles, Brutus and Nero. With the help of an albatross named Orville and a dragonfly named Evinrude, the mice follow Medusa to the bayou. There, they learn that Medusa plans to force Penny to enter a small hole that leads down into a pirates' cave where the Devil's Eye is located.", "The mice travel to Medusa's pawn shop, where they discover that she and her partner, Mr. Snoops, are on a quest to find the world's largest diamond, the Devil's Eye. They mice learn that Medusa and Mr. Snoops are currently at the Devil's Bayou with Penny, whom they have indeed kidnapped and placed under the guard of two trained crocodiles, Brutus and Nero. With the help of an albatross named Orville and a dragonfly named Evinrude, the mice follow Medusa to the bayou. There, they learn that Medusa plans to force Penny to enter a small hole that leads down into a pirates' cave where the Devil's Eye is located." ]
[ "Brutus", "Nero" ]
-515678549021429432
Age of candidacy
Age of candidacy - wikipedia Age of candidacy Jump to : navigation , search Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Age of candidacy is the minimum age at which a person can legally qualify to hold certain elected government offices . In many cases , it also determines the age at which a person may be eligible to stand for an election or be granted ballot access . The first known example of a law enforcing age of candidacy was the Lex Villia Annalis , a Roman law enacted in 180 BCE which set the minimum ages for senatorial magistrates . Contents ( hide ) 1 Controversies 2 Reform efforts 3 In various countries 3.1 Australia 3.2 Austria 3.3 Belgium 3.4 Belize 3.5 Brazil 3.6 Canada 3.7 Chile 3.8 China 3.9 Cyprus 3.10 Czech Republic 3.11 Denmark 3.12 Estonia 3.13 France 3.14 Germany 3.15 Hong Kong 3.16 India 3.17 Indonesia 3.18 Israel 3.19 Italy 3.20 Iran 3.21 Iraq 3.22 Ireland 3.23 Japan 3.24 South Korea 3.25 Malaysia 3.26 Mexico 3.27 Netherlands 3.28 New Zealand 3.29 Nigeria 3.30 Norway 3.31 Pakistan 3.32 Philippines 3.33 Poland 3.34 Portugal 3.35 Singapore 3.36 South Africa 3.37 Switzerland 3.38 Thailand 3.39 Turkey 3.40 United Kingdom 3.41 United States 3.42 Venezuela 4 Comparison chart 5 See also 6 Notes and references Controversies ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1972 , Linda Jenness ran for President of the United States although she was only 31 at the time . Many youth rights groups view current age of candidacy requirements as unjustified age discrimination . Occasionally people who are younger than the minimum age will run for an office in protest of the requirement or because they do n't know that the requirement exists . On extremely rare occasions , young people have been elected to offices they do not qualify for and have been deemed ineligible to assume the office . In 1934 , Rush Holt of West Virginia was elected to the Senate of the United States at the age of 29 . Since the U.S. Constitution requires senators to be at least 30 , Holt was forced to wait until his 30th birthday , six months after the start of the session , before being sworn in . In 1954 , Richard Fulton won election to the Tennessee Senate . Shortly after being sworn in , Fulton was ousted from office because he was only 27 years old at the time . The Tennessee State Constitution required that senators be at least 30 . Rather than hold a new election , the previous incumbent , Clifford Allen , was allowed to resume his office for another term . Fulton went on to win the next State Senate election in 1956 and was later elected to the US House of Representatives where he served for 10 years . In South Carolina , two Senators aged 24 were elected , but were too young according to the State Constitution : Mike Laughlin in 1969 and Bryan Dorn ( later a US Congressman ) in 1941 . They were seated anyway . On several occasions , the Socialist Workers Party ( USA ) has nominated candidates too young to qualify for the offices they were running for . In 1972 , Linda Jenness ran as the SWP presidential candidate , although she was only 31 at the time . Since the U.S. Constitution requires that the President and Vice President be at least 35 years old , Jenness was not able to receive ballot access in several states in which she otherwise qualified . Despite this handicap , Jenness still received 83,380 votes . In 2004 , the SWP nominated Arrin Hawkins as the party 's vice-presidential candidate , although she was only 28 at the time . Hawkins was also unable to receive ballot access in several states due to her age . Reform efforts ( edit ) In the United States , many groups have attempted to lower age of candidacy requirements in various states . In 1994 , South Dakota voters rejected a ballot measure that would have lowered the age requirements to serve as a State Senator or State Representative from 30 to 18 . In 1998 , however , they approved a similar ballot measure that reduced the age requirements for those offices from 25 to 21 . In 2002 , Oregon voters rejected a ballot measure that would have reduced the age requirement to serve as a State Representative from 21 to 18 . During the early 2000s , the British Youth Council and other groups successfully campaigned to lower age of candidacy requirements in the United Kingdom . The age of candidacy was reduced from 21 to 18 in England , Wales and Scotland on 1 January 2007 , when section 17 of the Electoral Administration Act 2006 entered into force . In various countries ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) In Australia a person must be aged 18 or over to stand for election to public office at federal , state or local government level . The youngest ever member of the House of Representatives was 20 - year - old Wyatt Roy elected in the 2010 federal election after the Electoral Act 1918 was amended ( in 1973 ) to reduce the age of candidacy for that office from 21 to 18 . Austria ( edit ) In Austria , a person must be 18 years of age or older to stand in elections to the European Parliament or National Council . The Diets of regional Länder are able to set a minimum age lower than 18 for candidacy in elections to the Diet itself as well as to municipal councils in the Land . In presidential elections the candidacy age is 35 . Belgium ( edit ) Any Belgian who has reached the age of 21 years can stand for election for the Chamber of Representatives , can become a member of the Senate , or can be elected in one of the regional parliaments . This is regulated in the Constitution and in the Special Law on the Reform of the Institutions . Belize ( edit ) According to the Constitution of Belize , a person must be at least 18 years old to be elected as a member of the House of Representatives and must be at least 30 to be Speaker of the House . A person must be at least 18 years old to be appointed to the Senate and must be at least 30 to be President or Vice-President of the Senate . As only members of the House of Representatives are eligible to be appointed Prime Minister , the Prime Minister must be at least 18 years old . A person must also be at least 18 years old to be elected to a village council . Brazil ( edit ) The Brazilian Constitution ( Article 14 , Section 3 ( VI ) ) defines 35 years as the minimum age for someone to be elected President , Vice-President or Senator ; 30 years for state Governor or Vice-Governor ; 21 for Federal or State Deputy , Mayor or Vice-Mayor ; and 18 for city Councilman . Canada ( edit ) In Canada ( other than Alberta , Manitoba , Ontario , the Prince Edward Island , Quebec and Saskatchewan ) a person must be aged 19 or over ( 18 in Alberta , Manitoba , Ontario , the Prince Edward Island , Quebec and Saskatchewan ) to stand for election to public office . However , to be appointed to the Senate , one must be at least 30 years of age , must possess land worth at least $4,000 in the province for which he or she is appointed , and must own real and personal property worth at least $4,000 , above his or her debts and liabilities . Chile ( edit ) In Chile the minimum age required to be elected President of the Republic is 35 years on the day of the election . Before the 2005 reforms the requirement was 40 years , and from 1925 to 1981 it was 30 years . For senators it is 35 years ( between 1981 and 2005 it was 40 years ) and for deputies it is 21 years ( between 1925 and 1970 it was 35 years ) . China ( edit ) In China the minimum age to be elected as president or vice-president is 45 . Cyprus ( edit ) In Cyprus the minimum age to be elected president is 35 years . Czech Republic ( edit ) In the Czech Republic , a person must be at least 18 years old to be elected in local elections . A person must be at least 21 years old to be elected to the lower house of the Czech Parliament or to the European Parliament and 40 years old to be a member of the upper house ( Senate ) of the Parliament or the President of the Czech Republic . Denmark ( edit ) In Denmark , any adult 18 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected in any public election . Estonia ( edit ) In Estonia , any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected in local elections , and 21 years or older in parliamentary elections . The minimum age for the President of Estonia is 40 . France ( edit ) In France , any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected to the lower house of Parliament , and 24 years or older for the Senate . The minimum age for the President of France is 18 . Germany ( edit ) In Germany , any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected in national , regional or local elections . The only exception is the Landtag election in Hesse where a minimum age of 21 is required . The minimum age for the President is 40 . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong a person must be at least 21 to be candidate in a district council or Legislative Council election . A person must be at least 40 to be candidate in the Chief Executive election , and also at least 40 to be candidate in the election for the President of the Legislative Council from among the members of the Legislative Council . India ( edit ) In India a person must be at least : 35 to be the President or Vice President , Governor and Lieutenant - Governor of the States as specified in the Constitution of India 30 to be a member of Rajya Sabha ( the upper house of Parliament of India ) and a Vidhan Parishad ( the upper house of a State Legislature , in those states where the legislature is bicameral . ) 25 to be the Prime Minister , Lok Sabha Speaker , Union Minister , Chief Minister , Vidhan Sabha Speaker , Minister in the State Governments . Additionally , to be a member of Lok Sabha ( the lower house of Parliament of India ) and a Vidhan Sabha ( the lower house a State Legislature in the States of India . ) 21 to be the Mayor , Chairman , Head and a Member ( Members are variously called Corporators / Councillors / Ward Members according to the type of their respective local bodies ) of a Nagar Nigam ( Municipal Corporation ) , Nagar Palika ( Municipal Council ) , Nagar Panchayat ( Town Committee ) , Gram Sabha ( Village Council ) and Gram Panchayat ( Village Committee ) respectively . Indonesia ( edit ) In Indonesia a person must be at least : 35 to be President or Vice President as specified in the Constitution of Indonesia 30 to be Governor or Lieutenant Governor , as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act 25 to be Regent , Vice Regent , Mayor , or Deputy Mayor , as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act 21 to be Senator or Representative in both national and local parliament , as specified in the 2008 Election Act Israel ( edit ) In Israel one must be at least 21 to become a member of the Knesset ( Basic Law : The Knesset section 6 ( a ) ) or a municipality . When the Prime Minister was directly elected , one must have been a member of the Knesset who is at least 30 to be a candidate for Prime Minister . Every Israeli Citizen ( including minors ) can be appointed as a Government Minister , or elected as President of Israel , but the latter role is mostly ceremonial and elected by the Parliament . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , a person must be at least 50 to be President of the Republic , 40 to be a Senator , and 25 to be a Deputy , as specified in the 1947 Constitution of Italy . 18 years of age is sufficient , however , to be elected member of the Council of Regions , Provinces , and Municipalities ( Communes ) . Iran ( edit ) In Iran a person must be at least 21 years old to run for president . Iraq ( edit ) The Iraqi constitution states that a person must be at least 40 years old to run for president and 35 years old to run for Prime Minister . The Iraqi Election Law No. 45 of 2013 states that a person must be 30 years old to run for the House of Representatives . There are proposals by various MP 's to amend the Law and reduce the age from 30 to 25 . Ireland ( edit ) The 1937 Constitution of Ireland requires the President to be at least 35 and members of the Oireachtas ( legislature ) to be 21 . Members of the European Parliament for Ireland must also be 21 . Members of local authorities must be 18 , reduced from 21 in 1973 . The 1922 -- 37 Constitution of the Irish Free State required TDs ( members of the Dáil , lower house ) to be 21 , whereas Senators had to be 35 ( reduced to 30 in 1928 ) . The Thirty - fifth Amendment of the Constitution ( Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President ) Bill 2015 proposes to lower the presidential age limit to 21 . However , this proposal was rejected by 73 % of the voters . Japan ( edit ) In Japan a person must be at least : 25 to be the Member of parliament of the House of Representatives with Japanese nationality , to be the Member of metropolitan , prefecture , city , town , or village with valid vote rights , or to be the Mayor 30 to be the Governor , or to be the Member of parliament of the House of Councillors with Japanese nationality . See also House of Peers ( Japan ) . South Korea ( edit ) In South Korea , a person must be at least 40 years old to be President . A person must be at least 25 years old to be the member of the National Assembly or to be the Mayor 's Governor . Malaysia ( edit ) In Malaysia , any citizen 21 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected to the Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Undangan Negeri . Minimum age for the Senator is 30 by constitution . Mexico ( edit ) In Mexico , a person must be at least 35 to be President , 25 to be a Senator , or 21 to be a Congressional Deputy , as specified in the 1917 Constitution of Mexico . Netherlands ( edit ) In the Netherlands , any adult 18 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected in any public election . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand the minimum age required to be elected Prime Minister of New Zealand is 18 years old . Citizens and permanent residents who are enrolled as an elector are eligible to be a candidate for election as a Member of Parliament . Nigeria ( edit ) In Nigeria , a person must be at least 40 years of age to be elected President or Vice President , 35 to be a Senator or State Governor , and 30 to be a Representative in parliament . Norway ( edit ) In Norway , any adult can become a candidate and be elected in any public election , from the calendar year that he or she turns 18 years . Pakistan ( edit ) In Pakistan , a person must be at least 40 years old to be President . A person must be at least 25 years old to be a member of the provincial assembly or national assembly . Philippines ( edit ) Ages of candidacy in the Philippines Type of candidate Minimum age President and Vice President 40 Senator 35 Regional governor 35 Member of the House of Representatives 25 Provincial - level elected official 23 City - level elected official 21 Municipal - level elected official 21 Member of the regional legislative assembly 21 Barangay - level elected official 18 Member of youth councils 18 - 24 Poland ( edit ) Ages of candidacy in Poland Type of candidate Minimum age President 35 Senator 30 Mayor / Wójt 25 Poseł 21 Member of the European Parliament 21 Councillor 18 Portugal ( edit ) Ages of candidacy in Portugal Type of candidate Minimum age References President 35 Parliament 18 Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore a person must be at least 45 years old to run for president . South Africa ( edit ) Section 47 , Clause 1 of the 1996 Constitution of South Africa states that `` Every citizen who is qualified to vote for the National Assembly is eligible to be a member of the Assembly '' , defaulting to Section 46 which `` provides for a minimum voting age of 18 years '' in National Assembly elections ; Sections 106 and 105 provide the same for provincial legislatures . Switzerland ( edit ) In Switzerland , any citizen aged 18 or over can become a candidate and be elected in any federal election . Thailand ( edit ) In Thailand the minimum age to be elected to the National Assembly is 35 years . Turkey ( edit ) The 1876 constitution set the age for parliamentary eligibility as 30 . This remained unchanged until 13 October 2006 , when it was lowered to 25 through a constitutional amendment . In 2017 , it was further lowered to 18 , the same as the voting age . The Prime Minister of Turkey has to be a member of the parliament , hence it has the same requirements as parliamentary eligibility . The age of candidacy for the President is 40 . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , a person must be aged 18 or over in Northern Ireland , England , and Wales , and 16 or over in Scotland to stand in elections to all parliaments , assemblies , and councils at the European , UK , devolved , or local level . This age requirement also applies in elections to any individual elective public office ; the main example is that of an elected mayor , whether of London or a local authority . There are no higher age requirements for particular positions in public office . Candidates are required to be aged 18 on both the day of nomination and the day of the poll . This was reduced from 21 by the Electoral Administration Act 2006 . United states ( edit ) Main article : Age of candidacy laws in the United States In the United States , a person must be aged 35 or over to be President or Vice President , 30 or over to be a Senator , and 25 or over to be a Representative , as specified in the U.S. Constitution . Most states in the U.S. also have age requirements for the offices of Governor , State Senator , and State Representative . Some states have a minimum age requirement to hold any elected office ( usually 21 or 18 ) . Venezuela ( edit ) In Venezuela , a person must be at least 30 to be President or Vice President , 21 to be a deputy for the National Assembly and 25 to be the Governor of a state . Comparison chart ( edit ) Country President Vice President Prime Minister Upper house Lower house References Australia - - 18 18 18 Austria 35 - 18 Belgium - - 21 21 Belize - - 18 18 18 Brazil 35 35 35 21 Canada - - 30 Chile 35 35 21 China 45 45 Cyprus 35 Czech Republic 40 40 21 Denmark - - 18 - 18 Estonia 40 - 21 France 18 24 18 Germany 40 18 18 Hong Kong 21 India 35 35 25 30 25 Indonesia 35 35 21 21 Israel 30 - 21 Italy 50 40 25 Iran 21 Iraq 40 35 - 30 Ireland 35 30 21 Japan 30 25 South Korea 40 25 Malaysia 30 21 Mexico 35 25 21 Netherlands - - 18 18 18 New Zealand - - 18 Nigeria 40 40 35 30 Norway - - 18 - 18 Pakistan 40 25 25 Philippines 40 40 35 25 Poland 35 - 30 21 Portugal 35 - 18 Singapore 45 South Africa 18 Switzerland 18 Thailand 35 Turkey 40 30 30 United Kingdom - - 18 United States 35 35 - 30 25 Venezuela 30 30 - 21 See also ( edit ) Youth Youth suffrage Youth rights Ageism Ballot access Electoral reform Voting age Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Broughton , Thomas ; Marcia Patterson ( 1951 ) . The Magistrates of the Roman Republic . American Philological Association . p. 388 . Jump up ^ `` BYC Youth Manifesto '' ( PDF ) . British Youth Council . 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Young people believe that the age to stand as candidates for local , regional , national and European elections should be 16 , as should the age to become a trustee of a charity . Young people have significant responsibilities to society at the age of 16 and can have significant responsibilities in the private sector as company directors ; this inconsistency should be rectified . Young people have lots to offer and the decision of their appointment to positions of political authority or governance of organisations should be in the hands of the electorate or membership respectfully . Jump up ^ `` Unsworn Senators '' . Time Magazine ( January 14 , 1935 ) . Jump up ^ Battle , Dick ; Tom Flake ( January 5 , 1955 ) . `` Senate Vote Ousts Fulton '' . Nashville Banner . Jump up ^ O'Brian , Jack ( 11 January 1969 ) . `` Senate To Have Ineligible Man '' . Spartanburg Herald . Spartanburg , SC . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Jo ( 2008 ) . We Will Be Heard : Women 's Struggles for Political Power in the United States . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 91 . Only 31 , Linda Jenness did not meet the Constitutional age requirement to hold the office of President , but the SWP was on the ballot in 25 states -- six more than in 1968 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 Presidential General Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Presidency 2004 '' . Politics1.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 16 . Since they were n't going to be elected anyways , the Socialist Workers Party did n't care that they nominated a ticket entirely ineligible to be elected . Why ? Because Róger Calero is both foreign born and also not a US citizen ; and Arrin Hawkins is too young . To avoid ballot access problems for the SWP , as the constitutional ineligibility may also render them unable to be listed on the ballot in some states , the 2000 SWP ticket of James Harris for President and Margaret Trowe for Vice President are being used in states that will not permit the Calero - Hawkins slate to be listed . Jump up ^ `` How old is old enough ? '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . British Youth Council . October 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . BYC believes that at the age of 18 a person may hold elected office . A candidate 's breadth of life experience is something that can be evaluated by the electorate ... BYC strongly believes that the age of voting should be lowered to 16 and candidacy age should be lowered to 18 ... Jump up ^ The Electoral Administration Act 2006 ( Commencement No. 2 , Transitional and Savings Provisions ) Order 2006 , article 3 and Schedule 1 ( 14 ) ( d ) . Jump up ^ The Electoral Administration Act 2006 - Part 5 , Section 17 Archived July 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 31 / BNR ( XXIII . GP ) Bundes - Verfassungsgesetz , ss. 2 and 6 , Republik Österreich Parlament ( German ) . Retrieved on 1 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Bundes - Verfassungsgesetz - Federal Constitutional Law 1920 , 1929 version Archived February 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on 3 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Laws of Belize , Volume II , Title VIII , Chapter 88 , Part III . `` Any person shall be eligible to be elected as a member of a council who : is a citizen of Belize ; and has ordinarily resided in the village for at least one year immediately preceding the election ; and is at least eighteen years old . '' Jump up ^ Brazilian Constitution ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ `` Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional '' . leychile.cl . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , Section 2 , Article 79 . Jump up ^ https://www.psp.cz/docs/guide/ Jump up ^ Constitution of the Republic of Estonia Archived April 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Landtagswahlgesetz - LWG I. Allgemeines - § 4 Wählbarkeit . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Piven , Ben ; Ben Willers ( 11 June 2013 ) . `` Infographic : Choosing Iran 's next president '' . Al Jazeera English . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Iraq , Article 68 Jump up ^ Constitution of Iraq , Article 77 Jump up ^ Iraqi Election Law No. 45 of 2013 , Article 8 ( a ) Jump up ^ Constitution of Ireland Article 12.4. 1 ° ( President ) Article 16.1. 1 ° ( Dáil Éireann ) , Article 18.2 ( Seanad Éireann ) ^ Jump up to : `` Children and rights in Ireland '' . p . Elections . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` European Parliament Elections Act , 1997 , Section 11 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral ( Amendment ) Act , 1973 , Section 4 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Irish Free State ( Saorstát Eireann ) Act , 1922 , Schedule 1 '' . Irish Statute Book . pp. Article 14 . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Irish Free State , Article 31 ; `` Constitution ( Amendment No. 8 ) Act , 1928 , Section 1 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Referendum 2015 : Home '' . Dublin : Referendum Commission . 2015 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2015 . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 公職 選挙 法 '' . Ministry of Justice ( Japan ) . Jump up ^ 국가 법령 정보 센터 - 공직 선거법 Jump up ^ `` O que é preciso para ser candidato a Presidente da República '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cmoissão Nacional de Eleições ( Portugal ) . `` Perguntas Frequentes : Candidatura '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Constitution , Art . 19 ( 2 ) ( b ) . Jump up ^ `` 18 maddelik anayasa değişikliği teklifinin tam metni '' . Evrensel.net ( in Turkish ) . 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Age of Candidacy Law & Legal Definition '' . USLegal.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela - Part 5 , Chapter II , Article 227 Jump up ^ Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela - Part 5 , Chapter I , Article 188 , Section 2 Jump up ^ Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela - Part 4 , Chapter III , Article 160 Jump up ^ 31 / BNR ( XXIII . GP ) Bundes - Verfassungsgesetz , ss. 2 and 6 , Republik Österreich Parlament ( German ) . Retrieved on 1 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Laws of Belize , Volume II , Title VIII , Chapter 88 , Part III . `` Any person shall be eligible to be elected as a member of a council who : is a citizen of Belize ; and has ordinarily resided in the village for at least one year immediately preceding the election ; and is at least eighteen years old . '' Jump up ^ Brazilian Constitution ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ `` Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional '' . leychile.cl . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.psp.cz/docs/guide/ Jump up ^ Constitution of the Republic of Estonia Archived April 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Landtagswahlgesetz - LWG I. Allgemeines - § 4 Wählbarkeit . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Piven , Ben ; Ben Willers ( 11 June 2013 ) . `` Infographic : Choosing Iran 's next president '' . Al Jazeera English . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Iraq , Article 68 Jump up ^ Constitution of Iraq , Article 77 Jump up ^ Iraqi Election Law No. 45 of 2013 , Article 8 ( a ) Jump up ^ Constitution of Ireland Article 12.4. 1 ° ( President ) Article 16.1. 1 ° ( Dáil Éireann ) , Article 18.2 ( Seanad Éireann ) Jump up ^ `` European Parliament Elections Act , 1997 , Section 11 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral ( Amendment ) Act , 1973 , Section 4 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Irish Free State , Article 31 ; `` Constitution ( Amendment No. 8 ) Act , 1928 , Section 1 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 公職 選挙 法 '' . Ministry of Justice ( Japan ) . Jump up ^ 국가 법령 정보 센터 - 공직 선거법 Jump up ^ `` O que é preciso para ser candidato a Presidente da República '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cmoissão Nacional de Eleições ( Portugal ) . `` Perguntas Frequentes : Candidatura '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 18 maddelik anayasa değişikliği teklifinin tam metni '' . Evrensel.net ( in Turkish ) . 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Age of Candidacy Law & Legal Definition '' . USLegal.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . ( hide ) Lists of countries by laws and law enforcement rankings Age of Consent Legal candidacy for political office Criminal responsibility Legal drinking Legal driving Majority Legal marriage Retirement age Mandatory retirement School - leaving age Legal smoking Voting Suffrage Youth suffrage Working age Drugs Alcohol Alcohol consumption Alcohol law Bath salts Legal status of Mephedrone Legal status of MPDV Legal status of Methylone Cannabis Legality annual use lifetime use Cocaine use Legality Methamphetamine Legality LSD Legality Opiate use Salvia divinorum Legality Death Legality of euthanasia Homicide by decade Law enforcement killings Legality of suicide Legality of assisted suicide Guns Deaths Ownership Punishment Corporal punishment At home At school In court Death penalty Incarceration Obscenity Incest Laws Pornography Child pornography Simulated child pornography Drawn pornography depicting minors Internet pornography Prostitution Sexual assault Child sexual abuse Rape Sodomy law Sex trafficking Zoophilia Censorship Censorship by country Book censorship by country Film censorship by country Internet censorship by country Cartographic censorship Political censorship Video gaming censorship by country Human rights Children 's rights Children in the military Intersex rights LGBT Rights Slavery Human trafficking Freedom of movement by country In the air Abode Property and Environmental Air Estate Land Minerals Mining Mortgage Water Riparian water Business Corporate Corporate liability Competition Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Legality of bitcoin by country or territory International ownership International waters Sea law Maritime law Antarctic Treaty System Other Abortion law Minors and abortion Animal rights Immigration law Human cloning National legal systems Police brutality Prisoner abuse Religious law Separation of church and state Sharia Size of police forces World Justice Project List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_of_candidacy&oldid=841067593 '' Categories : Electoral restrictions Legal terminology Lists by country Minimum ages Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2016 USA - centric All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 21 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what age must you be to be a member of the u.s. senate
[ "In the United States, a person must be aged 35 or over to be President or Vice President, 30 or over to be a Senator, and 25 or over to be a Representative, as specified in the U.S. Constitution. Most states in the U.S. also have age requirements for the offices of Governor, State Senator, and State Representative.[38] Some states have a minimum age requirement to hold any elected office (usually 21 or 18)." ]
[ "30 or over" ]
1674796527942018665
Starland Vocal Band
Starland Vocal Band - wikipedia Starland Vocal Band Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Starland Vocal Band Starland Vocal Band : June 1977 Background information Origin Washington , D.C. , US Genres Pop , folk rock , country , soft rock Years active 1976 -- 1981 Labels RCA , Windsong Records Associated acts John Denver Past members Bill Danoff Taffy Danoff Jon Carroll Margot Chapman Starland Vocal Band was an American pop band , known primarily for `` Afternoon Delight '' , one of the biggest - selling singles of 1976 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Discography 2.1 Studio albums 2.2 Singles 3 Awards and nominations 3.1 Grammy Awards 4 Trivia 5 References 6 External links Career ( edit ) The group began as Fat City , a husband / wife duo of Bill Danoff and Taffy Nivert . Danoff and Nivert co-wrote the song `` I Guess He 'd Rather Be in Colorado '' and then , with John Denver , `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' which became a hit single in 1971 . The duo recorded two albums as Fat City , and two more as Bill & Taffy , all released from 1969 - 1974 . In the mid 70s , Starland Vocal Band was formed and subsequently signed to Denver 's label Windsong Records . Starland Vocal Band was also composed of Jon Carroll ( keyboards , guitar , vocals ) and Margot Chapman ( vocals ) . Carroll and Chapman married after meeting as members of the group , but later divorced . Their son Ben Carroll is also a musician . The group 's debut album was the self - titled Starland Vocal Band and included `` Afternoon Delight '' . The song was a US # 1 hit and the album also charted . They were nominated for four Grammy Awards and won two : Best Arrangement for Voices and Best New Artist . The song also reached # 18 in the UK . The follow - up album , Rear View Mirror , did not fare as well , with 13 weeks on the Billboard 200 and a peak of # 104 . The band hosted a variety show , The Starland Vocal Band Show , that ran on CBS for six weeks in the summer of 1977 . David Letterman was a writer and regular on the show , which also featured Mark Russell , Jeff Altman , and Proctor and Bergman. April Kelly was a writer for the series . The band broke up in 1981 , unable to match their previous success . Danoff and Nivert divorced shortly afterward . Each of the band members went on to a solo career . In 1998 the Starland Vocal Band reunited for a few concerts , often featuring the children of the four original members as vocalists . In 2007 , they appeared on a 1970s special on the New Jersey Network ( NJN ) , singing `` Afternoon Delight '' . In 2010 Billboard named `` Afternoon Delight '' the 20th sexiest song of all time . Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Year Album details Peak chart positions US 1976 Starland Vocal Band Release date : 1976 Label : Windsong 1351 20 1977 Rear View Mirror Release date : April 15 , 1977 Label : Windsong 2239 104 1978 Late Nite Radio Release date : March 1978 Label : Windsong 2598 208 1980 4 X 4 Release date : March 11 , 1980 Label : Windsong 3536 -- 1980 Christmas at Home Release date : November 25 , 1980 Label : Breaker 100 -- A CD compilation album , Afternoon Delight : The Best of the Starland Vocal Band , was released in 1995 by K - tel . Also in 1995 , Collectables released Afternoon Delight : A Golden Classics Edition which included all tracks from the first two albums . Singles ( edit ) Year Single Catalog # ( Windsong ) Peak chart positions Album US CAN CAN AC 1976 `` Afternoon Delight '' / `` Starland '' 10588 6 Starland Vocal Band `` California Day '' / `` War Surplus Baby '' 10785 66 -- 22 `` Hail ! Hail ! Rock and Roll ! '' / `` Ai n't It The Fall '' 10855 71 92 -- 1977 `` Afternoon Delight '' / `` California Day '' 10943 -- -- -- `` Liberated Woman '' / `` Fallin ' In A Deep Hole '' 10992 -- -- -- Rear View Mirror `` The Light of My Life '' / `` Prism '' 11067 -- -- 36 `` Mr. Wrong '' / Too Long A Journey '' 11168 -- -- 33 1978 `` Late Nite Radio '' / `` Please Ms. Newslady '' 11261 -- -- -- Late Nite Radio 1980 `` Loving You with My Eyes '' / `` Apartment For Rent '' 11899 71 -- 26 4 X 4 `` ( Love ) Thought I Would Never Find Love '' / `` Love Stuff '' 12011 -- -- -- Awards and nominations ( edit ) Grammy Awards ( edit ) The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . The band won two awards from four nominations . Year Nominee / work Award Result 1977 Starland Vocal Band Best New Artist Won `` Afternoon Delight '' Record of the Year Nominated Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals Nominated Best Arrangement for Voices ( duo , group or chorus ) Won Trivia ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The March 8 , 2011 episode of Glee featured `` Afternoon Delight '' . In The Simpsons episode `` ' Round Springfield '' , Homer Simpson suggests that Lisa get a tattoo of Bleeding Gums Murphy ( who died after Lisa performed `` Stars and Stripes Forever '' at school ) just like he did with Starland Vocal Band ( to which Homer realizes his mistake and says that the band sucked ) ; another Simpsons episode ( `` The Fat and the Furriest '' ) had Lenny , Carl , and Bart dance to and sing `` Afternoon Delight '' as Homer is attacked by a bear . In the 1997 film Good Will Hunting , the main character Will Hunting is forced to visit a hypnotherapist ; he pretends to be under hypnosis by telling a youthly trauma , soon converts his story into the lyrics of `` Afternoon Delight '' , and finishes by singing it , showing he was pretending to be hypnotized ; the song is played over the closing credits . In the movie PCU , Jeremy Piven 's character selects the Starland Vocal Band 's CD from a group and puts it into the player on repeat and then locks the entertainment center forcing the party goers to hear it over and over again . An episode of Arrested Development involves two different references to `` Afternoon Delight '' : one involved a mixup between a playful term for sex and marijuana ; the other was an awkward rendition of the song between relatives Maeby and Michael Bluth and afterwards a duet by George Michael Bluth and Lindsay Bluth . A Sports Night episode refers to Starland Vocal Band winning a Best New Artist award for 1978 , beating out Elvis Costello ; however , the year they won was 1977 and they did not compete against Costello -- the other nominees were Boston , The Brothers Johnson , Dr. Buzzard 's Original Savannah Band , and Wild Cherry . In the 2004 film Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy , a scene in Ron 's office with Ron Burgundy ( Will Ferrell ) , Brian Fantana ( Paul Rudd ) , Brick Tamland ( Steve Carell ) and Champ Kind ( David Koechner ) , where Ron explains the concept of love by breaking out into a rendition of `` Afternoon Delight '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ discogs.com Starland Vocal Band - Albums Jump up ^ billboard.com - the 50 Sexiest Songs of All Time External links ( edit ) Starland Vocal Band at AllMusic Starland Vocal Band at TV.com Starland Vocal Band on IMDb The Starland Vocal Band Show on IMDb Bill Danoff official website Jon Carroll official website ( hide ) Grammy Award for Best New Artist Bobby Darin ( 1960 ) Bob Newhart ( 1961 ) Peter Nero ( 1962 ) Robert Goulet ( 1963 ) The Swingle Singers ( 1964 ) The Beatles ( 1965 ) Tom Jones ( 1966 ) No award given ( 1967 ) Bobbie Gentry ( 1968 ) José Feliciano ( 1969 ) Crosby , Stills & Nash ( 1970 ) The Carpenters ( 1971 ) Carly Simon ( 1972 ) America ( 1973 ) Bette Midler ( 1974 ) Marvin Hamlisch ( 1975 ) Natalie Cole ( 1976 ) Starland Vocal Band ( 1977 ) Debby Boone ( 1978 ) A Taste of Honey ( 1979 ) Rickie Lee Jones ( 1980 ) Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) Sheena Easton ( 1982 ) Men at Work ( 1983 ) Culture Club ( 1984 ) Cyndi Lauper ( 1985 ) Sade ( 1986 ) Bruce Hornsby and the Range ( 1987 ) Jody Watley ( 1988 ) Tracy Chapman ( 1989 ) Milli Vanilli ( 1990 ; withdrawn ) Mariah Carey ( 1991 ) Marc Cohn ( 1992 ) Arrested Development ( 1993 ) Toni Braxton ( 1994 ) Sheryl Crow ( 1995 ) Hootie & the Blowfish ( 1996 ) LeAnn Rimes ( 1997 ) Paula Cole ( 1998 ) Lauryn Hill ( 1999 ) Christina Aguilera ( 2000 ) Shelby Lynne ( 2001 ) Alicia Keys ( 2002 ) Norah Jones ( 2003 ) Evanescence ( 2004 ) Maroon 5 ( 2005 ) John Legend ( 2006 ) Carrie Underwood ( 2007 ) Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) Adele ( 2009 ) Zac Brown Band ( 2010 ) Esperanza Spalding ( 2011 ) Bon Iver ( 2012 ) Fun ( 2013 ) Macklemore & Ryan Lewis ( 2014 ) Sam Smith ( 2015 ) Meghan Trainor ( 2016 ) Chance the Rapper ( 2017 ) Awards and achievements Preceded by Natalie Cole Grammy Award for Best New Artist 1977 Succeeded by Debby Boone VIAF : 145583962 MusicBrainz : 2dd30f18 - 241e - 44b3 - 8bb3 - 950380f22dfa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Starland_Vocal_Band&oldid=807763806 '' Categories : American pop music groups Grammy Award winners Musical groups from Washington , D.C. David Letterman Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from August 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Nederlands Português Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 00 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how many grammy nominations did the starland vocal band earn in 1976
[ "The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. The band won two awards from four nominations." ]
[ "four" ]
-300444913157797485
Metonymy
Metonymy - wikipedia Metonymy Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with meronymy or meronomy . Metonymy ( / mɪˈtɒnɪmi / mi - TON - i - mee ) is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept . The words metonymy and metonym come from the Greek μετωνῠμία , metōnymía , `` a change of name '' , from μετά , metá , `` after , beyond '' , and - ωνυμία , - ōnymía , a suffix that names figures of speech , from ὄνῠμα , ónyma or ὄνομα , ónoma , `` name '' . A place is often used as a metonym for a government or other official institutions , for example , Brussels for the institutions of the European Union , The Hague for the International Court of Justice or International Criminal Court , Nairobi for the government of Kenya , or the White House and Capitol Hill for the executive and legislative branches , respectively , of the United States federal government . A place can represent an entire industry : for instance Wall Street is often used metonymically to describe the entire U.S. financial and corporate banking sector . Common nouns and phrases can also be metonyms : red tape can stand for bureaucracy , whether or not that bureaucracy actually uses red tape to bind documents . In Commonwealth realms , The Crown is a metonym for the state in all its aspects . Metonymy and related figures of speech are common in everyday speech and writing . Synecdoche and metalepsis are considered specific types of metonymy . Polysemy , multiple meanings of a single word or phrase , sometimes results from relations of metonymy . Both metonymy and metaphor involve the substitution of one term for another . In metaphor , this substitution is based on some specific analogy between two things , whereas in metonymy the substitution is based on some understood association or contiguity . American literary theorist Kenneth Burke described metonymy as one of four `` master tropes '' , each a substitute for respective broader concepts : metaphor , a substitute for perspective ; metonymy , a substitute for reduction ; synecdoche , a substitute for representation ; and irony , a substitute for dialectic . He described these tropes and the way they overlap in A Grammar of Motives . In addition to its use in everyday speech , metonymy is a figure of speech in some poetry and in much rhetoric . Greek and Latin scholars of rhetoric made significant contributions to the study of metonymy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meaning relationships 1.1 Metaphor and metonymy 1.2 Examples 2 Rhetoric in ancient history 3 Jakobson , structuralism , and realism 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Notes 5.2 Bibliography 6 Further reading Meaning relationships ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Synecdoche , in which a specific part of something is used to refer to the whole , is usually understood as a specific kind of metonymy . Sometimes an absolute distinction is made between a metonymy and a synecdoche , treating metonymy as different from , rather than inclusive of , synecdoche . There is a similar problem with the terms simile and metaphor . When the distinction is made , it is the following : when `` A '' is used to refer to `` B '' , it is a synecdoche if A is a component of B or if B is a component of A , and a metonym if A is commonly associated with B but not part of its whole or a whole of its part . Thus , `` 20,000 hungry mouths to feed '' is a synecdoche because mouths ( A ) are a part of the people ( B ) referred to . `` Australia votes '' is also a synecdoche because Australia is a whole of which the people who voted are a part . On the other hand , `` The White House said '' is metonymy , but not synecdoche , for the president and his staff , because , although the White House is associated with the president and his staff , the building is not a part of the people . Similarly , metalepsis is closely related to metonymy , and is sometimes understood as a specific kind of metonymy . Metalepsis is a figure of speech in which a word or a phrase from figurative speech is used in a new context . The new figure of speech refers to an existing one . For example , in the idiom `` lead foot '' , meaning someone who drives fast , lead is a heavy substance , and a heavy foot on the accelerator pedal would cause a vehicle to go quickly . The use of `` lead foot '' to describe a person follows the intermediate substitution of `` lead '' for `` heavy '' . The figure of speech is a `` metonymy of a metonymy '' . The concept of metonymy also informs the nature of polysemy , i.e. , how the same phonological form ( word ) has different semantic mappings ( meanings ) . If the two meanings are unrelated , as in the word pen meaning both writing instrument and enclosure , they are considered homonyms . Within logical polysemies , a large class of mappings may be considered to be a case of metonymic transfer ( e.g. , `` chicken '' for the bird , as well as its meat ; `` crown '' for the object , as well as the institution ) . Other cases where the meaning is polysemous , however , may turn out to be more metaphorical , e.g. , `` eye '' as in the `` eye of the needle '' . Metaphor and metonymy ( edit ) Main article : Metaphor and metonymy Metonymy works by the contiguity ( association ) between two concepts , whereas the term `` metaphor '' is based upon their analogous similarity . When people use metonymy , they do not typically wish to transfer qualities from one referent to another as they do with metaphor . There is nothing press - like about reporters or crown - like about a monarch , but `` the press '' and `` the crown '' are both common metonyms . Some uses of figurative language may be understood as both metonymy and metaphor ; for example , the relationship between `` a crown '' and a `` king '' could be interpreted metaphorically ( i.e. , the king , like his gold crown , could be seemingly stiff yet ultimately malleable , over-ornate , and consistently immobile ) . Two examples using the term `` fishing '' help clarify the distinction . The phrase `` to fish pearls '' uses metonymy , drawing from `` fishing '' the idea of taking things from the ocean . What is carried across from `` fishing fish '' to `` fishing pearls '' is the domain of metonymy . In contrast , the metaphorical phrase `` fishing for information '' transfers the concept of fishing into a new domain . If someone is `` fishing '' for information , we do not imagine that the person is anywhere near the ocean ; rather , we transpose elements of the action of fishing ( waiting , hoping to catch something that can not be seen , probing ) into a new domain ( a conversation ) . Thus , metaphor works by presenting a target set of meanings and using them to suggest a similarity between items , actions , or events in two domains , whereas metonymy calls up or references a specific domain ( here , removing items from the sea ) . Examples ( edit ) Main article : List of metonyms Here are some broad kinds of relationships where metonymy is frequently used : Containment : When one thing contains another , it can frequently be used metonymically , as when `` dish '' is used to refer not to a plate but to the food it contains , or as when the name of a building is used to refer to the entity it contains , as when `` the White House '' or `` the Pentagon '' are used to refer to the U.S. presidential staff or the military leadership , respectively . A physical item , place , or body part used to refer to a related concept , such as `` the bench '' for the judicial profession , `` stomach '' or `` belly '' for appetite or hunger , `` mouth '' for speech , various terms for the genitalia for sexual desire or satisfaction of said desire , being `` in diapers '' for infancy , `` palate '' for taste , `` the altar '' or `` the aisle '' for marriage , `` hand '' for someone 's responsibility for something ( `` he had a hand in it '' ) , `` head '' or `` brain '' for mind or intelligence , or `` nose '' for concern about someone else 's affairs , ( as in `` keep your nose out of my business '' ) . A reference to Timbuktu , as in `` from here to Timbuktu , '' usually means a place or idea is too far away or mysterious . Tools / instruments : Often a tool is used to signify the job it does or the person who does the job , as in the phrase `` the press '' ( referring to the printing press ) , or as in the proverb , `` The pen is mightier than the sword . '' Product for process : This is a type of metonymy where the product of the activity stands for the activity itself . For example , in `` The book is moving right along , '' the book refers to the process of writing or publishing . Punctuation marks often stand metonymically for a meaning expressed by the punctuation mark . For example , `` He 's a big question mark to me '' indicates that something is unknown . Synecdoche : A part of something is often used for the whole , as when people refer to `` head '' of cattle or assistants are referred to as `` hands . '' An example of this is the Canadian dollar , referred to as the loonie for the image of a bird on the one - dollar coin . The United States one hundred - dollar bill is often referred to as `` Bens '' , `` Benjamins '' or `` Franklins '' because it bears the portrait of Benjamin Franklin . Also , the whole of something is used for a part , as when people refer to a municipal employee as `` the council '' or police officers as `` the law '' . Toponyms : A country 's capital city or some location within the city is frequently used as a metonymy for the country 's government , such as Washington , D.C. , in the United States ; Ottawa in Canada ; Tokyo in Japan ; New Delhi in India ; Downing Street or Whitehall in the UK ; and the Kremlin in Russia . Similarly , other important places , such as Wall Street , Madison Avenue , Silicon Valley , Hollywood , Negril , Vegas , and Detroit are commonly used to refer to the industries that are located there ( finance , advertising , high technology , entertainment , tourism , gambling , and motor vehicles , respectively ) . Such usage may persist even when the industries in question have moved elsewhere , for example , Fleet Street continues to be used as a metonymy for the British national press , though it is no longer located in the physical street of that name . Sometimes , metaphor and metonymy may both be at work in the same figure of speech , or one could interpret a phrase metaphorically or metonymically . For example , the phrase `` lend me your ear '' could be analyzed in a number of ways . One could imagine the following interpretations : Analyze `` ear '' metonymically first -- `` ear '' means `` attention '' ( because we use ears to pay attention to someone 's speech ) . Now , when we hear the phrase `` lending an ear ( attention ) '' , we stretch the base meaning of `` lend '' ( to let someone borrow an object ) to include the `` lending '' of non-material things ( attention ) , but , beyond this slight extension of the verb , no metaphor is at work . Imagine the whole phrase literally -- imagine that the speaker literally borrows the listener 's ear as a physical object ( and the person 's head with it ) . Then the speaker has temporary possession of the listener 's ear , so the listener has granted the speaker temporary control over what the listener hears . We then interpret the phrase `` lend me your ear '' metaphorically to mean that the speaker wants the listener to grant the speaker temporary control over what the listener hears . First , analyze the verb phrase `` lend me your ear '' metaphorically to mean `` turn your ear in my direction , '' since we know that , literally , lending a body part is nonsensical . Then , analyze the motion of ears metonymically -- we associate `` turning ears '' with `` paying attention , '' which is what the speaker wants the listeners to do . It is difficult to say which analyses above most closely represents the way a listener interprets the expression , and it is possible that different listeners analyse the phrase in different ways , or even in different ways at different times . Regardless , all three analyses yield the same interpretation . Thus , metaphor and metonymy , though different in their mechanism , work together seamlessly . Rhetoric in Ancient history ( edit ) This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( December 2013 ) Western culture studied poetic language and deemed it to be rhetoric . A. Al - Sharafi supports this concept in his book Textual Metonymy , `` Greek rhetorical scholarship at one time became entirely poetic scholarship . '' Philosophers and rhetoricians thought that metaphors were the primary figurative language used in rhetoric . Metaphors served as a better means to attract the audience 's attention because the audience had to read between the lines in order to get an understanding of what the speaker was trying to say . Others did not think of metonymy as a good rhetorical method because metonymy did not involve symbolism . Al - Sharafi explains , `` This is why they undermined practical and purely referential discourse because it was seen as banal and not containing anything new , strange or shocking . '' Greek scholars contributed to the definition of metonymy . For example , Isocrates worked to define the difference between poetic language and non-poetic language by saying that , `` Prose writers are handicapped in this regard because their discourse has to conform to the forms and terms used by the citizens and to those arguments which are precise and relevant to the subject - matter . In other words , Isocrates proposes here that metaphor is a distinctive feature of poetic language because it conveys the experience of the world afresh and provides a kind of defamiliarisation in the way the citizens perceive the world . '' Democritus described metonymy by saying , `` Metonymy , that is the fact that words and meaning change . '' Aristotle discussed different definitions of metaphor , regarding one type as what we know to be metonymy today . Latin scholars also had an influence on metonymy . The treatise Rhetorica ad Herennium states metonymy as , `` the figure which draws from an object closely akin or associated an expression suggesting the object meant , but not called by its own name . '' The author describes the process of metonymy to us saying that we first figure out what a word means . We then figure out that word 's relationship with other words . We understand and then call the word by a name that it is associated with . `` Perceived as such then metonymy will be a figure of speech in which there is a process of abstracting a relation of proximity between two words to the extent that one will be used in place of another . '' Cicero viewed metonymy as more of a stylish rhetorical method and described it as being based on words , but motivated by style . Jakobson , structuralism , and realism ( edit ) Metonymy became important in French structuralism through the work of Roman Jakobson . In his 1956 essay `` The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles '' , Jakobson relates metonymy to the linguistic practice of ( syntagmatic ) combination and to the literary practice of realism . He explains : The primacy of the metaphoric process in the literary schools of Romanticism and symbolism has been repeatedly acknowledged , but it is still insufficiently realized that it is the predominance of metonymy which underlies and actually predetermines the so - called ' realistic ' trend , which belongs to an intermediary stage between the decline of Romanticism and the rise of symbolism and is opposed to both . Following the path of contiguous relationships , the realistic author metonymically digresses from the plot to the atmosphere and from the characters to the setting in space and time . He is fond of synecdochic details . In the scene of Anna Karenina 's suicide Tolstoy 's artistic attention is focused on the heroine 's handbag ; and in War and Peace the synecdoches `` hair on the upper lip '' or `` bare shoulders '' are used by the same writer to stand for the female characters to whom these features belong . Jakobson 's theories were important for Claude Lévi - Strauss , Roland Barthes , Jacques Lacan , and others . See also ( edit ) Look up metonymy in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . - onym Antonomasia Deferred reference Eggcorn Eponym Enthymeme Euphemism by comparison Generic trademark Kenning Meronymy Newspeak Pars pro toto Slang Sobriquet Social stereotype Totum pro parte References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` metonymy '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Metonymy - Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . Merriam-webster.com. 2012 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Alfred Hux ; James Mickleborough Greenwood ( 1893 ) . Studies in English Grammar : A Comprehensive Course for Grammar Schools , High Schools , and Academies . New York City : Silver Burdett . p. 222 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Jr. , Raymond W. ( 1999 ) . `` Speaking and Thinking with Metonymy '' , in Pattern and Process : A Whiteheadian Perspective on Linguistics , ed . Klaus - Uwe Panther and Günter Radden . Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing . pp. 61 -- 76 . ISBN 9027223564 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Michael D ( 2013 ) , The Crown and Canadian Federalism , Toronto : Dundurn Press , p. 20 , ISBN 9781459709898 Jump up ^ Dirven , René ; Pörings , Ralf ( 2002 ) . Metaphor and Metonymy in Comparison and Contrast . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 017373 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wilber , Ken ( 2000 ) . Sex , Ecology , Spirituality . Shambhala Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8348 - 2108 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tompkins , Penny ; James Lawley . `` Metonymy and Part - Whole Relationships '' . www.cleanlanguage.co.uk . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Burke , Kenneth . ( 1945 ) A Grammar of Motives . New York : Prentice Hall Inc . pp. 503 -- 09 . ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Harold ( 2003 ) . A Map of Misreading . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516221 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` metalepsis '' . Silva Rhetoricae . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Daniel . `` Rhetorical Tropes '' . Semiotics for Beginners . Aberystwyth University . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Example drawn from Dirven , 1996 Jump up ^ Lakoff and Johnson 1999 , p. 203 Jump up ^ Lakoff and Johnson 1999 , p. 245 Jump up ^ Geeraerts , Dirk ( 2002 ) . `` The interaction of metaphor and metonymy in composite expressions '' . In R. Dirven and R. Pörings . Metaphor and Metonymy in Comparison and Contrast ( PDF ) . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 435 -- 465 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 017373 - 4 . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Al - Sharafi , Abdul Gabbar ( 2004 ) . Textual Metonymy : A Semiotic Approach . Jump up ^ Jakobson , Roman ( 1956 ) . `` The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles '' . In Dirven , René ; Pörings , Ralf . Metaphor and Metonymy in Comparison and Contrast ( revised ed . ) . de Gruyter . pp. 41 -- 48 . ISBN 9783110173741 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Dirven , René ( 2003 ) . `` Metonymy and Metaphor : Different Mental Strategies of Conceptualisation '' . In Dirven , René ; Pörings , Ralf . Metaphor and Metonymy in Comparison and Contrast ( revised ed . ) . de Gruyter . pp. 75 -- 112 . ISBN 9783110173741 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Blank , Andreas ( 1997 ) . Prinzipien des lexikalischen Bedeutungswandels am Beispiel der romanischen Sprachen . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 093160 - 0 . Corbett , Edward P.J. ( 1998 ) ( 1971 ) . Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511542 - 0 . Dirven , René ( 1999 ) . `` Conversion as a Conceptual Metonymy of Event Schemata '' . In K.U. Panther and G. Radden . Metonymy in Language and Thought . John Benjamins Publishing . pp. 275 -- 288 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 272 - 2356 - 2 . Fass , Dan ( 1997 ) . Processing Metonymy and Metaphor . Ablex . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56750 - 231 - 2 . Grzega , Joachim ( 2004 ) . Bezeichnungswandel : Wie , Warum , Wozu ? Ein Beitrag zur englischen und allgemeinen Onomasiologie . Heidelberg : Universitätsverlag Winter ( de ) . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8253 - 5016 - 1 . Lakoff , George ; Johnson , mark ( 1999 ) . Philosophy in the Flesh : The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05674 - 3 . Somov , Georgij Yu. ( 2009 ) . `` Metonymy and its manifestation in visual artworks : Case study of late paintings by Bruegel the Elder '' . Semiotica. 2009 ( 174 ) : 309 -- 66 . doi : 10.1515 / semi. 2009.037 . Smyth , Herbert Weir ( 1920 ) . Greek Grammar . Cambridge MA : Harvard University Press . p. 680 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 36250 - 0 . Warren , Beatrice ( 2006 ) . Referential Metonymy . Publications of the Royal Society of Letters at Lund . Lund , Sweden : Almqvist & Wiksell International . ISBN 978 - 91 - 22 - 02148 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Fass , Dan ( 1988 ) . `` Metonymy and metaphor : what 's the difference ? '' . Proceedings of the 12th conference on Computational linguistics. 1 . pp. 177 -- 81 . ISBN 963 - 8431 - 56 - 3 . doi : 10.3115 / 991635.991671 . Gaines , Charles ( 2003 ) . `` Reconsidering Metaphor / Metonymy : Art and the Suppression of Thought '' ( 64 ) . Jakobson , Roman ( 1995 ) ( 1956 ) . `` Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Disturbances '' . In Linda Waugh and Monique Monville - Burston . On Language . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 63536 - 1 . Lakoff , George ( 1980 ) . Metaphors We Live By . Chicago , IL : The University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 46801 - 1 . Low , Graham . `` An Essay Is a Person '' . In Cameron , Lynne ; Low , Graham . Researching and Applying Metaphor . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 221 -- 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64964 - 3 . Pérez - Sobrino , Paula ( 2014 ) . `` Meaning construction in verbomusical environments : Conceptual disintegration and metonymy '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Pragmatics . Elsevier . 70 : 130 -- 151 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pragma. 2014.06. 008 . Peters , Wim ( 2003 ) . `` Metonymy as a cross-lingual phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the ACL 2003 Workshop on Lexicon and Figurative Language . 14 : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.3115 / 1118975.1118976 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metonymy&oldid=807454605 '' Categories : Rhetorical techniques Literary techniques Semantics Metonymy Tropes by type Hidden categories : Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from December 2013 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 贛 語 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 01 : 47 . 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the idea that concepts are represented by a common instance of the category is called
[ "Metonymy (/mɪˈtɒnɪmi/ mi-TON-i-mee)[1] is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept.[2] The words metonymy and metonym come from the Greek μετωνῠμία, metōnymía, \"a change of name\", from μετά, metá, \"after, beyond\", and -ωνυμία, -ōnymía, a suffix that names figures of speech, from ὄνῠμα, ónyma or ὄνομα, ónoma, \"name\".[3]" ]
[ "Metonymy" ]
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In God We Trust
In God We Trust - wikipedia In God We Trust Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see In God We Trust ( disambiguation ) . `` In God We Trust '' on the back of a United States twenty - dollar bill `` In God We Trust '' is the official motto of the United States . It was adopted as the nation 's motto in 1956 as an alternative or replacement to the unofficial motto of E pluribus unum , which was adopted when the Great Seal of the United States was created and adopted in 1782 . `` In God We Trust '' first appeared on the Two - cent piece in 1864 and has appeared on paper currency since 1957 . A law passed in a Joint Resolution by the 84th Congress ( P.L. 84 - 140 ) and approved by President Dwight Eisenhower on July 30 , 1956 , declared `` In God We Trust '' must appear on American currency . This phrase was first used on paper money in 1957 , when it appeared on the one - dollar silver certificate . The first paper currency bearing the phrase entered circulation on October 1 , 1957 . The 84th Congress later passed legislation ( P.L. 84 - 851 ) , also signed by President Eisenhower on July 30 , 1956 , declaring the phrase to be the national motto . Some groups and people have expressed objections to its use , citing its religious reference that violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment . These groups believe the phrase should be removed from currency and public property . It is also the motto of the U.S. state of Florida . Its Spanish equivalent , En Dios Confiamos , is the motto of the Republic of Nicaragua . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Society and culture 2.1 Pop culture 2.2 License plates 3 Criticism 4 See also 5 Notes and references 6 External links History ( edit ) Salmon P. Chase , Treasury Secretary , scribes `` In God is our Trust , '' scratches out `` is our '' and overwrites `` We '' to arrive at `` In God We Trust '' in a December 9 , 1863 , letter to James Pollock , Director of the Philadelphia Mint . The phrase appears to have originated in `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812 . The fourth stanza includes the phrase , `` And this be our motto : ' In God is our Trust . ' '' This version of the motto made an early appearance on the twenty dollar interest bearing notes issued in 1864 along with the motto `` God and our Right '' . Francis Scott Key 's `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' poem , which soon became `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , includes the phrase `` And this be our motto : In God is our Trust '' in its fourth stanza The Reverend M.R. Watkinson , in a letter dated November 13 , 1861 , petitioned the Treasury Department to add a statement recognizing `` Almighty God in some form in our coins '' in order to `` relieve us from the ignominy of heathenism '' . At least part of the motivation was to declare that God was on the Union side of the Civil War . Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase acted on this proposal and directed the then - Philadelphia Director of the Mint , James Pollock , to begin drawing up possible designs that would include the religious phrase . Chase chose his favorite designs and presented a proposal to Congress for the new designs in late 1863 . As Chase was preparing his recommendation to Congress , it was found that the Act of Congress dated January 18 , 1837 prescribed the mottoes and devices that should be placed upon the coins of the United States . This meant that the mint could make no changes without the enactment of additional legislation by the Congress . Such legislation was introduced and passed on April 22 , 1864 , allowing the Secretary of the Treasury to authorize the inclusion of the phrase on one - cent and two - cent coins . An Act of Congress passed on March 3 , 1865 , allowed the Mint Director , with the Secretary 's approval , to place the motto on all gold and silver coins that `` shall admit the inscription thereon '' . In 1873 , Congress passed the Coinage Act , granting that the Secretary of the Treasury `` may cause the motto IN GOD WE TRUST to be inscribed on such coins as shall admit of such motto '' . The use of `` In God We Trust '' has been interrupted . The motto disappeared from the five - cent coin in 1883 , and did not reappear until production of the Jefferson nickel began in 1938 . However , at least two other coins minted in every year in the interim still bore the motto , including the Morgan dollar and the Seated Liberty half dollar . In 1908 , Congress made it mandatory that the phrase be printed on all coins upon which it had previously appeared . This decision was motivated after a public outcry following the release of a $20 coin which did not bear the motto . The motto has been in continuous use on the one - cent coin since 1909 , and on the ten - cent coin since 1916 . It also has appeared on all gold coins and silver dollar coins , half - dollar coins , and quarter - dollar coins struck since July 1 , 1908 . Since 1938 , all US coins have borne the motto . A quarter dollar with the United States ' official motto `` In God We Trust '' on the obverse side During the Cold War era , the government of the United States sought to distinguish itself from the Soviet Union , which promoted state atheism and thus implemented antireligious legislation . The 84th Congress passed a joint resolution `` declaring IN GOD WE TRUST the national motto of the United States '' . The law was signed by President Eisenhower on July 30 , 1956 . The United States Code at 36 U.S.C. § 302 , now states : `` ' In God we trust ' is the national motto . '' The same day , the President signed into law a requirement that `` In God We Trust '' be printed on all U.S. currency and coins . On paper currency , it first appeared on the silver certificate in 1957 , followed by other certificates . Federal Reserve Notes and United States Notes were circulated with the motto starting from 1964 to 1966 , depending on the denomination . ( Of these , only Federal Reserve Notes are still circulated . ) Representative Charles Edward Bennett of Florida cited the Cold War when he introduced the bill in the House , saying `` In these days when imperialistic and materialistic communism seeks to attack and destroy freedom , we should continually look for ways to strengthen the foundations of our freedom '' . A framed poster displaying the national motto of the United States in a New Philadelphia High School classroom In 2006 , on the 50th anniversary of its adoption , the Senate reaffirmed `` In God We Trust '' as the official national motto of the United States of America . In 2011 the House of Representatives passed an additional resolution reaffirming `` In God We Trust '' as the official motto of the United States , in a 396 -- 9 vote . According to a 2003 joint poll by USA Today , CNN , and Gallup , 90 % of Americans support the inscription `` In God We Trust '' on U.S. coins . The phrase has been incorporated in many hymns and religio - patriotic songs . During the American Civil War , the 125th Pennsylvania Infantry for the Union Army assumed the motto `` In God we trust '' in early August 1862 . In Judaism and Christianity , the official motto `` In God We Trust '' resounds with several verses from the Bible , including Psalm 118 : 8 , Psalm 40 : 3 , Psalm 73 : 28 , and Proverbs 29 : 25 . In Islam the word for the concept of reliance on God is called Tawakkul ; the phrase `` In God We Trust '' is found in two places of the Koran , in Surah 10 Yunus , as well as Surah 7 Al - A'raf , although several other verses reinforce this concept . Melkote Ramaswamy , a Hindu American scholar , writes that the presence of the phrase `` In God We Trust '' on American currency is a reminder that `` there is God everywhere , whether we are conscious or not . '' After the September 11 attacks in 2001 , many public schools across the United States posted `` In God We Trust '' framed posters in their `` libraries , cafeterias and classrooms '' . The American Family Association supplied several 11 - by - 14 - inch posters to school systems and vowed to defend any legal challenges to the displaying of the posters . Society and culture ( edit ) Pop culture ( edit ) An e-mail conspiracy theory is that `` In God We Trust '' was intentionally omitted from new U.S. dollar coins in 2007 . The first coins produced under the Presidential $1 Coin Program did indeed lack the `` In God We Trust '' inscription along their edges ( along with the `` E Pluribus Unum '' inscription , the year of production , and the mint mark ; these coins , unlike normal dollar coins , had completely blank edges ) , but these coins , known as `` godless dollars '' , were the result of a minting error , not a deliberate omission . Marty Feldman 's satirical comedy In God We Tru $ t ( 1980 ) . The film They Live plays on the idea . Special sunglasses allow the wearers to see simple hidden messages instead of the signs they see without them . Advertising is seen as `` OBEY '' , `` CONSUME '' and `` MARRY AND REPRODUCE '' . Dollar bills are all marked `` THIS IS YOUR GOD '' . License plates ( edit ) ' In God We Trust ' optional license plate designed by Troy Wingard for the South Carolina Department of Public Safety in 2002 As of April 1 , 2016 the following U.S. states currently offer an `` In God We Trust '' license plate as a speciality plate for an additional normal vehicle registration processing which vary from state to state : Alaska , Arizona , Arkansas , Florida , Indiana , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , North Carolina , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , Tennessee , Utah , Virginia , West Virginia , and Wisconsin . Florida ( Which also offers a speciality plate ) and Georgia which both display the county of issuance on their License Plate offer the option of `` In God We Trust '' in place of the County Name . Criticism ( edit ) Advocates of separation of church and state have questioned the legality of this motto , asserting that it is a violation of the United States Constitution , prohibiting the government from passing any law respecting the establishment of religion . Religious accommodationists state that this entrenched practice has not historically presented any constitutional difficulty , is not coercive , and does not prefer one religious denomination over another . `` In God We Trust '' as a national motto and on U.S. currency has been the subject of numerous unsuccessful lawsuits . The motto was first challenged in Aronow v. United States in 1970 , but the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled : `` It is quite obvious that the national motto and the slogan on coinage and currency ' In God We Trust ' has nothing whatsoever to do with the establishment of religion . Its use is of patriotic or ceremonial character and bears no true resemblance to a governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise . '' The decision was cited in Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , a 2004 case on the Pledge of Allegiance . These acts of `` ceremonial deism '' are `` protected from Establishment Clause scrutiny chiefly because they have lost through rote repetition any significant religious content '' . In Zorach v. Clauson ( 1952 ) , the Supreme Court also held that the nation 's `` institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' and that government recognition of God does not constitute the establishment of a state church as the Constitution 's authors intended to prohibit . Aside from constitutional objections , President Theodore Roosevelt took issue with using the motto on coinage as he considered using God 's name on money to be sacrilege . See also ( edit ) God Save the Queen May God have mercy upon your soul So help me God Gott mit uns Deus seja louvado Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Annual report -- American Civil Liberties Union , Volume 5 . American Civil Liberties Union . 1951 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . In 1956 , an official national motto was adopted , `` In God We Trust , '' replacing the unofficial `` E Pluribus Unum . '' Jump up ^ Refiguring Mass Communication : A History . University of Illinois Press . 24 March 2010 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . He held high the Declaration of Independence , the Constitution , and the nation 's unofficial motto , e pluribus unum , even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of the Treasury ( 2011 ) . `` History of ' In God We Trust ' '' . www.treasury.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ 12 Mar 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Atheist in battle to remove ' In God We Trust ' from US currency '' . London : Telegraph . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ As shown on the Córdoba ( bank notes and coins ) ; see for example Banco Central de Nicaragua Archived 2012 - 05 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chase , Salmon P ( December 9 , 1863 ) . Letter to James Pollock . Document # RG 104_UD 87 - A_Folder In God We Trust 1861_Part1 . National Archives and Records Administration . p. 11 . Jump up ^ United States ( 1897 ) . Congressional Serial Set . US : Government Printing Office , p. 260 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of ' In God We Trust ' '' . treasury.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Ann W. ( 2008 ) . Religion , Rhetoric , and Ritual in the U.S. Government , '' Church - state Issues in America Today . Westport CT : Greenwood Publishing Group , pp. 77 . Jump up ^ Congressional Record , 1956 , p. 13917 , via NonBeliever.org Jump up ^ `` 10 Interesting Facts About Theodore Roosevelt '' . Republicanpresidents.net . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Merriman , Scott A. Religion and the Law in America : An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief and Public Policy . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO , 2007 . Print . `` In 1956 , the United States , changed its motto to `` In God We Trust , '' in large part to differentiate itself from the Soviet Union , its Cold War enemy that was widely seen as promoting atheism . '' Jump up ^ Public Law 84 - 851 Jump up ^ Public Law 84 - 140 Jump up ^ Steven B. Epstein , `` Rethinking the Constitutionality of Ceremonial Deism '' Columbia Law Review , Vol. 96 , No. 8 . ( Dec. , 1996 ) , p. 2083 -- 2174 , quoting the peroration ( abridged here ) of the speech by Charles Edward Bennett , sponsor in the House , the only speech in either House of Congress on the subject . President Eisenhower and W. Randolph Burgess , Deputy to the Treasury for Monetary Affairs , had approved of the legislation ! 101 Congressional Record pp. 4384 ( quoted ) , 7796 . ( 1955 ) Jump up ^ `` The legislation placing `` In God We Trust '' on national currency US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives `` . history.house.gov. 1955 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Felicia Sonmez ( 1 November 2011 ) . `` Social issues return to fore with ' In God We Trust ' resolution '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . In 2006 , on the 50th anniversary of its adoption , the Senate reaffirmed ' In God We Trust ' as the official national motto of the United States , '' Forbes said in a statement announcing the vote . `` Tomorrow , the House of Representatives will have the same opportunity to reaffirm our national motto and directly confront a disturbing trend of inaccuracies and omissions , misunderstandings of church and state , rogue court challenges , and efforts to remove God from the public domain by unelected bureaucrats . Jump up ^ Jennifer Steinhauer ( 3 November 2011 ) . `` In God We Trust , With the House 's Help '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Citing a crisis of national identity and mass confusion among Americans about their nation 's motto , the House on Tuesday voted on a resolution `` reaffirming ' In God We Trust ' as the official motto of the United States . '' Jump up ^ Todd Starnes ( 3 November 2011 ) . `` See Which Congressmen Voted Against ' In God We Trust ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . The House of Representatives passed a bi-partisan resolution Tuesday night reaffirming `` In God We Trust '' as the official motto of the United States . The 396 -- 9 vote came at the request of Rep. Randy Forbes ( R - VA ) . Jump up ^ `` USA TODAY / CNN / Gallup Poll results '' . USA Today . 2011 . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . C. The inscription `` In God We Trust '' on U.S. coins ; 2003 Sep 19 -- 21 ; Approve 90 ; Disapprove 8 ; No opinion 2 Jump up ^ The Regimental Committee , 125th PA Volunteers , 1862 -- 1863 ( 2009 ) . Regimental History . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Library . pp. 150 -- 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 112 - 13570 - 5 . Jump up ^ Alexander , ted ( 2011 ) . The Battle of Antietam . Charleston , SC : The History Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60949 - 179 - 6 . Jump up ^ 125th PA Vol . Infantry : IN GOD WE TRUST . YouTube . 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` In God We Trust : The Motto '' . All About History . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Verses including the word Putting One 's Trust in Allah ( Tawakkul ) '' . Quran Index . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ramaswamy , Melkote ( 2012 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Faith / Values Indianapolis Star '' . indystar.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com -- ' In God We Trust ' pressed for schools '' . usatoday.com. 19 February 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Change '' , Snopes , http://www.snopes.com/politics/religion/dollarcoin.asp Jump up ^ David S Morgan ( 2007 - 03 - 07 ) . `` '' Godless '' Dollar Coins Slip Through Mint `` . CBS News . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Associated Press : Dollar Coins Missing ' In God We Trust ' , By David S Morgan , ( Mar. 7 , 2007 ) , CBS News Archived March 19 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Empire of the Sunglasses : How ' They Live ' Took on Republicans and Won '' , by Joshua Rothkopf , Rolling Stone ^ Jump up to : Richard H. Fallon ( 2004 ) . The Dynamic Constitution : an Introduction to Americans Constitutional Law . Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60078 - 1 . `` Strict separationists '' believe that the government has no business supporting religious beliefs or institutions in any way -- for example , by providing tax breaks to churches , assisting parochial schools , including prayers or benedictions in public ceremonies , or inscribing `` In God We Trust '' on the currency . Religious accommodationists can well explain why certain entrenched social practices ( such as the inscription of `` In God We Trust '' on the currency ) were not historically perceived as presenting constitutional difficulties : The relevant practices are not coercive and do not prefer one narrow sect over another . Jump up ^ Markoe , Lauren ( 2014 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Atheists Lose Latest Battle To Remove ' In God We Trust ' From U.S. Currency '' . huffingtonpost.com . Religion News Service . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Aronow , 432 F. 2d at 243 . Jump up ^ LYNCH v. DONNELLY , 465 U.S. 668 ( 1984 ) U.S. Supreme Court Jump up ^ ABA Journal Sep 1962 . Much more recently , in 1952 , speaking through Mr. Justice Douglas in Zorach v. Clauson , 343 U.S. 306 , 313 , the Supreme Court repeated the same sentiments , saying : We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being . Mr. Justice Brewer in the Holy Trinity case , supra , mentioned many of these evidences of religion , and Mr. Justice Douglas in the Zorach case referred to ... ( P ) rayers in our legislative halls ; the appeals to the Almighty in the messages of the Chief Executive ; the proclamation making Thanksgiving Day a holiday ; `` So help me God '' in our courtroom oaths -- these and ... other references to the Almighty ... run through our laws , our public rituals , our ceremonies ... the supplication with which the Court opens each session : `` God save the United States and this Honorable Court '' ( 312 -- 313 ) . To this list may be added tax exemption of churches , chaplaincies in the armed forces , the `` Pray for Peace '' postmark , the widespread observance of Christmas holidays , and , in classrooms , singing the fourth stanza of America which is prayer invoking the protection of God , and the words `` in God is our trust '' as found in the National Anthem , and the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag , modified by an Act of Congress of June 14 , 1954 , to include the words `` under God '' . Jump up ^ `` ROOSEVELT DROPPED ' IN GOD WE TRUST ' ; President Says Such a Motto on Coin Is Irreverence , Close to Sacrilege . NO LAW COMMANDS ITS USE He Trusts Congress Will Not Direct Him to Replace the Exalted Phrase That Invited Constant Levity '' . The New York Times . November 14 , 1907 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to In God We Trust . Final answer ? Not quite as star gets second chance to play for a million -- article in The Guardian about a disputed quiz question about the motto of the United States . Local documentary on origin of phrase United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Numismatics portal Religion portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_God_We_Trust&oldid=807061270 '' Categories : English phrases National mottos State mottos of the United States Symbols of Florida National symbols of the United States Symbols of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Words coined in the 1810s The Star - Spangled Banner Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 17 : 13 . 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when did we add in god we trust
[ "\"In God We Trust\" is the official motto of the United States. It was adopted as the nation's motto in 1956 as an alternative or replacement to the unofficial motto of E pluribus unum, which was adopted when the Great Seal of the United States was created and adopted in 1782.[1][2]" ]
[ "1956" ]
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The Great British Bake Off (series 2)
The Great British bake Off ( series 2 ) - wikipedia The Great British bake Off ( series 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Great British Bake Off ( series 2 ) Starring Mel Giedroyc Sue Perkins Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 8 Release Original network BBC Two Original release 14 August ( 2011 - 08 - 14 ) -- 4 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 04 ) Series chronology ← Previous Series 1 Next → Series 3 The second series of The Great British Bake Off started 14 August 2011 with twelve amateur bakers . Unlike series one , the competition was held in a single location -- in the ground of Valentines Mansion , a 17th - century mansion house in Redbridge . In addition to their on - screen presenting roles , Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins also took over the narration of the show , which had been done by Stephen Noonan the previous series . Series two also introduced the `` star baker '' award for the most impressive performer each week . Three and a half thousand people applied for the competition , and 12 were selected . Each episode was filmed over two 14 - hour days . The competition was won by Joanne Wheatley . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Bakers 2 Results summary 3 Episodes 3.1 Episode 1 : Cakes 3.2 Episode 2 : Tarts 3.3 Episode 3 : Bread 3.4 Episode 4 : Biscuits 3.5 Episode 5 : Pies 3.6 Episode 6 : Desserts 3.7 Episode 7 : Pâtisserie ( Semi-Final ) 3.8 Episode 8 : Final 3.9 Extras and special episodes 4 Post-show career 5 Ratings 5.1 Specials 6 References The Bakers ( edit ) Baker Age Occupation Hometown Ben Frazer 31 Graphic Designer Northampton Holly Bell 31 Advertising executive Leicester Ian Vallance 40 Fundraiser for English Heritage Dunstable , Bedfordshire Janet Basu 63 Teacher of Modern Languages Formby , Liverpool Jason White 19 Civil Engineering Student Croydon Joanne Wheatley 41 Housewife Ongar , Essex Keith Batsford 31 House husband Arlesey , Bedfordshire Mary - Anne Boermans 45 Housewife Kidderminster , Worcestershire Robert Billington 25 Photographer London Simon Blackwell 31 Rugby Coach Norfolk Urvashi Roe 40 Head of Marketing Enfield , London Yasmin Limbert 43 Childminder West Kirby , The Wirral Results summary ( edit ) Elimination chart Baker 5 6 7 8 Jo SB WINNER Holly SB SB Runner Up Mary - Anne Runner Up Janet SB OUT Yasmin SB OUT Jason SB SB OUT Robert OUT Ben OUT Ian OUT Urvashi OUT Simon OUT Keith OUT There was no Star Baker this week , as Paul and Mary felt it would n't be right to single out one baker when the results were incredibly close . Colour key : -- Baker got through to the next round -- Baker was eliminated -- Baker was one of the judges ' least favourite bakers that week , but was not eliminated . -- Baker was the Star Baker -- Baker was one of the judges ' favourite bakers that week , but did not win star baker -- Baker was the series runner - up -- Baker was the series winner Episodes ( edit ) Baker eliminated Star Baker Winner Episode 1 : cakes ( edit ) For their very first challenge , the bakers were asked to bake 24 cupcakes in 2 hours . They are allowed to make 2 different types of cupcakes . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake a Coffee and Walnut Battenburg cake using Mary Berry 's recipe . The cake needs to have the perfect sponge which holds its form ( perfect symmetry ) , distinguish flavors , and a smooth exterior . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake a chocolate tiered celebration cake with elaborate , multi-layer design . Baker Signature ( 24 Cupcakes ) Technical ( Coffee and Walnut Battenberg ) Showstopper ( Chocolate Tiered Cake ) Ben Rhubarb and Custard Cupcakes After Dinner Cupcakes 2nd Vanilla Sponge with White Chocolate and Raspberry Buttercream Holly Cherry Bakewell Inspired Cupcakes Ginger Cupcakes with Fig Truffle 1st UNKNOWN Ian Apple and Cinnamon Cupcakes 10th UNKNOWN Janet Raspberry and Cream Cupcakes 8th Chocolate Marble Cake with Dark and White Chocolate Truffles Jason Lemon Meringue Cupcakes Apple and Cinnamon Cupcakes 6th UNKNOWN Jo Chocolate Orange Cupcakes Orange and Cardamom Cupcakes 11th Chocolate and Strawberry Cake Keith Earl Grey Cupcakes 12th Chocolate and Sour Cream Cake Mary - Anne Banoffee Cupcakes 4th Chocolate and Raspberry Opera cake Robert Blackberry and Vanilla Cupcakes with Liquorice Frosting 3rd Genoise Layered Mousse Cake with Chocolate Ganache Simon Guinness and Chocolate Cupcakes 9th Two - Tiered Chocolate Courgette Cake Urvashi Cherry Blossom Cupcakes Japanese Lime Cupcakes 7th UNKNOWN Yasmin Cardamom and Pomegranate Cupcakes 5th UNKNOWN Episode 2 : tarts ( edit ) For the signature bake , the bakers were asked to bake a savory Quiche in 2 hours . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake a Tarte au Citron using Mary 's recipe in 1 1 / 2 hours . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake 24 miniature sweet tarts . Baker Signature ( Quiche ) Technical ( Tarte au Citron ) Showstopper ( 24 Miniature Sweet Tarts ) Ben Chorizo , Pepper and Gruyere Quiche 1st Lemon Meringue Tarts Holly Pesto Quiche 4th Milk Chocolate and Pistachio Tarts Trifle Tarts Ian Stilton , Spinach and New Potato Quiche with Paprika and Walnut Pastry 2nd UNKNOWN Janet Quiche Printanière 8th Red Fruit Tarts Chocolate and Cherry Tarts Jason Salmon and Pak Choi Quiche 3rd Mint Chocolate Tarts Blueberry Bakewell Tarts Jo Caramelised Onion , Gruyere and Thyme Quiche 10th Raspberry and Mascarpone Tarts with Lemon and Almond Pastry Honey and Almond Tarts with Sweetcrust Mary - Anne Roasted Cauliflower , Cheese and Caramelised Onion Quiche 9th Butterscotch Brulée Tarts in Pecan Pastry Apple Rose Tarts Robert Smoked Bacon and Kale Quiche 5th Chocolate , Fennel and Ginger Tart Almond , Creme Patissiere and Poached Pear Tart Simon Smoked Haddock and Watercress Quiche 11th Passion Fruit and Ricotta Tarts Salted Chocolate , Stem Ginger and Mascarpone Cream Tarts Urvashi Crab , Coriander and Coconut Quiche 7th Strawberry and Basil Tarts Elderflower and Honeycomb Tarts Yasmin Smoked Haddock and Watercress Quiche 6th Chocolate and Orange with Cinnamon - Orange Pastry Tarts Blueberry and Hazelnut with Hazelnut Pastry Tarts Episode 3 : bread ( edit ) For their signature bake , the bakers were asked to bake a free formed flavored loaf ( not using a tin ) . For the technical challenge , the bakers were given 3 1 / 2 hours to bake a Focaccia , using Paul 's recipe . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake 2 displays . One display is to make a basket out of bread . The second display is to make 12 sweet and 12 savory rolls . They had 5 hours . Baker Signature ( Free Form Loaf ) Technical ( Focaccia ) Showstopper ( 12 sweet and 12 savoury rolls ) Ben Walnut , Raisin and Rosemary Loaf 3rd UNKNOWN Holly Picnic Loaf 6th Stilton and Walnut Rolls Ian Courgette , Caerphilly Cheese and Thyme Loaf 10th Walnut and Raisin Rolls Cracked Wheat Logs Janet Zupfe Loaf with Gruyère Cheese 8th Apple and Walnut Granary Rolls Red Onion Cottage Rolls Jason Cheese and Onion Tear and Share Loaf 7th UNKNOWN Jo Stromboli flavored with Mozzarella , Ham , and Picante Pepper 1st UNKNOWN Mary - Anne Ploughman 's Loaf 5th Herb and Walnut Breads Chocolate and Chilli Buns Robert Rye and Coriander Seed Loaf 4th Blueberry Brioche Rolls Lemon and Poppy Seed Rolls Urvashi Salt and Peppercorn Loaf 9th Chilli and Halloumi Rolls Lemon and Coriander Mini Loaves Yasmin Egyptian Dukkah Loaf with Mixed Spices 2nd Pesto Bread Sweet Coconut Rolls In this episode , two bakers were eliminated rather than one baker . Episode 4 : biscuits ( edit ) For the signature bake , the bakers were give 1 1 / 2 hours to make 12 biscuits . The biscuits should not be too hard or too crumbly . For the technical challenge , the bakers were given 1 1 / 2 hours to bake 24 brandy snaps . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake a macaron display . They need 3 different flavors , bake 120 of them , and had 5 hours to complete it . Baker Signature ( 12 Biscuits ) Technical ( 24 Brandy Snaps ) Showstopper ( Macarons ) Ben Stem Ginger Nuts 5th Chocolate and Almond Macarons Pine Nut Macarons Pistachio Macarons Holly Strawberry and Custard Melts 3rd ' Chocolate bars of my youth ' ( Caramel Macarons , Mint Chocolate Macarons and Chocolate Orange Macarons ) Janet Christmas Marzipan Biscuits 4th Raspberry Macarons Blackcurrant Macarons Almond Macarons Jason Lebkuchen 1st Mocktail Macarons ( Mojito , Cranberry Cooler , and Pina Colada ) Jo Lavender Biscuits 8th Blueberry Macarons Coconut Macarons Strawberry Macarons Mary - Anne Melting Moments 2nd Blackcurrant and Mint Macarons Gooseberry and Elderflower Macarons Hazelnut Macarons Robert Chocolate and Ginger Oat Biscuits 7th Strawberry and Lime Macarons Lemon Macarons Chocolate and Cardamom Macarons Yasmin Chocolate Chip and Pistachio Biscotti 6th Chocolate and Lime Macarons Coffee and Walnut Macarons Pineapple and Coconut Macarons In this episode , two bakers were Star Bakers rather than one baker . Episode 5 : pies ( edit ) For the signature , the bakers were asked to bake a family pie with either a ruff puff pastry or flaky pastry in 2 1 / 2 hours . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake a batch of 6 miniature pork pies in 2 1 / 2 hours using Paul 's recipe . The technical was a 2 day bake challenge , so the bakers were judged the next day . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake a meringue pie -- a fruit and / or custard pie topped with meringue . Baker Signature ( Family Pie ) Technical ( 6 Miniature Pork Pie ) Showstopper ( Meringue Pie ) Holly Stilton , Potato and Caramelised Onion Pie 4th Lime Meringue Pie Janet Chicken and Chestnut Pie 1st Rhubarb Meringue Pie Jason Brown Down Chicken Pie 7th Plum Meringue Pie Jo Salmon and Asparagus Pie 6th Apple and Raspberry Meringue Pie Mary - Anne Chicken and Bacon Pie 2nd Midnight Meringue Robert Chicken and Mushroom Pie 3rd Rhubarb and Custard Meringue Pie Yasmin Family Fish Pie 5th Peach and Raspberry Meringue Pie Once again , in this episode , two bakers were eliminated instead of one baker . Episode 6 : desserts ( edit ) For the signature bake , the bakers were asked to bake a cheesecake in 2 1 / 2 hours . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake a chocolate roulade in 1 3 / 4 hours using Mary 's recipe . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake Croquembouche inspired bake in 5 hours . Baker Signature ( Baked Cheesecake ) Technical ( Chocolate Roulade ) Showstopper ( Croquembouche ) Holly Father Christmas ' Baked Cheesecake 3rd Hansel and Gretel 's Croquembouche Janet Rhubarb and Ginger Baked Cheesecake 5th Orange and Nougatine Croquembouche Jo Rum and Raisin Baked Cheesecake 1st Limoncello and White Chocolate Croquembouche Mary - Anne Tutti Fruitti Curd Baked Cheesecake 4th Orange and Praline Croquembouche with Cardamom Caramel Yasmin Baked Amaretto Cheesecake 2nd Rose Croquembouche Episode 7 : pâtisserie ( semi-final ) ( edit ) For the signature bake , the semi finalists were asked to bake a layered mousse cake in 2 hours , with the judges seeking a light sponge and a rich mousse . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake 12 identical Iced Fingers . Using Paul 's recipe , they were to be filled with cream and jam . For the showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake 3 types of pastries . The bakers had to use the same dough - which must be crisp on the outside and soft on the inside - for all three . Baker Signature ( Layered Mousse Cake ) Technical ( 12 Iced Fingers ) Showstopper ( 3 Different Types of Pastries or Croissants ) Holly White Chocolate , Hazelnut and Raspberry Genoise Mousse Cake 1st Apricot , Macadamia and White Chocolate Pinwheels Almond Croissants Apple , Raisin and Cinnamon Plaits Janet Chocolate Amaretto Mousse Cake 4th Pain Aux Raisin Plain Croissant Pain Au Chocolat Jo Raspberry & Strawberry Mousse Cake 3rd Pain Aux Raisin Chocolate Twists Banana and Raisin Pastries Mary - Anne Chocolate and Orange Mousse Cake 2nd Raspberry Rose Danishes Praline Spirals Alsatian Plaited Danishes In this episode , none of the bakers were individually highlighted as Star Baker . Episode 8 : final ( edit ) For their final signature bake , the finalists were asked to bake 12 mille - feuille in 2 1 / 2 hours . For the technical challenge , the bakers were asked to bake a sachertorte in 2 hours and 40 minutes . For their final showstopper , the bakers were asked to bake 3 different types of petits fours : Meringue , Sweet Pastry , and Sponge Based , within 4 hours . Baker Signature ( 12 Mille - Feuille ) Technical ( Sachertorte ) Showstopper ( Petits Fours ) Holly Banoffee Inspired Mille Feuille 2nd Strawberry and Cream Meringue Nest Gooseberry and Elderflower ' Bakewell ' Tarts Neapolitan Ice - Cream Sandwich Jo Raspberry and Blueberry Mille Feuille 1st Mini Victoria Sandwiches Raspberry , White Chocolate and Pistachio Mini Meringues Mini Banoffee Pie with Banana Mousse Mary - Anne Lemon and Ginger Mille Feuille 3rd Fruit Tarts with Elderflower Custard Strawberry and Rhubarb Cheesecakes Black Fruit Meringue with Everlasting Syllabub Extras and special episodes ( edit ) Both episodes 9 and 10 were Masterclasses by Paul and Mary where they demonstrated how to make the Technical Challenges that they had set throughout the series . Episode 9 showed the first four of the series ; Coffee and walnut Battenberg , Tarte au Citron , Focaccia and Brandy Snaps . Episode 10 showed the last four of the series ; Pork pies , Chocolate roulade , Iced fingers and Sachertorte . Episode 11 went back and revisited the bakers from Series 1 to catch up on what the contestants had been doing since they had been on the show . Post-show career ( edit ) Some of the contestants went on to a career in baking or have a change of career as a result of appearing on the show . Joanne Wheatley has written two best selling books on baking , A Passion for Baking published on 16 May 2013 , and Home Baking initially as a Sainsbury 's exclusive . She writes a monthly column for Sainsbury 's magazine and is a regular guest columnist for The Sun newspaper . She runs cookery courses from her home in Essex , and has appeared in various television shows such as The Alan Titchmarsh Show and What 's Cooking . Holly Bell teaches baking classes and for a time worked as an occasional radio presenter on BBC Radio Leicester . She also appeared as a guest presenter on QVC shopping channel . She wrote an eBook called Ready , Steady , Bake ! which was published on 5 July 2012 , and published a book Recipes from a Normal Mum on 17 July 2014 . Mary - Anne Boermans wrote a book on baking , Great British Bakes : Forgotten Treasures for Modern Bakers , which was published on 7 November 2013 . Ratings ( edit ) Official episode viewing figures are from BARB . Episode no . Airdate Viewers ( millions ) BBC Two weekly ranking 16 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 16 ) 3.10 23 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 23 ) 3.53 30 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 30 ) 3.82 6 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 06 ) 3.60 5 13 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 13 ) 3.83 6 20 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 20 ) 4.25 7 27 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 27 ) 4.42 8 4 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 04 ) 5.06 Specials ( edit ) Episode no . Airdate Viewers ( millions ) BBC Two weekly ranking The Great British Bake Off Masterclass 6 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 06 ) 2.32 6 13 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) 2.14 9 The Great British Bake Off Revisited 20 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Liz Thomas ( 5 October 2011 ) . `` Young grandmother who honed cooking skills making cakes for sons crowned Great British Bake - Off winner '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Valentines Mansion proves to be the perfect setting for TV show '' . Redbridge i . 16 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Edd Kimber and Jo Wheatley : Great British Bake Off changed our lives '' . Metro. 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Liz Thomas ( 5 October 2011 ) . `` Young grandmother who honed cooking skills making cakes for sons crowned Great British Bake - Off winner '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Home Baking ( Sainsbury 's Exclusive ) '' . Sainsbury . Archived from the original on 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sainsbury 's Magazine - February content '' . Exact Editions Ltd . Jump up ^ `` Jo 's Blue AGA '' . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off Winner Jo Wheatley Interview '' . Mojo Mums . Jump up ^ Jess Denham ( 7 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off 2014 : What past winners are doing now from Edd Kimber to last year 's Frances Quinn '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` An interview with Holly Bell '' . Food Heaven . 10 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Holly Bell '' . Good Food Bakes and Cakes Show . Jump up ^ `` Kindle Baking Book Bargain ! ! '' . Me , Bookshelf and I . Jump up ^ Carolyn Hart ( 17 July 2014 ) , `` Cookbook of the week : Recipes from a Normal Mum '' , The Daily Telegraph Jump up ^ Samuel Muston ( 25 July 2013 ) . `` On The Menu : Lardo London ; Stolichnya ' Salted Karamel vodka ; Mary - Anne Boermans ' Great British Bakes ; EatPlayLove2013 ; Perrier '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . ( hide ) The Great British Bake Off Series 5 6 7 8 Winners Edd Kimber Joanne Wheatley John Whaite Frances Quinn Nancy Birtwhistle Nadiya Hussain Candice Brown Sophie Faldo Other contestants James Morton Glenn Cosby Ali Imdad Beca Lyne - Pirkis Ruby Tandoh Martha Collison Related topics List of Star Bakers Junior Bake Off The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice Bake Off : The Professionals International versions Argentina Australia Brazil Canada France Ireland United States 2013 2015 - present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off_(series_2)&oldid=839949279 '' Categories : The Great British Bake Off British cooking television programmes BBC Television programmes 2011 British television seasons English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2015 Use British English from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 19 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who won the second series of the great british bake off
[ "Three and a half thousand people applied for the competition, and 12 were selected. Each episode was filmed over two 14-hour days.[3] The competition was won by Joanne Wheatley.[4]" ]
[ "Joanne Wheatley" ]
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Great Pyramid of Giza
Great pyramid of Giza - wikipedia Great pyramid of Giza Jump to : navigation , search The Great Pyramid of Giza Owner Khufu Location Giza pyramid complex , Giza , Egypt Coordinates 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E  /  29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E  / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 Coordinates : 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E  /  29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E  / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 Ancient name Khufu 's Horizon Architect Hemiunu Constructed c. 2580 -- 2560 BC ( 4th dynasty ) Type True pyramid Height 146.7 metres ( 481 ft ) or 280 cubits ( ancient ) 138.8 metres ( 455 ft ) ( contemporary ) Base 230.34 metres ( 756 ft ) or 440 cubits Volume 2,583,283 cubic metres ( 91,227,778 cu ft ) Slope 51 ° 52 ' ± 2 ' UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : ( i ) , ( iii ) , ( vi ) Reference 86 - 002 Inscription 1979 ( 3rd Session ) Location of Great Pyramid of Giza Related media on Wikimedia Commons ( edit on Wikidata ) The Great Pyramid of Giza ( also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops ) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza , Egypt . It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , and the only one to remain largely intact . Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu , Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 to 20 - year period concluding around 2560 BC . Initially at 146.5 metres ( 481 feet ) , the Great Pyramid was the tallest man - made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years . Originally , the Great Pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface ; what is seen today is the underlying core structure . Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base . There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid 's construction techniques . Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place . There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid . The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished . The so - called Queen 's Chamber and King 's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure . The main part of the Giza complex is a setting of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu ( one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile ) , three smaller pyramids for Khufu 's wives , an even smaller `` satellite '' pyramid , a raised causeway connecting the two temples , and small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles . Transparent view of Khufu 's pyramid from SE . Taken from a 3d model Contents ( hide ) 1 History and description 2 Materials 2.1 Casing stones 2.2 Construction theories 3 Interior 3.1 Queen 's Chamber 3.2 Grand Gallery 3.3 King 's Chamber 3.4 Modern entrance 4 Pyramid complex 5 Boats 6 Looting 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History and description Timeline and map of the Great Pyramid of Giza and the other Wonders of the Ancient World It is believed the pyramid was built as a tomb for Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu ( often Hellenicised as `` Cheops '' ) and was constructed over a 20 - year period . Khufu 's vizier , Hemiunu ( also called Hemon ) , is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid . It is thought that , at construction , the Great Pyramid was originally 280 Egyptian cubits tall ( 146.5 metres ( 480.6 ft ) ) , but with erosion and absence of its pyramidion , its present height is 138.8 metres ( 455.4 ft ) . Each base side was 440 cubits , 230.4 metres ( 755.9 ft ) long . The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes . The volume , including an internal hillock , is roughly 2,500,000 cubic metres ( 88,000,000 cu ft ) . Based on these estimates , building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 800 tonnes of stone every day . Additionally , since it consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks , completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour , day and night . The first precision measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880 -- 82 and published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Almost all reports are based on his measurements . Many of the casing stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with extremely high precision . Based on measurements taken on the northeastern casing stones , the mean opening of the joints is only 0.5 millimetre wide ( 1 / 50 of an inch ) . Great Pyramid of Giza from a 19th - century stereopticon card photo The pyramid remained the tallest man - made structure in the world for over 3,800 years , unsurpassed until the 160 - metre - tall ( 520 ft ) spire of Lincoln Cathedral was completed c. 1300 . The accuracy of the pyramid 's workmanship is such that the four sides of the base have an average error of only 58 millimetres in length . The base is horizontal and flat to within ± 15 mm ( 0.6 in ) . The sides of the square base are closely aligned to the four cardinal compass points ( within four minutes of arc ) based on true north , not magnetic north , and the finished base was squared to a mean corner error of only 12 seconds of arc . The completed design dimensions , as suggested by Petrie 's survey and subsequent studies , are estimated to have originally been 280 royal cubits high by 440 cubits long at each of the four sides of its base . The ratio of the perimeter to height of 1760 / 280 royal cubits equates to 2 π to an accuracy of better than 0.05 % ( corresponding to the well - known approximation of π as 22 / 7 ) . Some Egyptologists consider this to have been the result of deliberate design proportion . Verner wrote , `` We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value of π , in practice they used it '' . Petrie , author of Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh concluded : `` but these relations of areas and of circular ratio are so systematic that we should grant that they were in the builder 's design '' . Others have argued that the Ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and would not have thought to encode it in their monuments . They believe that the observed pyramid slope may be based on a simple seked slope choice alone , with no regard to the overall size and proportions of the finished building . In 2013 rolls of papyrus called The diary of Merer were discovered written by some of those who delivered stone and other construction materials to Khufu 's brother at Giza . Materials The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks which most believe to have been transported from nearby quarries . The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river . The largest granite stones in the pyramid , found in the `` King 's '' chamber , weigh 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported from Aswan , more than 800 km ( 500 mi ) away . Traditionally , ancient Egyptians cut stone blocks by hammering into them some wooden wedges , which were then soaked with water . As the water was absorbed , the wedges expanded , causing the rock to crack . Once they were cut , they were carried by boat either up or down the Nile River to the pyramid . It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of limestone , 8,000 tonnes of granite ( imported from Aswan ) , and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid . Casing stones Casing stone in the British Museum . At completion , the Great Pyramid was surfaced by white `` casing stones '' -- slant - faced , but flat - topped , blocks of highly polished white limestone . These were carefully cut to what is approximately a face slope with a seked of 51⁄2 palms to give the required dimensions . Visibly , all that remains is the underlying stepped core structure seen today . In AD 1303 , a massive earthquake loosened many of the outer casing stones , which were then carted away by Bahri Sultan An - Nasir Nasir - ad - Din al - Hasan in 1356 to build mosques and fortresses in nearby Cairo . Many more casing stones were removed from the great pyramids by Muhammad Ali Pasha in the early 19th century to build the upper portion of his Alabaster Mosque in Cairo not far from Giza . These limestone casings can still be seen as parts of these structures . Later explorers reported massive piles of rubble at the base of the pyramids left over from the continuing collapse of the casing stones , which were subsequently cleared away during continuing excavations of the site . Nevertheless , a few of the casing stones from the lowest course can be seen to this day in situ around the base of the Great Pyramid , and display the same workmanship and precision that has been reported for centuries . Petrie also found a different orientation in the core and in the casing measuring 193 centimetres ± 25 centimetres . He suggested a redetermination of north was made after the construction of the core , but a mistake was made , and the casing was built with a different orientation . Petrie related the precision of the casing stones as to being `` equal to opticians ' work of the present day , but on a scale of acres '' and `` to place such stones in exact contact would be careful work ; but to do so with cement in the joints seems almost impossible '' . It has been suggested it was the mortar ( Petrie 's `` cement '' ) that made this seemingly impossible task possible , providing a level bed , which enabled the masons to set the stones exactly . Construction theories Main article : Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Clay seal bearing the name of Khufu from the great pyramid . On display at the Musée du Louvre . Many alternative , often contradictory , theories have been proposed regarding the pyramid 's construction techniques . Many disagree on whether the blocks were dragged , lifted , or even rolled into place . The Greeks believed that slave labour was used , but modern discoveries made at nearby workers ' camps associated with construction at Giza suggest that it was built instead by tens of thousands of skilled workers . Verner posited that the labour was organized into a hierarchy , consisting of two gangs of 100,000 men , divided into five zaa or phyle of 20,000 men each , which may have been further divided according to the skills of the workers . One mystery of the pyramid 's construction is its planning . John Romer suggests that they used the same method that had been used for earlier and later constructions , laying out parts of the plan on the ground at a 1 - to - 1 scale . He writes that `` such a working diagram would also serve to generate the architecture of the pyramid with precision unmatched by any other means '' . He also argues for a 14 - year time span for its construction . A modern construction management study , in association with Mark Lehner and other Egyptologists , estimated that the total project required an average workforce of 14,567 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000 . Without the use of pulleys , wheels , or iron tools , they used critical path analysis methods , which suggest that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years . Interior Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid . The inner line indicates the pyramid 's present profile ; the outer line indicates the original profile . The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is on the north , 17 metres ( 56 ft ) vertically above ground level and 7.29 metres ( 23.9 ft ) east of the centre line of the pyramid . From this original entrance , there is a Descending Passage 0.96 metres ( 3.1 ft ) high and 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide , which goes down at an angle of 26 ° 31'23 '' through the masonry of the pyramid and then into the bedrock beneath it . After 105.23 metres ( 345.2 ft ) , the passage becomes level and continues for an additional 8.84 metres ( 29.0 ft ) to the lower Chamber , which appears not to have been finished . There is a continuation of the horizontal passage in the south wall of the lower chamber ; there is also a pit dug in the floor of the chamber . Some Egyptologists suggest that this Lower Chamber was intended to be the original burial chamber , but Pharaoh Khufu later changed his mind and wanted it to be higher up in the pyramid . 28.2 metres ( 93 ft ) from the entrance is a square hole in the roof of the Descending Passage . Originally concealed with a slab of stone , this is the beginning of the Ascending Passage . The Ascending Passage is 39.3 metres ( 129 ft ) long , as wide and high as the Descending Passage and slopes up at almost precisely the same angle to reach the Grand Gallery . The lower end of the Ascending Passage is closed by three huge blocks of granite , each about 1.5 metres ( 4.9 ft ) long . One must use the Robbers ' Tunnel ( see below ) to access the Ascending Passage . At the start of the Grand Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole cut in the wall . This is the start of a vertical shaft which follows an irregular path through the masonry of the pyramid to join the Descending Passage . Also at the start of the Grand Gallery there is the Horizontal Passage leading to the `` Queen 's Chamber '' . The passage is 1.1 m ( 3'8 `` ) high for most of its length , but near the chamber there is a step in the floor , after which the passage is 1.73 metres ( 5.7 ft ) high . Queen 's Chamber Richard Pococke 's sketch of Pyramid of Cheops from 1754 . The `` Queen 's Chamber '' is exactly halfway between the north and south faces of the pyramid and measures 5.75 metres ( 18.9 ft ) north to south , 5.23 metres ( 17.2 ft ) east to west , and has a pointed roof with an apex 6.23 metres ( 20.4 ft ) above the floor . At the eastern end of the chamber there is a niche 4.67 metres ( 15.3 ft ) high . The original depth of the niche was 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) , but has since been deepened by treasure hunters . In the north and south walls of the Queen 's Chamber there are shafts , which unlike those in the King 's Chamber that immediately slope upwards ( see below ) , are horizontal for around 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) before sloping upwards . The horizontal distance was cut in 1872 by a British engineer , Waynman Dixon , who believed a shaft similar to those in the King 's Chamber must also exist . He was proved right , but because the shafts are not connected to the outer faces of the pyramid or the Queen 's Chamber , their purpose is unknown . At the end of one of his shafts , Dixon discovered a ball of black diorite ( a type of rock ) and a bronze implement of unknown purpose . Both objects are currently in the British Museum . The shafts in the Queen 's Chamber were explored in 1993 by the German engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink using a crawler robot he designed , Upuaut 2 . After a climb of 65 m ( 213 ft ) , he discovered that one of the shafts was blocked by limestone `` doors '' with two eroded copper `` handles '' . Some years later the National Geographic Society created a similar robot which , in September 2002 , drilled a small hole in the southern door , only to find another door behind it . The northern passage , which was difficult to navigate because of twists and turns , was also found to be blocked by a door . Research continued in 2011 with the Djedi Project . Realizing the problem was that the National Geographic Society 's camera was only able to see straight ahead of it , they instead used a fiber - optic `` micro snake camera '' that could see around corners . With this they were able to penetrate the first door of the southern shaft through the hole drilled in 2002 , and view all the sides of the small chamber behind it . They discovered hieroglyphs written in red paint . They were also able to scrutinize the inside of the two copper `` handles '' embedded in the door , and they now believe them to be for decorative purposes . They also found the reverse side of the `` door '' to be finished and polished , which suggests that it was not put there just to block the shaft from debris , but rather for a more specific reason . Grand Gallery The Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid of Giza The Grand Gallery continues the slope of the Ascending Passage , but is 8.6 metres ( 28 ft ) high and 46.68 metres ( 153.1 ft ) long . At the base it is 2.06 metres ( 6.8 ft ) wide , but after 2.29 metres ( 7.5 ft ) the blocks of stone in the walls are corbelled inwards by 7.6 centimetres ( 3.0 in ) on each side . There are seven of these steps , so , at the top , the Grand Gallery is only 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide . It is roofed by slabs of stone laid at a slightly steeper angle than the floor of the gallery , so that each stone fits into a slot cut in the top of the gallery like the teeth of a ratchet . The purpose was to have each block supported by the wall of the Gallery rather than resting on the block beneath it , which would have resulted in an unacceptable cumulative pressure at the lower end of the Gallery . At the upper end of the Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole near the roof that opens into a short tunnel by which access can be gained to the lowest of the Relieving Chambers . The other Relieving Chambers were discovered in 1837 - 1838 by Colonel Howard Vyse and J.S. Perring , who dug tunnels upwards using blasting powder . The floor of the Grand Gallery consists of a shelf or step on either side , 51 centimetres ( 20 in ) wide , leaving a lower ramp 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide between them . In the shelves there are 54 slots , 27 on each side matched by vertical and horizontal slots in the walls of the Gallery . These form a cross shape that rises out of the slot in the shelf . The purpose of these slots is not known , but the central gutter in the floor of the Gallery , which is the same width as the Ascending Passage , has led to speculation that the blocking stones were stored in the Grand Gallery and the slots held wooden beams to restrain them from sliding down the passage . This , in turn , has led to the proposal that originally many more than 3 blocking stones were intended , to completely fill the Ascending Passage . At the top of the Grand Gallery , there is a step giving onto a horizontal passage some metres long and approximately 1.02 metres ( 3.3 ft ) in height and width , in which can be detected four slots , three of which were probably intended to hold granite portcullises . Fragments of granite found by Petrie in the Descending Passage may have come from these now - vanished doors . King 's Chamber Sarcophagus in the King 's chamber The `` King 's Chamber '' is 20 cubits or 10.47 metres ( 34.4 ft ) from east to west and 10 cubits or 5.234 metres ( 17.17 ft ) north to south . It has a flat roof 11 cubits and 5 digits or 5.852 metres ( 19 feet 2 inch ) above the floor . 0.91 m ( 3.0 ft ) above the floor there are two narrow shafts in the north and south walls ( one is now filled by an extractor fan in an attempt to circulate air inside the pyramid ) . The purpose of these shafts is not clear : they appear to be aligned towards stars or areas of the northern and southern skies , yet one of them follows a dog - leg course through the masonry , indicating no intention to directly sight stars through them . They were long believed by Egyptologists to be `` air shafts '' for ventilation , but this idea has now been widely abandoned in favour of the shafts serving a ritualistic purpose associated with the ascension of the king 's spirit to the heavens . The King 's Chamber is entirely faced with granite . Above the roof , which is formed of nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons , are five compartments known as Relieving Chambers . The first four , like the King 's Chamber , have flat roofs formed by the floor of the chamber above , but the final chamber has a pointed roof . Vyse suspected the presence of upper chambers when he found that he could push a long reed through a crack in the ceiling of the first chamber . From lower to upper , the chambers are known as `` Davison 's Chamber '' , `` Wellington 's Chamber '' , `` Nelson 's Chamber '' , `` Lady Arbuthnot 's Chamber '' , and `` Campbell 's Chamber '' . It is believed that the compartments were intended to safeguard the King 's Chamber from the possibility of a roof collapsing under the weight of stone above the Chamber . As the chambers were not intended to be seen , they were not finished in any way and a few of the stones still retain masons ' marks painted on them . One of the stones in Campbell 's Chamber bears a mark , apparently the name of a work gang . The entrance of the Pyramid The only object in the King 's Chamber is a rectangular granite sarcophagus , one corner of which is broken . The sarcophagus is slightly larger than the Ascending Passage , which indicates that it must have been placed in the Chamber before the roof was put in place . Unlike the fine masonry of the walls of the Chamber , the sarcophagus is roughly finished , with saw marks visible in several places . This is in contrast with the finely finished and decorated sarcophagi found in other pyramids of the same period . Petrie suggested that such a sarcophagus was intended but was lost in the river on the way north from Aswan and a hurriedly made replacement was used instead . Modern entrance Today tourists enter the Great Pyramid via the Robbers ' Tunnel , a tunnel purportedly created around AD 820 by Caliph al - Ma'mun 's workmen using a battering ram . The tunnel is cut straight through the masonry of the pyramid for approximately 27 metres ( 89 ft ) , then turns sharply left to encounter the blocking stones in the Ascending Passage . It is believed that their efforts dislodged the stone fitted in the ceiling of the Descending Passage to hide the entrance to the Ascending Passage and it was the noise of that stone falling and then sliding down the Descending Passage , which alerted them to the need to turn left . Unable to remove these stones , however , the workmen tunnelled up beside them through the softer limestone of the Pyramid until they reached the Ascending Passage . It is possible to enter the Descending Passage from this point , but access is usually forbidden . Pyramid complex Main article : Giza pyramid complex Map of Giza pyramid complex -- `` Pyramid of Khufu '' refers to the Great Pyramid . The Great Pyramid is surrounded by a complex of several buildings including small pyramids . The Pyramid Temple , which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured 52.2 metres ( 171 ft ) north to south and 40 metres ( 130 ft ) east to west , has almost entirely disappeared apart from the black basalt paving . There are only a few remnants of the causeway which linked the pyramid with the valley and the Valley Temple . The Valley Temple is buried beneath the village of Nazlet el - Samman ; basalt paving and limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated . The basalt blocks show `` clear evidence '' of having been cut with some kind of saw with an estimated cutting blade of 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) in length , capable of cutting at a rate of 1.5 inches ( 38 mm ) per minute . John Romer suggests that this `` super saw '' may have had copper teeth and weighed up to 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) . He theorizes that such a saw could have been attached to a wooden trestle and possibly used in conjunction with vegetable oil , cutting sand , emery or pounded quartz to cut the blocks , which would have required the labour of at least a dozen men to operate it . On the south side are the subsidiary pyramids , popularly known as Queens ' Pyramids . Three remain standing to nearly full height but the fourth was so ruined that its existence was not suspected until the recent discovery of the first course of stones and the remains of the capstone . Hidden beneath the paving around the pyramid was the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I , sister - wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu . Discovered by accident by the Reisner expedition , the burial was intact , though the carefully sealed coffin proved to be empty . Group photo of Australian 11th Battalion soldiers on the Great Pyramid in 1915 . Aerial photography , taken from Eduard Spelterini 's balloon on 21 November 1904 The Giza pyramid complex , which includes among other structures the pyramids of Khufu , Khafre and Menkaure , is surrounded by a cyclopean stone wall , the Wall of the Crow . Mark Lehner has discovered a worker 's town outside of the wall , otherwise known as `` The Lost City '' , dated by pottery styles , seal impressions , and stratigraphy to have been constructed and occupied sometime during the reigns of Khafre ( 2520 -- 2494 BC ) and Menkaure ( 2490 -- 2472 BC ) . Recent discoveries by Mark Lehner and his team at the town and nearby , including what appears to have been a thriving port , suggest the town and associated living quarters consisting of barracks called `` galleries '' may not have been for the pyramid workers after all , but rather for the soldiers and sailors who utilized the port . In light of this new discovery , as to where then the pyramid workers may have lived Lehner now suggests the alternative possibility they may have camped on the ramps he believes were used to construct the pyramids or possibly at nearby quarries . In the early 1970s , the Australian archaeologist Karl Kromer excavated a mound in the South Field of the plateau . This mound contained artefacts including mudbrick seals of Khufu , which he identified with an artisans ' settlement . Mudbrick buildings just south of Khufu 's Valley Temple contained mud sealings of Khufu and have been suggested to be a settlement serving the cult of Khufu after his death . A worker 's cemetery used at least between Khufu 's reign and the end of the Fifth Dynasty was discovered south of the Wall of the Crow by Zahi Hawass in 1990 . Boats Main article : Khufu ship There are three boat - shaped pits around the pyramid , of a size and shape to have held complete boats , though so shallow that any superstructure , if there ever was one , must have been removed or disassembled . In May 1954 , the Egyptian archaeologist Kamal el - Mallakh discovered a fourth pit , a long , narrow rectangle , still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons . Inside were 1,224 pieces of wood , the longest 23 metres ( 75 ft ) long , the shortest 10 centimetres ( 0.33 ft ) . These were entrusted to a boat builder , Haj Ahmed Yusuf , who worked out how the pieces fit together . The entire process , including conservation and straightening of the warped wood , took fourteen years . The result is a cedar - wood boat 43.6 metres ( 143 ft ) long , its timbers held together by ropes , which is currently housed in a special boat - shaped , air - conditioned museum beside the pyramid . During construction of this museum , which stands above the boat pit , a second sealed boat pit was discovered . It was deliberately left unopened until 2011 when excavation began on the boat . Looting Comparison of approximate profiles of the Great Pyramid of Giza with some notable pyramidal or near - pyramidal buildings . Dotted lines indicate original heights , where data are available . In its SVG file , hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article . Although succeeding pyramids were smaller , pyramid building continued until the end of the Middle Kingdom . However , as authors Briar and Hobbs claim , `` all the pyramids were robbed '' by the New Kingdom , when the construction of royal tombs in a desert valley , now known as the Valley of the Kings , began . Joyce Tyldesley states that the Great Pyramid itself `` is known to have been opened and emptied by the Middle Kingdom '' , before the Arab caliph Abdullah al - Mamun entered the pyramid around AD 820 . I.E.S. Edwards discusses Strabo 's mention that the pyramid `` a little way up one side has a stone that may be taken out , which being raised up there is a sloping passage to the foundations '' . Edwards suggested that the pyramid was entered by robbers after the end of the Old Kingdom and sealed and then reopened more than once until Strabo 's door was added . He adds : `` If this highly speculative surmise be correct , it is also necessary to assume either that the existence of the door was forgotten or that the entrance was again blocked with facing stones '' , in order to explain why al - Ma'mun could not find the entrance . He also discusses a story told by Herodotus . Herodotus visited Egypt in the 5th century BC and recounts a story that he was told concerning vaults under the pyramid built on an island where the body of Cheops lies . Edwards notes that the pyramid had `` almost certainly been opened and its contents plundered long before the time of Herodotus '' and that it might have been closed again during the Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt when other monuments were restored . He suggests that the story told to Herodotus could have been the result of almost two centuries of telling and retelling by Pyramid guides . See also Djedi Project Golden Ratio dimensions in Egyptian pyramids Index of Egypt - related articles List of archaeoastronomical sites by country List of Egyptian pyramids List of largest monoliths in the world including a section on calculating the weight of megaliths List of tallest freestanding structures Pyramid inch Pyramidion Pyramidology The Upuaut Project References Notes Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiunu . ^ Jump up to : `` By themselves , of course , none of these modern labels define the ancient purposes of the architecture they describe . '' -- Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Shaw ( 2003 ) , p. 89 Jump up ^ Levy ( 2005 ) , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Petrie ( 1883 ) Jump up ^ I.E.S. Edwards ( 1986 ) ( 1947 ) . The Pyramids of Egypt . p. 285 . Jump up ^ Collins ( 2001 ) , p. 234 Jump up ^ Cole Survey ( 1925 ) based on side lengths 230.252 m , 230.454 m , 230.391 m , 230.357 m Jump up ^ Lehner ( 1997 ) , p. 108 Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 38 For 2600 BC , bisecting the semi-circular path of star 10i Draconis around the North Celestial Pole during the half - day darkness of a mid-winter evening would easily provide accurate true north . See Nature 412 : 699 ( 2001 ) ; further sources and discussion available via DIO . Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 125 Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 39 Jump up ^ Verner ( 2003 ) , p. 70 Jump up ^ Petrie Wisdom of the Egyptians 1940 : 30 Jump up ^ Rossi , Corina ( 2007 ) , Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 69053 - 9 Jump up ^ Stille , Alexander . `` The World 's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great Pyramids '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lehner ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 157 Jump up ^ `` British Museum -- Limestone block from the pyramid of Khufu '' . britishmuseum.org . Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ Clarke , Somers ; Reginal Engelbach ( 1991 ) . Ancient Egyptian construction and architecture . Dover Publications . pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 26485 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stocks , Denys Allen ( 2003 ) . Experiments in Egyptian archaeology : stoneworking technology in ancient Egypt . Routledge . pp. 182 -- 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30664 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Building the Great Pyramid '' . BBC . 3 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Verner ( 2001 ) , p. 75 -- 82 Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 327 , 329 -- 337 Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` Civil Engineering '' . June 1999 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Unfinished Chamber '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lower Northern Shaft '' . The Upuaut Project . Retrieved 11 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Will the Great Pyramid 's Secret Doors Be Opened ? '' . Fox News . 12 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Gupton , Nancy ( 4 April 2003 ) . `` Ancient Egyptian Chambers Explored '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Third `` Door '' Found in Great Pyramid `` . National Geographic . 23 September 2002 . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` First images from Great Pyramid 's chamber of secrets '' . New Scientist . Reed Business Information . 25 May 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Romer Jump up ^ `` Egyptian Pyramids -- Lost City of the Pyramid Builders -- AERA -- Ancient Egypt Research Associates '' . aeraweb.org . Jump up ^ `` Dating the Lost City of the Pyramids -- Mark Lehner & AERA -- Ancient Egypt Research Associates '' . aeraweb.org . Jump up ^ `` Ruins of Bustling Port Unearthed at Egypt 's Giza Pyramids '' . Livescience.com. 2014 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Zahi Hawass : ' `` Giza , workmen 's community '' , In : Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt . Compiled and edited by Kathryn A. Bard . London / New York 1999 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 18589 - 0 pp. 423 -- 426 Jump up ^ Hawass , Zahi ; Ashraf Senussi ( 2008 ) . Old Kingdom Pottery from Giza . Supreme Council of Antiquities . pp. 127 -- 128 . ISBN 978 - 977 - 305 - 986 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hawass , Zahi . `` The Discovery of the Tombs of the Pyramid Builders at Giza '' . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Khufu 's Second Boat '' . Institute of Egyptology . Tokyo , Japan : Waseda University . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Brier 1999 , p. 164 . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Cremin 2007 p. 96 . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1986 ) , p. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1986 ) , p. 990 -- 91 Bibliography Bauval , Robert & , Hancock , Graham ( 1996 ) . Keeper of Genesis . Mandarin books . ISBN 0 - 7493 - 2196 - 2 . Brier , Bob & , Hobbs , A. Hoyt ( 1999 ) . Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30313 - 5 . Calter , Paul A. ( 2008 ) . Squaring the Circle : Geometry in Art and Architecture . Key College Publishing . ISBN 1 - 930190 - 82 - 4 . Clayton , Peter A. ( 1994 ) . Chronicle of the Pharaohs . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05074 - 0 . Cole , JH. ( 1925 ) . Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza . Cairo : Government Press . SURVEY OF EGYPT Paper No. 39 . Collins , Dana M. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Cremin , Aedeen ( 2007 ) . Archaeologica . Frances Lincoln . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 2822 - 1 . Edwards , I.E.S. ( 1986 ) ( 1962 ) . The Pyramids of Egypt . Max Parrish . Gahlin , Lucia ( 2003 ) . Myths and Mythology of Ancient Egypt . Anness Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84215 - 831 - 7 . Hassan , Selim ( 1960 ) . The Great Pyramid of Khufu and its Mortuary Chapel With Names and Titles of Vols . I-X of the Excavations at Giza ( PDF ) . Ministry of Culture and National Orientation , Antiquities Department of Egypt . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 January 2013 . Jackson , K. ; Stamp , J. ( 2002 ) . Pyramid : Beyond Imagination . Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza . BBC Worldwide Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 48803 - 3 . Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 . Levy , Janey ( 2005 ) . The Great Pyramid of Giza : Measuring Length , Area , Volume , and Angles . Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 4042 - 6059 - 5 . Lepre , J.P. ( 1990 ) . The Egyptian Pyramids : A Comprehensive , Illustrated Reference . McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 461 - 2 . Lightbody , David I ( 2008 ) . Egyptian Tomb Architecture : The Archaeological Facts of Pharaonic Circular Symbolism . British Archaeological Reports International Series S1852 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4073 - 0339 - 0 . Oakes , Lorana ; Lucia Gahlin ( 2002 ) . Ancient Egypt . Hermes House . ISBN 1 - 84309 - 429 - 0 . Petrie , Sir William Matthew Flinders ( 1883 ) . The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Field & Tuer . ISBN 0 - 7103 - 0709 - 8 . Romer , John ( 2007 ) . The Great Pyramid : Ancient Egypt Revisited . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87166 - 2 . Scarre , Chris ( 1999 ) . The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World . Thames & Hudson , London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05096 - 5 . Seidelmann , P. Kenneth ( 1992 ) . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . University Science Books . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 68 - 7 . Shaw , Ian ( 2003 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815034 - 2 . Siliotti , Alberto ( 1997 ) . Guide to the pyramids of Egypt ; preface by Zahi Hawass . Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 0763 - 4 . Smyth , Piazzi ( 1978 ) . The Great Pyramid . Crown Publishers Inc . ISBN 0 - 517 - 26403 - X . Tyldesley , Joyce ( 2007 ) . Egypt : How a lost civilization was rediscovered . BBC Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 52257 - 7 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2001 ) . The Pyramids : The Mystery , Culture , and Science of Egypt 's Great Monuments . Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 1703 - 1 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2003 ) . The Pyramids : Their Archaeology and History . Atlantic Books . ISBN 1 - 84354 - 171 - 8 . Wirsching , Armin ( 2009 ) . Die Pyramiden von Giza -- Mathematik in Stein gebaut ( 2nd ed . ) . Books on Demand . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8370 - 2355 - 8 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Pyramid of Giza . Pyramids at DMOZ Building the Khufu Pyramid `` The Giza Plateau Mapping Project '' . Oriental Institute . Records Preceded by Red Pyramid World 's tallest structure c. 2570BC -- 1300AD 146.6 m Succeeded by Lincoln Cathedral Egyptian pyramids List of Egyptian pyramids ( Lepsius ) Commons Period Dynasty Pyramids Old Kingdom ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ) III Djoser Buried Layer Lepsius I ( de ) Athribis Elephantine Edfu South el - Kula ( de ) Naqada Saujet el - Meitin ( de ) Sinki ( de ) IV Seila ( de ) Meidum Bent Red Khufu Djedefre Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan Khafre Menkaure Khentkaus I ( de ) Mastabet el - Fara'un G1 - a G1 - b G1 - c G1 - d Lepsius L ( de ) V Userkaf Neferhetepes ( de ) Sahure Neferirkare Khentkaus II Neferefre Unfinished Niuserre ( de ) Lepsius XXIV Double Headless Djedkare - Isesi Unas VI Teti Pepi I Merenre Pepi II Sesheshet 1 Intermediate Period ( 2181 -- 2040 BC ) VII VIII Ity Neferkare Neby Ibi Khui X Merikare Middle Kingdom ( 2040 -- 1650 BC ) XI Reherishefnakht XII Amenemhat I Senusret I White Senusret II ( de ) Senusret III Black Hawara Neferuptah ( de ) Central Dahshur ( de ) South Mazghuna North Mazghuna XIII Ameny Qemau Khendjer Southern South Saqqara SAK S 3 SAK S 7 ( de ) South Dahshur A ( de ) South Dahshur B ( de ) DAS 46 DAS 49 DAS 50 DAS 51 DAS 53 ( de ) S 9 S 10 Merneferre Ay Second Intermediate ( 1650 -- 1570 BC ) XVII Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre - Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom ( 1570 -- 1070 BC ) XVIII Ahmose Step pyramid Construction techniques Seked Texts Pyramidion Pyramidology Mathematics and art Forms Algorithmic art Anamorphic art Computer art 4D art Fractal art Islamic geometric patterns Girih Jali Muqarnas Zellige Knotting Architecture Geodesic dome Islamic Mughal Pyramid Vastu shastra Music Origami Textiles String art Sculpture Tiling Artworks List of works designed with the golden ratio Continuum Octacube Pi Pi in the Sky Buildings Hagia Sophia Pantheon Parthenon Pyramid of Khufu Sagrada Família St Mary 's Cathedral Sydney Opera House Taj Mahal Artists Renaissance Paolo Uccello Piero della Francesca Albrecht Dürer Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian Man Parmigianino Self - portrait in a Convex Mirror 19th -- 20th Century William Blake The Ancient of Days Newton ) Man Ray René Magritte La condition humaine Salvador Dalí Crucifixion The Swallow 's Tail Giorgio de Chirico M.C. 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how many blocks in the great pyramid of giza
[ "Based on these estimates, building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 800 tonnes of stone every day. Additionally, since it consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks, completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour, day and night. The first precision measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880–82 and published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh.[5] Almost all reports are based on his measurements. Many of the casing stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with extremely high precision. Based on measurements taken on the northeastern casing stones, the mean opening of the joints is only 0.5 millimetre wide (1/50 of an inch).[6]" ]
[ "an estimated 2.3 million blocks," ]
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The Cask of Amontillado
The Cask of Amontillado - wikipedia The Cask of Amontillado `` The Cask of Amontillado '' Illustration of `` The Cask of Amontillado '' by Harry Clarke , 1919 Author Edgar Allan Poe Country United States Language English Genre ( s ) Horror short story Publication type Periodical Publisher Godey 's Lady 's Book Media type Print ( Magazine ) Publication date November 1846 `` The Cask of Amontillado '' ( sometimes spelled `` The Casque of Amontillado '' ( a. mon. ti. ˈʝa. ðo ) ) is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe , first published in the November 1846 issue of Godey 's Lady 's Book . The story , set in an unnamed Italian city at carnival time in an unspecified year , is about a man taking fatal revenge on a friend who , he believes , has insulted him . Like several of Poe 's stories , and in keeping with the 19th - century fascination with the subject , the narrative revolves around a person being buried alive -- in this case , by immurement . As in `` The Black Cat '' and `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' , Poe conveys the story from the murderer 's perspective . Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Publication history 3 Analysis 4 Inspiration 5 Adaptations 6 References 7 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Fortunato and Montresor drink in the catacombs. 1935 Illustration by Arthur Rackham The story 's narrator , Montresor , tells an unspecified person , who knows him very well , of the day he took his revenge on Fortunato ( Italian for `` the fortunate one '' ) , a fellow nobleman . Angry over numerous injuries and some unspecified insult , Montresor plots to murder his `` friend '' during Carnival , while the man is drunk , dizzy , and wearing a jester 's motley . Montresor lures Fortunato into a private wine - tasting excursion by telling him he has obtained a pipe ( about 130 gallons , 492 litres ) of what he believes to be a rare vintage of Amontillado . He proposes obtaining confirmation of the pipe 's contents by inviting a fellow wine aficionado , Luchesi , for a private tasting . Montresor knows Fortunato will not be able to resist demonstrating his discerning palate for wine and will insist that he taste the amontillado rather than Luchesi who , as he claims , `` can not tell Amontillado from Sherry '' . Fortunato goes with Montresor to the wine cellars of the latter 's palazzo , where they wander in the catacombs . Montresor offers wine ( first Médoc , then De Grave ) to Fortunato in order to keep him inebriated . Montresor warns Fortunato , who has a bad cough , of the dampness , and suggests they go back , but Fortunato insists on continuing , claiming that `` ( he ) shall not die of a cough '' . During their walk , Montresor mentions his family coat of arms : a golden foot in a blue background crushing a snake whose fangs are embedded in the foot 's heel , with the motto Nemo me impune lacessit ( `` No one attacks me with impunity '' ) . At one point , Fortunato makes an elaborate , grotesque gesture with an upraised wine bottle . When Montresor appears not to recognize the gesture , Fortunato asks , `` You are not of the masons ? '' Montresor says he is , and when Fortunato , disbelieving , requests a sign , Montresor displays a trowel he had been hiding . When they come to a niche , Montresor tells his victim that the Amontillado is within . Fortunato enters drunk and unsuspecting and therefore , does not resist as Montresor quickly chains him to the wall . Montresor then declares that , since Fortunato wo n't go back , Montresor must `` positively leave '' him there . Montresor reveals brick and mortar , previously hidden among the bones nearby , and proceeds to wall up the niche using his trowel , entombing his friend alive . At first , Fortunato , who sobers up faster than Montresor anticipated , shakes the chains , trying to escape . Fortunato then screams for help , but Montresor mocks his cries , knowing nobody can hear them . Fortunato laughs weakly and tries to pretend that he is the subject of a joke and that people will be waiting for him ( including the Lady Fortunato ) . As Montresor finishes the topmost row of stones , Fortunato wails , `` For the love of God , Montresor ! '' to which Montresor replies , `` Yes , for the love of God ! '' He listens for a reply but hears only the jester 's bells ringing . Before placing the last stone , he drops a burning torch through the gap . He claims that he feels sick at heart , but dismisses this reaction as an effect of the dampness of the catacombs . In the last few sentences , Montresor reveals that 50 years later , Fortunato 's body still hangs from its chains in the niche where he left it . The murderer concludes : In pace requiescat ! ( `` May he rest in peace ! '' ) . Publication history ( edit ) Montresor walling up Fortunato. 1935 Illustration by Arthur Rackham `` The Cask of Amontillado '' was first published in the November 1846 issue of Godey 's Lady 's Book , which was , at the time , the most popular periodical in America . The story was only published one additional time during Poe 's life . Analysis ( edit ) Casks of amontillado in a commercial cellar Although the subject matter of Poe 's story is a murder , `` The Cask of Amontillado '' is not a tale of detection like `` The Murders in the Rue Morgue '' or `` The Purloined Letter '' ; there is no investigation of Montresor 's crime and the criminal himself explains how he committed the murder . The mystery in `` The Cask of Amontillado '' is in Montresor 's motive for murder . Without a detective in the story , it is up to the reader to solve the mystery . Montresor never specifies his motive beyond the vague `` thousand injuries '' and `` when he ventured upon insult '' to which he refers . Some context is provided , including Montresor 's observation that his family once was great ( but no longer so ) , and Fortunato 's belittling remarks about Montresor 's exclusion from Freemasonry . Many commentators conclude that , lacking significant reason , Montresor must be insane , though even this is questionable because of the intricate details of the plot . There is also evidence that Montresor is almost as clueless about his motive for revenge as his victim . In his recounting of the murder , Montresor notes , `` A wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser . It is equally unredressed when the avenger fails to make himself felt as such to him who has done the wrong '' . After Fortunato is chained to the wall and nearly entombed alive , Montresor merely mocks and mimics him , rather than disclosing to Fortunato the reasons behind his exacting revenge . Montresor may not have been entirely certain of the exact nature of the insults for which he expected Fortunato to atone . Additional scrutiny into the vague injuries and insults may have to do with a simple matter of Montresor 's pride and not any specific words from Fortunato . Montresor comes from an established family . His house had once been noble and respected , but has fallen slightly in status . Fortunato , as his name would seem to indicate , has been blessed with good fortune and wealth and is , therefore , viewed as unrefined by Montresor ; however , this lack of refinement has not stopped Fortunato from surpassing Montresor in society , which could very well be the `` insult '' motive for Montresor 's revenge . There is indication that Montresor blames his unhappiness and loss of respect and dignity within society on Fortunato . It is easy to ascertain that Fortunato is a Freemason , while Montresor is not , which could be the source of Fortunato 's recent ascension into upper class society . Montresor even imparts this blame to Fortunato when he states , `` You are rich , respected , admired , beloved ; you are happy , as once I was '' . This interchanging of fortunes is a suggestion that , since the names Montresor and Fortunato mirror one another , there is a psychological reciprocal identification between victim and executioner . This identification reciprocity is further suggested when one takes into consideration that Montresor entombs Fortunato in the Montresor family catacombs rather than dispatching him elsewhere in the city amidst the chaos of the Carnival . It is with this converging of the two characters that one is able to see the larger symbolism of the Montresor crest -- the foot steps on the serpent while the serpent forever has his fangs embedded in the heel . Upon further investigation into the true nature of character , double meaning can be derived from the Montresor crest . It is the position of Montresor to view himself as the owner of the righteous foot that is crushing the insolent Fortunato serpent and his `` thousand injuries '' that progress into insult . A more allegoric meaning of Poe 's places the actors in reverse . The blind oaf Fortunato has unintentionally stepped upon the snake in the grass -- the sneaky and cunning Montresor -- who , as a reward for this accidental bruising , sinks his fangs deep into the heel of his offender , forever linking them in a form of mutual existence . Though Fortunato is presented as a connoisseur of fine wine , L. Moffitt Cecil of Texas Christian University argues that his actions in the story make that assumption questionable . For example , Fortunato comments on another nobleman being unable to distinguish amontillado from sherry when amontillado is in fact a type of sherry , and treats De Grave , an expensive French wine , with very little regard by drinking it in a single gulp . Cecil also states that a true wine connoisseur would never sample wine while intoxicated and describes Fortunato as merely an alcoholic . Cecil also suggests that some people might feel Fortunato deserved to be buried alive for wasting a bottle of fine wine . Immurement , a form of imprisonment , usually for life , in which a person is placed within an enclosed space with no exit , is featured in other works by Poe , including `` The Fall of the House of Usher '' , `` The Premature Burial '' , `` The Black Cat '' , and `` Berenice '' . Inspiration ( edit ) An apocryphal legend holds that the inspiration for `` The Cask of Amontillado '' came from a story Poe had heard at Castle Island ( South Boston ) , Massachusetts , when he was a private stationed at Fort Independence in 1827 . According to this legend , while stationed at Castle Island in 1827 he saw a monument to Lieutenant Robert Massie . Massie had been killed in a sword duel on Christmas Day 1817 by Lieutenant Gustavus Drane , following a dispute during a card game . According to the legend , other soldiers then took revenge on Drane by getting him drunk , luring him into the dungeon , chaining him to a wall , and sealing him in a vault . This version of Drane 's demise is false ; Drane was courtmartialled for the killing and acquitted , and lived until 1846 . A report of a skeleton discovered on the island may be a confused remembering of Poe 's major source , Joel Headley 's `` A Man Built in a Wall '' , which recounts the author 's seeing an immured skeleton in the wall of a church in Italy . Headley 's story includes details very similar to `` The Cask of Amontillado '' ; in addition to walling an enemy into a hidden niche , the story details the careful placement of the bricks , the motive of revenge , and the victim 's agonized moaning . Poe may have also seen similar themes in Honoré de Balzac 's La Grande Bretèche ( Democratic Review , November 1843 ) or his friend George Lippard 's The Quaker City , or The Monks of Monk Hall ( 1845 ) . Poe may have borrowed Montresor 's family motto Nemo me impune lacessit from James Fenimore Cooper , who used the line in The Last of the Mohicans ( 1826 ) . Thomas Dunn English Poe wrote his tale , however , as a response to his personal rival Thomas Dunn English . Poe and English had several confrontations , usually revolving around literary caricatures of one another . Poe thought that one of English 's writings went a bit too far , and successfully sued the other man 's editors at The New York Mirror for libel in 1846 . That year English published a revenge - based novel called 1844 , or , The Power of the S.F. Its plot was convoluted and difficult to follow , but made references to secret societies and ultimately had a main theme of revenge . It included a character named Marmaduke Hammerhead , the famous author of `` The Black Crow '' , who uses phrases like `` Nevermore '' and `` lost Lenore '' , referring to Poe 's poem `` The Raven '' . This parody of Poe was depicted as a drunkard , liar , and an abusive lover . Poe responded with `` The Cask of Amontillado '' , using very specific references to English 's novel . In Poe 's story , for example , Fortunato makes reference to the secret society of Masons , similar to the secret society in 1844 , and even makes a gesture similar to one portrayed in 1844 ( it was a signal of distress ) . English had also used an image of a token with a hawk grasping a snake in its claws , similar to Montresor 's coat of arms bearing a foot stomping on a snake -- though in this image , the snake is biting the heel . In fact , much of the scene of `` The Cask of Amontillado '' comes from a scene in 1844 that takes place in a subterranean vault . In the end , then , it is Poe who `` punishes with impunity '' by not taking credit for his own literary revenge and by crafting a concise tale ( as opposed to a novel ) with a singular effect , as he had suggested in his essay `` The Philosophy of Composition '' . Poe may have also been inspired , at least in part , by the Washingtonian movement , a fellowship that promoted temperance . The group was made up of reformed drinkers who tried to scare people into abstaining from alcohol . Poe may have made a promise to join the movement in 1843 after a bout of drinking with the hopes of gaining a political appointment . `` The Cask of Amontillado '' then may be a `` dark temperance tale '' , meant to shock people into realizing the dangers of drinking . Poe scholar Richard P. Benton has stated his belief that `` Poe 's protagonist is an Englished version of the French Montrésor '' and has argued forcefully that Poe 's model for Montresor `` was Claude de Bourdeille , comte de Montrésor ( Count of Montrésor ) , the 17th - century political conspirator in the entourage of King Louis XIII 's weak - willed brother , Gaston d'Orléans '' . The `` noted intriguer and memoir - writer '' was first linked to `` The Cask of Amontillado '' by Poe scholar Burton R. Pollin . Further inspiration for the method of Fortunato 's murder comes from the fear of live burial . During the time period of this short story some coffins were given methods of alerting the outside in the event of live entombment . Items such as bells tied to the limbs of a corpse to signal the outside were not uncommon . This theme is evident in Fortunato 's costume of a jester with bells upon his hat , and his situation of live entombment within the catacombs . Poe may have known bricklaying through personal experience . Many periods in Poe 's life lack significant biographical details , including what he did after leaving the Southern Literary Messenger in 1837 . Poe biographer John H. Ingram wrote to Sarah Helen Whitman that someone named `` Allen '' said that Poe worked `` in the brickyard ' late in the fall of 1834 ' '' . This source has been identified as Robert T.P. Allen , a fellow West Point student during Poe 's time there . Adaptations ( edit ) In 1951 , EC ( Entertaining Comics ) published a comic adaptation in Crime Suspenstories # 3 , under the name `` Blood Red Wine '' . The adaptation was written by Albert B. Feldstein , with art by Graham Ingels , and a cover by Johnny Craig . The ending was changed from Poe 's original to show the murderer get his come - comeuppance only moments after the crime . It was reprinted in 1993 by Russ Cochran . In 1951 , Gilberton 's Classics Illustrated # 84 featured a faithful adaptation , with art by Jim Lavery . It has been reprinted multiple times over the years . In 1960 , Editora Continental ( Brazil ) published an adaptation in Classicos De Terror # 1 by Gedeone Malagola . Roger Corman 's 1962 anthology film Tales of Terror combines the story with another Poe story , The Black Cat This loosely adapted version is decidedly comic in tone , and stars Peter Lorre as Montresor ( given the name Montresor Herringbone ) and Vincent Price as Fortunato Luchresi . The amalgamation of the two stories provides a motive for the murderer : Fortunato has an affair with Montresor 's wife . In 1963 , Dell Comics adapted the version from Roger Corman 's Tales Of Terror with art by Fran Matera . In 1965 , Warren Publishing included an adaptation in Creepy # 6 . It was written by Archie Goodwin , with art by Reed Crandall . The ending borrows from the 1951 EC version , except for the murderer getting what was coming to him 50 years later . This version has been reprinted many times over the years . In 1967 , Editora Taika ( Brazil ) issued an adaptation in Album Classicos De Terror # 4 . It was adapted by Francisco De Assis , with art by Osvaldo Talo . This borrows Archie Goodwin 's revised ending verbatim . In 1970 , O Livreiro Editora ( Brazil ) published an adaptation in Terror Ilustrado # 1 by Edmundo Rodrigues . Vincent Price filmed a solo recitation of the story for a segment of the 1970 Anthology film An Evening of Edgar Allan Poe . The production features Montresor recounting the story to an unseen guest in a vast , empty dining room . `` The Merciful '' , a 1971 episode of Night Gallery , features the story with a twist : an old couple in a basement , with the wife ( Imogene Coca ) building the wall and quoting from the Poe story , while the husband ( King Donovan ) sits passively in a rocking chair . Once she has finished , he gets up from the chair and walks up the stairs . The wife has sealed herself in . In 1974 , Skywald did an adaptation in Scream # 5 . Adaptation by Al Hewetson , art by `` Maro Nava '' ( a possible psudonym for Jerry Grandenetti ) . In 1989 , this was reprinted by Eternity Comics in Murders In The Rue Morgue # 1 . In 1975 , Warren did an adaptation in Creepy # 70 . Adaptation by Rich Margopoulos , art by Martin Salvador . This has been reprinted multiple times over the years . In 1976 , The Alan Parsons Project released an album titled Tales of Mystery and Imagination with one of the tracks called `` The Cast of Amontillado '' . In 1977 , Marvel Comics did an adaptation in Marvel Classics Comics # 28 . Adaptation & layouts by Don McGregor , art by Michael Golden , making his professional comics debut . This has been reprinted twice by Editora Bloch ( Brazil ) . In 1977 , Pendulum Press did an adaptation in The Best Of Poe ( part of their Now Age Books / Pendulum Illustrated Classics / Now Age Illustrated series ) . Adaptation by Naunerle Farr , art by Noly Zamora . This has been reprinted multiple times since , most recently by Saddleback Illustrated Classics in 2006 . In 1979 , Moby Books did an illustrated story adaptation in Tales Of Mystery And Terror ( part of their Great Illustrated Classics series ) . Adaptation by Marjorie P. Katz , art by Pablo Marcos . In 1980 , Organizacion Editorial Novaro ( Mexico ) did an illustrated story adaptation in Cuentos De Edgar Allan Poe ( part of their Clasicos Ilustrados series ) . Adaptation by Hector D. Shelley , art by Guido Del Carpio Rivera . In 1982 , Troll Associates did an illustrated children 's book . Adaptation by David E. Cutts , art by Ann Toulmin - Rothe . In 1989 , Globe Communications Corp did an adaptation in Monsters Attack # 2 . Adaptation by Charles E. Hall , art by Walter James Brogan . In 1995 , Mojo Press did an adaptation in The Tell - Tale Heart : Stories And Poems by Edgar Allan Poe . Art by Bill D. Fountain . In 1997 , Cottage Classics did an illustrated version in Maxon 's Poe : Seven Stories And Poems by Edgar Allan Poe . Art by Maxon Poe . `` The Cask of Amontillado '' was made into a British film in 1998 , directed by Mario Cavalli , screenplay by Richard Deakin and starring Anton Blake as Montresor and Patrick Monckton as Fortunato . In 1999 , Albin Michel -- L'Echo des Savanes ( France ) did a comics version , `` El Tonel De Amontillado '' in Le Chat Noir . Adaptation & art by Horacio Lalia . In 2001 , Eureka Productions featured an adaptation in Graphic Classics # 1 . Art by Pedro Lopez . In 2003 , Lou Reed included an adaptation on the extended edition of his Poe - themed album The Raven , titled `` The Cask '' and performed by Willem Dafoe ( as Montresor ) and Steve Buscemi ( as Fortunato ) . In 2009 , Edelvives Zaragoza ( Spain ) did a comics version , `` El Barril De Amontillado '' in Tres Cuentos De Poe . Adaptation & art by Xavier Besse . Edgar Allan Poe 's The Cask of Amontillado ( 2011 ) stars David JM Bielewicz and Frank Tirio , Jr . It was directed by Thad Ciechanowski , produced by Joe Serkoch , by production company DijitMedia , LLC / Orionvega . It was a winner of 2013 regional Emmy Award . In 2013 , Lance Tait 's stage adaptation located the action of the story in Nice , France . In 2014 , Dark Horse Comics did an adaptation in The Premature Burial . Adaptation & art by Richard Corben . In 2014 , Ediciones De La Flor ( Argentina ) did an adaptation in Lo Mejor De Poe ( `` The Best of Poe '' ) . Adaptation & art by Edu Molina . in 2014 , Keith Carradine starred in Terroir , a feature length film adaptation by John Charles Jopson . This story is told in Christopher Moore 's book The Serpent of Venice ( 2014 ) from the perspective of the main character , Pocket , a jester . In this version , Pocket is saved by a mermaid . The fourth episode in season 9 American Masters titled Edgar Allan Poe : Terror of the Soul adapts the story . In spring 2017 , Udon Entertainment 's Manga Classics line will publish The Stories of Edgar Allan Poe , which will include a manga format adaptation of `` The Cask of Amontillado '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cecil , L. Moffitt ( 1972 ) . `` Poe 's Wine List '' . Poe Studies . 5 ( 2 ) : 41 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1754 - 6095.1972. tb00193. x . Jump up ^ Sova , Dawn B. ( 2001 ) . Edgar Allan Poe : A to Z . Checkmark Books . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4161 - X . Jump up ^ Reynolds , David F. ( 1993 ) . `` Poe 's Art of Transformation : ' The Cask of Amontillado ' in Its Cultural Context '' . In Silverman , Kenneth . The American Novel : New Essays on Poe 's Major Tales . Cambridge University Press . p. 101 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42243 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Allan Poe -- ' The Cask of Amontillado ' '' . The Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore . ^ Jump up to : Baraban , Elena V. ( 2004 ) . `` The Motive for Murder in ' The Cask of Amontillado ' by Edgar Allan Poe '' . Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature. 58 ( 2 ) : 47 -- 62 . doi : 10.2307 / 1566552 . JSTOR 1566552 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Stepp , Walter ( 1976 ) . `` The Ironic Double In Poe 's ' The Cask of Amontillado ' '' . Studies in Short Fiction. 13 ( 4 ) : 447 . ^ Jump up to : St. John Stott , Graham ( Winter 2004 ) . `` Poe 's ' The Cask of Amontillado ' '' . Explicator. 62 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 88 . doi : 10.1080 / 00144940409597179 . ^ Jump up to : Platizky , Roger ( Summer 1999 ) . `` Poe 's ' The Cask of Amontillado ' '' . Explicator. 57 ( 4 ) : 206 . doi : 10.1080 / 00144949909596874 . Jump up ^ Bergen , Philip ( 1990 ) . Old Boston in Early Photographs . Boston : Bostonian Society . p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : Vrabel , Jim ( 2004 ) . When in Boston : a time line & almanac . Northeastern University . ISBN 1 - 55553 - 620 - 4 / ISBN 1 - 555 - 53621 - 2 p. 105 Jump up ^ Wilson , Susan ( 2000 ) . Literary Trail of Greater Boston . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05013 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Battery B , 4th U.S. Light Artillery -- First Lieutenants of the 4th U.S. Artillery '' . Jump up ^ Headley , J.T. ( 1844 ) . `` A Man Built in a Wall '' . Letters from Italy . London : Wiley & Putnam . pp. 191 -- 195 . Jump up ^ Mabbott , Thomas Ollive , editor . Tales and Sketches : Volume II . Urbana , Ill. : University of Illinois Press , 2000 . p. 1254 Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1993 ) , pp. 94 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Edward Craney ( 1976 ) . `` Marginalia -- A Possible Debt to Cooper '' . Poe Studies . 9 ( 1 ) : 23 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1754 - 6095.1976. tb00266. x . Jump up ^ Silverman , Kenneth ( 1991 ) . Edgar A. Poe : Mournful and Never - ending Remembrance . New York : Harper Perennial . pp. 312 -- 313 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 092331 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rust , Richard D. ( 2001 ) . `` Punish with Impunity : Poe , Thomas Dunn English and ' The Cask of Amontillado ' '' . The Edgar Allan Poe Review . 2 ( 2 ) : 33 -- 52 . JSTOR 41508404 . Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1993 ) , pp. 96 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Benton , Richard P. ( 1996 ) . `` Poe 's ' The Cask of Amontillado ' : Its Cultural and Historical Backgrounds '' . Poe Studies . 30 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 19 -- 27 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1754 - 6095.1997. tb00089. x . Jump up ^ Pollin , Burton R. ( 1970 ) . `` Notre - Dame de Paris in Two of the Tales '' . Discoveries in Poe . Notre Dame , Indiana : University of Notre Dame Press . pp. 24 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Kenneth ( 1991 ) . Edgar A. Poe : Mournful and Never - ending Remembrance . New York : Harper Perennial . pp. 129 -- 130 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 092331 - 8 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Dwight ; Jackson , David K. ( 1987 ) . The Poe Log : A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe , 1809 -- 1849 . New York : G.K. Hall & Co. p. 141 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 1401 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sova , Dawn B. ( 2001 ) . Edgar Allan Poe , A to Z : the essential reference to his life and work . New York City : Facts on File . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4161 - X . OCLC 44885229 . Jump up ^ `` The Cask of Amontillado ( 1998 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Emmy Winners '' . www.natasmid-atlantic.org . National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Caridad , Ava ( 2016 ) . `` Lance Tait : The Black Cat and Other Plays : Adapted from Stories by Edgar Allan Poe '' . The Edgar Allan Poe Review . Penn State University Press . 17 ( 1 ) : 66 -- 69 . doi : 10.5325 / edgallpoerev. 17.1. 0066 . JSTOR 10.5325 / edgallpoerev. 17.1. 0066 . p. 67 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Allan Poe : Terror of the Soul '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Udon Ent. to Release Street Fighter Novel , Dragon 's Crown Manga '' . Anime News Network . July 21 , 2016 . . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Cask of Amontillado Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Cask of Amontillado . `` The Cask of Amontillado '' -- Full text of the first printing , from Godey 's Lady 's Book , 1846 Full text on PoeStories.com with hyperlinked vocabulary words . Free - to - download MP3 dramatisation of the story ( Yuri Rasovsky ) The Cask of Amontillado public domain audiobook at LibriVox Edgar Allan Poe Bibliography Poems `` Tamerlane '' ( 1827 ) `` Al Aaraaf '' ( 1829 ) `` Sonnet to Science '' ( 1829 ) `` To Helen '' ( 1831 ) `` The City in the Sea '' ( 1831 ) `` The Haunted Palace '' ( 1839 ) `` The Conqueror Worm '' ( 1843 ) `` Lenore '' ( 1843 ) `` Eulalie '' ( 1843 ) `` The Raven '' ( 1845 ) `` Ulalume '' ( 1847 ) `` A Dream Within a Dream '' ( 1849 ) `` Eldorado '' ( 1849 ) `` The Bells '' ( 1849 ) `` Annabel Lee '' ( 1849 ) '' Tales `` Metzengerstein '' ( 1832 ) `` Bon - Bon '' ( 1832 ) `` MS . Found in a Bottle '' ( 1833 ) `` Berenice '' ( 1835 ) `` Morella '' ( 1835 ) `` The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall '' ( 1835 ) `` Ligeia '' ( 1838 ) `` A Predicament '' ( 1838 ) `` The Devil in the Belfry '' ( 1839 ) `` The Man That Was Used Up '' ( 1839 ) `` The Fall of the House of Usher '' ( 1839 ) `` William Wilson '' ( 1839 ) `` The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion '' ( 1839 ) `` The Business Man '' ( 1840 ) `` The Man of the Crowd '' ( 1840 ) `` The Murders in the Rue Morgue '' ( 1841 ) `` A Descent into the Maelström '' ( 1841 ) `` Never Bet the Devil Your Head '' ( 1841 ) `` Eleonora '' ( 1841 ) `` The Oval Portrait '' ( 1842 ) `` The Masque of the Red Death '' ( 1842 ) `` The Mystery of Marie Rogêt '' ( 1842 ) `` The Pit and the Pendulum '' ( 1842 ) `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' ( 1843 ) `` The Gold - Bug '' ( 1843 ) `` The Black Cat '' ( 1843 ) `` The Spectacles '' ( 1844 ) `` A Tale of the Ragged Mountains '' ( 1844 ) `` The Premature Burial '' ( 1844 ) `` The Oblong Box '' ( 1844 ) `` The Angel of the Odd '' ( 1844 ) `` Thou Art the Man '' ( 1844 ) `` The Purloined Letter '' ( 1844 ) `` Some Words with a Mummy '' ( 1845 ) `` The Thousand - and - Second Tale of Scheherazade '' ( 1845 ) `` The Imp of the Perverse '' ( 1845 ) `` The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether '' ( 1845 ) `` The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar '' ( 1845 ) `` The Cask of Amontillado '' ( 1846 ) `` Hop - Frog '' ( 1849 ) Essays `` Maelzel 's Chess Player '' ( 1836 ) `` The Philosophy of Furniture '' ( 1840 ) `` Morning on the Wissahiccon '' ( 1844 ) `` The Philosophy of Composition '' ( 1846 ) `` The Poetic Principle '' ( 1846 ) Eureka : A Prose Poem ( 1848 ) Novels The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket ( 1837 ) The Journal of Julius Rodman ( 1840 ) Collections Tamerlane and Other Poems ( 1827 ) Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque ( 1840 ) Play Politian ( 1835 ) Other The Conchologist 's First Book ( 1839 ) The Balloon - Hoax ( 1844 ) The Light - House ( 1849 ) Related Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe ( wife ) Eliza Poe ( mother ) David Poe Jr. ( father ) William Henry Poe ( brother ) Poe Museum Poe Cottage Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum National Historic Site The Penn magazine Death Edgar Award In popular culture film and television music Poe Toaster Tales of Mystery & Imagination BNF : cb16163302n ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cask_of_Amontillado&oldid=854611493 '' Categories : 1846 short stories Short stories by Edgar Allan Poe Fiction with unreliable narrators Horror short stories Revenge in fiction Short stories adapted into films Works originally published in Godey 's Lady 's Book Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Türkçe Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 16 : 06 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who killed fortunato in the cask of amontillado
[ "The story's narrator, Montresor, tells an unspecified person, who knows him very well, of the day he took his revenge on Fortunato (Italian for \"the fortunate one\"), a fellow nobleman. Angry over numerous injuries and some unspecified insult, Montresor plots to murder his \"friend\" during Carnival, while the man is drunk, dizzy, and wearing a jester's motley.\n" ]
[ "Montresor" ]
766705886319459371
Brand New Key
Brand New key - wikipedia Brand New key Jump to : navigation , search `` Brand New Key '' Single by Melanie from the album Gather Me B - side `` Some Say ( I Got Devil ) '' Released October 1971 Genre Folk , pop Length 2 : 26 Label Neighborhood Songwriter ( s ) Melanie Safka Producer ( s ) Peter Schekeryk Melanie singles chronology `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1970 ) `` Brand New Key '' ( 1971 ) `` The Nickel Song '' ( 1972 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1970 ) `` Brand New Key '' ( 1971 ) `` The Nickel Song '' ( 1972 ) `` Brand New Key '' is a pop song written and sung by folk music singer Melanie . Initially a track of Melanie 's album Gather Me , produced by Melanie 's husband , Peter Schekeryk , it was known also as `` The Rollerskate Song '' due to its chorus . It was her greatest success , scoring No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart during December 1971 and January 1972 . Billboard ranked it as the No. 9 song of 1972 . It also scored No. 1 in Canada and Australia and No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart . The song was featured in the 1997 movie Boogie Nights as well as the 2010 movie Jackass 3D and an episode of Helix . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Controversy 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Selected list of recorded versions 5 Parodies and other versions 6 References in popular culture 7 References Overview ( edit ) The song is sung from the viewpoint of a girl with roller skates trying to attract the attention of a boy . In an interview with Examiner.com , Melanie described what she claimed was the inspiration for the song : `` I was fasting with a 27 - day fast on water . I broke the fast and went back to my life living in New Jersey and we were going to a flea market around six in the morning . On the way back ... and I had just broken the fast , from the flea market , we passed a McDonald 's and the aroma hit me , and I had been a vegetarian before the fast . So we pulled into the McDonald 's and I got the whole works ... the burger , the shake , and the fries ... and no sooner after I finished that last bite of my burger ... that song was in my head . The aroma brought back memories of roller skating and learning to ride a bike and the vision of my dad holding the back fender of the tire . And me saying to my dad ... ' You 're holding , you 're holding , you 're holding , right ? ' Then I 'd look back and he was n't holding and I 'd fall . So that whole thing came back to me and came out in this song . '' Controversy ( edit ) Many listeners detect sexual innuendo in the lyrics , with the key in its lock thought to symbolize sexual intercourse , or in phrases such as `` I go pretty far '' and `` I 've been all around the world '' . Another common viewpoint on the song , is that the song is clearly an innocent reflection upon the typical workings of a child 's mind regarding their possessions ( In this case , quad skates and the associated key essential for tightening / loosening a locking clamp on the skates ) . Melanie has acknowledged the possibility of detecting sexual innuendo in the song , without confirming or denying the intent : ( The song ) , `` Brand New Key '' , I wrote in about fifteen minutes one night . I thought it was cute ; a kind of old thirties tune . I guess a key and a lock have always been Freudian symbols , and pretty obvious ones at that . There was no deep serious expression behind the song , but people read things into it . They made up incredible stories as to what the lyrics said and what the song meant . In some places , it was even banned from the radio . My idea about songs is that once you write them , you have very little say in their life afterward . It 's a lot like having a baby . You conceive a song , deliver it , and then give it as good a start as you can . After that , it 's on its own . People will take it any way they want to take it . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 -- 72 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada ( RPM ) New Zealand ( Listener ) UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 5 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Rank Australia 11 Canada 27 UK 46 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 9 U.S. Cash Box Selected list of recorded versions ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1995 Sharon , Lois & Bram , on the album Let 's Dance ! 1996 Rasputina , on the album Thanks for the Ether . 1998 Deana Carter , on the album Everything 's Gonna Be Alright . 2007 The Dollyrots , on the album Because I 'm Awesome . 2009 Katharine McPhee , on the album Unbroken . 2012 Olivia Newton - John , on the album A Few Best Men ( soundtrack ) . Parodies and other versions ( edit ) A version of the song entitled `` Combine Harvester '' , with new rustic - themed lyrics by Irish songwriter Brendan O'Shaughnessy ( including `` I 've got a brand new combine harvester An ' I 'll give you the key '' ) , was recorded by Irish comedian Brendan Grace , whose version scored No. 1 on the Irish Charts during 1975 . For the UK Singles Chart , West Country comedy folk act The Wurzels scored No. 1 for two weeks during June 1976 with a version of this . After the January 1994 attack on Nancy Kerrigan , a parody of `` Brand New Key '' circulated on radio stations . The parody featured lyrics from Tonya Harding 's point of view , and included the chorus , `` I 've got a brand new pair of figure skates / You 've got a busted knee ; / They 're gon na lock up my ex-husband and throw away the key . '' The song was used prominently in the 2005 movie Evil Aliens . With lyrics describing Best Film nominee Pan 's Labyrinth , Minnie Driver sang a parody of the song at the 2007 Spirit Awards ( `` I blew a giant frog to smithereens , I got his golden key '' ) . References in popular culture ( edit ) Melanie 's version is heard in the 1997 music Boogie Nights as Dirk Diggler ( Mark Wahlberg ) has his `` audition '' with Rollergirl ( Heather Graham ) in front of Jack Horner ( Burt Reynolds ) . The song is also played in Jackass 3 - D during the `` Bungee Boogie '' stunt skit ( in which the cast members use bungee cords , skateboards and a ramp to slingshot into a kiddie pool ) . On April 4 , 2016 , Jimmy Fallon lip synced the song during a `` Lip Sync Battle '' on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , while he competed with actress Melissa McCarthy . On the October 17 , 2016 , episode of singing competition television show The Voice , Team Miley ( Cyrus ) contestants Darby Walker and Karlee Metzger performed the song in a battle round . Despite coaches Adam Levine , Blake Shelton , and Alicia Keys all preferring Metzger 's vocal performance , Cyrus chose to name Walker the winner of the battle . Shortly after , Metzger was stolen onto Team Blake , saving her from elimination . The original version appears in season one of the FX show The Bridge , as the character Daniel Frye flushes his supply of drugs and alcohol . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ray Shahso ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Classic Rock Music Reporter : ' Melanie ' Safka Exclusive : `` My Mother Drove Me To Woodstock '' ( Part 1 ) `` . classicrockmusicwriter.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Brand New Key '' - Melanie `` . Superseventies.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` MELANIE '' . officialcharts.com . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 161 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Songs from the Year 1972 '' . tsort.info . Jump up ^ 1972_in_British_music # Best - selling_singles Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1972 / Top 100 Songs of 1972 '' . musicoutfitters.com . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Maclean 's Magazine November 6 , 1995 . Vol. 108 , Iss. 45 ; pg. 72 . `` Let 's Dance by Sharon , Lois & Bram '' . Chisholm , Patricia . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 327 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Boogie Nights soundtrack listing and review by Review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine http://www.allmusic.com/album/boogie-nights-original-soundtrack-mw0000027564 Retrieved 3 / 30 / 14 . Jump up ^ Lip Sync Battle with Melissa McCarthy . YouTube . April 4 , 2016 . Preceded by `` Family Affair '' by Sly & the Family Stone Billboard Hot 100 number one single ( Melanie version ) December 25 , 1971 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` American Pie '' by Don McLean Preceded by `` No Charge '' by J.J. Barrie UK number one single ( Wurzels version ) June 12 , 1976 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` You to Me Are Everything '' by The Real Thing ( hide ) Melanie Albums Born to Be ( 1968 ) Affectionately Melanie ( 1969 ) Candles in the Rain ( 1970 ) Leftover Wine ( 1970 ) The Good Book ( 1970 ) Gather Me ( 1971 ) Garden in the City ( 1972 ) Stoneground Words ( 1972 ) Melanie at Carnegie Hall ( 1973 ) Madrugada ( 1974 ) Photograph ( 1976 ) Ballroom Streets ( 1978 ) Noted singles `` Lay Down ( Candles in the Rain ) '' ( 1970 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1970 ) `` Brand New Key '' ( 1971 ) `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' ( 1973 ) Related Woodstock Music Festival Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brand_New_Key&oldid=810822804 '' Categories : 1971 singles 1972 singles 1976 singles British pop songs Melanie Safka songs Novelty songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles 1971 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 17 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sang i've got a brand new pair of roller skates
[ "\"Brand New Key\" is a pop song written and sung by folk music singer Melanie. Initially a track of Melanie's album Gather Me, produced by Melanie's husband, Peter Schekeryk, it was known also as \"The Rollerskate Song\" due to its chorus. It was her greatest success, scoring No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart during December 1971 and January 1972. Billboard ranked it as the No. 9 song of 1972. It also scored No. 1 in Canada and Australia and No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was featured in the 1997 movie Boogie Nights as well as the 2010 movie Jackass 3D and an episode of Helix." ]
[ "folk music singer Melanie" ]
-5086230781113414001
Stepfamily
Stepfamily - wikipedia Stepfamily Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article or section might have an extensive bias or disproportional coverage towards the US . Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A stepfamily , blended family or bonus family is a family where at least one parent has children that are not genetically related to the other spouse or partner . Either one parent may have children from a previous relationship . Children in a stepfamily may live with one biological parent , or they may live with each biological parent for a period of time . In addition , visitation rights mean that children in stepfamilies often have contact with both biological parents , even if they permanently live with only one . A child is referred to as the stepchild , stepdaughter or stepson of their biological parent 's new spouse , and that person as the stepparent , stepfather or stepmother of the child . A stepfather is the husband of one 's mother , and not one 's biological father . A stepmother is the wife of one 's father , and not one 's biological mother . A step - grandmother is the wife of one 's grandfather , and not one 's biological grandmother . A step - grandfather is the husband of one 's grandmother , and not one 's biological grandfather . A step - uncle is the husband of one 's parent 's sister ( aunt ) , and not one 's uncle . A step - aunt is the wife of one 's parent 's brother ( uncle ) , and not one 's aunt . Similarly , a stepbrother is the son of a stepparent whom one is not biologically related to . A stepsister is the daughter of a stepparent to whom one is not biologically related . A step - grandson is the grandson of one 's spouse who one is not biologically related to . A step - granddaughter is the granddaughter of one 's spouse to whom one is not biologically related . A step - cousin is the son or daughter of one 's aunt 's husband ( step - uncle ) or uncle 's wife ( step - aunt ) who one is not biologically related . A parent 's spouse of the same sex may also count as a stepparent . Alternatively , in Australia Under the Family Law Act 1975 ( Cth ) a `` stepparent '' in relation to a child , is interpreted as a person who is not a parent of the child ; and is , or has been , married to or a de facto partner of , a parent of the child ; and treats , or at any time while married to , or a de facto partner of , the parent treated , the child as a member of the family formed with the parent . A `` simple '' stepfamily is one in which only one member of the couple has a prior child or children and the couple has not yet had additional children . When both members of the couple have at least one pre-existing child , the new family is `` complex '' or `` blended '' from the start ; if only one member has one or more prior children but the couple has another child together , the `` complex '' / `` blended '' designation replaces the `` simple '' designation upon the birth of the new child . If both members of the couple have prior children , those children are stepbrothers and stepsisters to one another . Any subsequent child born to the couple is a half - sibling of the respective members ' prior children . If a stepparent legally adopts the partner 's child or children , he or she becomes the child 's legal parent . In such cases , the parents may stop using the terms `` stepparent '' and `` stepchild '' and instead refer to the child simply as their son or daughter ; depending on the child 's degree of affinity for the adoptive parent and / or approval of the legal proceedings culminating in the child 's adoption , the child may likewise drop the `` step - '' designation from his / her description of the relationship . Even when all parties describe the relationship using the terms applied to biological and adoptive families , however , at least some of the emotional and psychological issues common to stepfamilies may persist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Challenges 3 Legal status 4 Stepparent adoption in the United States 5 Abuse 6 In research 7 Education 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) The earliest recorded use of the prefix step - , in the form steop - , is from an 8th - century glossary of Latin - Old English words meaning `` orphan '' . Steopsunu is given for the Latin word filiaster and steopmoder for nouerca . Similar words recorded later in Old English include stepbairn , stepchild and stepfather . The words are used to denote a connection resulting from the remarriage of a widowed parent and are related to the word ástíeped meaning bereaved , with stepbairn and stepchild occasionally used simply as synonyms for orphan . Words such as stepbrother , stepniece and stepparent appeared much later and do not have any particular connotation of bereavement . Corresponding words in other Germanic languages include : Old High German stiuf - and Old Norse stjúp - . Challenges ( edit ) This article contains instructions , advice , or how - to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts , not to train . Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how - to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage . ( July 2014 ) According to James Bray , three of the challenges facing a stepfamily are financial and living arrangements , resolving feelings about the previous marriage and anticipating parenting changes . Additional challenges that a step - or blended family face are those regarding the paternal parents as well as the inherent bond that paternal parents have with their children and vice versa . Stepparents often face significant difficulties when interacting with the paternal parent . Often , paternal parents feel as though the other man or woman is going to ultimately replace them . This is a common feeling for a parent to have when faced with the new circumstance of blended families ... Legal status ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Although historically stepfamilies are built through the institution of marriage and are legally recognized , it is currently unclear if a stepfamily can be both established and recognized by less formal arrangements , such as when a man or woman with children cohabits with another man or woman outside of marriage . This relationship is becoming more common in all Western countries . There appear to be many cultures in which these families are recognized socially as de facto families . However , in modern Western culture it is often unclear as to what , if any , social status and protection they enjoy in law . The stepparent is a `` legal stranger '' in most of the U.S. and has no legal right to the minor child no matter how involved in the child 's life they are . The biological parents ( and , where applicable , adoptive parents ) hold that privilege and responsibility . If the biological parent does not give up their parental rights and custody of the child , the other parent 's subsequent marriage can not create a parental relationship without the biological parent 's written consent before a `` child '' reaches adulthood . In most cases , the stepparent can not be ordered to pay child support . Stepparents generally do not have the authority to give legal consent to medical treatment for a stepchild , unless the stepparent has legally adopted the child or been designated a legal guardian . A child 's parents or legal guardians may sign a statement authorizing a third party to consent to medical care . With regard to unmarried couples , one can easily imagine such social and legal recognition , most notably in the case of common law marriage . Unmarried couples today may also find social recognition locally through community consensus . Still , it is not at all clear what formal parenting roles , rights , responsibilities and social etiquette should exist between `` stepparents '' and their `` stepchildren . '' This often leaves the parents in unexpected conflicts with each other , their former spouses and the children . For all the confusion which stepparents may feel , it is often even less clear to the stepchildren what the interpersonal relationships are , or should be , between themselves and their stepsiblings ; between themselves and their stepparent ; and even between themselves and their birth parents . These relationships can be extremely complex , especially in circumstances where each `` stepspouse '' may bring children of their own to the home or in households where children are expected to actively participate in each of the newly created families of both birth parents . Although most stepfamilies can agree on what they do not want to be for one another , they are often hard pressed to agree upon what they do want to be for one another . This makes it difficult for everyone in the family to learn their roles . It is especially difficult for the children , because the roles and expectations of them change as they move between the homes and families of both of their birth parents . Stepparent adoption in the United states ( edit ) In the United States , the most common form of adoption is adopting a stepchild . By adopting a stepchild , the stepparent is agreeing to be fully responsible for their spouse 's child . The biological parent not living with the child no longer has any rights or responsibilities for the child , including child support . Stepparents can become legal parents to their stepchildren through the process of stepparent adoption . Both biological parents , if living , must consent or agree to the adoption . When a stepparent adopts a stepchild , either the non-custodial parent of the child willingly gives up his or her parental rights to the child , or the court terminates the parental rights of the biological parent if there is evidence of abuse or neglect to the child . If a parent is not involved in the child 's life , the court can terminate that biological parent 's rights on the grounds of abandonment . Grounds for abandonment in most states is no contact between the parent and child for at least one year . Local laws to complete a stepparent adoption vary . While having the non-custodial parent consent to the adoption is the easiest way to complete a stepparent adoption , it is still possible to have one completed when they either do not consent , or can not be located . A stepparent adoption can still occur if the other birth parent refuses to give consent or can not be located . Most states ' laws allow parental rights to be terminated when a parent has willfully failed to pay child support or communicate with the child for a period of time , usually a year . Stepparent adoption also can occur if the other biological parent is deceased . Abuse ( edit ) Main article : Cinderella effect A common villain of classic fairy tales is the abusive stepmother . She mistreats her non-biological child by locking them away , or trying to kill them in some cases , and treats her own children very well if she has any . In popular culture phrases like `` I 'll beat you like a red - headed stepchild '' are uttered as a common threat that show just how aware people are about the assumed nature of stepfamily abuse . The thought is that because this child is not the biological child they are more likely to be beaten due to a lack of kinship ties . The research on this topic shows that this issue is not so clearly defined however . The image of the wicked step mother is well known but much of the research available shows more of the abuse coming from stepfathers rather than step mothers . Stepfathers have been shown to abuse female stepchildren more than males . They are also shown to be more abusive towards female children than biological families , but less abusive than adoptive fathers . The abuse studied with men in mind tends to focus on physical or sexual abuse of children rather than emotional abuse . Neglect is also discussed as a qualifying method of child abuse by step parents in general . In 2004 a U.S. study by Weekes and Weekes - Shackelford found that while biological fathers fatally abuse children 5 and under at a rate of 5.6 per million per year ; step fathers were found to have a rate of 55.9 per million per year . A U.K. study done in 2000 had different results which found that many less children responded as being abused by a step parent . Economic factors could also play a role in the abuse of step children . In places with higher levels of social strain abuse may be more prevalent or more violent . Other studies of census data and child neglect and abuse records have found that step parents may be over represented in abuse figures . They found that when the data is balanced , the biological parents have a much higher rate of abuse than the step parents do . Step mothers are thought to be less violent in their abuse and instead rely mainly on verbal and emotion abuse . There is little research in the field of parental abuse by children in concern with step children abusing step parents . The abuse of step children by their siblings is also a topic with little research . In research ( edit ) In her book , Becoming a Stepfamily , Patricia Papernow ( 1993 ) suggests that each stepfamily goes through seven distinct stages of development , which can be divided into the Early , Middle , and Late stages . The Early stages consist of the Fantasy , Immersion , and Awareness stages . In the Fantasy stage , both children and parents are typically `` stuck '' in their fantasies or wishes for what their family could be like . The developmental task for this stage is for each member to articulate their wants and needs . In the Immersion stage , the family is typically struggling to live out the fantasy of a `` perfect '' blended family . In this stage , it is critical for the `` insider spouse '' ( i.e. the biological parent who typically forms the emotional hub of the family ) to understand that the feelings of the `` outsider spouse '' and children are real . The task of this stage is to persist in the struggle to become aware of the various experiences . This stage is followed by the Awareness stage , in which the family gathers information about what the new family looks like ( e.g. , roles , traditions , `` family culture '' ) and how each member feels about it . The tasks of this stage are twofold : individual and joint . The individual task is for each member to begin to put words to the feelings they are experiencing , and to voice their needs to other family members . The joint task is for family members to begin to transcend the `` experiential gaps '' and to try to form an understanding of other members ' roles and experiences . The Middle stages consist of the Mobilization and Action stages . In the Mobilization stage , the stepparent can begin to step forward to address the family 's process and structure . The tasks of this stage are to confront differences in each member 's perception of the new family , as well as to influence one another before shaming or blaming begins to take action to reorganize the family structure . The goal here is to make joint decisions about new stepfamily rituals , rules , and roles . The focus in this stage is on the stepfamily 's unique `` middle ground '' ( i.e. the `` areas of shared experience , shared values , and easy cooperative functioning created over time , '' p. 39 ) , and on balancing this new middle ground with honoring of past and other relationships . The Later stages consist of the Contact and Resolution stages . In the Contact stage , the couple is working well together , the boundaries between households are clear , and stepparents have definite roles with stepchildren as `` intimate outsiders . '' The task for this stage is in solidifying the stepparent 's role , and in continuing the process of awareness . Finally , in the Resolution stage , the stepfamily 's identity has become secure . The family accepts itself for who it is , there is a strong sense of the stepfamily 's middle ground , and children feel secure in both households . The task for this stage is to nourish the depth and maturity gained through this process , and to rework any issues that might arise at family `` nodal events '' ( e.g. , weddings , funerals , graduations , etc . ) . In her book , Stepmonster : A New Look at Why Real Stepmothers Think , Feel , and Act the Way We Do , social researcher Wednesday Martin takes an anthropological approach to examining stepfamily dynamics . The Daily Mail said that Stepmonster `` in the US , has become widely regarded as the ' go to ' source for stepmothers , stepchildren , and therapists . '' Education ( edit ) The prevalence of stepfamilies has increased over the past century with the increase of divorce and remarriage . According to the Step Family Foundation , `` over 50 % of US families are remarried or recoupled . '' These families are unique in their experiences facing many challenges which first - married families do not . For example , role ambiguity , dealing with stepchildren , and ex-spouses are only a few of the issues which are unique to these families . In response to these families ' desire for assistance , stepfamily education has become an increasingly common topic among scholars and educators . Although still a relatively new facet within the marriage education realm , stepfamily education provides important information which may not be addressed in traditional marriage or relationship education curriculum . As discussed by Adler - Baeder and Higginbotham ( 2004 ) a number of curricula are currently available to stepfamilies and family life educators ; however , further research is needed in order to determine best - practices for the field . One way in which this gap is being filled is through the current implementation of Healthy Marriage Demonstration Grants in the U.S. As part of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 , grants for healthy marriage and responsible fatherhood , which include at - risk and diverse populations such as stepfamilies , are providing important information on the evaluation of stepfamily programs and their effectiveness in servicing stepfamilies . See also ( edit ) Half - sibling Cinderella effect Phaedra complex Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ WebMD . `` Teen Health : Living with a Stepparent '' . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ The Free Dictionary By Farlex . `` stepfather '' . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ The Free Dictionary By Farlex . `` Stepmother '' . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ ( http://www.stepfamily.org.au/wp-content/uploads/Stepparents-Rights-and-Responsibilities-in-Australia2.pdf ) Jump up ^ See , e.g. , http://www.bccf.ca/professionals/blog/2012-09/canadian-stepfamilies-composition-and-complexity ( British Columbia Council for Families ; source uses Canadian English ) . Jump up ^ `` step - '' The Oxford English Dictionary . 2nd ed. 1989 . OED Online . Oxford University Press . 4 April 2000 < Registration required , retrieved 15 December 2006. > Jump up ^ Bray , PhD , James . `` Making stepfamilies work '' . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Tartakovsky , M. ( 2011 ) . Surviving and Thriving As a Stepfamily . Psych Central . Retrieved on July 19 , 2013 , from http://psychcentral.com/lib/surviving-and-thriving-as-a-stepfamily/0005770 Jump up ^ `` New blends - the legal definition of step - parenting - Family Law Partners '' . Family Law Partners . 2014 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` All Our Families Berkeley Law '' . Berkeley Law . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` National Stepfamily Resource Center Law & Policy FAQ '' . www.stepfamilies.info . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . `` Stepparent Adoption '' . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Wortman , Mark A. `` Step Parent Adoption '' . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Male Perpetrators of Child Maltreatment : Findings from NCANDS '' . ASPE. 2015 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Methods of filicide : Stepparents and genetic parents kill differently '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Child Maltreatment in the United Kingdom : a Study of the Prevalence of Abuse and Neglect . '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Stepchildren , Community Disadvantage , and Physical Injury in a Child Abuse Incident : A Preliminary Investigation '' . Jump up ^ Mercer , Jean ( 2012 - 02 - 29 ) . `` CHILDMYTHS : Who 's Abusive ? Comparing Step - Parents , Adoptive Parents , and Others '' . CHILDMYTHS . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Papernow , Patricia L. ( 1993 ) . `` Becoming a Stepfamily : Patterns of Development in Remarried Families '' . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass . Jump up ^ Papernow , 1993 . Jump up ^ Paernow , 1993 . Jump up ^ Waterlow , Lucy . `` We 're not stepmonsters ! '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Borchard , Therese . `` Stepmonster : 8 Reasons Why Stepmothers are Prone to Depression '' . Psychology Today . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Havrilesky , Heather . `` Beware the stepmonster ! '' . Salon . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Waterlow , Lucy . `` We 're Not Stepmonsters '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stepfamily Statistics '' . The Step Family Foundation . Jump up ^ Adler - Baeder , F. & Higginbotham , B. ( 2004 ) . Implications of remarriage and stepfamily formation for marriage education . Family Relations , 53 ( 5 ) , 448 -- 458 . Jump up ^ `` ACF Healthy Marriage Initiative : Funding Opportunities '' . Acf.hhs.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 11 . References ( edit ) Warner , Marina . From the Beast to the Blonde : On Fairy Tales and Their Tellers , ISBN 0 - 374 - 15901 - 7 Tatar , Maria . The Hard Facts of the Grimms ' Fairy Tales , ISBN 0 - 691 - 06722 - 8 Tatar , Maria . The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales , ISBN 0 - 393 - 05163 - 3 Further reading ( edit ) LeBey , Barbara ( 2004 ) . Remarried with Children : Ten Secrets for Successfully Blending and Extending Your Family . New York : Bantam . Martin , Wednesday , Ph. D. ( 2009 ) . Stepmonster : A New Look at Why Real Stepmothers Think , Feel , and Act the Way We Do . New York : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Papernow , Patricia L. ( 1993 ) . Becoming a Stepfamily : Patterns of Development in Remarried Families . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass . Ulrike Zartler , Valerie Heinz - Martin , Oliver Arránz Becker ( Eds . ) ( 2015 ) . Family Dynamics After Separation : A Life Course Perspective on Post-Divorce Families . Special Issue ZfF , Volume 10 , Barbara Budrich , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8474 - 0686 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Look up step - or stepfamily in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Step Parents at DMOZ Family History Household Nuclear family Extended family Conjugal family Immediate family Matrifocal family Blended family Dysfunctional family Polyfidelitous families First - degree relatives Parent Father Mother Child Daughter Son Sibling Brother Sister Second - degree relatives Grandparent Grandchild Aunt Uncle Nephew and niece Third - degree relatives Great - grandparent Great - grandchild Grand - nephew and grand - niece Cousin Family - in - law Spouse Wife Husband Parents - in - law Siblings - in - law Stepfamily Stepfather Stepmother Stepchild Stepsibling Kinship Adoption Affinity Consanguinity Disownment Divorce Estrangement Fictive kinship Marriage Nurture kinship Lineage Bilateral descent Common ancestor Family name Family tree Genealogy Heirloom Heredity Inheritance Matrilineality Patrilineality Pedigree chart Progenitor Relationships Agape ( parental love ) Eros ( marital love ) Filial piety Philia ( friendly love ) Storge ( familial love ) Holidays Mother 's Day U.S. Father 's Day Siblings Day National Grandparents Day Wedding anniversary Related Sociology of the family Museum of Motherhood Parenting Types Adoptive Alloparenting Complex family Coparenting Foster care Kommune 1 Noncustodial Nuclear family Orphaned Shared Single parent Blended family Surrogacy In loco parentis Theories Areas Attachment theory Applied behavior analysis Behaviorism Child development Cognitive development Developmental psychology Human development Love Maternal bond Nature versus nurture Parental investment Paternal bond Pediatrics Social psychology Styles Attachment parenting Concerted cultivation Gatekeeper parent Helicopter parent Nurturant parenting Slow parenting Soccer mom Strict father model Taking Children Seriously Work at home parent Techniques After - school activity Allowance Bedtime Child care Co-sleeping Homeschooling Latchkey kid Parent Management Training Play ( date ) Role model Spoiled child Television Toy ( educational ) Discipline Blanket training Corporal punishment in the home Curfew Grounding Tactical ignoring Time - out Abuse Child abandonment Child abuse Child labour Child neglect Cinderella effect Incest Narcissistic parent Parental abuse by children Parental alienation Legal and social aspects Child support Cost of raising a child Marriage Parental responsibility Deadbeat parent Paternity Disownment Experts T. Berry Brazelton Tanya Byron Bryan Caplan Rudolf Dreikurs David Elkind Jo Frost Haim Ginott Thomas Gordon Alan E. Kazdin Truby King Annette Lareau Penelope Leach Madeline Levine William Sears B.F. Skinner Benjamin Spock Baby and Child Care Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stepfamily&oldid=803205482 '' Categories : Family Stepfamily Adoption , fostering , orphan care and displacement Hidden categories : Articles with disproportional geographic scope from August 2016 Articles needing cleanup from July 2014 All pages needing cleanup Articles containing how - to sections Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with DMOZ links Use dmy dates from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Simple English Svenska Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Walon 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 03 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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where did the word step dad come from
[ "The earliest recorded use of the prefix step-, in the form steop-, is from an 8th-century glossary of Latin-Old English words meaning \"orphan\". Steopsunu is given for the Latin word filiaster and steopmoder for nouerca. Similar words recorded later in Old English include stepbairn, stepchild and stepfather. The words are used to denote a connection resulting from the remarriage of a widowed parent and are related to the word ástíeped meaning bereaved, with stepbairn and stepchild occasionally used simply as synonyms for orphan. Words such as stepbrother, stepniece and stepparent appeared much later and do not have any particular connotation of bereavement. Corresponding words in other Germanic languages include: Old High German stiuf- and Old Norse stjúp-.[6]" ]
[ "Latin-Old English words meaning \"orphan\"" ]
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Colorado River Compact
Colorado River compact - wikipedia Colorado River compact Member states of the Colorado River Compact Upper Division states Lower Division states Map of Colorado River Basin The Colorado River Compact is a 1922 agreement among seven U.S. states in the basin of the Colorado River in the American Southwest governing the allocation of the water rights to the river 's water among the parties of the interstate compact . The agreement was signed at a meeting at Bishop 's Lodge , near Santa Fe , New Mexico , by representatives of the seven states the Colorado river and its tributaries pass through on the way to Mexico . Contents ( hide ) 1 Law of the River 2 Provisions 3 Future developments and issues 4 Criticism and renegotiation 5 References 6 Further reading Law of the River ( edit ) The Colorado River is managed and operated under numerous compacts , federal laws , court decisions and decrees , contracts , and regulatory guidelines collectively known as `` The Law of the River . '' Provisions ( edit ) The compact divides the river basin into two areas , the Upper Division ( comprising Colorado , New Mexico , Utah and Wyoming ) and the Lower Division ( Nevada , Arizona and California ) . The compact requires the Upper Basin states not to deplete the flow of the river below 7,500,000 acre feet ( 9.3 km ) during any period of ten consecutive years . Based on rainfall patterns observed in the years before the treaty 's signing in 1922 , the amount specified in the compact was assumed to allow a roughly equal division of water between the two regions . The states within each basin were required to divide their 7,500,000 - acre ( 30,000 km ) foot per year ( 289 m3 / s ) share allotment among themselves . The compact enabled the widespread irrigation of the Southwest , as well as the subsequent development of state and federal water works projects under the United States Bureau of Reclamation . Such projects included the Hoover Dam and Lake Powell . The current specific annual allotments in the Lower Basin were established in 1928 as part of the Boulder Canyon Project , while the current specific annual allotments in the Upper Basin were established by the Upper Colorado River Basin Compact of 1948 . They are : Upper Basin , 7.5 million acre ft / year ( 293 m3 / s ) total Colorado 51.75 % * 3.86 million acre ft / year ( 150.7 m3 / s ) Utah 23.00 % * 1.71 million acre ft / year ( 67.0 m3 / s ) Wyoming 14.00 % * 1.04 million acre ft / year ( 40.8 m3 / s ) New Mexico 11.25 % * 0.84 million acre ft / year ( 32.8 m3 / s ) Arizona 0.70 % 0.05 million acre ft / year ( 2.0 m3 / s ) * Percentages with a star are a percentage of the total after Arizona 's 0.05 million are deducted . Arizona 's percentage is of the total . Lower Basin , 7.5 million acre ft / year ( 293 m3 / s ) total California 58.70 % 4.40 million acre ft / year ( 172 m3 / s ) Arizona 37.30 % 2.80 million acre ft / year ( 109 m3 / s ) Nevada 4.00 % 0.30 million acre ft / year ( 12 m3 / s ) In addition to this , 1,500,000 - acre - foot ( 1.9 × 10 m ) / year of Colorado River water is allocated to Mexico , pursuant to the treaty relating to the use of waters of the Colorado and Tijuana rivers and of the Rio Grande , signed February 3 , 1944 , and its supplementary protocol signed November 14 , 1944 . Also , the lower basin can get an additional 1,100,000 - acre - foot ( 1.4 × 10 m ) / year in surplus conditions . The compact was the fruit of several years of negotiations among the states . The seven states had previously formed the League of the Southwest in 1917 to promote development along the river . In 1921 , Congress authorized the states to enter into a compact for allocation of the river resources . The agreement was approved by Congress in 1922 , the same year it was signed . Colorado River Compact was signed by the delegates from the seven Colorado River Basin states : Wyoming , Colorado , Utah and New Mexico were designated Upper Basin states and California , Arizona and Nevada as the Lower Basin states . This compact determined that the water would be shared equally among the upper and lower basin states . Prior to the compact , the name of the river was standardized along its length . Previously the portion of the river upstream from its confluence with the Green River had been known locally as the `` Grand River '' . The change was opposed by many local residents in Utah and Colorado , and the new name was enforced locally by acts of the state legislatures in both states in the early 1920s . One of the major concerns both today and back in the 1920s was the expanding population , and this increased the demand for water , particularly in California . In more recent years , mainly because of Las Vegas , Nevada has been looking for more use of the Colorado River . In 1934 , Arizona , unhappy with California 's decision to dam and divert the river , called out the National Guard and even commissioned a two boat `` navy . '' The matter was eventually settled in court . The agreement was controversial even at the time , however . Arizona , for example , was dissatisfied with the lower basin allotment . Led by Fred Colter , the state refused to sign the agreement , and did not do so until two months after Colter 's death in 1944 . The specific allotments were disputed by Arizona until the United States Supreme Court upheld the amount in the 1963 decision in Arizona v. California . The agreement ended many years of dispute , clearing the way for the Central Arizona Project , authorized by Congress in 1968 . Mexico was able to gain some of the river rights , Arizona took steps to protect its water rights and keep from California gaining too large of a share , which ultimately led to the Arizona v. California supreme Court Case . The Arizona v. Colorado court case lasted 11 years and cost over $5 million and 50 lawyers . This case set the precedent of SCOTus using water rights . The case ultimately decided that the Boulder Canyon Provision was correct for the lower states ( which are California , Nevada , and Arizona ) . The Court ultimately ruled in favor of Arizona , however they agreed with the way that California interpreted that it got surplus water was correct and so there was essentially some compromise on both sides . Future developments and issues ( edit ) Since the development of the Colorado River Compact , California has been using the surplus water that has been left over from other states . With increasing population growth in the Southwest there is concern that this surplus soon will not exist for California 's use . In 2001 , Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt signed an interim agreement , determining how water surplus from the Colorado River will be allocated between the states , and creating a fifteen - year period to allow California time to put conservation methods in place to reduce the state 's water usage and dependence on Colorado River water . There is also concern regarding Nevada 's increasing population and the state 's water usage . Nevada , with the smallest water allocation in the lower river basin , may find in the near future that the water supplied by the Colorado River will not meet the state 's growing needs . In 2008 Southern Nevada Water Authority General Manager Pat Mulroy said that she does not support a water reallocation . This is because all of the states in the river basin have experienced growth she says that it is unlikely that Nevada 's allocation would increase , and it could even decrease . Instead Nevada , like California , may have to work on conservation methods as well as finding other water sources to support the state 's growing population . Development was the prime concern of the Colorado River Compact , when signed in 1922 . Using and reusing the river water as well as frequent damming results in an unfavorable environment for native fish species . Dams block fish passage , reduce natural silt deposition along flood plains and in deltas , and change water temperatures -- all negatively impacting the natural ecosystem. ( 14 ) The high water usage has also caused the river delta , located in Mexico , to significantly deteriorate . Once a lush and green area from the high amounts of silt deposit , the plentiful ecosystem has now all but disappeared . The Colorado River had been over allocated since the beginning of its time , as during the signing of the Colorado River Compact , the flows were vastly overestimated and much more generous than they should have been . It was originally estimated to have 17 million acre - feet a year , but even prior to the drought flows have often been less than a third of that . Criticism and renegotiation ( edit ) In recent years , the compact has become the focus of even sharper criticism , in the wake of a protracted decrease in precipitation in the region . Specifically , the amount of water allocated was based on an expectation that the river 's average flow was 16,400,000 acre feet ( 20.2 km ) per year ( 641 m3 / s ) . Subsequent tree ring studies , however , have concluded that the long - term average water flow of the Colorado is significantly less . Estimates have included 13,200,000 acre feet ( 16.3 km ) per year ( 516 m3 / s ) , 13,500,000 acre feet ( 16.7 km ) per year ( 528 m / s ) , and 14,300,000 acre feet ( 17.6 km ) per year ( 559 m / s ) . Many analysts have concluded that when the compact was negotiated , the period used as the basis for `` average '' flow of the river ( 1905 -- 1922 ) included periods of abnormally high precipitation , and that the recent drought in the region is in fact a return to historically typical patterns . The decrease in precipitation has led to widespread dropping of reservoir levels in the region , in particular at Lake Powell , created by the Glen Canyon Dam in 1963 , where the exposure of long - inundated canyons has prompted calls for the reservoir to be permanently drained and decommissioned . In December 2007 , a set of interim guidelines on how to allocate Colorado River water in the event of shortages was signed by the Secretary of the Interior . The guidelines are described as interim because they extend through 2026 , and , `` acknowledging the potential for impacts due to climate change and increased hydrologic variability , '' interim guidelines provide `` the opportunity to gain valuable operating experience for the management of Lake Powell and Lake Mead , particularly for low reservoir conditions ... whether during the interim period or thereafter . '' The agreement specifies three levels of shortage conditions , depending on the level of Lake Mead : Light shortage . When the surface elevation at Lake Mead is below 1,075 feet ( 328 m ) relative to mean sea level but above 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) , the Lower Basin states will receive 7,167,000 acre feet ( 8.840 km ) per year : 4,400,000 acre feet ( 5.4 km ) to California , 2,480,000 acre feet ( 3.06 km ) to Arizona , and 287,000 acre feet ( 0.354 km ) to Nevada . Heavy shortage . When the surface elevation of Lake Mead is below 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) but above 1,025 feet ( 312 m ) , 7,083,000 acre feet ( 8.737 km ) per year will be delivered to the Lower Basin states : 4,400,000 acre feet ( 5.4 km ) to California , 2,400,000 acre feet ( 3.0 km ) to Arizona , and 283,000 acre feet ( 0.349 km ) to Nevada . Extreme shortage . The most severe shortage considered in the interim guidelines is when the level of Lake Mead drops below 1,025 feet ( 312 m ) , in which event 7,000,000 acre feet ( 8.6 km ) per year will be delivered to the Lower Basin states : 4,000,000 acre feet ( 4.9 km ) to California , 2,320,000 acre feet ( 2.86 km ) to Arizona , and 280,000 acre feet ( 0.35 km ) to Nevada . On August 15 , 2008 , Arizona Senator John McCain called for the compact to be renegotiated . Due to the Senator 's position as the Republican Party nominee in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election and Colorado 's swing state status , criticism of the compact may have gained national significance . Minute 319 . On November 20 , 2012 , the International Boundary and Water Commission of the United States and Mexico signed an agreement termed `` Minute 319 , '' which updated the Law of the River to address how the 1,500,000 acre feet ( 1.9 km ) of Colorado River water that Mexico receives every year would be affected by surplus or drought conditions . Under surplus conditions ( when the surface elevation of Lake Mead is above 1,145 feet ( 349 m ) relative to mean sea level ) the annual flow to Mexico will increase by 40,000 acre feet ( 0.049 km ) . In cases where the surface elevation of Lake Mead is higher than that , the extra deliveries to Mexico progressively increase , reaching a maximum of an additional 200,000 acre feet ( 0.25 km ) per year . Minute 319 also specifies that deliveries to Mexico will be reduced under drought conditions . Starting from the base allocation of 1,500,000 acre feet ( 1.9 km ) per year , annual deliveries will be reduced by 50,000 acre feet ( 0.062 km ) if the surface elevation of Lake Mead is between 1,075 feet ( 328 m ) and 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) above mean sea level ; reduced by 70,000 acre feet ( 0.086 km ) acre - feet if the elevation is 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) to 1,025 feet ( 312 m ) ; and reduced by 125,000 acre feet ( 0.154 km ) if the surface elevation is below 1,025 feet ( 312 m ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Reclamation : Lower Colorado Region - Law of the River '' . Usbr.gov. 2005 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Upper Colorado River Basin Compact , 1948 '' ( PDF ) . Usbr.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Colorado River interim guidelines for Lower Basin shortages and the coordinated operations for Lake Powell and lake Mead '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . December 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Eric I. Boime , `` Fluid Boundaries : Southern California , Baja California , and the Conflict over the Colorado River , 1848 - 1944 , '' ( Ph. D diss . University of California , San Diego , 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` Sharing Colorado River Water : History , Public Policy and the Colorado River Compact '' . Wrrc.arizona.edu . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona '' . Usbr.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Central Arizona Project '' . 2005 - 04 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historic Places Registration Form '' . National Park Service . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.crwua.org/colorado-river/uses/law-of-the-river Jump up ^ https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/967706.pdf ^ Jump up to : https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/05/25/the-disappearing-river Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sweet , P. `` Leave the Venerable Colorado River Be . '' Las Vegas Sun , November 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ H.G. Hidalgo , T.C. Piechota , and J.A. Dracup , 2000 : Alternative principal components regression procedures for dentrohydrological reconstructions , Water Resources Research v. 36 , p. 3241 - 3249 Jump up ^ C.W. Stockton and G.C. Jacoby , 1976 : Long - term surface - water supply and streamflow trends in the Upper Colorado River Basin . Lake Powell Res . Proj . Bulletin no 18 , National Science Foundation , Arlington , VA Jump up ^ C.A. Woodhouse , S.T. Gray , and D.M. Meko , 2005 : Updated streamflow reconstructions for the Upper Colorado River Basin , Water Resources Research v. 42 , W05415 , doi : 10.1029 / 2005 / WR004455 , 2006 Jump up ^ National Research Council , Colorado River Basin Water Management , National Academies Press , Jun 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Western States to Share Colorado River Water '' . Npr.org. 2007 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Final Environmental Impact Statement : Colorado River Interim guidelines for Lower Basin shortages and coordinated operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead '' . Usbr.gov . October 2007 . p. 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( 2008 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Today 's Polls , 8 / 16 '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Interim International Cooperative Measures in the Colorado River Basin Through 2017 ... '' ( PDF ) . Ibwc.gov. 2012 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Further reading ( edit ) Norris Hundley . Water and the West : The Colorado River Compact and the Politics of Water in the American West ( University of California Press , 2009 ) 415 pp. the standard scholarly history ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 26011 - 5 Lawrence J. MacDonnell ; et al. ( October 1995 ) . `` The Law of the Colorado River : Coping with Severe Sustained Drought '' . Water Resources Bulletin . 31 : 825 -- 836 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1752 - 1688.1995. tb03404. x . Jason Robison . `` Review of Hundley , Water and the West , '' H - Water , H - Net Reviews . September , 2010 . online Sandra Postel . The Colorado River Delta Series , National Geographic . March through May , 2013 . online Daniel Tyler . Silver Fox of the Rockies : Delphus E. Carpenter and Western Water Compacts , ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press ) 2003 . Colorado River system Jurisdictions United States Arizona California Colorado Nevada New Mexico Utah Wyoming Mexico Baja California Sonora Canyons Byers Canyon Gore Canyon Red Gorge Glenwood Canyon De Beque Canyon Horsethief Canyon Ruby Canyon Westwater Canyon Cataract Canyon Narrow Canyon Glen Canyon Grand Canyon Marble Canyon Granite Gorge Middle Granite Gorge Lower Granite Gorge Grand Wash Canyon Iceberg Canyon Virgin Canyon Boulder Canyon Black Canyon Pyramid Canyon Mohave Canyon Natural features River course Rocky Mountains Colorado River Basin Colorado Plateau Grand Lake Horseshoe Bend Sonoran Desert Mojave Desert Lower Colorado River Valley Mohave Valley Parker Valley Palo Verde Valley Colorado Desert Alamo River New River Salton Sea Imperial Valley Delta Montague Island Gulf of California / Sea of Cortez Tributaries Blue River Dirty Devil River Dolores River Escalante River Eagle River Fraser River Gila River Green River Gunnison River Kanab Creek Little Colorado River Paria River Roaring Fork River San Juan River Thunder River / Tapeats Creek Virgin River Las Vegas Wash Williams Fork Río Hardy Engineering Mainstem dams Shadow Mountain Granby Windy Gap Grand Valley Price - Stubb Glen Canyon Hoover Davis Parker Headgate Rock Palo Verde Imperial Laguna Morelos Major reservoirs Fontenelle Reservoir Flaming Gorge Reservoir Blue Mesa Reservoir Navajo Lake Lake Powell Lake Mead Lake Mohave Lake Havasu Imperial Reservoir Theodore Roosevelt Lake San Carlos Lake Aqueducts and canals Grand Ditch Colorado River Aqueduct San Diego Aqueduct Central Arizona Project All - American Canal Coachella Canal Water projects Boulder Canyon Project Colorado - Big Thompson Project Colorado River Storage Project Grand Valley AVA Yuma Project Designated areas Arches National Park Canyonlands National Park Colorado National Monument Dead Horse Point State Park Glen Canyon National Recreation Area Grand Canyon National Park Lake Mead National Recreation Area Rocky Mountain National Park Related topics Arizona v. California Colorado River Board of California Colorado River Compact Floyd Dominy Lee 's Ferry International Boundary and Water Commission Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Rapids and features U.S. Bureau of Reclamation William Mulholland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River_Compact&oldid=838534395 '' Categories : History of the American West United States interstate compacts Colorado River Water and the environment Water in Colorado Water law in the United States Colorado law New Mexico law Utah law Wyoming law Nevada law Arizona law California law Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 16 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who decides where the water from the colorado river goes
[ "The compact was the fruit of several years of negotiations among the states. The seven states had previously formed the League of the Southwest in 1917 to promote development along the river.[4] In 1921, Congress authorized the states to enter into a compact for allocation of the river resources. The agreement was approved by Congress in 1922, the same year it was signed. Colorado River Compact was signed by the delegates from the seven Colorado River Basin states: Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico were designated Upper Basin states and California, Arizona and Nevada as the Lower Basin states. This compact determined that the water would be shared equally among the upper and lower basin states. Prior to the compact, the name of the river was standardized along its length. Previously the portion of the river upstream from its confluence with the Green River had been known locally as the \"Grand River\". The change was opposed by many local residents in Utah and Colorado, and the new name was enforced locally by acts of the state legislatures in both states in the early 1920s. One of the major concerns both today and back in the 1920s was the expanding population, and this increased the demand for water, particularly in California. In more recent years, mainly because of Las Vegas, Nevada has been looking for more use of the Colorado River.[5]", "The compact was the fruit of several years of negotiations among the states. The seven states had previously formed the League of the Southwest in 1917 to promote development along the river.[4] In 1921, Congress authorized the states to enter into a compact for allocation of the river resources. The agreement was approved by Congress in 1922, the same year it was signed. Colorado River Compact was signed by the delegates from the seven Colorado River Basin states: Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico were designated Upper Basin states and California, Arizona and Nevada as the Lower Basin states. This compact determined that the water would be shared equally among the upper and lower basin states. Prior to the compact, the name of the river was standardized along its length. Previously the portion of the river upstream from its confluence with the Green River had been known locally as the \"Grand River\". The change was opposed by many local residents in Utah and Colorado, and the new name was enforced locally by acts of the state legislatures in both states in the early 1920s. One of the major concerns both today and back in the 1920s was the expanding population, and this increased the demand for water, particularly in California. In more recent years, mainly because of Las Vegas, Nevada has been looking for more use of the Colorado River.[5]", "The compact was the fruit of several years of negotiations among the states. The seven states had previously formed the League of the Southwest in 1917 to promote development along the river.[4] In 1921, Congress authorized the states to enter into a compact for allocation of the river resources. The agreement was approved by Congress in 1922, the same year it was signed. Colorado River Compact was signed by the delegates from the seven Colorado River Basin states: Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico were designated Upper Basin states and California, Arizona and Nevada as the Lower Basin states. This compact determined that the water would be shared equally among the upper and lower basin states. Prior to the compact, the name of the river was standardized along its length. Previously the portion of the river upstream from its confluence with the Green River had been known locally as the \"Grand River\". The change was opposed by many local residents in Utah and Colorado, and the new name was enforced locally by acts of the state legislatures in both states in the early 1920s. One of the major concerns both today and back in the 1920s was the expanding population, and this increased the demand for water, particularly in California. In more recent years, mainly because of Las Vegas, Nevada has been looking for more use of the Colorado River.[5]", "The compact was the fruit of several years of negotiations among the states. The seven states had previously formed the League of the Southwest in 1917 to promote development along the river.[4] In 1921, Congress authorized the states to enter into a compact for allocation of the river resources. The agreement was approved by Congress in 1922, the same year it was signed. Colorado River Compact was signed by the delegates from the seven Colorado River Basin states: Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico were designated Upper Basin states and California, Arizona and Nevada as the Lower Basin states. This compact determined that the water would be shared equally among the upper and lower basin states. Prior to the compact, the name of the river was standardized along its length. Previously the portion of the river upstream from its confluence with the Green River had been known locally as the \"Grand River\". The change was opposed by many local residents in Utah and Colorado, and the new name was enforced locally by acts of the state legislatures in both states in the early 1920s. One of the major concerns both today and back in the 1920s was the expanding population, and this increased the demand for water, particularly in California. In more recent years, mainly because of Las Vegas, Nevada has been looking for more use of the Colorado River.[5]", "The compact was the fruit of several years of negotiations among the states. The seven states had previously formed the League of the Southwest in 1917 to promote development along the river.[4] In 1921, Congress authorized the states to enter into a compact for allocation of the river resources. The agreement was approved by Congress in 1922, the same year it was signed. Colorado River Compact was signed by the delegates from the seven Colorado River Basin states: Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico were designated Upper Basin states and California, Arizona and Nevada as the Lower Basin states. This compact determined that the water would be shared equally among the upper and lower basin states. Prior to the compact, the name of the river was standardized along its length. Previously the portion of the river upstream from its confluence with the Green River had been known locally as the \"Grand River\". The change was opposed by many local residents in Utah and Colorado, and the new name was enforced locally by acts of the state legislatures in both states in the early 1920s. One of the major concerns both today and back in the 1920s was the expanding population, and this increased the demand for water, particularly in California. In more recent years, mainly because of Las Vegas, Nevada has been looking for more use of the Colorado River.[5]", "The compact was the fruit of several years of negotiations among the states. The seven states had previously formed the League of the Southwest in 1917 to promote development along the river.[4] In 1921, Congress authorized the states to enter into a compact for allocation of the river resources. The agreement was approved by Congress in 1922, the same year it was signed. Colorado River Compact was signed by the delegates from the seven Colorado River Basin states: Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico were designated Upper Basin states and California, Arizona and Nevada as the Lower Basin states. This compact determined that the water would be shared equally among the upper and lower basin states. Prior to the compact, the name of the river was standardized along its length. Previously the portion of the river upstream from its confluence with the Green River had been known locally as the \"Grand River\". The change was opposed by many local residents in Utah and Colorado, and the new name was enforced locally by acts of the state legislatures in both states in the early 1920s. One of the major concerns both today and back in the 1920s was the expanding population, and this increased the demand for water, particularly in California. In more recent years, mainly because of Las Vegas, Nevada has been looking for more use of the Colorado River.[5]", "The compact was the fruit of several years of negotiations among the states. The seven states had previously formed the League of the Southwest in 1917 to promote development along the river.[4] In 1921, Congress authorized the states to enter into a compact for allocation of the river resources. The agreement was approved by Congress in 1922, the same year it was signed. Colorado River Compact was signed by the delegates from the seven Colorado River Basin states: Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico were designated Upper Basin states and California, Arizona and Nevada as the Lower Basin states. This compact determined that the water would be shared equally among the upper and lower basin states. Prior to the compact, the name of the river was standardized along its length. Previously the portion of the river upstream from its confluence with the Green River had been known locally as the \"Grand River\". The change was opposed by many local residents in Utah and Colorado, and the new name was enforced locally by acts of the state legislatures in both states in the early 1920s. One of the major concerns both today and back in the 1920s was the expanding population, and this increased the demand for water, particularly in California. In more recent years, mainly because of Las Vegas, Nevada has been looking for more use of the Colorado River.[5]" ]
[ "Wyoming", "Colorado", "Utah", "New Mexico", "California", "Arizona", "Nevada" ]
5962620607934830883
History of ballet
History of ballet - wikipedia History of ballet Jump to : navigation , search Main articles : Ballet and History of dance A publicity photo for the premiere of Tchaikovsky 's ballet The Sleeping Beauty ( 1890 ) . Ballet is a formalized form of dance with its origins in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th and 16th centuries . Ballet spread from Italy to France with the help of Catherine de ' Medici , where ballet developed even further under her aristocratic influence . An early example of Catherine 's development of ballet is through ' Le Paradis d ' Amour ' , a piece of work presented at her daughter 's wedding , Marguerite de Valois to Henry of Navarre . Aristocratic money was responsible for the initial stages of development in ' court ballet ' , as it was royal money that dictated the ideas , literature and music used in ballets that were created to primarily entertain the aristocrats of the time . The first formal ' court ballet ' ever recognized was staged in 1573 , ' Ballet des Polonais ' . In true form of royal entertainment , ' Ballet des Polonais ' was commissioned by Catherine de ' Medici to honor the Polish ambassadors who were visiting Paris upon the accession of Henry of Anjou to the throne of Poland . In 1581 , Catherine de ' Medici commissioned another court ballet , Ballet Comique de la Reine , however it was her compatriot , Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx , who organized the ballet . Catherine de ' Medici and Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx were responsible for presenting the first court ballet ever to apply the principles of Baif 's Academie , by integrating poetry , dance , music and set design to convey a unified dramatic storyline . Moreover , the early organization and development of ' court ballet ' was funded by , influenced by and produced by the aristocrats of the time , fulfilling both their personal entertainment and political propaganda needs . In the late 17th century Louis XIV founded the Académie Royale de Musique ( the Paris Opera ) within which emerged the first professional theatrical ballet company , the Paris Opera Ballet . The predominance of French in the vocabulary of ballet reflects this history . Theatrical ballet soon became an independent form of art , although still frequently maintaining a close association with opera , and spread from the heart of Europe to other nations . The Royal Danish Ballet and the Imperial Ballet of the Russian Empire were founded in the 1740s and began to flourish , especially after about 1850 . In 1907 the Russian ballet in turn moved back to France , where the Ballets Russes of Sergei Diaghilev and its successors were particularly influential . Soon ballet spread around the world with the formation of new companies , including London 's The Royal Ballet ( 1931 ) , the San Francisco Ballet ( 1933 ) , American Ballet Theatre ( 1937 ) , The Royal Winnipeg Ballet ( 1939 ) , The Australian Ballet ( 1940 ) , the New York City Ballet ( 1948 ) , the National Ballet of Canada ( 1951 ) , and the National Ballet Academy and Trust of India ( 2002 ) . In the 20th century styles of ballet continued to develop and strongly influence broader concert dance , for example , in the United States choreographer George Balanchine developed what is now known as neoclassical ballet , subsequent developments have included contemporary ballet and post-structural ballet , for example seen in the work of William Forsythe in Germany . The etymology of the word `` ballet '' reflects its history . The word ballet comes from French and was borrowed into English around the 17th century . The French word in turn has its origins in Italian balletto , a diminutive of ballo ( dance ) . Ballet ultimately traces back to Italian ballare , meaning `` to dance '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Renaissance -- Italy and France 1.2 17th century -- France and Court Dance 1.3 Popularity throughout Europe 2 18th century 2.1 France and development as an art form 2.2 Outside France 3 19th century 3.1 Romantic movement 3.2 Russia 3.3 Argentina 4 20th century and modernism 4.1 Russia and the Ballets Russes 4.2 United States of America 5 Neoclassical ballet 6 Contemporary 7 Development of ballet method 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading Origins ( edit ) Renaissance -- Italy and France ( edit ) Main article : Renaissance dance Engraving of the second scene of the Ballet Comique de la Reine , staged in Paris in 1581 for the French court . Ballet originated in the Renaissance court as an outgrowth of court pageantry in Italy , where aristocratic weddings were lavish celebrations . Tutus , ballet slippers and pointe work were not yet used . The choreography was adapted from court dance steps . Performers dressed in fashions of the times . For women that meant formal gowns that covered their legs to the ankle . Early ballet was participatory , with the audience joining the dance towards the end . Domenico da Piacenza ( c. 1400 -- c. 1470 ) was one of the first dancing masters . Along with his students , Antonio Cornazzano and Guglielmo Ebreo , he was trained in dance and responsible for teaching nobles the art . Da Piacenza left one work : De arte saltandi et choreus ducendi ( On the art of dancing and conducting dances ) , which was put together by his students . In 1489 Galeazzo , Duke of Milan , married Isabella of Aragon in Tortona . An elaborate dance entertainment was arranged for the celebrations by the Italian dance master Bergonzio di Botta . The dances were linked by a slim narrative concerning Jason and the Argonauts , and each corresponded to a different course for the dinner . Tristano Calco of Milan wrote about the event , and it was considered so impressive , that many similar spectacles were organized elsewhere . Ballet was further shaped by the French ballet de cour , which consisted of social dances performed by the nobility in tandem with music , speech , verse , song , pageant , decor and costume . When Catherine de ' Medici , an Italian aristocrat with an interest in the arts , married the French crown heir Henry II , she brought her enthusiasm for dance to France and provided financial support . Catherine 's glittering entertainments supported the aims of court politics and usually were organized around mythological themes . The first ballet de cour was the Ballet de Polonais . This Ballet was performed in 1573 on the occasion of the visit of the Polish Ambassador . It was choreographed by Balthasar de Beaaujoyeulx and featured an hour - long dance for sixteen women , each representing a French province . Ballet Comique de la Reine ( 1581 ) , which was also choreographed and directed by Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx , was commissioned by Louise of Lorraine , queen consort of King Henry III , son of Catherine , to celebrate the marriage of Henry 's favorite the Duke de Joyeuse to Marguerite de Lorraine , the sister of Queen Louise . The ballet lasted for more than five hours and was danced by twenty four dancers : twelve naiades and twelve pages . In the same year , the publication of Fabritio Caroso 's Il Ballarino , a technical manual on court dancing , both performance and social , helped to establish Italy as a centre of technical ballet development . 17th century -- France and court dance ( edit ) Main article : French ballet Louis XIV in Lully 's Ballet Royal de la Nuit ( 1653 ) . Ballet developed as a performance - focused art form in France during the reign of Louis XIV , who was passionate about dance . Pierre Beauchamp , the man who codified the five basic positions of the feet in ballet , was the king 's personal dance teacher and favorite partner in ballet de cour in the 1650s . In 1661 Louis XIV , who was determined to reverse a decline in dance standards that began in the 17th century , established the Académie Royale de Danse . Beauchamp was appointed Intendant des ballets du roi and in 1680 became the director of the dance academy , a position he held until 1687 . Jean - Baptiste Lully , an Italian violinist , dancer , choreographer , and composer , who joined the court of Louis XIV in 1652 , played a significant role in establishing the general direction ballet would follow for the next century . Supported and admired by King Louis XIV , Lully often cast the king in his ballets . The title of Sun King for the French monarch , originated in Louis XIV 's role in Lully 's Ballet de la Nuit ( 1653 ) . The fourteen - year - old Louis XIV danced five roles in this 12 - hour ballet . This Ballet was lavish and featured a scene where a set piece of a house was burned down , included witches , werewolves , gypsies , shepherds , thieves , and the goddesses Venus and Diana . Lully 's main contribution to ballet were his nuanced compositions . His understanding of movement and dance allowed him to compose specifically for ballet , with musical phrasings that complemented physical movements . Lully also collaborated with the French playwright Molière . Together , they took an Italian theatre style , the commedia dell'arte , and adapted it into their work for a French audience , creating the comédie - ballet . Among their greatest productions , with Beauchamp as the choreographer , was Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme ( 1670 ) . In 1669 Louis XIV founded the Académie d'Opéra with Pierre Perrin as director . Louix XIV retired in 1670 , largely because of excessive weight gain . Earlier , in 1661 he had founded a school , the Adacemie Royale de danse . Beauchamp was the first ballet - master of the Opéra and created the dances for the new company 's first production Pomone with music by Robert Cambert . Later , after Perrin went bankrupt , the king reestablished the Opéra as the Académie royale de Musique and made Lully the director . Beauchamp was one of the principal choreographers . In this position Lully , with his librettist Philippe Quinault , created a new genre , the tragédie en musique , each act of which featured a divertissement that was a miniature ballet scene . With almost all his important creations Jean - Baptiste Lully brought together music and drama with Italian and French dance elements . His work created a legacy which would define the future of ballet . Popularity throughout Europe ( edit ) The Royal Ballet of the Dowager of Bilbao 's Grand Ball , 1626 . France 's court was in some ways the leading source of fashionable culture for many other royal courts in Europe . Styles of entertainment were imitated , including the royal ballets . Courts in Spain , Portugal , Poland , Germany , and elsewhere all became audiences and participants in ballets . In addition to France , Italy became an important influence on the art form , predominantly Venice . Professional ballet troupes began to organize and tour Europe , performing for aristocratic audiences . In Poland , King Władysław IV Vasa ( 1633 -- 1648 ) hosted Italian opera productions , which included ballet performers in some scenes . The famous European ballet - masters who worked for the Polish court include Louis de Poitiers , Charles Duparc , Jean Favier , Antoine Pitrot , Antonio Sacco and Francesco Caselli . 18th century ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) France and development as an art form ( edit ) The 18th century was a period of advance in the technical standards of ballet and the period when ballet became a serious dramatic art form on par with the opera . Central to this advance was the seminal work of Jean - Georges Noverre , Lettres sur la danse et les ballets ( 1760 ) , which focused on developing the ballet d'action , in which the movements of the dancers are designed to express character and assist in the narrative . Noverre believed that : ballet should be technical but also move the audience emotionally , plots need to be unified , the scenery and music need to support the plot and be unified within the story , and that pantomime needs to be simple and understandable . Reforms were made in ballet composition by composers such as Christoph Willibald Gluck . Finally , ballet was divided into three formal techniques sérieux , demi - caractère and comique . Ballet also began to be featured in operas as interludes called divertissements . Outside France ( edit ) Venice continued to be a centre of dance in Europe , particularly during the Venice Carnival , when dancers and visitors from across the continent would travel to the city for a lively cultural exchange . The city 's Teatro San Benedetto became a famous landmark largely due to the ballets performed there . Italian ballet techniques remained the dominant influence in much of southern and eastern Europe until Russian techniques supplanted them in the early 20th century . Ballet performances spread to Eastern Europe during the 18th century , into areas such as Hungary , where they were held in private theatres at aristocratic castles . Professional companies were established that performed throughout Hungary and also toured abroad . The Budapest National Theatre increasingly serving a role as a home for the dancers . Some of the leading dancers of the time who performed throughout Europe were Louis Dupré , Charles Le Picque with Anna Binetti , Gaetano Vestris , and Jean - Georges Noverre . 19th century ( edit ) Polish ballet performers at the 1827 Venice Carnival . The dancer on the left is performing `` en travestie '' as a woman taking the man 's role . The ballerina became the most popular dance performer in Europe in the first half of the 19th century , gradually turning the spotlight away from the male dancer . In many performances , ballet heroes were played by a woman , like the Principal Boy in pantomime . The professionalism of ballet companies became a focus for a new generation of ballet masters and dancers . Vienna was an important source of influential ballet coaches . The first ballet master of Hungary 's National Theatre and Royal Opera was the Vienna - born Frigyes Campilli , who worked in Budapest for 40 years . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 19th century was a period of great social change , which was reflected in ballet by a shift away from the aristocratic sensibilities that had dominated earlier periods through romantic ballet . Ballerinas such as Geneviève Gosselin , Marie Taglioni and Fanny Elssler experimented with new techniques such as pointework that gave the ballerina prominence as the ideal stage figure . Taglioni was known as the `` Christian Dancer , '' as her image was light and pure ( associated with her role as the sylph in La Sylphide ) . She was trained primarily by her father , Filipo Taglioni . In 1834 , Fanny Elssler arrived at the Paris Opera and became known as the `` Pagan Dancer , '' because of the fiery qualities of the Cachucha dance that made her famous . Professional librettists began crafting the stories in ballets . Teachers like Carlo Blasis codified ballet technique in the basic form that is still used today . The ballet boxed toe shoe was invented to support pointe work . Romantic movement ( edit ) Main article : Romantic ballet Marie Taglioni as Flore in Charles Didelot 's ballet Flore et Zéphire ( ca . 1831 ) . She was a pioneer of pointework . The Romantic movement in art , literature , and theatre was a reaction against formal constraints and the mechanics of industrialization. ( 22 ) The zeitgeist led choreographers to compose romantic ballets that appeared light , airy and free that would act as a contrast to the spread of reductionist science through many aspects of daily life that had , in the words of Poe , `` driven the hamadryad from the woods '' . These `` unreal '' ballets portrayed women as fragile unearthly beings , ethereal creatures who could be lifted effortlessly and almost seemed to float in the air . Ballerinas began to wear costumes with pastel , flowing skirts that bared the shins . The stories revolved around uncanny , folkloric spirits . An example of one such romantic ballet is La Sylphide , one of the oldest romantic ballets still performed today . One strain of the Romantic movement was a new exploration of folklore and traditional ethnic culture . This influence was seen in the emergence of European folk dance and western portrayals of African , Asian , and Middle East peoples on European stages . In ballets from this period , non-European characters were often created as villains or as silly divertisements to fit the orientalist western understanding of the world . The National Opera of Ukraine , a performing arts theatre with a resident opera company , was established in Kiev in 1867 . It also included a small resident troupe of ballet dancers , who would perform mainly folk - style dancing during opera productions . By 1893 , this grew to a troupe large enough to stage large ballets . Folk dancing and ballets with Ukrainian stories were among the early productions . Many leading European professional ballet companies that survive today were established at new theatres in Europe 's capital cities during the mid - to late - 19th century , including the Kiev Ballet , the Hungarian National Ballet , the National Theatre Ballet ( Prague ) and the Vienna State Ballet ( formerly the Vienna State Opera Ballet ) . These theatres usually combined large opera , drama and ballet companies under the same roof . Composers , dramatists , and choreographers were then able to create works that took advantage of the ability to collaborate among these performance troupes . Russia ( edit ) Main article : Russian ballet Mikhail Mordkin as Prince Siegfried and Adelaide Giuri as Odette with students as the little swans in the Moscow Imperial Bolshoi Theatre 's production of the Petipa / Ivanov / Tchaikovsky Swan Lake . 1901 While France was instrumental in early ballet , other countries and cultures soon adopted the art form , most notably Russia . Russia has a recognized tradition of ballet , and Russian ballet has had great importance in its country throughout history . After 1850 , ballet began to wane in Paris , but it flourished in Denmark and Russia thanks to masters such as August Bournonville , Jules Perrot , Arthur Saint - Léon , Enrico Cecchetti and Marius Petipa . In the late nineteenth century , orientalism was in vogue . Colonialism brought awareness of Asian and African cultures , but distorted with disinformation and fantasy . The East was often perceived as a faraway place where anything was possible , provided it was lavish , exotic and decadent . Petipa appealed to popular taste with The Pharaoh 's Daughter ( 1862 ) , and later The Talisman ( 1889 ) , and La Bayadère ( 1877 ) . Petipa is best remembered for his collaborations with Tchaikovsky . He used his music for his choreography of The Nutcracker ( 1892 , though this is open to some debate among historians ) , The Sleeping Beauty ( 1890 ) , and the definitive revival of Swan Lake ( 1895 , with Lev Ivanov ) . These works were all drawn from European folklore . The female dancers ' classical tutu as it is recognized today began to appear at this time . It consisted of a short , stiff skirt supported by layers of crinoline or tulle that revealed the acrobatic legwork , combined with a wide gusset that served to preserve modesty . Argentina ( edit ) Ballet companies from Europe began lucrative tours of theatres in North , Central and South America during the mid-19th century . The prestigious Colon Theater in Buenos Aires , Argentina had hosted foreign ballet artists on its stage , with touring companies from Europe presenting full ballets as early as 1867 . By the 1880s , the Colon Theater had its own professional ballet company . It would still be several decades before most countries outside of Europe could claim their own professional ballet companies , however . 20th century and modernism ( edit ) Russia and the ballets Russes ( edit ) Anna Pavlova as a bacchante in Bacchanale by Mikhail Mordkin . Sergei Diaghilev brought ballet full - circle back to Paris when he opened his company , Ballets Russes . It was made up of dancers from the Russian exile community in Paris after the Revolution . Diaghilev and composer Igor Stravinsky merged their talents to bring Russian folklore to life in The Firebird and Petrushka choreographed by Fokine . Diaghilev 's next choreographic commissions went to Nijinsky . His First ballet was L'apres - midi d'un Faune ( Afternoon of a Faun ) to music by Debussy . It was notable for its two dimensional shapes and lack of ballet technique . It caused controversy by depicting the faun rubbing the scarf of one of the maidens on himself , in simulated masturbation . The most controversial work of the Ballets Russes however , was The Rite of Spring , choreographed by Nijinsky with music by Stravinsky . The ballet 's modern music , pigeon toed stomping and theme of human sacrifice shocked audiences so much they rioted . After the `` golden age '' of Petipa , Michel Fokine began his career in St. Petersburg but moved to Paris and worked with Diaghilev and the Ballets Russes . Vaslav Nijinsky in The Spectre of the Rose , 1911 . Russian ballet continued development under Soviet rule . There was little talent left in the country after the Revolution , but it was enough to seed a new generation . After stagnation in the 1920s , by the mid-1930s that new generation of dancers and choreographers appeared on the scene . The technical perfection and precision of dance was promoted ( and demanded ) by Agrippina Vaganova , who had been taught by Petipa and Cecchetti and headed the Vaganova Ballet Academy , the school to prepare dancers for the Kirov Ballet in St. Petersburg / Leningrad . Ballet was popular with the public . Both the Moscow - based Bolshoi and the St. Petersburg ( then Leningrad ) - based Kirov ballet companies were active . Ideological pressure forced the creation of many socialist realist pieces , most of which made little impression on the public and were removed from the repertoire of both companies later . Some pieces of that era , however , were remarkable . The Romeo and Juliet by Prokofiev and Lavrovsky is a masterpiece . The Flames of Paris , while it shows all the faults of socialist realist art , pioneered the active use of the corps de ballet in the performance and required stunning virtuosity . The ballet version of the Pushkin poem , The Fountain of Bakhchisarai with music from Boris Asafiev and choreography by Rostislav Zakharov was also a hit . The well - known ballet Cinderella , for which Prokofiev provided the music , is also the product of the Soviet ballet . During the Soviet era , these pieces were mostly unknown outside the Soviet Union and later outside of the Eastern Bloc . However , after the collapse of the Soviet Union they received more recognition . The 1999 North American premiere of The Fountain of Bakhchisarai by the Kirov Ballet in New York was an outstanding success , for example . The Soviet era of the Russian Ballet put a lot of emphasis on technique , virtuosity and strength . It demanded strength usually above the norm of contemporary Western dancers . When watching restored old footage , one can only marvel at the talent of their prima ballerinas such as Galina Ulanova , Natalya Dudinskaya and Maya Plisetskaya and choreographers such as Pyotr Gusev . Russian companies , particularly after World War II engaged in multiple tours all over the world that revitalized ballet in the West . Maiden Tower written by Afrasiyab Badalbeyli is the first ballet in the Muslim East . United States of America ( edit ) Following the move of the Ballets Russes to France , ballet began to have a broader influence , particularly in the United States of America . From Paris , after disagreements with Diaghilev , Fokine went to Sweden and then the USA and settled in New York . Diaghilev believed that traditional ballet offered little more than prettiness and athletic display . For Fokine that was not enough . In addition to technical virtuosity he demanded drama , expression and historical authenticity . The choreographer must research the period and cultural context of the setting and reject the traditional tutu in favour of accurate period costuming . Fokine choreographed Sheherazade and Cleopatra . He also reworked Petrouchka and The Firebird . One of his most famous works was The Dying Swan , performed by Anna Pavlova . Beyond her talents as a ballerina , Pavlova had the theatrical gifts to fulfill Fokine 's vision of ballet as drama . Legend has it that Pavlova identified so much with the swan role that she requested her swan costume from her deathbed . The Dying Swan choreographed by Fokine , performed by three soloists ( shown in order ) : 1 . Anna Pavlova ( 7 seconds ) 2 . Yvette Chauvire ( 10 seconds ) 3 . Natalia Makarova ( 14 seconds ) . George Balanchine developed state - of - the - art technique in America by opening a school in Chicago and more importantly , in New York . He adapted ballet to the new media , movies and television . A prolific worker , Balanchine rechoreographed classics such as Swan Lake and Sleeping Beauty as well as creating new ballets . He produced original interpretations of the dramas of William Shakespeare such as Romeo and Juliet and A Midsummer Night 's Dream , and also of Franz Léhar 's The Merry Widow . In 1967 , Balanchine 's Jewels broke with the narrative tradition and dramatized a theme rather than a plot . This focus fits with the state - sponsored funding sources in the United States which sought to encourage `` liberty and freethinking '' in contrast to narrative - driven dance , which was seen as to be connected too closely with socialism , especially Soviet communism . Today , partly thanks to Balanchine , ballet is one of the most well - preserved dances in the world . Barbara Karinska was a Russian emigree and a skilled seamstress who collaborated with Balanchine to elevate the art of costume design from a secondary role to an integral part of a ballet performance . She introduced the bias cut and a simplified classic tutu that allowed the dancer more freedom of movement . With meticulous attention to detail , she decorated her tutus with beadwork , embroidery , crochet and appliqué . Neoclassical ballet ( edit ) Main article : Neoclassical ballet Ballets Russes with Apollo ( 1928 ) choreographed by George Balanchine . Dancers are Alexandrova Danilova and Serge Lifar . George Balanchine is often considered to have been the first pioneer of what is now known as neoclassical ballet , a style of dance between classical ballet and today 's contemporary ballet . Tim Scholl , author of From Petipa to Balanchine , considers Balanchine 's Apollo ( 1928 ) to be the first neoclassical ballet . It represented a return to form in response to Serge Diaghilev 's abstract ballets . Apollo and other works are still performed today , predominantly by the New York City Ballet . However , other companies are able to pay a fee for performance rights to George Balanchine 's works . Frederick Ashton is another prominent choreographer associated with the neoclassical style . Three of his works have become standard pieces in the international repertoire : Sylvia ( 1952 ) , Romeo and Juliet ( 1956 ) , and Ondine ( 1958 ) , the last of which was created as a vehicle to showcase Margot Fonteyn . Contemporary ( edit ) Main article : Contemporary ballet A 2010 performance of Irène Tassembédo 's contemporary ballet piece Allah Garibou . One dancer who trained with Balanchine and absorbed much of this neo-classical style was Mikhail Baryshnikov . Following Baryshnikov 's appointment as artistic director of American Ballet Theatre in 1980 , he worked with various modern choreographers , most notably Twyla Tharp . Tharp choreographed Push Comes To Shove for ABT and Baryshnikov in 1976 ; in 1986 she created In The Upper Room for her own company . Both these pieces were considered innovative for their use of distinctly modern movements melded with the use of pointe shoes and classically trained dancers -- for their use of contemporary ballet . Tharp also worked with the Joffrey Ballet company , founded in 1957 by Robert Joffrey . She choreographed Deuce Coupe for them in 1973 , using pop music and a blend of modern and ballet techniques . The Joffrey Ballet continued to perform numerous contemporary pieces , many choreographed by co-founder Gerald Arpino . Today there are many contemporary ballet companies and choreographers . These include Madrid Ballet ; Royal Ballet of Flanders ; Alonzo King and his company , Alonzo King LINES Ballet ; Nacho Duato and Compañia Nacional de Danza ; William Forsythe , who has worked extensively with the Frankfurt Ballet and today runs The Forsythe Company ; and Jiří Kylián , formerly the artistic director of the Nederlands Dans Theater . Traditionally `` classical '' companies , such as the Kirov Ballet and the Paris Opera Ballet , also regularly perform contemporary works . Development of ballet method ( edit ) Main article : Ballet training Several well - known ballet methods are named after their originators . For example , two prevailing systems from Russia are known as the Vaganova method after Agrippina Vaganova , and the Legat Method , after Nikolai Legat . The Cecchetti method was invented by Italian dancer Enrico Cecchetti ( 1850 -- 1928 ) , and the Bournonville method , which was invented by August Bournonville ( 1805 -- 1879 ) , is employed chiefly in Bournonville 's own country of Denmark . See also ( edit ) Dance portal List of ballets by title Ballet music History of dance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Ballet Academy & Trust of India in New Delhi , India . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chantrell ( 2002 ) , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Kirstein ( 1952 ) , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Thoinot Arbeau , _Orchesography_ , trans . by Mary Steware Evans , with notes by Julia Sutton ( New York : Dover , 1967 ) Jump up ^ `` BALLET 101 : A Complete Guide to Learning and Loving the Ballet by Robert Greskovic '' . Jump up ^ Lee ( 2002 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Catherine de ' Medici ( 1519 - 1589 ) '' , article from September 1990 , published on `` Andros on Ballet '' page , on Michael Minn website . Jump up ^ Vuillier , Gaston ( 1898 ) . History of Dancing from the Earliest Ages to Our Own Times , pp. 65 -- 69 . New York : D. Anderson and Company . ( Facsimile reprint ( 2004 ) : Whitefish , Montana : Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7661 - 8166 - 3 . ) Jump up ^ Bland ( 1976 ) , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Frances A. Yates , _The French Academies of the Sixteenth Century_ , 2nd ed . ( London : Routledge , 1988 ) Jump up ^ Anderson ( 1992 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Elizabeth ( 2004 ) . `` Le Balet Comique de la Reine , 1581 : An Analysis '' . University of Washington website . Jump up ^ Lee ( 2002 ) , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Bland ( 1976 ) , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Costonis , Maureen Needham ( 1992 ) . `` Beauchamps ( Beauchamp ) Pierre '' in Sadie ( 1992 ) 1 : 364 . ^ Jump up to : Rosow , Lois ( 1992 ) . `` Lully '' in Sadie ( 1992 ) 3 : 82 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Lee ( 2002 ) , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Lee ( 2002 ). , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Lee ( 2002 ) , p. 74 . Anderson ( 1992 ) , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Pitt , Charles ( 1992 ) . `` Paris '' in Sadie ( 1992 ) 3 : 856 . ^ Jump up to : `` Polish National Ballet History '' . Polish National Theatre . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kassing , Gayle . History of dance : an interactive arts approach . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics , 2007 . Print . Jump up ^ `` The Hungarian National Ballet '' . Hungarian State Opera House . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MAD . DESARGUS - LEMAIRE ET MDELLE . AMÉLIE GALSTER / dans / le pas de deux polonais '' . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Buranbaeva , Oksana ; Vanja Mladineo ( 2011 ) . Culture and Customs of Hungary . ABC - CLIO . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38370 - 0 . Jump up ^ Macaulay , Alastair ( 5 September 2012 ) . `` Stereotypes in Toeshoes '' . New York Times . New York , United States . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Bleiberg , Laura ( December 9 , 2005 ) . `` Kiev Ballet cleaves to the classics '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Foster , David William ; Melissa Fitch Lockhart , ; Darrell B. Lockhart ( 1998 ) . Culture and Customs of Argentina . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30319 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Музыкальная энциклопедия . Гл . ред . Ю . В . Келдыш . Т 1 . А -- Гонг. 1072 стб . с илл . М. : Советская энциклопедия , 1973 Jump up ^ Чингиз Абдуллаев : `` Вместо того , чтобы отталкивать нас , россиянам надо менять свои взгляды и отношение к народам бывших союзных республик '' Archived May 31 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ... первый балет на мусульманском востоке появился у нас . Jump up ^ Большая Советская Энциклопедия . Гл . ред . А . М . Прохоров , 3 - е изд . Т. 1 . А -- Ангоб. 1969 . 608 стр. , илл. ; 47 л . илл . и карт , 1 отд . л . табл . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2007 . Retrieved February 9 , 2008 . George Balanchine Jump up ^ Kiley , Brendan ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Old Is the New New : The Cold War and Don Quixote at Pacific Northwest Ballet '' . The Stranger . Seattle , United States . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Anderson , Jack ( 1992 ) . Ballet & Modern Dance : A Concise History ( 2nd ed . ) . Princeton , NJ : Princeton Book Company , Publishers . ISBN 0 - 87127 - 172 - 9 . Andre , Paul ; Arkadyev , V. ( 1999 ) Great History of Russian Ballet : Its Art & Choreography ( 1999 ) . Bland , Alexander ( 1976 ) . A History of Ballet and Dance in the Western World . New York : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 53740 - 4 . Caddy , Davinia. ( 2012 ) . The Ballets Russes and Beyond : Music and Dance in Belle - Epoque Paris . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Cohen , Selma Jeanne , founding editor ( 1998 ) . International Encyclopedia of Dance . New York : Oxford University Press . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Cross , Samuel H. ( 1944 ) `` The Russian Ballet Before Dyagilev . '' Slavonic and East European Review . American Series 3.4 ( 1944 ) : 19 - 49 . in JSTOR Ezrahi , Christina. ( 2012 ) Swans of the Kremlin : Ballet and Power in Soviet Russia ( University of Pittsburgh Press ) ; examines the resilience of artistic creativity in a history of the Bolshoi and Marinsky / Kirov ballets Franko , Mark ( 1993 ) . Dance as Text : Ideologies of the Baroque Body . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Homans , Jennifer , ( 2010 ) . Apollo 's Angels : A History of Ballet . New York : Random House . Johnson , Alfred Edwin . ( 1913 ) The Russian Ballet ( Houghton Mifflin ) online Kassing , Gayle. ( 2007 ) . History of dance : an interactive arts approach . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics . Lee , Carol ( 2002 ) . Ballet In Western Culture : A History of its Origins and Evolution . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 94256 - X . Lifar , Serge. ( 1954 ) . A history of Russian ballet from its origins to the present day ( Hutchinson ) McGowan , Margaret M. ( 1978 ) . L'art du ballet de cour en France , 1581 -- 1643 . Paris : Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique . Propert , Walter Archibald. ( 1972 ) The Russian Ballet in Western Europe , 1909 - 1920 . B. Blom Roslavleva , Natalia. ( 1966 ) . Era of the Russian Ballet , New York : E.P. Dutton & Co. , Inc . Sadie , Stanley , ed. ( 1992 ) . The new Grove dictionary of opera ( 4 volumes ) . London : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56159 - 228 - 9 . Surit͡s , E. I͡A , and E. I︠A︡ Surit︠s︡. ( 1990 ) Soviet Choreographers in the 1920s ( Duke Univ Press , 1990 ) . Wiley , Roland John . ( 1990 ) A century of Russian ballet : documents and accounts , 1810 - 1910 ( Oxford University Press ) Ballet General information Company Glossary History Music Timeline Terminology Aplomb Arabesque Barre Battement Divertissement Entrée de ballet Grand pas Pas de deux Pas de quatre Pas de trois Pièce d'occasion Turnout Variation Ballet by genre Ballet d'action Ballet blanc Ballets de cour Character Classical Comédie - ballet Contemporary Comic ballet Grotesque dance Narrative ballet Neoclassical Opéra - ballet Romantic ballet Ballet by region Azerbaijani British French Italian Russian Technique Balanchine Bournonville Cecchetti Pointe technique Positions ( arms ) Positions ( feet ) Vaganova Occupations and ranks Ballet dancer Ballet master Character dancers Corps de ballet Danseur Étoile Danseur noble Demi - soloist Prima ballerina assoluta Principal dancer Répétiteur Soloist Ballet apparel Ballet shoe Dance belt Leg warmer Leotard Pointe shoe Tights Tutu Unitard Awards Prix Benois de la Danse Prix de Lausanne ‎ Telstra Ballet Dancer Awards Organisations Ballet Society Publications Ballet Review Dance and Dancers Pointe Related articles Ballet ( documentary film ) Chamber ballet Choreography Royal Academy of Dance Western stereotype of the male ballet dancer Lists Ballets Characters Companies Dancers Schools Ballet portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_ballet&oldid=834446006 '' Categories : History of dance History of ballet Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2012 Articles needing additional references from April 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Esperanto Македонски Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 19 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
dance created for the entertainment of the aristocracy is called
[ "Ballet is a formalized form of dance with its origins in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th and 16th centuries. Ballet spread from Italy to France with the help of Catherine de' Medici, where ballet developed even further under her aristocratic influence. An early example of Catherine's development of ballet is through 'Le Paradis d' Amour', a piece of work presented at her daughter's wedding, Marguerite de Valois to Henry of Navarre. Aristocratic money was responsible for the initial stages of development in 'court ballet', as it was royal money that dictated the ideas, literature and music used in ballets that were created to primarily entertain the aristocrats of the time. The first formal 'court ballet' ever recognized was staged in 1573, 'Ballet des Polonais'. In true form of royal entertainment, 'Ballet des Polonais' was commissioned by Catherine de' Medici to honor the Polish ambassadors who were visiting Paris upon the accession of Henry of Anjou to the throne of Poland. In 1581, Catherine de' Medici commissioned another court ballet, Ballet Comique de la Reine, however it was her compatriot, Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx, who organized the ballet. Catherine de' Medici and Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx were responsible for presenting the first court ballet ever to apply the principles of Baif's Academie, by integrating poetry, dance, music and set design to convey a unified dramatic storyline. Moreover, the early organization and development of 'court ballet' was funded by, influenced by and produced by the aristocrats of the time, fulfilling both their personal entertainment and political propaganda needs." ]
[ "Ballet" ]
-8421380529906453957
Wonder Woman (soundtrack)
Wonder Woman ( Soundtrack ) - wikipedia Wonder Woman ( Soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search Wonder Woman Soundtrack album by Rupert Gregson - Williams Released June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) Genre Soundtrack Length 78 : 38 Label WaterTower Producer Rupert Gregson - Williams Rupert Gregson - Williams chronology Sandy Wexler ( 2017 ) Sandy Wexler 2017 Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) DC Extended Universe soundtrack chronology Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) Suicide Squad 2016 Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Wonder Woman2017 Singles from Wonder Woman `` To Be Human '' Released : May 25 , 2017 Wonder Woman is the soundtrack to the film of the same name . The music is written , arranged and composed by Rupert Gregson - Williams . It was released on June 2 , 2017 by WaterTower Music . On November 3 , 2016 , Rupert Gregson - Williams was hired to write and compose the film 's music . He is joined by Evan Jolly , Tom Howe , Paul Mounsey , and Andrew Kawczynski who provide additional music . The soundtrack was released on the same day as the film on CD , digital , and vinyl . The score also heavily samples the `` Is She with You ? '' theme from the film `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice '' , which was written by Hans Zimmer and Tom Holkenborg . Australian singer Sia sang a song for the film , titled `` To Be Human '' , featuring English musician Labrinth . Written by Florence Welch and Rick Nowels , the track will also feature on the soundtrack . The single was released on May 25 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Charts 3 References 4 External links Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Rupert Gregson - Williams , except where noted . No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Amazons of Themyscira '' 6 : 47 2 . `` History Lesson '' 5 : 16 3 . `` Angel on the Wing '' 3 : 45 4 . `` Ludendorff , Enough ! '' 7 : 37 5 . `` Pain , Loss & Love '' 5 : 27 6 . `` No Man 's Land '' 8 : 52 7 . `` Fausta '' 3 : 20 8 . `` Wonder Woman 's Wrath '' 4 : 06 9 . `` The God of War '' 8 : 02 10 . `` We Are All to Blame '' 3 : 11 11 . `` Hell Hath No Fury '' 3 : 58 12 . `` Lightning Strikes '' 3 : 35 13 . `` Trafalgar Celebration '' 4 : 50 14 . `` Action Reaction '' 5 : 54 15 . `` To Be Human '' ( Florence Welch and Rick Nowels ) Sia featuring Labrinth 4 : 00 Total length : 78 : 38 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 52 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 98 New Zealand Heatseekers Albums ( RMNZ ) Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 71 US Billboard 200 53 US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) 7 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman Gets Hacksaw Ridge Composer '' . Screen Rant. 2016 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman Gets Hacksaw Ridge Composer '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Tom Howe '' . tomhowe.co.uk . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Paul Mounsey '' . hans-zimmer.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Andrew Kawczynski '' . hans-zimmer.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rupert Gregson - Williams '' . @ RupertGWilliams on Twitter . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sia 's New Track , ' To Be Human , ' Featured on ' Wonder Woman ' Soundtrack '' . radio.com . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sia Channels Her Inner ' Wonder Woman ' with New ' To Be Human ' Single for Soundtrack : Listen '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 424 '' . Auspop.com.au . June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack -- Chart history '' Billboard Canadian Albums Chart for Soundtrack . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseekers Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack -- Chart history '' Billboard 200 for Soundtrack . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack -- Chart history '' Billboard Soundtrack Albums for Soundtrack . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official site Wonder Woman William Moulton Marston Elizabeth Holloway Marston H.G. Peter Other contributors Characters Wonder Women Diana Prince Orana Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Hippolyta Donna Troy Supporting characters Antiope Aphrodite Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Athena Drusilla Etta Candy Fury Hephaestus Hera Heracles / Hercules Hermes I Ching Julia and Vanessa Kapatelis Mala Nemesis ( Thomas Tresser ) Nubia The Olympian Orion Paula Philippus Poseidon Queen Hippolyta Helena Sandsmark Sarge Steel Superman Steve Trevor Wonder Girl ( Cassie Sandsmark , Donna Troy ) Zeus Zola Adversaries Aegeus Angle Man Ares / Mars Baron Blitzkrieg Baroness von Gunther Blue Snowman Veronica Cale Captain Wonder Cheetah Circe Dark Angel Decay Doctor Cyber Doctor Poison Doctor Psycho Duke of Deception Egg Fu / Chang Tzu Eris / Strife Eviless The First Born Giganta Hades Medusa Queen Clea Red Panzer Silver Swan Factions Amazons of Themyscira Amazons of Bana - Mighdall Children of Ares Godwatch Gorilla Knights Olympian Gods Titans of Myth Villainy Inc . Locations Aeaea Boston , Massachusetts London , England Mount Olympus Thalarion Themyscira ( The Paradise Islands ) The Underworld Publications All Star Comics Amazonia Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity The Blue Amazon Comic Cavalcade Sensation Comics Superman and Wonder Woman : The Hidden Killer Superman / Wonder Woman Wonder Woman ' 77 The Wonder Woman Chronicles Wonder Woman : Earth One The World 's Greatest Superheroes Storylines Introducing Wonder Woman ( 1941 ) Gods and Mortals ( 1987 ) Challenge of the Gods ( 1987 -- 88 ) War of the Gods ( 1991 ) The Contest ( 1994 ) The Challenge of Artemis ( 1995 ) Paradise Island Lost ( 2001 ) Our Worlds at War ( 2001 ) The Hiketeia ( 2002 ) Down to Earth ( 2003 -- 04 ) Who Is Wonder Woman ? ( 2006 -- 07 ) Amazons Attack ! ( 2007 ) The Circle ( 2008 ) Ends of the Earth ( 2008 ) Rise of the Olympian ( 2009 ) Flashpoint ( 2011 ) Technology Bracelets Golden Girdle of Gaea Invisible plane Lasso of Truth Mental radio Pegasi Purple Ray Sky Kangas In other media Super Friends ( episodes ) Wonder Woman ( 1974 film ) Wonder Woman ( TV series ) ( episodes ) Justice League ( episodes ) Justice League Unlimited ( episodes ) Justice League : The New Frontier Wonder Woman ( 2009 film ) Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Wonder Woman ( 2011 TV pilot ) Young Justice DC Universe Online Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War The Lego Movie Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Justice League : Gods and Monsters Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League vs. Teen Titans Justice League Action Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Justice League Miscellaneous Alternative versions Earth - Two Bizarra Olive Byrne Cultural impact Professor Marston and the Wonder Women Literature Wonder Women ! The Untold Story of American Superheroines Portal Category DC Extended Universe Feature films Man of Steel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad accolades Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Music Man of Steel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad `` Heathens '' `` Sucker for Pain '' `` Purple Lamborghini '' `` Gangsta '' Wonder Woman `` To Be Human '' See also Cast Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonder_Woman_(soundtrack)&oldid=802413027 '' Categories : 2017 soundtracks DC Extended Universe soundtracks Film scores WaterTower Music soundtracks Wonder Woman in other media Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Nederlands Português Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 00 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who did the music for wonder woman movie
[ "Wonder Woman is the soundtrack to the film of the same name. The music is written, arranged and composed by Rupert Gregson-Williams. It was released on June 2, 2017 by WaterTower Music." ]
[ "Rupert Gregson-Williams" ]
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The Gospel of John (film)
The Gospel of John ( film ) - wikipedia The Gospel of John ( film ) The Gospel of John Directed by Philip Saville Produced by Garth Drabinsky Chris Chrisafis Written by John Goldsmith Starring Henry Ian Cusick Narrated by Christopher Plummer Music by Jeff Danna Cinematography Mirosław Baszak Edited by Michel Archand Distributed by Visual Bible International THINKFilm Release date 26 September 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 26 ) Running time 180 minutes Country United Kingdom Canada United States Language English Budget $16 million Box office $4,068,087 The Gospel of John is a 2003 film that is the story of Jesus ' life as recounted by the Gospel of John . It is a motion picture that has been adapted for the screen on a word - for - word basis from the American Bible Society 's Good News Bible . This three - hour epic feature film follows John 's Gospel precisely , without additions to the story from other Gospels , or omission of complex passages . Contents 1 Production 2 Cast 3 Directors and Producers 4 Other Critical Contributions 5 Criticism 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Production ( edit ) This film was created by a constituency of artists from Canada and the United Kingdom , along with academic and theological consultants from around the world . The cast was selected primarily from the Stratford Shakespeare Festival and Soulpepper Theatre Company , as well as Britain 's Royal Shakespeare Company and Royal National Theatre . The musical score , composed by Jeff Danna and created for the film , is partially based on the music of the Biblical period . The film was produced by Visual Bible International . Cast ( edit ) The film is narrated by Christopher Plummer and stars Scottish - Peruvian actor Henry Ian Cusick as Jesus . Others cast include British actors Stuart Bunce ( John ) , Richard Lintern ( Leading Pharisee ) , Scott Handy ( John the Baptist ) , Lynsey Baxter ( Mary Magdalene ) , and Canadian actors Diego Matamoros ( Nicodemus ) , Stephen Russell ( Pontius Pilate ) , Daniel Kash ( Simon Peter ) , Cedric Smith ( Caiaphas ) and Nancy Palk ( Samaritan Woman ) . Directors and producers ( edit ) The film was directed by Philip Saville and co-produced by Canadian producer Garth Drabinsky and British producer Chris Chrisafis . Executive producers were Sandy Pearl , Joel B. Michaels , Myron Gottliel and Martin Katz Other critical contributions ( edit ) Also involved were screenwriter John Goldsmith , production designer Don Taylor , sound mixer David Lee , makeup artist Trefor Proud , costume designer Debra Hanson , and director of photography and film editors Miroslaw Baszak and Michel Arcand . The filming production was shot in Toronto , Ontario , and Almeria , Andalucia , Spain . Criticism ( edit ) While the film is largely a faithful depiction of the Gospel of John , some have commented that the inclusion of Mary Magdalene at the Last Supper has no Biblical citation . However , according to the Gospels , she was one of the women who accompanied Jesus and the disciples to Jerusalem , was present at the Crucifixion and burial of Jesus , was the first to whom Jesus appeared at the Resurrection , and was with the disciples in the upperroom after the Resurrection . Thus , like many modern movies about Jesus , the producers are faithfully attempting to help their audience see what the Gospel writers sometimes have not included . See also ( edit ) The Visual Bible : Matthew The Visual Bible : Acts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Gospel of John at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ John F.A. SawyerThe Blackwell Companion to the Bible and Culture 2012 `` Overshadowed by The Passion is British director Philip Saville 's The Gospel of John ( 2003 ) a film whose text is the Gospel of John , ... The film is narrated by Christopher Plummer , whose authoritative voice makes the text sound like gospel '' Jump up ^ http://www.womeninthebible.net/women-bible-old-new-testaments/mary-magdalene/ External links ( edit ) The Gospel of John on IMDb The Gospel of John at Rotten Tomatoes Enthusiastic review by Andy Naselli Arts & Faith Top100 Spiritually Significant Films list The Blog on The Gospel of John Film Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Gospel_of_John_(film)&oldid=843184222 '' Categories : English - language films 2003 films Canadian films British films Religious epic films Gospel of John Biographical films about Jesus Films directed by Philip Saville Cultural depictions of John the Baptist Cultural depictions of Judas Iscariot Cultural depictions of Pontius Pilate Portrayals of the Virgin Mary in film Films set in Jerusalem Films set in the Roman Empire Films set in the 1st century Films about Christianity Films shot in Almería Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Polski Română Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 13 : 15 ( UTC ) . 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where was the movie the gospel of john filmed
[ "The filming production was shot in Toronto, Ontario, and Almeria, Andalucia, Spain.\n", "The filming production was shot in Toronto, Ontario, and Almeria, Andalucia, Spain.\n" ]
[ "Toronto, Ontario", "Almeria, Andalucia, Spain" ]
1905330893833174651
Elaboration likelihood model
Elaboration likelihood model - wikipedia Elaboration likelihood model Jump to : navigation , search The elaboration likelihood model ( ELM ) of persuasion is a dual process theory describing the change of attitudes form . The ELM was developed by Richard E. Petty and John Cacioppo in 1986 . The model aims to explain different ways of processing stimuli , why they are used , and their outcomes on attitude change . The ELM proposes two major routes to persuasion : the central route and the peripheral route . Under the central route , persuasion will likely result from a person 's careful and thoughtful consideration of the true merits of the information presented in support of an advocacy . The central route involves a high level of message elaboration in which a great amount of cognition about the arguments are generated by the individual receiving the message . The results of attitude change will be relatively enduring , resistant , and predictive of behavior . On the other hand , under the peripheral route , persuasion results from a person 's association with positive or negative cues in the stimulus or making a simple inference about the merits of the advocated position . The cues received by the individual under the peripheral route are generally unrelated to the logical quality of the stimulus . These cues will involve factors such as the credibility or attractiveness of the sources of the message , or the production quality of the message . The likelihood of elaboration will be determined by an individual 's motivation and ability to evaluate the argument being presented . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Routes 2.1 Central route 2.2 Peripheral route 3 Determinants of route 3.1 Motivation 3.2 Ability 4 Elements 4.1 Core ideas 4.2 Assumptions 4.3 Variables 4.4 Consequences 5 Applications 5.1 In advertising communications 5.2 In healthcare 5.3 In e-commerce 5.4 In media 5.5 In politics 6 Methodological considerations 7 Critiques of the theory 8 Alternative models 9 See also 9.1 Advertising models 10 References 11 Further reading Origin ( edit ) Elaboration likelihood model is a general theory of attitude change . According to the theory 's developers Richard E. Petty and John T. Cacioppo , they intended to provide a general `` framework for organizing , categorizing , and understanding the basic processes underlying the effectiveness of persuasive communications '' . The study of attitudes and persuasion began as the central focus of social psychology , featured in the work of psychologists Gordon Allport ( 1935 ) and Edward Alsworth Ross ( 1908 ) . Allport described attitudes as `` the most distinctive and indispensable concept in contemporary social psychology '' . Considerable research was devoted to the study of attitudes and persuasion from the 1930s through the late 1970s . These studies embarked on various relevant issues regarding attitudes and persuasion , such as the consistency between attitudes and behaviors and the processes underlying attitude / behavior correspondence . However , Petty and Cacioppo noticed a major problem facing attitude and persuasion researchers to the effect that there was minimal agreement regarding `` if , when , and how the traditional source , message , recipient , and channel variables affected attitude change '' . Noticing this problem , Petty and Cacioppo developed the elaboration likelihood model as their attempt to account for the differential persistence of communication - induced attitude change . Petty and Cacioppo suggested that different empirical findings and theories on attitude persistence could be viewed as stressing one of two routes to persuasion which they presented in their elaboration likelihood model . Routes ( edit ) The elaboration likelihood model proposes two distinct routes for information processing : a central route and a peripheral route . The ELM holds that there are numerous specific processes of change on the `` elaboration continuum '' ranging from low to high . When the operation processes at the low end of the continuum determine attitudes , persuasion follows the peripheral route . When the operation processes at the high end of the continuum determine attitudes , persuasion follows the central route . Central route ( edit ) ELM Diagram The central route is used when the message recipient has the motivation as well as the ability to think about the message and its topic . When people process information centrally , the cognitive responses , or elaborations , will be much more relevant to the information , whereas when processing peripherally , the individual may rely on heuristics and other rules of thumb when elaborating on a message . Being at the high end of the elaboration continuum , people assess object - relevant information in relation to schemas that they already possess , and arrive at a reasoned attitude that is supported by information . It is important to consider two types of factors that influence how and how much one will elaborate on a persuasive message . The first are the factors that influence our motivation to elaborate , and the second being the factors that influence our ability to elaborate . Motivation to process the message may be determined by a personal interest in the subject of the message , or individual factors like the need for cognition . However , if the message recipient has a strong , negative attitude toward the position proposed by the message , a boomerang effect ( an opposite effect ) is likely to occur . That is , they will resist the message , and may move away from the proposed position . Two advantages of the central route are that attitude changes tend to last longer and are more predictive of behavior than the changes from the peripheral route . Overall , as people 's motivation and ability to process the message and develop elaborations decreases , the peripheral cues present in the situation become more important in their processing of the message . Peripheral route ( edit ) The peripheral route is used when the message recipient has little or no interest in the subject and / or has a lesser ability to process the message . Being at the low end of the elaboration continuum , recipients do not examine the information as thoroughly . With the peripheral route , they are more likely to rely on general impressions ( e.g. `` this feels right / good '' ) , early parts of the message , their own mood , positive and negative cues of the persuasion context , etc . Because people are `` cognitive misers , '' looking to reduce mental effort , they often use the peripheral route and thus rely on heuristics ( mental shortcuts ) when processing information . When an individual is not motivated to centrally process an issue because they lack interest in it , or if the individual does not have the cognitive ability to centrally process the issue , then these heuristics can be quite persuasive . Robert Cialdini 's Principles of Social Influence ( 1984 ) , which include commitment , social proof , scarcity , reciprocation , authority , as well as liking the person who is persuading you , are some examples of frequently used heuristics . In addition , credibility can also be used as a heuristic in peripheral thinking because when a speaker is seen as having a higher credibility , then the listener may be more likely to believe the message . Credibility is a low - effort and somewhat reliable way to give us an answer of what to decide and / or believe without having to put in much work to think it through . If these peripheral influences go completely unnoticed , the message recipient is likely to maintain their previous attitude towards the message . Otherwise , the individual will temporarily change his attitude towards it . This attitude change can be long - lasting , although durable change is less likely to occur than it is with the central route . Determinants of route ( edit ) The two most influential factors that affect which processing route an individual uses are motivation ( the desire to process the message ; see Petty and Cacioppo , 1979 ) and ability ( the capability for critical evaluation ; see Petty , Wells and Brock , 1976 ) . The extent of motivation is in turn affected by attitude and personal relevance . Individuals ' ability for elaboration is affected by distractions , their cognitive busyness ( the extent to which their cognitive processes are engaged by multiple tasks ) , and their overall knowledge . Motivation ( edit ) Attitudes towards a message can affect motivation . Drawing from cognitive dissonance theory , when people are presented with new information ( a message ) that conflicts with existing beliefs , ideas , or values , they will be motivated to eliminate the dissonance , in order to remain at peace with their own thoughts . For instance , people who want to believe that they will be academically successful may recall more of their past academic successes than their failures . They may also use their world knowledge to construct new theories about how their particular personality traits may predispose them to academic success ( Kunda , 1987 ) . If they succeed in accessing and constructing appropriate beliefs , they may feel justified in concluding that they will be academically successful , not realizing that they also possess knowledge that could be used to support the opposite conclusion . Motivation and ability Personal relevance can also affect an individual 's degree of motivation . For instance , undergraduate students were told of a new exam policy that would take effect either one or ten years later . The proposal of the new exam policy was either supported by strong or weak arguments . Those students who were going to personally be affected by this change would think more about the issue than those students who were not going to be personally affected . An additional factor that affects degree of motivation is an individual 's need for cognition . Individuals who take greater pleasure in thinking than others tend to engage in more effortful thinking because of its intrinsic enjoyment for them , regardless of the importance of the issue to them or the need to be correct . Ability ( edit ) Ability includes the availability of cognitive resources ( for instance , the absence of time pressures or distractions ) and the relevant knowledge needed to examine arguments . Distractions ( for instance , noise in a library where a person is trying to read a journal article ) can decrease a person 's ability to process a message . Cognitive busyness , which can also serve as a distraction , limits the cognitive resources otherwise available for the task at hand ( assessing a message ) . Another factor of ability is familiarity with the relevant subject . Though they might not be distracted nor cognitively busy , their insufficiency in knowledge can hinder people 's engagement in deep thinking . Elements ( edit ) Core ideas ( edit ) There are four core ideas to the ELM . The ELM argues that when a person encounters some form of communication , they can process this communication with varying levels of thought ( elaboration ) , ranging from a low degree of thought ( low elaboration ) to a high degree of thought ( high elaboration ) . The ELM predicts that there are a variety of psychological processes of change that operate to varying degrees as a function of a person 's level of elaboration . On the lower end of the continuum are the processes that require relatively little thought , including classical conditioning and mere exposure . On the higher end of the continuum are processes that require relatively more thought , including expectancy - value and cognitive response processes . When lower elaboration processes predominate , a person is said to be using the peripheral route , which is contrasted with the central route , involving the operation of predominantly high elaboration processes . The ELM predicts that the degree of thought used in a persuasion context determines how consequential the resultant attitude becomes . Attitudes formed via high - thought , central - route processes will tend to persist over time , resist persuasion , and be influential in guiding other judgments and behaviors to a greater extent that attitudes formed through low - thought , peripheral - route processes . The ELM also predicts that any given variable can have multiple roles in persuasion , including acting as a cue to judgment or as an influence on the direction of thought about a message . The ELM holds that the specific role by which a variable operates is determined by the extent of elaboration . Assumptions ( edit ) One of the main assumptions of the ELM is that the attitudes formed through the central route rather than the peripheral route are stronger and more difficult to change . This means that when the central route is taken ( involving high - elaboration thought in which all information is being carefully analyzed ) , the attitudes formed become more stable and less susceptible to counter-persuasion , whereas when the peripheral route is taken ( involving low - elaboration thought based on heuristics and shortcuts to establish an attitude ) short - term attitude change is more likely to occur . Variables ( edit ) A variable is essentially anything that can increase or decrease the persuasiveness of a message . Motivation ( desire to process the message ) , ability ( capability for critical evaluation ) , attractiveness , mood and expertise are just a few examples of variables that can influence persuasiveness . Variables also have different roles , for example , they may have a positive effect as a cue , but a negative effect if it ends up decreasing thought about a strong message . Under high elaboration , a given variable ( e.g. , expertise ) can serve as an argument ( e.g. , `` If Einstein agrees with the theory of relativity , then this is a strong reason for me to as well '' ) or a biasing factor ( e.g. , `` If an expert agrees with this position it is probably good , so let me see who else agrees with this conclusion '' ) , at the expense of contradicting information . Under low - elaboration conditions , a variable may act as a peripheral cue ( e.g. , the belief that `` experts are always right '' ) . While this is similar to the Einstein example above , this is a shortcut which ( unlike the Einstein example ) does not require thought . Under moderate elaboration , a variable may direct the extent of information processing ( e.g. , `` If an expert agrees with this position , I should really listen to what ( s ) he has to say '' ) . Recent adaptations of the ELM have added a role for variables : to affect the extent to which a person trusts their thoughts in response to a message ( self - validation role ) . A person may think , `` If an expert presented this information , it is probably correct , and thus I can trust that my reactions to it are informative with respect to my attitude . '' This role , because of its metacognitive nature , only occurs in high - elaboration conditions . Consequences ( edit ) For an individual intent on forming long - lasting beliefs on topics , the central route is advantageous by the fact that arguments are scrutinized intensely and that information is unlikely to be overlooked . However , this route uses a considerable amount of energy , time , and mental effort . It is not worthwhile to exert considerable mental effort to achieve correctness in all situations and people do not always have the requisite knowledge , time , or opportunity to thoughtfully assess the merits of a proposal . For those , the use of the peripheral route excels at saving energy , time , and mental effort . This is particularly advantageous in situations in which one must make a decision within a small time constraint . On the other hand , the peripheral route is prone to errors in judgment , at least in attributing reasons for behaviors . Applications. ( edit ) Researchers have applied the elaboration likelihood model to many fields , including advertising , marketing , consumer behavior and health care , just to name a few . In advertising communications ( edit ) Advertising The elaboration likelihood model can be applied to advertising and marketing . In 1983 , Petty , Cacioppo and Schumann conducted a study to examine source effects in advertising . It was a product advertisement about a new disposable razor . The authors purposefully made one group of subjects highly involved with the product , by telling them the product would be test marketed soon in the local area and by the end of the experiment they would be given a chance to get a disposable razor . Whereas , the authors made another group of subjects have low involvement with the product by telling them that the product would be test marketed in a distant city and by the end of the experiment they would have the chance to get a toothpaste . In addition to varying involvement , the authors also varied source and message characteristics by showing a group of the subjects ads featuring popular athletes , whereas showing other subjects ads featuring average citizens ; showing some subjects ads with strong arguments and others ads with weak arguments . This experiment shows that when the elaboration likelihood was low , featuring famous athletes in the advertisement would lead to more favorable product attitudes , regardless of the strength of the product attributes presented . Whereas when elaboration likelihood was high , only the argument strength would manipulate affected attitudes . It is widely acknowledged that effects of ads are not only limited to the information contained in the ad alone but are also a function of the different appeals used in the ads ( like use celebrities or non-celebrities as endorsers ) . In a study conducted by Rollins and Bhutada in 2013 , ELM theory was the framework used to understand and evaluate the underlying mechanisms describing the relationships between endorser type , disease state involvement and consumer response to direct - to - consumer advertisements ( DTCA ) . The finding showed while endorser type did not significantly affect consumer attitudes , behavioral intentions and information search behavior ; level of disease state involvement , though , did . More highly involved consumers had more positive attitudes , behavioral intentions and greater information search behavior . In healthcare ( edit ) Healthcare Recent research has been conducted to apply the ELM to the healthcare field . In 2009 , Angst and Agarwal published a research article , `` Adoption of Electronic Health Records in the Presence of Privacy Concerns : the Elaboration Likelihood Model and Individual Persuasion '' . This research studies electronic health records ( EHRs ) , ( an individual 's ) concern for information privacy ( CFIP ) and the elaboration likelihood model ( ELM ) . The two researchers aimed to investigate the question , `` Can individuals be persuaded to change their attitudes and opt - in behavioral intentions toward EHRs , and allow their medical information to be digitized even in the presence of significant privacy concerns ? '' Since the ELM model provides an understanding how to influence attitudes , the said model could be leveraged to alter perceptions and attitudes regarding adoption and adaptation of change . Findings of the research included : `` Issue involvement and argument framing interact to influence attitude change , and that concern for information privacy further moderates the effects of these variables . '' `` Likelihood of adoption is driven by concern for information privacy and attitude . '' `` An individual 's CFIP interacts with argument framing and issue involvement to affect attitudes toward EHR use and CFIP directly influence opt - in behavioral intentions . '' `` Even people have high concerns for privacy , their attitudes can be positively altered with appropriate message framing . '' In e-commerce ( edit ) E-commerce Chen and Lee conducted a study about online shopping persuasion by applying the elaboration likelihood model back to 2008 . In this study , how online shopping influences consumers ' beliefs and perceived values on attitude and approach behavior were examined . `` Twenty cosmetics and 20 hotel websites were selected for participants to randomly link to and read , and the students were then asked to fill in a 48 - item questionnaire via the internet . It was found that when consumers have higher levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness , central route website contents would be more favorable for eliciting utilitarian shopping value ; whereas when consumers have higher levels of emotional stability , openness , and extraversion , peripheral route website contents would be more critical in facilitating experiential and hedonic shopping value '' , Chen explained . In 2009 , another study about the effects of consumer skepticism on online shopping was conducted by Sher and Lee . Data on young customers ' attitudes about a product were acquired through an online experiment with 278 college students , and two findings emerged after analysis . First , highly skeptical consumers tend to stick with their original impression than been influenced by other factors ( Central Route ) ; which means , they are biased against certain types of information and indifferent to the message quality . Second , consumers with low skepticism tend to adopt the peripheral route in forming attitude ; that is , they are more persuaded by online review quantity . Lee indicated , `` these findings contribute to the ELM research literature by considering a potentially important personality factor in the ELM framework '' . Other studies applied ELM in e-commerce and internet related fields are listed below for your additional references : How does web personalization affect users attitudes and behaviors online ? An eye - tracking study of online shopping to understand how customers use ELM in their e-commerce experience . Using an elaboration likelihood approach to better understand the persuasiveness of website privacy assurance cues for online consumers . Multichannel Retailing 's use of central and peripheral routes through Internet and cross-channel platforms . Using ELM and Signalling Theory to analyze Internet recruitment . In media ( edit ) Media In order to reduce youth smoking by developing improved methods to communicate with higher risk youth , Flynn and his colleagues conducted a study in 2013 , exploring the potential of smoking prevention messages on TV based on the ELM . `` Structured evaluations of 12 smoking prevention messages based on three strategies derived from the ELM were conducted in classroom settings among a diverse sample of non-smoking middle school students in three states . Students categorized as likely to have higher involvement in a decision to initiate cigarette smoking , are reported relatively high ratings on a cognitive processing indicator for messages focused on factual arguments about negative consequences of smoking than for messages with fewer or no direct arguments . Message appeal ratings did not show greater preference for this message type among higher involved versus lower involved students . Ratings from students reporting lower academic achievement suggested difficulty processing factual information presented in these messages . The ELM may provides a useful strategy for reaching adolescents at risk for smoking initiation , but particular attention should be focused on lower academic achievers to ensure that messages are appropriate for them . '' Another research directed by Boyce and Kuijer was focusing on media body ideal images triggers food intake among restrained eaters based on ELM . Their hypotheses were based on restraint theory and the ELM . From the research , they found participants ' attention ( advertent / inadvertent ) toward the images was manipulated . Although restrained eaters ' weight satisfaction was not significantly affected by either media exposure condition , advertent ( but not inadvertent ) media exposure triggered restrained eaters ' eating . These results suggest that teaching restrained eaters how to pay less attention to media body ideal images might be an effective strategy in media -- literary interventions . In politics ( edit ) Hans - Joachim Mosler applied ELM to study if and how a minority can persuade the majority to change its opinion . The study used Agent - based social simulation . There were 5 agents . 3 ( or 4 ) of whom held a neutral opinion on some abstract topic , while the other 2 ( or 1 ) held a different opinion . In addition , there were differences between the agents regarding their argument quality and peripheral cues . The simulation was done in rounds . In each round , one of the agents had an opportunity to influence the other agents . The level of influence was determined by either the argument strength ( if the central route was taken ) or the peripheral cues ( if the peripheral route was taken ) . After 20 rounds of persuasion , the distance between the majority 's original opinion to its new opinion was studied . It was found that , the peripheral cues of the minority were more important than the argument quality . I.e , a minority with strong arguments but negative cues ( e.g. , different skin - color or bad reputation ) did not succeed in convincing the majority , while a minority with weak arguments and positive cues ( e.g. , appearance or reputation ) did succeed . The results depend also on the level of personal relevance -- how much the topic is important to the majority and to the minority . Methodological considerations ( edit ) In designing a test for the aforementioned model , it is necessary to determine the quality of an argument , i.e. , whether it is viewed as strong or weak . If the argument is not seen as strong , then the results of persuasion will be inconsistent . A strong argument is defined by Petty and Cacioppo as `` one containing arguments such that when subjects are instructed to think about the message , the thoughts they generate are fundamentally favorable . '' An argument that is universally viewed as weak will elicit unfavorable results , especially if the subject considers it under high elaboration , thus being the central route . Test arguments must be rated by ease of understanding , complexity and familiarity . To study either route of the elaboration likelihood model , the arguments must be designed for consistent results . Also , when assessing persuasion of an argument , the influence of peripheral cues needs to be taken into consideration as cues can influence attitude even in the absence of argument processing . The extent or direction of message processing also needs to be taken into consideration when assessing persuasion , as variables can influence or bias thought by enabling or inhibiting the generation of a particular kind of thought in regard to the argument . `` While the ELM theory continues to be widely cited and taught as one of the major cornerstones of persuasion , questions are raised concerning its relevance and validity in 21st century communication contexts . '' Critiques of the theory ( edit ) Some researchers have been criticized for misinterpreting the ELM . One such instance is Kruglanski and Thompson thinking that the processing of central or peripheral routes is determined by the type of information that affects message persuasion . For example , message variables are only influential when the central route is used and information like source variables is only influential when the peripheral route is used.In fact , the ELM does not make statements about types of information being related to routes . Rather , the key to the ELM is how any type of information will be used depending on central or peripheral routes , regardless of what that information is . For example , the central route may permit source variables to influence preference for certain language usage in the message ( e.g. `` beautiful '' ) or validate a related product ( e.g. cosmetics ) , while the peripheral route may only lead individuals to associate the `` goodness '' of source variables with the message . Theoretically , all of these could occur simultaneously . Thus , the distinction between central and peripheral routes is not the type of information being processed as those types can be applied to both routes , but rather how that information is processed and ultimately whether processing information in one way or the other will result in different attitudes . A second instance of misinterpretation that is also related to the first is that processing of the central route solely involves thinking about the message content and not thoughts about the issue . Petty and Cacioppo ( 1981 ) stated `` If the issue is very important to the person , but the person does n't understand the arguments being presented in the message , or if no arguments are actually presented , then elaboration of arguments can not occur. ... Nevertheless , the person may still be able to think about the issue . '' Therefore , issue - relevant thinking is still a part of the central route and is necessary for one to think about the message content . Lastly , a third instance of misinterpretation by Kruglanski and Thompson is the disregard for the quantitative dimension presented by the ELM and more focus on the qualitative dimension . This quantitative dimension is the peripheral route involves low - elaboration persuasion that is quantitatively different from the central route that involves high elaboration . With this difference the ELM also explains that low - elaboration persuasion processes are qualitatively different as well . It is seen as incorrect if the ELM focuses on a quantitative explanation over a qualitative one ; however one of the ELM 's key points is that elaboration can range from high to low which is not incorrect as data from experiments conducted by Petty ( 1997 ) as well as Petty and Wegener ( 1999 ) suggest that persuasion findings can be explained by a quantitative dimension without ever needing a qualitative one . Alternative Models ( edit ) Social judgment theory -- emphasizes the distance in opinions , and whether it is in the `` acceptance latitude '' or `` rejection latitude '' or in the intermediate zone . Social impact theory - emphasizes the number , strength and immediacy of the people trying to influence a person to change its mind . Heuristic - systematic model Extended transportation - imagery model See also ( edit ) Advertising Advertising management Attitude change Cognitive biases Cognitive resources Consumer behaviour Countersignaling E-commerce Integrated marketing communications Marketing Marketing communications Motivation Need for cognition Online shopping Persuasion Advertising models ( edit ) AIDA ( marketing ) AISDALSLove DAGMAR marketing Elaboration likelihood model ( section ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Petty ( 1986 ) `` Communication and persuasion : central and peripheral routes to attitude change . '' Springer - Verlag , New York . ^ Jump up to : Kruglanski , Arie W. ; Van Lange , Paul A.M. ( 2012 ) . Handbook of theories of social psychology . London , England : Sage . pp. 224 -- 245 . Jump up ^ Petty , Richard E ; Cacioppo , John T ( 1984 ) . `` Source factors and the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion '' . Advances in Consumer Research . 11 : 668 . Jump up ^ Petty , Richard E ; Cacioppo , John T . `` The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion '' . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology : 126 . doi : 10.1016 / s0065 - 2601 ( 08 ) 60214 - 2 . Jump up ^ Miller , Katherine ( 2005 ) . Theories of message processing , Chapter 8 , Communication theories : perspectives , processes , and contexts . McGraw - Hill . p. 129 . Jump up ^ Petty , Richard E ; Cacioppo , John T ( 1986 ) . `` The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion '' . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology : 129 . doi : 10.1016 / s0065 - 2601 ( 08 ) 60214 - 2 . Jump up ^ Petty , Richard E ; Cacioppo , John T ( 1986 ) . `` The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion '' . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology : 125 . doi : 10.1016 / s0065 - 2601 ( 08 ) 60214 - 2 . Jump up ^ Allport , Gordon ( 1935 ) . `` Attitudes '' . A Handbook of Social Psychology : 789 -- 844 . Jump up ^ Ajzen , Icek ; Fishbein , Martin ( 1977 ) . `` Attitude - behavior relations : A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research . '' . Psychological Bulletin , American Psychological Association . 84 ( 5 ) : 888 -- 918 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.84. 5.888 . Jump up ^ Fazio , Russell H ; Zanna , Mark P ( 1981 ) . `` Direct experience and attitude - behavior consistency '' . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology . 14 : 161 -- 202 . doi : 10.1016 / s0065 - 2601 ( 08 ) 60372 - x . Jump up ^ Sherman , Steve J ; Fazio , Russell H ; Herr , Paul M ( 1983 ) . `` On the consequences of priming : Assimilation and contrast effects '' . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology . 19 ( 4 ) : 323 -- 340 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 1031 ( 83 ) 90026 - 4 . Jump up ^ Petty , Richard E ; Cacioppo , John T ( 1986 ) . `` The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion '' . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology : 124 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Morris , J.D. ; Singh , A.J. ; Woo , C. `` Elaboration likelihood model : A missing intrinsic emotional implication '' . Journal of Targeting , Measurement and Analysis for Marketing . 14 : 79 -- 98 . doi : 10.1057 / palgrave. jt. 5740171 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , E. ( 2012 ) . In addition , there are different variables that a persuader can use to affect an individual 's ability to process a message ( commonly used factors are the presence or absence of distractions , background knowledge of the topic , and the comprehensibility of the message or how easy it is to understand ) that can enhance or reduce the amount of critical thinking that one would use to create elaborations from the message being presented . A First Look at Communication Theory , 8th ed . McGraw - Hill : New York , 205 - 207 . Jump up ^ McNeill , Brian W. ( 1989 ) . `` Reconceptualizing social influence in counseling : The Elaboration Likelihood Model . '' . Journal of Counseling Psychology . 36 : 24 -- 33 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 0167.36. 1.24 . ^ Jump up to : Chaiken & Trope ( Eds . ) ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ `` Social Cognition '' . ^ Jump up to : Kunda , Ziva ( 1990 ) . `` The Case for Motivated Reasoning '' . Psychological Bulletin . 108 ( 3 ) : 480 -- 498 . PMID 2270237 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.108. 3.480 . Jump up ^ Petty R. and Cacioppo J. `` Communication and persuasion : central and peripheral routes to attitude change . '' Springer - Verlag , New York . ^ Jump up to : Petty , R. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Thought confidence as a determinant of persuasion : the self validation hypothesis '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 82 : 722 -- 741 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.82. 5.722 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Daniel T. ; Pelham , Brett W. ; Krull , Douglas S. ( 1988 ) . `` On Cognitive Busyness : When Person Perceivers Meet Persons Perceived '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 54 ( 5 ) : 733 -- 740 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.54. 5.733 . ^ Jump up to : Petty , Richard E ; Cacioppo , John T ; Schumann , David ( 1983 ) . `` Central and peripheral routes to advertising effectiveness : The moderating role of involvement '' . Journal of Consumer Research . 10 : 135 -- 146 . doi : 10.1086 / 208954 . Jump up ^ Petty , Richard E ; Cacioppo , John T ( 1984 ) . `` Source factors and the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion '' . Advances in Consumer Research : 668 -- 672 . ^ Jump up to : Rollins , B. ; Bhutada , N. ( 2014 ) . `` Impact Of Celebrity Endorsements In Disease - Specific Direct - To - Consumer ( DTC ) Advertisements : An Elaboration Likelihood Model Approach '' . International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing . 8 ( 2 ) : 164 -- 177 . doi : 10.1108 / ijphm - 05 - 2013 - 0024 . Jump up ^ Angst , Corey ; Agarwal , Ritu ( 2009 ) . `` Adoption of electronic health records in the presence of privacy concerns : the elaboration likelihood model and individual persuasion '' . MIS Quarterly . 33 ( 2 ) : 339 -- 370 . Jump up ^ Angst , Corey ; Agarwal , Ritu ( 2009 ) . `` Adoption of electronic health records in the presence of privacy concerns : the elaboration likelihood model and individual persuasion '' . MIS Quarterly . 33 ( 2 ) : 339 . Jump up ^ Chen , S. ; Lee , K. ( 2008 ) . `` The Role Of Personality Traits And Perceived Values In Persuasion : An Elaboration Likelihood Model Perspective On Online Shopping '' . Social Behavior & Personality : An International Journal . 36 ( 10 ) : 1379 -- 1400 . doi : 10.2224 / sbp. 2008.36. 10.1379 . ^ Jump up to : Sher , P.J. ; Lee , S. ( 2009 ) . `` Consumer Skepticism And Online Reviews : An Elaboration Likelihood Model Perspective '' . Social Behavior & Personality : An International Journal . 37 ( 1 ) : 137 -- 143 . doi : 10.2224 / sbp. 2009.37. 1.137 . Jump up ^ Ho , S. ; Bodoff , D. ( 2014 ) . `` The Effects Of Web Personalization On User Attitude And Behavior : An Integration Of The Elaboration Likelihood Model And Consumer Search Theory '' . MIS Quarterly . 38 ( 2 ) : 497 -- A10 . Jump up ^ Yang , S ( 2015 ) . `` An Eye - Tracking Study Of The Elaboration Likelihood Model In Online Shopping '' . Electronic Commerce Research and Applications. 14 ( 4 ) : 233 -- 240 . doi : 10.1016 / j. elerap. 2014.11. 007 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Lowry , Paul ; Moody , Gregory D. ; Vance , Anthony ; Jensen , Matthew L. ; Jenkins , Jeffrey L. ; Wells , Taylor ( 2012 ) . `` Using an elaboration likelihood approach to better understand the persuasiveness of website privacy assurance cues for online consumers '' . Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology ( JASIST ) . 63 ( 4 ) : 755 -- 766 . SSRN 1948055 . doi : 10.1002 / asi. 21705 . Jump up ^ Bezes , C ( 2015 ) . `` Identifying Central And Peripheral Dimensions Of Store And Website Image : Applying The Elaboration Likelihood Model To Multichannel Retailing '' . Journal of Applied Business Research . 31 ( 4 ) : 1453 . Jump up ^ Gregory , C. ; Meade , A. ; Thompson , L. ( 2013 ) . `` Understanding Internet Recruitment Via Signaling Theory And The Elaboration Likelihood Model '' . Computers in Human Behavior . 29 ( 5 ) : 1949 -- 1959 . doi : 10.1016 / j. chb. 2013.04. 013 . ^ Jump up to : Flynn , B.S. ; Worden , J.K. ; Bunn , J.Y. ; Connolly , S.W. ; Dorwaldt , A.L. ( 2011 ) . `` Evaluation Of Smoking Prevention Television Messages Based On The Elaboration Likelihood Model '' . Health Education Research . 26 ( 6 ) : 976 -- 987 . doi : 10.1093 / her / cyr082 . ^ Jump up to : Boyce , J. ; Kuijer , R. ( 2014 ) . `` Focusing On Media Body Ideal Images Triggers Food Intake Among Restrained Eaters : A Test Of Restraint Theory And The Elaboration Likelihood Model '' . Eating Behaviors. 15 ( 2 ) : 262 -- 270 . doi : 10.1016 / j. eatbeh. 2014.03. 003 . Jump up ^ Hans - Joachim Mosler ( 2006 ) . `` Better Be Convincing or Better Be Stylish ? a Theory Based Multi-Agent Simulation to Explain Minority Influence in Groups Via Arguments or Via Peripheral Cues '' . Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation . Jump up ^ Griffin E. A First Look at Communication Theory , 8th ed . McGraw - Hill , New York , p366 - 377 . Jump up ^ Berkowitz L. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology . Vol 19 . Academic press , Orlando 1986 p132 - 134 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Petty , Richard E. ( 1986 ) . Communication and Persuasion : Central and Peripheral Routes to Attitude Change . Springer New York . Jump up ^ Kitchen , P. ; Kerr , G. ; Schultz , D. ; McColl , R. ; Pals , H. ( 2014 ) . `` The Elaboration Likelihood Model : Review , Critique And Research Agenda '' . European Journal of Marketing . 48 ( 11 / 12 ) : 2033 -- 2050 . doi : 10.1108 / EJM - 12 - 2011 - 0776 . ^ Jump up to : Richard E. Petty ; S. Christian Wheeler ; George Y . Bizer ( 1999 ) . `` Is There One Persuasion Process or More ? Lumping Versus Splitting in Attitude Change Theories '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Petty , R.E. & Cacioppo , J.T. ( 1981 ) . Attitudes and persuasion : Classic and contemporary approaches . Jump up ^ Petty , Richard E. ( 1997 ) . `` The Evolution of Theory and Research in Social Psychology : From Single to Multiple Effect and Process Models of Persuasion '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Petty , R.E. ; Wegener , D.T. ( 1999 ) . `` The Elaboration Likelihood Model : Current Status and Controversies '' ( PDF ) . Further reading ( edit ) Eagly A. and Chaiken S. Psychology of Attitudes . Harcourt , Brace and Jovanovich , Fort Worth , Texas , 2003 . Jae , H. ; Delvicchio , D. ( 2004 ) . `` Decision making by elaboration likelihood model - analysis journal and model '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Consumer Affairs . 38 ( 2 ) : 342 -- 354 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1745 - 6606.2004. tb00873. x . Metzler A. et al. National HIV Prevention Conference , Atlanta , Georgia , 1999 . Petty R. and Cacioppo J. , Brown W. and Dubuque I. ( ed . ) Attitudes and Persuasion : Classic and Contemporary Approaches . Petty R. and Wegener D. , Chaiken S. and Trope Y. ( ed . ) `` The elaboration likelihood model : current status and controversies . '' Dual Process Theories in Social Psychology Guilford Press , New York . p41 - 72 . Richard E. Petty and John T. Cacioppo , The Elaboration likelihood model of Persuasion. 1986 . p136 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elaboration_likelihood_model&oldid=802560682 '' Categories : Attitude change Advertising E-commerce Promotion and marketing communications Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti فارسی Italiano עברית Nederlands Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 23 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
an attitude change developed through the central route of the elaboration likelihood model will be
[ "Under the central route, persuasion will likely result from a person's careful and thoughtful consideration of the true merits of the information presented in support of an advocacy.[3] The central route involves a high level of message elaboration in which a great amount of cognition about the arguments are generated by the individual receiving the message. The results of attitude change will be relatively enduring, resistant, and predictive of behavior.[4]" ]
[ "relatively enduring, resistant, and predictive of behavior" ]
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History of the automobile
History of the automobile - wikipedia History of the automobile Jump to : navigation , search The design of the Cugnot Steam Trolley ( Jonathan Holguinisburg ) ( 1769 ) The early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras , based on the prevalent means of propulsion . Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling , size , and utility preferences . In 1808 François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by an internal combustion engine fueled by hydrogen . In 1870 Siegfried Marcus built the first gasoline powered combustion engine , which he placed on a pushcart , building four progressively sophisticated combustion - engine cars over a 10 - to - 15 - year span that influenced later cars . Marcus created the two - cycle combustion engine . The car 's second incarnation in 1880 introduced a four - cycle , gasoline - powered engine , an ingenious carburetor design and magneto ignition . He created an additional two models further refining his design with steering , a clutch and brakes . The four - stroke petrol ( gasoline ) internal combustion engine that still constitutes the most prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion was patented by Nikolaus Otto . The similar four - stroke diesel engine was invented by Rudolf Diesel . The hydrogen fuel cell , one of the technologies hailed as a replacement for gasoline as an energy source for cars , was discovered in principle by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838 . The battery electric car owes its beginnings to Ányos Jedlik , one of the inventors of the electric motor , and Gaston Planté , who invented the lead - acid battery in 1859 . In 1885 , Karl Benz developed a petrol or gasoline powered automobile . This is also considered to be the first `` production '' vehicle as Benz made several other identical copies . The automobile was powered by a single cylinder two stroke engine . After producing and selling the Model A in 1903 , Ford Motor Company 's Model T became the first mass - produced automobile in 1908 , focusing on affordability for the average consumer . By 1927 Ford produced over 15,000,000 Model T automobiles and only then developed the Model A . At the turn of the 20th century electrically powered automobiles were a popular method of automobile propulsion , but their common use did not last long , and they diminished to a niche market until the turn of the 21st century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Power sources 1.1 Steam - powered wheeled vehicles 1.1. 1 17th and 18th centuries 1.1. 2 19th century 1.1. 3 20th century 1.2 Electric automobiles 1.3 Internal combustion engines 2 Eras of invention 2.1 Veteran era 2.1. 1 Brass or Edwardian era 2.2 Vintage era 2.3 Pre-war era 2.4 Post-war era 2.5 Modern era 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Power sources ( edit ) The early history of the automobile was concentrated on the search for a reliable portable power unit to propel the vehicle . Steam - powered wheeled vehicles ( edit ) Main article : History of steam road vehicles 17th and 18th centuries ( edit ) Ferdinand Verbiest , a member of a Jesuit mission in China , built a steam - powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor . It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was , quite possibly , the first working steam - powered vehicle ( ' auto - mobile ' ) . Cugnot 's steam wagon , the second ( 1771 ) version A replica of Richard Trevithick 's 1801 road locomotive ' Puffing Devil ' Steam - powered self - propelled vehicles large enough to transport people and cargo were first devised in the late 18th century . Nicolas - Joseph Cugnot demonstrated his fardier à vapeur ( `` steam dray '' ) , an experimental steam - driven artillery tractor , in 1770 and 1771 . As Cugnot 's design proved to be impractical , his invention was not developed in his native France . The center of innovation shifted to Great Britain . By 1784 , William Murdoch had built a working model of a steam carriage in Redruth and in 1801 Richard Trevithick was running a full - sized vehicle on the roads in Camborne . The first automobile patent in the United States was granted to Oliver Evans in 1789 . 19th century ( edit ) During the 19th century attempts were made to introduce practical steam powered vehicles . Innovations such as hand brakes , multi-speed transmissions and better steering developed . Some commercially successful vehicles provided mass transit until a backlash against these large vehicles resulted in the passage of legislation such as the United Kingdom Locomotive Act ( 1865 ) , which required many self - propelled vehicles on public roads to be preceded by a man on foot waving a red flag and blowing a horn . This effectively halted road auto development in the UK for most of the rest of the 19th century ; inventors and engineers shifted their efforts to improvements in railway locomotives . The law was not repealed until 1896 , although the need for the red flag was removed in 1878 . In 1816 , a professor at Prague Polytechnic , Josef Bozek , built an oil - fired steam car . Walter Hancock , builder and operator of London steam buses , in 1838 built a four - seat steam phaeton . In 1867 , Canadian jeweller Henry Seth Taylor demonstrated his 4 - wheeled `` steam buggy '' at the Stanstead Fair in Stanstead , Quebec and again the following year . The basis of the buggy , which he began building in 1865 , was a high - wheeled carriage with bracing to support a two - cylinder steam engine mounted on the floor . One of the first `` real '' automobiles was produced by Frenchman Amédée Bollée in 1873 , who built a self - propelled steam road vehicles to transport groups of passengers . The first carriage - sized automobile suitable for use on existing wagon roads in the United States was a steam - powered vehicle invented in 1871 by Dr. J.W. Carhart , a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church , in Racine , Wisconsin . It induced the State of Wisconsin in 1875 to offer a $10,000 award to the first to produce a practical substitute for the use of horses and other animals . They stipulated that the vehicle would have to maintain an average speed of more than 5 miles per hour ( 8.0 km / h ) over a 200 - mile ( 320 km ) course . The offer led to the first city to city automobile race in the United States , starting on 16 July 1878 in Green Bay , Wisconsin , and ending in Madison , via Appleton , Oshkosh , Waupun , Watertown , Fort Atkinson , and Janesville . While seven vehicles were registered , only two started to compete : the entries from Green Bay and Oshkosh . The vehicle from Green Bay was faster , but broke down before completing the race . The Oshkosh finished the 201 - mile ( 323 km ) course in 33 hours and 27 minutes , and posted an average speed of six miles per hour . In 1879 , the legislature awarded half the prize . 20th century ( edit ) Pre WWII 1924 Doble Model E Steam - powered road vehicles , both cars and wagons , reached the peak of their development in the early 1930s with fast - steaming lightweight boilers and efficient engine designs . Internal combustion engines also developed greatly during WWI , becoming simpler to operate and more reliable . The development of the high - speed diesel engine from 1930 began to replace them for wagons , accelerated in the UK by tax changes making steam wagons uneconomic overnight . Although a few designers continued to advocate steam power , no significant developments in production steam cars took place after Doble in 1931 . Post-WWII Whether steam cars will ever be reborn in later technological eras remains to be seen . Magazines such as Light Steam Power continued to describe them into the 1980s . The 1950s saw interest in steam - turbine cars powered by small nuclear reactors ( this was also true of aircraft ) , but the dangers inherent in nuclear fission technology soon killed these ideas . Electric automobiles ( edit ) German Flocken Elektrowagen of 1888 , regarded as the first electric car of the world See also : History of the electric vehicle In 1828 , Ányos Jedlik , a Hungarian who invented an early type of electric motor , created a tiny model car powered by his new motor . In 1834 , Vermont blacksmith Thomas Davenport , the inventor of the first American DC electrical motor , installed his motor in a small model car , which he operated on a short circular electrified track . In 1835 , Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of Groningen , the Netherlands and his assistant Christopher Becker created a small - scale electrical car , powered by non-rechargeable primary cells . In 1838 , Scotsman Robert Davidson built an electric locomotive that attained a speed of 4 miles per hour ( 6 km / h ) . In England , a patent was granted in 1840 for the use of rail tracks as conductors of electric current , and similar American patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in 1847 . Between 1832 and 1839 ( the exact year is uncertain ) Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first crude electric carriage , powered by non-rechargeable primary cells . The Flocken Elektrowagen of 1888 by German inventor Andreas Flocken is regarded as the first real electric car of the world . Electric cars enjoyed popularity between the late 19th century and early 20th century , when electricity was among the preferred methods for automobile propulsion , providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time . Advances in internal combustion technology , especially the electric starter , soon rendered this advantage moot ; the greater range of gasoline cars , quicker refueling times , and growing petroleum infrastructure , along with the mass production of gasoline vehicles by companies such as the Ford Motor Company , which reduced prices of gasoline cars to less than half that of equivalent electric cars , led to a decline in the use of electric propulsion , effectively removing it from important markets such as the United States by the 1930s . However , in recent years , increased concerns over the environmental impact of gasoline cars , higher gasoline prices , improvements in battery technology , and the prospect of peak oil , have brought about renewed interest in electric cars , which are perceived to be more environmentally friendly and cheaper to maintain and run , despite high initial costs , after a failed reappearance in the late - 1990s . Internal combustion engines ( edit ) 1885 - built Benz Patent - Motorwagen , the first car to go into production with an internal combustion engine The second Marcus car of 1888 at the Technical Museum in Vienna Early attempts at making and using internal combustion engines were hampered by the lack of suitable fuels , particularly liquids , therefore the earliest engines used gas mixtures . Early experimenters used gases . In 1806 , Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivaz built an engine powered by internal combustion of a hydrogen and oxygen mixture . In 1826 , Englishman Samuel Brown tested his hydrogen - fuelled internal combustion engine by using it to propel a vehicle up Shooter 's Hill in south - east London . Belgian - born Etienne Lenoir 's Hippomobile with a hydrogen - gas - fuelled one - cylinder internal combustion engine made a test drive from Paris to Joinville - le - Pont in 1860 , covering some nine kilometres in about three hours . A later version was propelled by coal gas . A Delamare - Deboutteville vehicle was patented and trialled in 1884 . About 1870 , in Vienna , Austria ( then the Austro - Hungarian Empire ) , inventor Siegfried Marcus put a liquid - fuelled internal combustion engine on a simple handcart which made him the first man to propel a vehicle by means of gasoline . Today , this car is known as `` the first Marcus car '' . In 1883 , Marcus secured a German patent for a low - voltage ignition system of the magneto type ; this was his only automotive patent . This design was used for all further engines , and the four - seat `` second Marcus car '' of 1888 / 89 . This ignition , in conjunction with the `` rotating - brush carburetor '' , made the second car 's design very innovative . His second car is on display at the Technical Museum in Vienna . During his lifetime he was honored as the originator of the motorcar but his place in history was all but erased by the Nazis during World War II . Because Marcus was of Jewish descent , the Nazi propaganda office ordered his work to be destroyed , his name expunged from future textbooks , and his public memorials removed , giving credit instead to Karl Benz . It is generally acknowledged that the first really practical automobiles with petrol / gasoline - powered internal combustion engines were completed almost simultaneously by several German inventors working independently : Karl Benz built his first automobile in 1885 in Mannheim . Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886 , and began the first production of automobiles in 1888 , after Bertha Benz , his wife , had proved -- with the first long - distance trip in August 1888 , from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back -- that the horseless coach was absolutely suitable for daily use . Since 2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event . Soon after , Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart in 1889 designed a vehicle from scratch to be an automobile , rather than a horse - drawn carriage fitted with an engine . They also are usually credited with invention of the first motorcycle in 1886 , but Italy 's Enrico Bernardi of the University of Padua , in 1882 , patented a 0.024 horsepower ( 17.9 W ) 122 cc ( 7.4 cu in ) one - cylinder petrol motor , fitting it into his son 's tricycle , making it at least a candidate for the first automobile and first motorcycle ; . Bernardi enlarged the tricycle in 1892 to carry two adults . One of the first four - wheeled petrol - driven automobiles in Britain was built in Birmingham in 1895 by Frederick William Lanchester , who also patented the disc brake and the first electric starter was installed on an Arnold , an adaptation of the Benz Velo , built in Kent between 1895 and 1898 . George F. Foss of Sherbrooke , Quebec built a single - cylinder gasoline car in 1896 which he drove for 4 years , ignoring city officials ' warnings of arrest for his `` mad antics . '' In all the turmoil , many early pioneers are nearly forgotten . In 1891 , John William Lambert built a three - wheeler in Ohio City , Ohio , which was destroyed in a fire the same year , while Henry Nadig constructed a four - wheeler in Allentown , Pennsylvania . It is likely they were not the only ones . Eras of invention ( edit ) Veteran era ( edit ) Main article : Antique car The Selden Road - Engine The Präsident automobile The first production of automobiles was by Karl Benz in 1888 in Germany and , under license from Benz , in France by Emile Roger . There were numerous others , including tricycle builders Rudolf Egg , Edward Butler , and Léon Bollée . Bollée , using a 650 cc ( 40 cu in ) engine of his own design , enabled his driver , Jamin , to average 45 kilometres per hour ( 28.0 mph ) in the 1897 Paris - Tourville rally . By 1900 , mass production of automobiles had begun in France and the United States . The first motor car in Central Europe was produced by Czech company Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau ( later renamed to Tatra ) in 1897 , the Präsident automobil . The first company formed exclusively to build automobiles was Panhard et Levassor in France , which also introduced the first four - cylinder engine . Formed in 1889 , Panhard was quickly followed by Peugeot two years later . By the start of the 20th century , the automobile industry was beginning to take off in Western Europe , especially in France , where 30,204 were produced in 1903 , representing 48.8 % of world automobile production that year . The first automobile in Japan , a French Panhard - Levassor , in 1898 1903 World 's Work Article The American George B. Selden filed for a patent on 8 May 1879 . His application included not only the engine but its use in a 4 - wheeled car . Selden filed a series of amendments to his application which stretched out the legal process , resulting in a delay of 16 years before the patent was granted on 5 November 1895 . This patent did more to hinder than encourage development of autos in the United States . Selden licensed his patent to most major American automakers , collecting a fee on every car they produced . In the United States , brothers Charles and Frank Duryea founded the Duryea Motor Wagon Company in 1893 , becoming the first American automobile manufacturing company . The Autocar Company , founded in 1897 , established a number of innovations still in use and remains the oldest operating motor vehicle manufacturer in the United States However , it was Ransom E. Olds and his Olds Motor Vehicle Company ( later known as Oldsmobile ) who would dominate this era of automobile production . Its production line was running in 1901 . The Thomas B. Jeffery Company developed the world 's second mass - produced automobile , and 1,500 Ramblers were built and sold in its first year , representing one - sixth of all existing motorcars in the United States at the time . Within a year , Cadillac ( formed from the Henry Ford Company ) , Winton , and Ford were also producing cars in the thousands . Within a few years , a dizzying assortment of technologies were being used by hundreds of producers all over the western world . Steam , electricity , and petrol / gasoline - powered automobiles competed for decades , with petrol / gasoline internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s . Dual - and even quad - engine cars were designed , and engine displacement ranged to more than a dozen litres . Many modern advances , including gas / electric hybrids , multi-valve engines , overhead camshafts , and four - wheel drive , were attempted , and discarded at this time . In 1898 , Louis Renault had a De Dion - Bouton modified , with fixed drive shaft and differential , making `` perhaps the first hot rod in history '' and bringing Renault and his brothers into the car industry . Innovation was rapid and rampant , with no clear standards for basic vehicle architectures , body styles , construction materials , or controls , for example many veteran cars use a tiller , rather than a wheel for steering . During 1903 , Rambler standardized on the steering wheel and moved the driver 's position to the left - hand side of the vehicle . Chain drive was dominant over the drive shaft , and closed bodies were extremely rare . Drum brakes were introduced by Renault in 1902 . The next year , Dutch designer Jacobus Spijker built the first four - wheel drive racing car ; it never competed and it would be 1965 and the Jensen FF before four - wheel drive was used on a production car . Innovation was not limited to the vehicles themselves , either . Increasing numbers of cars propelled the growth of the petroleum industry , as well as the development of technology to produce gasoline ( replacing kerosene and coal oil ) and of improvements in heat - tolerant mineral oil lubricants ( replacing vegetable and animal oils ) . There were social effects , also . Music would be made about cars , such as `` In My Merry Oldsmobile '' ( a tradition that continues ) while , in 1896 , William Jennings Bryan would be the first presidential candidate to campaign in a car ( a donated Mueller ) , in Decatur , Illinois . Three years later , Jacob German would start a tradition for New York City cabdrivers when he sped down Lexington Avenue , at the `` reckless '' speed of 12 mph ( 19 km / h ) . Also in 1899 , Akron , Ohio , adopted the first self - propelled paddy wagon . In My Merry Oldsmobile songbook featuring an Oldsmobile Curved Dash automobile ( produced 1901 -- 1907 ) and period driving clothing By 1900 , the early centers of national automotive industry developed in many countries , including Belgium ( home to Vincke , which copied Benz ; Germain , a pseudo-Panhard ; and Linon and Nagant , both based on the Gobron - Brillié ) , Switzerland ( led by Fritz Henriod , Rudolf Egg , Saurer , Johann Weber , and Lorenz Popp ) , Vagnfabrik AB in Sweden , Hammel ( by A.F. Hammel and H.U. Johansen at Copenhagen , in Denmark , which only built one car , ca . 1886 ) , Irgens ( starting in Bergen , Norway , in 1883 , but without success ) , Italy ( where FIAT started in 1899 ) , and as far afield as Australia ( where Pioneer set up shop in 1898 , with an already archaic paraffin - fuelled centre - pivot - steered wagon ) . Meanwhile , the export trade had begun , with Koch exporting cars and trucks from Paris to Tunisia , Egypt , Iran , and the Dutch East Indies . The Studebaker brothers , having become the world 's leading manufacturers of horse - drawn vehicles , made a transition to electric automobiles in 1902 , and gasoline engines in 1904 , but also continued to build horse - drawn vehicles until 1919 . In 1908 , the first South American automobile was built in Peru , the Grieve . Motor cars were also exported very early to British colonies and the first motor car was exported to India in 1897 . Throughout the veteran car era , however , the automobile was seen more as a novelty than as a genuinely useful device . Breakdowns were frequent , fuel was difficult to obtain , roads suitable for traveling were scarce , and rapid innovation meant that a year - old car was nearly worthless . Major breakthroughs in proving the usefulness of the automobile came with the historic long - distance drive of Bertha Benz in 1888 , when she traveled more than 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) from Mannheim to Pforzheim , to make people aware of the potential of the vehicles her husband , Karl Benz , manufactured , and after Horatio Nelson Jackson 's successful transcontinental drive across the United States in 1903 . The 1908 New York to Paris Race was the first circumnavigation of the world by automobile . German , French , Italian and American teams began in New York City 12 February 1908 with three of the competitors ultimately reaching Paris . The US built Thomas Flyer with George Schuster ( driver ) won the race covering 22,000 miles in 169 days . While other automakers provided motorists with tire repair kits , Rambler was first in 1909 to equip its cars with a spare tire that was mounted on a fifth wheel . Brass or Edwardian era ( edit ) Model - T Ford car parked near the Geelong Art Gallery at its launch in Australia in 1915 Main article : Brass Era car See also : Antique car This period lasted from roughly 1905 through to 1914 and the beginning of World War I. It is generally referred to as the Edwardian era , but in the United States is often known as the Brass era from the widespread use of brass in vehicles during this time . Within the 15 years that make up this era , the various experimental designs and alternate power systems would be marginalised . Although the modern touring car had been invented earlier , it was not until Panhard et Levassor 's Système Panhard was widely licensed and adopted that recognisable and standardised automobiles were created . This system specified front - engined , rear - wheel drive internal combustion engined cars with a sliding gear transmission . Traditional coach - style vehicles were rapidly abandoned , and buckboard runabouts lost favour with the introduction of tonneaus and other less - expensive touring bodies . A Stanley Steamer racecar in 1903 . In 1906 , a similar Stanley Rocket set the world land speed record at 205.5 km / h at Daytona Beach Road Course . By 1906 , steam car development had advanced , and they were among the fastest road vehicles in that period . Throughout this era , development of automotive technology was rapid , due in part to hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the world 's attention . Key developments included the electric ignition system ( by dynamotor on the Arnold in 1898 , though Robert Bosch , 1903 , tends to get the credit ) , independent suspension ( actually conceived by Bollée in 1873 ) , and four - wheel brakes ( by the Arrol - Johnston Company of Scotland in 1909 ) . Leaf springs were widely used for suspension , though many other systems were still in use , with angle steel taking over from armored wood as the frame material of choice . Transmissions and throttle controls were widely adopted , allowing a variety of cruising speeds , though vehicles generally still had discrete speed settings , rather than the infinitely variable system familiar in cars of later eras . Safety glass also made its debut , patented by John Wood in England in 1905 . ( It would not become standard equipment until 1926 , on a Rickenbacker . ) 1912 All - steel components of the BSA 13.9 body , upholstery above Between 1907 and 1912 in the United States , the high - wheel motor buggy ( resembling the horse buggy of before 1900 ) was in its heyday , with over seventy - five makers including Holsman ( Chicago ) , IHC ( Chicago ) , and Sears ( which sold via catalog ) ; the high - wheeler would be killed by the Model T. In 1912 , Hupp ( in the United States , supplied by Hale & Irwin ) and BSA ( in the UK ) pioneered the use of all - steel bodies , joined in 1914 by Dodge ( who produced Model T bodies ) . While it would be another two decades before all - steel bodies would be standard , the change would mean improved supplies of superior - quality wood for furniture makers . Some examples of cars of the period included : 1907 In Japan , the Hatsudoki Seizo Co. Ltd. is formed , which was later renamed in 1951 as Daihatsu Kōgyō Kabushiki - gaisha . 1908 -- 1927 Ford Model T -- the most widely produced and available 4 - seater car of the era . It used a planetary transmission , and had a pedal - based control system . Ford T was proclaimed as the most influential car of the 20th century in the international Car of the Century awards . 1909 Morgan Runabout -- a very popular cyclecar , cyclecars were sold in far greater quantities than 4 - seater cars in this period 1910 Mercer Raceabout -- regarded as one of the first sports cars , the Raceabout expressed the exuberance of the driving public , as did the similarly conceived American Underslung and Hispano - Suiza Alphonso . 1910 -- 1920 Bugatti Type 13 -- a notable racing and touring model with advanced engineering and design . Similar models were the Types 15 , 17 , 22 , and 23 . 1917 Japanese company Mitsubishi builds the Mitsubishi Model A , all hand built in limited numbers for Japanese executives . Vintage era ( edit ) 1919 Ford Model T Coupe 1926 Bugatti Type 35 1929 Austin Seven Main article : Vintage car See also : Antique car and Role of automobiles in the 1920s The vintage era lasted from the end of World War I ( 1918 ) , through to the Wall Street Crash at the end of 1929 . During this period the front - engined car came to dominate with closed bodies and standardised controls becoming the norm . In 1919 , 90 % of cars sold were open ; by 1929 , 90 % were closed . Development of the internal combustion engine continued at a rapid pace , with multi-valve and overhead camshaft engines produced at the high end , and V8 , V12 , and even V16 engines conceived for the ultra-rich . Also in 1919 , hydraulic brakes were invented by Malcolm Loughead ( co-founder of Lockheed ) ; they were adopted by Duesenberg for their 1921 Model A. Three years later , Hermann Rieseler of Vulcan Motor invented the first automatic transmission , which had two - speed planetary gearbox , torque converter , and lockup clutch ; it never entered production . ( Its like would only become an available option in 1940 . ) Just at the end of the vintage era , tempered glass ( now standard equipment in side windows ) was invented in France . In this era the revolutionary ponton design of cars without fully articulated fenders , running boards and other non-compact ledge elements was introduced in small series but mass production of such cars was started much later ( after WWII ) . American auto companies in the 1920s expected they would soon sell six million cars a year , but did not do so until 1955 . Numerous companies disappeared . Between 1922 and 1925 , the number of U.S. passenger car builders decreased from 175 to 70 . H.A. Tarantous , managing editor of MoToR Member Society of Automotive Engineers , in a New York Times article from 1925 , suggested many were unable to raise production and cope with falling prices ( due to assembly line production ) , especially for low - priced cars . The new pyroxylin - based paints , eight cylinder engine , four wheel brakes , and balloon tires as the biggest trends for 1925 . Examples of period vehicles : 1922 -- 1939 Austin 7 -- one of the most widely copied vehicles ever , serving as a template for cars around the world , from BMW to Nissan . 1922 -- 1931 Lancia Lambda -- very advanced car for the time , first car to feature a load - bearing monocoque and independent front suspension . 1924 -- 1929 Bugatti Type 35 -- one of the most successful racing cars of all time , with over 1,000 victories in five years . 1925 -- 1928 Hanomag 2 / 10 PS -- early example of ponton styling . 1927 -- 1931 Ford Model A ( 1927 - 1931 ) -- after keeping the brass era Model T in production for too long , Ford broke from the past by restarting its model series with the 1927 Model A. More than 4 million were produced , making it the best - selling model of the era . The Ford Model A was a prototype for the beginning of Soviet mass car production ( GAZ A ) . 1930 Cadillac V - 16 -- developed at the height of the vintage era , the V16 - powered Cadillac would join Bugatti 's Royale as the most legendary ultra-luxury cars of the era . Pre-war era ( edit ) Ford V - 8 ( Model B) Rolls - Royce Phantom III Citroën Traction Avant Volkswagen Beetle Main article : Classic car The pre-war part of the classic era began with the Great Depression in 1930 , and ended with the recovery after World War II , commonly placed at 1946 . It was in this period that integrated fenders and fully closed bodies began to dominate sales , with the new saloon / sedan body style even incorporating a trunk or boot at the rear for storage . The old open - top runabouts , phaetons , and touring cars were largely phased out by the end of the classic era as wings , running boards , and headlights were gradually integrated with the body of the car . By the 1930s , most of the mechanical technology used in today 's automobiles had been invented , although some things were later `` re-invented '' , and credited to someone else . For example , front - wheel drive was re-introduced by André Citroën with the launch of the Traction Avant in 1934 , though it had appeared several years earlier in road cars made by Alvis and Cord , and in racing cars by Miller ( and may have appeared as early as 1897 ) . In the same vein , independent suspension was originally conceived by Amédée Bollée in 1873 , but not put in production until appearing on the low - volume Mercedes - Benz 380 in 1933 , which prodded American makers to use it more widely . In 1930 , the number of auto manufacturers declined sharply as the industry consolidated and matured , thanks in part to the effects of the Great Depression . Exemplary pre-war automobiles : 1932 -- 1939 Alvis Speed 20 -- the first with all - synchromesh gearbox 1932 -- 1948 Ford V - 8 ( Model B) -- introduction of the flathead V8 in mainstream vehicles 1934 -- 1938 Tatra 77 -- first serial - produced car with aerodynamical design 1934 -- 1940 Bugatti Type 57 -- a singular refined automobile for the wealthy 1934 -- 1956 Citroën Traction Avant -- the first mass - produced front - wheel drive car , built with monocoque chassis 1936 -- 1955 MG T series -- sports cars 1938 -- 2003 Volkswagen Beetle -- a design that was produced for over 60 years with over 20 million units assembled in several counties 1936 -- 1939 Rolls - Royce Phantom III -- V12 engine Post-war era ( edit ) 1946 GAZ - M20 Pobeda one of the first mass - produced cars with ponton design 1953 Morris Minor Series II 1947 Standard Vanguard ponton styled car in 1954 version as station wagon ( break ) 1954 Plymouth Savoy Station Wagon , one of the first U.S. all - metal station wagons 1974 Citroën DS Volkswagen Brasília Gurgel Supermini Main article : Classic car A major change in automobile design since World War II was the popularity of ponton style , in which running boards were eliminated and fenders were incorporated into the body . Among the first representatives of the style were the Soviet GAZ - M20 Pobeda ( 1946 ) , British Standard Vanguard ( 1947 ) , United States Studebaker Champion and Kaiser ( 1946 ) , as well as the low - production Czech luxury Tatra T600 Tatraplan ( 1946 ) and the Italian Cisitalia 220 sports car ( 1947 ) . Automobile design and production finally emerged from the military orientation and other shadow of war in 1949 , the year that in the United States saw the introduction of high - compression V8 engines and modern bodies from General Motors ' Oldsmobile and Cadillac brands . Hudson introduced the `` step - down '' design with the 1948 Commodore , which placed the passenger compartment down inside the perimeter of the frame , that was one of the first new - design postwar cars made and featured trend - setting slab - side styling . The unibody / strut - suspended 1951 Ford Consul joined the 1948 Morris Minor and 1949 Rover P4 in the automobile market in the United Kingdom . In Italy , Enzo Ferrari was beginning his 250 series , just as Lancia introduced the revolutionary V6 - powered Aurelia . Throughout the 1950s , engine power and vehicle speeds rose , designs became more integrated and artful , and automobiles were marketed internationally . Alec Issigonis ' Mini and Fiat 's 500 diminutive cars were introduced in Europe , while the similar kei car class became popular in Japan . The Volkswagen Beetle continued production after Hitler and began exports to other nations , including the United States . At the same time , Nash introduced the Nash Rambler , the first successful modern compact car made in the United States , while the standard models produced by the `` Big Three '' domestic automakers grew ever larger in size , featuring increasing amounts of chrome trim , and luxury was exemplified by the Cadillac Eldorado Brougham . The markets in Europe expanded with new small - sized automobiles , as well as expensive grand tourers ( GT ) , like the Ferrari America . The market changed in the 1960s , as the United States `` Big Three '' automakers began facing competition from imported cars , the European makers adopted advanced technologies and Japan emerged as a car - producing nation . Japanese companies began to export some of their more popular selling cars in Japan internationally , such as the Toyota Corolla , Toyota Corona , Nissan Sunny , and Nissan Bluebird in the mid-1960s . The success of American Motors ' compact - sized Rambler models spurred GM and Ford to introduce their own downsized cars in 1960 . Performance engines became a focus of marketing by United States automakers , exemplified by the era 's muscle cars . In 1964 , the Ford Mustang developed a new market segment , the pony car . New models to compete with the Mustang included the Chevrolet Camaro , AMC Javelin , and Plymouth Barracuda . Captive imports and badge engineering increased in the United States and the UK as amalgamated groups such as the British Motor Corporation consolidated the market . BMC 's space - saving Mini , which first appeared in 1959 , was marketed under the Austin and Morris names , until Mini became a marque in its own right in 1969 . Competition increased , with Studebaker , a pioneering automaker , shutting down , and the trend for consolidation reached Italy where niche makers like Maserati , Ferrari , and Lancia were acquired by larger companies . By the end of the decade , the number of automobile marques had been greatly reduced . Technology developments included the widespread use of independent suspensions , wider application of fuel injection , and an increasing focus on safety in automotive design . Innovations during the 1960s included NSU 's Wankel engine , the gas turbine , and the turbocharger . Of these , only the last endured , pioneered by General Motors , and adopted by BMW and Saab , later seeing mass - market use during the 1980s by Chrysler . Mazda continued developing its Wankel engine , in spite of problems in longevity , emissions , and fuel economy . Other Wankel licensees , including Mercedes - Benz and GM , never put their designs into production because of engineering and manufacturing problems , as well as the lessons from the 1973 oil crisis . The 1970s were turbulent years for automakers and buyers with major events reshaping the industry such as the 1973 oil crisis , stricter automobile emissions control and safety requirements , increasing exports by the Japanese and European automakers , as well as growth in inflation and the stagnant economic conditions in many nations . Smaller - sized grew in popularity . The United States saw the establishment of the subcompact segment with the introduction of the AMC Gremlin , followed by the Chevrolet Vega and Ford Pinto . The station wagons ( estate , break , kombi , universal ) body design was popular , as well as increasing sales of non-commercial all - wheel drive off - road vehicles . To the end of the 20th century , the United States Big Three ( GM , Ford , and Chrysler ) partially lost their leading position , Japan became for a while the world 's leader of car production and cars began to be mass manufactured in new Asian , East European , and other countries . Notable exemplary post-war cars : 1946 -- 1958 GAZ - M20 Pobeda -- Soviet car with full ponton design 1947 -- 1958 Standard Vanguard -- British mass - market car with full ponton design 1948 -- 1971 Morris Minor -- an early post-war car exported around the world 1953 -- 1971 Chevrolet Bel Air and 1953 -- 2002 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham -- first generations were representative of tailfin design 1955 -- 1976 Citroën DS -- aerodynamic design and innovative technology , awarded third place as Car of the 20th Century 1959 -- 2000 Mini -- a radical and innovative small car that was manufactured for four decades ; awarded second place as Car of the 20th Century 1960 - 1990 Volkswagen Brasília 1961 -- 1975 Jaguar E-type -- a classic sports car design 1963 -- 1989 Porsche 911 -- a sports car was awarded fifth place as Car of the 20th Century 1964 -- present Ford Mustang -- the pony car that became one of the best - selling cars of the era 1966 -- end of the 20th century Fiat 124 -- an Italian car that was produced under license in many other counties including the Soviet Union 1966 -- 1971 Subaru 1000 -- one of the first Japanese built sedans using a boxer engine , front wheel drive and introducing the `` double offset joint '' drive shaft to the front wheels 1967 NSU Ro 80 -- the basic wedge profile of this design was emulated in subsequent decades , unlike its Wankel engine late 1960s - early 1980s Gurgel BR - 800 late 1960s - early 1980s Gurgel Supermini 1969 Datsun 240Z -- Japanese sports car 1980 -- 1988 AMC Eagle -- the first mass - produced full - time all - wheel drive car Modern era ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Toyota Corolla is the world 's best - selling nameplate . The modern era is normally defined as the 25 years preceding the current year . The modern era has been one of increasing standardisation , platform sharing , computer - aided design , to reduce costs and development time and increasing use of electronic for both engine management and entertainment systems . Some particular contemporary developments are the proliferation of front - and all - wheel drive , the adoption of the diesel engine , and the ubiquity of fuel injection . Most modern passenger cars are front - wheel - drive monocoque / unibody designs , with transversely mounted engines . Body styles have changed as well in the modern era . Three types , the hatchback , sedan , and sport utility vehicle , dominate today 's market . All originally emphasised practicality , but have mutated into today 's high - powered luxury crossover SUV , sports wagon and two - volume Large MPV . The rise of pickup trucks in the United States and SUVs worldwide has changed the face of motoring with these `` trucks '' coming to command more than half of the world automobile market . There was also the introduction of the MPV class ( smaller non-commercial passenger minivans ) , among the first of which were the French Renault Espace and the Chrysler minivan versions in the United States The modern era has also seen rapidly improving fuel efficiency and engine output . The automobile emissions concerns have been eased with computerised engine management systems . The economic crisis of 2008 cut almost a third of light vehicle sales from Chrysler , Toyota , Ford , and Nissan . It also subtracted about a fourth of Honda 's sales and about a seventh of sales from General Motors . Since 2009 , China has become the world 's largest car manufacturer with production greater than Japan , the United States , and all of Europe . Besides large growth of car production in Asian and other countries , there has been growth in transnational corporate groups , with the production of transnational automobiles sharing the same platforms as well as badge engineering or re-badging to suit different markets and consumer segments . Since the end of the 20th century , several award competitions for cars and trucks have become widely known , such as European Car of the Year , Car of the Year Japan , North American Car of the Year , World Car of the Year , Truck of the Year , and International Car of the Year . Also , a Car of the Century award was held in which in the US the Ford Model T was named as most influential car of the 20th century . Exemplary modern cars : 1966 -- present Toyota Corolla -- a Japanese saloon / sedan that has become the best - selling nameplate of all time , with over 40 million sold across 11 generations through July 2013 . 1966 -- 1992 Oldsmobile Toronado -- Introduced electronic anti-lock braking system , and airbag First modern - era American car with front wheel drive . 1973 -- present Mercedes - Benz S - Class -- Seat belt pretensioner , and electronic traction control system 1975 -- present BMW 3 Series -- the 3 Series has been on Car and Driver magazine 's annual Ten Best list 17 times 1977 -- present Honda Accord saloon / sedan -- a Japanese sedan that became popular in the United States 1983 -- present Chrysler minivans -- the two - box minivan design nearly pushed the station wagon out of the market 1984 -- present Renault Espace -- first mass one - volume car of non-commercial MPV class 1986 -- present Ford Taurus -- this mid-sized front - wheel drive sedan dominated the United States market in the late - 1980s 1997 -- present Toyota Prius , launched in the Japanese market and became the best known hybrid electric vehicle and also the world 's top selling hybrid . 1998 -- present Ford Focus -- one of the most popular hatchbacks and Ford 's best selling world car 2008 -- present Tata Nano -- an inexpensive ( ₹ 100,000 , ≈ $2200 ) , rear - engined , four - passenger city car aimed primarily at the Indian domestic market 2008 -- 2012 Tesla Roadster -- first highway - capable all - electric vehicle in serial production for sale in the United States in the modern era . Sold about 2,500 units worldwide . 2008 -- 2013 BYD F3DM -- first highway - capable series production plug - in hybrid , launched in China in December 2008 , sold over 2,300 units . 2009 -- present , Mitsubishi i - MiEV -- first highway - capable series production all - electric car , launched in Japan in July 2009 for fleet customers , and in April 2010 for retail customers . Rebadged versions of the i MiEV are sold in Europe by PSA Peugeot Citroën ( PSA ) as the Peugeot iOn and Citroën C - Zero . 2010 -- present , Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Volt -- all - electric car and plug - in hybrid correspondingly , launched in December 2010 , are the world 's top selling mass production vehicles of their kind . As of early December 2015 , global Leaf sales totaled 200,000 units and Volt sales over 100,000 . 2012 -- present , Tesla Model S -- Introduced in 2012 , the Model S quickly climbed up sales . It was ranked as the world 's best selling plug - in electric vehicle in 2015 . It was also named car of the century by Car and Driver . See also ( edit ) Cars portal Automotive industry -- information on current production and companies Motocycle History of the internal combustion engine Timeline of motor vehicle brands Timeline of North American automobiles History of transportation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DRP 's patent No. 37435 ( PDF , 561 kB ) , ( in German ) Jump up ^ `` 1679 -- 1681 . Chariot à vapeur du RP Verbiest '' ( in French ) . Hergé . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Setright , L.J.K. ( 2004 ) . Drive On ! : A Social History of the Motor Car . Granta Books . ISBN 9781862076983 . Jump up ^ C.D. Buchanan ( 1958 ) . `` 1 '' . Mixed Blessing : The Motor in Britain . Leonard Hill . ^ Jump up to : G.N. Georgano , G.N. ( 1985 ) . Cars : Early and Vintage , 1886 -- 1930 . London : Grange - Universal . ISBN 1 - 59084 - 491 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Coates , Len ( 18 January 1986 ) . `` Canadians were quick to hop on the self - propelled wagon '' . The Montreal Gazette . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Kearny , Mark ; Ray , Randy ( 2006 ) . `` Canada 's First Automobile : Full Steam Ahead '' . Whatever Happened To ... ? . Hounslow Press . ISBN 9781550026542 . Jump up ^ Larson , Len ( 2008 ) . Dreams To Automobiles . Xlibris . ISBN 9781469101040 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ A History of Wisconsin Highway Development 1835 -- 1945 , State Highway Commission of Wisconsin and the Public Roads Administration , Federal Works Agency , 1947 , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ `` Race of First Steam Buggies '' . Wisconsin Historical Society . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Dennis , Williams , F. `` Dear Mr. Bottorff '' . ausbcomp.com . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hans Roth : Das erste vierrädrige Elektroauto der Welt , March 2011 , S. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Paul A. ( September 1996 ) . `` History of the electric car : 1828 -- 1912 , from Trouve to Morrison '' . Archived from the original on 13 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Today in Technology History : July 6 '' . The Center for the Study of Technology and Science . Archived from the original on 20 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sibrandus Stratingh ( 1785 -- 1841 ) , Professor of Chemistry and Technology '' . University of Groningen . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Data on the Hippomobile and hydrogen / fuel cells '' . TÜV SÜD Industrie Service GmbH . Archived from the original on 6 October 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Reichspatent 37435 patent Jump up ^ Bertha Benz Memorial Route ( German - government - approved non-profit official site ) Jump up ^ `` Tatra -- SpeedyLook encyclopedia '' . Myetymology.com . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Motorsports Timeline '' . crucean.com . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ US 549160 patent. pdf Jump up ^ `` America on the Move ; Autocar automobile '' . Smithsonian Institution -- National Museum of American History . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Adamson , John F. ( 1959 ) . Engineering History of the Rambler and the Small Car Picture Today . Society of Automotive Engineers . p. 5 . doi : 10.4271 / 590176 . Jump up ^ Yates , Brock ( January 1988 ) . `` 10 Best Moguls '' . Car and Driver . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Hyde , Charles K. ( 2009 ) . Storied Independent Automakers : Nash , Hudson , and American Motors . Wayne State University Press . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3446 - 1 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Robert J. ( 1997 ) . `` Nash 600 coupe '' . Motor Trend . Vol. 29 . p. 109 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Csere , Csaba ( January 1988 ) . `` 10 Best Engineering Breakthroughs '' . Car and Driver . Vol. 33 no . 7 . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Pete ( January 1988 ) . `` 10 Best Ahead - of - Their - Time Machines '' . Car and Driver . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Lyons , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Csere , pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Csere , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Mary Beth ( January 1988 ) . `` Ten Best First Facts '' . Car and Driver . p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Longstreet , Stephen ( 1952 ) . A Century on Wheels : The Story of Studebaker . Henry Holt . p. 121 . Jump up ^ `` The first Peruvian car '' . Enperublog.com. 7 May 2009 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Hyde , Charles K. ( 2009 ) . Storied Independent Automakers : Nash , Hudson , and American Motors . Wayne State University Press . p. 12 . ISBN 9780814334461 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Csere , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Csere , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Britains Greatest Machines documentary stating that 100 cyclecars were sold for every 4 - seater car in 1914 Jump up ^ Woutat , Donald ( 1985 - 01 - 06 ) . `` High Tech : Auto Makers ' History Revisited '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Tarantous , H.A. ( 4 January 1925 ) . `` Big Improvement in Comfort of 1925 Cars '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Mueller , Mike ( 2006 ) . American Horsepower . Motorbooks . p. 82 . ISBN 9780760323274 . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Flory , Jr. , J. Kelly ( 2008 ) . American Cars , 1946 -- 1959 : Every Model , Year by Year . McFarland . p. 250 . ISBN 9780786432295 . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Sedgwick , Michael ; Gillies , Mark ( 1986 ) . A-Z of Cars 1945 -- 1970 . Hamlyn . ISBN 9780600333913 . Jump up ^ Hevesi , Dennis ( 10 April 2008 ) . `` Claus Luthe , Car Design Innovator , Is Dead at 75 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide ( 21 May 2007 ) . `` Datsun Sports Cars '' . howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Ackerson , Robert C. ( 1993 ) . Standard Catalog of 4 X 4 's . Krause Publications . p. 9 . ISBN 9780873412032 . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Belser , Jonah ; Nelson , Gregory ; Poma , Frank . `` Economic Crisis '' . nhd.weebly.com . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey N. Ross ( 7 September 2013 ) . `` Toyota says you might have the 40 - millionth Corolla ever built '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Directory Index : Oldsmobile / 1971_Oldsmobile / album '' . Jump up ^ `` Directory Index : Oldsmobile / 1974_Oldsmobile / album '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Is Global Hybrid Leader With Sales Of 7 Million '' ( Press release ) . Torrance , California : PR Newswire. 13 October 2014 . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Sales of the Prius family ( all figures in thousands ) as of September 2014 consist of : 3,360.4 Prius liftbacks , 853.8 Prius c / Aqua , 498.0 Prius v / α / + and 65.3 Prius PHVs . Jump up ^ Frederik Balfour ( 15 December 2008 ) . `` China 's First Plug - In Hybrid Car Rolls Out '' . Bloomberg Business . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ John Voelcker ( 29 January 2015 ) . `` 2016 BYD Tang : Plug - In Hybrid SUV Is First Of Four To Come '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . BYD was the first company in the world to launch a production plug - in hybrid ; its F3DM in 2008 was two years ahead of the 2011 Chevrolet Volt . Jump up ^ Nikki Gordon - Bloomfield ( 15 October 2014 ) . `` Mitsubishi Recalls 2009 -- 2014 i - Miev Electric Cars for Faulty Brake Vacuum Pump '' . Transport Evolved . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 6 July 2011 ) . `` Mitsubishi Motors unveils cheaper i - MiEV electric car '' . Automotive News . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeff Cobb ( 16 September 2015 ) . `` One Million Global Plug - In Sales Milestone Reached '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeff Cobb ( 8 December 2015 ) . `` Plug - in Pioneers : Nissan Leaf and Chevy Volt Turn Five Years Old '' . HybriCars.com . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . See table with ranking : `` World 's Top Best Selling Plug - in Electric cars . '' Accounting for global cumulative sales by early December 2015 , plug - in electric car sales are led by the Nissan Leaf ( 200,000 ) , followed by Volt / Ampera family ( 104,000 ) , and the Tesla Model S ( 100,000 ) . As of November 2015 , ranking next are the Mitsubishi Outlander P - HEV ( 85,000 ) and the Prius Plug - in Hybrid ( 75,000 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.hybridcars.com/tesla-model-s-is-americas-best-selling-plug-in-car-this-year/ Jump up ^ http://www.caranddriver.com/tesla/model-s Further reading ( edit ) Berger , Michael L. ( 2001 ) . The automobile in American history and culture : a reference guide . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 24558 - 9 . Halberstam , David ( 1986 ) . The Reckoning . Morrow . ISBN 0 - 688 - 04838 - 2 . Kay , Jane Holtz ( 1997 ) . Asphalt nation : how the automobile took over America , and how we can take it back . Crown Publishers . ISBN 0 - 517 - 58702 - 5 . Krarup , M.C. ( November 1906 ) . `` Automobiles for Every Use '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . Vol . XIII . pp. 8163 -- 8178 . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . Includes photos of many c. 1906 special purpose automobiles . Norman , Henry ( April 1902 ) . `` The Coming of the Automobile '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . Vol . V. pp. 3304 -- 3308 . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of automobiles . Automuseum Dr. Carl Benz , Ladenburg / Germany Bertha Benz Memorial Route University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections -- Transportation photographs Digital collection depicting various modes of transportation ( including automobiles ) in the Pacific Northwest region and western United States during the first half of the 20th century . History of the automobile on About.com : Inventors site History of Automobile Air Conditioning on NYC.net Automotive History -- An ongoing photographic history of the automobile . Taking the Wheel , Manufacturers ' catalogs from the first decade of American automobiles History and directory of electric cars from 1834 to 1987 U.S. Classification of Automobile history eras 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s -- Veteran Brass or Edwardian Vintage Pre-War War era Post-War Classic Modern Antique Pre-war classic War Post-war classic Classic Modern Automotive industry Car Motor vehicle By country Africa Egypt Ethiopia Ghana Ivory Coast Libya Kenya Morocco Namibia Nigeria South Africa Sudan Tunisia Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Burma Cambodia China manufacturers Georgia India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan manufacturers Kazakhstan Lebanon Malaysia North Korea Pakistan Philippines South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Turkey Vietnam Uzbekistan Europe Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic automobiles Denmark Finland France manufacturers Germany manufacturers Greece Hungary Italy manufacturers Ireland Latvia Lichtenstein Lithuania Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia manufacturers Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Soviet Union Spain Sweden manufacturers Switzerland Ukraine Yugoslavia United Kingdom manufacturers North America Canada Mexico United States manufacturers South America Argentina Brazil Colombia Venezuela Oceania Australia New Zealand Data Automobile sales by model Best - selling automobiles Countries by motor vehicle production Countries by car exports Countries by vehicles per capita Top manufacturers History Automotive industry crisis of 2008 -- 10 History of the automobile History of the internal combustion engine History of the motorcycle Timeline of motor vehicle brands Manufacturers Automobile manufacturers marques Motorcycle manufacturers Truck manufacturers Minor automotive manufacturing groups Organisations Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems European Automobile Manufacturers Association Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles Related topics Auto and motor shows Automotive design Automotive engineering Automotive standards People Commons List Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&oldid=800341393 '' Categories : History of the automobile History of industries Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use dmy dates from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Galego हिन्दी Italiano Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 23 : 10 . 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[ "In 1808 François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by an internal combustion engine fueled by hydrogen.[citation needed]" ]
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Those Were the Days (song)
Those Were the Days ( song ) - wikipedia Those Were the Days ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search For other songs , see Those Were the Days ( disambiguation ) . `` Those Were the Days '' Single by Mary Hopkin B - side `` Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! '' Released 26 August 1968 ( US ) 30 August 1968 ( UK ) Format 7 '' single Recorded mid-July 1968 Genre Folk Length 5 : 05 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) Boris Fomin Gene Raskin Producer ( s ) Paul McCartney Mary Hopkin singles chronology `` Those Were the Days '' ( 1968 ) `` Goodbye '' ( 1969 ) `` Those Were the Days '' ( 1968 ) `` Goodbye '' ( 1969 ) `` Those Were The Days '' Single by Sandie Shaw B - side `` Make It Go '' Released 1968 Label Pye Songwriter ( s ) Boris Fomin Gene Raskin Sandie Shaw singles chronology `` Together '' ( 1968 ) `` Those Were The Days '' ( 1968 ) `` Monsieur Dupont '' ( 1969 ) `` Together '' ( 1968 ) `` Those Were the Days '' ( 1968 ) `` Monsieur Dupont '' ( 1969 ) `` Those Were the Days '' is a song credited to Gene Raskin , who put a new English lyric to the Russian romance song `` Dorogoi dlinnoyu '' ( `` Дорогой длинною '' , literally `` By the long road '' ) , composed by Boris Fomin ( 1900 -- 1948 ) with words by the poet Konstantin Podrevsky . It deals with reminiscence upon youth and romantic idealism . Mary Hopkin 's 1968 version of the song , produced by Paul McCartney , became a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart . The song also reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 , behind McCartney 's own band The Beatles ' hit `` Hey Jude '' . In France the song was at no . 1 in the very first edition of the singles sales chart launched by the Centre d'Information et de Documentation du Disque in October 1968 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 2 Later history 3 Recordings 4 Chart performance ( Mary Hopkin version ) 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Early History ( edit ) Georgian singer Tamara Tsereteli ( 1900 -- 1968 ) and Russian singer Alexander Vertinsky made what were probably the earliest recordings of the song , in 1925 and in 1926 respectively . The song appears in the 1953 British / French movie Innocents in Paris , in which it was sung with its original Russian lyrics by the Russian Tzigane chanteuse Ludmila Lopato . Mary Hopkin 's 1968 recording of it with Gene Raskin 's lyric was a chart - topping hit in much of the Northern Hemisphere . On most recordings of the song , Raskin is credited as the sole writer , even though he wrote only the later English lyrics ( which are not an English translation of the Russian lyrics ) and not the music . Later History ( edit ) In the early 1960s Raskin , with his wife Francesca , played folk music around Greenwich Village in New York , including White Horse Tavern . Raskin , who had grown up hearing the song , wrote with his wife new English lyrics to the old Russian music and then copyrighted both music and lyrics in his own name . The Limeliters subsequently released a recording of the song on their 1962 LP Folk Matinee . The Raskins were international performers and had played London 's `` Blue Angel '' every year , always closing their show with the song . Paul McCartney frequented the club and being quite taken with the song he attempted to get several singers or groups ( including the early Moody Blues ) to record it . Failing at that , after the formation of the Beatles ' own Apple Records label , McCartney immediately recorded Mary Hopkin performing the song . The song was eventually recorded in over twenty languages and by many different artists , including Gene and Francesca , and Raskin was able to live very well on the royalties , buying a home in Pollensa , Mallorca , a Porsche Spyder and a sail boat . Hopkin 's recording was produced by Paul McCartney with an arrangement by Richard Hewson ( per the label of the record ) and became a number - one hit on the UK Singles Chart . In the United States , Hopkin 's recording reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 ( held out of the top spot for three weeks by `` Hey Jude '' by the Beatles ) and topped the Billboard Easy Listening charts for six weeks . In the Netherlands , it topped the charts for two consecutive weeks . The Russian origin of the melody was accentuated by an instrumentation that was unusual for a top - ten pop record , including balalaika , clarinet , hammered dulcimer , tenor banjo and children 's chorus , giving a klezmer feel to the song . Mary Hopkin played acoustic guitar on the recording , and Paul McCartney also played acoustic guitar and possibly percussion . The hammered dulcimer , or cimbalom , was played by Gilbert Webster . It is unknown who played the banjo though McCartney is known to be a banjoist . McCartney also recorded Hopkin singing `` Those Were The Days '' in five other languages for release in their respective countries : In Spain , Qué tiempo tan feliz , by Rosa Morena ( instead of Aquellos Fueron Los Días or En Aquellos Días ) In West Germany , An jenem Tag In Italy , Quelli erano giorni In France , Le temps des fleurs In Afghanistan Farsi , `` Deegar Ashkam Mariz '' by legendary singer Ahmad Zahir ( 1972 ) . All five non-English sets of lyrics were also recorded by Dalida and Sandie Shaw , with Shaw recording the English lyrics as well . The UK and United States recording 's B - side was Pete Seeger 's `` Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! '' , which had been a United States number - one hit for The Byrds in 1965 . `` Those Were the Days '' was catalogue number APPLE 2 ( the APPLE 1 number had been given to an unreleased version of `` The Lady Is a Tramp '' by Frank Sinatra , recorded specially in 1968 , for Maureen Starkey 's 22nd birthday , as a gift from Ringo Starr , under the name of `` The Lady is a Champ '' ) . It was the second single to be released on the Apple label , the first -- `` Hey Jude '' by the Beatles -- had retained the sequential catalogue numbers used by Parlophone ( in the UK ) and Capitol ( in the US ) . Hopkin 's version was released on the back of her success on the television talent show Opportunity Knocks , and around the time of its release popular singer Sandie Shaw was also asked to record the song by her management , feeling that it should be done by a `` real '' singer . Shaw 's version was released as a single , but did not match the success of Hopkin 's version . At the peak of the song 's success , a New York company used the melody in a commercial for Rokeach gefilte fish , arguing that the tune was an old Russian folk - tune and thus in the public domain . ( The commercial included the line `` The perfect dish , Rokeach Gefilte Fish '' where the English - language song would go `` Those were the days , oh yes , those were the days . '' ) Raskin successfully sued and won a settlement , since he had slightly altered the tune to fit his lyrics and had taken out the valid new copyright . In the mid-1970s , after Hopkin 's contract with Apple ended , `` Those Were the Days '' and `` Goodbye '' were re-recorded with producer Tony Visconti , whom she had married in 1971 . These re-recorded versions can be found on music compilations . On 25 October 2010 , Apple Records released Come and Get It : The Best of Apple Records , which included the original recordings of `` Those Were the Days '' and `` Goodbye '' . The greatest hits compilation album contained songs by artists signed to the Beatles ' Apple record label between 1968 and 1973 , the first such multi-artist Apple compilation . On Christmas 1975 , the President of Equatorial Guinea , Francisco Macías Nguema , had 150 alleged coup plotters executed in the national stadium while a band played `` Those Were the Days '' . Recordings ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1959 ( 1959 ) : Theodore Bikel recorded this song , in the original Russian language . 1962 ( 1962 ) : American folk group The Limeliters released the song on a 1962 LP called Folk Matinee . This recording was later reissued on a 1968 album . 1968 ( 1968 ) : The French version of the song , `` Le temps des fleurs '' , was popularized by the international recording star Dalida . She also recorded the song in Italian and German . 1968 ( 1968 ) : The Hungarian recording star Teri Harangozó recorded the Hungarian version `` Azok a szép napok '' and had a huge hit in Hungary , and Hungarian minorities in the neighbourhood countries of Hungary with this song . 1968 ( 1968 ) : The international recording star Vicky Leandros recorded the French version `` Le temps des fleurs '' and had a huge hit in Japan , Canada , and Greece with this song . Mary Hopkin 's version was released as `` Kanashiki Tenshi '' ( 悲しき 天使 , literally `` Sad Angel '' ) in Japan . 1969 ( 1969 ) : Gene & Francesca recorded the song on their album Hello Love on Tetragrammaton . 1969 ( 1969 ) : Chris Connor recorded the song for her album Softly and Swingin ' which was released only in Japan . The track was left off the final album release . Connor 's estate preserved an original master tape of this album on cassette which includes this track and the track `` Did n't We ? '' 1969 ( 1969 ) : Bing Crosby recorded the song for his album Hey Jude / Hey Bing ! 1969 ( 1969 ) : Roger Whittaker recorded the song for his album This Is Roger Whittaker In the 1960s : Mary Hopkin and Sandie Shaw also sang the song in French , as well as in Italian , Spanish and German . Both Shaw 's and Hopkin 's versions were released roughly around the same time , as a sort of competition between the two , to see whose single would fare better with the public . When Hopkin 's album , Postcard , was re-released on CD , the Spanish and Italian versions of the songs appeared as bonus tracks . Sandie Shaw has had all of her versions re-released on separate CDs , split up by language . 1974 ( 1974 ) : Gigliola Cinquetti in spain : `` Aquellos fueron los dias '' from the record `` Los mas grandes exitos de Gigliola Cinquetti , Vol. 2 1992 : Finnish rock band Leningrad Cowboys included the song on their album We Cum from Brooklyn and also released it as a single . 1995 ( 1995 ) : Cynthia Lennon 2005 ( 2005 ) : Il Folklorista recorded `` Those Were the Days '' ; Il Folklorista is a project by Gigi D'Agostino and Luca Noise . The remix was included in the compilation albums Disco Tanz and 2006s Some Experiments . 2005 ( 2005 ) : American country singer - songwriter Dolly Parton recorded an album including folk and pop songs from the 1960s and 1970s . This was the opening song and title track to her album Those Were The Days . Mary Hopkin provided backing vocals to this recording . 2007 ( 2007 ) : Jamaican dancehall artist Shaggy put the refrain of `` Those Were the Days '' in his album Intoxication . 2007 ( 2007 ) : Latvian instrumental cello rock trio Melo - M included a version in their 2007 album Singalongs . 2007 ( 2007 ) : Japanese vocalist Noriko Mitose included a version on her 2007 album Cotton , entitled `` Hana no Kisetsu '' ( 花 の 季節 , literally `` Flower Season '' , itself a translation of `` Les temps des fleurs '' ) . The arrangement is provided by guitarist Tomohiko Kira . 2008 ( 2008 ) : Bad Boys Blue covered the song on their album Heart & Soul . 2010 ( 2010 ) : Wilfredo , the comic alter ego of the British comedian Matt Roper , performed the song at the Salento Festival , Italy . 2011 ( 2011 ) : The Iranian rock band Kiosk recorded this song on their 2011 album Outcome of Negotiations . 2013 ( 2013 ) : Australian country artist Nia Robertson recorded the song on her album The Woman I Am . Chart performance ( Mary Hopkin version ) ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Denmark Finland France ( CIDD ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 15 Japan ( Oricon Singles Chart ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Spain ( AFE ) Sweden Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Easy Listening US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box US Record World Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Belgium ( Back Catalogue Singles Flanders ) 25 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Rank Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Canada ( RPM 100 Top Singles ) 16 Italy ( FIMI ) 73 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 30 US Cash Box 22 See also ( edit ) Apple Records discography List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1968 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1968 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles of 1968 ( Canada ) List of number - one hits of 1968 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 1968 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 1968 ( Spain ) List of number - one singles from 1968 -- 79 ( Switzerland ) List of Oricon number - one singles of 1969 List of UK charts and number - one singles ( 1952 -- 1969 ) VG - lista 1964 to 1994 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kay , Hilary ( 1992 ) . Rock & Roll Memorabilia : A History of Rock Mementos With over 600 Illustrations . Prentice Hall . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0671 - 77931 - 3 . The Hopkin single , a McCartney - produced traditional Russian folk song , knocked Apple 1 ( `` Hey Jude '' ) off the U.K. top slot . Jump up ^ Spizer , Bruce . `` An Apple a Day : Mary Hopkin -- Post Card '' . Beatlesnews.com . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Mary Hopkin 's debut single paired `` Those Were The Days , '' a Lithuanian folk song adapted by American Gene Raskin ^ Jump up to : `` An Industry Report on France '' . Billboard. 14 July 1973 . p. 42 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Topic : Дорогой длинною '' . SecondHandSongs . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Recording : Дорогой длинною - Alexander Vertinsky '' . SecondHandSongs . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul McCartney - Many Years From Now , p. 455 Jump up ^ Perrone , Pierre ( 18 June 2004 ) . `` Gene Raskin -- Singer , songwriter and architectural scholar '' . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 ... The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Those Were The Days ( original ) -- The Limeliters 1962. wmv '' . YouTube . 23 April 2010 . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Engelhardt , Kristofer ( 2010 ) . Beatles Deeper Undercover . Collector 's Guide Publishing , Incorporated . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 926 - 59209 - 1 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Mary Hopkin -- Those Were The Days '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Engelhardt , Kristofer ( 2010 ) . Beatles Deeper Undercover . Collector 's Guide Publishing , Incorporated . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 926 - 59209 - 1 . Jump up ^ Farah , Douglas ( 13 May 2001 ) . `` Oil Gives African Nation a Chance for Change '' . The Washington Post . Hartford Web Publishing . Retrieved 9 January 2011 ... a far cry from the days of Macias , who on Christmas 1975 executed 150 alleged coup plotters in the national stadium while a band played `` Those Were the Days . '' Jump up ^ Edwards , David ; Eyries , Patrice ; Callahan , Mike ( 27 December 2005 ) . `` Elektra Album Discography , Part 2 -- EKL - 100 / EKS - 7100 Series ( 1956 - 1967 ) '' . Elektra . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Limeliters '' . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 ... Akh.se . ^ Jump up to : `` Vicky Leandros - Le temps des fleurs '' . YouTube . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gene And Francesca -- Hello Love '' . Discogs . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Dave . `` Bing Crosby -- Hey Jude / Hey Bing ! '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This Is ... by Roger Whittaker '' . Rate Your Music . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gigi D'Agostino -- Some Experiments ( CD ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Melo - M -- Singalongs '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Noriko Mitose - Cotton `` '' . SnowBlanc . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` wilfredo in italy -- salento festival '' . YouTube . 12 November 2010 . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Click on the album covers to order the CD / MP3 Download on iTunes '' . Kiosktheband.com . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NiaRobertsonMusic.com '' . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- CHART POSITIONS Pre 1989 Part 4 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 26 August 2014 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Mary Hopkin -- Those Were The Days '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mary Hopkin -- Those Were The Days '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 5815 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Hits Of The World '' . Billboard. 80 ( 49 ) : 68 . 7 December 1968 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard -- Hits Of The World '' . Billboard. 80 ( 47 ) : 78 . 23 November 1968 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Mary Hopkin -- Those Were The Days '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Those Were the Days '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1968 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Japan # 1 DISKS by Oricon Hot Singles '' ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . 18.ocn.ne.jp . Archived from the original on 26 December 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Mary Hopkin - Those Were The Days '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Hits Of The World '' . Billboard. 80 ( 50 ) : 68 . 14 December 1968 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Mary Hopkin -- Those Were The Days '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Hits Of The World '' . Billboard. 60 ( 48 ) : 88 . 30 November 1968 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Hits Of The World '' . Billboard. 80 ( 46 ) : 71 . 30 November 1968 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Mary Hopkin -- Those Were The Days '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Post Card -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending NOVEMBER 9 , 1968 '' . Archived from the original on 30 September 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` 100 Top Pops '' ( PDF ) . Record World . 2 November 1981 . p. 25 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Back Catalogue Singles -- 21 / 11 / 2009 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1968 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 10 , No. 19 , January 06 1969 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1968 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1968 '' ( in German ) . Hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1968 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Archived from the original on 25 November 2010 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1968 '' . Archived from the original on 14 August 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Several Russian songs , including Дорогой длинною Those were the days on song facts Discography of `` Дорогой длинною '' song on Russian-Records.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Those_Were_the_Days_(song)&oldid=842193951 '' Categories : 1968 singles Mary Hopkin songs The 5th Dimension songs Dolly Parton songs Sandie Shaw songs Song recordings produced by Paul McCartney Apple Records singles Debut singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in France Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Switzerland Oricon Weekly number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Folk songs Russian songs Songs about old age Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Pages with timeline metadata Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles containing Japanese - language text Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Hrvatski עברית Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 21 : 36 . 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who sang the song those were the days my friend
[ "\"Those Were the Days\" is a song credited to Gene Raskin, who put a new English lyric to the Russian romance song \"Dorogoi dlinnoyu\" (\"Дорогой длинною\", literally \"By the long road\"), composed by Boris Fomin (1900–1948) with words by the poet Konstantin Podrevsky. It deals with reminiscence upon youth and romantic idealism." ]
[ "Gene Raskin" ]
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Big Iron
Big Iron - wikipedia Big Iron Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Big Iron ( disambiguation ) . `` Big Iron '' `` Big Iron '' and `` Saddle Tramp '' by Marty Robbins Single by Marty Robbins from the album Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs B - side `` Saddle Tramp '' Released February 22 , 1960 Format 7 '' Recorded April 1959 ( 1959 - 04 ) Genre Country Tex - Mex Length 3 : 56 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Marty Robbins Producer ( s ) Don Law Marty Robbins singles chronology `` El Paso '' ( 1959 ) `` Big Iron '' ( 1960 ) `` Is There Any Chance '' ( 1960 ) `` El Paso '' ( 1959 ) `` Big Iron '' ( 1960 ) `` Is There Any Chance '' ( 1960 ) `` Big Iron '' is a country ballad written and performed by Marty Robbins , originally released as an album track on Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs in September 1959 , then as a single in February 1960 with the song `` Saddle Tramp '' as the B - side single . Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . It tells the story of an Arizona Ranger 's duel with an outlaw named Texas Red in the `` town of Agua Fria '' . The townspeople predict the death of the Ranger , Texas Red having already killed `` one and nineteen men '' , but the Ranger kills Texas Red with the swiftness of the `` big iron on his hip . '' This term refers to the gun the Ranger carries . Texas Red had n't even `` cleared leather '' - the Ranger 's draw was that swift . Robbins 's version of the song reached # 5 on the Billboard Country chart and # 26 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in April 1960 . The song is also featured in the video game Fallout : New Vegas on the in - game radio , Radio New Vegas . The Ranger 's `` Big Iron '' actually existed . It was a one - off custom handgun chambered in . 45 Colt and featured a Great Western copy of the Colt Single Action Army frame , Colt 1860 Army backstrap , grip frame and grips and a cut down 9 1 / 2 '' Marlin rifle barrel . Marty Robbins saw it in Andy Anderson 's famed North Hollywood gun shop in the late 1950s and wrote the song around it . Its current whereabouts are unknown . Contents ( hide ) 1 In albums 2 Cover versions 3 Charts 4 References In albums ( edit ) Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs ( September 1959 ) , a compilation , CL 1349 - mono , CS 8158 - stereo , PC 8158 More Greatest Hits ( April 1961 ) , CL 1635 - mono , CS 8435 - stereo , PC 8435 Bend in the River ( 1968 ) , D 445 - mono ( Columbia Musical Treasuries ) , DS 445 - stereo The Heart of Marty Robbins ( 1969 ) , STS 2016 ( Columbia Star Series ) All Time Greatest Hits ( August 1972 ) , CG 31361 , KG 31361 , C 31361 Marty ! ( 1972 - 5 record set ) , P5S 5812 ( Columbia Musical Treasury ) Streets of Laredo , KH 32286 ( Harmony , August 1973 ) , LE 10576 ( Columbia , December 1973 ) Marty Robbins ' Own Favorites ( 1974 ) , P 12416 ( Columbia Special Products ) Marty Robbins Gold ( 1975 ) , NU 9060 ( K - Tel ) All Around Cowboy ( 1980 ) P 15594 No. 1 Cowboy ( 1980 ) , P 15594 ( re-release of `` All Around Cowboy '' ) Marty Robbins ( 1981 ) , GS 4003 ( History of Country Music , Sunrise Media ) A Lifetime of Song 1951 - 1982 ( August 1983 ) , C2 38870 Memories in Song ( 1983 - 2 record set ) , P2 19162 ( Columbia Special Product ) The Best Of Marty Robbins ( 1984 ) , RB4 - 214 - 1 The Essential MARTY ROBBINS : 1951 - 1982 ( 1991 ) , Sony Music Entertainment Inc C2T 48537 CT48538 CT 48539 MARTY ROBBINS Lost and found ( 1994 ) , Sony Music Entertainment Inc CT 57695 MARTY ROBBINS Memories in Song ( 1994 ) , Sony Music Special Products Compact Disc A 19163 MARTY ROBBINS LIVE Concert Versions Of His Greatest Hits ( 1995 ) , Pickwick Group Ltd London England 300382 Under Western Skies ( Oct 1995 ) , Bear Family Records , West Germany 4 - CD Box Set BCD 15646 MARTY ROBBINS Legendary Country Singers ( 1995 ) , Sony Music Special Products R989 - 06 PT - 25142 Story of My Life : Best of MARTY ROBBINS ( Mar 1996 ) , Sony Music Entertainment Inc Sony CK 64763 Cover versions ( edit ) Michael Martin Murphey covered the song on his 1993 album Cowboy Songs III . With the Robbins family 's blessing , the song was recorded as a duet with Robbins . It was released as a single and peaked at # 62 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada . Other covers of the song include : Kingfish ( 1976 ) by Kingfish Under the Influences ( 1999 ) by Mike Ness Big Iron ( 2001 ) by Carol Noonan Unearthed ( 2003 ) by Johnny Cash Songs From The Mojave Wasteland ( 2010 ) soundtrack from Fallout : New Vegas Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1960 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 67 US Billboard Hot 100 26 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Marty Robbins -- Big Iron '' . www.discogs.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Note : It is suggested that the `` town of Agua Fria '' is Agua Fria , New Mexico , because it is the only `` Agua Fria '' ever been a town , see `` Research - Big Iron The Book '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 533 . Jump up ^ Bob Arganbright . `` ANDY ANDERSON , `` The Gunfighter '' `` . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Tracks '' . RPM . December 25 , 1993 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Marty Robbins -- ( ( ( song ) ) ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Marty Robbins Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Marty Robbins Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Marty Robbins Albums Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs Today The Performer Notable singles `` I 'll Go On Alone '' `` I Could n't Keep from Crying '' `` That 's All Right '' `` Maybellene '' `` Singing the Blues '' `` Knee Deep in the Blues '' `` A White Sport Coat '' `` The Story of My Life '' `` Just Married '' `` The Hanging Tree '' `` El Paso '' `` Big Iron '' `` Do n't Worry '' `` Devil Woman '' `` Ruby Ann '' `` Begging to You '' `` Ribbon of Darkness '' `` Tonight Carmen '' `` I Walk Alone '' `` It 's a Sin '' `` My Woman , My Woman , My Wife '' `` Laura ( What 's He Got That I Ai n't Got ) '' `` El Paso City '' `` Among My Souvenirs '' `` I Do n't Know Why ( I Just Do ) '' `` Return to Me '' `` Some Memories Just Wo n't Die '' `` Tie Your Dream to Mine '' Related articles Discography Jeanne Pruett Book : Marty Robbins Michael Martin Murphey 1970s albums Geronimo 's Cadillac ( 1972 ) Cosmic Cowboy Souvenir ( 1973 ) Michael Murphey ( 1973 ) Blue Sky -- Night Thunder ( 1975 ) Swans Against the Sun ( 1976 ) Flowing Free Forever ( 1976 ) Lone Wolf ( 1978 ) Peaks , Valleys , Honky Tonks & Alleys ( 1979 ) 1980s albums Hard Country ( 1981 ) Michael Martin Murphey ( 1982 ) The Heart Never Lies ( 1983 ) Tonight We Ride ( 1986 ) Americana ( 1987 ) River of Time ( 1988 ) Land of Enchantment ( 1989 ) 1990s albums Cowboy Songs ( 1990 ) Cowboy Christmas : Cowboy Songs II ( 1991 ) Cowboy Songs III ( 1993 ) Sagebrush Symphony ( 1995 ) The Horse Legends ( 1997 ) Cowboy Songs Four ( 1998 ) Acoustic Christmas Carols ( 1999 ) 2000s albums Playing Favorites ( 2001 ) Cowboy Classics : Playing Favorites II ( 2002 ) Cowboy Christmas III ( 2002 ) Live at Billy Bob 's Texas ( 2004 ) Heartland Cowboy : Cowboy Songs , Vol. 5 ( 2006 ) Buckaroo Blue Grass ( 2009 ) 2010s albums Lone Cowboy ( 2010 ) Buckaroo Blue Grass II ( 2010 ) Tall Grass & Cool Water ( 2011 ) Campfire on the Road ( 2012 ) Red River Drifter ( 2013 ) High Stakes ( 2016 ) Notable singles `` Geronimo 's Cadillac '' `` Wildfire '' `` Cherokee Fiddle '' `` What 's Forever For '' `` Still Taking Chances '' `` Love Affairs '' `` Do n't Count the Rainy Days '' `` Will It Be Love by Morning '' `` Disenchanted '' `` Radio Land '' `` What She Wants '' `` Carolina in the Pines '' `` Rollin ' Nowhere '' `` Fiddlin ' Man '' `` A Face in the Crowd '' ( with Holly Dunn ) `` A Long Line of Love '' `` I 'm Gonna Miss You , Girl '' `` Talkin ' to the Wrong Man '' `` Pilgrims on the Way ( Matthew 's Song ) '' `` From the Word Go '' `` Never Givin ' Up on Love '' `` Route 66 '' `` Big Iron '' Related articles Discography Ryan Murphey Rio Grande Band Pat Flynn Book : Michael Martin Murphey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Iron&oldid=823095384 '' Categories : Western music ( North America ) 1959 songs Country ballads Marty Robbins songs Johnny Cash songs Songs written by Marty Robbins Michael Martin Murphey songs Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 30 January 2018 , at 06 : 00 . About Wikipedia
who sings the song big iron on his hip
[ "\"Big Iron\" is a country ballad written and performed by Marty Robbins, originally released as an album track on Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs in September 1959, then as a single in February 1960 with the song \"Saddle Tramp\" as the B-side single. Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.[2]" ]
[ "Marty Robbins" ]
4721810159416875607
Mania (Fall Out Boy album)
Mania ( Fall Out Boy album ) - wikipedia Mania ( Fall Out Boy album ) Jump to : navigation , search Mania Studio album by Fall Out Boy Released January 19 , 2018 Recorded 2016 -- 2017 Genre Pop pop rock rock electropop Length 35 : 46 Label Island DCD2 Producer Jonny Coffer Fall Out Boy Illangelo Dave Sardy Jesse Shatkin Butch Walker Fall Out Boy chronology Make America Psycho Again ( 2015 ) Make America Psycho Again 2015 Mania ( 2018 ) Llamania ( 2018 ) Llamania 2018 Singles from Mania `` Young and Menace '' Released : April 27 , 2017 `` Champion '' Released : June 22 , 2017 `` The Last of the Real Ones '' Released : September 14 , 2017 `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' Released : November 15 , 2017 `` Wilson ( Expensive Mistakes ) '' Released : January 11 , 2018 Mania ( stylized as MA N I A and formally titled Mania : A Fall Out Boy LP ) is the seventh studio album by American rock band Fall Out Boy , released on January 19 , 2018 , by Island Records and DCD2 as the follow - up to their 2015 album , American Beauty / American Psycho . The release of the album was preceded by five singles : `` Young and Menace '' , `` Champion '' , `` The Last of the Real Ones '' , `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' , and `` Wilson ( Expensive Mistakes ) '' The album received largely mixed reviews from music critics upon release but fared well commercially , debuting at number one on the US Billboard 200 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Album delay 2 Promotion 3 Llamania 4 Singles 5 Critical reception 6 Commercial performance 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 9 Charts 10 References Background ( edit ) Fall Out Boy enjoyed commercial success and worldwide acclaim after releasing their sixth studio album , American Beauty / American Psycho ( 2015 ) . During the extensive touring in support of the album , the group began writing and recording material for a seventh album . The beginning of the production process for Mania began after the band 's frontman Patrick Stump introduced the song `` Young and Menace '' to bass guitarist Pete Wentz at Reading and Leeds Festival in 2016 , which inspired the musicians to record a full - length . In an interview with Rolling Stone , Wentz described the vision behind Mania . `` It feels like every once in awhile , you 've got ta do a hard restart that clears the cache and erases the hard drive . I think that 's what ( Mania ) was -- a big palette cleanse , '' said Wentz . After the release of the album 's first two singles , `` Young and Menace '' and `` Champion '' , Patrick Stump issued a statement on Twitter confirming that the band was postponing the release date for Mania until January 19 , 2018 due to the album `` feeling rushed . '' Album delay ( edit ) Mania was originally scheduled for a release on September 15 , 2017 , worldwide . However , on August 3 , 2017 , Patrick Stump announced that the record would be pushed back until January 19 , 2018 . `` The album just really is n't ready , and it felt very rushed , '' Stump said on Twitter . `` I 'm never going to put a record out I genuinely do n't believe is at least as strong or valid as the one that came before it and in order to do that we need a little bit more time to properly and carefully record solid performances . '' On November 6 , 2017 , the band announced on social media that the album had been completed and revealed the tracklist . In the lead up to the album 's release , it became evident that several streaming platforms had published the tracks of the album out of order . The physical copies retain the order originally released by the band . Promotion ( edit ) In support of the album , the band has performed the singles on television and has embarked on the Mania Tour in October 2017 . The tour , which takes place in both North America , Australia and New Zealand features support from blackbear , Jaden Smith , and WAAX . The song `` Wilson ( Expensive Mistakes ) '' , was debuted live on October 20 , 2017 , as part of the Mania Tour 's setlist . Llamania ( edit ) Main article : Llamania During recording sessions for Mania , the band scrapped three unfinished tracks ; `` Past Life '' , `` Wrong Side of Paradise '' , and `` Footprints in the Snow '' . The tracks were released by Fall Out Boy , under the alias Frosty & The Nightmare Making Machines , in the form of an extended play ( EP ) , entitled Llamania , on February 23 , 2018 , through physical CD and vinyl . Singles ( edit ) The lead single , `` Young and Menace '' , was released on April 27 , 2017 alongside its music video . The song has a notable influence from the EDM genre , hinting at another progression of the band 's sound with the album . The second single , `` Champion '' , was released on June 22 in the U.S. and on June 23 worldwide with the `` visualizer '' music video . On July 27 , the official music video was released for the song . The third single , `` The Last of the Real Ones '' , was released on September 14 , 2017 . The fourth single , `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' , was released on November 15 with its music video , which takes a notable influence from the Mexican holiday Day Of The Dead . `` Wilson ( Expensive Mistakes ) '' was released as the fifth single , accompanied with its music video premiere on January 11 , 2018. . A music video for `` Church '' was released along with the album on January 19 , 2018 . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 58 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The A.V. Club The Guardian The New Zealand Herald NME The Philadelphia Inquirer Rock Sound 8 / 10 Rolling Stone Mania received a largely mixed reaction from music critics , while some remained positive about the band 's ambition and evolution . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album has an average score of 58 based on 11 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) Mania debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 on February 3 , 2018 with 130,000 album - equivalent units , of which 117,000 were pure album sales . It is Fall Out Boy 's fourth US number - one album . Track listing ( edit ) Upon its initial upload to several digital music retailers , the order of the track listing was incorrect . The band later confirmed that the track listing on the physical releases was correct across all versions of the release and that these would soon be corrected . Digital / Physical edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Stay Frosty Royal Milk Tea '' Patrick Stump Pete Wentz Joe Trohman Andrew Hurley Jesse Shatkin D. Sardy 2 : 50 2 . `` The Last of the Real Ones '' Stump Wentz Trohman Hurley Carlo Montagnese Butch Walker Illangelo 3 : 50 3 . `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' Stump Wentz Trohman Hurley Jonny Coffer Coffer Walker 3 : 30 4 . `` Wilson ( Expensive Mistakes ) '' Stump Wentz Trohman Hurley D. Sardy 3 : 36 5 . `` Church '' Stump Wentz Trohman Hurley Audra Mae Kate York Andrew Wells Walker Wells 3 : 31 6 . `` Heaven 's Gate '' Stump Wentz Trohman Hurley D. Sardy 3 : 45 7 . `` Champion '' Stump Wentz Trohman Hurley Sia Furler Shatkin Fall Out Boy Shatkin 3 : 13 8 . `` Sunshine Riptide '' ( featuring Burna Boy ) Stump Wentz Trohman Hurley Walker 3 : 24 9 . `` Young and Menace '' Stump Wentz Trohman Hurley Fall Out Boy Shatkin 3 : 44 10 . `` Bishops Knife Trick '' Stump Wentz Trohman Hurley Walker 4 : 23 Total length : 35 : 46 ( show ) Japanese bonus track No . Title Length 11 . `` Champion '' ( remix ) ( featuring RM of BTS ) 3 : 35 Total length : 39 : 21 ( show ) Japanese bonus DVD No . Title Length 1 . `` Young and Menace '' ( music video ) 3 : 59 2 . `` Young and Menace '' ( making of video ) 1 : 58 3 . `` Champion '' ( music video ) 3 : 41 4 . `` Champion '' ( making of video ) 2 : 00 5 . `` The Last of the Real Ones '' ( music video ) 3 : 50 6 . `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' ( music video ) 3 : 37 7 . `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' ( making of video ) 2 : 08 Total length : 19 : 53 Notes -- additional production Additional production and engineering on all songs by Fall Out Boy Personnel ( edit ) Personnel adapted from Tidal . Fall Out Boy Patrick Stump -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar , keyboards , programming Pete Wentz -- bass guitar , backing vocals Joe Trohman -- lead guitar , backing vocals , keyboards , programming Andy Hurley -- drums , percussion Additional personnel Jesse Shatkin -- production , mixing Butch Walker -- production Andrew Wells -- production Fall Out Boy -- primary production Suzy Shinn -- engineering Rouble Kapoor -- assistant engineering Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 6 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 11 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 36 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) 24 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 15 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 French Albums ( SNEP ) 50 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 5 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 12 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 37 Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) 15 Japanese International Albums ( Oricon ) New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 6 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 20 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 15 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 30 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 11 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 10 UK Albums ( OCC ) UK Rock & Metal Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy make a mess '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gamboa , Glenn ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mania ' review : Fall Out Boy balances rock and pop with ease '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Fall Out Boy 's ' Mania ' is an unholy mess '' . Usa Today . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy mania album review newsday '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Artist of the week : Fall Out Boy '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zaleski , Annie ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Settles Into An Electronic Pop Mania '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.rocksound.tv/features/read/fall-out-boys-pete-wentz-on-new-music-mania-and-making-an-unlistenable-song Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/pete-wentz-on-new-fall-out-boy-lp-mania-fall-tour-w494845 Jump up ^ http://www.nme.com/news/music/fall-boy-delay-release-new-album-m-n-four-months-2121141 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/PatrickStump/status/893184837854654464 Jump up ^ Boy , Fall Out ( 10 : 37 AM - 6 Nov 2017 ) . `` check again http://ismaniadoneyet.com checking things off that to do list '' . @ falloutboy . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ; External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/petewentz/status/952336080451203072 Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy announce ' Mania Tour ' opener and other news you might have missed today '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Jaden Smith is Going On Tour With Fall Out Boy '' . Spin. 2017 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` FALL OUT BOY / / Announce ' Mania ' Tour 2018 '' . Hysteria Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Post-Dispatch , Daniel Durchholz Special to the . `` Despite glitches , Fall Out Boy 's ' Mania ' show is a satisfying spectacle at Scottrade '' . stltoday.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dickman , Maggie ( February 23 2018 ) . `` Fall Out Boy share previously unheard ' MANI A ' demos in the coolest way '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy Have Surprise - Released A New Three - Track Demo EP '' . Kerrang . February 23 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew . `` Fall Out Boy unveil new song and video '' . NME . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Looks like Fall Out Boy 's new song , ' Champion , ' will be released next week -- News -- Alternative Press '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elvis Duran Show ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Fall Out Boy On New Single ' Young And Menace ' + Upcoming Album ' Mania ' - Elvis Duran Show '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Fall Out Boy 's Outlaw Thriller ' The Last of the Real Ones ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Get Kidnapped by Killer Llamas in Weird ' The Last of the Real Ones ' Video : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boy , Fall Out ( 6 September 2017 ) . `` We see a new song in your short future . The Last of the Real Ones coming soonpic.twitter.com/NwOCDseByt '' . @ falloutboy . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Stubblebine , Allison ( November 1 - by1ydBTM&feature = push - u-sub&attr_tag = 8cxr3sBgJus5V4N3 - 6 < 5 , 2017 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Dance For Day of the Dead in Colorful ' Hold Me Tight or Do n't ' Video '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wH-by1ydBTM&feature=push-u-sub&attr_tag=8cxr3sBgJus5V4N3-6 ^ Jump up to : `` Mania by Fall Out Boy '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( none ) . `` MANIA - Fall Out Boy '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ryan , Kyle ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Fall Out Boy resets , sort of , on the delayed Mania '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Dave ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Fall Out Boy : Mania review -- songs to appal and appease the hardcore '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yates , Siena ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Album review : Fall Out Boy , Mania '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hemmings , Hannah Mylrea ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Fall Out Boy -- ' Mania ' review '' . NME . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Amorosi , A.D. ; DeLuca , Dan ; Klinge , Steve ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Album reviews : Fall Out Boy , Jeff Rosenstock , and Calexico '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Jack . `` Fall Out Boy - ' MANIA ' '' . Rock Sound . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Jon ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Fall Out Boy Turn Meltdowns Into Jock Jams on ' Mania ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Earns Fourth No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With ' Mania ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/petewentz/status/955352711234404352 Jump up ^ `` MANIA by Fall Out Boy on Apple Music '' . Jump up ^ https://www.target.com/p/fall-out-boy-m-a-n-i-a/-/A-52786148 ^ Jump up to : `` マ ニ ア ( デラックス ・ エディション ) ( DVD 付 初回 生産 限定 盤 ) / フォール ・ アウト ・ ボーイ '' . CD Japan . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MANIA / Fall Out Boy '' . Tidal . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Fall Out Boy -- Mania '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Fall Out Boy -- Mania '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fall Out Boy -- Mania '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fall Out Boy -- Mania '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select 201805 on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Fall Out Boy -- Mania '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy : MANI A '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Fall Out Boy -- Mania '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Fall Out Boy -- Mania '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Albums Chart : 26 January 2018 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Album -- Classifica settimanale WK 4 ( dal 2018 - 01 - 19 al 2018 - 01 - 25 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oricon Top 50 Albums : 2018 - 01 - 03 '' ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oricon Top 50 International Albums : 2018 - 01 - 03 '' ( in Oricon ) . Oricon . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . January 29 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 40 Album uke 4 , 2018 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Álbumes -- Semana 4 : del 19.1. 2018 al 25.1. 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Click on `` Veckans albumlista '' . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Fall Out Boy -- Mania '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rock & Metal Albums Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Fall Out Boy Patrick Stump Pete Wentz Joe Trohman Andy Hurley Ben Rose Mike Pareskuwicz T.J. Kunasch Brandon Hamm Studio albums Take This to Your Grave From Under the Cork Tree Infinity on High Folie à Deux Save Rock and Roll American Beauty / American Psycho Mania Extended plays Project Rocket / Fall Out Boy My Heart Will Always Be the B - Side to My Tongue Leaked in London America 's Suitehearts : Remixed , Retouched , Rehabbed and Retoxed PAX AM Days Llamania Live albums Live in Phoenix Compilation albums Believers Never Die -- Greatest Hits Remix albums Make America Psycho Again Demo albums Fall Out Boy 's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend Singles `` Dead on Arrival '' `` Grand Theft Autumn / Where Is Your Boy '' `` Saturday '' `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' `` Dance , Dance '' `` A Little Less Sixteen Candles , a Little More `` Touch Me '' '' `` The Carpal Tunnel of Love '' `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' `` Thnks fr th Mmrs '' `` '' The Take Over , the Breaks Over `` '' `` I 'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I 'm Always Trying to Get You Off ( Me & You ) '' `` Beat It '' `` I Do n't Care '' `` America 's Suitehearts '' `` Headfirst Slide into Cooperstown on a Bad Bet '' `` What a Catch , Donnie '' `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' `` The Phoenix '' `` Alone Together '' `` Young Volcanoes '' `` Centuries '' `` Immortals '' `` American Beauty / American Psycho '' `` The Kids Are n't Alright '' `` Uma Thurman '' `` Irresistible '' `` Ghostbusters ( I 'm Not Afraid ) '' `` Young and Menace '' `` Champion '' `` The Last of the Real Ones '' `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' Concert tours Honda Civic Tour 2007 Young Wild Things Tour Believers Never Die Tour Part Deux Monumentour American Beauty / American Psycho Tour Wintour is Coming The Mania Tour Related articles Discography List of songs Arma Angelus Where Sleeplessness Is Rest from Nightmares Racetraitor The Damned Things Black Cards Welcome to the New Administration Fall Out Toy Works The Young Blood Chronicles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mania_(Fall_Out_Boy_album)&oldid=828832900 '' Categories : 2018 albums Fall Out Boy albums Island Records albums Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 errors : external links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano Português Русский Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 01 : 03 . 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who wrote heaven's gate fall out boy
[ "\n\nDigital/Physical edition[38][39]\n\n\nNo.\nTitle\nWriter(s)\nProducer(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"Stay Frosty Royal Milk Tea\"\n\n\n\nPatrick Stump\nPete Wentz\nJoe Trohman\nAndrew Hurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJesse Shatkin\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n2:50\n\n\n2.\n\"The Last of the Real Ones\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nCarlo Montagnese\n\n\n\n\n\n\nButch Walker\nIllangelo[a]\n\n\n\n3:50\n\n\n3.\n\"Hold Me Tight or Don't\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nJonny Coffer\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCoffer\nWalker\n\n\n\n3:30\n\n\n4.\n\"Wilson (Expensive Mistakes)\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n3:36\n\n\n5.\n\"Church\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nAudra Mae\nKate York\nAndrew Wells\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWalker\nWells[a]\n\n\n\n3:31\n\n\n6.\n\"Heaven's Gate\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n3:45\n\n\n7.\n\"Champion\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nSia Furler\nShatkin\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFall Out Boy\nShatkin[a]\n\n\n\n3:13\n\n\n8.\n\"Sunshine Riptide\" (featuring Burna Boy)\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\nWalker\n3:24\n\n\n9.\n\"Young and Menace\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFall Out Boy\nShatkin\n\n\n\n3:44\n\n\n10.\n\"Bishops Knife Trick\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWalker\n\n\n\n4:23\n\n\nTotal length:\n35:46\n\n", "\n\nDigital/Physical edition[38][39]\n\n\nNo.\nTitle\nWriter(s)\nProducer(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"Stay Frosty Royal Milk Tea\"\n\n\n\nPatrick Stump\nPete Wentz\nJoe Trohman\nAndrew Hurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJesse Shatkin\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n2:50\n\n\n2.\n\"The Last of the Real Ones\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nCarlo Montagnese\n\n\n\n\n\n\nButch Walker\nIllangelo[a]\n\n\n\n3:50\n\n\n3.\n\"Hold Me Tight or Don't\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nJonny Coffer\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCoffer\nWalker\n\n\n\n3:30\n\n\n4.\n\"Wilson (Expensive Mistakes)\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n3:36\n\n\n5.\n\"Church\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nAudra Mae\nKate York\nAndrew Wells\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWalker\nWells[a]\n\n\n\n3:31\n\n\n6.\n\"Heaven's Gate\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n3:45\n\n\n7.\n\"Champion\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nSia Furler\nShatkin\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFall Out Boy\nShatkin[a]\n\n\n\n3:13\n\n\n8.\n\"Sunshine Riptide\" (featuring Burna Boy)\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\nWalker\n3:24\n\n\n9.\n\"Young and Menace\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFall Out Boy\nShatkin\n\n\n\n3:44\n\n\n10.\n\"Bishops Knife Trick\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWalker\n\n\n\n4:23\n\n\nTotal length:\n35:46\n\n", "\n\nDigital/Physical edition[38][39]\n\n\nNo.\nTitle\nWriter(s)\nProducer(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"Stay Frosty Royal Milk Tea\"\n\n\n\nPatrick Stump\nPete Wentz\nJoe Trohman\nAndrew Hurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJesse Shatkin\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n2:50\n\n\n2.\n\"The Last of the Real Ones\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nCarlo Montagnese\n\n\n\n\n\n\nButch Walker\nIllangelo[a]\n\n\n\n3:50\n\n\n3.\n\"Hold Me Tight or Don't\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nJonny Coffer\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCoffer\nWalker\n\n\n\n3:30\n\n\n4.\n\"Wilson (Expensive Mistakes)\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n3:36\n\n\n5.\n\"Church\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nAudra Mae\nKate York\nAndrew Wells\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWalker\nWells[a]\n\n\n\n3:31\n\n\n6.\n\"Heaven's Gate\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n3:45\n\n\n7.\n\"Champion\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nSia Furler\nShatkin\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFall Out Boy\nShatkin[a]\n\n\n\n3:13\n\n\n8.\n\"Sunshine Riptide\" (featuring Burna Boy)\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\nWalker\n3:24\n\n\n9.\n\"Young and Menace\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFall Out Boy\nShatkin\n\n\n\n3:44\n\n\n10.\n\"Bishops Knife Trick\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWalker\n\n\n\n4:23\n\n\nTotal length:\n35:46\n\n", "\n\nDigital/Physical edition[38][39]\n\n\nNo.\nTitle\nWriter(s)\nProducer(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"Stay Frosty Royal Milk Tea\"\n\n\n\nPatrick Stump\nPete Wentz\nJoe Trohman\nAndrew Hurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJesse Shatkin\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n2:50\n\n\n2.\n\"The Last of the Real Ones\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nCarlo Montagnese\n\n\n\n\n\n\nButch Walker\nIllangelo[a]\n\n\n\n3:50\n\n\n3.\n\"Hold Me Tight or Don't\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nJonny Coffer\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCoffer\nWalker\n\n\n\n3:30\n\n\n4.\n\"Wilson (Expensive Mistakes)\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n3:36\n\n\n5.\n\"Church\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nAudra Mae\nKate York\nAndrew Wells\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWalker\nWells[a]\n\n\n\n3:31\n\n\n6.\n\"Heaven's Gate\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nD. Sardy\n\n\n\n3:45\n\n\n7.\n\"Champion\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\nSia Furler\nShatkin\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFall Out Boy\nShatkin[a]\n\n\n\n3:13\n\n\n8.\n\"Sunshine Riptide\" (featuring Burna Boy)\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\nWalker\n3:24\n\n\n9.\n\"Young and Menace\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFall Out Boy\nShatkin\n\n\n\n3:44\n\n\n10.\n\"Bishops Knife Trick\"\n\n\n\nStump\nWentz\nTrohman\nHurley\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWalker\n\n\n\n4:23\n\n\nTotal length:\n35:46\n\n" ]
[ "Stump", "Wentz", "Trohman", "Hurley" ]
4645474073746413253
Zecharia Sitchin
Zecharia Sitchin - wikipedia Zecharia Sitchin Jump to : navigation , search `` Twelfth planet '' redirects here . For other uses , see Twelfth planet ( disambiguation ) . `` Nibiru ( hypothetical planet ) '' redirects here . For the doomsday theory , see Nibiru cataclysm . Zecharia Sitchin Заха́рия Си́тчин ( in Russian ) ( 1920 - 07 - 11 ) July 11 , 1920 Baku , Azerbaijan SSR October 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 09 ) ( aged 90 ) New York City , U.S. Citizenship United States Education London School of Economics , University of London Occupation Author Known for Ancient astronauts Website www.sitchin.com Zecharia Sitchin ( Azerbaijani : Zaxariya Sitçin ; Russian : Заха́рия Си́тчин ; July 11 , 1920 -- October 9 , 2010 ) was an Azerbaijani - born American author of books proposing an explanation for human origins involving ancient astronauts . Sitchin attributed the creation of the ancient Sumerian culture to the Anunnaki , which he stated was a race of extraterrestrials from a planet beyond Neptune called Nibiru . He asserted that Sumerian mythology suggests that this hypothetical planet of Nibiru is in an elongated , 3,600 - year - long elliptical orbit around the sun . Sitchin 's books have sold millions of copies worldwide and have been translated into more than 25 languages . Sitchin 's ideas have been rejected by scientists and academics , who dismiss his work as pseudoscience and pseudohistory . His work has been criticized for flawed methodology and mistranslations of ancient texts as well as for incorrect astronomical and scientific claims . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Ideas and works 3 Influence 4 Criticisms 4.1 Translations and interpretations 4.2 Astronomical and scientific observations 4.3 Literalism of myth 5 Bibliography 5.1 Earth Chronicles volumes 5.2 Companion volumes 5.3 Earth Chronicles expeditions 5.4 Novels 5.5 Associated 5.6 DVDs 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Criticisms Early life ( edit ) Sitchin was born in the Azerbaijan SSR , but was raised in Mandatory Palestine . He received a degree in economics from the University of London , and was an editor and journalist in Mandatory Palestine , before moving to New York in 1952 . While working as an executive for a shipping company , he taught himself Sumerian cuneiform and visited several archaeological sites . Ideas and works ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sitchin posing with an enlarged , purported 6000 - year - old cylinder seal impression Similar to earlier authors such as Immanuel Velikovsky and Erich von Däniken , Sitchin advocated hypotheses in which extraterrestrial events supposedly played a significant role in ancient human history . According to Sitchin 's interpretation of Mesopotamian iconography and symbolism , outlined in his 1976 book The 12th Planet and its sequels , there is an undiscovered planet beyond Neptune that follows a long , elliptical orbit , reaching the inner solar system roughly every 3,600 years . This planet is called Nibiru ( although Jupiter was the planet associated with the god Marduk in Babylonian cosmology ) . According to Sitchin , Nibiru ( whose name was replaced with MARDUK in original legends by the Babylonian ruler of the same name in an attempt to co-opt the creation for himself , leading to some confusion among readers ) collided catastrophically with Tiamat ( a goddess in the Babylonian creation myth the Enûma Eliš ) , which he considers to be another planet once located between Mars and Jupiter . This collision supposedly formed the planet Earth , the asteroid belt , and the comets . Sitchin states that when struck by one of planet Nibiru 's moons , Tiamat split in two , and then on a second pass Nibiru itself struck the broken fragments and one half of Tiamat became the asteroid belt . The second half , struck again by one of Nibiru 's moons , was pushed into a new orbit and became today 's planet Earth . According to Sitchin , Nibiru ( called `` the twelfth planet '' because , Sitchin claimed , the Sumerians ' gods - given conception of the Solar System counted all eight planets , plus Pluto , the Sun and the Moon ) was the home of a technologically advanced human - like extraterrestrial race called the Anunnaki in Sumerian myth , who Sitchin states are called the Nephilim in Genesis . He wrote that they evolved after Nibiru entered the solar system , and they first arrived on Earth probably 450,000 years ago , looking for minerals , especially gold , which they found and mined in Africa . Sitchin states that these `` gods '' were the rank - and - file workers of the colonial expedition to Earth from planet Nibiru . According to Sitchin , Enki ( the Sumerian god of water and human culture ) suggested that to relieve the Anunnaki , who had mutinied over their dissatisfaction with their working conditions , that primitive workers ( Homo sapiens ) be created by genetic engineering as slaves to replace them in the gold mines by crossing extraterrestrial genes with those of Homo erectus . According to Sitchin , ancient inscriptions report that the human civilization in Sumer , Mesopotamia , was set up under the guidance of these `` gods '' , and human kingship was inaugurated to provide intermediaries between mankind and the Anunnaki ( creating the `` divine right of kings '' doctrine ) . Sitchin believes that fallout from nuclear weapons , used during a war between factions of the extraterrestrials , is the `` evil wind '' described in the Lament for Ur that destroyed Ur around 2000 BC . Sitchin states the exact year is 2024 BC . Sitchin says that his research coincides with many biblical texts , and that biblical texts come originally from Sumerian writings . Influence ( edit ) Theatrical performance of ENKI based on the writings of Zecharia Sitchin . Since the release of his first book The 12th Planet in 1976 , now in its 45th printing , Sitchin has written seven other books as part of his Earth Chronicles series , as well as six other companion books , all of which are still in print as of 2012 . Sitchin 's books have sold millions of copies worldwide and have been published in more than 25 languages . New York Times reporter Corey Kilgannon has noted that despite academic dismissal of his work , Sitchin has `` a devoted following of readers '' . Critic Michael S. Heiser has called Sitchin `` arguably the most important proponent of the ancient astronaut hypothesis over the last several decades '' . According to critic and author Jason Colavito , `` Zecharia Sitchin is one of the most famous proponents of the ancient astronaut theory today , second only to the father of the theory , Erich von Däniken , in importance to true believers '' . Sitchin was a frequent guest on the Coast to Coast AM radio show , which in 2010 presented Sitchin with a lifetime achievement award . Gods of the New Millennium author Alan F. Alford admits he initially became `` infatuated '' with Sitchin 's hypotheses but later became a critic of Sitchin 's interpretations of myth . According to some writers , Sitchin 's ideas , along with those of Erich von Däniken may have influenced the beliefs of the religious sect of Raëlism , and writer Mark Pilkington sees the mythology of Japan 's Pana Wave religious group as rooted in Sitchin 's The 12th Planet and its sequels . The 1994 movie Stargate , directed by Roland Emmerich , and the 2009 video game The Conduit drew some conceptual inspiration from Sitchin 's ideas , while screenwriter Roberto Orci says the villains of the film Cowboys & Aliens were inspired by Sitchin 's conceptualization of the Anunnaki as gold - mining aliens . In 2000 , Lorin Morgan - Richards ' theatrical performance of ENKI , based on the writings of Zecharia Sitchin , premiered in Cleveland , Ohio under the choreography of Michael Medcalf . In 2016 , Kazem Finjan , the Iraqi Minister of Transport , claimed at a press conference that Sumerians had built and used an airport in the Dhi Qar Governorate to launch spaceships from 5000 years ago . He cited the work of Sitchin and others to support his assertion . Criticisms ( edit ) Criticism of Sitchin 's work falls primarily into three categories : translations and interpretations of ancient texts , astronomical and scientific observations , and literalism of myth . Translations and interpretations ( edit ) When Sitchin wrote his books , only specialists could read the Sumerian language . However , sources such as the 2006 book Sumerian Lexicon have made the language more accessible to non-experts . American biblical scholar Michael S. Heiser states he has found many inaccuracies in Sitchin 's translations and challenges interested parties to use this book to check their validity . Prof. Ronald H. Fritze , author of the book Invented Knowledge : False History , Fake Science and Pseudo-religions , mentions the example of Sitchin 's claim that the Sumerian sign DIĜIR means `` pure ones of the blazing rockets '' , adding that `` Sitchin 's assignment of meanings to ancient words is tendentious and frequently strained . '' Fritze also commented on Sitchin 's methodology , writing that `` When critics have checked Sitchin 's references , they have found that he frequently quotes out of context or truncates his quotes in a way that distorts evidence in order to prove his contentions . Evidence is presented selectively and contradictory evidence is ignored . '' Sitchin bases his arguments on his personal interpretations of pre-Nubian and Sumerian texts , and the seal VA 243 . Sitchin wrote that these ancient civilizations knew of a twelfth planet , when in fact they only knew five . Hundreds of Sumerian astronomical seals and calendars have been decoded and recorded , and the total count of planets on each seal has been five . Seal VA 243 has 12 dots that Sitchin identifies as planets . When translated , seal VA 243 reads `` You 're his Servant '' which is now thought to be a message from a nobleman to a servant . According to Heiser , the so - called sun on Seal VA 243 is not the Sumerian symbol for the sun but is a star , and the dots are also stars . The symbol on seal VA 243 has no resemblance to the hundreds of documented Sumerian sun symbols . In a 1979 review of The Twelfth Planet , Roger W. Wescott , Professor of Anthropology and Linguistics at Drew University , Madison , New Jersey , noted Sitchin 's amateurishness with respect to the primacy of the Sumerian language : Sitchin 's linguistics seems at least as amateurish as his anthropology , biology , and astronomy . On p. 370 , for example , he maintains that `` all the ancient languages ... including early Chinese ... stemmed from one primeval source -- Sumerian '' . Sumerian , of course , is the virtual archetype of what linguistic taxonomists call a language - isolate , meaning a language that does not fall into any of the well - known language - families or exhibit clear cognation with any known language . Even if Sitchin is referring to written rather than to spoken language , it is unlikely that his contention can be persuasively defended , since Sumerian ideograms were preceded by the Azilian and Tartarian signaries of Europe as well as by a variety of script - like notational systems between the Nile and Indus rivers . -- Astronomical and scientific observations ( edit ) Sitchin 's `` planetary collision '' hypothesis does superficially resemble one suggested by modern astronomers -- the giant impact hypothesis of the Moon 's formation about 4.5 billion years ago by a body impacting with the newly formed Earth . However , Sitchin 's proposed series of rogue planetary collisions differ in both details and timing . As with Immanuel Velikovsky 's earlier Worlds in Collision thesis , Sitchin states that he has found evidence of ancient human knowledge of rogue celestial motions in a variety of mythological accounts . In Velikovsky 's case , these interplanetary collisions were supposed to have taken place within the span of human existence , whereas for Sitchin these occurred during the early stages of planetary formation , but entered the mythological account passed down via the alien race which purportedly evolved on Nibiru after these encounters . According to former Immanuel Velikovsky assistant turned prolific critic , C. Leroy Ellenberger , `` ( Sitchin states that ) from an equal start , the Nephilim evolved on Nibiru 45 million years ahead of comparable development on Earth with its decidedly more favorable environment . Such an outcome is unlikely , to say the least , since Nibiru would spend over 99 % of its time beyond Pluto . Sitchin 's explanation that heat from radioactive decay and a thick atmosphere keep Nibiru warm is absurd and does not address the problem of darkness in deep space . Also unexplained is how the Nephilim , who evolved long after Nibiru arrived , knew what happened when Nibiru first entered the solar system . '' The scenario outlined by Sitchin , with Nibiru returning to the inner solar system regularly every 3,600 years , ... implies an orbit with a semi-major axis of 235 astronomical units , extending from the asteroid belt to twelve times farther beyond the sun than Pluto . Elementary perturbation theory indicates that , under the most favorable circumstances of avoiding close encounters with other planets , no body with such an eccentric orbit would keep the same period for two consecutive passages . Within twelve orbits the object would be either ejected or converted to a short period object . Thus , the failed search for a trans - Plutonian planet by T.C. Van Flandern , of the U.S. Naval Observatory , which Sitchin uses to bolster his thesis , is no support at all . Sitchin in `` the case of Adam 's alien genes '' states that 223 genes found by the Human Genome Sequencing Consortium are without the required predecessors on the genomic evolutionary tree . Later researchers have argued that the conclusion from the Human Genome Sequencing Consortium can not be drawn due to a lack of a comprehensive gene database for comparison . An analysis by Salzberg identified 40 potential genes laterally transferred into the genome from prokaryotic organisms . Salzberg also argues that gene loss combined with sample size effects and evolutionary rate variation provide an alternative , more biologically plausible explanation . Literalism of myth ( edit ) Peter James , co-author of the controversial book Centuries of Darkness , has criticized Sitchin both for ignoring the world outside Mesopotamia and more specifically for misunderstanding Babylonian literature : He uses the Epic of Creation Enuma Elish as the foundation for his cosmogony , identifying the young god Marduk , who overthrows the older regime of gods and creates the Earth , as the unknown `` Twelfth Planet '' . In order to do this he interprets the Babylonian theogony as a factual account of the birth of the other `` eleven '' planets . The Babylonian names for the planets are established beyond a shadow of a doubt -- Ishtar was the deity of Venus , Nergal of Mars , and Marduk of Jupiter -- and confirmed by hundreds of astronomical / astrological tables and treatises on clay tablets and papyri from the Hellenistic period . Sitchin merrily ignores all this and assigns unwarranted planetary identities to the gods mentioned in the theogony . For example , Apsu , attested as god of the primeval waters , becomes , of all things , the Sun ! Ea , as it suits Sitchin , is sometimes planet Neptune and sometimes a spaceman . And the identity of Ishtar as the planet Venus , a central feature of Mesopotamian religion , is nowhere mentioned in the book -- instead Sitchin arbitrarily assigns to Venus another deity from Enuma Elish , and reserves Ishtar for a role as a female astronaut . William Irwin Thompson comments on what he calls Sitchin 's ' literalism ' : What Sitchin sees is what he needs for his hypothesis . So figure 15 on page 40 is radiation therapy , and figure 71 on page 136 is a god inside a rocket - shaped chamber . If these are gods , why are they stuck with our cheap B movie technology of rockets , microphones , space - suits , and radiation therapy ? If they are gods , then why ca n't they have some really divine technology such as intradimensional worm - hole travel , antigravity , starlight propulsion , or black hole bounce rematerializations ? Sitchin has constructed what appears to be a convincing argument , but when he gets close to single images on ancient tablets , he falls back into the literalism of `` Here is an image of the gods in rockets . '' Suddenly , ancient Sumer is made to look like the movie set for Destination Moon . Erich Von Däniken 's potboiler Chariots of the Gods ? has the same problem . Nazca plains in Peru is turned into a World War II landing strip . The gods can cross galactic distances , but by the time they get to Peru , their spaceships are imagined as World War II prop jobs that need an enormous landing strip . This literalization of the imagination does n't make any sense , but every time it does n't , you hear Sitchin say `` There can be no doubt , but ... '' Bibliography ( edit ) Earth Chronicles volumes ( edit ) The 12th Planet , 1976 , Stein and Day , ISBN 0 - 8128 - 1939 - X The Stairway to Heaven , 1980 , St. Martin 's Press , ISBN 0 - 312 - 75505 - 8 The Wars of Gods and Men , 1985 , Avon Books , ISBN 0 - 380 - 89585 - 4 The Lost Realms , 1990 , Avon Books , ISBN 0 - 380 - 75890 - 3 When Time Began , 1993 , Avon Books , ISBN 0 - 380 - 77071 - 7 The Cosmic Code , 1998 , Avon Books , ISBN 0 - 380 - 80157 - 4 The End of Days : Armageddon and Prophecies of the Return , 2007 , William Morrow , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 123823 - 9 Companion volumes ( edit ) Genesis Revisited : Is Modern Science Catching Up With Ancient Knowledge ? , 1990 , Avon Books , ISBN 0 - 380 - 76159 - 9 Divine Encounters : A Guide to Visions , Angels and Other Emissaries , 1995 , Avon Books , ISBN 0 - 380 - 78076 - 3 The Earth Chronicles Handbook , 2009 , Bear & Company , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59143 - 101 - 5 There Were Giants Upon the Earth : Gods , Demigods , and Human Ancestry : The Evidence of Alien DNA , 2010 , Bear & Company , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59143 - 121 - 3 Earth Chronicles expeditions ( edit ) The Earth Chronicles Expeditions , 2004 , Bear & Company , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59143 - 076 - 6 Journeys to the Mythical Past , 2007 , Bear and Company , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59143 - 080 - 3 Novels ( edit ) The Lost Book of Enki : Memoirs and Prophecies of an Extraterrestrial god , 2001 , Bear & Company , ISBN 1 - 879181 - 83 - 5 The King Who Refused to Die : The Anunnaki and The Search for Immortality , 2013 , Bear & Company , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59143 - 177 - 0 Associated ( edit ) The Complete Earth Chronicles , 2014 , Bear & Company , ISBN 978 - 1591432012 ( Box set of first seven books ) The Anunnaki Chronicles : A Zecharia Sitchin Reader , 2015 , Bear & Company , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59143 - 229 - 6 ( edited , Janet Sitchin ) DVDs ( edit ) Are We Alone in the Universe ? ( based on Genesis Revisited ) , documentary , 1978 ( 2003 DVD release ) An Evening with Zecharia Sitchin , lecture and slide presentation , 1997 A Talk From The Heart ! lecture and slide presentation , 2006 Signs of the Return , lecture and slide presentation , 2009 2012 -- the End of Days ? lecture and slide presentation , 2010 Zecharia at 90 -- Farewell Address , lecture , 2010 See also ( edit ) Ancient Near East portal Erich von Däniken Extraterrestrial hypothesis Giorgio A. Tsoukalos Mesopotamian mythology Murry Hope Robert K.G. Temple Sumerian literature References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Official Web Site of Zecharia Sitchin '' . Sitchin.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Robert T ( 1994 -- 2009 ) . `` Zecharia Sitchin and The Earth Chronicles '' . The Skeptic 's Dictionary . John Wiley & Sons . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kilgannon , Corey ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` Origin of the Species , From an Alien View '' . New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . Mr. Sitchin was called silly before -- by scientists , historians and archaeologists who dismiss his hypotheses as pseudoscience and fault their underpinnings : his translations of ancient texts and his understanding of physics . Jump up ^ Phil Plait ( Nov 5 , 2002 ) . `` X DOESN 'T MARK THE SPOT IS THERE A PLANET X THAT WILL CAUSE GLOBAL CATASTROPHE NEXT MAY ? '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Jastrow , Jr. , Morris ( 1911 ) . Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria , G.P. Putnam 's Sons : New York and London . pp. 217 - 219 . Jump up ^ Sitchin , Zecharia ( 2007 ) . The Wars of Gods and Men : Book III of the Earth Chronicles . Harper . pp. 104 -- 105 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 137927 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sitchin , Zecharia ( 1990 ) . Genesis Revisited . Avon . pp. 157 -- 182 , chapter `` The Adam : A Slave Made to Order . ISBN 978 - 0 - 380 - 76159 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Evil Wind web page '' . Sitchin.com. 2001 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Zecharia Sitchin Biography '' . Parkstpress.com. 2008 - 11 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Dirk Vander Ploeg . `` Zecharia Sitchin : Why You Can Safely Ignore Him '' . Ufodigest.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Who Built the Great Pyramid ? '' . tripod.com . Jump up ^ Coast to Coast AM - George Noory Presents Zecharia Sitchin with Award Archived 2010 - 04 - 20 at the Wayback Machine. , retrieved 15 April 2010 Jump up ^ `` Alan Alford website '' . Eridu.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Genta , Giancarlo ( 2007 ) . Lonely Minds in the Universe : The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence . Springer . p. 231 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 33925 - 2 . Jump up ^ Colavito , Jason ( 2005 ) . The cult of alien gods : H.P. Lovecraft and extraterrestrial pop culture . Prometheus . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59102 - 352 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Zechariah Sitchin Archived 2007 - 11 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , Mark Pilkington , Fortean Times , August 2003 . Jump up ^ `` The Conduit 's Storyline '' . IGN. 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Roland Emmerich and Dean Devlin , 2003 , Stargate , Ultimate Edition , MGM DVD Jump up ^ Chitwood , Scott ( 2010 - 11 - 29 ) . `` Cowboys & Aliens Set Visit '' . Superhero Hype ! . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Music Conference '' . clevescene.com . Jump up ^ Lee Speigel ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` ETs Built Earth 's First Airport , Iraqi Transport Minister Says '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Halloran , John A. ( 2006 ) . Sumerian Lexicon : A Dictionary Guide to the Ancient Sumerian Language . The David Brown Book Company . ISBN 0 - 9786429 - 0 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Anunnaki '' . sitchiniswrong.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Ron Fritze 's Bio '' . corndancer.com . ^ Jump up to : Fritze , Ronald H ,. ( 2009 ) . Invented knowledge : false history , fake science and pseudo-religions . Reaktion Books . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 430 - 4 ^ Jump up to : `` The Myth of a 12th Planet in Sumero - Mesopotamian Astronomy : A Study of Cylinder Seal VA 243 by Dr. Michael S. Heiser '' . Michaelsheiser.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Myth of a 12th Planet '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Roger W. Wescott - The Velikovsky Encyclopedia '' . Velikovsky.info . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Wescott , Roger W. 1979 . Kronos Vol. IV , No. 4 , pp. 90 - 92 . ^ Jump up to : `` C. Leroy Ellenberger - The Velikovsky Encyclopedia '' . velikovsky.info . ^ Jump up to : Ellenberger , C. Leroy 1981 . Marduk Unmasked . Frontiers of Science , May -- June , pp. 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` the case of Adam 's alien genes '' . Sitchin.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Salzberg , Steven L. , Owen White , et al. `` Microbial Genes in the Human Genome : Lateral Transfer or Gene Loss ? '' . Science 292.5523 ( 2001 ) : 1903 -- 3 . Jump up ^ `` Centuries of Darkness by Peter James , I.J. Thorpe , Nikos Kokkinos , Robert Morkot & John Frankish '' . centuries.co.uk . Jump up ^ James , Peter SIS Workshop no . 7 , vol. 2 , no . 2 ( Nov. 1979 ) , reprinted from Fortean Times no . 27 ( Nov. 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Thompson , William Irwin Coming into being : artifacts and texts in the evolution of consciousness pp. 75 - 76 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Are We Alone in the Universe ? on IMDb External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zecharia Sitchin . Wikiversity has learning resources about Zecharia Sitchin Official Website Kilgannon , Corey . `` Origin of Species , From an Alien View '' , The New York Times , January 10 , 2010 . p . MB4 . Criticisms ( edit ) Ian Lawton 's Mesopotamia Papers An Astronomer 's View of the Akkadian Seal by Tom van Flandern SitchinIsWrong , Michael S. Heiser 's web site devoted to debunking Sitchin 's claims VIAF : 5720310 LCCN : n80109516 ISNI : 0000 0001 2118 9971 GND : 118139894 SUDOC : 029511607 BNF : cb121123829 ( data ) BIBSYS : 90674887 NDL : 00456735 NKC : xx0000131 BNE : XX1123427 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zecharia_Sitchin&oldid=828950464 '' Categories : 1920 births 2010 deaths People from Baku Soviet emigrants to Mandatory Palestine Writers from New York City Ancient astronaut speculation Esoteric anthropogenesis Pseudoarchaeology Pseudohistorians 20th - century American writers 21st - century American writers American people of Azerbaijani descent Alumni of the London School of Economics Burials at New Montefiore Cemetery Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Russian - language external links Articles with hCards Articles containing Azerbaijani - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 19 : 16 . 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when was the lost book of enki written
[ "The Lost Book of Enki: Memoirs and Prophecies of an Extraterrestrial god, 2001, Bear & Company, ISBN 1-879181-83-5" ]
[ "2001" ]
-7330249242590220982
SAR 21
SAR 21 - wikipedia SAR 21 Jump to : navigation , search SAR 21 The SAR 21 with the attached Round Corner Firing ( RCF ) module Type Bullpup assault rifle Place of origin Singapore Service history In service 1999 -- present Used by See Users Production history Designer Tuck Wah Chee and Felix Tsai of Chartered Industries of Singapore ( CIS , now ST Kinetics ) Designed Manufacturer CIS : 1999 -- 2000 ST Kinetics : 2000 -- present Produced 1999 -- present Variants See variants Specifications Weight SAR 21 : 4 kg ( 8.82 lb ) SAR 21 GL / M203 : 5.3 kg ( 12 lb ) SAR 21 P - Rail : 3.6 kg ( 7.9 lb ) SAR 21 MMS : 3.5 kg ( 7.7 lb ) SAR 21 Light Weight Carbine 3 kg ( 6.6 lb ) Length 805 mm ( 31.7 in ) ( SAR 21 , SAR 21 40 GL / M203 , SAR 21 P - Rail ) 680 mm ( 26.8 in ) ( SAR 21 MMS ) 640 mm ( 25.2 in ) ( SAR 21 Light Weight Carbine ) Barrel length 508 mm ( 20.0 in ) Cartridge 5.56 × 45mm NATO Caliber 5.56 mm ( 0.22 in ) Barrels Single barrel 1 : 12 '' and 1 : 7 '' twist options Action Gas - operated , rotating bolt Rate of fire 450 -- 650 rounds / min Muzzle velocity 970 m / s ( 3,182 ft / s ) ( M193 ) 945 m / s ( 3,100.4 ft / s ) ( SS109 ) Effective firing range 460 m ( M193 ) 800 m ( SS109 ) Feed system 30 - round detachable box magazine ; proprietary or STANAG magazines Sights 1.5 x or 3x optical sight ; back - up iron sights The SAR 21 ( `` Singapore Assault Rifle - 21st Century '' ) is a bullpup assault rifle designed and manufactured in Singapore . First revealed and subsequently adopted by the Singapore Armed Forces ( SAF ) in 1999 , it was designed and developed over a four - year period and was intended to replace the locally license - built M16S1 by the Singaporean Ministry of Defence ( MINDEF ) , Singapore Army and the Chartered Industries of Singapore ( CIS , now ST Kinetics ) . Many of its design features are directly intended to counter the weaknesses of the M16S1 as encountered operationally by some infantrymen . The rifle is being sold for export use aside from domestic use . In the United States , it is being marketed by ST Kinetics via its American subsidiary , VT Systems . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and development 2 Design 3 Design issues 4 Operation 5 Variants 6 Users 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History and development ( edit ) Since the mid-80s , the SAF had an outstanding requirement to come up with a replacement for their M16S1 as most of these had been in use since 1973 . In 1994 , a proposal by SAF was submitted to the MINDEF for options to either procure newer weapons ( thought was given to purchase the M16A2 ) or to develop its own indigenous rifle . On 19 November 2002 , a patent was filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office by Tuck Wah Chee and Felix Tsai with the patent number 6,481,144 B1 . MINDEF officials , after consultations with the SAF , decided against buying weapons off the shelf as it would require soldiers to adjust to the new weapon , choosing instead to develop a weapon , designed and made specifically for ease of use by the conscript soldiers of the SAF , who are mostly of slighter physiques . Coupled with the rising costs of maintaining the M16S1s in SAF 's armory , this made it even more justifiable to develop a low - maintenance weapon . Design ( edit ) A Singaporean soldier gives an overview of the SAR - 21 rifle to a group of US Army soldiers at Multinational Base Tarin Kowt . The SAR 21 is made of a rugged , high impact polymer , most of the manufacturing is done utilising CNC machines , with ultrasonic welding for the steel - reinforced receiver halves and the gun barrel being cold hammer forged . It uses a modified Stoner operating system , boasting higher reliability and lower recoil . The translucent magazine allows precise assessment of current ammo load . The SAR 21 is also the first production assault rifle of its class to incorporate a built - in Laser Aiming Device ( LAD ) ( powered by a single `` AA - size '' battery ) as standard . It has a 5 position switch which can emit a visible beam at high or low power . It can also be set to `` steady on '' or `` momentary on '' which is triggered with the use of a pressure switch activated with the user 's left thumb . The rifle incorporates various patented safety features , such as a Kevlar cheek plate and overpressure vent that protects the shooter in the event of a chamber explosion or catastrophic failure . It also has an integral 1.5 x optical scope that is built into its carrying handle ( A 3.0 x version is also available ) . The scope aids in target acquisition , particularly under low light conditions . The scope is factory - zeroed , and requires minimal further zeroing to suit different users . This minimizes non-training range time . Design issues ( edit ) Early users of the weapon in the Singapore Armed Forces experienced many problems due to their unfamiliarity with the bullpup design . Their criticisms ( usually in comparison with the M16S1 rifles they were already trained with ) include : the awkward position of the magazine well , and the difficulty in changing magazines , requiring multiple hand changes due to its bullpup shape the awkward position of the fire selector ( located at the butt , with the action ) , as opposed to the thumb selector on the M16S1 the sluggish trigger pull compared with the crisp trigger of the M16S1 the weight of the weapon the increased muzzle blast , due to the muzzle being nearer to the user 's ears being told by instructors that it is a `` right - handed only '' weapon and left - handed soldiers having to ( and are still being taught to ) fire with their right hand iron sights that chip off easily when weapon is dropped Lack of internal illumination of the scope ( the crosshairs in the scope are virtually invisible in the dark ) Some of these criticisms were addressed with design modifications to the later production models . New weapon handling procedures were also introduced . The magazine changing issue was solved with training soldiers to always hold the pistol grip with their master hand . The charging of the weapon and reloading of magazines are to be done by the non-master hand . The sluggish trigger pull was improved by using a stiff sliding plate in place of the flexible rod . The Steyr AUG styled iron sights were replaced with stockier , hardier ones . The Kevlar plating on the left side of the weapon butt ( where a right - handed user 's face would typically be ) is effective in protecting the user from any internal chamber explosion by directing the resulting force to the right . However , that resultant force would also seriously injure anyone unfortunate enough to be on the right side of the weapon . In the case of a user firing from his left shoulder , this could cause severe injury to his face . As a result , all left - handed SAF soldiers are taught to fire from their right shoulder as a safety measure . The SAR 21 was designed with a small in - built brass deflector to eject spent bullet casings forward , thus reducing the chances of the spent casings hitting a left - handed user 's face . This means the rifle is not completely ambidextrous but may , in a pinch , be fired from the left shoulder . However , ST Kinetics has taken these criticisms into consideration and had improved the SAR - 21 design with the upcoming SAR 21A . The prototype was unveiled at the Singapore Airshow 2010 and production began in 2012 . Operation ( edit ) This section is written like a manual or guidebook . Please help rewrite this section from a descriptive , neutral point of view , and remove advice or instruction . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Singaporean soldier takes aim with the SAR - 21 . Note the emitted red laser beam . Like the M16 rifle , the bolt locks open on an empty magazine . When the magazine is exhausted , it is removed by depressing the AK - style lever . Clearing the weapon is accomplished by removing the magazine , pulling the charging handle to the rear , and observing the chamber . After loading a magazine into the housing , the weapon is made `` ready '' by cocking the weapon , and engaging the FN MAG - type safety button forward of the trigger guard . The position of the fire selector button ( SEMI or AUTO ) on the stock may also be adjusted . The on / off switch for the LAD is located on the left handguard ; when holding the weapon at ready , the left thumb rests naturally on it . With sluggish operation due to fouling , the gas regulator setting may be increased by turning it with a coin , screwdriver , or any other thin flat object . Alternatively , the gas regulator can be unlatched and turned by hand with aid of the knurled surface . Variants ( edit ) SAR 21 Light Machine Gun ( LMG ) Fitted with an open bolt , it has a heavy 513 mm ( 20.2 in ) barrel with an integral folding bipod and a foregrip . SAR 21 Sharpshooter Same as the basic SAR 21 , but has 3.0 x optical sight instead of standard 1.5 x sight . The sight picture is composed of luminous black paint , allowing easier target engagement at night without use of the LAD . SAR 21 Grenade Launcher ( GL ) Attached with a CIS 40 GL or M203 grenade launcher . Several sub-variants / prototypes incorporate different targeting modules ( or mounted on p - rails ) for grenade target acquisition . Known sights to have been used include aiming quadrants , various optical sights and laser fire control systems . SAR 21 P - rail Has a Picatinny rail in place of its integral optical sight . Charging handle is moved to the left hand side of the weapon ( Interchangeable with right side ) . SAR 21 Modular Mounting System ( MMS ) Has integral optical sight and LAD removed to allow a wide variety of add - on tactical accessories , such as vertical assault grips , tactical lights and reflex sights . Charging handle is moved to the left hand side of the weapon . Similar to P - rail model with exception of shorter barrel . Variants consist of a standard and carbine - based barrels . SAR 21 Lightweight Carbine A lightweight SAR 21 variant was revealed during the Asian Defence Exhibition held in conjunction with 2006 Asian Aerospace . The variant boasts an ultra-short barrel and shorter handguards . A Picatinny rail is used as well . RCF module The Round Corner Firing ( RCF ) module , similar in concept to the Israeli CornerShot , can be attached to any of the above SAR 21 variants for conducting operations in an urban environment . SAR 21A The prototype was unveiled at the Singapore Air show 2010 , this updated variant boasts sturdier thumb selector for ambidextrous control , an unloaded weight of 3.2 kg ( 7 lb 0.9 oz ) , a full built - in Picatinny rail along its length and a higher rate of firing at 900 RPM . In production as of 2012 . Users ( edit ) Brunei - Royal Brunei Armed Forces . Indonesia - Indonesian Air Force , Used by Korps Pasukan Khas special forces unit . Morocco Peru - Special forces Singapore - Singapore Armed Forces Thailand - Special forces Sri Lanka - Used by Sri Lanka Air Force Regiment See also ( edit ) IMI Tavor TAR - 21 Vektor CR - 21 Conventional Multirole Combat Rifle Bullpup Multirole Combat Rifle List of bullpup firearms List of assault rifles References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Richard J , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Patent Chee et a '' . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` SAR 21 Product Brochure '' ( PDF ) . ST Engineering . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Factsheet - Singapore Assault Rifle 21 '' . Singaporean Ministry of Defence ( MINDEF ) . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Infantry Article Index '' . 19 November 1999 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Call to arms in Singapore yields explosive results '' . Fairfax Digital . 3 August 2003 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Charles Q Cutshaw ( 31 May 2000 ) . `` Singapore is rearing SAR 21 bullpup rifle for home and export requirement '' . Jane 's International Defence Review : Land Forces News . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Singapore Technologies Kinetics SAR - 21 assault rifle ( Singapore ) '' . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SAR 21 '' . Popular Mechanics . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ David Crane ( 16 March 2004 ) . `` SAR - 21 Bullpup Assault Rifle : World 's Best Combat Bullpup ? '' . Defense Review . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet : Urban Operations '' . MINDEF. 25 July 2006 . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Assault Rifle from ST Kinetics - The Firearm Blog '' . The Firearm Blog . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Mahmud , Hadi DP ( 20 February 2008 ) . `` RBTS and STK ink MoU deal for vehicle upkeep '' . The Brunei Times . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel Watters . `` The 5.56 X 45mm : 2007 '' . GunZone.Com . Archived from the original on 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weapon '' . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet - Singapore Assault Rifle 21 '' . MINDEF. 19 May 2005 . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` straitstimes.com New Sri Lanka president Maithripala Sirisena renews troop deployment orders '' . Bibliography Richard Jones ; Andrew White ( 2008 ) . Jane 's Guns Recognition Guide . HarperCollins . p. 316 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 726645 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to SAR - 21 . Official SAR 21 page at ST Kinetics SAR 21 Factsheet on Singapore Defence Ministry website ST Engineering Ltd Divisions VT Systems Subsidiaries ST Kinetics ST Aerospace ST Marine ST Electronics Products Small arms SAR - 80 SR - 88 Ultimax 100 CIS 40 AGL CIS 40 GL CIS 50MG SAR - 21 ST Kinetics CPW ST Kinetics SSW Anti-tank weapons MATADOR Artillery FH - 88 FH - 2000 SLWH Pegasus SSPH Primus Armoured vehicles Bionix Bronco Terrex Naval vessels Endurance class landing platform dock ship Fearless class patrol vessel Independence - class littoral mission vessel Bullpup firearms Rifles A-91 Advanced Individual Combat Weapon Armtech C30R ASh - 12.7 BMCR Bushmaster M17S EM - 2 EM - 4 EMERK FAMAS FB MSBS FN F2000 Heckler & Koch G11 HS Produkt VHS Tavor TAR - 21 Tavor X95 Interdynamics MKR K - 3 KAL1 GPIR Kel - Tec RDB Kel - Tec RFB KH - 2002 L64 / 65 L85 L98 LA - 1 LA - 4 LAPA FA - 03 Magpul PDR MAS - 54B Model 45A NIVA XM1970 Norinco Type 86S OTs - 14 Groza PAPOP QBZ - 95 S&T Daewoo XK8 SA80 SAR 21 Sieg SLEM - 1 Steyr ACR Steyr AUG TKB - 011 TKB - 0146 TKB - 022PM TKB - 059 TKB - 408 Type 11 Valmet M82 VB Berapi LP06 Vektor CR - 21 Vepr W + F C42 ( Stgw 90 `` kurz Version C 2 '' ) Walther G22 Carbines AGM - 1 L22 Thorneycroft Machine guns L86 LSW Pecheneg Bullpup QBB - 95 SAR 21 LMG Steyr AUG HBAR Steyr AUG LMG Steyr AUG LMG - T Submachine guns FN P90 Tavor X95 SMG JS 9 mm QCW - 05 Steyr AUG Para Steyr AUG A3 Para XS Handguns Bushmaster Arm Pistol Remington XP - 100 Sniper rifles Bor Desert Tactical Arms Stealth Recon Scout SVU DSR - Precision GmbH DSR - 1 M89SR OTs - 48K QBU - 88 VSSK Vykhlop Walther WA 2000 Anti-materiel rifles Barrett M90 Barrett M95 Barrett XM500 DSR - Precision GmbH DSR - 50 Falcon Gepárd KSVK Mambi MICOR Leader 50 RT - 20 Steyr IWS 2000 WKW Wilk Shotguns ENARM Pentagun Franchi mod . 410 Heckler & Koch HK CAWS High Standard Model 10 Kel - Tec KSG Kushnapup KS - 23K Mossberg 500 / 590 Bullpup NeoStead 2000 Pancor Jackhammer Standard Manufacturing DP - 12 UTAS UTS - 15 Other ADS amphibious rifle Remington XP - 100 S&T Daewoo K11 Special Purpose Individual Weapon XM25 CDTE XM29 OICW Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SAR_21&oldid=811351018 '' Categories : 5.56 mm firearms Assault rifles Weapons of Singapore Bullpup rifles Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from February 2014 All articles needing style editing Use dmy dates from June 2017 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Қазақша Magyar 日本 語 Polski Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 02 : 17 . About Wikipedia
what is the back up sight used in sar 21 in the event of optical scope failure
[ "\n\nSAR 21\n\n\n\nThe SAR 21 with the attached Round Corner Firing (RCF) module\n\n\n\nType\nBullpup assault rifle\n\n\nPlace of origin\nSingapore\n\n\nService history\n\n\nIn service\n1999–present[1]\n\n\nUsed by\nSee Users\n\n\nProduction history\n\n\nDesigner\nTuck Wah Chee and Felix Tsai of Chartered Industries of Singapore (CIS, now ST Kinetics)[2]\n\n\nDesigned\n1996[1]\n\n\nManufacturer\n• CIS: 1999–2000[1]\n• ST Kinetics: 2000–present[1]\n\n\nProduced\n1999–present[1]\n\n\nVariants\nSee variants\n\n\nSpecifications\n\n\nWeight\n• SAR 21: 4 kg (8.82 lb)[1]\n• SAR 21 GL/M203: 5.3 kg (12 lb)\n• SAR 21 P-Rail: 3.6 kg (7.9 lb)\n• SAR 21 MMS: 3.5 kg (7.7 lb)\n• SAR 21 Light Weight Carbine 3 kg (6.6 lb)\n\n\nLength\n805 mm (31.7 in) (SAR 21, SAR 21 40 GL/M203, SAR 21 P-Rail)\n680 mm (26.8 in) (SAR 21 MMS)\n640 mm (25.2 in) (SAR 21 Light Weight Carbine)\n\n\nBarrel length\n508 mm (20.0 in)[1]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCartridge\n5.56×45mm NATO[1]\n\n\nCaliber\n5.56 mm (0.22 in)[1]\n\n\nBarrels\nSingle barrel 1:12\" and 1:7\" twist options [3]\n\n\nAction\nGas-operated, rotating bolt\n\n\nRate of fire\n450–650 rounds/min[1]\n\n\nMuzzle velocity\n970 m/s (3,182 ft/s) (M193)\n945 m/s (3,100.4 ft/s) (SS109)\n\n\nEffective firing range\n460 m (M193)\n800 m (SS109)\n\n\nFeed system\n30-round detachable box magazine; proprietary or STANAG magazines[3]\n\n\nSights\n1.5x or 3x optical sight; back-up iron sights\n\n" ]
[ "iron sights" ]
895209831565178440
New York Islanders
New York Islanders - Wikipedia New York Islanders Jump to : navigation , search New York Islanders 2017 -- 18 New York Islanders season Conference Eastern Division Metropolitan Founded 1972 History New York Islanders 1972 -- present Home arena Barclays Center City New York City , New York Colors Royal Blue , Orange , White Media MSG Plus MSG WLNY 10 / 55 WFAN ( 101.9 FM ) WRHU ( 88.7 FM ) Univision Deportes ( 1280 AM ) Owner ( s ) Jon Ledecky , Scott D. Malkin ( primary ) Charles Wang ( minority ) General manager Garth Snow Head coach Doug Weight Captain John Tavares Minor league affiliates Bridgeport Sound Tigers ( AHL ) Worcester Railers ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 4 ( 1979 -- 80 , 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 ) Conference championships 6 ( 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 , 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 ) Presidents ' Trophy 0 Division championships 6 ( 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 , 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1983 -- 84 , 1987 -- 88 ) Official website nhl.com/islanders The New York Islanders are a professional ice hockey team based in New York City . They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The team plays its home games at Barclays Center in the borough of Brooklyn . The Islanders are one of three NHL franchises in the New York metropolitan area , along with the New Jersey Devils and New York Rangers , and their fan base resides primarily on Long Island . The team was founded in 1972 as part of the NHL 's maneuvers to keep a team from rival league World Hockey Association ( WHA ) out of the newly built Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in suburban Uniondale , New York . After two years of building up the team 's roster , they found almost instant success by securing fourteen straight playoff berths starting with their third season . The Islanders won four consecutive Stanley Cup championships between 1980 and 1983 , the seventh of eight dynasties recognized by the NHL in its history . Their 19 consecutive playoff series wins between 1980 and 1984 is a feat that remains unparalleled in the history of professional sports . Following the team 's dynasty era , the franchise ran into problems with money , ownership and management , an aging arena , and low attendance . Their woes were reflected on the ice , as the team has not won a division title since 1987 -- 88 , and went 22 seasons without winning a playoff series prior to the 2016 playoffs . After years of failed attempts to rebuild or replace Nassau Coliseum in suburban Long Island , the Islanders relocated to the Barclays Center following the 2014 -- 15 season . Eight former members of the Islanders have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame , seven of whom -- Al Arbour , Mike Bossy , Clark Gillies , Denis Potvin , Billy Smith , Bill Torrey , and Bryan Trottier -- were members of all four Cup - winning teams . Pat LaFontaine is the most recent inductee , having been honored in 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The NHL heads to Long Island ( 1972 -- 1974 ) 1.2 Ascendancy and playoff inability ( 1974 -- 1979 ) 1.3 The Dynasty ( 1980 -- 1983 ) 1.4 Post-dynasty and the Easter Epic ( 1984 -- 1991 ) 1.5 New faces and the miracle of 1993 ( 1991 -- 1995 ) 1.6 Management issues ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 1.7 New ownership and a return to the playoffs ( 2000 -- 2006 ) 1.8 Management shake - ups and the Rick DiPietro contract ( 2006 -- 2009 ) 1.9 The John Tavares era begins ( 2009 -- 2014 ) 1.10 Move to Barclays Center and playoff series win ( 2015 -- present ) 2 Team identity 2.1 Logo 2.2 Jerseys 2.3 Mascot and Ice Girls 3 Season - by - season record 4 Players and personnel 4.1 Current roster 4.2 Honored members 4.3 Franchise records and scoring leaders 4.4 Team captains 4.5 General managers 4.6 Head coaches 5 Television and radio 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Footnotes 8 External links History ( edit ) The NHL heads to Long Island ( 1972 -- 1974 ) ( edit ) William Shea played a major role in bringing a hockey team to Long Island . With the impending start of the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) in the fall of 1972 , the upstart league planned to place its New York team , the Raiders , in Nassau County 's brand - new Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum . County officials did not consider the WHA a major league and wanted to keep the Raiders out . William Shea , who had helped bring Major League Baseball 's New York Mets to the area a decade earlier , was enlisted to bring an NHL team to Long Island . Shea found a receptive ear in NHL president Clarence Campbell but faced opposition from the New York Rangers , who did n't want additional competition in the New York area . Eventually , Campbell and Shea persuaded the Rangers ' owners , Madison Square Garden , to reconsider . Rangers ' president Bill Jennings realized that he had two choices . If he allowed another New York - based NHL team , he would at least be able to extract compensation from it for sharing the Rangers ' NHL territory . In contrast , a WHA rival would not be obligated to pay the Rangers anything . Perhaps remembering the crucial role the New York Jets had played in ensuring the success of the American Football League just a few years earlier , Jennings ended up helping to bring a new NHL team into town . Despite expanding to 14 teams just two years prior , the NHL hastily awarded a Long Island - based franchise to clothing manufacturer Roy Boe , owner of the American Basketball Association 's New York Nets , on November 8 , 1971 . The terms included $6 million ( $35.10 million in 2017 dollars ) franchise fee plus a $5 million ( $29.25 million in 2017 dollars ) territorial fee to the Rangers . An expansion franchise was also given to Atlanta ( the Flames ) to keep the schedule balanced . The franchise chose New York Islanders as its name , although many expected it to choose the `` Long Island Ducks '' , the name used by a team that played in the Eastern Hockey League from 1959 -- 73 . The team was soon nicknamed the `` Isles '' by the local newspapers . The Islanders ' arrival effectively doomed the Raiders , who played in Madison Square Garden under difficult lease terms and were forced to move to Cherry Hill , New Jersey in the middle of their second season . On February 14 , 1972 , Bill Torrey , executive vice president of the NHL 's California Golden Seals , was named as the team 's general manager . The Islanders secured veteran forward Ed Westfall , defenseman Gerry Hart , and goaltender Billy Smith in the 1972 Expansion Draft , along with junior league stars Billy Harris , Lorne Henning , and Bobby Nystrom in the 1972 Amateur Draft . Soon after the draft , Phil Goyette was named as the team 's first head coach , however he was fired halfway through the season and replaced with Earl Ingarfield and assistant coach Aut Erickson . Unlike most other expansion teams ' general managers , Torrey made few trades for veteran players in the early years , as he was committed to building the team through the draft ; he stated , `` I told the owners that we 're not going to beat this team next door by taking the castoffs from others teams . We 'd have to develop our own stars . '' Before the season began , Westfall was named the team 's first captain . Their first win came on October 12 , 1972 in a 3 - 2 game against the Los Angeles Kings . In the team 's first season , young players such as Smith , Nystrom , and Henning ( all of whom would be part of the Islanders dynasty that would win four straight Stanley Cups in the 1980s ) were given chances to prove themselves in the NHL . However , the young and inexperienced expansion team posted a record of 12 -- 60 -- 6 , setting an NHL record for amount of losses and worst overall record in a season . A rare highlight occurred on January 18 when they defeated the defending Stanley Cup Champion Boston Bruins 9 - 7 . Finishing last in the standings that season , they received the right to select first in the 1973 draft . Off the ice , the Islanders struggled financially , a situation that was exacerbated by the then unprecedented 11 million dollars in franchise and territorial fees . Montreal Canadiens ' general manager Sam Pollock was keen to acquire the Islanders ' pick so he could bring French Canadian junior star defenseman Denis Potvin , who had been touted as `` the next Bobby Orr '' when he was 14 years old , to Montreal . Pollock made several lucrative trade offers including cash to the Islanders , but Torrey turned the Canadiens down and selected Potvin with the first overall pick . During the off - season , Torrey convinced former St. Louis Blues coach Al Arbour to come coach the Islanders . Even with Arbour as the team 's head coach and Potvin , who won the Calder Memorial Trophy as NHL Rookie of the Year , the team again finished last in the East Division that season , but allowed 100 fewer goals than the previous season . The season included their first win against the Rangers , on October 27 , 1973 , which also happened to be the game where Potvin scored his first NHL goal . Although they failed to make the playoffs , their 56 points represented a 26 - point improvement from the previous season . Ascendancy and playoff inability ( 1974 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) Denis Potvin led the Islanders to playoff success in the 1970s and 1980s . With the fourth and twenty - second picks in the 1974 draft , the Islanders added young forwards Clark Gillies and Bryan Trottier to continue Torrey 's building plan . In 1975 , the Islanders made one of the biggest turnarounds in NHL history . Led by Potvin , forwards Westfall , Harris , Nystrom , Gillies , and goaltenders Smith and Glenn `` Chico '' Resch , the team earned 88 points , 32 more than the previous season and two more than their first two seasons combined , earning their first playoff berth . They defeated the rival New York Rangers in a best - of - 3 first - round series as J.P. Parise scored just 11 seconds into overtime of the third game . In the next round , down three games to none in a best - of - seven series against the Pittsburgh Penguins , the Islanders rallied to win the next four and take the series winning Game 7 on a late third period goal by Westfall . Only four other major North American professional sports teams have accomplished this feat ( the 1941 -- 42 Toronto Maple Leafs , Major League Baseball 's 2004 Boston Red Sox , the 2009 -- 10 Philadelphia Flyers , and the 2013 -- 14 Los Angeles Kings ) . They were close but not as lucky in the following round , rallying from another 3 -- 0 deficit to force a seventh game against the defending Stanley Cup champion Philadelphia Flyers before the Flyers took the decisive seventh game at home and went on to win the Cup again . Despite a disappointing playoff finish , Arbour remained complimentary of the team 's attitude and maturity , saying `` If I called a practice next week , every one of them would show up . '' The Islanders continued their climb up the standings in 1975 -- 76 , earning 101 points and the fifth - best record in the league . It was the first 100 - point season in Islanders history , in only their fourth year of existence . Rookie center Trottier finished the season scoring 95 points and winning the Calder Memorial Trophy ; his points and assists ( 63 ) totals set a new league record for most in each category by a rookie . It would be the first of four consecutive 100 - point seasons , including the first two division titles in franchise history . Despite the emergence of young star players and regular season success between 1976 and 1979 the Islanders suffered a series of playoff disappointments . In 1976 and 1977 , the Islanders were knocked out in the semi-finals by eventual Stanley Cup champions , the Montreal Canadiens . The Canadiens posted a 24 -- 3 record in the playoffs during those two years with all three losses coming from the Islanders . Mike Bossy was selected with the 15th overall pick in 1977 and became the third Islander to win the Calder Memorial Trophy in his first season . In the 1977 draft , Torrey had the 15th overall pick and was deciding between forwards Mike Bossy and Dwight Foster . Bossy was known as an emerging scorer who lacked physicality . Foster was known as a solid checker with marginal offensive ability ( despite having led the Ontario Hockey League in scoring ) . Arbour persuaded Torrey to pick Bossy , arguing it was easier to teach a scorer how to check . In the upcoming 1977 -- 78 season , Bossy became the third Islander to win the Calder Trophy , having scored 53 goals that season , the most scored by a rookie at the time . The team earned their first Patrick Division and Campbell Conference championships . Six players finished the season with 30 goals scored or more , with five of them being players drafted by the Islanders , showing the success of the draft building process . The season ended with a familiar result as the team lost in the overtime during playoffs Game 7 of the quarterfinals against the Toronto Maple Leafs ; Billy Harris failed on a breakaway which was followed by Lanny McDonald scoring to complete an upset . In 1978 -- 79 , the team finished with the best record in the NHL , clinching it with three goals in the third period of the seasons final game against the Rangers . Trottier was voted the league MVP and captured the scoring title , while sophomore Bossy scored 69 goals , which also led the league . Despite their regular season dominance , the Islanders exited the playoffs with another upset playoff loss , this time to the Rangers in the semi-finals . As the team was leaving Madison Square Garden following their Game 6 elimination , Rangers fans rocked and threw objects at the team 's bus . Hockey professionals and journalists generally questioned whether the Islanders were capable of winning the important games needed to win a Stanley Cup . Islander players would cite fear of repeating the pain of this loss as spurring their later success . After surrendering the captaincy to Gillies the season before , Westfall retired and shortly thereafter became a color commentator on the team 's telecasts . Off the ice , the Islanders were on shaky ground . Boe was losing money on both the Islanders and the Nets even as the Islanders quickly surged to NHL prominence and the Nets became an American Basketball Association power . The Islanders were still far behind on the $10 million they had paid in startup costs , and the expenses associated with moving the Nets to the National Basketball Association threw Boe 's finances into a tailspin . Eventually , Boe was forced to sell both his teams . He readily found a buyer for the Nets , but had less luck finding one for the Islanders . Torrey orchestrated a sale to one of the team 's limited partners , John Pickett . In return , Pickett promoted Torrey to team president , though Torrey had already been operating head of the franchise before then . Soon after purchasing the team , Pickett signed a very lucrative cable contract with the fledgling SportsChannel network as their owner , Charles Dolan , thought the up - and - coming Islanders would be a perfect centerpiece for his new network . Dolan gave Pickett a long - term guaranteed contract intended to not only keep the team on Long Island , but give area governments an incentive to renew his cable contracts . The Islanders have remained on the network , now known as MSG Plus , for over a quarter - century . The Dynasty ( 1980 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) After the Islanders ' regular season dominance and playoff disappointment in 1979 , Arbour decided that he would no longer concern himself too greatly with his team 's finish in the regular season . Instead , he focused his team 's energy on how they would perform in the playoffs . In 1980 , the Islanders dropped below the 100 - point mark for the first time in five years , earning only 91 points . However , they finally broke through and won the Stanley Cup . Before the 1980 playoffs , the Islanders acquired Butch Goring from the Los Angeles Kings . Goring 's arrival was often called the `` final piece of the puzzle . '' Before the playoffs , Torrey made the difficult decision to trade longtime and popular veterans Billy Harris and defenseman Dave Lewis to the Los Angeles Kings for second line center Butch Goring . Goring 's arrival is often called the `` final piece of the puzzle '' : a strong two - way player , his presence on the second line ensured that opponents would no longer be able to focus their defensive efforts on the Islanders ' first line of Bossy , Trottier and Clark Gillies . Contributions from new teammates , such as wingers Duane Sutter and Anders Kallur and stay - at - home defensemen Dave Langevin , Gord Lane , and Ken Morrow ( the latter fresh off a gold medal win at the 1980 Olympics ) , also figured prominently in the Islanders ' playoff success . In the semi-finals , the Islanders faced the Buffalo Sabres , who had finished second overall in the NHL standings . The Islanders won the first two games in Buffalo , including a 2 - 1 victory in game two on Bob Nystrom 's goal in double overtime . They went on to win the series in six games and reach the finals for the first time in franchise history , where they would face the NHL 's regular season champions , the Philadelphia Flyers , who had gone undefeated for 35 straight games ( 25 -- 0 -- 10 ) during the regular season . In game one in Philadelphia , the Islanders won 4 -- 3 on Denis Potvin 's power - play goal in overtime . Leading the series 3 -- 2 , they went home to Long Island for game six . In that game the Islanders blew a 4 - 2 lead in the third period but Bob Nystrom continued his overtime heroics , scoring at 7 : 11 of the extra frame , on assists by John Tonelli and Lorne Henning , to bring Long Island its first Stanley Cup . This was the most recent Stanley Cup clinching game won in overtime by the home team until the Los Angeles Kings pulled it off in 2014 . It was also the Islanders ' sixth overtime victory of the playoffs . Bryan Trottier won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player in the playoffs . Torrey 's strategy of building through the draft turned out very well ; nearly all of the major contributors on the 1980 champions were home - grown Islanders or had spent most of their NHL careers in the Islanders organization . The Islanders were the first NHL team to win a Stanley Cup ( in 1980 ) with Europeans ( Stefan Persson , Anders Kallur ) on its roster . The Islanders dominated the next two seasons . Bossy scored 50 goals in 50 games in 1981 and the Islanders lost only three playoff games en route to defeating the Minnesota North Stars in five games to win the Stanley Cup . Butch Goring won the Conn Smythe Trophy . During their semi-final sweep of the Rangers , Islander fans began taunting the Rangers with a chant of `` 1940 ! '' -- referring to the Rangers ' last Stanley Cup win in 1940 ( the Rangers would not win the cup again until 1994 ) . Fans in other NHL cities soon picked up the chant . These four banners hang in Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum and represent the four Stanley Cup championships the Islanders won from 1980 through 1983 . In 1981 -- 82 the Islanders won a then - record 15 straight games en route to a franchise - record 118 points , while Mike Bossy set a scoring record for right wingers with 147 points in an 80 - game schedule . The Islanders won the Presidents ' Trophy , yet once in the playoffs against the Pittsburgh Penguins they found themselves down late in the third period of deciding game 5 before John Tonelli scored both the tying goal and the overtime winner . After defeating the Rangers in six games they swept both the upstart Quebec Nordiques and the Cinderella story Vancouver Canucks in the first ever coast - to - coast Stanley Cup Final for their third straight championship . During that series Bossy , upended by a check from Tiger Williams and falling parallel to the ice , managed to hook the puck with his stick and score . Bossy netted the Stanley Cup - winning goal and was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy . The next year , although the Islanders had won three straight Stanley Cups , more attention was being paid to the upstart Edmonton Oilers , whose young superstar Wayne Gretzky had just shattered existing scoring records . The 1982 -- 83 season was thus a battle to decide which was the best team in the NHL . The Oilers had a better regular season , but the Islanders swept them in the Stanley Cup finals to win their fourth straight championship . Billy Smith was named the Most Valuable Player of the Playoffs after shutting down the Oilers ' vaunted scoring machine . Gretzky failed to score a goal during the series . The Sutter brothers , Duane and Brent , scored 7 and 5 points respectively in the first 3 games , while Bossy again scored the Stanley Cup - winning goal in game four . After that game , the Oilers players walked past the Islanders ' dressing room and were surprised to see the champions exhausted . Oilers players such as Gretzky and Mark Messier said that they realized at that moment how much it would actually take to win the Stanley Cup . Post-dynasty and the Easter Epic ( 1984 -- 1991 ) ( edit ) The Islanders finished the 1983 -- 84 regular season tied atop the Prince of Wales Conference while successfully defending their Patrick Division title . The `` Drive for Five '' got off to a tense start . With 39 seconds remaining of the deciding game of the opening round against the Rangers they gave up the tying goal to Don Maloney that the Islanders felt was illegal because Maloney 's stick was too high . They ultimately eliminated the Rangers for the fourth consecutive year . The team then defeated the Washington Capitals in five games and the Montreal Canadiens in six to set up a finals rematch with the Oilers . The series featured rookie Pat LaFontaine scoring two third period goals in 38 seconds . This time , the Oilers dethroned the Islanders to win the first of what would be five Stanley Cups in seven years . For the 1984 playoffs , the NHL changed the home and away schedule for the finals , which provided the Islanders home ice advantage in the series based on winning a regular season game against the Oilers , despite finishing lower than them in the overall standings . The new format had them play three straight games in Edmonton , where the Oilers managed to lock up the series . Bossy cited the team 's hard time winning an away game as their downfall in the series . The Oilers also ended the Islanders ' 19 series playoff winning streak . It remains the longest streak in the history of professional sports ( one more than the 1959 -- 67 streak by the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association ) . Unlike the 1976 -- 79 Montreal Canadiens , who needed to win three series in the 1976 and 1977 playoffs under the playoff format in place at that time , the Islanders had to win four series in each of their Stanley Cup seasons . The Islanders remained competitive for the rest of the decade , even as some of the stars from the Cup teams departed . As the decade wore on , Pickett began to keep the money from the team 's cable deal rather than reinvest it in the team as he had done in years past . Although it did not become clear immediately , the lack of funds limited Torrey 's ability to replace all of the departing talent . In the 1984 -- 85 NHL season , the Islanders slipped to third in their division , followed by similar results in the 1985 -- 86 and 1986 -- 87 seasons . They began facing stiff competition from division rivals , the Philadelphia Flyers , who eliminated the Islanders in the Patrick Division Finals in 1985 and 1987 , and the Washington Capitals , who swept the Islanders ' 1986 first round series , the team 's first exit without winning a playoff round since 1978 . Kelly Hrudey ( pictured in 2006 ) saved 73 of 75 shots in the `` Easter Epic '' for the Islanders , who came out victorious after four periods of overtime play . In 1986 , Nystrom retired due to a serious injury and Clark Gillies was picked up on waivers by the Buffalo Sabres . Arbour retired as coach following the 1985 -- 86 season and was replaced by longtime junior hockey coach Terry Simpson . During the first round of the 1987 playoffs against the Capitals , the Islanders had fallen behind in the series three games to one but were not eliminated due to a playoff format change from a best - of - 5 series to a best - of - 7 . The Islanders evened the series , which set the stage for one of the most famous games in NHL history : the `` Easter Epic '' . Kelly Hrudey stopped 73 shots on goal while Pat LaFontaine scored at 8 : 47 of the fourth overtime -- and at 1 : 56 a.m. on Easter Sunday morning . The win came even though the Islanders had been outshot 75 -- 52 . They were eliminated in the Patrick Division finals in seven games by the Flyers . Chronic back pain forced Mike Bossy to retire after the season . The following season , the Islanders captured another division title , but were defeated in the first round of the playoffs by the upstart New Jersey Devils . Potvin retired after the playoffs , holding records for most career goals ( 310 ) , assists ( 742 ) and points ( 1052 ) by a defenseman , though he has since been passed in these categories by Ray Bourque and Paul Coffey . Around this time , the team 's run of good luck in the draft began to run out . Of their four top draft picks from 1987 to 1990 , they lost one to a freak knee injury and two others never panned out . The 1988 -- 89 season saw the Islanders win only seven of their first 27 games . Torrey fired Simpson and brought Arbour back . Arbour was unable to turn things around , and the team finished with 61 points , tied with the Quebec Nordiques for the worst record in the league . It was their first losing season and the first time missing the playoffs since their second season . Smith , the last remaining original Islanders player , retired after the season to become the team 's goaltending coach . Not long after the end of the season , Pickett moved to Florida and turned over day - to - day operations over to a committee of four Long Island entrepreneurs : Ralph Palleschi , Bob Rosenthal , Stephen Walsh , and Paul Greenwood . In return , they each bought a 2.5 interest in the team . In the next season , the Islanders rebounded to get back in the playoffs , but fell to the Rangers in five games of the opening round . The team bought out the remaining years of Bryan Trottier 's contract , sending him off with a team record of games played . The 1990 -- 91 season had the team finish well out of the playoffs after winning only 25 games . New faces and the Miracle of 1993 ( 1991 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) LaFontaine , the Islanders ' remaining superstar , was frustrated with the team 's lack of success and the progress of his contract negotiations , and held out rather than report to camp before 1991 -- 92 . In response to the holdout , Torrey engineered a rebuilding project with two blockbuster trades on October 25 , 1991 . He dealt LaFontaine , Randy Wood and Randy Hillier ( along with future considerations ) to the Buffalo Sabres in return for Pierre Turgeon , Benoit Hogue , Uwe Krupp and Dave McLlwain . He also sent longtime captain Brent Sutter and Brad Lauer to the Chicago Blackhawks for Steve Thomas and Adam Creighton . With these additions and a talented core of players such as Derek King , Ray Ferraro , and Patrick Flatley , along with incoming Soviet players Vladimir Malakhov and Darius Kasparaitis , the Islanders had a new foundation in the early 1990s . However , the management committee was not nearly as patient as Boe and Pickett had been , and forced Torrey to resign after the Islanders missed the playoffs again that season . Assistant general manager Don Maloney was hired in Torrey 's place , while Torrey quickly resurfaced with the expansion Florida Panthers . In Maloney 's first year , 1992 -- 93 , the Islanders rebounded to make the playoffs , in the process surpassing the 80 - point mark for the first time in six years . The LaFontaine - Turgeon trade proved successful for both the Islanders and Sabres , as both players hit career highs in points and Turgeon won the Lady Byng Trophy . Ray Ferraro emerged as a playoff hero , scoring a pair of overtime winners in the first round series against the Capitals . Instead of celebrating after winning Game 6 at Nassau Coliseum , however , the Islanders were both irate and despondent . Turgeon , the team 's star center and leading scorer , suffered a shoulder separation when Dale Hunter checked him from behind as he celebrated a series - clinching goal . Turgeon was believed to be out for the entire second round , if not longer . He returned only for spot power play duty in the last game of the second round . Hunter received a then - record 21 - game suspension . The Islanders ' next opponent , the Pittsburgh Penguins , were twice - defending Stanley Cup champions and full of stars such as Mario Lemieux , Jaromir Jagr , and Ron Francis . The Penguins had roared through the regular season with 119 points , as well as recording a record 17 consecutive wins towards the end of the season , and were overwhelmingly favored to win a third straight championship . Jim Smith of Newsday , Long Island 's hometown newspaper , predicted that with Turgeon on the sidelines , the Penguins would sweep the Islanders out of the playoffs . However , on the strength of outstanding goaltending from Glenn Healy and contributions from all four lines , the Islanders achieved a huge upset when David Volek scored at 5 : 16 of overtime of the deciding seventh game . Newsday 's front page the day following the win was a picture of Healy with a headline reading , `` It 's a Miracle ! '' This was the last playoff series won by the Islanders for 23 years , until the 2015 -- 16 season . Turgeon returned to the Islanders ' top line for the Wales Conference Finals against the Montreal Canadiens , though he was not in peak form as he had not fully recovered . The Islanders bowed out of the playoffs after a hard - fought five games , two of which went to overtime . After beating the Islanders , the Canadiens went on to win the Cup . Maloney had avoided making many personnel changes his first year , but on the eve of the 1993 Expansion Draft he traded backup goaltender Mark Fitzpatrick to the Quebec Nordiques for Ron Hextall . The clubs also exchanged first - round picks in the deal . Able to protect only one netminder in the Expansion Draft , the Islanders left Healy exposed . He was claimed by the Anaheim Mighty Ducks , then was claimed by the Tampa Bay Lightning in Phase II of the draft the next day , and finally had his rights traded to the Rangers , where he was the backup . The Islanders barely squeezed past the Panthers to make the 1994 playoffs before being swept in a lopsided opening series by the first - place Rangers , who went on to win the Cup . Arbour retired for good as coach and was succeeded by longtime assistant Lorne Henning . Hextall , who allowed 16 goals in three games , drew most of the criticism for the failed playoff campaign and was shipped to Philadelphia for Tommy Soderstrom in September . In the lockout - shortened 1994 -- 95 season , the Islanders not only failed to qualify for the playoffs , they finished ahead of only the third - year Ottawa Senators . Management issues ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) By the end of the 1994 -- 95 season , Maloney was under considerable heat from the press and fan base for his handling of the team . Since taking over in 1992 , the only noticeable attempt he made to upgrade the roster was the acquisition of Hextall . Near the end of the failed 1995 campaign , Maloney decided that the core of players he had left alone for three seasons needed to be revamped , leading to a rebuilding project . He traded Turgeon and Malakhov to the Montreal Canadiens for Kirk Muller and Mathieu Schneider , while Hogue was sent to Toronto for young goaltender Eric Fichaud . Additionally , Maloney allowed the team 's leading scorer , Ferraro , to depart as an unrestricted free agent at the conclusion of the season . Fans ' displeasure at Maloney for trading the popular Turgeon was magnified when Muller balked at joining a rebuilding team . He played 45 games for the Islanders before being sent to Toronto as well . Before the 1995 -- 96 season , Maloney fired Henning and named Mike Milbury head coach . The same year , the Islanders ' attempt at updating their look resulted in the unveiling of a new team logo of a slicker - clad fisherman holding a hockey stick . Islanders fans disliked it , and rival Rangers ' fans mockingly called the Islanders `` fishsticks '' -- mocking how the logo resembled the Gorton 's Fisherman . The team reverted to a modified version of the old logo as soon as the league allowed them to do so . The year was a disappointment on the ice as well , as the Islanders finished in last place with a record of 22 -- 50 -- 10 . During the season , team management fired Maloney , whom fans blamed for the team 's downfall , and gave Milbury full control of hockey operations as both a coach and general manager . Milbury went on to resign as head coach during the following season and elevated assistant Rick Bowness to the position . After another unsuccessful season with little improvement , Milbury took over as coach again during the 1997 -- 98 season . The team improved to fourth place in their division but again failed to make the playoffs . Milbury followed by once again stepping down as coach during the following season while retaining his job as general manager . During the continued playoff drought , instability in the front office mirrored the Islanders ' substandard performance on the ice . Pickett sold the team to Dallas businessman John Spano in 1996 . However , three months after the 1997 closing , Spano had only paid Pickett a fraction of the first installment on the cable rights deal . Several Islanders executives tipped off Newsday that something was amiss about their new boss . In July , Newsday exposed Spano as a fraud who did not have the assets required to complete the deal . The investigation showed that Spano had deliberately misled the NHL and the Islanders about his net worth , and also had two lawsuits pending against him . Within days of the report , Spano was forced to relinquish the team to Pickett . Federal prosecutors turned up evidence that Spano had forged many of the documents used to vouch for his wealth and to promise payment to Pickett , and even appeared to have sent many of the documents from his own office in Dallas . He was sentenced to 71 months in prison for bank and wire fraud . The NHL took additional heat when reports surfaced that the league spent well under $1,000 ( depending on the source , the league spent either $525 or $750 ) to check Spano 's background . It subsequently stiffened the process for vetting future owners . The incident and its aftermath were covered in the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary , Big Shot . Pickett finally found a buyer , a group led by Howard Milstein and Phoenix Coyotes co-owner Steven Gluckstern , a deal which almost fell through when Spectacor Management Group , which managed the Coliseum for Nassau County , tried to force Pickett to certify that the Coliseum was safe . Pickett refused , since the Coliseum had fallen into disrepair in recent seasons . SMG backed down under pressure from the Islanders , the NHL , and Nassau County officials . Initially , the team made numerous trades and increased their payroll in an effort to assemble a better team . In one transaction , young players Todd Bertuzzi and Bryan McCabe were traded for veteran Trevor Linden . After the Islanders finished 12 points short of the playoffs in the 1997 -- 98 season , however , Milstein and Gluckstern decided to run the team on an austere budget in an attempt to make a profit . They also complained about the condition of the Nassau Coliseum and made noises about moving the team elsewhere . They began trading or releasing many popular players to avoid paying their salaries , including star scorer Zigmund Palffy , team captain Linden , former rookie of the year Bryan Berard , and rugged defenseman Rich Pilon . Losing the highly regarded players , the team finished with similar results the next two seasons . Attendance , which had been in a steady decline over the past few years , decreased even further to under 12,000 per game . Around that time , Milstein bid hundreds of millions of dollars in unsuccessful attempts to purchase the National Football League 's Washington Redskins and Cleveland Browns . New ownership and a return to the playoffs ( 2000 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) Let 's face it , the Coliseum is a dump , and the team , well , they 're losers . It 's a real shame . We want to see it change because this is our home . We all deserve better . -- Charles Wang In 2000 , Milstein and Gluckstern sold the team to Computer Associates executives Charles Wang and Sanjay Kumar . The sale cost $187.5 million ( $266.45 million in 2017 dollars ) and gave fans hope for the team to turn its lack of success around . The new owners allowed Milbury to spend money and invest in free agents . His first attempt proved unpopular with fans , as he traded away future star players Roberto Luongo and Olli Jokinen to the Florida Panthers for Oleg Kvasha and Mark Parrish . Milbury then further surprised the hockey world when he took Rick DiPietro with the first selection in the 2000 draft , ahead of consensus picks Dany Heatley and Marian Gaborik . Reporters and fans were alternately confused and enraged by the moves , which Milbury acknowledged , saying , `` As dangerous as this may be , we think Mad Mike maybe has something going for him . '' Establishing a record of controversial decisions , Milbury held onto the `` Mad Mike '' nickname for years to follow . He remained adamant that his moves were to immediately improve the team , whose poor winning percentage that year was only ahead of only that of the franchise 's first season . The team 's uninspired play led Milbury to fire head coach and past player Butch Goring . Fans vocalized their dislike of Goring taking the fall rather than Milbury , which was further worsened when Milbury passed on hiring Ted Nolan as Goring 's successor ; Instead , Boston Bruins assistant coach Peter Laviolette was hired . The Islanders acquired Alexei Yashin ( left ) prior to the 2001 -- 02 season . Yashin would go on to become the team 's captain in later years . Three key personnel acquisitions were made prior to the 2001 -- 02 season , Laviolette 's first . Alexei Yashin was acquired from the Ottawa Senators in exchange for forward Bill Muckalt , defenseman Zdeno Chara and the Islanders ' second overall pick in the 2001 draft . Next , Islanders prospects Tim Connolly and Taylor Pyatt were traded to the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for Michael Peca , who became the team 's captain . By virtue of finishing with the worst record in the previous season , Detroit Red Wings goaltender Chris Osgood was the next addition , taken as the first pick in the September 2001 waiver draft , adding a former Stanley Cup championship goaltender without giving up any players in exchange . The additions proved to be a great help , as the team opened the season with a 9 -- 0 -- 1 -- 1 record , the best in franchise history . They finished the season with new broken records ; their 96 points marked the fourth biggest one - year turn - around in the league 's history ( 44 points higher than the previous season ) , while Osgood 's 66 starts surpassed Billy Smith 's previous record of 65 . During the 2002 Stanley Cup playoffs , they were seeded fifth and faced the fourth - seeded Toronto Maple Leafs . The Islanders lost in a very physical first round series in seven games ; the home team won every game of the series . Notably , Game 5 featured Gary Roberts charging Islander defenseman Kenny Jonsson , and Darcy Tucker submarining Peca with a questionable check that tore the Islander captain 's anterior cruciate ligament , sidelining both players for the series ' final game . The situation between Tucker and Peca caused a bit of outrage , with speculation that Tucker had intended to injury Peca before the game has even began , which Tucker denied . Despite the promise shown in the Toronto playoff series , the Islanders had a slow start to the 2002 -- 03 season . They rebounded to make the playoffs , but lost a five - game series in the first round to the top - seeded Ottawa Senators . Milbury continued his controversial move - making by firing Laviolette after the season , citing post-eason interviews with the players in which they expressed a lack of confidence in the coach . He was replaced with Steve Stirling , who had previously been coaching the team 's top minor league affiliate , the Bridgeport Sound Tigers . In the following season , the Islanders again lost in the first round of the playoffs , this time to the eventual champion Tampa Bay Lightning . Following the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout , which eliminated that season of play , the Islanders made several player moves to increase offense for following season . Peca was traded to the Edmonton Oilers for center Mike York , freeing up room under the NHL 's new salary cap . The same day , the team signed winger Miroslav Satan to play alongside Yashin . Milbury also worked on remaking the team 's defense , adding Alexei Zhitnik , Brad Lukowich and Brent Sopel to replace the departed Adrian Aucoin and Roman Hamrlik , who left as free agents , and Jonsson , who left the NHL to play in the HockeyAllsvenskan in Sweden . In the aftermath , Yashin was named as the team 's new captain . The team 's inconsistent play led to Stirling 's dismissal midway through the season . Management shake - ups and the Rick DiPietro contract ( 2006 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) On the day of Stirling 's firing , January 11 , 2006 , Milbury also announced that he would step down as general manager once a successor was found . He served as vice president of Wang 's sports properties for one year before resigning in May 2007 . Wang proceeded by hiring Neil Smith as general manager and Ted Nolan as head coach , following a brief stint by Brad Shaw as the team 's interim head coach . Smith , however , was fired after approximately one month and quickly replaced by the team 's backup goaltender Garth Snow , who retired from his playing career to accept the position . Before his dismissal , Smith made several free agent acquisitions , including defensemen Brendan Witt and Tom Poti , and forwards Mike Sillinger and Chris Simon . On September 12 , 2006 , the Islanders signed DiPietro to a 15 - year , $67.5 million ( $81.94 million in 2017 dollars ) contract , which was believed to be the longest contract to date in the NHL and the second - longest in North American sports , behind a 25 - year contract for National Basketball Association player Magic Johnson . DiPietro , Wang and Snow all spoke confidently and felt it was the best move for both sides , despite the mixed reactions it received from the rest of the hockey world . Specifically , Wang stated , `` This is not a big deal . You have to have a commitment to who you 're working with . '' As speculation began as to whether other teams would follow suit and give lengthy contracts to star players , Atlanta Thrashers ' general manager Don Waddell felt that , `` It 's highly unlikely that you will see teams go beyond that . This is a once - in - a-lifetime contract . Ownership must feel very strongly that he 's their guy for the next 15 years . '' The new - look Islanders were picked by most analysts to languish towards the bottom of the standings . Eyeing a playoff spot , Snow traded for forward Ryan Smyth from the Edmonton Oilers at the trade deadline on February 27 , 2007 . Injuries to DiPietro and a distracting stick swinging incident that resulted in Simon 's suspension for the rest of the season provided extra setbacks , but not enough to drop the team from playoff contention . They qualified for the playoffs , assisted by a late - season winning steak and a 3 -- 2 shootout victory against the New Jersey Devils in their final regular season game . Despite DiPietro 's return to the team in time for the playoffs , the team lost their first round matchup in five games to the Presidents ' Trophy - winning Buffalo Sabres . Bill Guerin was the team captain in 2007 to 2009 . Management announced in June 2007 that they would buy out captain Alexei Yashin 's contract , which had four seasons remaining on it . Free agents Smyth , Poti , Viktor Kozlov , Jason Blake , and Richard Zednik also left in July 2007 . During that month , the Islanders signed Bill Guerin to a two - year contract as he immediately assumed team captaincy . Also in the off - season , free agents Mike Comrie , Andy Sutton and Jon Sim joined the team . That summer , it was announced that Nolan extended an invitation to Al Arbour to return as a coach for one game in order to bring his total number of games coached to 1,500 . Arbour signed a one - day contract , the shortest in league history , on November 3 , 2007 ; it put him behind the bench the following day as the Islanders defeated the Pittsburgh Penguins 3 -- 2 , raising his career coaching win total to 740 . The team remained in the playoff hunt through the trade deadline as they resigned Comrie to a one - year contract and traded away Simon and Marc - Andre Bergeron . A rash of injuries saw them plummet to the fifth - worst record in the league by the end of the season . At the 2008 NHL Entry Draft , the Islanders made two trades to move down from the fifth to the ninth overall pick , with which they selected center Josh Bailey . They also added free agents Mark Streit and Doug Weight . The team dismissed head coach Ted Nolan over alleged philosophy differences , and later that summer replaced him with Scott Gordon . Near the trade deadline , Snow traded Comrie and Chris Campoli to the Ottawa Senators in exchange for forward Dean McAmmond and the San Jose Sharks ' first - round draft pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft and sent captain Bill Guerin to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for a conditional draft pick . In the 2008 -- 09 season , the Islanders finished in last place in the league with a record of 26 -- 47 -- 9 , which was the team 's worst record since the 2000 -- 01 season . After the conclusion of regular season , they won the draft lottery to retain the first overall pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft . The John Tavares era begins ( 2009 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) Beginning an effort to rebuild the team with new and young talent , the Islanders selected John Tavares with the first - overall pick of the 2009 NHL Entry Draft . Tavares went into the draft as the top prospect in the majority of scouting reports , and it was widely expected that the Islanders would select him after they secured the first overall pick by winning the draft lottery , although there was plenty of competition between Tavares , Victor Hedman , and Matt Duchene . NHL Central Scouting Bureau 's Chris Edwards spoke highly of him , stating , `` ( Tavares ) is phenomenal at getting the puck through traffic to his linemates , getting to opening . The way he reads the play and can get to where he figures the rebounds will be and bangs in the rebound . He 's a real smart player . '' They traded up twice in the first round to also select defenseman Calvin de Haan with the 12th overall pick , as well as Casey Cizikas and Anders Lee in later rounds , all of whom would go on to play consistently on the main roster by the 2014 -- 15 season . The 2009 -- 10 season started out slow , with the team winless its first six games . The team continued to play inconsistently due to injuries as many wrote them off as potential playoff contenders . The team hit a mid-season hot streak , however nine losses in 11 games before the Olympic break set them right back . They ultimately ended up at bottom of the standings again , finishing the season 26th in the league . The placement led to a fifth overall pick in 2010 . Continuing with their rebuilding process , they used the first round to draft young forwards Nino Niederreiter and Brock Nelson with picks five and 30 , respectively . As the 2010 -- 11 season got underway , the team quickly fell into a ten - game losing streak , leading to the firing of head coach Scott Gordon . He was replaced on an interim basis by Jack Capuano , who had been coaching the Bridgeport Sound Tigers . Early in the season , they also acquired Michael Grabner from waivers , who went on to score 34 goals and was selected as a finalist for the Calder Memorial Trophy ; he would go on to sign a five - year contract with the team at the end of the season . This year also featured the infamous Penguins -- Islanders brawl , which resulted in a combined 346 penalty minutes and a $100,000 fine to the Islanders for `` failure to control their players '' . John Tavares , was named an alternate captain for the 2011 -- 12 season . He was later named the team captain in 2013 . The following season was a breakout year for Tavares . The newly named assistant captain gained 31 goals and 50 assists , in addition to being selected to play in the 59th NHL All - Star Game at the age of 21 ; his 81 points were seventh - best in the league . Tavares ' left - winger Matt Moulson also had a strong season , finishing with career highs of 36 goals , 33 assists and 69 points . Despite strong seasons from their top players , the team finished 27th in the league with a record of 34 - 37 - 11 , continuing their pattern of racking up top prospects with early picks at the drafts . They used the first round of the 2012 draft to select defenseman Griffin Reinhart with the fourth overall pick . On August 1 , 2011 , voters in Nassau County rejected a proposal for a new arena to replace Nassau Coliseum . This followed the failed decade - long attempt by owner Charles Wang to build a mixed - use development called The Lighthouse Project , which would renovate the arena . In the wake of the vote , speculation began that the team would eventually move to Barclays Center in Brooklyn , new arenas in Queens or Suffolk County , the Sprint Center in Kansas City , or the Videotron Centre in Quebec City , the last of which was coincidentally set to open at the same time as the expiration of the Islanders ' lease on the Nassau Coliseum in 2015 . On October 24 , 2012 , the Islanders made the announcement that the franchise would indeed be moving to the Barclays Center in Brooklyn for the 2015 -- 16 NHL season , after signing a lease that would keep the team in the arena until 2040 . The team retained its name , logo and colors as part of the move . As part of the deal , the management of the Barclays Center took over the team 's business operations once the Islanders moved to the Barclays Center . The decision to move to Brooklyn did n't require the Rangers ' approval . Under a longstanding provision of the agreement that allowed the Islanders to share the New York area with the Rangers , the Islanders are allowed to play their games anywhere on Long Island , including the two city boroughs on the island , Brooklyn and Queens . Beginning on April 1 , 2013 , of the 2012 -- 13 season , the team went on a near month - long unbeaten streak in regulation time , posting a 12 - game streak of earning points until falling to the Philadelphia Flyers later that month . During that streak , on April 23 , 2013 , they clinched their first playoff berth since 2007 with a 4 -- 3 shootout loss to the Carolina Hurricanes , ending a six - year playoff drought . Behind goaltender Evgeni Nabakov , the team was ultimately eliminated in six games by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the first round of the playoffs , continuing their winless streak in playoff series . On September 10 , 2013 , Tavares was introduced as the 14th captain in New York Islanders history , replacing former Islander Mark Streit of the Philadelphia Flyers , who served as team captain since 2011 . After posting a 4 -- 4 -- 3 record in their first 11 games , the Islanders made a trade , sending fan favorite and three - time 30 - goal scorer Matt Moulson , their 2014 first - round draft pick and their 2015 second - round draft pick to the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for Thomas Vanek , a highly regarded and dynamic goal scorer . Despite chemistry with linemates Tavares and Kyle Okposo , however , the overall lack of on - ice success and his desire to test free agency led to Vanek being dealt to the Montreal Canadiens at the trade deadline for Sebastian Collberg and a second - round pick in 2014 . After a season of player swapping and goaltending issues , they failed to qualify for the playoffs , finishing with a record of 34 -- 37 -- 11 . The Islanders acquired Nick Leddy through a trade with the Chicago Blackhawks during the 2014 off - season . In the 2014 off - season , the Islanders made several moves to improve the team before their final season at Nassau Coliseum . In May , the Islanders acquired the rights to Jaroslav Halak from the Washington Capitals in exchange for a fourth - round pick in 2014 . Halak was then signed to a four - year contract . The Islanders also signed Mikhail Grabovski , Nikolai Kulemin and goaltender Chad Johnson as free agents . Additionally , on October 4 , the Islanders acquired Johnny Boychuk from the Boston Bruins for two - second round picks in 2014 and 2015 and a conditional third round pick in 2015 , as well as Nick Leddy from the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for prospect Ville Pokka , T.J. Brennan and the rights to Anders Nilsson . The NHL Board of Governors approved the Islanders ' sale to businessmen Jon Ledecky and Scott D. Malkin in October 2014 . Ledecky and Malkin served as minority partners during a two - year transition period . At the end of the 2015 -- 16 season , they formally took majority control from Wang , who will retain a share of the franchise . The Islanders finished the 2014 -- 15 regular season with a record of 47 -- 28 -- 7 for 101 points , and met the Washington Capitals in the first round of the 2015 playoffs . The Capitals held home ice advantage in the series after the Islanders lost their final regular season game to the Columbus Blue Jackets , 5 -- 4 , in a shootout , as the Islanders lost the season series to the Capitals after posting a 2 -- 1 -- 1 record in the season series . On April 19 , 2015 , in the third game of their first round series against Washington , John Tavares scored 15 seconds into overtime to win the game for the Islanders , 2 -- 1 . It was the second - shortest overtime playoff game in Islanders history , and was the first overtime , game - winning goal for the Islanders in the playoffs since 1993 . The Islanders lost the fourth and fifth games of their series before rebounding in the sixth game to force a seventh game in the series . However , they were denied entry into the second round by a single goal and would ultimately fall to the Capitals in seven games . As a result , Game 6 was the Islanders ' last game at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum ; the Isles ' Cal Clutterbuck scored the final NHL goal in the building . Move to Barclays Center and playoff series win ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) In June 2015 , the Islanders selected forward Andong Song in the 6th round of the 2015 NHL Entry Draft , making him the first Chinese player to be drafted by an NHL team . Barclays Center in Brooklyn . The Islanders have played their home games there since October 2015 . The Islanders played their first regular season game at Barclays Center on October 9 , 2015 , losing 3 -- 2 in overtime to the Chicago Blackhawks . Artem Anisimov scored the first regular season goal , while Tavares scored the first regular season Islanders goal . The Islanders posted the fourth - best penalty kill rate and allowed the fewest power play goals during the season . However , in the last quarter of the regular season , some players , including Halak and defenseman Travis Hamonic , suffered key injuries . The team finished the regular season fourth in the Metropolitan Division with 100 points , enough to clinch the first wild card spot in the Eastern Conference . In the first round of the playoffs , they faced off against the Florida Panthers ; goaltender Thomas Greiss only played in 40 minutes of playoff hockey with the San Jose Sharks prior to this series . Both teams split the first four games of the series . The fifth game of the series proved to be a major turning point , as late season call - up Alan Quine scored the game - winning goal on the power play with four minutes left in double overtime to end the second - longest game in franchise history ; that goal gave them a 3 -- 2 series lead and a chance to clinch the series on home ice . In the sixth game , the Islanders trailed 1 -- 0 for much of the game , but Tavares tied it late in the third period . Tavares would score again with the series - clinching goal in double overtime to give the Islanders their first playoff series win since 1993 . In the second round of the playoffs , they faced the Tampa Bay Lightning for the first time since 2004 . Despite winning the first game of the series , the Islanders lost their series to the Lightning in five games . Andrew Ladd prior to a game during the 2016 -- 17 season . Ladd signed with the Islanders as a free agent during the 2016 off - season . Summer of 2016 saw free agents and longtime Islanders Kyle Okposo , Frans Nielsen , and Matt Martin all depart the team , joining the Buffalo Sabres , Detroit Red Wings , and Toronto Maple Leafs , respectively . Snow signed free agents Andrew Ladd from the Winnipeg Jets and Jason Chimera from the Washington Capitals to help fill the gaps left behind . After an underwhelming first half of the 2016 -- 17 season , posting a 17 -- 17 -- 8 record through 42 games , head coach Jack Capuano was relieved of duties , with assistant general manager Doug Weight being named interim head coach . Having coached the team since 2010 , Capuano was the second winningest coach in the team 's history with 227 wins , also leading the team to their first playoff series win since 1993 . Prior to Capuano 's release , goaltender Jaroslav Halak was placed on waivers , and eventually sent down to the Bridgeport Sound Tigers . Having carried three goaltenders for the second consecutive season , the decision was made to stick with the tandem of Greiss and back - up Jean - Francois Berube after Halak posted a 6 -- 8 -- 5 record with a . 904 save percentage through the beginning of the 2016 -- 17 season . In late January 2017 , following a report by Bloomberg News which speculated that Barclays Center was considering removing the Islanders due to poor attendance and effects on the venue 's profit margins ( reception to Barclays Center as a hockey venue has been mixed , and the Islanders have had the third - worst average attendance in the entire league ) , Newsday reported that Nassau County executive Edward Mangano had met with one of the team 's co-owners , and told the paper that it was possible that the Islanders could return to the renovated Nassau Coliseum . However , commissioner Gary Bettman considered the concept to be `` unviable '' ( the renovation reduced the capacity of the arena to just under 14,000 , which is smaller than any NHL arena ) , and noted that Ledecky and Malkin were pursuing a possible arena project at Belmont Park . Despite winning their last six games of the 2016 -- 17 season , the Islanders finished in ninth place in the Eastern Conference ; they missed the playoffs by only one point when the Toronto Maple Leafs clinched the final playoff spot on the penultimate day of the season . On December 20 , 2017 , it was announced that the Islanders won a bid to build a new 18,000 seat arena at Belmont Park in Elmont , New York . On January 29 , 2018 , it was announced that the Islanders would split their home games between the Barclays Center and their former home , the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum over the course of the next three seasons , beginning with 12 home games being played at the Coliseum in the 2018 -- 19 season . Team identity ( edit ) Logo ( edit ) The Islanders ' first logo , used from 1972 -- 73 to 1994 -- 95 . The same logo , albeit with navy blue , a lighter shade of orange and a navy blue outline , was used from 1997 to 2010 . An advertising executive , John Alogna , created the original version of the Islanders logo with the NY over a silhouette of part of Long Island : Nassau and Suffolk counties . Part of the Y is made to resemble a hockey stick , with three orange stripes near the bottom of the shaft and a puck to the right of the stick blade . At the bottom of the logo , the name of the team is written so that the tip of the `` I '' ends in a point aimed at Uniondale , Nassau County , the location of the Nassau Coliseum . The Islanders later updated the stripes , adding a fourth to represent the four Stanley Cups won by the franchise . Aside from the 1995 rebrand attempt , this logo has remained largely intact throughout the team 's history . The short - lived `` Fisherman '' logo , used 1995 -- 1997 . Before the 1995 -- 96 season , the Islanders attempted to update their look . The result was the unveiling of a logo depicting a fisherman holding a hockey stick . The logo was a marketing disaster ; the reaction among the fan base was so negative that management announced it would revert to the original logo as soon as league rules allowed them to do so . Many fans found that the logo bore a strong resemblance to the Gorton 's fisherman ; indeed , New York Rangers fans taunted the Islanders with chants of `` we want fishsticks '' long after the logo was discarded . The traditional logo was phased back in over the next two seasons , starting as an alternate jersey logo in 1996 -- 97 before fully replacing the fisherman in 1997 -- 98 . The only change to the classic logo at this time was its colors ; as the team had replaced its original royal blue with navy , the logo was recolored to match . Beginning in 2008 , the Islanders introduced another modification to their original logo for their new third jersey . The `` new '' logo , once again in royal blue , now features four orange stripes on the hockey stick instead of three , representing the four consecutive Stanley Cup titles in the 1980s . This became the team 's full - time logo in 2010 when the team retired their inaugural Reebok Edge uniforms . In the 2011 -- 12 season , the Islanders added a third jersey . This one was primarily black with the word `` Islanders '' written in orange on the front and numbers centered under . This also marked the second time the Islanders introduced the color gray into their uniforms , the first time since the `` fisherman era . '' For the 2014 NHL Stadium Series , the Islanders used a new logo with the `` NY '' with the hockey stick found on the team 's main jersey in chrome . From the 2014 -- 15 season until the 2016 -- 17 season , the NY logo was used on the team 's alternate jerseys . Jerseys ( edit ) The Islanders debuted in 1972 with traditional - style jerseys : one was white with orange and royal blue stripes near the waistline and on the sleeves , the other was royal blue with white and orange stripes . The design remained largely the same , despite minor tweaks , through the 1994 -- 95 season . Prior to the 1995 -- 96 season , team executives decided to change the jersey . The fisherman logo replaced the `` NY '' circular design , incorporating navy blue and a brighter orange , and introducing teal and gray shades . The team was seeking increased merchandise revenues , with the outward justification of connecting the team more overtly to Long Island . The jersey included a lighthouse shoulder patch , a reference to the Montauk Lighthouse , and featured uneven stripes resembling an ocean wave near the waistline , on the sleeves , and across the shoulders . All of the numbering and lettering on the jerseys also followed the wave pattern . Late in the season , the team eliminated the fisherman logo , but league rules forbade them from switching jersey designs for the 1996 -- 97 season on only a few months ' notice . Instead , they debuted their first third ( and fourth ) jerseys , which were identical to the home and road jerseys worn by the team , besides the circular `` NY '' crest that was used in place of the fisherman . The team wore these jerseys in approximately fifteen games during that season and adopted them permanently for in the 1997 -- 98 season . The shoulder logo used on Islanders jerseys from 1998 through 2010 Prior to the 1998 -- 99 season , the team 's new ownership reverted to the traditional design but kept the navy blue and bright orange from the `` wave '' era jersey . They added a shoulder patch of four bars , alternating in color , to represent the Islanders ' four straight Stanley Cup championships . The new design also changed the borders around the numbers and `` C '' and `` A '' letters , featuring a raised outline instead of leaving no space between the orange border and the white or blue numbers . A third jersey was introduced in 2002 with orange and had navy blue stripes , outlined in white , going vertically on the sleeves and then cutting horizontally on the bottom of the sleeve . The navy blue stripes came out of the sleeve diagonally and jabbed out to a point into the bottom of the jersey . The team wore these jerseys through the 2006 -- 07 season . For the 2007 -- 08 season , the Islanders redesigned their uniforms as all NHL teams changed over to the Reebok Edge system . This new jersey resembled the prior design but included uniform numbers on the right chest above the logo . The name plates were also in two colored format : white on orange on the navy blue home jersey and navy blue on orange on the white road jersey . The sleeves on both jerseys were orange , with a wide navy stripe above a thin white stripe at the elbow . The jerseys had a thin stripe tracing around the shoulders , and featured `` retro '' laces at the neck . Their third jersey was a royal blue throwback design resembling the jersey worn from 1972 to 1977 , with white letters and numerals ( as worn from 1973 on ; the team wore orange numerals on the blue jerseys in their inaugural season ) . The logo on the jersey features four stripes on the hockey stick instead of the original three , another nod to the championship teams of 1980 -- 83 . Before the 2010 -- 11 season , the Islanders retired their inaugural navy blue Edge uniforms , replacing them with the throwback design as their new home jersey . A corresponding new white road jersey was unveiled during the Islanders ' draft party at Nassau Coliseum . For the following season , they unveiled an alternate jersey in black with grey on the shoulder yoke . The front of the jersey bore the team name above the player 's number in orange with blue and white trim . The Islanders crest was placed on the shoulder yoke . Diagonal side panels , blue trimmed in orange and gray , combined with similar panels on the black pants to form a diamond shape on the sides of each player . During the 2014 NHL Stadium Series , the Islanders wore a special edition jersey . The front side featured the `` NY '' from the primary logo in a special chrome treatment , while the back side featured a white nameplate with blue letters for player names , and bigger numbers in white trimmed in orange for visibility purposes . The sleeve numbers were also angled diagonally . The primary Islanders logo would be placed on the left shoulder within the white yoke . This jersey was promoted to an alternate third jersey in the 2014 -- 15 season , replacing the black third jersey . During that season , on February 3 , 2015 , the team wore an updated version of the fisherman jersey for warmups before their game against the Florida Panthers . The Islanders retired the Stadium Series third jersey after only one season , replacing it with a new black alternate that was unveiled to coincide with the team 's move to Brooklyn . Unlike the previous black alternate , this version featured little blue and orange at all ( these colors appear only on the rear collar ) , while the `` NY '' insignia that was carried over from the Stadium Series thirds was stripped of its chrome accents . The four stripes on the sleeves symbolize the franchise 's four Stanley Cup wins . When the NHL switched to Adidas as its uniform provider in 2017 , the Islanders kept their primary uniforms mostly intact save for the restoration of the blue trim in the primary logo on the road uniforms . As with all NHL teams , the Islanders will only wear two uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season , thus retiring the all - black third jerseys . Mascot and ice Girls ( edit ) The Islanders ' team mascot is named `` Sparky the Dragon '' , who served at one point as cross-promotion with the Arena Football League 's New York Dragons team , who also played their home games at Nassau Coliseum . In the mid-1990s , the Islanders had a mascot named `` Nyisles '' whose body style went from round to human - shaped , and facial features vaguely resembled the logo fisherman , excluding its red hair and beard . Nyisles was discontinued toward the end of the 1997 -- 98 season when the team distributed `` Who kidnapped Nyisles ? '' flyers implying the reason for his disappearance was because of another NHL mascot , ultimately revealed to be Toronto Maple Leafs mascot Carlton the Bear . From the 2001 -- 02 season to the 2014 -- 15 season , the Islanders also had an ice crew named the `` Ice Girls '' , made up of only women who skated onto the ice during television breaks to clean up the snow that piled up during the game . The Ice Girls were also used for promotional purposes during games and at community events . Starting in the 2015 -- 16 season , a co-ed ice crew would replace the Ice Girls . Season - by - season record ( edit ) This is only a partial list of the last five seasons . For the full season - by - season history , see List of New York Islanders seasons Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2013 -- 14 82 34 37 11 79 225 267 8th , Metropolitan Did not qualify 2014 -- 15 82 47 28 7 101 252 230 3rd , Metropolitan Lost in First Round , 3 -- 4 ( Capitals ) 2015 -- 16 82 45 27 10 100 232 216 4th , Metropolitan Lost in Second Round , 1 -- 4 ( Lightning ) 2016 -- 17 82 41 29 12 94 241 242 5th , Metropolitan Did not qualify 2017 -- 18 82 35 37 10 80 264 296 7th , Metropolitan Did not qualify Players and personnel ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated April 10 , 2018 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Canada ! Bailey , Josh Josh Bailey 7.0 ! RW 28 2008 Bowmanville , Ontario 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Canada ! Barzal , Mathew Mathew Barzal 4.0 ! C 21 2015 Coquitlam , British Columbia 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 Canada ! Beauvillier , Anthony Anthony Beauvillier 6.0 ! LW 20 2015 Sorel - Tracy , Quebec 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Canada ! Boychuk , Johnny Johnny Boychuk 2.0 ! D 34 2014 Edmonton , Alberta 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 Canada ! Cizikas , Casey Casey Cizikas 4.0 ! C 27 2009 Toronto , Ontario 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Canada ! Clutterbuck , Cal Cal Clutterbuck ( A ) 7.0 ! RW 30 2013 Welland , Ontario 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 Canada ! Davidson , Brandon Brandon Davidson 2.0 ! D 26 2018 Lethbridge , Alberta 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Canada ! de Haan , Calvin Calvin de Haan 2.0 ! D 27 2009 Carp , Ontario 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Canada ! Eberle , Jordan Jordan Eberle 7.0 ! RW 28 2017 Regina , Saskatchewan 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Germany ! Greiss , Thomas Thomas Greiss 1.0 ! G 32 2015 Füssen , West Germany 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Slovakia ! Halak , Jaroslav Jaroslav Halak 1.0 ! G 33 2014 Bratislava , Czechoslovakia 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Canada ! Hickey , Thomas Thomas Hickey 2.0 ! D 29 2013 Calgary , Alberta 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 Canada ! Johnston , Ross Ross Johnston 6.0 ! LW 24 2015 Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island 7001860000000000000 ♠ 86 Russia ! Kulemin , Nikolay Nikolay Kulemin 6.0 ! LW 31 2014 Magnitogorsk , Soviet Union 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Canada ! Ladd , Andrew Andrew Ladd ( A ) 6.0 ! LW 32 2016 Maple Ridge , British Columbia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 United States ! Leddy , Nick Nick Leddy 2.0 ! D 27 2014 Eden Prairie , Minnesota 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 United States ! Lee , Anders Anders Lee 6.0 ! LW 27 2009 Edina , Minnesota 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 United States ! Mayfield , Scott Scott Mayfield 2.0 ! D 25 2011 St. Louis , Missouri 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 United States ! Nelson , Brock Brock Nelson 6.0 ! LW 26 Warroad , Minnesota 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Canada ! Pelech , Adam Adam Pelech 2.0 ! D 23 2015 Toronto , Ontario 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 United States ! Prince , Shane Shane Prince 4.0 ! C 25 2016 Rochester , New York 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Canada ! Pulock , Ryan Ryan Pulock 2.0 ! D 23 2013 Grandview , Manitoba 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Canada ! Quine , Alan Alan Quine 4.0 ! C 25 2013 Belleville , Ontario 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Germany ! Seidenberg , Dennis Dennis Seidenberg 2.0 ! D 36 2016 Villingen - Schwenningen , West Germany 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 Canada ! Tavares , John John Tavares ( C ) 4.0 ! C 27 2009 Mississauga , Ontario 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 United States ! Wagner , Chris Chris Wagner 7.0 ! RW 27 2018 Walpole , Massachusetts Honored members ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Islanders award winners The Islanders have retired six players ' numbers , signified by these banners formerly hanging in Nassau Coliseum , which have since been transferred to Barclays Center . New York Islanders retired numbers No . Player Position Career Date of retirement 5 Denis Potvin 1973 -- 1988 February 1 , 1992 9 Clark Gillies LW 1974 -- 1986 December 7 , 1996 19 Bryan Trottier 1975 -- 1990 October 20 , 2001 22 Mike Bossy RW 1977 -- 1987 March 3 , 1992 23 Bob Nystrom RW 1972 -- 1986 April 1 , 1995 31 Billy Smith 1972 -- 1989 February 20 , 1993 Six past Islanders have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame , the most recent being Pat LaFontaine in 2003 . Denis Potvin and Mike Bossy were the first Islanders to be inducted , in 1991 . Besides the six players , two team builders have been inducted ; Bill Torrey and Al Arbour were inducted in 1995 and 1996 , respectively . All six players , in addition to Bob Bourne , have since been inducted into the Islanders ' Hall of Fame , established in 2007 . In February 2008 , the team unveiled the Hall of Fame plaques for each player , which are displayed on the walls outside of the team 's locker room at Nassau Coliseum . In November 2011 , first Islanders captain Ed Westfall was added to their Hall of Fame , followed by the addition of defenseman Ken Morrow in December 2011 , and right - winger Patrick Flatley ( `` Chairman of the Boards '' ) in January 2012 . Kenny Jonsson was most recently added in February 2012 . There are two other banners hanging with the retired numbers : one honors Al Arbour in recognition of his 1,500 games coached for the Islanders , and the other honors Bill Torrey , who held the titles of general manager , vice president , president , and chairman of the board for the Islanders organization from 1972 until 1993 . In place of a number , Torrey 's banner features the words `` The Architect '' and his trademark bowtie . The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . Franchise records and scoring leaders ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Islanders records Bryan Trottier holds the franchise record for most points with the team ( 1,353 ) , as well as most games played ( 1,123 ) . Only Trottier and two others , Mike Bossy and Denis Potvin have scored over 1,000 points with the team , while six others have gained more than 500 , with Derek King only one point shy . Potvin is the only other player besides Trottier to play in over 1,000 games with the team , playing in 1,060 ; he is also the only defenseman in the top ten of the franchise scoring leaders , ranking third overall . * -- current Islanders player New York Islanders franchise top ten scoring leaders by points Player Seasons Pos GP Pts + / − PIM Bryan Trottier 1975 -- 1990 1123 500 853 1353 470 798 Mike Bossy 1977 -- 1987 752 573 553 1126 381 210 Denis Potvin 1973 -- 1988 1060 310 742 1052 460 1356 Clark Gillies 1974 -- 1986 872 304 359 663 240 891 John Tavares * 2009 -- present 669 272 349 621 -- 42 307 Brent Sutter 1980 -- 1992 694 287 323 610 121 761 Pat LaFontaine 1983 -- 1991 530 287 279 566 9 309 John Tonelli 1978 -- 1986 594 206 338 544 216 473 Bob Bourne 1974 -- 1986 814 238 304 542 160 542 Bob Nystrom 1972 -- 1986 900 235 278 513 113 1248 New York Islanders franchise individual season records Record name Record Player Season Most goals in a season 69 Mike Bossy 1978 -- 79 Most assists in a season 87 Bryan Trottier 1978 -- 79 Most points in a season 147 Mike Bossy 1981 -- 82 Most penalty minutes in a season 356 Brian Curran 1986 -- 87 Most points in a season ( defenseman ) 101 Denis Potvin 1978 -- 79 Most points in a season ( rookie ) 95 Bryan Trottier 1975 -- 76 Most wins in a season 34 Jaroslav Halak 2014 -- 15 Team captains ( edit ) Captain Term Ed Westfall 1972 -- 1977 Clark Gillies 1977 -- 1979 Denis Potvin 1979 -- 1987 Brent Sutter 1987 -- 1991 Patrick Flatley 1991 -- 1996 Bryan McCabe 1997 -- 1998 Trevor Linden 1998 -- 1999 Kenny Jonsson 1999 -- 2000 Michael Peca 2001 -- 2004 Alexei Yashin 2005 -- 2007 Bill Guerin 2007 -- 2009 Doug Weight 2009 -- 2011 Mark Streit 2011 -- 2013 John Tavares 2013 -- present The Islanders have had fourteen team captains . The team 's first , Ed Westfall , won the Bill Masterton Trophy during his captaincy ; Michael Peca , who won the Frank J. Selke Trophy after the 2001 -- 02 season , is the only other captain to have won an award during his term . The longest captaincy reign was Denis Potvin 's from 1979 through 1987 , during which he played 521 regular season games . Bryan McCabe served for the shortest length of time , a mere 56 regular season games before being traded to the Vancouver Canucks . Also traded mid-season was Bill Guerin , who went to the Pittsburgh Penguins during the 2008 -- 09 season . The team 's fourteenth and current captain , John Tavares , was named to the position on September 9 , 2013 . Two seasons have been played without a captain . Nobody was assigned to the position for the 1996 -- 97 season after previous captain Patrick Flatley was released from his contract . The 2000 -- 01 season also went by without a captain after Kenny Jonsson stepped down from the position on November 18 , 2000 . General managers ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Islanders general managers The general manager is Garth Snow , who took the role on July 18 , 2006 . Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Islanders head coaches On January 17 , 2017 , assistant general manager Doug Weight was named interim head coach of the Islanders after Jack Capuano , who had been head coach since November 2010 , was relieved of duty . Weight played for the team from 2008 through 2011 and served as team captain from 2009 through 2011 . On April 12 , 2017 , Weight was officially named head coach . Television and radio ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Islanders broadcasters Most Islanders games are shown locally on sports channels MSG Plus and MSG Plus 2 . Brendan Burke and Jiggs McDonald alternate as the team 's play - by - play announcers , while former Islanders player Butch Goring is their color analyst . Shannon Hogan joined the broadcast team for the 2014 -- 15 season as their studio host . Islanders ' radio broadcasts originate on flagship station WRHU ( 88.7 FM ) in Hempstead . In New York City itself , games are split between WCBS , WFAN - AM -- FM and WNYM , while some games air on WRCN - FM in Riverhead . WRHU is licensed to Hempstead - based Hofstra University and WRCN to Riverhead , New York . WRHU is the student radio station of Hofstra University ; its signal covers the western section of Long Island and Nassau County . WRCN serves the middle section and Suffolk County . The play - by - play is done by longtime Islanders broadcaster Chris King . Hofstra students provide color commentary and reporting for all home games and several away games , and are also involved in engineering the broadcasts from on - and - off site . The Islanders are unusual among professional sports teams in their use of a noncommercial radio station as its primary outlet . However , the team does not maintain a traditional radio network due to the other New York / New Jersey area teams filling the available tri-state radio stations covering sports . This causes complications with advertising and commercial breaks that do not make a traditional radio network feasible . WCBS began airing Islanders games starting with the 2016 playoffs , returning the team to a major market New York signal . Previously , public radio station WNYE - FM had been the main Islanders outlet for New York City and its inner suburbs . See also ( edit ) List of Stanley Cup champions References ( edit ) Botte , Peter & Hahn , Alan ( 2003 ) . Fish Sticks : The Fall and Rise of the New York Islanders . Champaign , Illinois : Sports Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 099 - 1 . Fischler , Stan & Botta , Chris ( 1996 ) . Pride and Passion : 25 Years of the New York Islanders . Walsworth Publishing . ISBN 1 - 882608 - 13 - 5 . Hahn , Alan ( 2004 ) . Birth of a Dynasty : The 1980 New York Islanders . Champaign , Illinois : Sports Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 333 - 8 . Prato , Greg ( 2012 ) . Dynasty : The Oral History of the New York Islanders , 1972 - 1984 . Createspace . ISBN 0 - 6158670 - 6 - 5 . Wilner , Barry ( 1984 ) . The New York Islanders : Countdown to a Dynasty . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 8801121 - 1 - 5 . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Orange & Blue + You '' . NHL.com/Islanders . NHL Enterprises , LP . August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders Brand Assets '' ( PDF ) . NHL.com/Islanders . NHL Enterprises , LP . November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rosen , Dan ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Islanders officially headed to Brooklyn in 2015 '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ng , Rob ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Rangers vs. Islanders : The Rivalry '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Raiders '' . World Hockey Associations . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hirshon , Nicholas ( 2010 ) . Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 7357 - 1 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hahn , Alan ; Nystrom , Bob ( 2004 ) . Birth of a Dynasty : The 1980 New York Islanders . Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 1582613338 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise fees reduced '' . Associated Press . March 2 , 1977 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL team nicknames explained '' . NHL.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Key Islanders Dates '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Frisch , Aaron ( 2004 ) . The History of the New York Islanders . Creative Education Foundation . ISBN 1 - 58341 - 276 - X . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The ultimate New York Islanders timeline '' . Newsday . October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 10 . Ed Westfall -- Greatest New York Islanders '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Herrmann , Mark ( November 27 , 2014 ) . `` Islanders legend Denis Potvin impressed with GM Garth Snow 's moves '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finn , David ( November 20 , 1985 ) . `` Hot Soul on Ice Defenseman Potvin Settles Down And Finds No Man Is The Islanders '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 Draft Picks '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Klein , Jeff Z ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` 3 - 0 Hole Rangers Inhabit ? Only 5 of 320 Teams Have Overcome It '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 - 1976 League Standings '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Islanders Franchise Index '' . Hockey Reference . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frostino , Nino ( 2004 ) . Right on the Numbers . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4120 - 3305 - 5 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islanders Awards and Honors '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islanders playoff history '' . Yahoo ! Sports . April 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Canadiens playoff history '' . Yahoo ! Sports . April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Devellano , Jim ; Lajoie , Roger ( March 12 , 2010 ) . The Road to Hockeytown : Jimmy Devellano 's Forty Years in the NHL . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 15552 - 3 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Douglas ( 1997 ) . Champions : The Illustrated History of Hockey 's Greatest Dynasties . Chicago : Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 213 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islanders 1976 - 77 roster and scoring statistics '' . Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Szemberg , Szymon ; Podnieks , Andrew ( 2008 ) . IIHF Top 100 Hockey Stories of All Time . Bolton , Ontario , Canada : Fenn Publishing . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55168 - 358 - 4 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Austin ( 1994 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Closing In '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Farber , Michael . `` Mike Bossy '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Pelletier , Joe ( 2008 - 05 - 21 ) . `` 1983 : Islanders and Oilers Collide '' . Greatest Hockey Legends.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( 2009 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Messier relates to Penguins in their Cup rematch '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Fischler , Stan ; Chris Botta . Pride and Passion : 25 Years of the New York Islanders . p. 158 . Jump up ^ `` Nystrom in Line for Post '' . The New York Times . August 8 , 1986 . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wolff , Craig ( October 7 , 1986 ) . `` Islanders Lose Gillies , Bourne '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( June 19 , 1986 ) . `` Simpson is Named Coach of Islanders '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( April 13 , 1987 ) . `` Rangers Win , 6 - 3 ; Series Tied ; Islanders Fall to Capitals by 4 - 1 and Face Elimination '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( June 6 , 2000 ) . `` After Four Overtimes , Caps Are Left Wanting '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( April 19 , 1987 ) . `` NHL Playoffs ; Islanders , Capitals in Third Overtime '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( April 20 , 1987 ) . `` The Seventh , the Eighth , and the Deciding Game '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( May 3 , 1987 ) . `` NHL Playoff ; Islanders Are Leveled By Flyers , 5 - 1 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finn , Robin ( October 7 , 1987 ) . `` Bossy to Miss Entire Season '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( April 3 , 1988 ) . `` Pro Hockey ; Devils Closing In ; Islanders Win Title '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( April 15 , 1988 ) . `` Meadowlands Magic : Devils Eliminate Islanders '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fischler , Stan ( 1999 ) . Cracked Ice : An Insider 's Look at the NHL . Masters Press . Lincolnwood , Illinois . ISBN 1 - 57028 - 219 - 6 . Jump up ^ Diamos , Jason ( December 3 , 1995 ) . `` HOCKEY ; Islanders Heard the Chanting , Now Don Maloney Is Gone '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Mullen , Holly ( July 31 , 1997 ) . `` Meltdown man '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Big Shot -- ESPN Films : 30 for 30 '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Toy , Vivian S. ( May 7 , 2000 ) . `` The Islanders ' Unlikely Saviors ; Wang and Kumar , Computer Executives , Say a Love for Long Island Has Made Them Sports Owners '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Isles shake up draft '' . SLAM Sports . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2003 . Retrieved September 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islanders season by season stats '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Price - Brown , Laura ( June 20 , 2001 ) . `` Laviolette vows to put charge into Islanders '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sabres grant Peca 's wish , trade center to Islanders '' . Chicago Tribune . June 25 , 2001 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Peca retires after 13 NHL seasons '' . National Hockey League . January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Isles take Osgood in waiver draft '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . September 29 , 2001 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Injury Puts Peca Out of Playoffs '' . Los Angeles Times . April 8 , 2002 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sens win fourth straight to move past Isles '' . ESPN . April 17 , 2003 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders , sore losers , fire Laviolette He 's the seventh coach sent packing in 7 1 / 2 years . He got N.Y. to the playoffs , but twice they washed out . '' Philadelphia Inquirer . June 4 , 2003 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis ' fourth playoff goal eliminates Islanders '' . ESPN . April 16 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Peca Career Transactions '' . The Hockey News . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Miroslav Satan Player Biography '' . Legends of Hockey . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Diamos , Jason ( August 2 , 2005 ) . `` Few Signings on First Day of Free Agency '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alexei Yashin Named Captain '' . National Hockey League . September 20 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Skidding Islanders fire Stirling '' . Chicago Tribune . January 12 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Milbury resigns as Islanders senior VP '' . United Press International . May 29 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goalie Snow to replace Smith as Islanders ' GM '' . ESPN . July 19 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Picker , David ( June 9 , 2006 ) . `` Nolan and Smith Are on Board and Aim to Turn Islanders Around '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Burnside , Scott ( September 13 , 2006 ) . `` DiPietro 's record 15 - year deal will pay him $67.5 M '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Kevin ( September 12 , 2006 ) . `` Islanders sign DiPietro to record 15 - year deal '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( October 3 , 2006 ) . `` NHL preview : 10 questions '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Unable to reach new deal , Oilers trade Smyth to Isles '' . ESPN . February 28 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Minus DiPietro , Dunham expected in goal vs. Panthers '' . ESPN . March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Simon suspended minimum of 25 games '' . ESPN . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders grab playoff spot with shootout win '' . CBC Sports . April 8 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo holds off Islanders ' rally for series - clinching win '' . ESPN . April 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders to Buyout ( sic ) Alexei Yashin '' . National Hockey League . June 6 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Islanders Name Captain ; It 's a Surprise '' . The New York Times . July 10 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Podell , Ira ( July 2 , 2007 ) . `` Smyth leaves Islanders for Avalanche '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Podell , Ira ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Islanders Sign Bill Guerin , Mike Comrie '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders sign ex-Thrashers defenseman Sutton '' . ESPN . August 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Dave ( July 20 , 2007 ) . `` Arbour to Coach His 1,500 th Game for the Isles '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Al Arbour Returns to Coach 1,500 th Game '' . National Hockey League . July 19 , 2007 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joshua ( November 4 , 2007 ) . `` Arbour Makes His Comeback , and Islanders Make It Count '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders sign Mike Comrie , trade Chris Simon and Marc - Andre Bergeron '' . National Hockey League . February 26 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dubielewicz makes 48 saves , Isles spoil Rangers ' home finale with SO win '' . ESPN . April 4 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` N.Y. Islanders fire coach '' . United Press International . July 14 , 2007 . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Isles , coach Nolan part ways after two years ; differences with GM cited '' . ESPN . July 14 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders hire AHL coach of year Gordon to succeed Nolan '' . USA Today . August 13 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Poulin , Fred ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Senators Surprisingly Trade for Islanders ' Mike Comrie '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Greg ( March 4 , 2009 ) . `` Islanders trade Guerin to Pittsburgh '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Compton , Brian ( April 14 , 2009 ) . `` Islanders win 2009 Scotiabank / NHL Draft Lottery '' . NHL . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kimberley , Todd ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` Tavares pumped , relieved after first NHL action '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hockey News ' 2009 Draft Prospect Rankings '' . The Hockey News . January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Klein , Jeff Z. ( June 25 , 2009 ) . `` Islanders Have Their Pick of Blue Chippers in Draft '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kimelman , Adam ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` Tavares still No. 1 in Central Scouting 's rankings '' . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Eddie ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` A Look at the Islanders Draft Choices for 2009 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 -- 15 New York Islanders Roster and Statistics '' . Hockey Reference . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Compton , Brian ( October 17 , 2009 ) . `` Sharks keep Islanders winless with 4 - 1 victory '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burnside , Scott ( April 2 , 2010 ) . `` The Playoff Push : Who 's in , who 's o '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DiPietro saves Islanders with first shutout in almost two years '' . ESPN . January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sens splurge for three in 3rd to upend Isles with stunning rally '' . ESPN . February 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 2010 League Standings '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Draft Choices '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wyshynski , Greg ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Islanders coach Scott Gordon fired for losing with terrible team '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brehm , Mike ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Islanders fire Scott Gordon as coach in midst of 10 - game skid '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Botte , Peter . `` Islanders coach Scott Gordon fired after 10 - game losing streak ; Jack Capuano named as interim '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tabone , John ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Isles Claim Winger Michael Grabner Off Waivers ; Hope to Get Some Extra Scoring '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Islanders Agree To Terms With Michael Grabner '' . National Hockey League . May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Tavares statistics '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crygalis , Brett ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` John Tavares getting comfortable in All - Star spotlight '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 2012 Regular Season Statistics '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Moulson statistics '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 2012 League Standings '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crygalis , Brett ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Islanders face a real pickle with Griffin Reinhart '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Dave ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Nassau Voters Reject Proposal to Fix Coliseum '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Calder , Rich ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` Brooklyn Has A Shot at Grabbing Islanders '' . New York Post . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yerdon , Joe ( March 25 , 2012 ) . `` Quebec City 's new arena begins construction in September '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hirshon , Nicholas ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Brooklyn - Queens battle for the Islanders team brewing '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mazzeo , Mike ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` New York Islanders following Nets to Brooklyn '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kosman , Josh . `` Islanders may change look with move to Brooklyn '' . New York Post . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Sheets , Connor Adams ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` New York Islanders Ponder Move to Willets Point '' . Astoria Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers double up Islanders in home finale '' . ESPN . April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders lose to Hurricanes but clinch playoff berth '' . Yahoo ! Sports . April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crygalis , Brett ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` Islanders are out of playoffs after loss to Penguins '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strang , Katie ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` Isles gain respect with playoff performance '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Compton , Brian ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Islanders name Tavares 14th team captain '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Compton , Brian ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Islanders react to Moulson - for - Vanek trade '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Sabres trade Thomas Vanek to Islanders '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staple , Arthur ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Isles ' Thomas Vanek traded to Canadiens '' . Newsday . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vanek traded to Canadiens by Islanders '' . National Hockey League . March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Compton , Brian ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Islanders stock up for last season at Nassau Coliseum '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Best , Neil ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Islanders ' sale from Charles Wang to Jonathan Ledecky , Scott Malkin finalized '' . Newsday . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kimelman , Adam ( June 27 , 2015 ) . `` First Chinese player to be drafted chosen by Islanders '' . NHL.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staple , Arthur ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Andrew Ladd , Jason Chimera sign with Islanders , who lose Kyle Okposo , Frans Nielsen , Matt Martin '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Islanders fire Jack Capuano ; Doug Weight named interim coach '' . ABC News . January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Pete ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Islanders fire coach Jack Capuano after disastrous first half '' . FoxSports.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islanders waive goalie Jaroslav Halak '' . ESPN . January 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn 's Barclays Center Is Dumping the Islanders '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Islanders discussed a return to Nassau Coliseum '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NHL on Islanders ' Nassau Coliseum hopes : Keep dreaming '' . New York Post . 2017 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's official : New York Islanders heading back to Nassau County '' . ABC7 New York . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Park Redevelopment - Conditional Designation of New YorkArena Partners ( '' NYAP `` ) as Developer '' ( PDF ) . esd.ny.gov . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Compton , Brian ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Islanders to play 12 games at Nassau Coliseum in 2018 - 19 '' . NHL.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Botta , Chris ( October 19 , 2008 ) . `` The Tale of the Fisherman Jersey Or , Shame and Mutiny on the Bounty '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Strang , Katie ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` New road jerseys , Islanders Masterton nominee and Calvin de Haan update '' . Newsday . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Embrace The Horror : Islanders To Bust Out Fisherman Jerseys On Tuesday Night '' . CBS . February 3 , 2015 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Klopsis , Nick ( January 10 , 2015 ) . `` Islanders fisherman jersey will make a brief comeback '' . Newsday . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islanders Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islanders Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Flatley to be inducted into Islanders Hall of Fame '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season -- All Skaters -- Career for Franchise -- Career Points -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Westfall hockey statistics and profile '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Peca hockey statistics and profile '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Denis Potvin hockey statistics and profile '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ El - Bashir , Tarik ( March 15 , 1998 ) . `` N.H.L. : YESTERDAY ; A Reunion , Of Sorts , Goes Bad '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan McCabe hockey profile and statistics '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Colin ( July 10 , 1996 ) . `` Isles say buy to Flatley '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` N.H.L. : Roundup ; Nolan Sparks San Jose ; Jonsson Steps Down '' . The New York Times . November 19 , 2000 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Snow General Manager '' . New York Islanders . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weight Named Head Coach '' . NHL.com. April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Best , Neil ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` Shannon Hogan to cover Islanders for MSG '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islander -- Radio Schedule '' . New York Islanders . Jump up ^ `` WFAN And WCBS Newsradio 880 To Broadcast Islanders Playoff Games '' . NHL.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Islanders . Official website New York Islanders Founded in 1972 Based in New York City , New York Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Jon Ledecky and Scott D. 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Euro - New York Magic Long Island Rough Riders Westchester Flames NPSL Brooklyn Italians FC Buffalo Greater Binghamton FC Kingston Stockade FC New York Athletic Club New York Cosmos B Rochester Lancers Syracuse FC MASL Syracuse Silver Knights Lacrosse MLL New York Lizards NLL Buffalo Bandits Rochester Knighthawks UWLX Long Island Sound Roller derby WFTDA Assault City Roller Derby Central New York Roller Derby Gotham Girls Roller Derby Hellions of Troy Hudson Valley Horrors Roller Derby Ithaca League of Women Rollers Long Island Roller Rebels Queen City Roller Girls Roc City Roller Derby Suburbia Roller Derby MRDA New York Shock Exchange Rugby league USARL Brooklyn Kings New York Knights White Plains Wombats Rugby union USAR New York Athletic Club RFC Old Blue Team tennis WTT New York Empire Inline hockey MLRH Buffalo Wings PIHA Suffolk Sting College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Albany Great Danes Army Black Knights Binghamton Bearcats Buffalo Bulls Canisius Golden Griffins Colgate Raiders Columbia Lions Cornell Big Red Fordham Rams Hofstra Pride Iona Gaels LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds Manhattan Jaspers Marist Red Foxes Niagara Purple Eagles St. Bonaventure Bonnies St. Francis Brooklyn Terriers St. John 's Red Storm Siena Saints Stony Brook Seawolves Syracuse Orange Wagner Seahawks See also : Sports in New York City , Sports in Buffalo , Sports in Rochester , Sports in Syracuse , and Sports in New York 's Capital District Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Islanders&oldid=843639829 '' Categories : New York Islanders 1972 establishments in New York ( state ) Ice hockey teams in the New York metropolitan area Ice hockey teams in New York ( state ) National Hockey League in the New York metropolitan area Metropolitan Division Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 13 : 22 . 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when did new york islanders join the nhl
[ "The team was founded in 1972 as part of the NHL's maneuvers to keep a team from rival league World Hockey Association (WHA) out of the newly built Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in suburban Uniondale, New York. After two years of building up the team's roster, they found almost instant success by securing fourteen straight playoff berths starting with their third season. The Islanders won four consecutive Stanley Cup championships between 1980 and 1983, the seventh of eight dynasties recognized by the NHL in its history. Their 19 consecutive playoff series wins between 1980 and 1984 is a feat that remains unparalleled in the history of professional sports." ]
[ "1972" ]
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Duplex (telecommunications)
Duplex ( telecommunications ) - wikipedia Duplex ( telecommunications ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A duplex communication system is a point - to - point system composed of two or more connected parties or devices that can communicate with one another in both directions . Duplex systems are employed in many communications networks , either to allow for a communication `` two - way street '' between two connected parties or to provide a `` reverse path '' for the monitoring and remote adjustment of equipment in the field . There are two types of duplex communication systems : full - duplex ( FDX ) and half - duplex ( HDX ) . In a full - duplex system , both parties can communicate with each other simultaneously . An example of a full - duplex device is a telephone ; the parties at both ends of a call can speak and be heard by the other party simultaneously . The earphone reproduces the speech of the remote party as the microphone transmits the speech of the local party , because there is a two - way communication channel between them , or more strictly speaking , because there are two communication channels between them . In a half - duplex system , both parties can communicate with each other , but not simultaneously ; the communication is one direction at a time . An example of a half - duplex device is a walkie - talkie two - way radio that has a `` push - to - talk '' button ; when the local user wants to speak to the remote person they push this button , which turns on the transmitter but turns off the receiver , so they can not hear the remote person . To listen to the other person they release the button , which turns on the receiver but turns off the transmitter . Systems that do not need the duplex capability may instead use simplex communication , in which one device transmits and the others can only `` listen '' . Examples are broadcast radio and television , garage door openers , baby monitors , wireless microphones , and surveillance cameras . In these devices the communication is only in one direction . Contents 1 Half duplex 2 Full duplex 3 Full - duplex emulation 3.1 Time - division duplexing 3.2 Frequency - division duplexing 3.3 Echo cancellation 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Half duplex ( edit ) A simple illustration of a half - duplex communication system A half - duplex ( HDX ) system provides communication in both directions , but only one direction at a time ( not simultaneously ) . Typically , once a party begins receiving a signal , it must wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting , before replying . An example of a half - duplex system is a two - party system such as a walkie - talkie , wherein one must use `` over '' or another previously designated keyword to indicate the end of transmission , and ensure that only one party transmits at a time , because both parties transmit and receive on the same frequency . A good analogy for a half - duplex system would be a one - lane road with traffic controllers at each end , such as a two - lane bridge under re-construction . Traffic can flow in both directions , but only one direction at a time , regulated by the traffic controllers . Half - duplex systems are usually used to conserve bandwidth , since only a single communication channel is needed , which is shared alternately between the two directions . For example , a walkie - talkie requires only a single frequency for bidirectional communication , while a cell phone , which is a full - duplex device , requires two frequencies to carry the two simultaneous voice channels , one in each direction . In automatically run communications systems , such as two - way data - links , the time allocations for communications in a half - duplex system can be firmly controlled by the hardware . Thus , there is no waste of the channel for switching . For example , station A on one end of the data link could be allowed to transmit for exactly one second , then station B on the other end could be allowed to transmit for exactly one second , and then the cycle repeats . In half - duplex systems , if more than one party transmits at the same time , a collision occurs , resulting in lost messages . Full duplex ( edit ) A simple illustration of a full - duplex communication system . Full - duplex is not common in handheld radios as shown here due to the cost and complexity of common duplexing methods , but is used in telephones , cellphones and cordless phones . A full - duplex ( FDX ) system , or sometimes called double - duplex , allows communication in both directions , and , unlike half - duplex , allows this to happen simultaneously . Land - line telephone networks are full - duplex , since they allow both callers to speak and be heard at the same time , with the transition from four to two wires being achieved by a hybrid coil in a telephone hybrid . Modern cell phones are also full - duplex . A good analogy for a full - duplex system is a two - lane road with one lane for each direction . Moreover , in most full - duplex mode systems carrying computer data , transmitted data does not appear to be sent until it has been received and an acknowledgment is sent back by the other party . In this way , such systems implement reliable transmission methods . Two - way radios can be designed as full - duplex systems , transmitting on one frequency and receiving on another ; this is also called frequency - division duplex . Frequency - division duplex systems can extend their range by using sets of simple repeater stations because the communications transmitted on any single frequency always travel in the same direction . Full - duplex Ethernet connections work by making simultaneous use of two physical twisted pairs inside the same jacket , which are directly connected to each networked device : one pair is for receiving packets , while the other pair is for sending packets . This effectively makes the cable itself a collision - free environment and doubles the maximum total transmission capacity supported by each Ethernet connection . Full - duplex has also several benefits over the use of half - duplex . First , there are no collisions so time is not wasted by having to retransmit frames . Second , full transmission capacity is available in both directions because the send and receive functions are separate . Third , since there is only one transmitter on each twisted pair , stations ( nodes ) do not need to wait for others to complete their transmissions . Some computer - based systems of the 1960s and 1970s required full - duplex facilities , even for half - duplex operation , since their poll - and - response schemes could not tolerate the slight delays in reversing the direction of transmission in a half - duplex line . Full - duplex emulation ( edit ) Where channel access methods are used in point - to - multipoint networks ( such as cellular networks ) for dividing forward and reverse communication channels on the same physical communications medium , they are known as duplexing methods , such as time - division duplexing and frequency - division duplexing . Time - division duplexing ( edit ) Time - division duplexing ( TDD ) is the application of time - division multiplexing to separate outward and return signals . It emulates full duplex communication over a half duplex communication link . Time - division duplexing has a strong advantage in the case where there is asymmetry of the uplink and downlink data rates . As the amount of uplink data increases , more communication capacity can be dynamically allocated , and as the traffic load becomes lighter , capacity can be taken away . The same applies in the downlink direction . For radio systems that are n't moving quickly , another advantage is that the uplink and downlink radio paths are likely to be very similar . This means that techniques such as beamforming work well with TDD systems . Examples of time - division duplexing systems are : UMTS 3G supplementary air interfaces TD - CDMA for indoor mobile telecommunications . The Chinese TD - LTE 4 - G , TD - SCDMA 3 - G mobile communications air interface . DECT wireless telephony Half - duplex packet switched networks based on carrier sense multiple access , for example 2 - wire or hubbed Ethernet , Wireless local area networks and Bluetooth , can be considered as time - division duplexing systems , albeit not TDMA with fixed frame - lengths . IEEE 802.16 WiMAX PACTOR ISDN BRI U interface , variants using the time - compression multiplex ( TCM ) line system G. fast , a digital subscriber line ( DSL ) standard under development by the ITU - T Frequency - division duplexing ( edit ) Frequency - division duplexing ( FDD ) means that the transmitter and receiver operate at different carrier frequencies . The method is frequently used in ham radio operation , where an operator is attempting to use a repeater station . The repeater station must be able to send and receive a transmission at the same time , and does so by slightly altering the frequency at which it sends and receives . This mode of operation is referred to as duplex mode or offset mode . Uplink and downlink sub-bands are said to be separated by the frequency offset . Frequency - division duplexing can be efficient in the case of symmetric traffic . In this case , time - division duplexing tends to waste bandwidth during the switch - over from transmitting to receiving , has greater inherent latency , and may require more complex circuitry . Another advantage of frequency - division duplexing is that it makes radio planning easier and more efficient , since base stations do not `` hear '' each other ( as they transmit and receive in different sub-bands ) and therefore will normally not interfere with each other . Conversely , with time - division duplexing systems , care must be taken to keep guard times between neighboring base stations ( which decreases spectral efficiency ) or to synchronize base stations , so that they will transmit and receive at the same time ( which increases network complexity and therefore cost , and reduces bandwidth allocation flexibility as all base stations and sectors will be forced to use the same uplink / downlink ratio ) Examples of frequency - division duplexing systems are : ADSL and VDSL Most cellular systems , including the UMTS / WCDMA use frequency - division duplexing mode and the cdma2000 system . IEEE 802.16 WiMax also uses frequency - division duplexing mode . Echo cancellation ( edit ) Full - duplex audio systems like telephones can create echo , which needs to be removed . Echo occurs when the sound coming out of the speaker , originating from the far end , re-enters the microphone and is sent back to the far end . The sound then reappears at the original source end , but delayed . This feedback path may be acoustic , through the air , or it may be mechanically coupled , for example in a telephone handset . Echo cancellation is a signal - processing operation that subtracts the far - end signal from the microphone signal before it is sent back over the network . Echo cancellation is important technology allowing modems to achieve good full - duplex performance . The V. 32 , V. 34 , V. 56 , and V. 90 modem standards require echo cancellation . Echo cancelers are available as both software and hardware implementations . They can be independent components in a communications system or integrated into the communication system 's central processing unit . Devices that do not eliminate echo sometimes will not produce good full - duplex performance . See also ( edit ) Duplex mismatch Four - wire circuit Multiplexing Duplexer Communications channel Crossband operation Push to talk Simplex communication Radio resource management Double - track railway References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cell phone Frequencies '' . HowStuffWorks . Jump up ^ Greenstein , Shane ; Stango , Victor ( 2006 ) . Standards and Public Policy . Cambridge University Press . pp. 129 -- 132 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 46075 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Tanenbaum , Andrew S. ( 2003 ) . Computer Networks . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 038488 - 7 . Riihonen , Taneli ( 2014 ) . Design and Analysis of Duplexing Modes and Forwarding Protocols for OFDM ( A ) Relay Links . Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS , 81 / 2014 . ISBN 978 - 952 - 60 - 5715 - 6 . Channel access methods and Media access control Channel - based FDMA OFDMA WDMA SC - FDMA TDMA MF - TDMA STDMA CDMA W - CDMA TD - CDMA TD - SCDMA DS - CDMA FH - CDMA MC - CDMA SDMA HC - SDMA PDMA PAMA Packet - based Collision recovery ALOHA Slotted ALOHA R - ALOHA AX. 25 CSMA / CD Collision avoidance MACA MACAW CSMA CSMA / CA DCF PCF HCF CSMA / CARP Collision - free Token ring Token bus MS - ALOHA Delay & disruption tolerant MANET VANET DTN Dynamic Source Routing Duplexing methods TDD FDD Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duplex_(telecommunications)&oldid=850527871 '' Categories : Channel access methods Communication circuits Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 13 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
in which mode the communication channel is used in both directions at the same time
[ "A duplex communication system is a point-to-point system composed of two or more connected parties or devices that can communicate with one another in both directions. Duplex systems are employed in many communications networks, either to allow for a communication \"two-way street\" between two connected parties or to provide a \"reverse path\" for the monitoring and remote adjustment of equipment in the field. There are two types of duplex communication systems: full-duplex (FDX) and half-duplex (HDX).\n" ]
[ "A duplex" ]
-1744348317219122876
MAPP gas
MAPP gas - wikipedia MAPP gas Jump to : navigation , search A set of MAPP and oxygen cylinders used for oxy - fuel welding and cutting . `` MAPP gas '' is a trademarked name , belonging to The Linde Group , and previously belonging to the Dow Chemical Company , for a fuel gas based on a stabilized mixture of methylacetylene ( propyne ) and propadiene . The name comes from the original chemical composition , methylacetylene - propadiene propane . `` MAPP gas '' is also widely used as a generic name for UN 1060 stabilised methylacetylene - propadiene ( unstabilised methylacetylene - propadiene is known as MAPD ) . MAPP gas is widely regarded as a safer and easier - to - use substitute for acetylene . In early 2008 , true MAPP gas production ended in North America when production was discontinued at the only remaining plant in North America that still manufactured it . However , many current products labeled `` MAPP '' are , in fact , MAPP substitutes . These versions are composed almost entirely of propylene with minuscule impurities of propane ( < 0.5 % ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 MAPP gas use 2 MAPP gas physical properties 3 Thermal properties 4 Safety 5 See also 6 References MAPP gas use ( edit ) Genuine MAPP gas can be used in combination with oxygen for heating , soldering , brazing and even welding due to its high flame temperature of 2925 ° C ( 5300 ° F ) in oxygen . Although acetylene has a higher flame temperature ( 3160 ° C , 5720 ° F ) , MAPP has the advantage that it requires neither dilution nor special container fillers during transport , allowing a greater volume of fuel gas to be transported at the same given weight , and it is much safer in use . The MAPP / oxygen flame is not entirely appropriate for welding steel , due to the high concentration of hydrogen in the flame - higher than acetylene , but lower than any of the other petroleum fuel gases . The hydrogen infuses into the molten steel and renders the welds brittle . For small - scale welding with MAPP this is not a serious problem , as the hydrogen escapes readily , and MAPP / oxygen can in practice be used for welding small steel parts . MAPP / oxygen was advantageously used in underwater cutting , which requires high gas pressures ( under such pressures acetylene polymerizes explosively , making it dangerous to use ) . However , underwater oxy / fuel gas cutting of any kind has been replaced by exothermic cutting due to the much faster cut rate and greater safety . MAPP gas is also used in combustion with air for brazing and soldering , where it has a slight advantage over competing propane fuel due to its higher combustion temperature of 2,020 ° C ( 3,670 ° F ) in air . The biggest disadvantage of MAPP gas is cost ; it is typically one - and - a-half times as expensive as propane at the refinery , and up to four times as expensive to the consumer . It is no longer used much in any large - scale industry - for larger scale users acetylene / oxygen is more economic than MAPP / oxygen when high flame temperatures are needed , and propane / air is more economic when big overall heats are needed . However , for the small - scale user the MAPP / oxygen flame is still highly desirable , having higher flame temperatures and energy densities than any flame other than acetylene / oxygen , but without the dangers and inconveniences of acetylene / oxygen . Jewellers , glassbead makers , and many others find it very useful . Plumbers , refrigeration and HVAC engineers and other tradesmen also value the high heat capacity of the MAPP / air flame ; MAPP was until recently widely used , supplied in small to medium size containers . MAPP gas physical properties ( edit ) MAPP is colorless in both liquid and gas form . The gas has a pronounced acetylene - like or fishy odor at concentrations above 100 ppm , due to the addition of substituted amines as a polymerization inhibitor . Low molecular weight alkynes have strong odors . MAPP gas is toxic if inhaled at high concentrations . The composition of the supplied gas has varied widely , with the gases as supplied by different repackagers / resellers at any one time varying , as well as the general composition varying over time , but a typical composition for an early Dow gas might be : methylacetylene ( propyne ) 48 % , propadiene 23 % , propane 27 % . For a later Dow / Petromont gas propyne 30 % , propadiene 14 % , propylene 43 % , propane 7 % , C H ( isobutane , butane ) 6 % might be more typical . Thermal properties ( edit ) MAPP has an energy content of 2100 BTU / lb ( 1.357 kWh / kg ) while acetylene 's energy content is 2500 BTU / lb ( 1.615 kWh / kg ) . Safety ( edit ) People can be exposed to MAPP gas or its substitutes in the workplace by inhaling the gas or skin / eye contact with the liquid . The Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has set the legal limit for MAPP gas exposure in the workplace as 1000 ppm ( 1800 mg / m ) over an 8 - hour workday . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) has set a recommended exposure limit ( REL ) of 1000 ppm ( 1800 mg / m ) over an 8 - hour workday and 1250 ppm ( 2250 mg / m ) for short - term exposure . At levels of 3400 ppm , 10 % of the lower explosive limit , MAPP gas is immediately dangerous to life and health . See also ( edit ) Methylacetylene - propadiene gas Brazing Oxy - fuel welding Forge welding Arc Welding References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See for example , `` MAP - Pro '' from BernzOmatic ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Exothermic cutting '' uses the heat of burning steel wire to cut metals and even non-metals ( e.g. , concrete ) . Typically , the wire is ignited electrically and combustion is sustained via a flow of compressed oxygen . See : U.S. Navy Underwater Cutting & Welding Manual , NAVSEA S0300 - BB - MAN - 010 ( 1 June 2002 ) , Chapter 2 , especially sections 2.3 ( Exothermic electrodes ) and 2.4 ( Seeler Enterprises LU - 001 Exothermic Cutting Tool ( Kerie Cable ) ) , pages 53 - 74 ( pages 2 - 22 to 2 - 43 of original document ) . Available on - line at : http://www.maritime.org/doc/pdf/cut_weld.pdf . Jump up ^ Self , Charles R. ( 1982 ) . Do Your Own Professional Welding . Blue Ridge Summit , PA : Tab Books Inc . ISBN 0 - 8306 - 0068 - X . Jump up ^ `` CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Methyl acetylene - propadiene mixture '' . www.cdc.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MAPP_gas&oldid=836152841 '' Categories : Brazing and soldering Fuel gas Hidden categories : All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 23 : 56 . About Wikipedia
how hot does a mapp gas torch burn
[ "Genuine MAPP gas can be used in combination with oxygen for heating, soldering, brazing and even welding due to its high flame temperature of 2925 °C (5300 °F) in oxygen. Although acetylene has a higher flame temperature (3160 °C, 5720 °F), MAPP has the advantage that it requires neither dilution nor special container fillers during transport, allowing a greater volume of fuel gas to be transported at the same given weight, and it is much safer in use." ]
[ "2925 °C (5300 °F)" ]
1169576047676746957
You've Really Got a Hold on Me
You 've Really Got a Hold on Me - wikipedia You 've Really Got a Hold on Me This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' Single by The Miracles from the album The Fabulous Miracles A-side `` Happy Landing '' B - side `` You 've Really Got A Hold on Me '' Released November 9 , 1962 Format 7 '' single Recorded Hitsville USA ( Studio A ) ; October 16 , 1962 Genre Soul Length 3 : 02 Label Tamla T 54073 Songwriter ( s ) Smokey Robinson Producer ( s ) Smokey Robinson The Miracles singles chronology `` I 'll Try Something New '' ( 1962 ) `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' ( 1962 ) `` A Love She Can Count On '' ( 1963 ) `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' is a song written by Smokey Robinson which became a 1962 Top 10 hit single for The Miracles on Motown 's Tamla label . One of the Miracles ' most covered tunes , this million - selling song received a 1998 Grammy Hall of Fame Award . It has also been selected as one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . It was covered by English rock group the Beatles on their second album , With the Beatles and many other musicians . Contents 1 Composition 2 Recording 3 Originally a `` B '' Side 3.1 Soundtracks and film appearances 3.2 Personnel 3.3 Chart performance 4 Covers 4.1 The Beatles 4.1. 1 Personnel 4.2 Other versions 5 References Composition ( edit ) `` You 've Really Got a Hold On Me '' was written by Smokey Robinson while in New York in 1962 on business for Motown ; he heard Sam Cooke 's `` Bring It On Home to Me '' , which was in the charts at the time , and -- influenced by it -- wrote the song in his hotel room . Recording ( edit ) The song was recorded in Motown 's Studio A on October 16 , 1962 with Robinson on lead vocals , and Miracles ' second tenor Bobby Rogers on harmony co-lead . Robinson was the producer , and he had Eddie Willis and Miracle Marv Tarplin share the guitar parts . Originally a `` B '' side ( edit ) The song was released on the Tamla label on November 9 , 1962 as the B side to `` Happy Landing '' . `` Happy Landing '' charted regionally ; however , the nation 's Dee - Jays flipped the record over , because they liked `` Hold On Me '' better . With `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' as the A side , the single reached the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 Pop chart , peaking at number eight , and was a number - one smash on the Billboard R&B singles chart during the winter of 1962 - 63 . The Miracles ' original version is a 1998 Grammy Hall of Fame inductee . It was also the group 's second single to sell over a million copies , after `` Shop Around '' . It was included on the album The Fabulous Miracles over three months after its release . Soundtracks and film appearances ( edit ) The Miracles can be seen performing the song live on stage at the Apollo Theatre in New York ( 1963 ) on the Motown / Universal DVD release : Smokey Robinson & The Miracles : The Definitive Performances 1963 - 1987 . This filmed performance , according to the DVD 's liner notes , is the only known recorded live footage of the group with original Miracles member Claudette ( Mrs. Smokey ) Robinson . They also performed it live at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium the following year ( 1964 ) for the American International Pictures concert film , T.A.M.I. Show . It was also chosen for the soundtrack of the award - winning 1964 Ivan Dixon film , Nothing But a Man , and many others ( see below ) . Smokey Robinson himself also performed a rewritten version of it on Sesame Street alongside a grabby , feminine - looking Muppet letter `` U '' , who would n't stop trying to grab Smokey , with such lyrics as `` U stands for uptight / That 's how I 'm feelin ' / Bein ' grabbed by a letter is / Unappealin ' '' . The Miracles performed the song on a 1964 telecast of the ABC television series Shindig ! , and in 1983 , the group also performed it , 21 years after they originally recorded it , on the Emmy - winning NBC Television special , Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever . Nothing But a Man ( 1964 ) T.A.M.I. Show ( 1964 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) `` The Wanderers '' ( 1979 ) Alien Nation ( 1988 ) Roseanne ( 1988 ) Mermaids ( 1990 ) Breaking the Rules ( 1992 ) Striptease ( 1996 ) Strike ! ( 1998 ) Friends ( 2000 ) Flipped ( film ) ( 2010 ) Reference : IMDb Personnel ( edit ) The Miracles Smokey Robinson -- lead vocal Claudette Rogers Robinson -- backing vocal Pete Moore -- backing vocal Ronnie White -- backing vocal Bobby Rogers -- co-lead vocal and backing vocal Marv Tarplin -- guitar Other instruments by The Funk Brothers Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1962 - 1963 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 8 U.S. Billboard Hot R&B Sides Covers ( edit ) The Beatles ( edit ) `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' Song by The Beatles from the album With the Beatles Released November 22 , 1963 Recorded July 18 , 1963 , EMI Studios , London Genre Rhythm and blues Length 3 : 01 Label Parlophone Songwriter ( s ) Smokey Robinson Producer ( s ) George Martin `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' ( sic ) was the first track recorded for the Beatles ' second United Kingdom LP , With the Beatles , and features John Lennon and George Harrison on lead vocals with Paul McCartney on harmony vocals . The Beatles acquired an imported copy by the Miracles and included it in their repertoire early in 1963 . In a 1968 interview , Smokey Robinson reported that he liked their cover . The Beatles recorded the song on July 18 , 1963 . This session took place while Please Please Me was still at number one in the album charts four months after its release , and in the midst of a rigorous touring schedule that also had to include BBC sessions for radio and television . It was completed in seven takes , four of which were complete . The group then recorded four edit pieces . The final version was an edit of takes 7 , 10 and 11 . The Beatles also recorded `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' on four occasions for BBC radio in 1963 . One of these , from July 30 , 1963 was included on the Live at the BBC collection . A live version recorded in Stockholm , Sweden in October 1963 was released in 1995 on Anthology 1 . The song was performed once again in 1969 , during the Let It Be recording sessions , and featured in the 1970 documentary film , Let It Be . Personnel ( edit ) John Lennon -- rhythm guitar , lead vocals George Harrison -- lead guitar , lead vocals Paul McCartney -- bass guitar , harmony vocals Ringo Starr -- drums George Martin -- piano Other versions ( edit ) `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' has been covered extensively since its release : The Supremes did a version which was produced by Berry Gordy with Hal Davis and Marc Gordon doing the mixing , and appeared on their 1964 album A Bit of Liverpool . Group member Mary Wilson sang in close unison with Diana Ross 's lead in their version. The Temptations ' version , produced by Smokey Robinson , was included on their 1965 album The Temptations Sing Smokey . Eddie Kendricks sang lead vocal with David Ruffin providing harmony co-lead vocal on verses 1 and 2 ; Paul Williams provided vocals on close harmony on the final verse . The Zombies covered the song in their 1965 debut LP Begin Here . Barbara McNair recorded an unreleased version in 1968 , and in 1969 the Jackson 5 , with Michael Jackson singing lead , recorded an unreleased track that was originally intended for their first album Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 . Laura Nyro recorded the song in 1971 on her album , Gonna Take a Miracle . Michael Jackson also recorded a solo version in 1973 ; however this remained unreleased until 1984 's Farewell My Summer Love . These versions were among the first recorded that did not have dueling unison leads . The Small Faces covered the song for their album From the Beginning in 1967 . Eddie Money covered this song on his 1977 debut album . Bernard Edwards covered the song on his solo album Glad To Be Here in 1983 . Country music artist Mickey Gilley covered the song in 1984 . Produced by Jim Ed Norman , and released by Epic Records , Gilley 's version peaked at # 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and # 1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada . Mike and the Mechanics covered the song for their album Beggar on a Beach of Gold in 1995 . Cyndi Lauper covered the song for her 2003 studio album At Last . She & Him covered the song on their debut album Volume One in 2008 . Rod Stewart covered it as well for his album Soulbook in 2009 . Phil Collins covered the song for his album Going Back in 2010 . Haley Reinhart covered the song in an American Idol performance in 2011 . Smokey Robinson himself also performed a rewritten version of it on Sesame Street in 1985 alongside a grabby feminine looking Muppet red letter `` U '' , with such lyrics as `` U stands for uptight / That 's how I 'm feelin ' / Bein ' grabbed by a letter is / Unappealin ' '' . Jinkx Monsoon covered the song in their album The Ginger Snapped in 2018 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Smokey Robinson interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) ^ Jump up to : Bill Dahl ( 28 Feb 2011 ) . Motown : The Golden Years . Krause Publications . p. 130 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ The Miracles -- Depend On Me : The Early Albums liner notes , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 404 . Jump up ^ Coryton , Demitri ; Joseph Murrells . Hits Of The Sixties : The Million Sellers . ^ Jump up to : `` With The Beatles '' . Albumlinernotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles Bible : You Really Got A Hold On Me '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mark Ribowsky ( 27 Apr 2010 ) . The Supremes : A Saga of Motown Dreams , Success , and Betrayal . Da Capo Press . p. 176 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Kristina Juarbe ( 2011 - 12 - 03 ) , Diana Ross and the Supremes - You 've Really Got a Hold on Me , retrieved 2018 - 08 - 24 Jump up ^ Mark Deming . `` Begin Here - The Zombies Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Florin Mihalache ( 2012 - 06 - 26 ) , The Jackson 5 - You 've Really Got a Hold On Me ( Audio HQ ) HD , retrieved 2018 - 08 - 24 Jump up ^ `` Classic Sesame Street - U Really Got a Hold On Me '' . YouTube . 2006 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . The Miracles Smokey Robinson Ronnie White Pete Moore Bobby Rogers Claudette Robinson Marv Tarplin Billy Griffin Donald Griffin Carl Cotton Mark Scott Dave Finley Sydney Justin Alphonse Franklin Tee Turner Pre-Miracles : Emerson `` Sonny '' Rogers James Grice Clarence Dawson Production Berry Gordy Smokey Robinson Pete Moore Studio albums Hi ... We 're The Miracles ( 1961 ) Cookin ' with The Miracles ( 1961 ) I 'll Try Something New ( 1962 ) The Fabulous Miracles ( 1963 ) The Miracles Doin ' Mickey 's Monkey ( 1963 ) I Like It Like That ( 1964 ) Going to a Go - Go ( 1965 ) Away We a Go - Go ( 1966 ) Make It Happen ( The Tears of a Clown ) ( 1967 ) Special Occasion ( 1968 ) Time Out For Smokey Robinson & the Miracles ( 1969 ) Four in Blue ( 1969 ) What Love Has Joined Together ( 1970 ) A Pocket Full Of Miracles ( 1970 ) One Dozen Roses ( 1971 ) Flying High Together ( 1972 ) Renaissance ( 1973 ) Do It Baby ( 1974 ) City of Angels ( 1975 ) Live albums The Miracles Recorded Live on Stage ( 1963 ) Smokey Robinson & The Miracles LIVE ! ( 1969 ) Smokey Robinson & The Miracles : 1957 - 1972 ( 1972 ) Other albums Christmas with The Miracles ( 1963 ) Compilations Greatest Hits : From the Beginning ( 1965 ) Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 ( 1968 ) Anthology ( 1974 ) Anthology ' 86 ( 1986 ) Anthology : The Best of Smokey Robinson & The Miracles ( 1995 ) The Ultimate Collection ( 1998 ) Ooo Baby Baby : The Anthology ( 2002 ) Depend On Me : The Early Albums ( 2009 ) Singles ( US / UK Top Twenty singles ) `` Shop Around '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' / `` Happy Landing '' `` Mickey 's Monkey '' `` Ooo Baby Baby '' `` The Tracks of My Tears '' `` My Girl Has Gone '' `` Going to a Go - Go '' `` ( Come ' Round Here ) I 'm the One You Need '' `` The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage '' `` I Second That Emotion '' `` If You Can Want '' `` Baby , Baby Do n't Cry '' `` The Tears of a Clown '' `` I Do n't Blame You At All '' `` Do It Baby '' `` Love Machine '' Videography The Definitive Performances ( 1963 -- 1987 ) ( 2006 ) Discography Albums Songs Related articles Motown Records List of cover versions of The Miracles songs Book : The Miracles The Miracles singles discography 1950s `` Got a Job '' ( 1958 ) `` Your Love ( Is All I Need ) '' ( 1958 ) `` I Cry '' ( 1958 ) `` I Need a Change '' ( 1959 ) `` It '' ( 1959 ) `` Bad Girl '' ( 1959 ) `` The Feeling Is So Fine '' ( 1959 ) / `` ( You Can ) Depend on Me '' ( 1959 ) 1960s `` Way Over There '' ( 1960 ) `` Shop Around '' ( 1960 ) / `` Who 's Lovin ' You '' ( 1960 ) `` Ai n't It Baby '' ( 1961 ) `` Mighty Good Lovin ' '' ( 1961 ) / Broken Hearted '' ( 1961 ) `` Everybody 's Gotta Pay Some Dues '' ( 1961 ) `` What 's So Good About Goodbye '' ( 1961 ) / `` I 've Been Good to You '' ( 1961 ) `` I 'll Try Something New '' ( 1962 ) `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' ( 1962 ) / `` Happy Landing '' ( 1962 ) `` A Love She Can Count On '' ( 1963 ) / `` I Can Take a Hint '' ( 1963 ) `` Mickey 's Monkey '' ( 1963 ) `` I Gotta Dance to Keep From Crying '' ( 1963 ) `` The Christmas Song '' ( 1963 ) `` ( You Ca n't Let the Boy Overpower ) The Man in You '' ( 1964 ) `` I Like It Like That '' ( 1964 ) `` That 's What Love Is Made Of '' ( 1964 ) `` Come On Do The Jerk '' ( 1964 ) `` Ooo Baby Baby '' ( 1965 ) `` The Tracks of My Tears '' ( 1965 ) / `` A Fork in the Road '' ( 1965 ) `` My Girl Has Gone '' ( 1965 ) `` Going to a Go - Go '' ( 1965 ) / `` Choosey Beggar '' ( 1965 ) `` Whole Lot of Shakin ' in My Heart ( Since I Met You ) '' ( 1966 ) `` ( Come ' Round Here ) I 'm the One You Need '' ( 1966 ) `` The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage '' ( 1967 ) `` More Love '' ( 1967 ) `` I Second That Emotion '' ( 1967 ) `` If You Can Want '' ( 1968 ) `` Yester Love '' ( 1968 ) `` Special Occasion '' ( 1968 ) `` Baby , Baby Do n't Cry '' ( 1969 ) `` Here I Go Again '' ( 1969 ) / `` Doggone Right '' ( 1969 ) `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( 1969 ) `` Point It Out '' ( 1969 ) / `` Darling Dear '' ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Who 's Gonna Take the Blame '' ( 1970 ) `` The Tears of a Clown '' ( 1970 ) `` I Do n't Blame You At All '' ( 1970 ) `` Crazy About the La La '' ( 1971 ) `` Satisfaction '' ( 1971 ) `` We 've Come Too Far to End It Now '' ( 1972 ) `` I Ca n't Stand to See You Cry '' ( 1972 ) `` Do n't Let It End ( ' Til You Let It Begin ) '' ( 1973 ) `` Give Me Just Another Day '' ( 1973 ) `` Do It Baby '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Cha Love It '' ( 1974 ) `` Gemini '' ( 1975 ) `` Love Machine '' ( 1975 ) `` Night Life '' ( 1976 ) `` Spy for Brotherhood '' ( 1977 ) `` I Can Touch the Sky '' ( 1977 ) `` Mean Machine '' ( 1978 ) Book : The Miracles With the Beatles Songs Side one `` It Wo n't Be Long '' `` All I 've Got to Do '' `` All My Loving '' `` Do n't Bother Me '' `` Little Child '' `` Till There Was You '' `` Please Mr. Postman '' Side two `` Roll Over Beethoven '' `` Hold Me Tight '' `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` I Wanna Be Your Man '' `` Devil in Her Heart '' `` Not a Second Time '' `` Money '' Non-album single `` She Loves You '' `` I 'll Get You '' `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' `` This Boy '' Outtakes `` What Goes On '' Related articles The Beatles discography Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters Mickey Gilley Albums Too Good to Stop Now Invitation Only Notable singles `` Lotta Lovin ' '' `` Room Full of Roses '' `` I Overlooked an Orchid '' `` City Lights '' `` Window Up Above '' `` Bouquet of Roses '' `` Overnight Sensation '' `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` She 's Pulling Me Back Again '' `` Honky Tonk Memories '' `` Chains of Song '' `` The Power of Positive Drinkin ' '' `` Here Comes the Hurt Again '' `` The Song We Made Love To '' `` Just Long Enough to Say Goodbye '' `` My Silver Lining '' `` True Love Ways '' `` Stand by Me '' `` That 's All That Matters '' `` A Headache Tomorrow ( Or a Heartache Tonight ) '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Lonely Nights '' `` Tears of the Lonely '' `` Put Your Dreams Away '' `` Talk to Me '' `` Fool for Your Love '' `` Your Love Shines Through '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Too Good to Stop Now '' `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' `` You 've Got Something on Your Mind '' `` Your Memory Ai n't What It Used to Be '' `` Doo - Wah Days '' `` Full Grown Fool '' `` She Reminded Me of You '' `` There I 've Said It Again '' Guest singles `` Paradise Tonight '' ( with Charly McClain ) Related articles Discography Jerry Lee Lewis Jimmy Swaggart Barbi Benton Ray Charles Gilley 's Club Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27ve_Really_Got_a_Hold_on_Me&oldid=856319257 '' Categories : The Miracles songs Songs written by Smokey Robinson Tamla Records singles Parlophone singles 1962 singles 1963 singles 1979 singles 1980 singles 1984 singles The Beatles songs The Supremes songs Eddie Money songs Cher songs She & Him songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Song recordings produced by Jim Ed Norman Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients RPM Top Singles number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Mickey Gilley songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Epic Records singles Song recordings produced by Berry Gordy Song recordings produced by Smokey Robinson 1962 songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 11 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who wrote the song you really got a hold on me
[ "\"You've Really Got a Hold on Me\" is a song written by Smokey Robinson which became a 1962 Top 10 hit single for The Miracles on Motown's Tamla label. One of the Miracles' most covered tunes, this million-selling song received a 1998 Grammy Hall of Fame Award. It has also been selected as one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. It was covered by English rock group the Beatles on their second album, With the Beatles and many other musicians.\n" ]
[ "Smokey Robinson" ]
6156630857090423392
Lies of the Heart
Lies of the Heart - Wikipedia Lies of the Heart Jump to : navigation , search Doli Armaano Ki Genre Indian soap opera Drama Created by Spellbound Productions Walkwater Media Ltd . Written by Pearl Grey Shanti Bhushan Directed by Sandeep Vijay , Niraj Pandey Inder Das Starring Neha Marda Varun Sharma Siddharth Arora Vibhav Roy Vikram Chatterjee Aadesh Chaudhary Manasi Salvi Gaurav Chopra Opening theme Doli Armaano Ki Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons 02 No. of episodes 482 Production Producer ( s ) Pearl Grey Location ( s ) Jhansi Mumbai Running time 25 mins approx Production company ( s ) Spellbound Productions Walkwater Media Ltd . Release Original network Zee TV Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) -- September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) External links Official website Doli Armaano Ki , ( International title : Lies of the Heart ) , was an Indian television drama series . which premiered on 2 December 2013 , and ran until 25 September 2015 . It aired on Zee TV Monday through Friday . The series has been revoiced in English , and will air on Zee World on DSTv channel 166 , and revoiced in Tamil as Kalyana Kanavugal ( lit . Marriage Dreams ) and will air on Polimer TV . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 International broadcast 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) It is the story of Urmi , a young girl who gets married to Samrat , an arrogant , male chauvinist and abusive husband . As the story progresses Urmi and Samrat have a child , Shaurya . Moving further Urmi walks out of her marriage with Samrat due to his infidelity and ends up as a successful independent woman . Later , Ishaan , who has been Urmi 's friend , confidant and lawyer , falls in love with her and they get married . Samrat , the abusive husband , comes back to take revenge on Urmi . In the process , Ishaan is killed while saving Samrat and later Samrat ends his life due to guilt . Moving 15 years forward , Shaurya is an upright honest reporter who runs a news agency . Diya works with Shaurya in the same agency . On a work assignment Diya is raped . Hereon begins the journey of Urmi , Shaurya and Diya . Over the years Urmi , with her courage , integrity and determination to fight for the right has become one of the most iconic characters on Zee TV . With this leap Urmi passes the baton she has been carrying to Shaurya . The story henceforth focuses on Shaurya and Diya and how Shaurya helps Diya , stand up for her , fights for her , supports her and eventually falls in love with her . Diya on her part fights for her rights , lives her life with her head held high and also eventually falls in love with Shaurya . Cast ( edit ) Season 1 Neha Marda as Urmi Ishaan Sinha / Urmi Samrat Singh Rathore Siddharth Arora / Vibhav Roy as Ishaan Anirudh Sinha Mohit Malik as Samrat Singh Rathore Parvati Sehgal as Tani Samrat Singh Rathore Avinash Wadhawan as Anirudh Sinha Kamya Punjabi as Damini Anirudh Sinha Ayesha Singh as Ratti Sinha Shashwita Sharma as Sandhiya Sinha Geeta Tyagi as Shashikala Rudra Singh Rathore Hemant Thatte as Gaurav Devi Singh Anjali Mukhi as Saroj Devi Singh Sameeksha Sud as Asha Gaurav Singh Jayant Rawal as Devi Singh Mitansh Gera as Shaurya Samrat Singh Rathore / Shaurya Ishaan Sinha Shruti Kanwar as Radha Vikram Chatterjee as Yash Singhania Gaurav Rana as Diwakar Rudra Singh Rathore Vibhuti Thakur as Kanchan Diwakar Singh Rathore Jetendra as Rudra Singh Rathore Anupam Shyam as Garjan Singh Rathore Amita Udgata as Gayatri Singh Guddi Maruti as Bua Snigdha Srivastava as Trisha ( Urmi 's cousin sister ) Manisha Thakkar as Rashmi Singh Rathore / Rashmi Gaurav Singh Mehendi Jain as Anushka Devi Singh Aadesh Chaudhary / Harsh Vashisht as Amrit Singh Chauhan Ragini Gakhar as Aditi Amrit Singh Chauhan Krishnam Sharma as Rahul Karan Mishra as Deepak Ayush Mehra as Ravi Darshan Tiwari Swati Nanda as Sanaya Mohit Shrivastava as Prathanesh Sharma Himani Shivpuri as Sushma Darshan Tiwari Raju Kher as Darshan Tiwari Keith Sequeira as James ( Blackmailer ) Neetha Shetty as Kiran ( Samrat 's love interest ) Season 2 Manasi Salvi as Urmi Ishaan Sinha / Urmi Samrat Singh Rathode Kunal Karan Kapoor as Shaurya Ishaan Sinha / Shaurya Samrat Singh Rathode Neha Sargam as Diya Shaurya Sinha / Diya Shaurya Singh Rathode Kapil Arya as Karan Shashank Sethi as Cheeku Gaurav Chopra as Akash Kumar Avinash Wadhawan as Anirudh Sinha Kamya Punjabi as Damini Anirudh Sinha Nalini Negi as Ishaani Ishaan Sinha Mohit Shrivastava as Prathanesh Sharma Shahab Khan as Diya 's Father International broadcast ( edit ) In Pakistan , it airs on Urdu One References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Vibhuti Thakur & Gaurav Rana in Doli Armaano Ki -- Times Of India '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2013 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Geeta Tyagi in Doli Armaano Ki -- Times Of India '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2013 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Zee TV announces the launch of ' Doli Armanon Ki ' Jump up ^ `` ZEE TV axes ' Punar Vivah ' for ' Doli Armaano Ki ' BizAsia UK The UK 's only Asian media news site '' . Media247.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Doli Armaanon Ki : Episode Guide '' . ZeeTV . Zee TV . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doli Armaanon Ki : Telly actors perform at Urmi - Samrat wedding '' . Times of India . 2013 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Programs currently broadcast by Zee TV Soap operas Aap Ke Aa Jane Se Bhootu Kaliren Kumkum Bhagya Kundali Bhagya Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey Piyaa Albela Woh Apna Sa Zindagi Ki Mahek Ishq Subhan Allah Reality shows Dance India Dance Weekend shows Fear Files Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lies_of_the_Heart&oldid=842332736 '' Categories : 2013 Indian television series debuts Zee TV television series Indian television soap operas Indian drama television series Hindi - language television programs Hidden categories : Use Indian English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2015 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 19 : 30 . About Wikipedia
diya in lies of the heart real name
[ "Neha Sargam as Diya Shaurya Sinha / Diya Shaurya Singh Rathode" ]
[ "Neha Sargam" ]
-154294532285816560
So You Think You Can Dance (Indian TV series)
So You Think You Can Dance ( Indian tv series ) - Wikipedia So You Think You Can Dance ( Indian tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search So You Think You Can Dance Genre Competitive dance Created by Deepak Dhar Based on So You Think You Can Dance Directed by Bittu Starring See below Judges Madhuri Dixit Bosco Martis Terence Lewis Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons 01 No. of episodes 20 + Production Producer ( s ) Deepak Dhar Location ( s ) Mumbai , India Camera setup Single - camera Running time 45 minutes approx . Production company ( s ) Endemol India Distributor Zee Entertainment Enterprises Release Original network &TV Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 24 April ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) -- 17 July 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) External links Website www.soyouthinkyoucandance.in So You Think You Can Dance is an Indian Hindi competitive dance television series , which went on air on 24 April 2016 and is broadcast on &TV . The series is produced by Deepak Dhar , CEO of Endemol Shine India . The series is aired on every Saturday and Sunday nights . The show is an officially incensed version of the So You Think You Can Dance franchise , based on the original American production created by Dick Clark Productions . The auditions of the show commenced in the second half of February 2016 . The show is being hosted by Rithvik Dhanjani and Mouni Roy , with a jury of Madhuri Dixit , Terence Lewis , and Bosco Martis . The competitors will perform dances in any of several permitted dance styles -- such as Indian and Western dance forms -- before a common group of judges . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 1.1 Team Street 1.2 Team Stage 2 Elimination Table 3 References 4 External links Contestants ( edit ) Team Street ( edit ) Name Age Current Residence Alisha Behura 17 Bhillai Kanchi Shah 24 Mumbai Jueili Vaidya 23 Mumbai Purvi Purohit 20 Gandhinagar , Gujarat . Aryan Patra 16 Ranchi Sahil Khan 23 Indore Roza Rana 21 Rourkela Prakash B.K 26 Mumbai Tushar Shetty 20 Nolasopara Vinay Khandelwal 26 New Delhi Team Stage ( edit ) Name Age Current Residence Ryan Martyr 22 New Delhi Sanjana Bamrara 16 Chandigarh Sneha Singh 24 Mumbai Rishi Sharma 24 Haryana Tarun Nihalani 20 Nashik Deepak 28 Haryana Kalpita Kachroo 21 New Delhi Rohit Behal 24 Mumbai Krishna Mehta 19 Mumbai Aishwarya Radhakrishnan 23 Mumbai Elimination Table ( edit ) This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . In particular , there seem to be four contestants who placed in the bottom 3 . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Color Keys Winner Runner - up Finalist Safe Bottom 3 Eliminated Contestant Finals 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Alisha Behura Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe WINNER Aryan Patra Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Runner - up Kalpita Kachroo Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe FINALIST Tarun Nihalani Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe FINALIST Roza Rana Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Elim Ryan Martyr Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Elim Aishwarya Radhakrishnan Safe Btm 3 Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Elim Tushar Shetty Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Elim Sneha Signh Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Elim Kanchi Shah Safe Btm 3 Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Elim Prakash B.K Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Elim Rishi Sharma Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Elim Vinaya Khandelwal Safe Safe Safe Safe Elim Rohit Behal Safe Safe Safe Safe Elim Sahil Khan Safe Btm 3 Safe Elim Deepak Safe Safe Safe Elim Krishna Mehta Safe Btm 3 Elim Juelli Vaidya Safe Safe Elim Sanjana Bamrara Safe Elim Purvi Purohit Safe Elim References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wow ! Varun Dhawan , Hrithik Roshan to co-judge So You Think You Can Dance ? '' . India Today . 18 February 2016 . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Varun Dhawan , Hrithik Roshan to judge So You Think You Can Dance ? '' . Hindustan Times . 18 February 2016 . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website So You Think You Can Dance India Audition Dates ( hide ) Programs currently broadcast by &TV Reality shows The Voice India Mythological Santoshi Maa Comedy Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai ! Soap opera Badho Bahu Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi Gangaa Happy Hours Hoshiyar Sahi Waqt Sahi Kadam Queens Hain Hum Waaris Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance_(Indian_TV_series)&oldid=802455881 '' Categories : 2016 Indian television series debuts 2010s Indian television series Hindi - language television programs Indian reality television series Dance competition television shows &TV television series Hidden categories : Use Indian English from February 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from February 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 07 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
so you think you can dance india winner 2016
[ "\n\nContestant\nFinals\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n\n\nAlisha Behura\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nWINNER\n\n\nAryan Patra\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nRunner-up\n\n\nKalpita Kachroo\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nFINALIST\n\n\nTarun Nihalani\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nFINALIST\n\n\nRoza Rana\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nRyan Martyr\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nAishwarya Radhakrishnan\nSafe\nBtm 3\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nTushar Shetty\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nSneha Signh\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nKanchi Shah\nSafe\nBtm 3\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nPrakash B.K\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nRishi Sharma\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nVinaya Khandelwal\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nRohit Behal\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nSahil Khan\nSafe\nBtm 3\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nDeepak\nSafe\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nKrishna Mehta\nSafe\nBtm 3\nElim\n\n\nJuelli Vaidya\nSafe\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nSanjana Bamrara\nSafe\nElim\n\n\nPurvi Purohit\nSafe\nElim\n\n" ]
[ "Alisha Behura" ]
6254620427827768927
Van Mahotsav
Van Mahotsav - wikipedia Van Mahotsav Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Van Mahotsav is an annual tree - planting movement in India , which began in 1950 . The name Van Mahotsava means FESTIVAL OF FORESTS . It has gained significant national importance and , every year , millions of saplings are planted across India in observation of Van Mahotsav week . Beginnings ( edit ) Van Mahotsav festival was started in 1950 by Kulapati Dr. KM Munshi , then the Union Minister for Agriculture and Food to create enthusiasm among masses for forest conservation and planting trees . It is now a week - long festival , celebrated on different days in different parts of India , but usually between 1 July to 7 July . It began after a flourishing tree planting drive which was undertaken in Delhi , in which national leaders participated . The festival was simultaneously celebrated in a number of states in India . Since then , millions of saplings of diverse species have been planted with energetic participation of local people and various agencies like the forest department . Awareness spread as the chipko movement rose in popularity as a crusade to save mother earth. . save Trees Aims ( edit ) The constant felling of trees in India has been a problem for a long time , and Van Mahotsav is important in creating awareness of the issues. . According to the forest department , for every tree felled ten trees should be planted to make up for its loss . As at 2016 , tree cover of India ( including forests and non-forest areas ) was 23.81 % . The Government of India has set a target of 33 % cover by 2020 . In 2015 the State Government of Assam announced that it intended to plant 25 lakh ( 2.5 million ) trees . It said this would not only benefit the environment , but also have a direct influence on the socio - economic development of Assam , which has 70 % or its people working in the agricultural sector . The festival raises the awareness of trees among people , and highlights the need for planting and tending of trees as one of the best ways to prevent global warming and reduce pollution . Tree planting during the festival serves various purposes , such as providing alternative fuel , increasing production of food resources , creating shelter - belts around fields to increase productivity , providing food for cattle , offering shade and decorative landscapes , reducing drought and helping to prevent soil erosion , etc . It helps spread awareness about the harm caused by the cutting down of trees , and it is expected that every citizen of India will plant a sapling in the Van Mahotsav week . Planting of trees also serves other purposes like providing alternative fuel options , food for cattle , helps in soil conservation and more than anything offers a natural aesthetic beauty . Planting of trees also helps to avoid soil erosion which may cause floods . Also , planting trees can be extremely effective in slowing down global warming and trees also help in reducing pollution as they make the air cleaner . People celebrate Van Mahotsava by planting trees or saplings in homes , offices , schools and colleges . Novel promotions like free circulation of trees are also taken up by various organizations and volunteers . In general , native trees are planted as they most readily adapt to local conditions , integrate into eco-systems , and have a high survival rate and help support local biodiversity . State Governments and civic bodies supply saplings to schools , colleges and academic institutions , NGOs and welfare organizations for planting trees . July is the onset of the monsoon season in India -- a time when tree planting is most likely to be effective . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` GVK MIAL contributes to State Govt 's green vision on Van Mahotsav Day '' . India Blooms . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Week - long ' Van Mahotsav ' in Nanded from July 1 '' . news.webindia123.com. 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Meitei , N. Munal ( 7 July 2016 ) . `` Van Mahotsav celebration 2016 '' . E-PAO . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 6 July 2015 ) . `` Govt plans to plant 25 lakh saplings '' . The Assam Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Van_Mahotsav&oldid=820594695 '' Categories : Festivals in India Environment of India Forests of India July observances Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 14 : 50 . About Wikipedia
when do we celebrate van mahotsav in india
[ "Van Mahotsav festival was started in 1950 by Kulapati Dr. K M Munshi, then the Union Minister for Agriculture and Food to create enthusiasm among masses for forest conservation and planting trees. It is now a week-long festival, celebrated on different days in different parts of India, but usually between 1 July to 7 July.[1] It began after a flourishing tree planting drive which was undertaken in Delhi, in which national leaders participated.[citation needed] The festival was simultaneously celebrated in a number of states in India. Since then, millions of saplings of diverse species have been planted with energetic participation of local people and various agencies like the forest department.[2] Awareness spread as the chipko movement rose in popularity as a crusade to save mother earth.[citation needed]." ]
[ "between 1 July to 7 July" ]
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Love on the Brain
Love on the Brain - wikipedia Love on the Brain Jump to : navigation , search `` Love on the Brain '' Single by Rihanna from the album Anti Released September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) Format CD single digital download Studio Westlake Recording Studios , Fred 's Shed ( Santa Monica , California ) Length 3 : 44 Label Westbury Road Roc Nation Songwriter ( s ) Fred Ball Joseph Angel Robyn Fenty Producer ( s ) Fred Ball Kuk Harrell Rihanna singles chronology `` Too Good '' ( 2016 ) `` Love on the Brain '' ( 2016 ) `` Selfish '' ( 2017 ) `` Too Good '' ( 2016 ) `` Love on the Brain '' ( 2016 ) `` Selfish '' ( 2017 ) `` Love on the Brain '' is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna for her eighth studio album , Anti ( 2016 ) . It was written and produced by Fred Ball , with additional writing by Joseph Angel and Rihanna , and Kuk Harrell serving as the vocal producer . The song was provided to US rhythmic contemporary and urban contemporary radio stations on September 27 , 2016 , as the album 's fourth single . `` Love on the Brain '' is a doo - wop , R&B and soul ballad inspired by 1950s and 1960s music . Its instrumentation consists of a guitar arpeggio , swirling organ , a simple chord progression , syncopated strings , and orchestra . Lyrically , the song has themes of swinging back and forth between the highs and lows of a toxic love . Commercially , the song reached the top of the Polish chart , as well as the top - twenty in France and New Zealand , and top - forty in Austria , Canada and Germany . In the United States , the song reached number five on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming her 22nd top - five single breaking her tie with Elvis Presley as the artist with the 5th most top - five singles , and it was also her 30th top - ten single tying her with Madonna and The Beatles as the only acts in history to appear at least thirty times in the top - ten of the Hot 100 . Rihanna performed the track during her Anti World Tour , as well as at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards and as a part of a medley at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition and lyrical interpretation 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Live performances 6 Other uses and covers 7 Formats and track listings 8 Credits and personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Background and release ( edit ) Norwegian producer Fred Ball co-wrote and produced the song . `` Love on the Brain '' was the first song commissioned for Rihanna 's album Anti . Written by Norwegian songwriter and producer Fred Ball and American songwriter Joseph Angel in late 2013 , inspiration for the song came from Prince and Al Green . Ball recalled , `` We wanted it to have that juxtaposition of an old school soul feel with modern lyrics . That 's why Amy Winehouse was never pastiche or retro even though her music has an old soul sound . '' Ball also stated that they did not write the song with Rihanna in mind , however his manager at Roc Nation , Jay Brown , heard the song and loved it . Brown sent it to Rihanna and she also reacted similarly , writing additional lyrics . American producer Kuk Harrell handled the song 's vocal production . Ball and Angel also supplied the song 's keyboards and drums . `` Love on the Brain '' was recorded at Westlake Studios in Los Angeles . The vocal recording was carried out by Marcos Tovar for Allfadersup and Harrell . The song was finally mixed by Manny Marroquin at Larrabee Studios in North Hollywood , along with mixing assistants Chris Galland , Jeff Jackson and Ike Schultz , before being mastered by Chris Gehringer at Sterling Sound , in New York City . `` Love on the Brain '' was first announced as a recorded track in 2015 , and was to be debuted at the 2015 Brit Awards , however Rihanna allegedly pulled out . In early August 2016 , Philadelphia radio personality Mike Adam stated that `` Love on the Brain '' would be the album 's fourth single , later confirmed by Rihanna herself on August 21 , 2016 . It was sent to rhythmic contemporary and urban contemporary radios on September 27 , impacted contemporary hit radio on October 11 , and the hot adult contemporary stations on November 14 . Composition and lyrical interpretation ( edit ) According to some reviewers , Rihanna channels Amy Winehouse ( pictured ) on the track . `` Love on the Brain '' is a mid-tempo ' 50s and ' 60s inspired doo - wop and soul ballad , with a `` rock edge '' . Its instrumentation consists of a `` guitar arpeggio , '' `` swirling organ '' , a `` simple chord progression '' , syncopated strings , and `` a wave of an orchestra '' . Written in the key of G major , it has a tempo of 57 beats per minute in compound quadruple ( 12 8 ) time . The song follows a chord progression of G -- Am -- Em -- D , and Rihanna 's vocals span from D to G . Rihanna 's vocals were noted as being acrobatic ranging from her `` trademark snarl '' , to high notes , complemented by all - tenor backing vocals . Forrest Wickman of Slate magazine commented that the song `` seems designed as a showcase for Rihanna 's vocal versatility : She starts out singing high and sweet , then drops into her chest to show off the lower part of her range and finally gets into powerful belting . She even does a few seconds of what sounds like Frankie Valli 's falsetto . '' Jordan Bassett of NME compared her high notes to those of Mariah Carey , while Vibe magazine and USA Today noted similarities with the work of Beyoncé and Erykah Badu . Amy Winehouse , Etta James and Sam Cooke were also perceived as influences by critics , with Michigan Daily 's Christian Kennedy citing Winehouse 's song `` Wake Up Alone '' as the song that Rihanna had borrowed from `` stylistically . '' `` Love on the Brain '' has dark lyrics that depict a destructive , yet addictive relationship , with themes of `` swinging back and forth between the highs and lows of love '' . Some critics believed the song was an `` ode to a violent lover '' , possibly referring to Chris Brown after the pair 's highly published domestic violence case . Lyrical examples include `` It beats me black and blue but it fucks me so good / That I ca n't get enough / Must be love on the brain . '' Adam R. Holz of the conservative organization Focus on the Family 's website PluggedIn.com noted the song `` mingles nihilism , lust and at least the metaphorical presence of physical abuse '' . Jessica Eggert of Mic agreed , noting that `` Rihanna wears her heart right on her sleeve and takes no prisoners in expressing the pain of a metaphorically and physically damaging - yet - undying love . '' Critical reception ( edit ) Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic picked it as a highlight from the album , noting that Rihanna 's `` voice is hoarse and ravaged , yet she 's also controlled and precise , knowing how to hone these imperfections so her performance echoes classic soul while feeling fresh '' . Julianne Escobedo Shepherd of Billboard deemed it `` a doo - wop powerhouse sung in a Prince - adjacent falsetto -- and is proof Rihanna 's been working with some primo vocal coaches '' . Idolator 's Bianca Gracie also complimented her vocals , writing that the `` rough - edged , soulful ballad finds Rih at her vocal best '' . Patrick Ryan of USA Today called the song an `` easy highlight , '' noting the `` cozy doo - wop nostalgia '' . Emily Mackay of NME noted the doo - wop groove , deeming Rihanna 's vocals a `` powerhouse vocal performance '' . Jordan Bassett of the same publication called it `` totally brilliant , with the singer showcasing the kind of vocals we 've not heard from her before '' . Safy - Hallan Farah of Spin wrote favorably of her singing , while James Grabay of the same magazine named it an `` effortlessly time - traveling track '' . Chris Gerard of PopMatters noted the song was `` one of the more interesting tracks on the album '' , addressing her `` Macy Gray - like drawl during the verses '' . Corbin Reiff of The A.V. Club highlighted the track 's `` deep soulful tones '' and felt her voice was `` the undeniable focal point '' of it . Nolan Feeney of Time declared that `` Love on the Brain '' and `` Higher '' `` offer the most stirring vocal performances of her career '' . Jessica McKinney of Vibe agreed , calling the song a `` soulful performance that showcases her own range '' . Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph wrote that `` Love on the Brain '' is a `` standard , mid-tempo retro soul anthem '' that `` in the context of Anti , ... sounds like a work of pop genius '' . Calling it `` hypnotic , '' Eric Renner Brown of Entertainment Weekly remarked that `` she delivers some of her finest vocal moments yet '' . Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe picked it as `` essential '' , stating : `` As she implores ' Do n't you stop loving me , ' her performance has a grit , sweat , and weariness to it that 's unusual and humanizing . '' `` Love On The Brain '' received a nomination for Choice Music : Pop Song at the 2017 Teen Choice Awards . Chart performance ( edit ) With `` Love on the Brain '' , Rihanna became the second female artist with most top - ten singles on the Billboard Hot 100 chart history , only behind Madonna ( pictured ) . Following Rihanna 's performance at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards , `` Love on the Brain '' debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 83 , marking Rihanna 's 55th entry on the chart . After being released as a single in November 2016 , the song re-entered the Hot 100 at number 80 . In its sixth week on the chart , the song rose to number 34 , becoming Rihanna 's third top - forty hit from Anti , as well as her 46th top - forty entry on the Hot 100 , placing her at number three on the list of women with most top - forty hits . Two weeks later , `` Love on the Brain '' reached number 20 , becoming the third top - twenty single from Anti , and Rihanna 's forty - second top - twenty hit . In its eighteenth week , `` Love on the Brain '' climbed from number 13 to number eight and became her thirtieth top - ten single . With doing that , she broke a tie for third place with Michael Jackson , with whom , both had 29 top - ten singles . Rihanna became the artist with the third most top - ten singles in Hot 100 history , only behind Madonna ( with 38 ) , and The Beatles ( with 34 ) . It was also `` the second - fastest accumulation of 30 Hot 100 top 10s '' , according to Billboard 's Gary Trust . In the issue dated March 25 , 2017 , the song climbed to number 5 , becoming Rihanna 's 22nd top five hit , leading her to break a tie for fifth place with Elvis Presley ( who has 21 top - five hits ) . In November 2016 , `` Love on the Brain '' entered the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart at number 30 . In the same week , the song was the most added track on contemporary hit radio , causing it to rise to number 24 on the Billboard Pop Songs chart ; to date it has reached number 6 on both charts . In the week ending January 22 , 2017 , the song became her 28th top 10 single on Radio Songs , extending her record for the most top - ten singles on the chart . The song also became her twenty - eighth number - one on the US Dance Club Songs chart in the issue dated January 21 , 2017 ; she remains in second place behind record holder Madonna , who has achieved forty - six . In Canada , the song debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 14 after being released as a single . In the week of December 3 , 2016 , it cracked the top - forty , climbing to number 38 . In New Zealand , `` Love on the Brain '' debuted at number 40 on the release of Anti . It reached number 15 over the following weeks , becoming Rihanna 's thirty - second solo top - twenty single . Similarly , in France , `` Love on the Brain '' charted after Anti 's release at number 71 . After its release , it re-entered at number 138 . After weeks outside the top 100 , the song reached a new peak of number 69 in the week of January 13 , 2017 . Three weeks later , the song managed to crack the top twenty , reaching number 12 . It became Anti 's second top twenty hit . In Austria , the song debuted at number 53 and has peaked at number 7 , while in Germany it debuted at number 100 , and has reached a peak of number 21 to date , becoming the album 's second highest charting single . In Poland , `` Love on the Brain '' peaked at number one for four non-consecutive weeks in 2016 . Live Performances ( edit ) Rihanna included `` Love on the Brain '' in the encore of her Anti World Tour . After attending the show at Wembley Stadium , Lewis Corner of Digital Spy called the performance `` a triumph , as Rihanna 's tone on the Motown sway is pure joy '' . Michael Cragg of The Guardian claimed that the performance was `` delivered with such conviction it feels like you 're watching a different artist '' . On May 22 , 2016 , Rihanna performed the song at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards , with Billboard describing it as a `` standout '' of the event . Sarah Grant of Rolling Stone called it a `` gut - wrenching solo performance , '' comparing her stage persona to that of Whitney Houston , due to the `` storm of tour - de-force vocals '' . On August 28 , 2016 , Rihanna received the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards . In honour , she performed a medley consisting of `` Stay '' , `` Diamonds '' and `` Love on the Brain '' . Christopher Rosa of Glamour called the performance `` breath - taking '' , whilst Billboard noted : `` Her vocals , which are sometimes under - appreciated by critics and even fans , were gorgeous and impressive , reminding everyone that beyond the chart - toppers and DGAF behavior , there 's an astonishing voice that propelled her to where she is now '' . Other uses and covers ( edit ) On May 19 , 2016 , `` Love on the Brain '' was featured on the season 12 finale of long - running ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy . It charted at the top of the Top TV Songs Chart , powered by 40,000 Shazam tags . Furthermore , according to Nielsen Music , 45,000 downloads and 8.1 million US streams were made in the same month . American singer Kelly Clarkson performed the song during a Facebook live session on August 26 , 2016 . Danish singer MØ covered `` Love on the Brain '' on the BBC Radio 1Xtra website 's Live Lounge . British girl band Little Mix covered the song on iHeartRadio 's Honda Stage . The Voice contestant Hannah Mrozak also covered the song during the knockouts . Formats and track listings ( edit ) CD single `` Love on the Brain '' -- 3 : 44 `` Love on the Brain '' ( Don Diablo Remix ) -- 3 : 28 Digital download -- Dance Remixes `` Love on the Brain '' ( Don Diablo Remix ) -- 3 : 28 `` Love on the Brain '' ( Gigamesh Remix ) -- 3 : 43 `` Love on the Brain '' ( John - Blake Remix ) -- 3 : 31 `` Love on the Brain '' ( RY X Remix ) -- 3 : 37 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from Rihanna 's official website . Locations Recorded at Westlake Studios in Los Angeles , California Mixed at Larrabee Studios in Universal City , California Mastering at Sterling Sound Studios in New York City , New York Personnel Rihanna -- vocals , writing Fred Ball -- writing , production , keyboards , drums Joseph Angel -- writing , keyboards , drums , arrangement Jarle Bernhoft -- guitar , bass Marcos Tovar -- vocal recording Kuk Harrell -- vocal recording , vocal production Manny Marroquin -- mixing Chris Galland -- mixing assistant Jeff Jackson -- mixing assistant Ike Schultz -- mixing assistant Chris Gehringer -- mastering Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 33 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders Urban ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 16 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 22 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 11 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 13 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 12 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 80 France ( SNEP ) 12 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 21 Greece ( IFPI ) 16 Greece ( Foreign Airplay Chart ) ( IFPI ) 5 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 23 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 34 Iceland ( RÚV ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 15 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) 32 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 59 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 5 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 19 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 25 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 96 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 26 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 175 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 28 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 9 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Poland ( ZPAV ) 42 US Hot R&B Songs ( Billboard ) 32 Chart ( 2017 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 63 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 73 US Billboard Hot 100 33 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 14 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 20 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 27 US Hot R&B Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 21 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 20 US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) Platinum 40,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . United States September 27 , 2016 Rhythmic contemporary Roc Nation Def Jam Urban contemporary October 11 , 2016 Contemporary hit radio November 14 , 2016 Hot adult contemporary Germany January 20 , 2017 CD single Def Jam Universal Music See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2016 ( Poland ) List of number - one dance singles of 2017 ( U.S. ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Love on the Brain '' was originally scheduled to be released to hot adult contemporary radios on October 10 , 2016 , but it was postponed to November 14 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Oseran , Anna ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` How to Write a Song for Rihanna '' . Genius . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Ball -- Roc Nation '' . Roc Nation . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anti ( Deluxe Edition ) Rihanna Credits '' . Rihannanow.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Nick ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Rihanna reveals R8 song titles & she explains WHY her album still is n't ready ! '' . Unreality TV . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's Next Single Is ( Probably ) `` Love On The Brain '' `` . Idolator . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sonis , Rachel ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna Confirms `` Love On The Brain '' As Her Next Single `` . Idolator . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lindner , Emilee ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna Picks her Next ' Anti ' Single -- Fuse '' . Fuse . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / R Future Releases '' . All Access . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Urban / UAC Future Releases '' . All Access . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Available for Airplay '' . FMQB . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hot / Modern / AC Future Releases '' . All Access . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McCormick , Neil ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna , Anti , track by track '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gracie , Bianca ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' ANTI ' : A Track - By - Track Album Review '' . Idolator . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Christian ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' ANTI ' a personal , experimental opus '' . Michigan Daily . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cinquemani , Sal ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna : Anti -- Slant Magazine '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bassett , Jordan ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's Anti : Track - By - Track Review '' . NME . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Benjamin , Jeff ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' ANTI ' Album : Track - by - Track Review '' . Fuse . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Farah , Safy - Hallan ; Barlow , Eve ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' ANTI ' : SPIN 's Impulsive Reviews '' . Spin . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McKinney , Jessica ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Rihanna 's ANTI Is Gold ... If You 're Willing To Give It A Try '' . Vibe . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fenty , Robyn . `` Rihanna `` Love on the Brain '' Sheet Music in G Major ( transposable ) -- Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Wickman , Forrest ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's Anti : A Track - by - Track Breakdown '' . Slate . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Patrick ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' ANTI : ' A track - by - track review '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holz , Adam R. `` Anti Album Review ( 2016 ) '' . Plugged In . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eggert , Jessica ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` What Is Rihanna 's `` Love on the Brain '' About ? Lyrics to Her Sultry , Old - School Love Ballad `` . Mic . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Anti -- Rihanna -- Songs , Reviews , Credits -- AllMusic '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Julianne ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` On ' Anti , ' Being Rihanna Is n't Easy : Album Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mackay , Emily ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna -- ' Anti ' Review '' . NME . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gerard , Chris ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna : Anti -- PopMatters '' . PopMatters . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiff , Corbin ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna shifts moods in the highly anticipated Anti '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Nolan ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Rihanna 's Anti Rewrites the Rules of Her Career '' . Time . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Eirc Renner ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Anti ' : EW Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Sarah ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Anti ' proves climactic change of pace for Rihanna '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Check out SECOND AND FINAL WAVE OF `` TEEN CHOICE 2017 '' NOMINEES ANNOUNCED Teen Choice on FOX `` . So You Think You Can Dance on FOX . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mendizabal , Amaya ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Guordan Banks ' ' Keep You In Mind ' Reaches No. 1 on Adult R&B Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 -- The Week of November 12 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Camila Cabello Hits Top 40 With Machine Gun Kelly & Debuts With Fifth Harmony '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Rae Sremmurd Rules Hot 100 , Machine Gun Kelly & Camila Cabello Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Tops Hot 100 , Katy Perry Debuts at No. 4 & Bruno Mars , Rihanna & The Weeknd All Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Rihanna Earns Landmark 30th Top 10 Hit on Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Stays Atop Hot 100 , Clean Bandit Bounds to Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's `` Love On the Brain '' Ranks As Pop Radio 's Most Added Song `` . Headline Planet . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rihanna Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rihanna Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Rihanna Extends Record for Most Radio Songs Top 10s With ' Love on the Brain ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Gordon ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Rihanna Rules Dance Club Songs With ' Love on the Brain , ' Her 28th No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- The Week of December 3 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés -- SNEP ( Week 2 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ZPAV Polish Singles Chart '' . ZPAV . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Kicks Off ' Anti World Tour ' '' . Rap - Up . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna live review : Riri rips up the rulebook at Wembley Stadium '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cragg , Michael ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna review -- like watching a different artist '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Astounds With ' Love on the Brain ' at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards '' . Billboard . May 22 , 2016 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grant , Sarah ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` See Rihanna Channel Whitney Houston at Billboard Music Awards '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Natalie Weiner ( 2016 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' We Found Love , ' ' Work ' and More Video VMAs 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Rosa , Christopher ( 2016 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Rihanna 's MTV VMA 2016 Performances Were Amazing in Every Way '' . Glamour . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Joe Lynch ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) . `` VMAs 2016 Performances Ranked From Worst to Best : Beyonce , Rihanna & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Kevin ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Love on the Brain ' Leads Top TV Songs Chart Thanks to ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Completely Slays Rihanna 's ' Love on the Brain ' '' . ET Online . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC iPlayer -- Live Lounge -- MØ '' . BBC . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jiang , Katherine ( March 25 , 2017 ) . `` Little Mix Cover Rihanna 's `` Love on the Brain '' `` . Celebmix . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love On The Brain ( 2 - Track ) '' . Amazon.com , Inc . ( DE ) . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to Love On The Brain by Rihanna on TIDAL '' . Tidal . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201712 into search . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Top 20 General '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Top 20 International '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201704 into search . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201711 into search . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chart Log UK : `` CHART : CLUK Update 13 February 2016 ( wk6 ) '' . UK Singles Chart . Zobbel.de . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' Billboard . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Podsumowanie roku -- Airplay 2016 '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot R&B Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . billboard.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual 2017 - Anglo '' . Monitor Latino . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2017/pop-songs Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2017/adult-contemporary-songs Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2017/adult-pop-songs Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2017/hot-r-and-and-b-songs Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2017/hot-r-and-and-b-hip-hop-songs Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2017/rhythmic-songs Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2017/dance-club-songs Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Universal Music Brasil ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` '' Love On The Brain `` , da @ badgalriri , é platina no Brasil ! '' ( in Portuguese ) . Universal Music Brasil . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Rihanna -- Love On The Brain '' . Music Canada . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Rihanna -- Love On The Brain '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Rihanna -- Love On The Brain '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Rihanna -- Love on the Brain '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Type Rihanna in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Love On The Brain and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Rihanna -- Love On The Brain '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Enter Love On The Brain in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Rihanna -- Love On The Brain '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Rihanna songs Discography Music of the Sun `` Pon de Replay '' `` If It 's Lovin ' that You Want '' `` You Do n't Love Me ( No , No , No ) '' A Girl like Me `` SOS '' `` Unfaithful '' `` We Ride '' `` Break It Off '' Good Girl Gone Bad `` Umbrella '' `` Do n't Stop the Music '' `` Shut Up and Drive '' `` Hate That I Love You '' `` Rehab '' Good Girl Gone Bad : Reloaded `` Disturbia '' `` Take a Bow '' `` If I Never See Your Face Again '' Rated R `` Wait Your Turn '' `` Hard '' `` Stupid in Love '' `` Rockstar 101 '' `` Russian Roulette '' `` Rude Boy '' `` Te Amo '' `` Cold Case Love '' Loud `` S&M '' `` What 's My Name ? '' `` Cheers ( Drink to That ) '' `` Fading '' `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' `` California King Bed '' `` Man Down '' `` Raining Men '' `` Complicated '' `` Skin '' `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' Talk That Talk `` You da One '' `` Where Have You Been '' `` We Found Love '' `` Talk That Talk '' `` Cockiness ( Love It ) '' `` Birthday Cake '' `` Drunk on Love '' `` Roc Me Out '' `` Watch n ' Learn '' `` Farewell '' `` Do Ya Thang '' `` Fool in Love '' Unapologetic `` Phresh Out the Runway '' `` Diamonds '' `` Numb '' `` Pour It Up '' `` Loveeeeeee Song '' `` Jump '' `` Right Now '' `` What Now '' `` Stay '' `` Nobody 's Business '' `` Love Without Tragedy / Mother Mary '' `` No Love Allowed '' `` Half of Me '' Home `` Towards the Sun '' `` Dancing in the Dark '' Anti `` Consideration '' `` Kiss It Better '' `` Work '' `` Desperado '' `` Needed Me '' `` Love on the Brain '' `` Pose '' `` Sex with Me '' Collaborations `` All of the Lights '' `` Bad ( Remix ) '' `` Ca n't Remember to Forget You '' `` Famous '' `` Fly '' `` Lemon '' `` Live Your Life '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' `` Loyalty '' `` Nothing Is Promised '' `` Numba 1 ( Tide Is High ) '' `` Princess of China '' `` Roll It '' `` Run This Town '' `` Selfish '' `` Stranded ( Haiti Mon Amour ) '' `` Take Care '' `` The Monster '' `` This Is What You Came For '' `` Too Good '' `` Who 's That Chick ? '' `` Wild Thoughts '' Non-album songs `` American Oxygen '' `` Bad Girl '' `` Birthday Cake ( Remix ) '' `` Bitch Better Have My Money '' `` Cockiness ( Love It ) ( Remix ) '' `` FourFiveSeconds '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Redemption Song '' `` S&M ( Remix ) '' `` Sledgehammer '' `` Turn Up the Music ( Remix ) '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_on_the_Brain&oldid=815862800 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2016 singles 2016 songs Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Doo - wop songs Number - one singles in Poland Rihanna songs Song recordings produced by Kuk Harrell Songs about sexuality Songs written by Rihanna Soul ballads Torch songs Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart used with UKZobbel that can not be substituted Singlechart usages for UKZobbel Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Português Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 17 : 58 . 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who wrote must be love on the brain
[ "\n\n\"Love on the Brain\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Rihanna\n\n\nfrom the album Anti\n\n\nReleased\nSeptember 27, 2016 (2016-09-27)\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nCD single\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\n\nStudio\nWestlake Recording Studios, Fred's Shed (Santa Monica, California)\n\n\nLength\n3:44\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nWestbury Road\nRoc Nation\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nFred Ball\nJoseph Angel\nRobyn Fenty\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nFred Ball\nKuk Harrell\n\n\n\n\n\nRihanna singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Too Good\"\n(2016)\n\"Love on the Brain\"\n(2016)\n\"Selfish\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Too Good\"\n(2016)\n\"Love on the Brain\"\n(2016)\n\"Selfish\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Love on the Brain\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Rihanna\n\n\nfrom the album Anti\n\n\nReleased\nSeptember 27, 2016 (2016-09-27)\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nCD single\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\n\nStudio\nWestlake Recording Studios, Fred's Shed (Santa Monica, California)\n\n\nLength\n3:44\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nWestbury Road\nRoc Nation\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nFred Ball\nJoseph Angel\nRobyn Fenty\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nFred Ball\nKuk Harrell\n\n\n\n\n\nRihanna singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Too Good\"\n(2016)\n\"Love on the Brain\"\n(2016)\n\"Selfish\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Too Good\"\n(2016)\n\"Love on the Brain\"\n(2016)\n\"Selfish\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Love on the Brain\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Rihanna\n\n\nfrom the album Anti\n\n\nReleased\nSeptember 27, 2016 (2016-09-27)\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nCD single\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\n\nStudio\nWestlake Recording Studios, Fred's Shed (Santa Monica, California)\n\n\nLength\n3:44\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nWestbury Road\nRoc Nation\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nFred Ball\nJoseph Angel\nRobyn Fenty\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nFred Ball\nKuk Harrell\n\n\n\n\n\nRihanna singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Too Good\"\n(2016)\n\"Love on the Brain\"\n(2016)\n\"Selfish\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Too Good\"\n(2016)\n\"Love on the Brain\"\n(2016)\n\"Selfish\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "Fred Ball", "Joseph Angel", "Robyn Fenty" ]
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Ottawa
Ottawa - Wikipedia Ottawa This article is about the capital city of Canada . For the First Nation people , see Odawa . For other uses , see Ottawa ( disambiguation ) . City ( single - tier ) in Ontario , Canada Ottawa City ( single - tier ) City of Ottawa Ville d'Ottawa Centre Block on Parliament Hill , the National War Memorial in downtown Ottawa , the National Gallery of Canada , and the Rideau Canal with Château Laurier Flag Coat of arms Logo Nickname ( s ) : `` Bytown '' Motto ( s ) : `` Advance - Ottawa - En Avant '' Written in the two official languages . Location of Ottawa in the province of Ontario Ottawa Location in Ontario , Canada & North America Ottawa Ottawa ( Canada ) Ottawa Ottawa ( North America ) Show map of Ontario Show map of Canada Show map of North America Show all Coordinates : 45 ° 25 ′ N 75 ° 41 ′ W  /  45.417 ° N 75.683 ° W  / 45.417 ; - 75.683 Coordinates : 45 ° 25 ′ N 75 ° 41 ′ W  /  45.417 ° N 75.683 ° W  / 45.417 ; - 75.683 Country Canada Province Ontario Region National Capital Region Established 1826 as Bytown Incorporated 1855 as City of Ottawa Amalgamated 1 January 2001 Government Mayor Jim Watson City Council Ottawa City Council MPs List of MPs ( show ) Chandra Arya ( L ) Mona Fortier ( L ) Andrew Leslie ( L ) Karen McCrimmon ( L ) David McGuinty ( L ) Catherine McKenna ( L ) Pierre Poilievre ( C ) Anita Vandenbeld ( L ) MPPs List of MPPs ( show ) Nathalie Des Rosiers ( L ) John Fraser ( L ) Merrilee Fullerton ( PC ) Goldie Ghamari ( PC ) Joel Harden ( NDP ) Marie - France Lalonde ( L ) Lisa MacLeod ( PC ) Jeremy Roberts ( PC ) Area City ( single - tier ) 2,778.13 km ( 1,072.9 sq mi ) Urban 501.92 km ( 193.79 sq mi ) Metro 5,716.00 km ( 2,206.96 sq mi ) Elevation 70 m ( 230 ft ) Population ( 2016 ) City ( single - tier ) 964,743 ( 4th ) Density 334.8 / km ( 867 / sq mi ) Urban 933,596 Urban density 1,860.1 / km ( 4,818 / sq mi ) Metro 1,323,783 ( 5th ) Metro density 196.6 / km ( 509 / sq mi ) Demonym Ottawan Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) Postal code span K1A - K4A Area code ( s ) 613 , 343 GDP US $ 58.2 billion GDP per capita US $44,149 Website www.ottawa.ca Ottawa ( / ˈɒtəwə / ( listen ) , / - wɑː / ; French pronunciation : ​ ( ɔtawa ) ) is the capital city of Canada . It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario . Ottawa borders Gatineau , Quebec ; the two form the core of the Ottawa -- Gatineau census metropolitan area ( CMA ) and the National Capital Region ( NCR ) . As of 2016 , Ottawa had a city population of 964,743 and a metropolitan population of 1,323,783 making it the fourth - largest city and the fifth - largest CMA in Canada . Founded in 1826 as Bytown , and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855 , the city has evolved into the political centre of Canada . Its original boundaries were expanded through numerous annexations and were ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and amalgamation in 2001 which significantly increased its land area . The city name `` Ottawa '' was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River , the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa , meaning `` to trade '' . Ottawa has the most educated population among Canadian cities and is home to a number of post-secondary , research , and cultural institutions , including the National Arts Centre , the National Gallery , and numerous national museums . Ottawa has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment . Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Neighbourhoods and outlying communities 3 Demographics 4 Economy 5 Culture 5.1 Architecture 5.2 Museums and performing arts 5.3 Historic and heritage sites 5.4 Sports 5.4. 1 Current professional teams 6 Government 7 Transportation 8 Education 9 Media 10 Twin towns -- sister cities 11 Notable people 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 References 14.1 Notes 15 Bibliography 16 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Ottawa See also : Timeline of Ottawa history With the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago , the Ottawa Valley became habitable . Local populations used the area for wild edible harvesting , hunting , fishing , trade , travel , and camps for over 6500 years . The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads , pottery , and stone tools . Three major rivers meet within Ottawa , making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years . The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning `` Great River '' or `` Grand River '' . Camp used by soldiers and labourers of the Rideau Canal , on the south side of the Ottawa River in 1826 . The building of the canal attracted many land speculators to the area . Étienne Brûlé , widely regarded as the first European to travel up the Ottawa River , passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes . Three years later , Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls in the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins , who had been using the Ottawa River for centuries . Many missionaries would follow the early explorers and traders . The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa , derived from the Algonquin word adawe ( `` to trade '' , used in reference to the area 's importance to First Nations traders ) , to name the river . Philemon Wright , a New Englander , created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river , across from the present day city of Ottawa in Hull . He , with five other families and twenty - five labourers , set about to create an agricultural community called Wrightsville . Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade ( soon to be the area 's most significant economic activity ) by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City . Bytown , Ottawa 's original name , was founded as a community in 1826 when hundreds of land speculators were attracted to the south side of the river when news spread that British authorities were immediately constructing the northerly end of the Rideau Canal military project at that location . The following year , the town was named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project . The canal 's military purpose was to provide a secure route between Montreal and Kingston on Lake Ontario , bypassing a particularly vulnerable stretch of the St. Lawrence River bordering the state of New York that had left re-supply ships bound for southwestern Ontario easily exposed to enemy fire during the War of 1812 . Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of today 's Parliament Hill . He also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named `` Upper Town '' west of the canal and `` Lower Town '' east of the canal . Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes , historically ' Upper Town ' was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas ' Lower Town ' was predominantly French , Irish and Catholic . Bytown 's population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832 . Bytown encountered some impassioned and violent times in her early pioneer period that included Irish labour unrest that attributed to the Shiners ' War from 1835 to 1845 and political dissension that was evident from the 1849 Stony Monday Riot . In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city . William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development . View of Ottawa in 1859 , prior to the start of construction on Parliament Hill . Two years prior , Queen Victoria selected the city as the permanent capital of the Province of Canada . On New Year 's Eve 1857 , Queen Victoria , as a symbolic and political gesture , was presented with the responsibility of selecting a location for the permanent capital of the Province of Canada . In reality , Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government , as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock . The ' Queen 's choice ' turned out to be the small frontier town of Ottawa for two main reasons : Firstly , Ottawa 's isolated location in a back country surrounded by dense forest far from the Canada -- US border and situated on a cliff face would make it more defensible from attack . Secondly , Ottawa was approximately midway between Toronto and Kingston ( in Canada West ) and Montreal and Quebec City ( in Canada East ) . Additionally , despite Ottawa 's regional isolation it had seasonal water transportation access to Montreal over the Ottawa River and to Kingston via the Rideau Waterway . By 1854 it also had a modern all season Bytown and Prescott Railway that carried passengers , lumber and supplies the 82 - kilometres to Prescott on the Saint Lawrence River and beyond . Ottawa 's small size , it was thought , would make it less prone to rampaging politically motivated mobs , as had happened in the previous Canadian capitals . The government already owned the land that would eventually become Parliament Hill which they thought would be an ideal location for building the Parliament Buildings . Ottawa was the only settlement of any substantial size that was already directly on the border of French populated former Lower Canada and English populated former Upper Canada thus additionally making the selection an important political compromise . Queen Victoria made her `` Queen 's choice '' very quickly just before welcoming in the New Year . Starting in the 1850s , entrepreneurs known as lumber barons began to build large sawmills , which became some of the largest mills in the world . Rail lines built in 1854 connected Ottawa to areas south and to the transcontinental rail network via Hull and Lachute , Quebec in 1886 . The original Parliament buildings which included the Centre , East and West Blocks were constructed between 1859 and 1866 in the Gothic Revival style . At the time , this was the largest North American construction project ever attempted and Public Works Canada and its architects were not initially well prepared . The Library of Parliament and Parliament Hill landscaping would not be completed until 1876 . By 1885 Ottawa was the only city in Canada whose downtown street lights were powered entirely by electricity . In 1889 the Government developed and distributed 60 ' water leases ' ( still currently in use ) to mainly local industrialists which gave them permission to generate electricity and operate hydroelectric generators at Chaudière Falls . Public transportation began in 1870 with a horsecar system , overtaken in the 1890s by a vast electric streetcar system that lasted until 1959 . Lebreton Flats after the 1900 Hull -- Ottawa fire . The fire destroyed one - fifth of Ottawa , and two - thirds of neighbouring Hull , Quebec . The Hull -- Ottawa fire of 1900 destroyed two - thirds of Hull , including 40 per cent of its residential buildings and most of its largest employers along the waterfront . It also spread across the Ottawa River and destroyed about one fifth of Ottawa from the Lebreton Flats south to Booth Street and down to Dow 's Lake . On 1 June 1912 the Grand Trunk Railway opened both the Château Laurier hotel and its neighbouring downtown Union Station . On 3 February 1916 the Centre Block of the Parliament buildings was destroyed by a fire . The House of Commons and Senate was temporarily relocated to the then recently constructed Victoria Memorial Museum , now the Canadian Museum of Nature until the completion of the new Centre Block in 1922 , the centrepiece of which is a dominant Gothic revival styled structure known as the Peace Tower . The current location of what is now Confederation Square was a former commercial district centrally located in a triangular area downtown surrounded by historically significant heritage buildings which includes the Parliament buildings . It was redeveloped as a ceremonial centre in 1938 as part of the City Beautiful Movement and became the site of the National War Memorial in 1939 and designated a National Historic Site in 1984 . A new Central Post Office ( now the Privy Council of Canada ) was constructed in 1939 beside the War Memorial because the original post office building on the proposed Confederation Square grounds had to be demolished . Greber plan 's National Capital Greenbelt surrounding the urban core . Ottawa 's former industrial appearance was vastly altered by the 1950 Greber Plan . Prime Minister Mackenzie King hired French architect - planner Jacques Greber to design an urban plan for managing development in the National Capital Region , to make it more aesthetically pleasing and more befitting a location for Canada 's political centre . Greber 's plan included the creation of the National Capital Greenbelt , the Parkway , the Queensway highway system , the relocation of downtown Union Station ( now the Government Conference Centre ) to the suburbs , the removal of the street car system , the decentralization of selected government offices , the relocation of industries and removal of substandard housing from the downtown and the creation of the Rideau Canal and Ottawa River pathways to name just a few of its recommendations . In 1958 the National Capital Commission was established as a Crown Corporation from the passing of the National Capital Act to implement the Greber Plan recommendations - which it accomplished during the 1960s and 1970s . In the previous 50 years , other commissions , plans and projects had failed to implement plans to improve the capital such as the 1899 Ottawa Improvement Commission ( OIC ) , The Todd Plan in 1903 , The Holt Report in 1915 and The Federal District Commission ( FDC ) established in 1927 . In 1958 a new City Hall opened on Green Island near Rideau falls where urban renewal had recently transformed this former industrial location into green space . Until then , City Hall had temporarily been located for 27 years ( 1931 -- 1958 ) at the Transportation Building adjacent to Union Station and now part of the Rideau Centre . In 2001 , Ottawa City Hall returned downtown to a relatively new building ( 1990 ) on 110 Laurier Avenue West , the prior home of the now defunct Regional Municipality of Ottawa - Carleton . This new location was close to Ottawa 's first ( 1849 -- 1877 ) and second ( 1877 -- 1931 ) City Halls . This new city hall complex also contained an adjacent 19th century restored heritage building formerly known as the Ottawa Normal School . The John G. Diefenbaker Building was Ottawa 's fourth city hall . Opened in 1958 , it was the seat of local government until the City Council moved to its present location in 2001 . From the 1960s until the 1980s , the National Capital Region experienced a building boom , which was followed by large growth in the high - tech industry during the 1990s and 2000s . Ottawa became one of Canada 's largest high tech cities and was nicknamed Silicon Valley North . By the 1980s , Bell Northern Research ( later Nortel ) employed thousands , and large federally assisted research facilities such as the National Research Council contributed to an eventual technology boom . The early adopters led to offshoot companies such as Newbridge Networks , Mitel and Corel . Ottawa 's city limits had been increasing over the years , but it acquired the most territory on 1 January 2001 , when it amalgamated all the municipalities of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa -- Carleton into one single city . Regional Chair Bob Chiarelli was elected as the new city 's first mayor in the 2000 municipal election , defeating Gloucester mayor Claudette Cain . The city 's growth led to strains on the public transit system and on road bridges . On 15 October 2001 , a diesel - powered light rail transit ( LRT ) line was introduced on an experimental basis . Known today as the Trillium Line , it was dubbed the O - Train and connected downtown Ottawa to the southern suburbs via Carleton University . The decision to extend the O - Train , and to replace it with an electric light rail system was a major issue in the 2006 municipal elections where Chiarelli was defeated by businessman Larry O'Brien . After O'Brien's election transit plans were changed to establish a series of light rail stations from the east side of the city into downtown , and for using a tunnel through the downtown core . Jim Watson , the last mayor of Ottawa prior to amalgamation , was re-elected in the 2010 election . In October 2012 , City Council approved the final Lansdowne Park plan , an agreement with the Ottawa Sports and Entertainment Group that saw a new stadium , increased green space , and housing and retail added to the site . In December 2012 , City Council voted unanimously to move forward with the Confederation Line , a 12.5 km light rail transit line , to be fully operational by 2018 . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Ottawa Downtown Ottawa is situated on the south bank of the Ottawa River . Gatineau may be seen in the background , across the river . Ottawa is on the south bank of the Ottawa River and contains the mouths of the Rideau River and Rideau Canal . The older part of the city ( including what remains of Bytown ) is known as Lower Town , and occupies an area between the canal and the rivers . Across the canal to the west lies Centretown and Downtown Ottawa , which is the city 's financial and commercial hub and home to the Parliament of Canada and numerous federal government department headquarters , notably the Privy Council Office . On 29 June 2007 , the Rideau Canal , which stretches 202 km ( 126 mi ) to Kingston , Fort Henry and four Martello towers in the Kingston area , was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Located within the major , yet mostly dormant Western Quebec Seismic Zone , Ottawa is occasionally struck by earthquakes . Examples include the 2000 Kipawa earthquake , a magnitude - 4.5 earthquake on 24 February 2006 , the 2010 Central Canada earthquake , and a magnitude - 5.2 earthquake on 17 May 2013 . Ottawa sits at the confluence of three major rivers : the Ottawa River , the Gatineau River and the Rideau River . The Ottawa and Gatineau rivers were historically important in the logging and lumber industries and the Rideau as part of the Rideau Canal system for military , commercial and , subsequently , recreational purposes . The Rideau Canal ( Rideau Waterway ) first opened in 1832 and is 202 km long . It connects the Saint Lawrence River on Lake Ontario at Kingston to the Ottawa River near Parliament Hill . It was able to bypass the unnavigable sections of the Cataraqui and Rideau rivers and various small lakes along the waterway due to flooding techniques and the construction of 47 water transport locks. The Rideau River got its name from early French explorers who thought that the waterfalls located at the point where the Rideau River empties into the Ottawa River resembled a ' curtain ' . Hence they began naming the falls and river ' rideau ' which is the French equivalent of the English word for curtain . During part of the winter season the Ottawa section of the canal forms the world 's largest skating rink , thereby providing both a recreational venue and a 7.8 kilometres ( 4.8 mi ) transportation path to downtown for ice skaters ( from Carleton University and Dow 's Lake to the Rideau Centre and National Arts Centre ) . Across the Ottawa River , which forms the border between Ontario and Quebec , lies the city of Gatineau , itself the result of amalgamation of the former Quebec cities of Hull and Aylmer together with Gatineau . Although formally and administratively separate cities in two separate provinces , Ottawa and Gatineau ( along with a number of nearby municipalities ) collectively constitute the National Capital Region , which is considered a single metropolitan area . One federal crown corporation , the National Capital Commission , or NCC , has significant land holdings in both cities , including sites of historical and touristic importance . The NCC , through its responsibility for planning and development of these lands , is an important contributor to both cities . Around the main urban area is an extensive greenbelt , administered by the NCC for conservation and leisure , and comprising mostly forest , farmland and marshland . Climate ( edit ) Ottawa has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) with four distinct seasons and is between Zones 5a and 5b on the Canadian Plant Hardiness Scale . The average July maximum temperature is 26.6 ° C ( 80 ° F ) . The average January minimum temperature is − 14.4 ° C ( 6.1 ° F ) Skating on the Rideau Canal . Snow and ice is common for the region during the winter . Summers are warm and humid in Ottawa . On average 11 days of the three summer months have temperatures exceeding 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) , or 37 days if the humidex is considered . Average relative humidity averages 54 % in the afternoon and 84 % by morning . Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season . On average Ottawa receives 224 centimetres ( 88 in ) of snowfall annually but maintains an average 22 centimetres ( 9 in ) of snowpack throughout the three winter months . An average 16 days of the three winter months experience temperatures below − 20 ° C ( − 4 ° F ) , or 41 days if the wind chill is considered . Spring and fall are variable , prone to extremes in temperature and unpredictable swings in conditions . Hot days above 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) have occurred as early as April or as late as October . Annual precipitation averages around 940 millimetres ( 37 in ) . Ottawa experiences about 2,130 hours of average sunshine annually ( 46 % of possible ) . Winds in Ottawa are generally Westerlies averaging 13 km / h but tend to be slightly more dominant during the winter . The highest temperature ever recorded in Ottawa was 37.8 ° C ( 100 ° F ) on 4 July 1913 , 1 August 1917 and 11 August 1944 . The coldest temperature ever recorded was − 38.9 ° C ( − 38 ° F ) on 29 December 1933 . show Climate data for Ottawa ( Central Experimental Farm ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1872 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 15.6 ( 60.1 ) 12.7 ( 54.9 ) 26.7 ( 80.1 ) 31.2 ( 88.2 ) 35.2 ( 95.4 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 37.8 ( 100 ) 37.8 ( 100 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) 17.2 ( 63 ) 37.8 ( 100 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) − 5.8 ( 21.6 ) − 3.1 ( 26.4 ) 2.4 ( 36.3 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 26.6 ( 79.9 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 12.8 ( 55 ) 5.5 ( 41.9 ) − 2.0 ( 28.4 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) − 10.2 ( 13.6 ) − 7.9 ( 17.8 ) − 2.2 ( 28 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 18.7 ( 65.7 ) 21.2 ( 70.2 ) 19.9 ( 67.8 ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 2.0 ( 35.6 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) 6.6 ( 43.9 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 14.4 ( 6.1 ) − 12.5 ( 9.5 ) − 6.8 ( 19.8 ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) 8.0 ( 46.4 ) 13.3 ( 55.9 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 14.5 ( 58.1 ) 10.1 ( 50.2 ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) − 1.5 ( 29.3 ) − 9.2 ( 15.4 ) 1.9 ( 35.4 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 37.8 ( − 36 ) − 38.3 ( − 36.9 ) − 36.7 ( − 34.1 ) − 20.6 ( − 5.1 ) − 7.2 ( 19 ) 0.0 ( 32 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 1.1 ( 34 ) − 4.4 ( 24.1 ) − 12.8 ( 9 ) − 30.6 ( − 23.1 ) − 38.9 ( − 38 ) − 38.9 ( − 38 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 62.9 ( 2.476 ) 49.7 ( 1.957 ) 57.5 ( 2.264 ) 71.1 ( 2.799 ) 86.6 ( 3.409 ) 92.7 ( 3.65 ) 84.4 ( 3.323 ) 83.8 ( 3.299 ) 92.7 ( 3.65 ) 85.9 ( 3.382 ) 82.7 ( 3.256 ) 69.5 ( 2.736 ) 919.5 ( 36.201 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 23.0 ( 0.906 ) 17.9 ( 0.705 ) 28.8 ( 1.134 ) 63.2 ( 2.488 ) 86.6 ( 3.409 ) 92.7 ( 3.65 ) 84.4 ( 3.323 ) 83.8 ( 3.299 ) 92.7 ( 3.65 ) 83.1 ( 3.272 ) 67.5 ( 2.657 ) 31.9 ( 1.256 ) 755.5 ( 29.744 ) Average snowfall cm ( inches ) 44.3 ( 17.44 ) 34.7 ( 13.66 ) 29.1 ( 11.46 ) 7.2 ( 2.83 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 2.9 ( 1.14 ) 16.0 ( 6.3 ) 41.3 ( 16.26 ) 175.4 ( 69.06 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 16.0 11.7 11.5 13.2 14.5 12.4 11.6 11.2 12.9 14.9 15.2 15.6 160.7 Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 3.7 3.5 5.5 11.5 14.4 12.4 11.6 11.2 12.9 14.6 11.6 5.5 118.3 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.2 cm ) 14.1 9.7 7.4 2.7 0.08 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.81 5.1 12.2 52.0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 99.3 131.3 167.1 189.8 229.8 254.2 279.0 249.3 177.6 139.4 84.3 82.6 2,083.7 Percent possible sunshine 35.0 44.9 45.3 46.9 49.9 54.3 58.9 57.1 47.1 41.0 29.4 30.3 45.0 Source : Environment Canada show Climate data for Ottawa International Airport , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1938 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high humidex 13.9 15.1 30.0 35.1 41.8 44.0 47.2 47.0 42.5 33.9 26.1 18.4 47.2 Record high ° C ( ° F ) 12.9 ( 55.2 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) 35.8 ( 96.4 ) 36.1 ( 97 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 37.8 ( 100 ) 35.1 ( 95.2 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 17.9 ( 64.2 ) 37.8 ( 100 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) − 5.8 ( 21.6 ) − 3.4 ( 25.9 ) 2.5 ( 36.5 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 26.5 ( 79.7 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 12.7 ( 54.9 ) 5.4 ( 41.7 ) − 2.3 ( 27.9 ) 11.3 ( 52.3 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) − 10.3 ( 13.5 ) − 8.1 ( 17.4 ) − 2.3 ( 27.9 ) 6.3 ( 43.3 ) 13.3 ( 55.9 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 8.0 ( 46.4 ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) − 6.2 ( 20.8 ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 14.8 ( 5.4 ) − 12.7 ( 9.1 ) − 7.0 ( 19.4 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) 7.5 ( 45.5 ) 12.9 ( 55.2 ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) 14.3 ( 57.7 ) 9.6 ( 49.3 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) − 2.4 ( 27.7 ) − 10.1 ( 13.8 ) 1.4 ( 34.5 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 35.6 ( − 32.1 ) − 36.1 ( − 33 ) − 30.6 ( − 23.1 ) − 16.7 ( 1.9 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) − 0.1 ( 31.8 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 2.6 ( 36.7 ) − 3.0 ( 26.6 ) − 8.0 ( 17.6 ) − 21.7 ( − 7.1 ) − 34.4 ( − 29.9 ) − 36.1 ( − 33 ) Record low wind chill − 47.8 − 47.6 − 42.7 − 26.3 − 10.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 − 6.4 − 13.3 − 29.5 − 44.6 − 47.8 Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 65.4 ( 2.575 ) 54.3 ( 2.138 ) 64.4 ( 2.535 ) 74.5 ( 2.933 ) 80.3 ( 3.161 ) 92.8 ( 3.654 ) 91.9 ( 3.618 ) 85.5 ( 3.366 ) 90.1 ( 3.547 ) 86.1 ( 3.39 ) 81.9 ( 3.224 ) 76.4 ( 3.008 ) 943.4 ( 37.142 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 25.0 ( 0.984 ) 18.7 ( 0.736 ) 31.1 ( 1.224 ) 63.0 ( 2.48 ) 80.1 ( 3.154 ) 92.8 ( 3.654 ) 91.9 ( 3.618 ) 85.5 ( 3.366 ) 90.1 ( 3.547 ) 82.2 ( 3.236 ) 64.5 ( 2.539 ) 33.5 ( 1.319 ) 758.2 ( 29.85 ) Average snowfall cm ( inches ) 53.9 ( 21.22 ) 43.3 ( 17.05 ) 38.3 ( 15.08 ) 11.3 ( 4.45 ) 0.2 ( 0.08 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 3.7 ( 1.46 ) 20.2 ( 7.95 ) 52.5 ( 20.67 ) 223.5 ( 87.99 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 16.6 13.1 12.7 12.4 13.4 13.2 11.9 11.0 12.3 14.3 15.2 17.4 163.6 Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 4.4 3.9 6.7 10.9 13.4 13.2 11.9 11.0 12.3 13.7 11.0 6.0 118.4 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.2 cm ) 16.1 12.1 8.8 3.5 0.17 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 6.8 14.7 63.3 Average relative humidity ( % ) 67.5 61.3 56.6 50.2 49.9 53.1 53.7 55.0 59.1 61.6 68.1 72.2 59.0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 122.4 114.1 168.5 187.5 210.5 274.0 301.4 231.9 211.5 148.8 92.4 68.8 2,131.7 Percent possible sunshine 43.1 39.0 45.7 46.3 45.7 58.6 63.7 53.1 56.1 43.7 32.2 25.2 46.0 Source : Environment Canada Neighbourhoods and outlying communities ( edit ) Further information : List of neighbourhoods in Ottawa Map of Ottawa showing urban areas and names of historic communities . Ottawa is bounded on the east by the United Counties of Prescott and Russell ; by Renfrew County and Lanark County in the west ; on the south by the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville and the United Counties of Stormont , Dundas and Glengarry ; and on the north by the Regional County Municipality of Les Collines - de-l'Outaouais and the City of Gatineau . Modern Ottawa is made up of eleven historic townships , ten of which are from Carleton County and one from Russell . The city has a main urban area but many other urban , suburban and rural areas exist within the modern city 's limits . The main suburban area extends a considerable distance to the east , west and south of the centre , and it includes the former cities of Gloucester , Nepean and Vanier , the former village of Rockcliffe Park ( a high - income neighbourhood which is adjacent to the Prime Minister 's official residence at 24 Sussex and the Governor General 's residence ) , and the communities of Blackburn Hamlet and Orléans . The Kanata suburban area includes the former village of Stittsville to the southwest . Nepean is another major suburb which also includes Barrhaven . The communities of Manotick and Riverside South are located on the other side of the Rideau River , and Greely , southeast of Riverside South . A number of rural communities ( villages and hamlets ) lie beyond the greenbelt but are administratively part of the Ottawa municipality . Some of these communities are Burritts Rapids ; Ashton ; Fallowfield ; Kars ; Fitzroy Harbour ; Munster ; Carp ; North Gower ; Metcalfe ; Constance Bay and Osgoode and Richmond . Several towns are located within the federally defined National Capital Region but outside the city of Ottawa municipal boundaries , these include the urban communities of Almonte , Carleton Place , Embrun , Kemptville , Rockland , and Russell . Ottawa above the Ottawa River in May , left to right -- Alexandra Bridge National Gallery of Canada Byward Market Fairmont Château Laurier Rideau Canal Locks Parliament Hill with Library of Parliament and Peace Tower Downtown Ottawa towers Supreme Court of Canada Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Ottawa Historic Population Year Pop . ± % 1901 101,102 -- 1911 123,417 + 22.1 % 1921 152,868 + 23.9 % 1931 174,056 + 13.9 % 1941 206,367 + 18.6 % 1951 246,298 + 19.3 % 1956 287,244 + 16.6 % 1961 358,410 + 24.8 % 1966 413,695 + 15.4 % 1971 471,931 + 14.1 % 1976 520,533 + 10.3 % 1981 546,849 + 5.1 % 1986 606,639 + 10.9 % 1991 678,147 + 11.8 % 721,136 + 6.3 % 774,072 + 7.3 % 2006 812,129 + 4.9 % 2011 883,391 + 8.8 % 2016 934,243 + 5.8 % Note : Population figures are extrapolated for current municipal boundaries Sources : Chart format In 2011 , the populations of the City of Ottawa and the Ottawa -- Gatineau census metropolitan area ( CMA ) were 883,391 and 1,236,324 respectively . The city had a population density of 316.6 persons per km in 2006 , while the CMA had a population density of 196.6 persons per km . It is the second - largest city in Ontario , fourth - largest city in the country , and the fourth - largest CMA in the country . Ottawa 's median age of 39.2 is both below the provincial and national averages as of 2011 . Youths under 15 years constituted 16.8 % of the total population as of 2011 , while those of retirement age ( 65 years and older ) made up 13.2 % . In 2011 , females made up 51.5 % of the amalgamated Ottawa population . Between 1987 and 2002 , 131,816 individuals relocated to the city , which represents 75 % of the population growth for that period . Over 20 percent of the city 's population is foreign - born , with the most common non-Canadian countries of origin being the United Kingdom ( 8.8 % of those foreign - born ) , China ( 8.0 % ) , and Lebanon ( 4.8 % ) . About 6.1 % of residents are not Canadian citizens . Distribution map from the 2001 census showcasing the percentage of individuals whose mother tongue is French . Members of visible minority groups ( non-white / European ) constitute 23.7 % , while those of Aboriginal origin make up 2.1 % of the total population . The largest visible minority groups are : Black Canadians : 5.7 % , Chinese Canadians : 4.0 % , South Asians : 3.9 % , and Arabs : 3.7 % . Smaller groups include Latin Americans , Southeast Asians , Filipinos , and West Asians . Around 65 % of Ottawa residents describe themselves as Christian as of 2011 , with Catholics accounting for 38.5 % of the population and members of Protestant churches 25 % . Non-Christian religions are also very well established in Ottawa , the largest being Islam ( 6.7 % ) , Hinduism ( 1.4 % ) , Buddhism ( 1.3 % ) , and Judaism ( 1.2 % ) . Those with no religious affiliation represent 22.8 % . Bilingualism became official policy for the conduct of municipal business in 2002 , and 37 % of the population can speak both languages as of 2006 , making it the largest city in Canada with both English and French as co-official languages . Those who identify their mother tongue as English constitute 62.4 percent , while those with French as their mother tongue make up 14.2 percent of the population . In terms of respondents ' knowledge of one or both official languages , 59.9 percent and 1.5 percent of the population have knowledge of English only and French only , respectively ; while 37.2 percent have a knowledge of both official languages . The overall Ottawa -- Gatineau census metropolitan area ( CMA ) has a larger proportion of French speakers than Ottawa itself , since Gatineau is overwhelmingly French speaking . An additional 20.4 percent of the population list languages other than English and French as their mother tongue . These include Arabic ( 3.2 % ) , Chinese ( 3.0 % ) , Spanish ( 1.2 % ) , Italian ( 1.1 % ) , and many others . Economy ( edit ) See also : Economy of Ontario Developed in the early 1950s , Tunney 's Pasture is an area that holds a number of federal government buildings . The federal government is the city 's largest employer . Ottawa has a high standard of living , low unemployment , and the fourth highest GDP growth rate among major Canadian cities in 2007 at 2.7 % , which exceeded the Canadian average of 2.4 % . The region of Ottawa - Gatineau has the third highest income of all major Canadian cities . The average gross income in the region amounted to $40,078 , an increase of 4.9 % compared to the previous year . The annual cost of living rate in 2007 grew 1.9 % . Mercer ranks Ottawa with the third highest quality of living of any large city in the Americas , and 16th highest in the world . It is also rated the second cleanest city in Canada , and third cleanest city in the world . Ottawa 's primary employers are the Public Service of Canada and the high - tech industry , although tourism and healthcare also represent increasingly sizeable economic activities . The Federal government is the city 's largest employer , employing over 110,000 individuals from the National Capital region . The national headquarters for many federal departments are located in Ottawa , particularly throughout Centretown and in the Terrasses de la Chaudière and Place du Portage complexes in Hull . The National Defence Headquarters located in Ottawa is the main command centre for the Canadian Armed Forces and hosts the Department of National Defence . The Ottawa area includes CFS Leitrim , CFB Uplands , and the former CFB Rockcliffe . During the summer , the city hosts the Ceremonial Guard , which performs functions such as the Changing the Guard . As the national capital of Canada , tourism is an important part of Ottawa 's economy , particularly after the 150th anniversary of Canada which was centred in Ottawa . The lead - up to the festivities saw much investment in civic infrastructure , upgrades to tourist infrastructure and increases in national cultural attractions . The National Capital Region annually attracts an estimated 7.3 million tourists , who spend about 1.18 billion dollars . Kanata Research Park is home to many companies , mostly high - tech industries . In addition to the economic activities that come with being the national capital , Ottawa is an important technology centre ; in 2015 , its 1800 companies employed approximately 63,400 people . The concentration of companies in this industry earned the city the nickname of `` Silicon Valley North '' . Most of these companies specialize in telecommunications , software development and environmental technology . Large technology companies such as Nortel , Corel , Mitel , Cognos , Halogen Software , Shopify and JDS Uniphase were founded in the city . Ottawa also has regional locations for Nokia , 3M , Adobe Systems , Bell Canada , IBM and Hewlett - Packard . Many of the telecommunications and new technology are located in the western part of the city ( formerly Kanata ) . The `` tech sector '' was doing particularly well in 2015 / 2016 . The Children 's Hospital of Eastern Ontario ( CHEO ) is a major children 's and teaching hospital . The health sector is another major employer in Ottawa . Another major employer is the health sector , which employs over 18,000 people . Four active general hospitals are in the Ottawa area : Queensway - Carleton Hospital , The Ottawa Hospital , Montfort Hospital , and Children 's Hospital of Eastern Ontario . Several specialized hospital facilities are also present , such as the University of Ottawa Heart Institute and the Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre . Nordion , i - Stat and the National Research Council of Canada and OHRI are part of the growing life science sector . Business , finance , administration , and sales and service rank high among types of occupations . Approximately ten percent of Ottawa 's GDP is derived from finance , insurance and real estate whereas employment in goods - producing industries is only half the national average . The City of Ottawa is the second largest employer with over 15,000 employees . In 2006 , Ottawa experienced an increase of 40,000 jobs over 2001 with a five - year average growth that was relatively slower than in the late 1990s . While the number of employees in the federal government stagnated , the high - technology industry grew by 2.4 % . The overall growth of jobs in Ottawa - Gatineau was 1.3 % compared to the previous year , down to sixth place among Canada 's largest cities . The unemployment rate in Ottawa - Gatineau was 5.2 % ( only in Ottawa : 5.1 % ) , which was below the national average of 6.0 % . The economic downturn resulted in an increase in the unemployment rate between April 2008 and April 2009 from 4.7 to 6.3 % . In the province , however , this rate increased over the same period from 6.4 to 9.1 % . Culture ( edit ) See also : List of festivals in Ottawa Byward Market has been a focal point for culture in Ottawa . Traditionally the ByWard Market ( in Lower Town ) , Parliament Hill and the Golden Triangle ( both in Centretown -- Downtown ) have been the focal points of the cultural scenes in Ottawa . Modern thoroughfares such as Wellington Street , Rideau Street , Sussex Drive , Elgin Street , Bank Street , Somerset Street , Preston Street , Richmond Road in Westboro , and Sparks Street are home to many boutiques , museums , theatres , galleries , landmarks and memorials in addition to eating establishments , cafes , bars and nightclubs . People on ice slides during Winterlude , an annual winter festival held in Ottawa . Ottawa hosts a variety of annual seasonal activities -- such as Winterlude , the largest festival in Canada , and Canada Day celebrations on Parliament Hill and surrounding downtown area , as well as Bluesfest , Canadian Tulip Festival , Ottawa Dragon Boat Festival , Ottawa International Jazz Festival , Fringe Festival and Folk Music Festival , that have grown to become some of the largest festivals of their kind in the world . In 2010 , Ottawa 's Festival industry received the IFEA `` World Festival and Event City Award '' for the category of North American cities with a population between 500,000 and 1,000,000 . As Canada 's capital , Ottawa has played host to a number of significant cultural events in Canadian history , including the first visit of the reigning Canadian sovereign -- King George VI , with his consort , Queen Elizabeth -- to his parliament , on 19 May 1939 . VE Day was marked with a large celebration on 8 May 1945 , the first raising of the country 's new national flag took place on 15 February 1965 , and the centennial of Confederation was celebrated on 1 July 1967 . Elizabeth II was in Ottawa on 17 April 1982 , to issue a royal proclamation of the enactment of the Constitution Act . In 1983 , Prince Charles and Diana Princess of Wales came to Ottawa for a state dinner hosted by then Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau . In 2011 , Ottawa was selected as the first city to receive Prince William , Duke of Cambridge , and Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge during their tour of Canada . Architecture ( edit ) Completed in 1913 , the Connaught Building , was constructed in a Gothic Revival style . In the following decades , buildings built for the government would abandon the style , in favour of formal and functional styles . Main article : Architecture of Ottawa Influenced by government structures , much of the city 's architecture tends to be formalistic and functional ; however , the city is also marked by Romantic and Picturesque styles of architecture such as the Parliament Buildings ' gothic revival architecture . Ottawa 's domestic architecture is dominated by single family homes , but also includes smaller numbers of semi-detached houses , rowhouses , and apartment buildings . Many domestic buildings are clad in brick , with small numbers covered in wood , stone , or siding of different materials ; variations are common , depending on neighbourhoods and the age of dwellings within them . The skyline has been controlled by building height restrictions originally implemented to keep Parliament Hill and the Peace Tower at 92.2 metres ( 302 ft ) visible from most parts of the city . Today , several buildings are slightly taller than the Peace Tower , with the tallest located on Albert Street being the 29 - storey Place de Ville ( Tower C ) at 112 metres ( 367 ft ) . Federal buildings in the National Capital Region are managed by Public Works Canada , while most of the federal land in the region is managed by the National Capital Commission ; its control of much undeveloped land gives the NCC a great deal of influence over the city 's development . Museums and performing Arts ( edit ) The Canadian Museum of Nature is a natural history and natural science museum . The institution is one of several national museums located in Ottawa . Further information : List of attractions in Ottawa Amongst the city 's national museums and galleries is the National Gallery of Canada ; designed by famous architect Moshe Safdie , it is a permanent home to the Maman sculpture . The Canadian War Museum houses over 3.75 million artifacts and was moved to an expanded facility in 2005 . The Canadian Museum of Nature was built in 1905 , and underwent a major renovation between 2004 and 2010 . Across the Ottawa river in Gatineau is the most visited museum in Canada , the Canadian Museum of History . Designed by Canadian Aboriginal architect Douglas Cardinal , the curving - shaped complex , built at a cost of 340 million USD , also houses the Canadian Children 's Museum , the Canadian Postal Museum and a 3D IMAX theatre . The city is also home to the Canada Agriculture Museum , the Canada Aviation and Space Museum , the Canada Science and Technology Museum , Billings Estate Museum , Bytown Museum , Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography , the Bank of Canada Museum , and the Portrait Gallery of Canada . The Ottawa Little Theatre , originally called the Ottawa Drama League at its inception in 1913 , is the longest - running community theatre company in Ottawa . Since 1969 , Ottawa has been the home of the National Arts Centre , a major performing arts venue that houses four stages and is home to the National Arts Centre Orchestra , the Ottawa Symphony Orchestra and Opera Lyra Ottawa . Established in 1975 , the Great Canadian Theatre Company specializes in the production of Canadian plays at a local level . Historic and Heritage sites ( edit ) The National War Memorial and Château Laurier are both designated as National Historic Site of Canada Main articles : List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Ottawa and List of designated heritage properties in Ottawa The Rideau Canal is the oldest continuously operated canal system in North America , and in 2007 , it was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In addition , 24 other National Historic Sites of Canada are in Ottawa , including : the Central Chambers , the Central Experimental Farm , the Château Laurier , Confederation Square , the former Ottawa Teachers ' College , Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council , Laurier House and the Parliament Buildings . Many other properties of cultural value have been designated as having `` heritage elements '' by the City of Ottawa under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act . Sports ( edit ) Further information : Sport in Ottawa and List of Ottawa parks Sport in Ottawa has a history dating back to the 19th century . Ottawa is currently home to four professional sports teams . The Ottawa Senators are a professional ice hockey team playing in the National Hockey League . The Senators play their home games at the Canadian Tire Centre . The Ottawa Redblacks are a professional Canadian Football team playing in the Canadian Football League . Professional soccer club Ottawa Fury FC play in the United Soccer League , the second division in North American pro soccer after Major League Soccer . Both Ottawa Fury FC and the Ottawa Redblacks play their home games at TD Place Stadium . The Ottawa Champions play professional baseball in the Can - Am League at Raymond Chabot Grant Thornton Park , following the departure of the Lynx International League franchise . Several non-professional teams also play in Ottawa , including the Ottawa 67 's junior ice hockey team . The city was previously home to a professional basketball team , the Ottawa SkyHawks , of the National Basketball League of Canada TD Place Stadium is an outdoor stadium and is home to the CFL 's Ottawa Redblacks and the USL 's Ottawa Fury FC . Collegiate teams in various sports compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport . The Carleton Ravens are nationally ranked in basketball , and the Ottawa Gee - Gees are nationally ranked in football and basketball . Algonquin College has also won numerous national championships . The city is home to an assortment of amateur organized team sports such as soccer , basketball , baseball , curling , rowing , hurling and horse racing . Casual recreational activities , such as skating , cycling , hiking , sailing , golfing , skiing , and fishing / ice fishing are also popular . Current professional teams ( edit ) Professional Team League Sport Venue Established Championships Ottawa Senators National Hockey League ( NHL ) Ice hockey Canadian Tire Centre 0 Ottawa Redblacks Canadian Football League ( CFL ) Football TD Place Stadium Ottawa Fury FC United Soccer League ( USL ) Soccer TD Place Stadium 2011 0 Ottawa Champions Canadian American Association of Professional Baseball ( Can - Am ) Baseball Raymond Chabot Grant Thornton Park 2014 Government ( edit ) Further information : List of Ottawa municipal elections , Canadian federal election results in Ottawa , and List of embassies and high commissions in Ottawa Ottawa City Hall houses the seat of local government . The City of Ottawa is a single - tier municipality , meaning it is in itself a census division and has no county or regional municipality government above it . As a single - tier municipality , Ottawa has responsibility for all municipal services , including fire , emergency medical services , police , parks , roads , sidewalks , public transit , drinking water , storm water , sanitary sewage and solid waste . Ottawa is governed by the 24 - member Ottawa City Council consisting of 23 councillors each representing one ward and the mayor , currently Jim Watson , elected in a citywide vote . Along with being the capital of Canada , Ottawa is politically diverse in local politics . Most of the city has traditionally supported the Liberal Party . Perhaps the safest areas for the Liberals are the ones dominated by Francophones , especially in Vanier and central Gloucester . Central Ottawa is usually more left - leaning , and the New Democratic Party have won ridings there . Some of Ottawa 's suburbs are swing areas , notably central Nepean and , despite its francophone population , Orléans . The southern and western parts of the old city of Ottawa are generally moderate and swing to the Conservative Party . The farther one goes outside the city centre like to Kanata and Barrhaven and rural areas , the voters tend to be increasingly conservative , both fiscally and socially . This is especially true in the former Townships of West Carleton , Goulbourn , Rideau and Osgoode , which are more in line with the conservative areas in the surrounding counties . However , not all rural areas support the Conservative Party . Rural parts of the former township of Cumberland , with a large number of Francophones , traditionally support the Liberal Party , though their support has recently weakened . At present , Ottawa is host to 130 embassies . A further 49 countries accredit their embassies and missions in the United States to Canada . Transportation ( edit ) See also : OC Transpo , List of airports in the Ottawa area , List of Ottawa roads , List of numbered roads in Ottawa , and List of bridges in Ottawa An O - Train crossing the Rideau River . The O - Train is a light rail public transportation service provided by OC Transpo . Ottawa is served by a number of airlines that fly into the Ottawa Macdonald -- Cartier International Airport , as well as two main regional airports Gatineau - Ottawa Executive Airport , and Ottawa / Carp Airport . The city is also served by inter-city passenger rail service at the Ottawa Train Station by Via Rail , located near the Alta Vista neighbourhood , and inter-city bus service operating out of the Ottawa Bus Central Station . OC Transpo , a department of the city , operates the public transit system . An integrated hub - and - spoke system of services consists of : regular buses traveling on fixed routes in mixed traffic , typical of most urban transit systems ; a bus rapid transit ( BRT ) system which is a high - frequency bus service operating on the transitway ( a network of mostly grade - separated dedicated bus lanes within their own right of way ) and having full stations with Park & Ride facilities , further supported by on - road reserved bus lanes and priority traffic signal controls ; a light rail transit ( LRT ) system known as the O - Train operating on one north - south route ( the Trillium Line ) ; and a door - to - door bus service for the disabled known as ParaTranspo . Both OC Transpo and the Quebec - based Société de transport de l'Outaouais ( STO ) operate bus services between Ottawa and Gatineau . Construction is underway on the Confederation Line , a 12.5 - kilometre ( 7.8 mi ) light - rail transit line ( LRT ) , which includes a 2.5 - kilometre ( 1.6 mi ) tunnel through the downtown area featuring three underground stations . The project broke ground in 2013 , with operation scheduled to start in 2018 . A further 30 kilometers and 19 stations will be built by 2023 , referred to as the Stage 2 plan . The Capital Pathway is a multi-use trail interlinking many parks , waterways , and sites throughout the National Capital Region The city is served by two freeway corridors . The primary corridor is east - west and consists of provincial Highway 417 ( designated as The Queensway ) and Ottawa - Carleton Regional Road 174 ( formerly Provincial Highway 17 ) ; a north - south corridor , Highway 416 ( designated as Veterans ' Memorial Highway ) , connects Ottawa to the rest of the 400 - Series Highway network in Ontario at the 401 . Highway 417 is also the Ottawa portion of the Trans - Canada Highway . The city also has several scenic parkways ( promenades ) , such as Colonel By Drive , Queen Elizabeth Driveway , the Sir John A. Macdonald Parkway , Rockcliffe Parkway and the Aviation Parkway and has a freeway connection to Autoroute 5 and Autoroute 50 , in Gatineau . In 2006 , the National Capital Commission completed aesthetic enhancements to Confederation Boulevard , a ceremonial route of existing roads linking key attractions on both sides of the Ottawa River . Numerous paved multi-use trails wind their way through much of the city , including along the Ottawa River , Rideau River , and Rideau Canal . These pathways are used for transportation , tourism , and recreation . Because many streets either have wide curb lanes or bicycle lanes , cycling is a popular mode of transportation throughout the year . As of 31 December 2015 , 900 km of cycling facilities are found in Ottawa , including 435 km of multi use pathways , 8 km of cycle tracks , 200 km of on - road bicycle lanes , and 257 km of paved shoulders . 204 km of new cycling facilities were added between 2011 and 2014 . A downtown street that is restricted to pedestrians only , Sparks Street was turned into a pedestrian mall in 1966 . On Sundays ( since 1960 ) and selected holidays and events additional avenues and streets are reserved for pedestrian and / or bicycle uses only . In May 2011 , The NCC introduced the Capital Bixi bicycle - sharing system . Education ( edit ) Established in 1848 , the University of Ottawa is the oldest post-secondary institution in the city . La Cité collégiale is the largest French - language college in Ontario . Further information : List of schools in Ottawa Ottawa is known as one of the most educated cities in Canada , with over half the population having graduated from college and / or university . Ottawa has the highest per capita concentration of engineers , scientists , and residents with PhDs in Canada . The city has two main public universities : The University of Ottawa ( originally named the `` College of Bytown '' ) was the first post-secondary institution established in the city in 1848 . The university would eventually expand to become the largest English - French bilingual university in the world . It is also a member of the U15 , a group of highly respected research - intensive universities in Canada . The university 's campus is located in the Sandy Hill neighbourhood , just adjacent to the city 's downtown core . Carleton University was founded in 1942 to meet the needs of returning World War II veterans and later became Ontario 's first private , non-denominational college . Over time , Carleton would make the transition to the public university that it is today . In recent years , Carleton has become ranked highly among comprehensive universities in Canada . The university 's campus sits between Old Ottawa South and Dow 's Lake . Ottawa also has two main public colleges -- Algonquin College and La Cité collégiale . It also has two Catholic universities -- Dominican University College and Saint Paul University . Other colleges and universities in nearby areas ( namely , the neighbouring city of Gatineau ) include the University of Quebec en Outaouais , Cégep de l'Outaouais , and Heritage College . Four main public school boards exist in Ottawa : English , English - Catholic , French , and French - Catholic . The English - language Ottawa - Carleton District School Board ( OCDSB ) is the largest board with 147 schools , followed by the English - Catholic Ottawa Catholic School Board with 85 schools . The two French - language boards are the French - Catholic Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre - Est with 49 schools , and the French Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario with 37 schools . Ottawa also has numerous private schools which are not part of a board . The Ottawa Public Library was created in 1906 as part of the famed Carnegie library system . The library system had 2.3 million items as of 2008 . Media ( edit ) Further information : Media in Ottawa -- Gatineau Three main daily local newspapers are printed in Ottawa : two English newspapers , the Ottawa Citizen established as the Bytown Packet in 1845 and the Ottawa Sun , with weekly circulation of 900,197 and 274,628 , respectively , and one French newspaper , Le Droit . Another free commuter daily paper , Metro Ottawa , was added in the 2000s . Several weekly and monthly community papers are also published , including the Kitchissippi Times . Multiple Canadian television broadcast networks and systems , and an extensive number of radio stations , broadcast in both English and French . In addition to the market 's local media services , Ottawa is home to several national media operations , including CPAC ( Canada 's national legislature broadcaster ) and the parliamentary bureau staff of virtually all of Canada 's major newsgathering organizations in television , radio and print . The city is also home to the head office of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , although it is not the primary production location of most CBC radio or television programming . Twin towns -- Sister cities ( edit ) Ottawa is twinned with : Beijing , China ; Cairo , Egypt ; Catania , Italy . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Ottawa See also ( edit ) Ottawa portal Eastern Ontario portal List of national capitals List of hospitals in Ottawa List of Ottawa buildings List of Ottawa churches List of Ottawa mosques List of synagogues in Ottawa List of people from Ottawa List of francophone communities in Ontario Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ NHL Media Guide 2010 . The original Senators ( also known as the Ottawa Hockey Club ) organization won eleven Stanley Cups , not the current organization founded in 1990 . Neither the NHL or the Senators claim the current Senators to be a continuation of the original organization or franchise . The awards , statistics and championships of both eras are kept separate and the NHL franchise founding date of the current Senators is in 1991 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc ( 2014 ) . Britannica Student Encyclopedia . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. p. 8 . 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Douglas & McIntyre . pp. 223 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 913 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ruth Solski ( 2006 ) . Big Book of Canadian Celebrations : Grades 4 -- 6 . S&S Learning Materials . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55035 - 851 - 3 . Jump up ^ Douglas Ord ( 2003 ) . The National Gallery of Canada : ideas , art , architecture . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP . p. 369 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 2509 - 2 . Jump up ^ Derek Hayes ( 2008 ) . Canada : an illustrated history . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 271 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 259 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Princess Di across Canada '' . Globe and Mail . 22 June 2011 . Retrieved 25 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Shannon Ricketts ; Leslie Maitland ; Jacqueline Hucker ( 2004 ) . A guide to Canadian architectural styles . University of Toronto Press . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 546 - 7 . Jump up ^ Keshen 2001 , p. 455 . Jump up ^ `` Place de Ville III '' . Skyscraper Source Media . 2011 . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mandate and Mission '' . 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National Arts Centre . 17 March 1970 . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Great Canadian Theatre Company '' . Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia . 13 January 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ UNESCO names World Heritage sites , BBC News , 28 June 2007 . Retrieved 14 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Heritage Designation Program '' . City of Ottawa. 2011 . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Don Weekes ; Kerry Banks ( 2002 ) . The Unofficial Guide to Hockey 's Most Unusual Records . Greystone Books . pp. 122 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 942 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Political hurdles all but cleared for team to hit field in 2013 '' . Toronto Sun -- Sports . 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Kearney ; Randy Ray ( 2009 ) . The Big Book of Canadian Trivia . Dundurn Press . pp. 241 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 417 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` - NATIONALLY RANKED MEN 'S TEAMS PREVAIL '' . Canada Basketball. 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 . 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Archived from the original on 11 March 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CECCE : Liste des écoles '' . Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre - Est. 21 May 2004 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Accueil '' . Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Notes from the Ottawa Room ... The Carnegie Library -- Ottawa 's First Public Library -- 100 Years Old on April 30 , 2006 '' . Ottawa Public Library . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Strategic Directions and Priorities 2008 -- 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Ottawa Public Library . 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 June 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Circulation Data Report '' . Canadian Newspaper Association . Retrieved 7 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About CPAC '' . CPAC . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ottawa and Beijing Sign Sister Cities Agreement Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada '' . Asiapacific.ca . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sister city agreements '' . Archived from the original on 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ lasicilia.it . `` Catania - Ottawa , gemellaggio hi tech . Missione in Canada per stringere accordi di collaborazione '' ( in Italian ) . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Extreme high and low temperatures in the table below were recorded at Ottawa from March 1872 to October 1889 and at Ottawa CDA from November 1889 to present . Jump up ^ In early 2001 , the Province of Ontario dissolved the former City of Ottawa by amalgamating it with eleven other municipalities to form a new City of Ottawa . The 1996 adjusted population of the amalgamated city published in the 2001 census was 721,136 , while the population of the dissolved former City of Ottawa in 2001 was 337,031 . Bibliography ( edit ) Brault , Lucien ( 1946 ) . `` Ottawa Old and New '' . Ottawa Historical Information Institute . OCLC 2947504 . Hale , James ( 2011 ) . Frommer 's Ottawa . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 68158 - 9 . Keshen , Jeff ; St - Onge , Nicole ( 2001 ) . Ottawa -- making a capital . University of Ottawa Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7766 - 0521 - 0 . Lee , David ( 2006 ) . Lumber kings & shantymen : logging and lumbering in the Ottawa Valley . James Lorimer & Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55028 - 922 - 0 . Legget , Robert ( 1986 ) . Rideau Waterway . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 6591 - 0 . Martin , Carol ( 1997 ) . Ottawa : a colourguide . Formac Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88780 - 396 - 3 . Mika , Nick ; Mika , Helma ( 1982 ) . Bytown : The Early Days of Ottawa . Mika Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 919303 - 60 - 9 . Taylor , John H. ( 1986 ) . Ottawa : An Illustrated History . J. Lorimer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88862 - 981 - 4 . Van de Wetering , Marion ( 1997 ) . An Ottawa album : glimpses of the way we were . Dundurn Press Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88882 - 195 - 9 . Woods , Shirley E. Jr. ( 1980 ) . Ottawa : The Capital of Canada . Doubleday Canada . ISBN 0 - 385 - 14722 - 8 . 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[ "Ottawa (/ˈɒtəwə/ ( listen), /-wɑː/; French pronunciation: ​[ɔtawa]) is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec; the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) and the National Capital Region (NCR).[12] As of 2016, Ottawa had a city population of 964,743 and a metropolitan population of 1,323,783 making it the fourth-largest city and the fifth-largest CMA in Canada.\n" ]
[ "Ottawa" ]
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Hawaiian Islands
Hawaiian Islands - wikipedia Hawaiian Islands Jump to : navigation , search For the list of individual islands belonging to the state of Hawaii , see List of islands of Hawaii . Hawaiian Islands Native name : Mokupuni o Hawai'i True color satellite image of the Hawaiian Islands Map of the Hawaiian Islands , a chain of islands that stretches 1,500 mi ( 2,400 km ) in a northwesterly direction from the southern tip of the island of Hawai ʻi . Geography Location North Pacific Ocean Highest point Mauna Kea 13,796 ft ( 4,205 m ) Administration United States ( Hawaii , Midway Atoll ) Demographics Population 1,450,000 ( 2015 ) The Hawaiian Islands ( Hawaiian : Mokupuni o Hawai'i ) are an archipelago of eight major islands , several atolls , numerous smaller islets , and seamounts in the North Pacific Ocean , extending some 1,500 miles ( 2,400 kilometers ) from the island of Hawai ʻi in the south to northernmost Kure Atoll . Formerly the group was known to Europeans and Americans as the `` Sandwich Islands '' , a name chosen by James Cook in honor of the then First Lord of the Admiralty John Montagu , 4th Earl of Sandwich . The contemporary name is derived from the name of the largest island , Hawaii Island . The Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown in 1893 . The islands were subsequently put under the control of a republic , which the United States annexed in 1898 . The U.S. state of Hawaii now occupies the archipelago almost in its entirety ( including the uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands ) , with the sole exception of Midway Island , which instead separately belongs to the United States as one of its unincorporated territories within the United States Minor Outlying Islands . The Hawaiian Islands are the exposed peaks of a great undersea mountain range known as the Hawaiian -- Emperor seamount chain , formed by volcanic activity over a hotspot in the Earth 's mantle . The islands are about 1,860 miles ( 3,000 km ) from the nearest continent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Islands and reefs 1.1 Main islands 1.2 Smaller islands , atolls , reefs 1.3 Islets 2 Geology 2.1 Earthquakes 3 Tsunamis 4 Ecology 5 National Monument 6 Climate 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Islands and reefs ( edit ) Main article : History of Hawaii Captain James Cook visited the islands on January 18 , 1778 and named them the `` Sandwich Islands '' in honor of John Montagu , 4th Earl of Sandwich , who was one of his sponsors as the First Lord of the Admiralty . This name was in use until the 1840s , when the local name `` Hawaii '' gradually began to take precedence . The Hawaiian Islands have a total land area of 6,423.4 square miles ( 16,636.5 km ) . Except for Midway , which is an unincorporated territory of the United States , these islands and islets are administered as Hawaii -- the 50th state of the United States . Main Islands ( edit ) The eight main islands of Hawaii ( also called the Hawaiian Windward Islands ) are listed here . All except Kahoolawe are inhabited . Island Nickname Area Population ( as of 2010 ) Density Highest point Elevation Age ( Ma ) Location Hawai ʻi The Big Island 1 4,028.0 sq mi ( 10,432.5 km ) 185,079 4 45.948 / sq mi ( 17.7407 / km ) Mauna Kea 1 13,796 ft ( 4,205 m ) 0.4 19 ° 34 ′ N 155 ° 30 ′ W  /  19.567 ° N 155.500 ° W  / 19.567 ; - 155.500  ( Hawaii ) Maui The Valley Isle 2 727.2 sq mi ( 1,883.4 km ) 144,444 2 198.630 / sq mi ( 76.692 / km ) Haleakalā 2 10,023 ft ( 3,055 m ) 1.3 -- 0.8 20 ° 48 ′ N 156 ° 20 ′ W  /  20.800 ° N 156.333 ° W  / 20.800 ; - 156.333  ( Maui ) Oʻahu The Gathering Place 3 596.7 sq mi ( 1,545.4 km ) 953,207 1 1,597.46 / sq mi ( 616.78 / km ) Mount Ka ʻala 5 4,003 ft ( 1,220 m ) 3.7 -- 2.6 21 ° 28 ′ N 157 ° 59 ′ W  /  21.467 ° N 157.983 ° W  / 21.467 ; - 157.983  ( Oahu ) Kaua ʻi The Garden Isle 4 552.3 sq mi ( 1,430.5 km ) 66,921 3 121.168 / sq mi ( 46.783 / km ) Kawaikini 3 5,243 ft ( 1,598 m ) 5.1 22 ° 05 ′ N 159 ° 30 ′ W  /  22.083 ° N 159.500 ° W  / 22.083 ; - 159.500  ( Kauai ) Moloka ʻi The Friendly Isle 5 260.0 sq mi ( 673.4 km ) 7,345 5 28.250 / sq mi ( 10.9074 / km ) Kamakou 4 4,961 ft ( 1,512 m ) 1.9 -- 1.8 21 ° 08 ′ N 157 ° 02 ′ W  /  21.133 ° N 157.033 ° W  / 21.133 ; - 157.033  ( Molokai ) Lāna ʻi The Pineapple Isle 6 140.5 sq mi ( 363.9 km ) 3,135 6 22.313 / sq mi ( 8.615 / km ) Lāna ʻihale 6 3,366 ft ( 1,026 m ) 1.3 20 ° 50 ′ N 156 ° 56 ′ W  /  20.833 ° N 156.933 ° W  / 20.833 ; - 156.933  ( Lanai ) Ni ʻihau The Forbidden Isle 7 69.5 sq mi ( 180.0 km ) 170 7 2.45 / sq mi ( 0.944 / km ) Mount Pānī ʻau 8 1,250 ft ( 381 m ) 4.9 21 ° 54 ′ N 160 ° 10 ′ W  /  21.900 ° N 160.167 ° W  / 21.900 ; - 160.167  ( Niihau ) Kaho ʻolawe The Target Isle 8 44.6 sq mi ( 115.5 km ) 0 8 0 Pu ʻu Moaulanui 7 1,483 ft ( 452 m ) 1.0 20 ° 33 ′ N 156 ° 36 ′ W  /  20.550 ° N 156.600 ° W  / 20.550 ; - 156.600  ( Kahoolawe ) Smaller Islands , atolls , reefs ( edit ) Hawaiian Islands from space . Smaller islands , atolls , and reefs ( all west of Ni ʻihau are uninhabited ) form the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands , or Hawaiian Leeward Islands : Nihoa ( Mokumana ) Necker ( Mokumanamana ) French Frigate Shoals ( Kānemiloha ʻi ) Gardner Pinnacles ( Pūhāhonu ) Maro Reef ( Nalukākala ) Laysan ( Kauō ) Lisianski Island ( Papa ʻāpoho ) Pearl and Hermes Atoll ( Holoikauaua ) Midway Atoll ( Pihemanu ) Kure Atoll ( Mokupāpapa ) Islets ( edit ) 3 - D perspective view of the southeastern Hawaiian Islands , with the white summits of Mauna Loa ( 4,170 m or 13,680 ft high ) and Mauna Kea ( 4,206 m or 13,799 ft high ) . The islands are the tops of massive volcanoes , the bulk of which lie below the sea surface . Ocean depths are colored from violet ( 5,750 m or 18,860 ft deep northeast of Maui ) and indigo to light gray ( shallowest ) . Historical lava flows are shown in red , erupting from the summits and rift zones of Mauna Loa , Kilauea , and Hualalai volcanoes on Hawai ʻi . The state of Hawaii counts 137 `` islands '' in the Hawaiian chain . This number includes all minor islands and islets , or very small island , offshore of the main islands ( listed above ) and individual islets in each atoll . These are just a few : Ford Island ( Moku ʻumeʻume ) Lehua Kaula Kaohikaipu Mānana Mōkōlea Rock Nā Mokulua Molokini Mokoli ʻi Moku Manu Moku Ola ( Coconut Island , Hawaii ) Moku o Loʻe ( Coconut Island , Oahu ) Sand Island Grass Island A composite satellite image from NASA of the Hawaiian Islands taken from outer space . Click on the image for a larger view that shows the main islands and the extended archipelago . Geology ( edit ) Main article : Hawaii hotspot See also : List of Hawaii rivers This chain of islands , or archipelago , developed as the Pacific Plate moved slowly northwestward over a hotspot in the Earth 's mantle at a rate of approximately 32 miles ( 51 km ) per million years . Thus , the southeast island is volcanically active , whereas the islands on the northwest end of the archipelago are older and typically smaller , due to longer exposure to erosion . The age of the archipelago has been estimated using potassium - argon dating methods . From this study and others , it is estimated that the northwestern most island , Kure Atoll , is the oldest at approximately 28 million years ( Ma ) ; while the southeastern most island , Hawai ʻi , is approximately 0.4 Ma ( 400,000 years ) . The only active volcanism in the last 200 years has been on the southeastern island , Hawai ʻi , and on the submerged but growing volcano to the extreme southeast , Lo ʻihi . The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the USGS documents recent volcanic activity and provides images and interpretations of the volcanism . Almost all of the magma of the hotspot has the composition of basalt , and so the Hawaiian volcanoes are composed almost entirely of this igneous rock . There is very little coarser - grained gabbro and diabase . Nephelinite is exposed on the islands but is extremely rare . The majority of eruptions in Hawai ʻi are Hawaiian - type eruptions because basaltic magma is relatively fluid compared with magmas typically involved in more explosive eruptions , such as the andesitic magmas that produce some of the spectacular and dangerous eruptions around the margins of the Pacific basin . Eruptions from the Hawaii hotspot left a trail of underwater mountains across the Pacific over millions of years , called the Emperor Seamounts Hawai ʻi island ( the Big Island ) is the biggest and youngest island in the chain , built from five volcanoes . Mauna Loa , taking up over half of the Big Island , is the largest shield volcano on the Earth . The measurement from sea level to summit is more than 2.5 miles ( 4 km ) , from sea level to sea floor about 3.1 miles ( 5 km ) . Earthquakes ( edit ) Main article : List of earthquakes in Hawaii The Hawaiian Islands have many earthquakes , generally caused by volcanic activity . Most of the early earthquake monitoring took place in Hilo , by missionaries Titus Coan , Sarah J. Lyman and her family . From 1833 to 1896 , approximately 4 or 5 earthquakes were reported per year . Hawaii accounted for 7.3 % of the United States ' reported earthquakes with a magnitude 3.5 or greater from 1974 to 2003 , with a total 1533 earthquakes . Hawaii ranked as the state with the third most earthquakes over this time period , after Alaska and California . On October 15 , 2006 , there was an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.7 off the northwest coast of the island of Hawaii , near the Kona area of the big island . The initial earthquake was followed approximately five minutes later by a magnitude 5.7 aftershock . Minor - to - moderate damage was reported on most of the Big Island . Several major roadways became impassable from rock slides , and effects were felt as far away as Honolulu , Oahu , nearly 150 miles ( 240 km ) from the epicenter . Power outages lasted for several hours to days . Several water mains ruptured . No deaths or life - threatening injuries were reported . Earthquakes are monitored by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory run by the USGS . Tsunamis ( edit ) Aftermath of the 1960 Chilean tsunami in Hilo , Hawai ʻi , where the tsunami left 61 people dead and 282 seriously injured . The waves reached 35 feet ( 11 m ) high . The Hawaiian Islands are subject to tsunamis , great waves that strike the shore . Tsunamis are most often caused by earthquakes somewhere in the Pacific . The waves produced by the earthquakes travel at speeds of 400 -- 500 miles per hour ( 600 -- 800 km / h ) and can affect coastal regions thousands of miles ( kilometers ) away . Tsunamis may also originate from the Hawaiian Islands . Explosive volcanic activity can cause tsunamis . The island of Moloka ʻi had a catastrophic collapse or debris avalanche over a million years ago ; this underwater landslide likely caused tsunamis . The Hilina Slump on the island of Hawai ʻi is another potential place for a large landslide and resulting tsunami . The city of Hilo on the Big Island has been most affected by tsunamis , where the in - rushing water is accentuated by the shape of Hilo Bay . Coastal cities have tsunami warning sirens . A tsunami resulting from an earthquake in Chile hit the islands on February 27 , 2010 . It was relatively minor , but local emergency management officials utilized the latest technology and ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event . The Governor declared it a `` good drill '' for the next major event . A tsunami resulting from an earthquake in Japan hit the islands on March 11 , 2011 . It was relatively minor , but local officials ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event . The tsunami caused about $30.1 million in damages . Ecology ( edit ) See also : Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands The endemic plant and animal species of the Hawaiian Islands developed in nearly complete isolation over about 70 million years . Prior to human arrival , the only native mammals were the Hawaiian hoary bat and the Hawaiian monk seal . Human contact , first by Polynesians , introduced new trees , other plants and animals . These included voracious species such as rats and pigs , who took a heavy toll on native birds and invertebrates that evolved in the absence of such predators . The growing population also brought deforestation , forest degradation , treeless grasslands , and environmental degradation . As a result , many species which depended on forest habitats and food became extinct . As humans cleared land for farming , monocultural crop production replaced multi-species systems . The arrival of the Europeans had a more significant impact , with the promotion of large - scale single - species export agriculture and livestock grazing . This led to increased clearing of forests , and the development of towns , adding many more species to the list of extinct animals of the Hawaiian Islands . As of 2009 , many of the remaining endemic species are considered endangered . See also : List of animal species introduced to the Hawaiian Islands and List of invasive plant species in Hawaii National Monument ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Bush proclaims Northwestern Hawaiian Islands a National Monument On June 15 , 2006 , President George W. Bush issued a public proclamation creating Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument under the Antiquities Act of 1906 . The Monument encompasses the northwestern Hawaiian Islands and surrounding waters , forming the largest marine wildlife reserve in the world . In August 2010 , UNESCO 's World Heritage Committee added Papahānaumokuākea to its list of World Heritage Site s . On August 26 , 2016 , President Barack Obama greatly expanded Papahānaumokuākea , quadrupling it from its original size . Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Hawaii The climate of the Hawaiian Islands is tropical but it experiences many different climates , depending on altitude and weather . The islands receive most rainfall from the trade winds on their north and east flanks ( the windward side ) as a result of orographic precipitation . Coastal areas in general and especially the south and west flanks or leeward sides , tend to be drier . In general , the lowlands of Hawaiian Islands receive most of their precipitation during the winter months ( October to April ) . Drier conditions generally prevail from May to September . The tropical storms , and occasional hurricanes , tend to occur from July through November . See also ( edit ) Geography portal Oceania portal United States portal Hawaii portal Mountains portal Volcanoes portal Hawaii Inter-Island Cable System Index of Hawaii - related articles List of birds of Hawaii List of fish of Hawaii List of mountain peaks of Hawaii List of Ultras of Hawaii Maritime fur trade Outline of Hawaii References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kent , Noel J. ( 1993 ) . Hawaii : Islands Under the Influence . University of Hawaii Press . pp. x . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1552 - 1 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Abbott , and Peterson , 1984 Jump up ^ James Cook and James King ( 1784 ) . A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean : Undertaken , by the Command of His Majesty , for Making Discoveries in the Northern Hemisphere , to Determine the Position and Extent of the West Side of North America , Its Distance from Asia , and the Practicability of a Northern Passage to Europe : Performed Under the Direction of Captains Cook , Clerke , and Gore , in His Majesty 's Ships the Resolution and Discovery , in the Years 1776 , 1777 , 1778 , 1779 , and 1780 . 2 . Nicol and Cadell , London . p. 222 . Jump up ^ Clement , Russell . `` From Cook to the 1840 Constitution : The Name Change from Sandwich to Hawaiian Islands '' ( PDF ) . University of Hawai'i at Manoa Hamilton Library . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to State and Local Census Geography -- Hawaii '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Census Bureau . 2013 - 09 - 09 . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Population 2016 ( Demographics , Maps , Graphs ) '' . worldpopulationreview.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Blay , Chuck , and Siemers , Robert . Kauai ' 's Geologic History : A Simplified Guide . Kaua'i : TEOK Investigations , 2004 . ISBN 9780974472300 . ( Cited in `` Hawaiian Encyclopedia : The Islands '' . Retrieved June 20 , 2012. ) Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Island of Hawai ʻi Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Maui Island Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Oʻahu Island Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Kaua ʻi Island Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Moloka ʻi Island Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Lāna ʻi Island Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Ni ʻihau Island Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Kaho ʻolawe Island Jump up ^ `` Hawaii : Image of the Day '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hawai'i Facts & Figures '' ( PDF ) . state web site . State of Hawaii Dept. of Business , Economic Development & Tourism . December 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Tectonics , geochronology , and origin of the Hawaiian - Emperor Volcanic Chain '' ( PDF ) . The Geology of North America , Volume N : The Eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii . The Geology Society of America . 1989 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ McDougall , IAN ; Swanson , D.A. ( 1972 ) . `` Potassium - Argon Ages of Lavas from the Hawi and Pololu Volcanic Series , Kohala Volcano , Hawaii '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . Geology Society of American Bulletin . 83 ( 12 ) : 3731 -- 3738 . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1972 ) 83 ( 3731 : PAOLFT ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Petrography and K - Ar Ages of Dredged Volcanic Rocks from the Western Hawaiian Ridge and the Southern Emperor Seamount Chain '' . 86 ( 7 ) . Geology Society of America Bulletin . 1975 : 991 -- 998 . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1975 ) 86 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Loa Earth 's Largest Volcano '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory web site . USGS . February 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Earthquake History '' . Earthquake Hazards Program . United States Geological Survey . 1972 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Top Earthquake States '' . Earthquake Hazards Program . United States Geological Survey . 2003 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Trusdell , Frank A. ; Chadderton , Amy ; Hinchliffe , Graham ; Hara , Andrew ; Patenge , Brent ; Weber , Tom ( 2012 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Tohoku - Oki Earthquake Tsunami Runup and Inundation Data for Sites Around the Island of Hawai'i '' ( PDF ) . USGS . pp. 3 -- 4 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaiian Monk Seal '' . statesymbolsusa.org . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Craig R. Elevitch and Kim M. Wilkinson , eds. ( 2000 ) . Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands . Permanent Agriculture Resources . ISBN 0 - 9702544 - 0 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Barnett , Cynthia ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Hawaii Is Now Home to an Ocean Reserve Twice the Size of Texas '' . National Geographic . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 21 sites added to Unesco World Heritage list -- Wikinews , the free news source '' . en.wikinews.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Saltzstein , Dan ( 2010 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Unesco Adds 21 Sites to World Heritage List '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` World Heritage Committee inscribes a total of 21 new sites on UNESCO World Heritage List '' . whc.unesco.org. 2010 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Cocke , Sophie ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Obama expands Papahanaumokuakea marine reserve ; plans Oahu trip '' . Honolulu Star Advertiser . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : President Obama to Create the World 's Largest Marine Protected Area '' . whitehouse.gov. 2016 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Cynthia ( 2016 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Hawaii Is Now Home to an Ocean Reserve Twice the Size of Texas '' . NationalGeographic.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Lau , Leung - Ku Stephen ; Mink , John Francis ( 2006 - 10 - 01 ) . Hydrology of the Hawaiian Islands . pp. 39 , 43 , 49 , 53 . ISBN 9780824829483 . Further reading ( edit ) Morgan , Joseph R. ( 1996 ) . `` Hawai'i : A Unique Geography -- Volcanic Landforms '' . Honolulu , HI : Bess Press . ISBN 1 - 57306 - 021 - 6 . An integrated information website focused on the Hawaiian Archipelago from the Pacific Region Integrated Data Enterprise ( PRIDE ) . Macdonald , G.A. , A.T. Abbott , and F.L. Peterson . 1984 . Volcanoes in the Sea : The Geology of Hawaii , 2nd edition . University of Hawaii Press , Honolulu . 517 pp . The Ocean Atlas of Hawai'i -- SOEST at University of Hawai ʻi . `` Hawaiian Volcanoes -- Introduction -- Department of Geosciences '' . Corvallis , OR , USA . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . 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what are the names of the main hawaiian islands
[ "\n\nIsland\nNickname\nArea\nPopulation\n(as of 2010)\nDensity\nHighest point\nElevation\nAge (Ma)[7]\nLocation\n\n\nHawaiʻi[8]\nThe Big Island\n1 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2)\n185,079\n4 45.948/sq mi (17.7407/km2)\nMauna Kea\n1 13,796 ft (4,205 m)\n0.4\n19°34′N 155°30′W / 19.567°N 155.500°W / 19.567; -155.500 (Hawaii)\n\n\nMaui[9]\nThe Valley Isle\n2 727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2)\n144,444\n2 198.630/sq mi (76.692/km2)\nHaleakalā\n2 10,023 ft (3,055 m)\n1.3–0.8\n20°48′N 156°20′W / 20.800°N 156.333°W / 20.800; -156.333 (Maui)\n\n\nOʻahu[10]\nThe Gathering Place\n3 596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2)\n953,207\n1 1,597.46/sq mi (616.78/km2)\nMount Kaʻala\n5 4,003 ft (1,220 m)\n3.7–2.6\n21°28′N 157°59′W / 21.467°N 157.983°W / 21.467; -157.983 (Oahu)\n\n\nKauaʻi[11]\nThe Garden Isle\n4 552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2)\n66,921\n3 121.168/sq mi (46.783/km2)\nKawaikini\n3 5,243 ft (1,598 m)\n5.1\n22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 (Kauai)\n\n\nMolokaʻi[12]\nThe Friendly Isle\n5 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2)\n7,345\n5 28.250/sq mi (10.9074/km2)\nKamakou\n4 4,961 ft (1,512 m)\n1.9–1.8\n21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033 (Molokai)\n\n\nLānaʻi[13]\nThe Pineapple Isle\n6 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2)\n3,135\n6 22.313/sq mi (8.615/km2)\nLānaʻihale\n6 3,366 ft (1,026 m)\n1.3\n20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 (Lanai)\n\n\nNiʻihau[14]\nThe Forbidden Isle\n7 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2)\n170\n7 2.45/sq mi (0.944/km2)\nMount Pānīʻau\n8 1,250 ft (381 m)\n4.9\n21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 (Niihau)\n\n\nKahoʻolawe[15]\nThe Target Isle\n8 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2)\n0\n8 0\nPuʻu Moaulanui\n7 1,483 ft (452 m)\n1.0\n20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 (Kahoolawe)\n\n", "\n\nIsland\nNickname\nArea\nPopulation\n(as of 2010)\nDensity\nHighest point\nElevation\nAge (Ma)[7]\nLocation\n\n\nHawaiʻi[8]\nThe Big Island\n1 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2)\n185,079\n4 45.948/sq mi (17.7407/km2)\nMauna Kea\n1 13,796 ft (4,205 m)\n0.4\n19°34′N 155°30′W / 19.567°N 155.500°W / 19.567; -155.500 (Hawaii)\n\n\nMaui[9]\nThe Valley Isle\n2 727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2)\n144,444\n2 198.630/sq mi (76.692/km2)\nHaleakalā\n2 10,023 ft (3,055 m)\n1.3–0.8\n20°48′N 156°20′W / 20.800°N 156.333°W / 20.800; -156.333 (Maui)\n\n\nOʻahu[10]\nThe Gathering Place\n3 596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2)\n953,207\n1 1,597.46/sq mi (616.78/km2)\nMount Kaʻala\n5 4,003 ft (1,220 m)\n3.7–2.6\n21°28′N 157°59′W / 21.467°N 157.983°W / 21.467; -157.983 (Oahu)\n\n\nKauaʻi[11]\nThe Garden Isle\n4 552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2)\n66,921\n3 121.168/sq mi (46.783/km2)\nKawaikini\n3 5,243 ft (1,598 m)\n5.1\n22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 (Kauai)\n\n\nMolokaʻi[12]\nThe Friendly Isle\n5 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2)\n7,345\n5 28.250/sq mi (10.9074/km2)\nKamakou\n4 4,961 ft (1,512 m)\n1.9–1.8\n21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033 (Molokai)\n\n\nLānaʻi[13]\nThe Pineapple Isle\n6 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2)\n3,135\n6 22.313/sq mi (8.615/km2)\nLānaʻihale\n6 3,366 ft (1,026 m)\n1.3\n20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 (Lanai)\n\n\nNiʻihau[14]\nThe Forbidden Isle\n7 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2)\n170\n7 2.45/sq mi (0.944/km2)\nMount Pānīʻau\n8 1,250 ft (381 m)\n4.9\n21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 (Niihau)\n\n\nKahoʻolawe[15]\nThe Target Isle\n8 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2)\n0\n8 0\nPuʻu Moaulanui\n7 1,483 ft (452 m)\n1.0\n20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 (Kahoolawe)\n\n", "\n\nIsland\nNickname\nArea\nPopulation\n(as of 2010)\nDensity\nHighest point\nElevation\nAge (Ma)[7]\nLocation\n\n\nHawaiʻi[8]\nThe Big Island\n1 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2)\n185,079\n4 45.948/sq mi (17.7407/km2)\nMauna Kea\n1 13,796 ft (4,205 m)\n0.4\n19°34′N 155°30′W / 19.567°N 155.500°W / 19.567; -155.500 (Hawaii)\n\n\nMaui[9]\nThe Valley Isle\n2 727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2)\n144,444\n2 198.630/sq mi (76.692/km2)\nHaleakalā\n2 10,023 ft (3,055 m)\n1.3–0.8\n20°48′N 156°20′W / 20.800°N 156.333°W / 20.800; -156.333 (Maui)\n\n\nOʻahu[10]\nThe Gathering Place\n3 596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2)\n953,207\n1 1,597.46/sq mi (616.78/km2)\nMount Kaʻala\n5 4,003 ft (1,220 m)\n3.7–2.6\n21°28′N 157°59′W / 21.467°N 157.983°W / 21.467; -157.983 (Oahu)\n\n\nKauaʻi[11]\nThe Garden Isle\n4 552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2)\n66,921\n3 121.168/sq mi (46.783/km2)\nKawaikini\n3 5,243 ft (1,598 m)\n5.1\n22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 (Kauai)\n\n\nMolokaʻi[12]\nThe Friendly Isle\n5 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2)\n7,345\n5 28.250/sq mi (10.9074/km2)\nKamakou\n4 4,961 ft (1,512 m)\n1.9–1.8\n21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033 (Molokai)\n\n\nLānaʻi[13]\nThe Pineapple Isle\n6 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2)\n3,135\n6 22.313/sq mi (8.615/km2)\nLānaʻihale\n6 3,366 ft (1,026 m)\n1.3\n20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 (Lanai)\n\n\nNiʻihau[14]\nThe Forbidden Isle\n7 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2)\n170\n7 2.45/sq mi (0.944/km2)\nMount Pānīʻau\n8 1,250 ft (381 m)\n4.9\n21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 (Niihau)\n\n\nKahoʻolawe[15]\nThe Target Isle\n8 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2)\n0\n8 0\nPuʻu Moaulanui\n7 1,483 ft (452 m)\n1.0\n20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 (Kahoolawe)\n\n", "\n\nIsland\nNickname\nArea\nPopulation\n(as of 2010)\nDensity\nHighest point\nElevation\nAge (Ma)[7]\nLocation\n\n\nHawaiʻi[8]\nThe Big Island\n1 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2)\n185,079\n4 45.948/sq mi (17.7407/km2)\nMauna Kea\n1 13,796 ft (4,205 m)\n0.4\n19°34′N 155°30′W / 19.567°N 155.500°W / 19.567; -155.500 (Hawaii)\n\n\nMaui[9]\nThe Valley Isle\n2 727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2)\n144,444\n2 198.630/sq mi (76.692/km2)\nHaleakalā\n2 10,023 ft (3,055 m)\n1.3–0.8\n20°48′N 156°20′W / 20.800°N 156.333°W / 20.800; -156.333 (Maui)\n\n\nOʻahu[10]\nThe Gathering Place\n3 596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2)\n953,207\n1 1,597.46/sq mi (616.78/km2)\nMount Kaʻala\n5 4,003 ft (1,220 m)\n3.7–2.6\n21°28′N 157°59′W / 21.467°N 157.983°W / 21.467; -157.983 (Oahu)\n\n\nKauaʻi[11]\nThe Garden Isle\n4 552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2)\n66,921\n3 121.168/sq mi (46.783/km2)\nKawaikini\n3 5,243 ft (1,598 m)\n5.1\n22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 (Kauai)\n\n\nMolokaʻi[12]\nThe Friendly Isle\n5 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2)\n7,345\n5 28.250/sq mi (10.9074/km2)\nKamakou\n4 4,961 ft (1,512 m)\n1.9–1.8\n21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033 (Molokai)\n\n\nLānaʻi[13]\nThe Pineapple Isle\n6 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2)\n3,135\n6 22.313/sq mi (8.615/km2)\nLānaʻihale\n6 3,366 ft (1,026 m)\n1.3\n20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 (Lanai)\n\n\nNiʻihau[14]\nThe Forbidden Isle\n7 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2)\n170\n7 2.45/sq mi (0.944/km2)\nMount Pānīʻau\n8 1,250 ft (381 m)\n4.9\n21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 (Niihau)\n\n\nKahoʻolawe[15]\nThe Target Isle\n8 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2)\n0\n8 0\nPuʻu Moaulanui\n7 1,483 ft (452 m)\n1.0\n20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 (Kahoolawe)\n\n", "\n\nIsland\nNickname\nArea\nPopulation\n(as of 2010)\nDensity\nHighest point\nElevation\nAge (Ma)[7]\nLocation\n\n\nHawaiʻi[8]\nThe Big Island\n1 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2)\n185,079\n4 45.948/sq mi (17.7407/km2)\nMauna Kea\n1 13,796 ft (4,205 m)\n0.4\n19°34′N 155°30′W / 19.567°N 155.500°W / 19.567; -155.500 (Hawaii)\n\n\nMaui[9]\nThe Valley Isle\n2 727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2)\n144,444\n2 198.630/sq mi (76.692/km2)\nHaleakalā\n2 10,023 ft (3,055 m)\n1.3–0.8\n20°48′N 156°20′W / 20.800°N 156.333°W / 20.800; -156.333 (Maui)\n\n\nOʻahu[10]\nThe Gathering Place\n3 596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2)\n953,207\n1 1,597.46/sq mi (616.78/km2)\nMount Kaʻala\n5 4,003 ft (1,220 m)\n3.7–2.6\n21°28′N 157°59′W / 21.467°N 157.983°W / 21.467; -157.983 (Oahu)\n\n\nKauaʻi[11]\nThe Garden Isle\n4 552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2)\n66,921\n3 121.168/sq mi (46.783/km2)\nKawaikini\n3 5,243 ft (1,598 m)\n5.1\n22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 (Kauai)\n\n\nMolokaʻi[12]\nThe Friendly Isle\n5 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2)\n7,345\n5 28.250/sq mi (10.9074/km2)\nKamakou\n4 4,961 ft (1,512 m)\n1.9–1.8\n21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033 (Molokai)\n\n\nLānaʻi[13]\nThe Pineapple Isle\n6 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2)\n3,135\n6 22.313/sq mi (8.615/km2)\nLānaʻihale\n6 3,366 ft (1,026 m)\n1.3\n20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 (Lanai)\n\n\nNiʻihau[14]\nThe Forbidden Isle\n7 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2)\n170\n7 2.45/sq mi (0.944/km2)\nMount Pānīʻau\n8 1,250 ft (381 m)\n4.9\n21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 (Niihau)\n\n\nKahoʻolawe[15]\nThe Target Isle\n8 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2)\n0\n8 0\nPuʻu Moaulanui\n7 1,483 ft (452 m)\n1.0\n20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 (Kahoolawe)\n\n", "\n\nIsland\nNickname\nArea\nPopulation\n(as of 2010)\nDensity\nHighest point\nElevation\nAge (Ma)[7]\nLocation\n\n\nHawaiʻi[8]\nThe Big Island\n1 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2)\n185,079\n4 45.948/sq mi (17.7407/km2)\nMauna Kea\n1 13,796 ft (4,205 m)\n0.4\n19°34′N 155°30′W / 19.567°N 155.500°W / 19.567; -155.500 (Hawaii)\n\n\nMaui[9]\nThe Valley Isle\n2 727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2)\n144,444\n2 198.630/sq mi (76.692/km2)\nHaleakalā\n2 10,023 ft (3,055 m)\n1.3–0.8\n20°48′N 156°20′W / 20.800°N 156.333°W / 20.800; -156.333 (Maui)\n\n\nOʻahu[10]\nThe Gathering Place\n3 596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2)\n953,207\n1 1,597.46/sq mi (616.78/km2)\nMount Kaʻala\n5 4,003 ft (1,220 m)\n3.7–2.6\n21°28′N 157°59′W / 21.467°N 157.983°W / 21.467; -157.983 (Oahu)\n\n\nKauaʻi[11]\nThe Garden Isle\n4 552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2)\n66,921\n3 121.168/sq mi (46.783/km2)\nKawaikini\n3 5,243 ft (1,598 m)\n5.1\n22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 (Kauai)\n\n\nMolokaʻi[12]\nThe Friendly Isle\n5 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2)\n7,345\n5 28.250/sq mi (10.9074/km2)\nKamakou\n4 4,961 ft (1,512 m)\n1.9–1.8\n21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033 (Molokai)\n\n\nLānaʻi[13]\nThe Pineapple Isle\n6 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2)\n3,135\n6 22.313/sq mi (8.615/km2)\nLānaʻihale\n6 3,366 ft (1,026 m)\n1.3\n20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 (Lanai)\n\n\nNiʻihau[14]\nThe Forbidden Isle\n7 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2)\n170\n7 2.45/sq mi (0.944/km2)\nMount Pānīʻau\n8 1,250 ft (381 m)\n4.9\n21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 (Niihau)\n\n\nKahoʻolawe[15]\nThe Target Isle\n8 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2)\n0\n8 0\nPuʻu Moaulanui\n7 1,483 ft (452 m)\n1.0\n20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 (Kahoolawe)\n\n", "\n\nIsland\nNickname\nArea\nPopulation\n(as of 2010)\nDensity\nHighest point\nElevation\nAge (Ma)[7]\nLocation\n\n\nHawaiʻi[8]\nThe Big Island\n1 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2)\n185,079\n4 45.948/sq mi (17.7407/km2)\nMauna Kea\n1 13,796 ft (4,205 m)\n0.4\n19°34′N 155°30′W / 19.567°N 155.500°W / 19.567; -155.500 (Hawaii)\n\n\nMaui[9]\nThe Valley Isle\n2 727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2)\n144,444\n2 198.630/sq mi (76.692/km2)\nHaleakalā\n2 10,023 ft (3,055 m)\n1.3–0.8\n20°48′N 156°20′W / 20.800°N 156.333°W / 20.800; -156.333 (Maui)\n\n\nOʻahu[10]\nThe Gathering Place\n3 596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2)\n953,207\n1 1,597.46/sq mi (616.78/km2)\nMount Kaʻala\n5 4,003 ft (1,220 m)\n3.7–2.6\n21°28′N 157°59′W / 21.467°N 157.983°W / 21.467; -157.983 (Oahu)\n\n\nKauaʻi[11]\nThe Garden Isle\n4 552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2)\n66,921\n3 121.168/sq mi (46.783/km2)\nKawaikini\n3 5,243 ft (1,598 m)\n5.1\n22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 (Kauai)\n\n\nMolokaʻi[12]\nThe Friendly Isle\n5 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2)\n7,345\n5 28.250/sq mi (10.9074/km2)\nKamakou\n4 4,961 ft (1,512 m)\n1.9–1.8\n21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033 (Molokai)\n\n\nLānaʻi[13]\nThe Pineapple Isle\n6 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2)\n3,135\n6 22.313/sq mi (8.615/km2)\nLānaʻihale\n6 3,366 ft (1,026 m)\n1.3\n20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 (Lanai)\n\n\nNiʻihau[14]\nThe Forbidden Isle\n7 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2)\n170\n7 2.45/sq mi (0.944/km2)\nMount Pānīʻau\n8 1,250 ft (381 m)\n4.9\n21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 (Niihau)\n\n\nKahoʻolawe[15]\nThe Target Isle\n8 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2)\n0\n8 0\nPuʻu Moaulanui\n7 1,483 ft (452 m)\n1.0\n20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 (Kahoolawe)\n\n", "\n\nIsland\nNickname\nArea\nPopulation\n(as of 2010)\nDensity\nHighest point\nElevation\nAge (Ma)[7]\nLocation\n\n\nHawaiʻi[8]\nThe Big Island\n1 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2)\n185,079\n4 45.948/sq mi (17.7407/km2)\nMauna Kea\n1 13,796 ft (4,205 m)\n0.4\n19°34′N 155°30′W / 19.567°N 155.500°W / 19.567; -155.500 (Hawaii)\n\n\nMaui[9]\nThe Valley Isle\n2 727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2)\n144,444\n2 198.630/sq mi (76.692/km2)\nHaleakalā\n2 10,023 ft (3,055 m)\n1.3–0.8\n20°48′N 156°20′W / 20.800°N 156.333°W / 20.800; -156.333 (Maui)\n\n\nOʻahu[10]\nThe Gathering Place\n3 596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2)\n953,207\n1 1,597.46/sq mi (616.78/km2)\nMount Kaʻala\n5 4,003 ft (1,220 m)\n3.7–2.6\n21°28′N 157°59′W / 21.467°N 157.983°W / 21.467; -157.983 (Oahu)\n\n\nKauaʻi[11]\nThe Garden Isle\n4 552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2)\n66,921\n3 121.168/sq mi (46.783/km2)\nKawaikini\n3 5,243 ft (1,598 m)\n5.1\n22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 (Kauai)\n\n\nMolokaʻi[12]\nThe Friendly Isle\n5 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2)\n7,345\n5 28.250/sq mi (10.9074/km2)\nKamakou\n4 4,961 ft (1,512 m)\n1.9–1.8\n21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033 (Molokai)\n\n\nLānaʻi[13]\nThe Pineapple Isle\n6 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2)\n3,135\n6 22.313/sq mi (8.615/km2)\nLānaʻihale\n6 3,366 ft (1,026 m)\n1.3\n20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 (Lanai)\n\n\nNiʻihau[14]\nThe Forbidden Isle\n7 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2)\n170\n7 2.45/sq mi (0.944/km2)\nMount Pānīʻau\n8 1,250 ft (381 m)\n4.9\n21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 (Niihau)\n\n\nKahoʻolawe[15]\nThe Target Isle\n8 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2)\n0\n8 0\nPuʻu Moaulanui\n7 1,483 ft (452 m)\n1.0\n20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 (Kahoolawe)\n\n" ]
[ "Hawaiʻi", "Maui", "Oʻahu", "Kauaʻi", "Molokaʻi", "Lānaʻi", "Niʻihau", "Kahoʻolawe" ]
7511019109608458310
List of Natsume Yūjin-chō episodes
List of Natsume Yūjin - chō episodes - wikipedia List of Natsume Yūjin - chō episodes Natsume Yūjin - chō is a Japanese anime television series based on the manga series Natsume 's Book of Friends by Yuki Midorikawa . The first anime series was produced by Brain 's Base under the direction of Takahiro Omori . It was broadcast on the TV Tokyo network in two seasons of 13 episodes each , the first from July 7 to September 29 , 2008 and the second , called Zoku Natsume Yūjin - chō ( 続 夏目 友人 帳 , Natsume 's Book of Friends Continued ) , from January 5 to March 30 , 2009 . For the first season , the opening theme was `` Issei no Sei '' ( 一斉 の 声 , `` Simultaneous Voice '' ) by Shūhei Kita , and the ending theme was `` Natsu Yūzora '' ( 夏 夕空 , `` Summer Evening Sky '' ) by Kousuke Atari . For the second season , the opening theme was `` Ano Hi Time Machine '' ( あの 日 タイム マシン , `` That Day 's Time Machine '' ) by Long Shot Party and the ending theme was `` Aishiteru '' ( 愛し てる , `` I Love You '' ) by Kourin ( Also known as Callin ' ) . Both seasons were released on five DVDs each . The third season , titled Natsume Yūjin - chō San ( 夏目 友人 帳 参 , Natsume 's Book of Friends Three ) aired between July 5 to September 27 , 2011 . The opening theme is `` Boku ni Dekiru Koto '' ( 僕 に できること , `` I Can Do '' ) by HOW MERRY MARRY and the ending theme is `` Kimi no Kakera '' ( 君 ノカケラ , `` Pieces of You '' ) by Kousuke Atari featuring Emiri Miyamoto . The fourth season , titled Natsume Yūjin - chō Shi ( 夏目 友人 帳 肆 , Natsume 's Book of Friends Four ) aired between January 2 to March 26 , 2012 . The opening theme is `` Ima , Kono Toki '' ( 今 、 この とき. , `` Now , This Time '' ) by Hiiragi and the ending theme is `` Takaramono '' ( たから もの , `` Treasure '' ) by Marina Kawano . The fifth season , titled Natsume Yūjin - Chō Go ( 夏目 友人 帳 伍 , Natsume 's Book of Friends Five ) began airing on October 4 , 2016 . The opening theme is `` Takarabako '' ( タカラバコ ) by Sasanomaly and the ending theme is `` Akane Sasu '' ( 茜 さす ) by Aimer . The sixth season , titled Natsume Yūjin - chō Roku ( 夏目 友人 帳 陸 , Natsume 's Book of Friends Six ) began airing on April 11 , 2017 . The opening theme is Furōria ( フローリア , `` Floria '' ) by Tomohisa Sako and the ending theme is `` Kimi no Uta '' ( きみ の うた , lit . `` Your Song '' ) by Rei Yasuda . Contents 1 Episode list 1.1 Natsume Yūjin - cho 1.2 Zoku Natsume Yūjin - chō 1.3 Natsume Yūjin - chō San 1.4 Natsume Yūjin - chō Shi 1.5 Natsume Yūjin - Chō Go 1.6 Natsume Yūjin - chō Roku 1.7 OAD and OVA LaLa Specials 2 References Episode list ( edit ) Natsume Yūjin - chō ( edit ) No . Title Original air date 01 `` The Cat and The Book Of Friends '' `` Neko to Yūjinchō '' ( 猫 と 友人 帳 ) July 7 , 2008 Natsume discovers that the heirloom `` Book of Friends '' that he inherited from his grandmother , Reiko , contains the names of the yōkai she had defeated and bound to her will . Assisted by a spirit in the form of a Maneki Neko ( lucky cat figure ) , whom he calls Nyanko - Sensei ( lit . `` Master Little Meow '' ) , Natsume decides to return all the names to their original owners . 02 `` The Dew - God 's Small Shrine '' `` Tsuyukami no Hokora '' ( 露 神 の 祠 ) July 14 , 2008 Natsume is visited by the village 's local god who is currently fading because of the lack of devotees . 03 `` The Mysterious Person At The Eight Fields '' `` Yatsuhara no Kaijin '' ( 八 ツ 原 の 怪人 ) July 21 , 2008 Natsume is implored to help spirits who are currently being exorcised . He finds a kindred spirit in Tanuma , a boy who can sense yōkai although he is not powerful enough to see them . 04 `` Shigure and the Girl '' `` Shigure to Shōjo '' ( 時雨 と 少女 ) July 28 , 2008 Natsume 's secret is found out by Sasada , the class president , during a `` trial of courage . '' She asks for his help to find the spirit that lives in the abandoned school . Natsume denies the fact that he can see anything , but she wo n't take no for an answer . Meanwhile , the spirit , Shigure , captures the rest of their school mates , in fury of the school being torn down . 05 `` Heart - Colored Ticket '' `` Kokoro - iro no Kippu '' ( 心 色 の 切符 ) August 4 , 2008 Natsume finds an old ticket among Reiko 's belongings and decides to go to the abandoned train station to see why she kept it . There , he meets a slow - witted spirit named Santo , who was waiting for Reiko the entire time to go to Kiriganuma , and there to see and make up with his friend , Mikuri . But the trip is n't as easy as it first seems . 06 `` Swallow at the Lake Bottom '' `` Kotei no Tsubame '' ( 湖底 の つばめ ) August 11 , 2008 Natsume is possessed by a swallow spirit , who wishes to meet a human who once helped her . Natsume agrees to help her and the two grow attached . When Swallow finds the human , Natsume feels bad that she ca n't actually meet him , but when he hears of a kimono that can turn a spirit into a human for a day , he looks for it . 07 `` The Little Fox 's Hat '' `` Kogitsune no Bōshi '' ( 子 狐 の ぼうし ) August 18 , 2008 Natsume goes to a hot spring for a school trip , with an errand from Shigeru to pick up teacups from a nearby potter . While there he meets and helps a little fox spirit , who quickly grows attached to him . 08 `` Fleeting Light '' `` Hakanai Hikari '' ( 儚い 光 ) August 25 , 2008 Natsume meets a spirit who used to be friends with a man who could also see Yōkai , but one day lost this ability . 09 `` Ayakashi Exorcism '' `` Ayakashi - barai '' ( あやかし 祓い ) September 1 , 2008 Natsume meets a popular actor named Natori Shuuichi who can also see spirits , and has a side job as an exorcist . 10 `` Asagi 's Koto '' `` Asagi no Koto '' ( アサギ の 琴 ) September 8 , 2008 Natsume is possessed by a sick koto player , whose friend wants her to be able to play one last time . 11 `` Nyanko 's Book Of Boredom '' `` Nyanko Tsurezure - chō '' ( ニャンコ 徒然 帳 ) September 15 , 2008 When Natsume finally has enough of Nyanko 's behavior Nyanko leaves , wandering about by himself and causing trouble . 12 `` Five - Day Mark '' `` Itsuka - jirushi '' ( 五 日 印 ) September 22 , 2008 Natsume is cursed by an evil spirit which had been sealed to a tree . Not wanting to trouble his adoptive family , he decided to stay away from home . 13 `` Autumn Banquet '' `` Aki no Yaen '' ( 秋 の 夜宴 ) September 29 , 2008 Tanuma finds out that Nyanko - Sensei is a spirit . Tanuma and Natsume enjoy the autumn festival and previous acquaintances are seen again . Zoku Natsume Yūjin - chō ( edit ) Series no . Season no . Title Original air date 14 `` Stolen Book Of Friends '' `` Ubawareta Yūjinchō '' ( 奪 われ た 友人 帳 ) January 5 , 2009 Natsume is attacked by a yokai while retrieving a ball at school . In his haste to run away , he ends up breaking a yokai 's seal , similar to how he met Nyanko - sensei . Later that night , Natsume discovers a black lookalike of Nyanko - sensei , only to have him steal the Book Of Friends ! 15 `` Melting Into Spring '' `` Haru ni Tokeru '' ( 春 に 溶ける ) January 12 , 2009 While fooling around in the snow , Natsume and Nyanko - sensei run into Gen , a forest guardian who lives inside a statue . Gen tries to take over Natsume 's body , but instead takes over a snow rabbit that Natsume had made . Gen pleads with Natsume to help him find an evil spirit who destroyed Sui , his guardian partner , and Natsume agrees . But it seems Gen is n't telling everything he knows . 16 `` Youkai Exorcism Amid The Steaming Springs '' `` Yōkai Taiji Yukemuri - kō '' ( 妖怪 退治 湯けむり 行 ) January 19 , 2009 Natori invites Natsume on a hot spring trip . But noises from the closet and a kimono - clad figure dangled from the ceiling make Natsume uneasy . 17 `` A Chick Hatches '' `` Hina , Kaeru '' ( 雛 、 孵る ) January 26 , 2009 Natsume takes care of an abandoned egg from a nest , without considering it could be a Youkai . After it hatches a rare baby spirit , called Tatsumi , emerged and thought that Natsume is its parent . Natsume ca n't help but get attached to the little spirit even as Tatsumi grows tired and sick . Then , a mysterious spirit came and wants to take away Tatsumi for his master -- who wants to eat it . 18 5 `` Tree Of Promise '' `` Yakusoku no Ki '' ( 約束 の 樹 ) February 2nd , 2009 Natsume encounters a spirit who had been enslaved by his grandmother Reiko fifty years ago by writing his name on a torn page from the Book of Friends , and tying it to a tree in a forest . Can Natsume help locate the torn page ? What was Reiko 's intention for tying it to a tree ? 19 6 `` The Maiden 's Circle '' `` Shōjo no Jin '' ( 少女 の 陣 ) February 9 , 2009 There is a new girl in school , Taki Tooru . With her appearance at the school , circles resembling crop circles begin to appear . As Natsume tries to find out more about the circles and Taki , he is visited by another Youkai . Only this time , the Youkai is n't looking for his name to be released . 20 7 `` That Which You Must Not Call '' `` Yonde wa Naranu '' ( 呼ん では なら ぬ ) February 16 , 2009 Natsume temporarily loses the ability to see youkai after being poisoned by the spirit . Will he be able to stop the youkai from eating Taki without his sight ? 21 8 `` Emotions Undying '' `` Fushi no Omoi '' ( 不死 の 想い ) February 23 , 2009 Natsume , Kitamoto and Nishimura take a trip to an old inn to spend some time doing their homework . Surrounding the inn there is a lake ; in which is believed to live a mermaid . Does mermaid blood really give eternal life ? 22 9 `` The Man Amidst the Rows Of Cherry Trees '' `` Sakura Namiki no Kare '' ( 桜 並木 の 彼 ) March 2 , 2009 From the day where a picture of a row of cherry trees in a desolate winter was obtained , every time Natsume wakes up , his room is covered in petals . Trying to solve the root of this mystery , Natsume and Nyanko Sensei try to return the picture to Miya , a shadow figure who accompanies the picture . But why ca n't they return it to Miya ? 23 10 `` Temporary Home '' `` Kariie '' ( 仮 家 ) March 9 , 2009 Strange things start happening at Natsume 's home , like Toukou 's plants get destroyed , and a strange Youkai starts wandering around his house . Natsume then learns more about Reiko and her life in this town . He also learns how to get rid of the Youkai who 's wandering around the house . 24 11 `` Assembly Of Conjurers '' `` Jujutsushi no Kai '' ( 呪術 師 の 会 ) March 16 , 2009 While out with Tōko - san , Natsume spots a hurt youkai . Quickly he chases after it but as he goes to help it , it is eaten by a much bigger youkai . Natori and Hiiragi appear right after the youkai escapes and they invite Natsume to the Assembly of Conjurers . Here Natsume can not distinguish between human and youkai and is hopeful of finding people who understand him . But he is too soft - heartened to realize everyone 's intent . 25 12 `` The Young Boy in the Empty House '' `` Haioku no Shōnen '' ( 廃屋 の 少年 ) March 23 , 2009 Natsume encounters a young boy named Kai sealed in a coffin in an abandoned house . Natsume sets Kai free and finds out that Kai is being stalked by a youkai . After a time , Natsume becomes the target of this youkai and stops the youkai 's stalking with Nyanko - sensei 's help . In the end Natori , who turns out to be the stalker and who sealed Kai in the coffin , tells Natsume that Kai is a Youkai . 26 13 `` Humans and Ayakashi '' `` Hito to Ayakashi '' ( 人 と 妖 ) March 30 , 2009 Natori tells Natsume of a well near the mansion that holds a group of Oni . They are calling out to any Youkai . He also learns that Kai came down from the mountains to free the Oni . While looking for Kai , Natsume sets off one of Natori 's traps in the mansion . Kai saves Natsume and heads off to kill Natori. Natsume follows him , to save Natori from getting killed . After he encounters him , he is forced to make an important decision : Which ones are more important to him ? Humans or Youkai ? Natsume Yūjin - chō san ( edit ) Series no . Season no . Title Original air date 27 `` The Name of a Monster '' `` Ayashiki Mono no Na '' ( 妖しき ものの 名 ) July 5 , 2011 Natsume meets a shrine god in the form of an elderly woman . He is forced to help her return a mirror to a youkai said to bring disaster . The youkai turns out to be Reiko , Natsume 's grandmother , who the shrine god only mistook as a youkai . Reiko had lent out the mirror so that the shrine god could save the life of an old tree , but the two parted after Reiko learned that the elderly woman was a youkai . 28 `` Ukihara Village '' `` Ukihara no Sato '' ( 浮 春の 郷 ) July 12 , 2011 Tanuma 's father leaves on a trip and a strange youkai invades his house , spreading miasma that makes all the nearby youkai suffer . Natsume tracks it down and discovers that the noxious youkai was once a resident in an all - youkai village . A portal had opened for a short time during a human ceremony that he had taken his sister to watch . However , they became trapped in the human world , and his sister died . After returning to the old temple where the ceremonies were held , the portal opens and he returns home . 29 `` False Friend '' `` Itsuwari no Yūjin '' ( 偽り の 友人 ) July 19 , 2011 It 's Shigeru 's birthday and Touko has asked Natsume to buy some strawberry shortcakes to celebrate . However , Shibata , an old classmate of Natsume 's , finds him and asks for his help . He remembered Natsume used to say weird things , so he wanted to know if a girl he 's been seeing is real or not . When Natsume meets the girl , Murasaki , she seems normal . He reassures Shibata that she is a human . Natsume later has a vision that reveals her to be a tree youkai with intention to eat Shibata . Natsume tries to warn Shibata , he refuses to listen and accuses Natsume of lying . Natsume tries to talk to Murasaki , but she does not waver . It is then revealed that although she had initially planned to eat Shibata , she fell in love with him as they spent time together , and because her tree has been cut down , she will die soon anyway . Shibata receives a note from Murasaki just in time for the two of them to spend her last moments together . 30 `` Young Days '' `` Osanaki Hibi ni '' ( 幼き 日々 に ) July 26 , 2011 Summer has arrived for Natsume and his friends in the school . After exams , Natsume , Sasada , Nishimura and Kitamoto go on a trip to an art museum . Upon his return , Tohko reminisces about an old friend that she felt she 'd wronged , this makes Natsume think back to his own turbulent childhood . In the present day , a youkai living in the branches of a tree thinks back to Natsume . She had been bored because no one could see her , and when she found out that Natsume could see youkai , she often scared him to be noticed . Both of them parted ways on bad terms . The story returns to Natsume in the present day , who makes a stop at his old neighborhood to visit the youkai . The youkai , who had isolated herself from humans , is relieved to see that Natsume is okay and has found a reason to smile . The episode ends with Natsume 's thoughts , `` If there is somebody that you wish to meet , then you are not alone anymore . '' 31 5 `` The Thing That Lurks In The Storeroom '' `` Kura ni Hisomu Mono '' ( 蔵 に ひそむ もの ) August 2 , 2011 Natsume and Tanuma take shelter under a roof from the rain . As it turns out , the house belongs to Taki , and they work together to clean her warehouse where her grandfather studied youkai . Natsume accidentally breaks a seal that Taki 's grandfather made to trap a dangerous kimono youkai . The three of them race around the house to find its misplaced limbs before the youkai does -- its power will be returned upon completing its body . Natsume and Taki try to get the resident youkai to help , but they refuse . When the kimono youkai comes close to hurting Natsume , they come to the rescue . After Taki thanks them , they all reminisce about their fondness for Taki 's grandfather and leave elsewhere . 32 6 `` That Which Is Not Human '' `` Hito Naranu Mono '' ( 人 なら ぬ もの ) August 9 , 2011 Natsume accidentally bumps into a woman with blood covering her body . He follows the bloody footsteps that the woman left and discovers a small house . When he opens the door , he sees badly injured youkai . There is someone killing youkai for blood , and with the help of Natori , Natsume tracks down who he believes to be the murderer : Matoba . However , Matoba captures him . 33 7 `` Exorcist '' `` Haraiya '' ( 祓い 屋 ) August 16 , 2011 Natsume finds out who 's been stealing the youkai blood : the exorcist Matoba Seiji . He investigates with the help of Natori , but is captured by Matoba 's servant youkai . Matoba is willing to sacrifice any number of youkai for his own ambitions . He tells Natsume why he 's gathering blood : to release the seal on a powerful youkai . Natsume learns that there are people who treat Youkai in a totally different way than he or even Natori . 34 8 `` The Little Fox 's Watch '' `` Kogitsune no Tokei '' ( 子 狐 の とけい ) August 23 , 2011 Natsume is invited to go to a pottery classroom with Shigeru . It 's being held in an inn where he once stayed . When he goes there , he meets an old friend : the young fox child he once saved . 35 9 `` Through The Fading Autumn Wind '' `` Akikaze Kitte '' ( 秋風 切っ て ) August 30 , 2011 Because of his poisonous arrow wound , Madara spends most of his time sleeping to heal . Without Sensei to protect him , Natsume has to remain constantly on guard . Especially since a strange stone seems to stir strange phenomena everywhere around him . To make things worse , it 's the cultural festival and Natsume is appointed to serve the clients at the bazaar set by his class . But the pressure of keeping secrets from his friends is causing Natsume to break . 36 10 `` The Broken Mirror '' `` Wareta Kagami '' ( 割れ た 鏡 ) September 6 , 2011 An event in the forest causes Tanuma to avoid Natsume the following days , which he becomes concerned about . Mirrors are mysteriously breaking around the school and one day Natsume catches Tanuma acting weirdly . It turns out that Tanuma has been possessed by a youkai looking for her mirror , which had been broken into pieces during a storm a few days before . Using him as a vessel until she reclaims her mirror , Natsume has no choice but to help her . The youkai warns that there may be others seeking the mirror . 37 11 `` What The Mirror Shows '' `` Utsusu Mono '' ( 映す もの ) September 13 , 2011 Because of his possession , Tanuma is able to see the youkai around him and thus better understand how Natsume lives . 38 12 `` A Place To Go Home To '' `` Kaeru Basho '' ( 帰る 場所 ) September 20 , 2011 When a dangerous youkai from Natsume 's past finds his current home , he comes down with a fever and dreams about his life right before moving in with the Fujiwaras . 39 13 `` Natsume 's Book of Play '' `` Natsume Yūgi - chō '' ( 夏目 遊戯 帳 ) September 27 , 2011 Natsume spends time playing `` human '' children games with youkai he has befriended . Games he had been left out of as a child . Natsume Yūjin - chō Shi ( edit ) Series no . Season no . Title Original air date 40 `` Natsume Captured '' `` Torawareta Natsume '' ( とらわれ た 夏目 ) January 2 , 2012 Natsume encounters some strange , monkey - mask wearing demons while out in a forest . They want the book of friends , and start physically threatening him until Natsume is saved by Nyanko - Sensei . Later on , Natsume encounters the demons again and is captured by them , and brought to their forest . Meanwhile , Nyanko - sensei learns some interesting things about the forest the monkey mask demons live in . Running away from the demons , Natsume and Nyanko - sensei are unintentionally saved by an exorcist - Matoba ! 41 `` The Eastern Forest '' `` Touhou no Mori '' ( 東方 の 森 ) January 9 , 2012 Natsume and Matoba talk , but when the conversation does n't go the way he wants , Matoba orders Natsume to be put in a cell . Natsume escapes with the help of Nyanko - sensei . Along with his other demon companions , Natsume helps the monkey - masked demons living in the forest . 42 `` The Little Ones '' `` Chisaki Mono '' ( 小さき もの ) January 16 , 2012 Natsume befriends a small fluffball youkai . 43 `` The Stand - In '' `` Daitou '' ( 代 答 ) January 23 , 2012 Yobiko , a youkai that can imitate the voices of others , sneaks into Natsumes ' house and asks him to call out another youkai named Karikami . Long ago , Yobiko had been watching over a woman named Youko who was meeting with a man at a nearby shrine . One day the man stopped coming , due to an arranged marriage to another woman , so Yobiko decided to use his talent to talk to the girl . Eventually , he told her the truth about the man and ran away . When he came back to the shrine many years later , he found an old letter that had been sealed shut and wrinkled . Natsume and Yobiko later meet Karikami and after returning his name , Karikami restores the letter . Unable to read human letters , Yobiko asks Natsume to read it to him . Instead of a hateful message he was expecting , it is actually a letter of thanks for telling her the truth . 44 5 `` To You , From Bygone Days '' `` Sugishi Hi no Kimi ni '' ( 過ぎ し 日 の 君 に ) January 30 , 2012 In the town Natsume used to live in , a girl recalls Natsume . She remembers his strange actions and wanted to understand him . Meanwhile , Natsume encounters a small Youkai which reminds him of the same girl and town . 45 6 `` Other Side of the Glass '' `` Garasu no Muko '' ( 硝子 の む こう ) February 6 , 2012 Natsume is trapped in a bottle by a youkai to be offered to another named Omibashira . Nyanko - sensei transforms into Natsume and goes around his school to ask his friends about Omibashira , but gets Tanuma involved . Tanuma is attacked by one of the youkai that trapped Natsume and loses him , but as he runs through the forest looking for Natsume he finds a mansion behind the school . When Tanuma is suddenly able to see the youkai walking up the steps to the mansion , he is found out by a youkai with a bag over its head . 46 7 `` The Gap Between Humans and Youkai '' `` Hito to no Made '' ( 人 と 妖 の 間 で ) February 13 , 2012 Natsume is saved by Tanuma and the two escape from the banquet hall with the help of Natori , who was disguised as a youkai . Tanuma is drawn more into the world of the youkai and experiences it first - hand , which greatly worries Natsume . Blood marks are found all around the mansion and Natsume 's fears come true when Tanuma is attacked by Omibashira , but is protected by a stone Natori gave him . After Natsume helps Natori seal Omibashira everyone is able to escape the previously sealed exits . Promising Tanuma that he 'd tell him his complaints at school the next day , Natsume finally arrives back home . 47 8 `` When I was Deceived '' `` Madoi Shi Koro Ni '' ( 惑い し 頃 に ) February 20 , 2012 Nyanko - sensei falls into a well and discovers that there is a barrier inside it , as well as Nanase , Matoba 's assistant . She is looking for a certain stone with a youkai she had sealed in it , and tells Nyanko - sensei the story of how she met the youkai to pass the time . 48 9 `` The Moon - Splitting Festival '' `` Tsukiwake Matsuri '' ( 月 分 祭 ) February 27 , 2012 Natori is tasked with the job of finding and breaking the seal of Houzukigami , a god that was to participate in the Moon - Splitting Festival done every 10 years against Fuzukigami , another god . The festival is used by the youkai around the mountains to determine whether the harvest would be bountiful that year or not . Without Houzukigami , the match would end in a default win for Fuzukigami , causing the land to become barren . Natori tries to find the seal but is surprised to find Natsume at the festival disguised as Houzukigami , having been asked by Houzukigami 's servants to stand in for their god . The match to be the winner is to catch a beast that was released from a pot . Houzukigami 's servants tell Natsume to look for the real Houzukigami while they track down the beast . Joined by Natori , Hiiragi , Nyanko - sensei , and one of the servants , they look in a building by a waterfall . The beast suddenly appears and Natsume and Hiiragi are knocked off the deck of the building . After recuperating from being dragged down the river , they try to run back to the building but are caught in a trap by Fuzukigami 's servants which was meant for the beast . While unconscious , one of the servants is able to pick up a human scent from `` Houzukigami '' , making them wonder if it 's truly the god or not . 49 10 `` The God , Enshrined '' `` Matsurareta Kamisama '' ( 祀 られ た 神様 ) March 3 , 2012 Natsume is pretending to be the god Houzukigami , so the moon splitting festival will end with a victory and the mountain will not be ruined . Winning the contest will not be easy , but with help from Natori he will find the way . 50 11 `` A Single Photo '' `` Ichi Mai no Shashin '' ( 一 枚 の 写真 ) March 12 , 2012 Natsume looks back at a photo of his parents , and old wounds are reopened . Natsume is having a fun day with his friends , but all of a sudden he gets a phone call . The house Natsume used to live in with his father will be sold . How will Natsume handle all of this ? 51 12 `` The Door of Memories '' `` Kioku no Tobira '' ( 記憶 の 扉 ) March 19 , 2012 Natsume , accompanied by Nyanko - sensei , set out to visit his old home . He visits a relative to pick up the key to the house , but is being followed by a youkai who wants him to draw a mouth for it . He leads the youkai away from the home of his relatives and Nyanko - sensei drives it away . When the two get back on track to finding the house , Natsume is suddenly attacked by the youkai and becomes lost in old memories . 52 13 `` Long Way Home '' `` Tooki Ieji '' ( 遠き 家路 ) March 26 , 2012 Natsume , possessed by the youkai , thinks of an painful incident from his childhood involving the family he was living with at the time . The youkai offers to eat all his memories , so that he will no longer have to relive his pain . Natsume Yūjin - chō go ( edit ) Series no . Season no . Title Original air date 53 `` Unchanging Form '' `` Kawaranu Sugata '' ( 変わら ぬ 姿 ) October 4 , 2016 A yokai in a pot wants Natsume to find her doll . When he finds it , she does not recognize it because it has been outside for years . Natsume cleans the doll and makes it a new kimono and the yokai recognizes it in its new clothes . 54 `` Mischievous Rain '' `` Itazura na Ame '' ( 悪戯 な 雨 ) October 11 , 2016 Natsume finds a towel in the forest during a walk in the rain , and encounters a female yokai who demands it back . The yokai follows Natsume to his home and manages to get Natsume to help her find the `` handsome man '' who gave it to her 50 years ago at a bus stop . She wants to return the towel the man gave her after he was concerned seeing her play in the rain . The child yokai smells the man 's scent in his granddaughter , who tells Natsume her grandfather is in the hospital for an illness . 55 `` The Letter From the Exorcist '' `` Haraiya kara no Tegami '' ( 祓い 屋 から の 手紙 ) October 18 , 2016 Natsume finds a letter addressed to him from Matoba . Walking in the forest , he loses it when an amateur exorcist seals a yokai in a pot . Noticing the weak seal , Natsume and Nyanko - sensei take it to Natori 's condo to re-seal it . When Natsume returns home he sees Matoba and learns the letter was a request for Natsume to attend a meeting of strong exorcists to weed out the person who has been targeting exorcists . 56 `` Shadow of Linked Chains '' `` Rensa no Kage '' ( 連鎖 の 陰 ) October 25 , 2016 Matoba brings Natsume to one of the Matoba clan villas to attend the exorcist meeting . Natsume learns that a mask yokai called `` Magatsumen '' is controlling people and disguises himself as a shiki in order to test attendees if they have been possessed . By following a strange spring sound , Natsume finds the culprit behind the mask possessions and drives the yokai out . Matoba shoots the yokai with an arrow to exorcise it . 57 5 `` It Must Not Be Bound '' `` Musunde wa Ikenai '' ( 結ん では いけない ) November 1 , 2016 Natsume sees strange writing on the chalk board in the Earth Science classroom . Taki tells Natsume of the hairy yokai she helped leave her home . Natsume comes to Taki 's home and learns that three yokai had been trapped there -- two `` rabbit '' yokai and a hairy white one . The hairy yokai is enchanted by Taki and helps find the rabbit yokai in Taki 's home . Natsume learns the hairy yokai was the one who wrote on the school chalkboard and goes back to read the yokai 's feelings on it . 58 6 `` Soundless Valley '' `` Oto Nashi no Tani '' ( 音 無し の 谷 ) November 8 , 2016 Natsume is chased by two yokai who cast a voice - sealing spell on him . A large bird yokai saves him and brings him to a valley before Nyanko - sensei finds him . Natsume regains his voice after the group of yokai attack him in his room , and then returns the bird yokai 's name . 59 7 `` Distant Festival Lights '' `` Tōi Matsuri Hi '' ( 遠い 祭り 火 ) November 22 , 2016 Tanuma invites his friends to an inn run by his relatives . While sweeping outside , Tanuma is greeted by an old woman named Ito - san . Natsume learns that Ito - san is a yokai that serves the Mizunagi shrine by protecting the mountain festival . Ito - san has come into the inn because another yokai has stolen the festival 's white mask and has disguised itself as an inn guest . Natsume finds the yokai who stole the mask for the festival 's power , and Ito - san exorcises her . Ito - san warns Natsume to keep her identity a secret until after the festival is over so she can complete the festival . Natsume says he will tell no one she is a yokai so she can stay in this town as long as possible . 60 8 `` A World Unbent '' `` Yugami naki Sekai '' ( 歪み なき 世界 ) November 29 , 2016 An episode depicting the story of Natori Shuuichi and Matoba Seiji when they were young . This episode shows Natori 's family and his childhood of being able to see youkai , getting hated by his family and becoming an exorcist . 61 9 `` Following A Narrow Path '' `` Kewashiki wo Yuku '' ( 険 しき を ゆく ) December 6 , 2016 The episode starts with Natsume being chased by a hairy youkai . He comes across a tiny mushroom youkai who tells him about a noble youkai named Shuon who was on a journey . Natsume helps the little youkai prepare for his meeting with the noble youkai . When they meet , however , the noble youkai warns the mushroom youkai that the path he takes is a narrow one and asks the little youkai to go back home . But then the little youkai realizes he need to become worthy in order to follow him . Another youkai , who appears to be one of the noble youkai followers , appears and gives a book to the mushroom youkai and tells him to complete the training to join Shoun - sama . 62 10 `` Touko and Shigeru '' `` Tōko to Shigeru '' ( 塔子 と 滋 ) December 13 , 2016 The story of why Touko and Shigeru adopted Natsume . 63 11 `` To The Ephemeral Ones '' `` Hakanaki Mono e '' ( 儚き 者 へ ) December 20 , 2016 The mid-ranks show Natsume flowers at the top of a hill . Natsume later catches a cold and the mid-ranks go and get medicine for him , doing difficult chores for the yokai with the medicine . Amid Natsume 's fever dreams are the memory of when he got sick as a child and he briefly talks to Reiko . With the medicine in hand , the mid-ranks give it to him and his fever goes down . They later learn the medicine does n't work on humans and are disheartened as they wasted their time , but smile when Natsume thanks them for their efforts . Natsume Yūjin - chō Roku ( edit ) Series no . Season no . Title Original air date 64 `` The Days Eater '' `` Tsukihigui '' ( つき ひ ぐい ) April 11 , 2017 A yokai known as `` The Days Eater , '' turns Natsume back to a young child . Nyanko - sensei enlists the aid of Tanuma and Taki . 65 `` It Blooms Tomorrow '' `` Ashita Saku '' ( 明日 咲く ) April 18 , 2017 Natsume helps a rock washer look for his apprentice who has stopped writing him . 66 `` Nitai - sama '' `` Nitai - sama '' ( 二 体 さま ) April 25 , 2017 Natsume 's old classmate Shibata ( from `` False Friend '' / `` Itsuwari no Yūjin '' ( 偽り の 友人 ) ) calls . Natsume visit Shibata together with Tanuma , where Shibata tells them about the `` Doll Mansion of Sotogi '' . A youkai from the mansion later attacks them . 67 `` Lying Eyes '' `` Chigaeru Hitomi '' ( 違える 瞳 ) May 2 , 2017 Natsume meets Tsukiko , a daughter of an exorcist named Takuma Yousuke who has recently lost his ability to see or hear youkai . Because she lacks the ability to see youkai , she asked Natori to check around the house because she feels something is wrong and a youkai may be out to hurt her father . 68 5 `` The Bound Ones '' `` Shibarareshi Mono '' ( 縛 られ し もの ) May 9 , 2017 Natsume and Natori discover that the youkai shiki ( demon servants and friends ) of Takuma Yusuke have been trying to bring misfortune into the house . 69 6 `` Nishimura and Kitamoto '' `` Nishimura to Kitamoto '' ( 西村 と 北本 ) May 16 , 2017 This episode shows how Natsume first befriended Nishimura and Kitamoto , along with a better look at their family lives and point of view . 70 7 `` Gomochi 's Benefactor '' `` Gomochi no Onjin '' ( ゴモチ の 恩人 ) May 23 , 2017 Natsume is surprised when a youkai comes to seek Reiko in gratitude . Years ago , the youkai 's to - be-bride received freedom from her help , and now is about to be wed . They invite Natsume to the wedding . 71 8 `` A Day That Will Someday Come '' `` Itsuka Kuru Hi '' ( いつか くる 日 ) May 30 , 2017 Natsume talks to a teenage boy at the station , who turns out to be a youkai that left a human because of their feelings for one another . The boy wants to find her because he received a wedding invitation . 72 9 `` What Flows '' `` Nagare Yuku Ha '' ( ながれ ゆく は ) June 6 , 2017 After a flood occurs on Four Mask Hill during Natsume 's summer school session , a mask randomly appearing in the school worries Natsume . 73 10 `` The Sealed Room '' `` Tozasareta Heya '' ( 閉ざさ れ た 部屋 ) June 13 , 2017 A competition is opened to search for a famous researcher 's sealed room . The prize are his research books , and many exorcists are gathered . Natori is invited , Natsume wants to help as this might mean finding something that might let him find information about the Book of Friends . 74 11 `` What Matters '' `` Taisetsu Na Mono '' ( 大切 な モノ ) June 20 , 2017 Natsume decides to tell Natori about his secret , when the search for the seal room is over ... Oad and ova lala specials ( edit ) No . Title Original air date OAD 01 `` Nyanko - Sensei and the First Errand '' `` Nyanko - sensei to Hajimete no Otsukai '' ( ニャンコ 先生 と はじめて の お つかい ) December 15 , 2013 Nyanko - Sensei wanders off from Natsume during a walk , and with the help of some of his fellow youkai , leads a pair of wandering children to the place they are searching for which they call , `` mitsumonster . '' OVA 01 `` On a certain snowy day '' `` Itsuka Yuki no Hi ni '' ( いつか ゆきの ひ に ) February 1 , 2014 During a winter walk , Natsume meets a snowman yokai who is searching for something she lost but ca n't seem to recall and decides to help her despite not knowing what exactly she was looking for . OVA `` One Night Sake Cup '' `` Hitoyosakazuki '' ( 一夜 盃 ) March 22 , 2017 Natsume meets a youkai couple who specialize in making sake cups , particularly sake cups that add glorious tastes to whatever ( usually sake ) is drunk from them but then turn to dust after one night . OVA `` Party of Fun & Games '' `` Yuugi no Utage '' ( 遊戯 の 宴 ) April 26 , 2017 Extension of `` One Night Sake Cup '' where Natsume helps the youkai couple reach the spring they use to make their cups . OVA `` The Stump of the Suzunaru Tree '' `` Suzunaru no Kirikabu '' ( 鈴 鳴る の 切り株 ) September 27 , 2017 Natsume encounters an old man who asks for help with getting home . The old man turns out to be a yokai who will soon disappear and he asks Natsume to help him to fulfill a promise that he had made OVA `` Fragments of Dreams ( A Fragment of Fantasy ) '' `` Mugen no Kakera '' ( 夢幻 の かけら ) October 25 , 2017 A girl ventures into the woods to return a ring to an owl she helped , following the instructions he gave her in a dream . There she meets a strange boy and his talking cat who help her to find the owl . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Natsume Yujin - Cho Manga to be Animated for TV '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` あにてれ : 夏目 友人 帳 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` あにてれ : 続 夏目 友人 帳 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 夏目 友人 帳 '' ( in Japanese ) . Hakusensha . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` あにてれ : 夏目 友人 帳 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` あにてれ : 続 夏目 友人 帳 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2009 . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 夏目 友人 帳 参 '' ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2011 . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 夏目 友人 帳 参 '' ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 夏目 友人 帳 参 '' ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 夏目 友人 帳 参 '' ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= List_of_Natsume_Yūjin - chō_episodes&oldid = 845430148 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 19 : 00 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
how many seasons of natsume yuujinchou are there
[ "Natsume Yūjin-chō is a Japanese anime television series based on the manga series Natsume's Book of Friends by Yuki Midorikawa. The first anime series was produced by Brain's Base under the direction of Takahiro Omori.[1] It was broadcast on the TV Tokyo network in two seasons of 13 episodes each, the first from July 7 to September 29, 2008 and the second, called Zoku Natsume Yūjin-chō (続 夏目友人帳, Natsume's Book of Friends Continued), from January 5 to March 30, 2009. \n" ]
[ "two" ]
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Ancient Olympic Games
Ancient Olympic games - Wikipedia Ancient Olympic games Jump to : navigation , search For the modern event , see Olympic Games . The palaestra of Olympia , a place devoted to the training of wrestlers and other athletes Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European EYOF Ancient Intercalated The ancient Olympic Games were originally a festival , or celebration of and for Zeus ; later , events such as a footrace , a javelin contest , and wrestling matches were added . The Olympic Games ( Ancient Greek : Ὀλύμπια Olympia `` the Olympics '' ; also Ὀλυμπιάς Olympias `` the Olympiad '' ) were a series of athletic competitions among representatives of city - states and one of the Panhellenic Games of ancient Greece . They were held in honor of Zeus , and the Greeks gave them a mythological origin . The first Olympics is traditionally dated to 776 BC . They continued to be celebrated when Greece came under Roman rule , until the emperor Theodosius I suppressed them in AD 393 as part of the campaign to impose Christianity as the State religion of Rome . The games were held every four years , or olympiad , which became a unit of time in historical chronologies . During the celebration of the games , an Olympic Truce was enacted so that athletes could travel from their cities to the games in safety . The prizes for the victors were olive leaf wreaths or crowns . The games became a political tool used by city - states to assert dominance over their rivals . Politicians would announce political alliances at the games , and in times of war , priests would offer sacrifices to the gods for victory . The games were also used to help spread Hellenistic culture throughout the Mediterranean . The Olympics also featured religious celebrations . The statue of Zeus at Olympia was counted as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world . Sculptors and poets would congregate each olympiad to display their works of art to would - be patrons . The ancient Olympics had fewer events than the modern games , and only freeborn Greek men were allowed to participate , although there were victorious women chariot owners . As long as they met the entrance criteria , athletes from any Greek city - state and kingdom were allowed to participate , although the Hellanodikai , the officials in charge , allowed king Alexander I of Macedon to participate in the games only after he had proven his Greek ancestry . The games were always held at Olympia rather than moving between different locations as is the practice with the modern Olympic Games . Victors at the Olympics were honored , and their feats chronicled for future generations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 History 3 Culture 4 Politics 5 Events 5.1 Running 5.2 Combat 5.3 Pentathlon 6 Equestrian 7 Famous athletes 8 Olympic festivals in other places 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Origins ( edit ) An artist 's impression of ancient Olympia To the Greeks , it was important to root the Olympic Games in mythology . During the time of the ancient games their origins were attributed to the gods , and competing legends persisted as to who actually was responsible for the genesis of the games . These origin traditions have become nearly impossible to untangle , yet a chronology and patterns have arisen that help people understand the story behind the games . The earliest myths regarding the origin of the games are recounted by the Greek historian , Pausanias . According to the story , the dactyl Heracles ( not to be confused with the son of Zeus and the Roman god Hercules ) and four of his brothers , Paeonaeus , Epimedes , Iasius and Idas , raced at Olympia to entertain the newborn Zeus . He crowned the victor with an olive tree wreath ( which thus became a peace symbol ) , which also explains the four year interval , bringing the games around every fifth year ( counting inclusively ) . The other Olympian gods ( so named because they lived permanently on Mount Olympus ) would also engage in wrestling , jumping and running contests . Another myth of the origin of the games is the story of Pelops , a local Olympian hero . The story of Pelops begins with Oenomaus , the king of Pisa , Greece , who had a beautiful daughter named Hippodamia . According to an oracle , the king would be killed by her husband . Therefore , he decreed that any young man who wanted to marry his daughter was required to drive away with her in his chariot , and Oenomaus would follow in another chariot , and spear the suitor if he caught up with them . Now , the king 's chariot horses were a present from the god Poseidon and were therefore supernaturally fast . Pelops was a very handsome young man and the king 's daughter fell in love with him . Before the race , she persuaded her father 's charioteer Myrtilus to replace the bronze axle pins of the king 's chariot with wax ones . Naturally , during the race , the wax melted and the king fell from his chariot and was killed . At the same time , the king 's palace was struck by lightning and reduced to ashes , save for one wooden pillar that was revered in the Altis for centuries , and stood near what was to be the site of the temple of Zeus . Pelops was proclaimed the winner and married Hippodamia . After his victory , Pelops organized chariot races as thanksgiving to the gods and as funeral games in honor of King Oenomaus , in order to be purified of his death . It was from this funeral race held at Olympia that the beginnings of the Olympic Games were inspired . Pelops became a great king , a local hero , and he gave his name to the Peloponnese . One other myth , this one occurring after the aforementioned myth , is attributed to Pindar . He claims the festival at Olympia involved Heracles , the son of Zeus . The story goes that after completing his labors , Heracles established an athletic festival to honor his father . The games of previous millennia were discontinued and then revived by Lycurgus of Sparta , Iphitos of Elis , and Cleisthenes of Pisa at the behest of the Oracle of Delphi who claimed that the people had strayed from the gods , which had caused a plague and constant war . Restoration of the games would end the plague , usher in a time of peace , and signal a return to a more traditional lifestyle . The patterns that emerge from these myths are that the Greeks believed the games had their roots in religion , that athletic competition was tied to worship of the gods , and the revival of the ancient games was intended to bring peace , harmony and a return to the origins of Greek life . Since these myths were documented by historians like Pausanias , who lived during the reign of Marcus Aurelius in the AD 160 , it is likely that these stories are more fable than fact . It was often supposed that the origins of many aspects of the Olympics date to funeral games of the Mycenean period and later . Alternatively , the games were thought to derive from some kind of vegetation magic or from initiation ceremonies . The most recent theory traces the origins of the games to large game hunting and related animal ceremonialism . History ( edit ) A torch race The Olympic games were held to be one of the two central rituals in ancient Greece , the other being the much older religious festival , the Eleusinian Mysteries . The games started in Olympia , Greece , in a sanctuary site for the Greek deities near the towns of Elis and Pisa ( both in Elis on the peninsula of Peloponnesos ) . The first games began as an annual foot race of young women in competition for the position of the priestess for the goddess , Hera , and a second race was instituted for a consort for the priestess who would participate in the religious traditions at the temple . The Heraean Games , the first recorded competition for women in the Olympic Stadium , were held as early as the sixth century BC . It originally consisted of foot races only , as did the competition for males . Some texts , including Pausanias 's Description of Greece , c . AD 175 , state that Hippodameia gathered a group known as the `` Sixteen Women '' and made them administrators of the Heraea Games , out of gratitude for her marriage to Pelops . Other texts related to the Elis and Pisa conflict indicate that the `` Sixteen Women '' were peacemakers from Pisa and Elis and , because of their political competence , became administrators of the Heraea . Being the consort of Hera in Classical Greek mythology , Zeus was the father of the deities in the pantheon of that era . The Sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia housed a 13 - metre - high ( 43 ft ) statue in ivory and gold of Zeus that had been sculpted by Phidias circa 445 BC . This statue was one of the ancient Seven Wonders of the World . By the time of the Classical Greek culture , in the fifth and fourth centuries BC , the games were restricted to male participants . The historian Ephorus , who lived in the fourth century BC , is one potential candidate for establishing the use of Olympiads to count years , although credit for codifying this particular epoch usually falls to Hippias of Elis , to Eratosthenes , or even to Timaeus , whom Eratosthenes may have imitated . The Olympic Games were held at four - year intervals , and later , the ancient historians ' method of counting the years even referred to these games , using the term Olympiad for the period between two games . Previously , the local dating systems of the Greek states were used ( they continued to be used by everyone except the historians ) , which led to confusion when trying to determine dates . For example , Diodorus states that there was a solar eclipse in the third year of the 113th Olympiad , which must be the eclipse of 316 BC . This gives a date of ( mid-summer ) 765 BC for the first year of the first Olympiad . Nevertheless , there is disagreement among scholars as to when the games began . The exedra reserved for the judges at Olympia on the north embankment of the stadium The only competition held then was , according to the later Greek traveller Pausanias who wrote in AD 175 , the stadion race , a race over about 190 metres ( 620 feet ) , measured after the feet of Hercules . The word stadium is derived from this foot race . The Greek tradition of athletic nudity ( gymnos ) was introduced in 720 BC , either by the Spartans or by the Megarian Orsippus , and this was adopted early in the Olympics as well . Several groups fought over control of the sanctuary at Olympia , and hence the games , for prestige and political advantage . Pausanias later writes that in 668 BC , Pheidon of Argos was commissioned by the town of Pisa to capture the sanctuary from the town of Elis , which he did and then personally controlled the games for that year . The next year , Elis regained control . The Olympic Games were part of the Panhellenic Games , four separate games held at two - or four - year intervals , but arranged so that there was at least one set of games every year . The Olympic Games were more important and more prestigious than the Pythian , Nemean , and Isthmian Games . The games were in decline for many years but continued past AD 385 , by which time flooding and earthquakes had damaged the buildings and invasions by barbarians had reached Olympia . In 394 Theodosius I banned all pagan festivals , but archeological evidence indicates that some games were still held . Culture ( edit ) The `` Discobolus '' is a copy of a Greek statue c. 5th century BC . It represents an ancient Olympic discus thrower The ancient Olympics were as much a religious festival as an athletic event . The games were held in honor of the Greek god Zeus , and on the middle day of the games , 100 oxen would be sacrificed to him . Over time Olympia , the site of the games , became a central spot for the worship of the head of the Greek pantheon and a temple , built by the Greek architect Libon , was erected on the mountaintop . The temple was one of the largest Doric temples in Greece . The sculptor Pheidias created a statue of the god made of gold and ivory . It stood 42 feet ( 13 m ) tall . It was placed on a throne in the temple . The statue became one of the seven wonders of the ancient world . As the historian Strabo put it , ... the glory of the temple persisted ... on account both of the festal assembly and of the Olympian Games , in which the prize was a crown and which were regarded as sacred , the greatest games in the world . The temple was adorned by its numerous offerings , which were dedicated there from all parts of Greece . Artistic expression was a major part of the games . Sculptors , poets , painters and other artisans would come to the games to display their works in what became an artistic competition . Sculptors created works like Myron 's Diskobolos or Discus Thrower . Their aim was to highlight natural human movement and the shape of muscles and the body . Poets would be commissioned to write poems in praise of the Olympic victors . Such victory songs or epinicians , were passed on from generation to generation and many of them have lasted far longer than any other honor made for the same purpose . Pierre de Coubertin , one of the founders of the modern Olympic Games , wanted to fully imitate the ancient Olympics in every way . Included in his vision was an artistic competition modeled on the ancient Olympics and held every four years , during the celebration of the Olympic Games . His desire came to fruition at the Olympics held in Athens in 1896 . Politics ( edit ) The Parthenon in Athens , one of the leading city - states of the ancient world Power in ancient Greece became centered around the city - state in the 8th century BC . The city - state was a population center organized into a self - contained political entity . These city - states often lived in close proximity to each other , which created competition for limited resources . Though conflict between the city - states was ubiquitous , it was also in their self - interest to engage in trade , military alliances and cultural interaction . The city - states had a dichotomous relationship with each other : on one hand , they relied on their neighbors for political and military alliances , while on the other they competed fiercely with those same neighbors for vital resources . The Olympic Games were established in this political context and served as a venue for representatives of the city - states to peacefully compete against each other . In the first 200 years of the games ' existence , they only had regional religious importance . Only Greeks in proximity to the mountain competed in these early games . This is evidenced by the dominance of Peloponnesian athletes in the victors ' rolls . The spread of Greek colonies in the 5th and 6th centuries BC is repeatedly linked to successful Olympic athletes . For example , Pausanias recounts that Cyrene was founded c. 630 BC by settlers from Thera with Spartan support . The support Sparta gave was primarily the loan of three - time Olympic champion Chionis . The appeal of settling with an Olympic champion helped to populate the colonies and maintain cultural and political ties with the city - states near Olympia . Thus , Hellenic culture and the games spread while the primacy of Olympia persisted . The games faced a serious challenge during the Peloponnesian War , which primarily pitted Athens against Sparta , but , in reality , touched nearly every Hellenic city - state . The Olympics were used during this time to announce alliances and offer sacrifices to the gods for victory . During the Olympic Games , a truce , or ekecheiria was observed . Three runners , known as spondophoroi , were sent from Elis to the participant cities at each set of games to announce the beginning of the truce . During this period , armies were forbidden from entering Olympia and legal disputes and the use of the death penalty were forbidden . The truce was primarily designed to allow athletes and visitors to travel safely to the games and was , for the most part , observed . Thucydides wrote of a situation when the Spartans were forbidden from attending the games , and the violators of the truce were fined 2,000 minae for assaulting the city of Lepreum during the period of the ekecheiria . The Spartans disputed the fine and claimed that the truce had not yet taken hold . While a martial truce was observed by all participating city - states , no such reprieve from conflict existed in the political arena . The Olympic Games evolved the most influential athletic and cultural stage in ancient Greece , and arguably in the ancient world . As such the games became a vehicle for city - states to promote themselves . The result was political intrigue and controversy . For example , Pausanias , a Greek historian , explains the situation of the athlete Sotades , Sotades at the ninety - ninth Festival was victorious in the long race and proclaimed a Cretan , as in fact he was . But at the next Festival he made himself an Ephesian , being bribed to do so by the Ephesian people . For this act he was banished by the Cretans . Events ( edit ) Three runners featured on an Attic black - figured Panathenaic prize amphora . 332 - 333 BC , British Museum . Events at the Olympics Olympiad Year Event first introduced 1st 776 BC Stade 14th 724 BC Diaulos 15th 720 BC Long distance race ( Dolichos ) 18th 708 BC Pentathlon , Wrestling 23rd 688 BC Boxing ( pygmachia ) 25th 680 BC Four horse chariot race ( tethrippon ) 33rd 648 BC Horse race ( keles ) , Pankration 37th 632 BC Boys stade and wrestling 38th 628 BC Boys pentathlon 41st 616 BC Boys boxing 65th 520 BC Hoplite race ( hoplitodromos ) 70th 500 BC Mule - cart race ( apene ) 93rd 408 BC Two horse chariot race ( synoris ) 96th 396 BC Competition for heralds and trumpeters 99th 384 BC Tethrippon for horse over one year 128th 266 BC Chariot for horse over one year 131st 256 BC Race for horses older than one year 145th 200 BC Pankration for boys Apparently starting with just a single foot race , the program gradually increased to twenty - three contests , although no more than twenty featured at any one Olympiad . Participation in most events was limited to male athletes except for women who were allowed to take part by entering horses in the equestrian events . Youth events are recorded as starting in 632 BC . Our knowledge of how the events were performed primarily derives from the paintings of athletes found on many vases , particularly those of the Archaic and Classical periods . Running ( edit ) A section of the stone starting line at Olympia , which has a groove for each foot The only event recorded at the first thirteen games was the stade , a straight - line sprint of just over 192 metres . The diaulos ( lit . `` double pipe '' ) , or two - stade race , is recorded as being introduced at the 14th Olympiad in 724 BC . It is thought that competitors ran in lanes marked out with lime or gypsum for the length of a stade then turned around separate posts ( kampteres ) , before returning to the start line . Xenophanes wrote that `` Victory by speed of foot is honored above all . '' A third foot race , the dolichos ( `` long race '' ) , was introduced in the next Olympiad . Accounts of the race 's distance differ , it seems to have been from twenty to twenty - four laps of the track , around 7.5 km to 9 km , although it may have been lengths rather than laps and thus half as far . The last running event added to the Olympic program was the hoplitodromos , or `` Hoplite race '' , introduced in 520 BC and traditionally run as the last race of the games . Competitors ran either a single or double diaulos ( approximately 400 or 800 metres ) in full military armour . The hoplitodromos was based on a war tactic of soldiers running in full armor to surprise the enemy . Combat ( edit ) Pankration scene : the pankriatiast on the right tries to gouge his opponent 's eye ; the umpire is about to strike him for this foul . Detail from an Attic red - figure kylix c. 490 - 480 BC , British Museum Wrestling ( pale ) is recorded as being introduced at the 18th Olympiad . Three throws were necessary for a win . A throw was counted if the body , hip , back or shoulder ( and possibly knee ) touched the ground . If both competitors fell nothing was counted . Unlike its modern counterpart Greco - Roman wrestling , it is likely that tripping was allowed . Boxing ( pygmachia ) was first listed in 688 BC , the boys event sixty years later . The laws of boxing were ascribed to the first Olympic champion Onomastus of Smyrna . It appears body - blows were either not permitted or not practised . The Spartans , who claimed to have invented boxing , quickly abandoned it and did not take part in boxing competitions . At first the boxers wore himantes ( sing . himas ) , long leather strips which were wrapped around their hands . The pankration was introduced in the 33rd Olympiad ( 648 BC ) . Boys ' pankration became an Olympic event in 200 BC , in the 145th Olympiad . As well as techniques from boxing and wrestling , athletes used kicks , locks , and chokes on the ground . Although the only prohibitions were against biting and gouging , the pankration was regarded as less dangerous than boxing . It was one of the most popular events : Pindar wrote eight odes praising victors of the pankration . A famous event in the sport was the posthumous victory of Arrhichion of Phigaleia who `` expired at the very moment when his opponent acknowledged himself beaten . '' Pentathlon ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Olympic pentathlon The pentathlon was a competition made up of five events : running , long jump , discus throw , javelin throw and wrestling . The pentathlon is said to have first appeared at the 18th Olympiad in 708 BC . The competition was held on a single day , but it is not known how the victor was decided , or in what order the events occurred , except that it finished with the wrestling . Equestrian ( edit ) Horse racing and chariot racing were the most prestigious competitions in the games , due to only the wealthy being able to afford the maintenance and transportation of horses . These races consisted of different events : the four - horse chariot race , the two - horse chariot race , and the horse with rider race , the rider being hand picked by the owner . The four - horse chariot race was the first equestrian event to feature in the Olympics , being introduced in 680 BC . It consisted of two horses that were harnessed under a Yoke in the middle , and two outer horses that were attached with a rope . The two - horse chariot was introduced in 408 BC . The horse with rider competition on the other hand , was introduced in 648 BC . In this race , Greeks did n't use saddles or stirrups , so they required good grip and balance . In AD 67 , the Roman Emperor Nero competed in the chariot race at Olympia . He was thrown from his chariot and was thus unable to finish the race . Nevertheless , he was declared the winner on the basis that he would have won if he had finished the race . Famous athletes ( edit ) Main article : List of ancient Olympic victors Ancient list of Olympic victors of the 75th to the 78th , and from the 81st to the 83rd Olympiads ( 480 -- 468 BC , 456 -- 448 BC ) From Sparta Cynisca of Sparta ( owner of a four - horse chariot ) ( first woman to be listed as an Olympic victor ) From Rhodes : Diagoras of Rhodes ( boxing 79th Olympiad , 464 BC ) and his sons Akusilaos and Damagetos ( boxing and pankration ) Leonidas of Rhodes ( running : stadion , diaulos and hoplitodromos ) ( His record of 12 individual olympic titles was broken in 2016 by Michael Phelps who received his 13th original title . ) From Croton : Astylos of Croton ( running : stadion , diaulos and hoplitodromos ) Milo of Croton ( wrestling ) Timasitheos of Croton ( wrestling ) From other cities / kingdoms : Koroibos of Elis ( stadion , the very first Olympic champion ) Orsippus of Megara ( running : diaulos ) Theagenes of Thasos ( boxer , pankratiast and runner ) Alexander I of Macedon ( running : stadion ) Dionysodorus , Theban Non-Greek : Tiberius ( steerer of a four - horse chariot ) Nero ( steerer of a ten - horse chariot ) Varastades , Prince and future King of Armenia , last known Ancient Olympic victor ( boxing ) during the 291st Olympic Games in the 4th century Olympic festivals in other places ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Greek Olympic festivals Athletic festivals under the name of `` Olympic games '' , named in imitation of the original festival at Olympia , were established over time in various places all over the Greek world . Some of these are only known to us by inscriptions and coins ; but others , as the Olympic festival at Antioch , obtained great celebrity . After these Olympic festivals had been established in several places , the great Olympic festival itself was sometimes designated in inscriptions by the addition of Pisa . See also ( edit ) Archaeological Museum of Olympia Epinikion List of ancient Olympic victors Athletes and athletics in ancient Greek art Ludi , the Roman games influenced by Greek traditions New Testament athletic metaphors Olympic Games ceremony Panathenaic Games Prizes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ὀλύμπια . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; An Intermediate Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project . Jump up ^ `` 15 - 04 - 16 Χαιρετισμός των Υπουργών Ν. Φίλη και Α. Μπαλτά για την Παγκόσμια Ημέρα Μνημείων και Τοποθεσιών '' . Greek ministry of Education Research and Religious affairs . Archived from the original on 24 September 2016 . Πανελλήνια συμμετοχή είχαν : τα Ολύμπια , που διεξάγονταν κάθε τέσσερα χρόνια στην Αρχαία Ολυμπία προς τιμήν του Διός , Jump up ^ Francis Edward Jackson VALPY ( 1832 ) . Second Greek Delectus ; or , new Analecta Minora ... With English notes , and a copious Greek and English lexicon , etc . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grieksch leesboek voor eerstbeginnenden : ingerigt ten dienste der Hollandsche jeugd . H.C.A. Thieme. 1811 . p. 248 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Henry Cary ( 1843 ) . A Lexicon to Herodotus , Greek and English , Adapted to the Text of Grisford and Bachr. J. Vincent and . p. 279 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fridericus Gulielmus Sturz ( 1818 ) . Etymologicum graciae linguae Gudianum et alia grammaticorum scripta e codicibus manuscriptis nunc primum edita Accedunt notae ad Aymologicion magnum ineditae E.H. Barkeri , Innr . Bekkeri , Lud . Kulencampii , Amad . Peyronialiorumque . Weigel . p. 371 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Ὀλυμπιάς in Middle Liddell and Scott . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Olympic Games . Archived from the original on 9 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ David Sansone , Ancient Greek civilization , Wiley - Blackwell , 2003 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Robert Malcolm Errington , A history of Macedonia , University of California Press , 1990 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Joseph Roisman , Ian Worthington , A Companion to Ancient Macedonia , Wiley - Blackwell , 2010 , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : `` The Ancient Olympics '' . The Perseus Project . Tufts University . Archived from the original on 10 February 2010 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Kyle , 1999 , p. 101 Jump up ^ Kyle , 1999 , pp. 101 -- 102 Jump up ^ Kyle , 1999 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Spivey , 2005 , pp. 225 -- 226 Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 5.7. 6 - 9 Jump up ^ Spivey , 2005 , p. 226 Jump up ^ Kyle , 1999 , pp. 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Kyle , 1999 , p. 102 -- 104 Jump up ^ Wendy J. Raschke ( 15 June 1988 ) . Archaeology Of The Olympics : The Olympics & Other Festivals In Antiquity . Univ of Wisconsin Press . pp. 22 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 11334 - 6 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Patay - Horváth , András ( 2015 ) . The Origins of the Olympic Games . Budapest : Archaeolingua . ISBN 978 - 963 - 9911 - 72 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Ancient Olympic Games '' . HickokSports. 4 February 2005 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Pausanias : v. 16 . 2 Jump up ^ Pindar : Pythian Odes ix Jump up ^ Plutarch , Numa Pompilius 1.4 Jump up ^ Dionysius , 1.74 - 1 - 3 . Little remains of Eratosthenes ' Chronographiae , but its academic influence is clearly demonstrated here in the Roman Antiquities by Dionysius of Halicarnassus . Jump up ^ Denis Feeney in Caesar 's Calendar : Ancient Time and the Beginnings of History . ( Berkeley and Los Angeles , California : University of California Press , 2007 ) , 84 . Jump up ^ `` The Athletics of the Ancient Olympics : A Summary and Research Tool '' by Kotynski , p. 3 ( Quote used with permission ) . For the calculation of the date , see Kotynski footnote 6 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Alfred Mallwitz 's article `` Cult and Competition Locations at Olympia '' p. 101 in which he argues that the games may not have started until about 704 BC . Hugh Lee , on the other hand , in his article `` The ' First ' Olympic Games of 776 B.C.E '' p. 112 , follows an ancient source that claims that there were twenty - seven Olympiads before the first one was recorded in 776 . There are no records of Olympic victors extant from earlier than the fifth century BC . Jump up ^ Yalouris , N. 1976 . The Olympic Games - through the ages . Print Jump up ^ David C. Young ( 15 April 2008 ) . A Brief History of the Olympic Games . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 135 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 77775 - 6 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Tony Perrottet ( 8 June 2004 ) . The Naked Olympics : The True Story of the Ancient Games . Random House Digital , Inc . pp. 190 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58836 - 382 - 4 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2013 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Golden , Mark , p. 77 Archived 4 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Stanton , 2000 , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Stanton , 2000 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Hansen , 2006 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Hansen , 2006 , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Hansen , 2006 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Hansen , 2006 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Raschke , 1988 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Spivey , 2005 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Spivey , 2005 , pp. 182 -- 183 Jump up ^ Lendering , Jona . `` Peloponnesian War '' . Livius , Articles on Ancient History . Archived from the original on 13 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Thucydides . The History of the Peloponnesian War . 5 . Translated by Richard Crawley . The Internet Classics Archive . ISBN 0 - 525 - 26035 - 8 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Swaddling , 1999 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Strassler & Hanson , 1996 , pp. 332 -- 333 Jump up ^ Kyle , 2007 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Crowther Jump up ^ Young , p. 18 Jump up ^ Miller , Stephen G. ( 8 January 2006 ) . `` Ancient Greek Athletics '' . Yale University Press . p. 33 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Miller , Stephen G. ( 8 January 2006 ) . `` Ancient Greek Athletics '' . Yale University Press . p. 44 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Golden , p. 55 . `` The dolichos varied in length from seven to twenty - four lengths of the stadium -- from 1,400 to 4,800 Greek feet . '' Jump up ^ Miller , p. 32 Archived 15 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . `` The sources are not unanimous about the length of this race : some claim that it was twenty laps of the stadium track , others that it was twenty - four . It may have differed from site to site , but it was in the range of 7.5 to 9 kilometers . '' Jump up ^ Miller , Stephen G. ( 8 January 2006 ) . Ancient Greek Athletics . Yale University Press . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11529 - 6 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Stephen G. ( 8 January 2006 ) . `` Ancient Greek Athletics '' . Yale University Press . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ To judge from the story of Damoxenos and Kreugas who boxed at the Nemean Games , after a long battle with no result combatants could agree to a free exchange of hits . ( Gardiner , p. 432 Archived 17 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . p. 435 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Miller , Stephen G. ( 8 January 2006 ) . `` Ancient Greek Athletics '' . Yale University Press . p. 60 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Gardiner , p. 445 - 6 Archived 17 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . `` Galen , in his skit on the Olympic games , awards the prize ( in the pakration ) to the donkey , as the best of all animals in kicking . '' Jump up ^ Finley , M.I. ; Pleket , H.W. ( 24 May 2012 ) . `` The Olympic Games : The First Thousand Years '' . Courier Corporation . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Miller , Stephen G. ( 8 January 2006 ) . `` Ancient Greek Athletics '' . Yale University Press . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Young , p. 32 Jump up ^ Young , p. 19 Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . pp. 362 -- 365 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Edward Norman ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Greek athletic sports and festivals '' . London : Macmillan . p. 363 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . `` Four - horse chariot '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 January 2017 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . `` Two - horse chariot '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . `` Horse with rider '' Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games We No Longer Play '' . 4 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Phelps beats 2,168 - year - old Olympic record held by Leonidas of Rhodes '' . Archived from the original on 16 October 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Bull , Andy ( 12 August 2016 ) . `` Phelps claims 200m individual medley gold for fourth straight Olympics '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Phelps has now overtaken Leonidas of Rhodes as the most decorated Olympian of this , that , and every era . Leonidas , as every self - respecting sports fan knows , did the sprint triple in the stadion , the diaulos , and the hoplitodromos , at four Olympics in a row between 164 and 152 BC . Or 2,168 years ago . Jump up ^ Kelly , Jon . `` Who , What , Why : Who was Leonidas of Rhodes ? - BBC News '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Olympic Games '' . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Herodotus , parallel English / Greek : Book 5 : Terpsichore : 20 '' . www.sacred-texts.com . p. 22 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ The Anabasis of Alexander / Book II / Chapter XIV / Alexander 's Treatment of the Captured Greek Ambassadors. -- Submission of Byblus and Sidon . - Arrian Jump up ^ Tiberius , AD 1 ( or earlier ) -- cf . Ehrenberg & Jones , Documents Illustrating the Reigns of Augustus and Tiberius ( Oxford 1955 ) p. 73 ( n. 78 ) Jump up ^ 369 according to Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece by Nigel Wilson , 2006 , Routledge ( UK ) or 385 according to Classical Weekly by Classical Association of the Atlantic States Jump up ^ William Smith , A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities , 1875 -- ancientlibrary.com Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . References ( edit ) Gardiner , E.N. ( 1910 ) . Greek athletic sports and festivals . London : Macmillan . Gardiner , E. Norman , Athletics of the Ancient World , 246 pages , 200 + illustrations , with new material , Oxford University Press , 1930 Young , David C. ( 2004 ) . A Brief History of the Olympic Games ( PDF ) . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1130 - 5 . Miller , Stephen G. ( 2006 ) . Ancient Greek Athletics . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11529 - 6 . Golden , Mark , Sport and Society in Ancient Greece , Cambridge University Press , 1998 . Hansen , Mogens Herman ( 2006 ) . Polis , an Introduction to the Ancient Greek City - State . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920849 - 2 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Hanson , Victor Davis ; Strassler , Robert B. ( 1996 ) . The Landmark Thucydides . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9087 - 3 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Kotynski , Edward J. The Athletics of the Ancient Olympics : A Summary and Research Tool. 2006 . ( Archived 2009 - 10 - 25 ) ; new link Kyle , Donald G. ( 2007 ) . Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World . Oxford , England : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22970 - 4 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Mallowitz , Alfred . Cult and Competition Locations at Olympia . Raschke 79 -- 109 . Miller , Stephen . `` The Date of Olympic Festivals '' . Mitteilungen : Des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts , Athenische Abteilung . Vol. 90 ( 1975 ) : 215 -- 237 . Patay - Horváth , András ( 2015 ) . The Origins of the Olympic Games . Budapest : Archaeolingua Foundation . ISBN 978 - 963 - 9911 - 72 - 7 . Raschke , Wendy J. ( 1988 ) . The Archaeology of the Olympics : the Olympics and Other Festivals in Antiquity . Madison , Wisconsin : Wisconsin University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 11334 - 6 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Remijsen , Sofie . The End of Greek Athletics in Late Antiquity . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2015 . Spivey , Nigel ( 2005 ) . The Ancient Olympics . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280433 - 2 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Stanton , Richard ( 2000 ) . The Forgotten Olympic Art Competitions : The story of the Olympic art competitions of the 20th century . Victoria , Canada : Trafford . ISBN 1 - 55212 - 606 - 4 . Retrieved 23 February 2010 . Swaddling , Judith ( 1999 ) . The ancient Olympic Games . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 77751 - 5 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Tufts -- `` Women and the Games '' Ancient Olympics . Research by K.U. Leuven and Peking University External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Olympic Games . Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Olympic Games . The Ancient Olympic Games virtual museum ( requires registration ) Olympiakoi Agones Ancient Olympics : General and detailed information The Ancient Olympics : A special exhibit The story of the Ancient Olympic Games The origin of the Olympics Olympia and Macedonia : Games , Gymnasia and Politics . Thomas F. Scanlon , professor of Classics , University of California List of Macedonian Olympic winners ( in Greek ) Webquest The ancient and modern Olympic Games Goddess Nike and the Olympic Games : Excellence , Glory and Strife `` The template below ( Ancient Greece topics ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Ancient Greece Outline Timeline History Geography Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Alexandria Antioch Cappadocia Crete Cyprus Doris Ephesus Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Miletus Peloponnesus Pergamon Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies City states Politics Military City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Syracuse Thebes Politics Boeotarch Boule Koinon Proxeny Strategos Tagus Tyrant Amphictyonic League Athenian Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphē paranómōn Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Apella Ephor Gerousia Harmost Macedon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Toxotai Xiphos Xyston People List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Lydia Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Agesilaus II Agis II Alcibiades Alexander the Great Aratus Archimedes Aspasia Demosthenes Epaminondas Euclid Hipparchus Hippocrates Leonidas Lycurgus Lysander Milo of Croton Miltiades Pausanias Pericles Philip of Macedon Philopoemen Praxiteles Ptolemy Pyrrhus Solon Themistocles Groups Philosophers Playwrights Poets Tyrants By culture Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Society Culture Society Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Festivals Funeral and burial practices Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Arts and science Architecture Greek Revival architecture Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music Musical system Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Religion Funeral and burial practices Mythology mythological figures Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Structures Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera , Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus , Olympia Language Proto - 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Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Olympic_Games&oldid=842679017 '' Categories : Ancient Olympic Games 8th - century BC establishments in Greece 390s disestablishments in the Roman Empire 394 disestablishments Defunct multi-sport events Festivals in Ancient Greece Greek inventions History of Gymnastics History of the Olympics Olympic Games Panhellenic Games Recurring sporting events established before 1750 Sport in antiquity Iron Age Greece Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - 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what was the first olympic sport in ancient greece
[ "The Heraean Games, the first recorded competition for women in the Olympic Stadium, were held as early as the sixth century BC. It originally consisted of foot races only, as did the competition for males. Some texts, including Pausanias's Description of Greece, c. AD 175, state that Hippodameia gathered a group known as the \"Sixteen Women\" and made them administrators of the Heraea Games, out of gratitude for her marriage to Pelops. Other texts related to the Elis and Pisa conflict indicate that the \"Sixteen Women\" were peacemakers from Pisa and Elis and, because of their political competence, became administrators of the Heraea. Being the consort of Hera in Classical Greek mythology, Zeus was the father of the deities in the pantheon of that era. The Sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia housed a 13-metre-high (43 ft) statue in ivory and gold of Zeus that had been sculpted by Phidias circa 445 BC. This statue was one of the ancient Seven Wonders of the World. By the time of the Classical Greek culture, in the fifth and fourth centuries BC, the games were restricted to male participants." ]
[ "foot races" ]
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Sacraments of the Catholic Church
Sacraments of the Catholic Church - wikipedia Sacraments of the Catholic Church Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Catholic rites . For other uses , see Sacrament ( disambiguation ) . Seven Sacraments Altarpiece by Rogier van der Weyden , c. 1448 Part of a series on the Catholic Church St. Peter 's Basilica , Vatican City Overview Pope : Francis Hierarchy History ( Timeline ) Theology Liturgy Sacraments Mary Background ( show ) Jesus Crucifixion Resurrection Ascension Early Christianity History of the Catholic Church History of the papacy Ecumenical Councils Four Marks of the Church One true church Apostolic succession Organisation ( show ) Holy See College of Cardinals Ecumenical Councils Episcopal polity Latin Church Eastern Churches Canon law Theology ( show ) Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Ten Commandments Three States of the Church Purgatory Paschal Mystery Passion Crucifixion Harrowing of Hell Resurrection Ascension Mary Mariology Veneration Immaculate Conception Theotokos Perpetual virginity Assumption Titles Morality Body Lectures Sexuality Apologetics Divine grace Salvation Original sin Saints Dogma Catechism Philosophy ( show ) Natural law Catholic ethics Personalism Social teaching Philosophers Worship ( show ) Liturgy Mass Divine Office Liturgical year Sacraments Baptism Penance Eucharist Confirmation Anointing of the Sick Matrimony Holy Orders Prayer Devotions Bible Biblical canon Rites ( show ) Latin Roman Ordinary form Tridentine Anglican Use Zaire Use Gallican Ambrosian Braga Mozarabic Eastern Antiochian Maronite West Syrian Syro - Malankara Chaldean East Syrian Syro - Malabar Byzantine Armenian Alexandrian Ethiopic Controversies ( show ) Antipopes Anti-Catholicism Criticism Homosexuality Sex and gender roles Sexual abuse cases Other topics ( show ) Art Ecumenism Evolution Health care Monasticism Music Science Role in civilization Links and resources ( show ) Index Outline Glossary Media Templates WikiProject Book Pope portal Vatican City portal Catholicism portal There are seven sacraments of the Catholic Church , which according to Catholic theology were instituted by Jesus and entrusted to the Church . Sacraments are visible rites seen as signs and efficacious channels of the grace of God to all those who receive them with the proper disposition . The sevenfold list of sacraments is often organized into three categories : the sacraments of initiation ( into the Church , the body of Christ ) , consisting of Baptism , the Eucharist , and Confirmation ; the sacraments of healing , consisting of Reconciliation and Anointing of the Sick ; and the sacraments of service : Holy Orders and Matrimony . Contents ( hide ) 1 Enumeration 2 Dogmatic Nature 3 Faith and grace 4 Sacraments of initiation 4.1 Baptism 4.2 Confirmation 4.3 Eucharist 4.4 Restored Order of Initiation 5 Sacraments of healing 5.1 Penance and Reconciliation ( Confession ) 5.2 Anointing of the Sick 6 Sacraments of Service 6.1 Holy Orders 6.2 Matrimony 7 Validity and liceity 7.1 Impediments 7.2 Conditional conferral 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Enumeration ( edit ) The seven sacraments of the Catholic Church The Catechism of the Catholic Church lists the sacraments as follows : `` The whole liturgical life of the Church revolves around the Eucharistic sacrifice and the sacraments . There are seven sacraments in the Church : Baptism , Confirmation or Chrismation , Eucharist , Penance , Anointing of the Sick , Holy Orders , and Matrimony . '' These seven sacraments were codified in the documents of the Council of Trent ( 1545 -- 1563 ) , which stated : CANON I. - If any one saith , that the sacraments of the New Law were not all instituted by Jesus Christ , our Lord ; or that they are more , or less , than seven , to wit , Baptism , Confirmation , the Eucharist , Penance , Extreme Unction , Order , and Matrimony ; or even that any one of these seven is not truly and properly a sacrament ; let him be anathema . CANON IV. - If any one saith , that the sacraments of the New Law are not necessary unto salvation , but superfluous ; and that , without them , or without the desire thereof , men obtain of God , through faith alone , the grace of justification ; - though all ( the sacraments ) are not necessary for every individual ; let him be anathema . Dogmatic nature ( edit ) Dogma includes divine revelation , i.e. , the word of God ( bible and tradition ) and the word of God incarnate ( Jesus ) , and truths connected to divine revelation . The sacraments , divinely instituted , are dogma and are part of the liturgy , that is , public worship . As dogma is immutable , Baptism can not be changed to allow a non-Trinitarian formula , the Eucharist can not be changed to allow unrepentant sinners to receive Jesus , Matrimony can not be changed to allow gay marriage , and Holy Orders can not be changed to allow priestesses . Faith and grace ( edit ) Distribution of divine graces by means of the Catholic Church and the sacraments ( Johannes Hopffe , Wrisberg epitaph , Hildesheim , before 1615 ) The Catholic Church teaches that the sacraments are `` efficacious signs of grace , instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Church , by which divine life is dispensed to us . The visible rites by which the sacraments are celebrated signify and make present the graces proper to each sacrament . They bear fruit in those who receive them with the required dispositions . '' While the Church itself is the universal sacrament of salvation , the sacraments of the Catholic Church in the strict sense are seven sacraments that `` touch all the stages and all the important moments of Christian life : they give birth and increase , healing and mission to the Christian 's life of faith '' . `` The Church affirms that for believers the sacraments of the New Covenant are necessary for salvation '' , although not all are necessary for every individual , and has placed under anathema those who deny it : `` If any one saith , that the sacraments of the New Law are not necessary unto salvation , but superfluous ; and that , without them , or without the desire thereof , men obtain of God , through faith alone , the grace of justification ; - though all ( the sacraments ) are not indeed necessary for every individual ; let him be anathema . '' The Church further teaches that the effect of a sacrament comes ex opere operato , by the very fact of being administered , regardless of the personal holiness of the minister administering it . However , a recipient 's own lack of proper disposition to receive the grace conveyed can block the effectiveness of the sacrament in that person . The sacraments presuppose faith and through their words and ritual elements , nourish , strengthen and give expression to faith . Sacraments of initiation ( edit ) Main article : Sacraments of Initiation The Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church states : `` Christian initiation is accomplished by means of the sacraments which establish the foundations of Christian life . The faithful born anew by Baptism are strengthened by Confirmation and are then nourished by the Eucharist . '' Baptism ( edit ) Main article : Baptism § Roman Catholicism Scene of baptism . Stained glass , Paris , last quarter of the 12th century . From the Sainte - Chapelle of Paris . The Catholic Church sees baptism as the first and basic sacrament of Christian initiation . In the Western or Latin Church , baptism is usually conferred today by pouring water three times on the recipient 's head , while reciting the baptismal formula : `` I baptize you in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit '' ( cf . Matthew 28 : 19 ) . In the Eastern Catholic Churches of Byzantine Rite immersion or submersion is used , and the formula is : `` The servant of God , N. , is baptized in the name of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit . '' Though sprinkling is not normally used , its validity is accepted , provided that the water flows over the skin , since otherwise it is not a washing . Confirmation ( edit ) Main article : Confirmation ( Catholic Church ) Confirmation or Chrismation is the second sacrament of Christian initiation . `` It is called Chrismation ( in the Eastern Churches : anointing with holy myron or chrism ) because the essential rite of the sacrament is anointing with chrism . It is called Confirmation because it confirms and strengthens baptismal grace . '' It is conferred by `` the anointing with Sacred Chrism ( oil mixed with balsam and consecrated by the bishop ) , which is done by the laying on of the hand of the minister who pronounces the sacramental words proper to the rite . '' These words , in both their Western and Eastern variants , refer to a gift of the Holy Spirit that marks the recipient as with a seal . Through the sacrament the grace given in baptism is `` strengthened and deepened . '' Like baptism , confirmation may be received only once , and the recipient must be in a state of grace ( meaning free from any known unconfessed mortal sin ) in order to receive its effects . The `` originating '' minister of the sacrament is a validly consecrated bishop ; if a priest ( a `` presbyter '' ) confers the sacrament -- as is done ordinarily in the Eastern Churches and in special cases ( such as the baptism of an adult or in danger of the death of a young child ) in the Latin Church ( CCC 1312 -- 1313 ) -- the link with the higher order is indicated by the use of oil ( known as `` chrism '' or `` myron '' ) blessed by the bishop on Holy Thursday itself or on a day close to it . In the East , which retains the ancient practice , the sacrament is administered by the parish priest immediately after baptism . In the West , where the sacrament is normally reserved for those who can understand its significance , it came to be postponed until the recipient 's early adulthood ; in the 20th century , after Pope Pius X introduced first Communion for children on reaching the age of discretion , the practice of receiving Confirmation later than the Eucharist became widespread ; but the traditional order , with Confirmation administered before First Communion , is being increasingly restored . Eucharist ( edit ) Main article : Eucharist ( Catholic Church ) Communion of Saint Teresa , by Juan Martín Cabezalero , Museum of Lázaro Galdiano , Madrid The Eucharist , also called the Blessed Sacrament , is the sacrament ( the third of Christian initiation , the one that the Catechism of the Catholic Church says `` completes Christian initiation '' ) by which Catholics partake of the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ and participate in his one sacrifice . The first of these two aspects of the sacrament is also called Holy Communion . The bread ( which must be wheaten , and which is unleavened in the Latin , Armenian and Ethiopic Rites , but is leavened in most Eastern Rites ) and wine ( which must be from grapes ) used in the Eucharistic rite are , in Catholic faith , transformed in their inner reality , though not in appearance , into the Body and Blood of Christ , a change that is called transubstantiation . `` The minister who is able to confect the sacrament of the Eucharist in the person of Christ is a validly ordained priest alone . '' The word `` priest '' here ( in Latin sacerdos ) includes both bishops and those priests who are also called presbyters . Deacons as well as priests ( sacerdotes ) are ordinary ministers of Holy Communion , and lay people may be authorized in limited circumstances to act as extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion . The Eucharist is seen as `` the source and summit '' of Christian living , the high point of God 's sanctifying action on the faithful and of their worship of God , the point of contact between them and the liturgy of heaven . So important is it that participation in the Eucharistic celebration ( see Mass ) is seen as obligatory on every Sunday and holy day of obligation and is recommended on other days . Also recommended for those who participate in the Mass is reception , with the proper dispositions , of Holy Communion . This is seen as obligatory at least once a year , during Eastertide . Restored order of initiation ( edit ) As a growing trend during the second half of 2010s , many US dioceses of Latin Rite are officially returning to the traditional order of the three sacraments of christian initiation , that is : Baptism , Confirmation and , lastly , the first Communion . This order of Sacraments has ever refererred in the Catechism of Roman Catholic Church ( n . 1212 ) , and `` The holy Eucharist completes our Christian initiation '' ( N. 1322 ) . The current order - with Eucharist preceding the Confirmation - was started in 1910 with the decree by Pope Pius X , Quam Singulari Christus Amore ( transl. : `` How Special Christ 's Love '' ) , which said Communion should not be delayed beyond when a child reaches the age of reason . U.S. dioceses complied at that time , but they did not bring confirmation forward with it in a subsequent age . Sacraments of healing ( edit ) Penance and Reconciliation ( confession ) ( edit ) Main article : Sacrament of Penance The Sacrament of Penance is the first of two sacraments of healing . The Catechism of the Catholic Church mentions in the following order and capitalization different names of the sacrament , calling it the sacrament of conversion , Penance , confession , forgiveness and Reconciliation . It is the sacrament of spiritual healing of a baptized person from the distancing from God resulting from sins committed . When people sin after baptism , they can not have baptism as a remedy ; Baptism , which is a spiritual regeneration , can not be given a second time . The sacrament involves four elements : Contrition ( the penitent 's sincere remorse for wrongdoing or sin , repentance , without which the rite has no effect ) ; Confession to a priest who has the faculty to hear confessions ( Canon 966.1 ) -- while it may be spiritually helpful to confess to another , only a priest has the power to administer the sacrament ; Absolution by the priest ; and , Satisfaction or penance . `` Many sins wrong our neighbour . One must do what is possible in order to repair the harm ( e.g. , return stolen goods , restore the reputation of someone slandered , pay compensation for injuries ) . Simple justice requires as much . But sin also injures and weakens the sinner himself , as well as his relationships with God and neighbour . Absolution takes away sin , but it does not remedy all the disorders sin has caused . Raised up from sin , the sinner must still recover his full spiritual health by doing something more to make amends for the sin : he must ' make satisfaction for ' or ' expiate ' his sins . This satisfaction is also called ' penance ' '' ( CCC 1459 ) . In early Christian centuries , this element of satisfaction was quite onerous and generally preceded absolution , but now it usually involves a simple task for the penitent to perform later , in order to make some reparation and as a medicinal means of strengthening against further temptation . The priest is bound by the `` seal of confession '' , which is inviolable . `` Accordingly , it is absolutely wrong for a confessor in any way to betray the penitent , for any reason whatsoever , whether by word or in any other fashion . '' A confessor who directly violates the sacramental seal incurs an automatic excommunication whose lifting is reserved to the Holy See . In some dioceses , certain sins are `` reserved '' which means only certain confessors can absolve them . Some sins , such as violation of the sacramental seal , consecration of bishops without authorization by the Holy See , direct physical attacks on the Pope , and intentional desecration of the Eucharist are reserved to the Holy See . A special case - by - case faculty from the Sacred Penitentiary is normally required to absolve these sins . Anointing of the Sick ( edit ) Main article : Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church Extreme Unction , from Rogier van der Weyden 's altarpiece Anointing of the Sick is the second sacrament of healing . In this sacrament a priest anoints the sick with oil blessed specifically for that purpose . `` The anointing of the sick can be administered to any member of the faithful who , having reached the use of reason , begins to be in danger by reason of illness or old age '' ( canon 1004 ; cf . CCC 1514 ) . A new illness or a worsening of health enables a person to receive the sacrament a further time . When , in the Western Church , the sacrament was conferred only on those in immediate danger of death , it came to be known as `` Extreme Unction '' , i.e. `` Final Anointing '' , administered as one of the Last Rites . The other Last Rites are Confession ( if the dying person is physically unable to confess , at least absolution , conditional on the existence of contrition , is given ) , and the Eucharist , which when administered to the dying is known as `` Viaticum '' , a word whose original meaning in Latin was `` provision for a journey '' . Sacraments of service ( edit ) Holy Orders ( edit ) Main articles : Bishop ( Catholic Church ) , Priesthood ( Catholic Church ) , and Catholic Deacon Holy Orders is the Sacrament by which a man is made a bishop , a priest , or a deacon , and thus dedicated to be an image of Christ . The three degrees are referred to as the episcopate , the presbyterate and the diaconate . A bishop is the minister of this sacrament . Ordination as a bishop confers the fullness of the sacrament , making the bishop a member of the body of successors of the Apostles , and giving him the mission to teach , sanctify , and govern , along with the care of all the Churches . Ordination as a priest configures the priest to Christ the Head of the Church and the one essential High Priest , and conferring on him the power , as the bishops ' assistant , to celebrate the sacraments and other liturgical acts , especially the Eucharist . Ordination as a deacon configures him at the service of the bishop , especially in the Church 's exercising of Christian charity towards the poor and preaching of the word of God . Aspirants to the priesthood are required by canon law ( canon 1032 of the Code of Canon Law ) to go through a seminary program that includes , as well as graduate level philosophical and theological studies , a formation program that includes spiritual direction , retreats , apostolate experience , Latin training , etc . The course of studies in preparation for ordination as a permanent deacon is decided by the episcopal conference concerned . Matrimony ( edit ) Main article : Marriage in the Catholic Church Matrimony , from Rogier Van der Weyden 's altarpiece Matrimony , or Marriage , is another sacrament that consecrates for a particular mission in building up the Church , and that provides grace for accomplishing that mission . This sacrament , seen as a sign of the love uniting Christ and the Church , establishes between the spouses a permanent and exclusive bond , sealed by God . Accordingly , a marriage between baptized people , validly entered into and consummated , can not be dissolved . The sacrament confers on them the grace they need for attaining holiness in their married life and for responsible acceptance and upbringing of their children . As a condition for validity , the sacrament is celebrated in the presence of the local Ordinary or Parish Priest or of a cleric delegated by them ( or in certain limited circumstances a lay person delegated by the diocesan Bishop with the approval of the Episcopal Conference and the permission of the Holy See ) and at least two other witnesses , though in the theological tradition of the Latin Church the ministers of the sacrament uniquely are the couple themselves . For a valid marriage , a man and a woman must express their conscious and free consent to a definitive self - giving to the other , excluding none of the essential properties and aims of marriage . If one of the two is a non-Catholic Christian , their marriage is licit only if the permission of the competent authority of the Catholic Church is obtained . If one of the two is not a Christian ( i.e. has not been baptized ) , the competent authority 's dispensation is necessary for validity . Validity and liceity ( edit ) Part of a series on the Jurisprudence of Catholic canon law Current law ( show ) 1983 Code of Canon Law Omnium in mentem Magnum principium Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Ad tuendam fidem Ex corde Ecclesiae Indulgentiarum Doctrina Pastor bonus Pontificalis Domus Veritatis gaudium Custom Legal history ( show ) 1917 Code of Canon Law Corpus Juris Canonici Decretist Regulæ Juris Decretals of Gregory IX Decretalist Decretum Gratiani Extravagantes Liber Septimus Ancient Church Orders Didache The Apostolic Constitutions Canons of the Apostles Collections of ancient canons Collectiones canonum Dionysianae Collectio canonum quadripartita Collectio canonum Quesnelliana Collectio canonum Wigorniensis Other Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals Benedictus Deus ( Pius IV ) Contractum trinius Defect of Birth Jus exclusivae Papal appointment Oriental law ( show ) Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Eastern Canonical Reforms of Pius XII Nomocanon Archeparchy Eparchy Liturgical law ( show ) Ecclesia Dei Mysterii Paschalis Sacrosanctum concilium Musicam sacram Summorum Pontificum Tra le sollecitudini Sacramental law ( show ) Canon 844 Ex opere operato Omnium in mentem Valid but illicit Holy Orders Impediment ( canon law ) Abstemius Clerical celibacy ( Catholic Church ) Nullity of Sacred Ordination Apostolicae curae Dimissorial letters Approbation Confession Apostolic Penitentiary Complicit absolution Canon penitentiary Internal forum Paenitentiale Theodori Penitential canons Seal of the Confessional Eucharist Eucharistic discipline Canon 915 Matrimonial law ( show ) Banns of Marriage Declaration of Nullity Matrimonial Nullity Trial Reforms of Pope Francis Defender of the Bond Impediments to Marriage Affinity Bigamy Clandestinity Impediment of crime Disparity of Cult Ligamen Matrimonial Dispensation Ratum sed non consummatum Sanatio in radice Natural marriage Pauline privilege Petrine privilege Trials and tribunals ( show ) Tribunals Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura Tribunal of the Roman Rota Apostolic Penitentiary Tribunal Officers Judicial Vicar / Officialis Auditor Advocatus Diaboli Defender of the Bond Tribunal Procedure Appeal as from an abuse Presumption Canonical structures ( show ) Particular churches Particular churches sui juris Latin Church Eastern Catholic Churches Local particular churches Abbacy nullius Abbot nullius Apostolic vicariate Apostolic vicar Apostolic administration Apostolic administrator Archdiocese Diocese Aeque principaliter Cathedraticum In persona episcopi Chancery Deanery Vicar forane Archeparchy Eparchy Military ordinariate Mission sui juris Personal ordinariate Anglicanorum Coetibus Personal Prelature Juridic persons Parish Roman Curia Dicastery Congregation Pontifical council Jurisprudence ( show ) Canonical coronation Canonically crowned images Computation of time Contract law Custom Delegata potestas non potest delegari Derogation Dispensation Taxa Innocentiana Indult Impediment Interpretation Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts Jurisdiction Peritus Obreption & subreption Obrogation Promulgation Resignation of the Roman Pontiff Sede vacante Vacatio legis Valid but illicit Philosophy , theology , and fundamental theory ( show ) Theology Ecclesiology Treatise on Law Determinatio Law of persons ( show ) Person ( canon law ) Canonical age Canonical faculties Clerics and public office Clerical celebacy Consecrated life Defect of Birth Emancipation Juridic & physical persons Jus patronatus Laicization ( dispensation ) Canonical documents ( show ) Notary ( canon law ) Protonotary apostolic Apostolic constitution Canon Concordat Decree Decretal Encyclical Motu proprio Ordinance Papal brief Papal bull Penitential Positive law Rescript Penal law ( show ) Canon 1324 Canon 1398 Censure ( canon law ) Excommunication List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church List of excommunicated cardinals Interdict Internal forum Laicization ( penal ) Latae sententiae Procedural law ( show ) Election of the Roman Pontiff Universi Dominici gregis Papal renunciation Catholicism portal As stated above , the effect of the sacraments comes ex opere operato ( by the very fact of being administered ) . Since it is Christ who works through them , their effectiveness does not depend on the worthiness of the minister . The belief that the validity of the sacrament is dependent upon the holiness of the administrator was rejected in the Donatist crisis . However , an apparent administration of a sacrament is invalid , if the person acting as minister does not have the necessary power ( as if a deacon were to celebrate Mass ) . They are also invalid if the required `` matter '' or `` form '' is lacking . The matter is the perceptible material object , such as water in baptism or wheaten bread and grape wine for the Eucharist , or the visible action . The form is the verbal statement that specifies the signification of the matter , such as , ( in the Western Church ) , `` N. , I baptize thee in the name of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Ghost '' . Furthermore , if the minister positively excludes some essential aspect of the sacrament , the sacrament is invalid . This last condition lies behind the 1896 judgement of the Holy See denying the validity of Anglican Orders . A sacrament may be administered validly , but illicitly , if a condition imposed by canon law is not observed . Obvious cases are administration of a sacrament by a priest under a penalty of excommunication or suspension , or an episcopal ordination without the Pontifical mandate ( except in certain circumstances outlined in Canon Law ) . Impediments ( edit ) Main article : Impediment ( canon law ) See also : Declaration of nullity Canon law specifies impediments to reception of the sacraments of orders and marriage . Those concerning the first of these two sacraments only concern liceity , but `` a diriment impediment renders a person incapable of validly contracting a marriage '' ( canon 1073 ) . In the Latin Church , only the Holy See can authentically declare when divine law prohibits or invalidates a marriage , and only the Holy See has the right to establish for those who are baptised other impediments to marriage ( canon 1075 ) . But individual Eastern Catholic Churches , after having fulfilled certain requirements that include consulting ( but not necessarily obtaining approval from ) the Holy See , may establish impediments . If an impediment is imposed by merely ecclesiastical law , rather than being a matter of divine law , the Church may grant a dispensation from the impediment . Conditions for validity of marriage such as sufficient use of reason ( canon 1095 ) and freedom from coercion ( canon 1103 ) , and the requirement that , normally , a marriage be contracted in the presence of the local Ordinary or parish priest or of the priest or deacon delegated by either of them , and in the presence of two witnesses ( canon 1108 ) , are not classified in the Code of Canon Law as impediments , but have much the same effect . Conditional conferral ( edit ) See also : Conditional baptism Three of the sacraments may not be repeated : Baptism , Confirmation and Holy Orders : their effect is permanent . This teaching has been expressed by the images of , in the West , an indelible character or mark and of , in the East , a seal ( CCC 698 ) . However , if there is doubt about the validity of the administration of one or more of these sacraments , a conditional form of conferral may be used , such as : `` If you are not already baptized , I baptize you ... '' In the recent past , it was common practice in the Catholic Church to baptize conditionally almost every convert from Protestantism because of a perceived difficulty in judging about the validity in any concrete instance . In the case of the major Protestant denominations , agreements involving assurances about the manner in which they administer baptism has ended this practice , which sometimes continues for other groups of Protestant tradition . The Catholic Church has always recognized the validity of baptism in the Eastern Orthodox Church , but it has explicitly denied the validity of the baptism conferred in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . It does not recognize a baptismal ceremony in which the names of the three divine persons ( or hypostases ) of the Trinity -- Father , Son and Holy Spirit -- are replaced by descriptors such as Creator , Redeemer and Sanctifier , or Creator , Liberator , and Sustainer , and requires that the conditional form should not be used when baptizing those who have received this kind of baptism . See also ( edit ) Catholicism portal Thomistic sacramental theology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1211 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1113 Jump up ^ J. Waterworth ( 1848 ) . `` The canons and decrees of the sacred and oecumenical Council of Trent '' ( PDF ) . Documenta Catholica Omnia . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ The Seventh Session of the Council of Trent . London : Dolman : Hanover Historical Texts Project . 1848 . pp. 53 -- 67 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 97 `` Sacred Tradition and Sacred Scripture make up a single sacred deposit of the Word of God '' ( DV 10 ) in which , as in a mirror , the pilgrim Church contemplates God , the source of all her riches . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 73 God has revealed himself fully by sending his own Son , in whom he has established his covenant for ever . The Son is his Father 's definitive Word ; so there will be no further Revelation after him . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 88 ... dogmas , that is , ... truths contained in divine Revelation or also ... truths having a necessary connection with these . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 1210 Christ instituted the sacraments of the new law . There are seven : Baptism , Confirmation ( or Chrismation ) , the Eucharist , Penance , the Anointing of the Sick , Holy Orders and Matrimony . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 1070 In the New Testament the word `` liturgy '' refers not only to the celebration of divine worship but also to the proclamation of the Gospel and to active charity . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 1205 `` In the liturgy , above all that of the sacraments , there is an immutable part , a part that is divinely instituted and of which the Church is the guardian , and parts that can be changed , which the Church has the power and on occasion also the duty to adapt to the cultures of recently evangelized peoples . '' Jump up ^ ( http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20080201_validity-baptism-miralles_en.html A New Response of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on the Validity of Baptism ) Trinitarian faith calls for careful precision in language . If the substitution of the names of the divine Persons in the baptismal formula by other names that are proper to each of them ( Parent , Child and Issue from both ) had given rise to such serious doubt among theologians that Thomas Aquinas considered it invalid , then there is all the more reason to hold that what is conferred with the formulas considered in the questions presented to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith is not true Baptism . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 1385 Anyone conscious of a grave sin must receive the sacrament of Reconciliation before coming to communion . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 2357 Basing itself on Sacred Scripture , which presents homosexual acts as acts of grave depravity , tradition has always declared that `` homosexual acts are intrinsically disordered . '' They are contrary to the natural law . They close the sexual act to the gift of life . They do not proceed from a genuine affective and sexual complementarity . Under no circumstances can they be approved . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 1577 The Lord Jesus chose men ( viri ) ... The Church recognizes herself to be bound by this choice made by the Lord himself . For this reason the ordination of women is not possible . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1131 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 774 -- 776 Jump up ^ `` Lumen Gentium : chapter 7 , section 48 , paragraph 2 '' . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1117 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1210 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1129 Jump up ^ Council of Trent , Seventh Session , canon IV Jump up ^ New Catholic Dictionary Archived 2012 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sacrosanctum Concilium , 59 , quoted in Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1123 Jump up ^ sacraments of Christian initiation Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church , 251 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1212 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1239 -- 1240 Jump up ^ Charles Coppens , S.J. , The Catholic Religion Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia : Baptism Jump up ^ Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church , 251 Jump up ^ Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church , 266 Jump up ^ Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church , 267 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1303 ^ Jump up to : Liam G. Walsh , Sacraments of Initiation ( Liturgy Training Publications 2011 ISBN 978 - 1 - 59525035 - 3 ) , pp. 153 - 154 Jump up ^ John Flader , `` The age for Confirmation '' in Question Time ( Taylor Trade 2010 ISBN 978 - 1 - 58979594 - 5 ) , pp. 86 - 87 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1212 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1322 Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 900 § 1 Jump up ^ While in the English language , the word `` priest '' usually means someone received into the second of the three holy orders ( also called the presbyterate ) but not into the highest , that of bishop , the Latin text underlying this statement uses the Latin term sacerdos , which comprises both bishops and , in the common English sense , priests . To refer exclusively to priests in the more common English sense , Latin uses the word presbyter . See Dennis Chester Smolarski , The General Instruction of the Roman Missal , 1969 -- 2002 : A Commentary ( Liturgical Press 2003 ISBN 9780814629369 ) , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : M. Martin , OSV ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Restored order for sacraments a growing trend '' . OSV.com . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Denver , Honolulu are latest to move the Sacrament of Confirmation ahead of first Communion Jump up ^ R. Ferrone ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Another U.S. Diocese Adopts the ' Restored Order ' '' . commonwealthmagazine.org . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Structuring Programs for Eucharistic Participation Instead of Confirmation Jump up ^ N. LaPoint ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` A brief catechism on the `` restored order '' `` . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1423 -- 1424 Jump up ^ canon 983 of the Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ canon 1388 Jump up ^ US Conference of Catholic Bishops . Compendium : Catechism of the Catholic Church . USCCB Publishing . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57455 - 720 - 6 . Jump up ^ canons 1108 and 1112 of the Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Canon 792 , Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 869 ; cf . New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law By John P. Beal , James A. Coriden , Thomas J. , pp. 1057 -- 1059 . Jump up ^ `` Response of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith '' . Vatican.va. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Response of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith '' . Vatican.va. 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . Bibliography ( edit ) Raniero Cantalamessa OFMCap , Introduction , in : Easter in the Early Church . An Anthology of Jewish and Early Christian Texts , ( 1993 ) , J.M. Quigley SJ , J.T. Lienhard SJ ( translators & editors ) , Collegville , Minnesota : The Liturgical Press , pp. 254 , ISBN 0 - 8146 - 2164 - 3 Kenan B. Osborne , OFM , ( 1987 ) , The Christian Sacraments of Initiation . Baptism , Confirmation , Eucharist , New York - Mahwah : Paulist Press , ISBN 0 - 8091 - 2886 - 1 Poschmann Bernhard SJ ( 1963 ) . Penance and the Anointing of the Sick . The Herder History of Dogma . Fr . Courtney SJ ( transl. from German ) . Freiburg -- London : Herder - Burns & Oates . p. 257 . Liam G. Walsh OP ( 1988 ) , The Sacraments of Christian Initiation . Baptism , Confirmation , Eucharist . London : Geoffrey Chapman , ISBN 0 225 66499 2 , pp. 317 . Vogel C. ( 1982 ) . Le pécheur et la pénitence dans l'Église ancienne . Paris : Cerf . p. 213 . ISBN 2 - 204 - 01949 - 6 . Vogel C. ( 1982 ) . Le pécheur et la pénitence au moyen - age . Paris : Cerf . p. 245 . ISBN 2 - 204 - 01950 - X . Edward Yarnold SJ , ( 1971 ) The awe inspiring rites of initiation . Baptismal homilies of the fourth century , Slough : St. Paul Publications , pp. 292 ISBN 0 85439 082 0 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Thomas Aquinas , Summa Theologiae , `` On the Sacraments in general ( III qq. 60 -- 64 ) '' Catechism of the Catholic Church on the Seven Sacraments The Council of Trent on the Sacraments Seven Catholic Sacraments ' Signs and Instruments of God 's Grace The Sacraments Through the Ages produced by EWTN hosted by Fr . Charles Connor -- RealAudio ( hide ) Sacraments , rites , and liturgies of the Catholic Church Sacraments Baptism Confirmation Eucharist Penance Anointing of the Sick Holy Orders Matrimony Mass Low Mass Missa Cantata Solemn Mass Pontifical High Mass Papal Mass Canonical liturgical hours Matins ( nighttime ) Lauds ( early morning ) Prime ( first hour of daylight ) Terce ( third hour ) Sext ( noon ) Nones ( ninth hour ) Vespers ( sunset evening ) Compline ( end of the day ) Other liturgical services Asperges Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament Exorcism Funeral Requiem Liturgy of the Hours Liturgical literature Antiphonary Book of hours Breviary Gospel Book Gradual Lectionary Martyrology Psalter Roman Missal Roman Ritual Sacramentary Liturgical rites Latin Ambrosian Rite Rite of Braga Mozarabic Rite Roman Rite Mass of Paul VI Extraordinary form Anglican Use Zaire Use Eastern Alexandrian Rite Armenian Rite Antiochene Rite Byzantine Rite East Syriac Rite West Syriac Rite : Malankara Rite Orders Benedictine Rite Carmelite Rite Carthusian Rite Cistercian Rite Dominican Rite Norbertine Rite Defunct rites and liturgies African Rite Aquileian Rite Celtic Rite Durham Rite Gallican Rite Use of Hereford Missa Nautica Missa Sicca Missa Venatoria Pre-Tridentine Mass Use of York Sarum Rite Catholicism portal NDL : 00563265 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church&oldid=842909982 '' Categories : Sacraments of the Catholic Church Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia मराठी 日本 語 Português தமிழ் ไทย 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 14 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the purpose of the sacraments in the catholic church
[ "There are seven sacraments of the Catholic Church, which according to Catholic theology were instituted by Jesus and entrusted to the Church. Sacraments are visible rites seen as signs and efficacious channels of the grace of God to all those who receive them with the proper disposition. The sevenfold list of sacraments is often organized into three categories: the sacraments of initiation (into the Church, the body of Christ), consisting of Baptism, the Eucharist, and Confirmation; the sacraments of healing, consisting of Reconciliation and Anointing of the Sick; and the sacraments of service: Holy Orders and Matrimony.[1]" ]
[ "visible rites seen as signs and efficacious channels of the grace of God to all those who receive them with the proper disposition" ]
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Renaming of cities in India
Renaming of cities in India - Wikipedia Renaming of cities in India Jump to : navigation , search The renaming of cities in India started in 1947 following the end of the British imperial period . Several changes were controversial , and not all proposed changes were implemented . Each had to be approved by the central government in New Delhi . The renaming of states and territories in India has also taken place , but until recently with actual substantial name changes in both local language and in English such as the old British state name of Travancore - Cochin to Kerala ( 1956 ) . The most notable recent exceptions are Indian English spelling - changes of Orissa to Odisha ( March 2011 ) and the Union Territory of Pondicherry ( which includes the City of Pondicherry ) to Puducherry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Renaming in local languages 2 Renaming in English 2.1 Change in official English spelling 2.2 Realignment of the official Indian English name to an alternative local name 2.3 Adoption of name changes in India and overseas 3 Important examples 3.1 States 3.2 Cities 4 Proposed changes 4.1 States and Union territories 4.2 Towns 5 Need for unification of spelling 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Renaming in local languages ( edit ) In the post-colonial era , several Indian states ' names were changed . Some of these changes coincided with the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 , a major reform of the boundaries of India 's states and territories that organised them along linguistic lines . At this time , for example , Travancore - Cochin was renamed Kerala . Later state name changes include the reorganisation of Madhya Bharat into Madhya Pradesh in 1959 ; and the renamings of the Madras State to Tamil Nadu in 1969 , of the Mysore State to Karnataka in 1973 , and of Uttaranchal to Uttarakhand in 2007 . Name changes have varied with respect to the levels of language at which they have been applied , and also accepted . Some of these local name changes were changes made in all languages : the immediate local name , and also all India 's other languages . An example of this is the renaming of predominantly Hindi - speaking Uttaranchal ( Hindi : उत्तराञ्चल ) to a new local Hindi name ( Hindi : उत्तराखण्ड Uttarakhand ) . Other changes were only changes in some of the indigenous languages . For example , the renaming of the Madras Presidency to Madras State in 1947 and then Tamil Nadu in 1969 required non-Tamil speakers to change from an approximation of the British name ( Tamil : மதராஸ் மாகாணம் Madras Presidency , then Madras State Tamil : மதராஸ் மாநிலம் ) to a native Tamil name ( Tamil : தமிழ்நாடு Tamil Nadu , `` Tamil land '' ) . In general , changes to the local names of cities in the indigenous languages are less common . However , a change in English may sometimes also be a reflection of changes in other Indian languages other than the specific local one . For example , the change of Madras ( Tamil : மதராஸ் Madras ) to Chennai ( Tamil : சென்னை Chennai ) was reflected in many of India 's languages , and incidentally in English , while the Tamil endonym had always been Chennai and remained unaffected by the change . Renaming in English ( edit ) Change in official English spelling ( edit ) The renaming of cities is often specifically from English to Indian English in connection with that dialect 's internal reforms . In other words , the city itself is not actually renamed in the local language , and the local name ( or endonym ) in the indigenous languages of India does not change , but the official spelling in Indian English is amended . An example is the change from English `` Calcutta '' to English `` Kolkata '' -- the local Bengali name ( কলকাতা Kôlkata ) did not change . Such changes in English spelling may be in order to better reflect a more accurate phonetic transliteration of the local name , or may be for other reasons . In the early years after Indian independence , many name changes were effected in northern India for English spellings of Hindi place names that had simply been romanised inconsistently by the British administration -- such as the British spelling `` Jubbulpore , '' renamed `` Jabalpur '' ( जबलपुर ) among the first changes in 1947 . These changes did not generate significant controversy . More recent and high - profile changes -- including renaming such major cities as Calcutta to Kolkata -- have generated greater controversy . Since independence , such changes have typically been enacted officially by legislation at local or national Indian government level , and may or may not then be adopted by the Indian media , particularly the influential Indian press . In the case of smaller towns and districts which were less notable outside and inside India , and where a well known English name ( or exonym ) could not be said to exist , older spellings used under British India may not have had any specific legislation other than changes in practice on the romanisation of indigenous Indian language names . Realignment of the official Indian English name to an alternative local name ( edit ) Aside from changes to the official English spellings of local names there have also been renaming proposals to realign the official name , hence the English name with an alternative local name . Ethnically sensitive examples include the proposals by the Bharatiya Janata Party ( 1990 , 2001 ) to rename Ahmedabad to Karnavati and Allahabad to Prayag . These two proposals are changes from the Muslim ( or Mughal ) name to a Hindu native name . These can be represented as a change from Urdu language to Hindi language , but since the two languages are variants of Hindustani the proposal is effectively a cultural and ethno - religious proposal rather than a linguistic one . Adoption of name changes in India and overseas ( edit ) Official name changes take place quickly if not immediately in official government sources . Adoption may be slower among the media in India and abroad , and among Indian authors . Important examples ( edit ) Main article : List of renamed places in India States ( edit ) Travancore - Cochin → Kerala ( 1 November 1956 ) . Madhya Bharat → Madhya Pradesh ( 1 November 1959 ) Madras State → Tamil Nadu ( 14 January 1969 ) Mysore State → Karnataka ( 1 November 1973 ) Uttaranchal → Uttarakhand ( 1 January 2007 ) Orissa → Odisha ( 4 November 2011 ) Cities ( edit ) Notable city names that were officially changed by legislation after independence include : Jabalpur ( Hindi : जबलपुर ) , from Jubbulpore , respelled in 1947 Jajmau ( Hindi : जाजमऊ ) , from Jajesmow , respelled in 1948 Kanpur ( Hindi : कानपुर ) , from Cawnpore , respelled in 1948 Vadodara ( Gujarati : વડોદરા ) , from Baroda , respelled in 1974 Thiruvananthapuram ( Malayalam : തിരുവനന്തപുരം ) , from Trivandrum , respelled in 1991 Mumbai ( Marathi : मुंबई ) , from Bombay , renamed in 1995 Kochi ( Malayalam : കൊച്ചി ) , from Cochin , respelled in 1996 Chennai ( Tamil : சென்னை ) , from Madras , renamed in 1996 Kolkata ( Bengali : কলকাতা ) , from Calcutta , respelled in 2001 Kadapa ( Telugu : కడప ) , from Cuddapah , respelled in 2005 Puducherry ( Tamil : புதுச்சேரி ) , from Pondicherry , renamed in 2006 Bengaluru ( Kannada : ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ) , from Bangalore , respelled in 2007 Belagavi from Belgaum in 2014 Tumakuru from Tumkur in 2014 Hubballi from Hubli in 2014 Shivamogga from Shimoga in 2014 Hosapete from Hospet in 2014 Mysuru from Mysore in 2014 Kalaburagi from Gulbarga in 2014 Chikkamagaluru from Chikmagalur Vijapura from Bijapur in 2014 Ballari from Bellary in 2014 Mangaluru from Mangalore in 2014 Rajahmahendravaram from Rajahmundry in 2015 Gurugram from Gurgaon in 2016 For others , by state order , see list of renamed Indian cities and states . Alappuzha , from Alleppey Guwahati ( Assamese : গুৱাহাটী ) , from Gauhati Indore , from Indhur Kanchipuram from Kāñci - pura And Conjevaram Kannur , from Cannanore Kollam , from Quilon Koyilandy , from Quilandi Kozhikode , from Calicut Kumbakonam from ancient name Kudanthai Mayiladuthurai from Mayavaram ancient name Mayuram Narmada , from Nerbudda Nagaon ( Assamese : নগাওঁ ) , from Nowgong Palakkad , from Palghat Panaji , from Panjim Pune , from Poona Ramanathapuram , from Ramnad Sagar , from Saugor Shimla , from Simla Thalassery , from Tellicherry Thanjavur , from ancient name Tanjore Thoothukudi , from Tuticorin Thrissur , from Trichur Tindivanam , from Tinthirivanam Tiruchirapalli , from Trichinopoly and its short form Trichy Tirunelveli , from Tinnevelly Tiruvallikeni , from Triplicane Udhagamandalam , from Ootacamund and its short form Ooty Viluppuram , from Vizhupparaiyar And Vizhimaa Nagaram Varanasi , from Benares Vatakara , from Badagara Virudhachalam , from Vriddhachalam ancient name Thirumudhukundram Vijayawada , from Bejawada Visakhapatnam , from Waltair , and before that Vizagapatnam and its short form Vizag Town names that derive from ancient names : Mandi , derived from Mandav Nagar Nellore , in ancient times Simhapuri Proposed changes ( edit ) Several other changes have been proposed for states and towns . States and Union territories ( edit ) Goa to Govapuri Kerala to Keralam Nagaland to Naganchi West Bengal to Bengal Towns ( edit ) Ahmedabad to Karnavati Allahabad to Prayagraj Aurangabad to Sambhajinagar Bhopal to Bhojpal Hyderabad to Bhagyanagar Mahabubabad to Manukota Mahbubnagar to Palamuru Need for unification of spelling ( edit ) India has various local languages . Even ( Romanised ) English spellings in long and wide use often vary depending upon which government department or agency uses them . To the point , a few examples are Quilandy vs. Koyilandy , Canannore vs. Kannur , and Rangiya vs. Rangia . Different departments of the government may have used official spellings in use at the time , while locations associated with Indian railways mostly maintained British - era spellings . The confusion inherent in such variations has often resulted in serious consequences like people having two `` different '' addresses ( theoretically designating the same place ) in their official records leading to legal disputes , or one house having residents of different house addresses due to differing place names . Many people argue that such confusion can lead to indeterminate and / or unintended consequences See also ( edit ) India portal List of renamed Indian cities and states Renaming in South Africa References ( edit ) Jump up ^ India and the World Bank : The Politics of Aid and Influence - Page 126 Jason A. Kirk - 2011 `` Orissa ( Note : This state was officially renamed Odisha in March 2011 ) '' Jump up ^ The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics , 1925 to the 1990s . - Page 134 Christophe Jaffrelot 1999 - `` The new state included Madhya Bharat , the Bhopal region , the former Vindhya Pradesh , Mahakoshal and Chhattisgarh ( the last two regions forming the Hindi - speaking parts in the former Madhya Pradesh ; see map , pp. xxii - xxiii ) . '' Jump up ^ Mira Kamdar Planet India : How the Fastest Growing Democracy Is Transforming ... 2007 Author 's introduction Page xi `` India 's information - technology capital 's new name , should it be adopted , will mean `` town of boiled beans . '' The name changes are not without controversy among Indians . In several instances , the name change represents a struggle between a cosmopolitan elite and a local , regional - language populace over defining the city in ways that go far beyond a simple change of name . '' Jump up ^ Steven I. Wilkinson Votes and Violence : Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India 2006 Page 23 `` The BJP proposed in 1990 and 2001 that Ahmedabad be renamed `` Karnavati . '' Hindu , June 1 1 , 2001 . Similar proposals have been made to rename Allahabad `` Prayag . '' Jump up ^ Cosmopolitanism - Page 73 Carol A. Breckenridge , Sheldon Pollock , Homi K. Bhabha - 2002 `` In one sense , the decision to officialise the name Mumbai is part of a widespread Indian pattern of replacing names associated with colonial rule with names associated with local , national , and regional heroes . It is an indigenizing toponymic . '' Jump up ^ Reserve Bank of India 's instructions for banks & banking operations Reserve Bank of India 2001 Page 713 `` The new name `` Mumbai '' should be reflected in both English and Hindi and the change in name is to be brought about in all official communications , name plates , sign boards , office seals , rubber stamps , etc . '' Jump up ^ Perveez Mody The Intimate State : Love - Marriage and the Law in Delhi Page 59 - 2008 `` Throughout this book , I refer to India 's commercial capital as Bombay rather than Mumbai ... I am well aware of the name - change effected by an Act of the Indian Parliament in 1997 that made the city officially ' Mumbai ' ... It is the same convention I adopt when referring to Calcutta rather than Kolkata . '' Jump up ^ Pingali Sailaja Indian English Page 16 2009 `` Bombay is now called Mumbai , Madras is now Chennai and Calcutta is Kolkata , in an attempt to de-anglicise them . In this work , the earlier names are retained since these names were used during the period that we mostly cover . '' Jump up ^ Calcutta : A Cultural and Literary History - Page 3 Krishna Dutta - 2003 `` nationalist stance , like Bombay , which changed its name to Mumbai , or Madras , which has become the unrecognisable Chennai , Calcutta has preferred a comparatively minor name change , which frankly is a bit of a multicultural mishmash . '' Jump up ^ `` David Rumsey : Geographical Searching with MapRank Search ( beta ) '' . Rumsey.mapranksearch.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Beam , Christopher ( 2006 - 07 - 12 ) . `` How Bombay became Mumbai . - Slate Magazine '' . Slate.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Deccan Herald : Centre clears change in names of Karna cities , Belgaum now Belagavi Jump up ^ Times of India : Karnataka cities get new names Jump up ^ Temples and legends of Himachal Pradesh - Page 38 Pranab Chandra Roy Choudhury - 1981 `` Mandi takes the name from Mandavya . The name of the place was first Mandav Nagar and then corrupted into Mandi . '' Jump up ^ Gazetteer of the Nellore District : Brought Up to 1938 - Page 151 Government Of Madras Staff , Government of Madras - 1942 `` ... of the Ramayana ( 2000 -- 1500 BC ) was a dense jungle , while the town of Nellore , which came into existence only several centuries later , was known as Simhapuri ( Lion 's town ) , from the supposed existence of lions in the adjacent forests . '' Jump up ^ `` Goa to become Gomantak '' . Jump up ^ `` Nagaland to be renamed '' . Aaj Tak . Jump up ^ http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/lucknow/allahabad-all-set-to-get-new-name.html Jump up ^ TNN ( 2006 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Now , Indore to become Indur , Bhopal Bhojpal - The Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.igovernment.in/opinion/41631/merging-npr-uid?source=igov External links ( edit ) Renaming roads : A ' meaningless ' exercise 12 Cities in Karnataka get a name change India 's Bangalore in name change Shashi Tharror : Becoming Bengaloorued Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renaming_of_cities_in_India&oldid=842869920 '' Categories : Independent India Geographical naming disputes Geographic history of India Cities and towns in India Geographical renaming Names of places in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2018 Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Tamil - language text Articles containing Bengali - language text Articles containing Gujarati - language text Articles containing Malayalam - language text Articles containing Marathi - language text Articles containing Telugu - language text Articles containing Kannada - language text Articles containing Assamese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 06 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was the name of bombay changed to mumbai
[ "\nJabalpur (Hindi: जबलपुर), from Jubbulpore, respelled in 1947\nJajmau (Hindi: जाजमऊ), from Jajesmow, respelled in 1948 [10]\nKanpur (Hindi: कानपुर), from Cawnpore, respelled in 1948\nVadodara (Gujarati: વડોદરા), from Baroda, respelled in 1974\nThiruvananthapuram (Malayalam: തിരുവനന്തപുരം), from Trivandrum, respelled in 1991\nMumbai (Marathi: मुंबई), from Bombay, renamed in 1995 [11]\nKochi (Malayalam: കൊച്ചി), from Cochin, respelled in 1996\nChennai (Tamil: சென்னை), from Madras, renamed in 1996\nKolkata (Bengali: কলকাতা), from Calcutta, respelled in 2001\nKadapa (Telugu: కడప), from Cuddapah, respelled in 2005\nPuducherry (Tamil: புதுச்சேரி), from Pondicherry, renamed in 2006\nBengaluru (Kannada: ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು), from Bangalore, respelled in 2007 [12]\nBelagavi from Belgaum in 2014 [13][14]\nTumakuru from Tumkur in 2014\nHubballi from Hubli in 2014\nShivamogga from Shimoga in 2014\nHosapete from Hospet in 2014\nMysuru from Mysore in 2014\nKalaburagi from Gulbarga in 2014\nChikkamagaluru from Chikmagalur\nVijapura from Bijapur in 2014\nBallari from Bellary in 2014\nMangaluru from Mangalore in 2014\nRajahmahendravaram from Rajahmundry in 2015\nGurugram from Gurgaon in 2016\n" ]
[ "1995" ]
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Beast (Disney)
Beast ( Disney ) - wikipedia Beast ( Disney ) Jump to : navigation , search Beast First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Created by Linda Woolverton ( film adaptation ) Portrayed by Terrence Mann ( Beauty and the Beast originated role for Broadway ) Jeff Bridges ( Disney Dreams Portraits photographs ) Dan Payne ( Descendants ) Dan Stevens ( 2017 live action film ) Voiced by Robby Benson Aliases Prince Adam , Master of the Castle Occupation Prince Significant other ( s ) Belle Children Prince Ben ( son ; in Descendants only ) Relatives Maurice ( father - in - law ) Nationality French The Beast is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) . He also appears in the film 's two direct - to - video followups Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas and Belle 's Magical World . Based on the hero of the French fairy tale by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont , the Beast was created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton and animated by Glen Keane . A pampered prince transformed into a hideous beast as punishment for his cold - hearted and selfish ways , the Beast must , in order to return to his former self , earn the love of a beautiful young woman named Belle who he imprisons in his castle . All this must be done before the last petal falls from the enchanted rose on his twenty - first birthday . In all animated film appearances , the Beast is voiced by American actor Robby Benson . The 1991 animated film was adapted into a Broadway musical in 1994 , with the role being originated by American actor Terrence Mann . Dan Stevens portrays the character in a 2017 live - action adaptation of the original 1991 film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Characteristics 3 Appearances 3.1 Beauty and the Beast 3.2 Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas 3.3 Belle 's Magical World 4 In other media 4.1 Kingdom Hearts 4.2 Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories 4.3 Kingdom Hearts II 4.4 Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days 4.5 Broadway musical 4.6 The D Show 4.7 Once Upon a Time 4.8 I ( film ) 4.9 Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 live action film ) 5 References 6 External links Development Determining a suitable appearance for the Beast proved challenging . Although entirely fictional , supervising animator Glen Keane felt it essential for the Beast to resemble a creature that could possibly be found on Earth as opposed to an alien . The initial designs had the Beast as humanoid but with an animal head attached as per the original fairy tale , but soon shifted towards more unconventional forms . The earlier sketches of the Beast 's character design are seen as gargoyles and sculptures in the Beast 's castle . Inspired by a buffalo head that he purchased from a taxidermy , Keane decided to base the Beast 's appearance on a variety of wild animals , drawing inspiration from the mane of a lion , head of a buffalo , brow of a gorilla , tusks of a wild boar , legs and tail of a wolf , and body of a bear . However , he felt it important that the Beast 's eyes remain human . In fear that Glen Keane would design the Beast to resemble voice actor Robby Benson , Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg did not allow Keane to see Benson during production of the film . Characteristics The Beast is not of any one species of animal , but a chimera ( a mixture of several animals ) , who would probably be classified as a carnivore overall . He has the head structure and horns of a buffalo , the arms and body of a bear , the eyebrows of a gorilla , the jaws , teeth , and mane of a lion , the tusks of a wild boar and the legs and tail of a wolf . He also bears resemblance to mythical monsters like the Minotaur or a werewolf . He also has blue eyes , the one physical feature that does not change whether he is a beast or a human . As opposed to his original counterpart , Disney gave him a more primal nature to his personality and mannerisms , which truly exploited his character as an untamed animal ( i.e. alternating between walking and crawling , animal growls ) . Producer Don Hahn envisioned that the Beast 's psychological state has become increasing feral the longer he was under the curse , such that he would eventually lose his last vestiges of humanity and become completely wild if the spell could not be broken . Hahn 's idea does n't manifest prominently in the finished 1991 animated film , since the Beast is only seen in a brief scene some time after his transformation while much of the narrative starts during the later period of the curse . In the original tale , the Beast is seen to be kind - hearted for the most part , and gentleman - like , with only an occasional tendency to be hot - tempered . Disney 's interpretation of the Beast made him more constantly angry and depressed , due to the shame from his unkind actions which led to his transformation , and particularly his struggle of reconciling his hideous appearance with his inner humanity which made him feel hopeless about breaking the curse . Supervising animator Glen Keane describes The Beast as `` a twenty - one - year - old guy who 's insecure , wants to be loved , wants to love , but has this ugly exterior and has to overcome this . '' Upon his reform under his love interest Belle , his personality changes to refined and more even - tempered , while naive about the world at the same time . To reflect his early personality , the Beast is seen shirtless , with ragged , dark gray breeches , and a ragged reddish - colored cape with a golden colored circular - shaped clasp . Despite the actual color of his cape being a dark reddish color , the Beast 's cape is more often referenced to be purple ( and in most of the Beast 's subsequent appearances after the film , such as Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas or the Kingdom Hearts games , his cape is colored purple ) . The reason for this change in color is unknown , although the most likely reason is that the color purple is often associated with royalty . After the Beast saves Belle from a pack of wolves , his dress - style changes to become more formal and disciplined , reflecting a more refined personality as he attempts to win Belle 's friendship and love . His most referenced form of dress is his ballroom outfit , which consisted of a golden vest over a white dress shirt with a white kerchief , black dress pants trimmed with gold , and a royal blue ballroom tail coat trimmed with gold , worn during the film 's ballroom dance sequence . The blue tail coat outfit is retained after he was restored back to human , which is meant to be a stark contrast to the royal regalia and armor he was depicted in before his curse . His human form is that of a tall and slender young man with auburn hair and soft cream colored skin while also retaining his bright blue eyes . As human he is simply known as the `` Prince '' , as supervising animator Glen Keane stated that everyone on the production was too busy to give him an alternative name , however some licensed works such as the trivia video game The D Show ( 1998 ) have named him `` Prince Adam '' . Disney has come to embrace the name , as seen in multiple pieces of merchandise as well as a plaque hung up in 2012 ( and still hangs there as of 2017 ) in Walt Disney World 's Port Orleans Riverside Royal Rooms that clearly states his name as `` Prince Adam . '' Appearances Beauty and the Beast Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) The Beast with Belle . A handsome young prince lives in a luxurious castle in France . He has everything he ever wanted , and as a result , he is spoiled , selfish and unkind . One night , his kindness is put to the test when a beggar woman comes to the castle and asks for shelter from the freezing cold , with a single rose as payment . When he shuns the beggar for her repulsive appearance , she then reveals her true form as a beautiful enchantress . Seeing her beauty and realizing her power , the Prince tries to apologize but she transforms him into a terrifying beast - like creature for his arrogance . She also casts a spell on the entire castle , transforming it into a dark , foreboding place , its lush green grounds into dangerous immortal wolf - infested woods , and the good - natured servants into anthropomorphic household objects to reflect their different personalities . Ashamed of his new appearance , the Beast conceals himself inside his castle with a magic mirror as his only window to the outside world , and an enchanted rose that would act as the curse 's timer which would bloom until he turns 21 . If the Beast could learn to love a woman and earn her love in return before the final petal fell off the rose , the curse would be broken , but if not he would remain a beast forever . The Beast turns to despair as the years pass by , with little hope of achieving this . As the enchanted rose reaches late bloom and slowly wilts , the first outsider is an old man named Maurice who accidentally stumbles upon the castle , being allowed inside by the servants for shelter . However , the Beast detains Maurice in the tower as a prisoner for trespassing and stealing a rose . Maurice 's horse returns back to the village , and then takes Maurice 's daughter Belle back to the castle . In the tower Belle confronts Beast and pleads with him to let her father go , offering herself as a prisoner instead , to which the Beast agrees in return for her promise never to leave . Being prodded by his servants into believing that she is the key to breaking the spell , the Beast shows flashes of compassion for the first time despite his overall gruff manner . For instance , he feels some remorse for ejecting her father without a proper farewell , and as an atonement he lets her stay in a furnished room rather than the tower dungeon and places the servants at her disposal . When she enters the castle 's forbidden west wing and nearly touches the rose , he frightens her into fleeing the castle via the woods , which he regrets upon realizing that he lost his temper , then he saves her from being killed by wild wolves . The Beast and Belle come to appreciate each other when she brings him back to the castle and tends to his wounds . He strikes up a friendship with her , by giving her the castle library and learns kindness and manners from her . Eventually , the Beast falls in love with Belle , and placing her happiness before his own , he releases her to tend to her sick father , a decision that disheartens him upon realizing that she had not yet returned his love which means that the curse remains unbroken . A mob from the village comes to storm the castle and kill the Beast , led by a rival suitor named Gaston . Beast is too miserable from Belle 's departure to respond to a challenge from Gaston , although his servants manage to beat back the villagers . Upon seeing Belle 's return to the castle , the Beast 's mood is roused and he duels Gaston upon the castle rooftops . The Beast uses guile to make up for his lack of weaponry , and remains unfazed by frequent taunts from Gaston , who proclaims that handsome appearance is the entitlement to Belle . The Beast eventually overpowers Gaston and intends to drop him until the hunter begs him not to . Not wanting to sink to Gaston 's level of behavior , the Beast decides to show mercy and spare Gaston on the condition that he immediately leave the castle . Belle then shows up on the balcony and the Beast climbs up to meet her ; however Gaston refuses to accept defeat and stabs the Beast from behind . Gaston loses his balance and falls from the castle roof to his death , but Belle manages to grab the Beast and pull him up . The Beast , knowing he is mortally wounded , expresses his appreciation to Belle for returning and being able to see her one last time , before falling unconscious and apparently succumbing to his injuries . Belle is able to tell the Beast that she loves him before the final petal falls . Then , Belle 's declaration of love for the Beast breaks the spell and transforms him back into the prince . Beauty and the Beast : the enchanted Christmas Main article : Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas In this film , which takes place not long after the Beast rescued Belle from the wolves , much to Beast 's frustration , Belle wants to celebrate Christmas and throw a real Christmas party . Beast hates the idea of Christmas , for it was the very day almost ten years ago when the Enchantress cast the spell on him and the entire castle . ( In contrast to the 1991 animated film where the Prince is depicted in stained - glass windows wearing royal regalia and armor before being cursed , the Prince in Enchanted Christmas is dressed simply in a white shirt and black breeches prior to his transformation . ) While Beast sits most of the preparations out , a treacherous servant plots to have Belle thrown out of the castle : Forte the Pipe Organ , since he is far more appreciated by the Beast while under the spell . Unknown to Beast , Belle writes him a special book which he does n't see until later on . She also meets Forte later on in a chance meeting . Forte tells her that Beast 's favorite Christmas tradition was the Christmas tree . Belle becomes frustrated , for no tree she has seen on the grounds has been tall enough to hang ornaments . Forte lies to Belle , saying that a perfect tree can be found in the woods beyond the castle . Reluctant to go against Beast 's orders that she never leave the castle , Belle leaves nonetheless in order to find the perfect tree . When Belle does not arrive to see Beast 's Christmas present to her , he begins to suspect that she is n't there at all . When Cogsworth , having been ordered to retrieve Belle , explains that the household can not find her , Beast becomes enraged . He goes to Forte to ask for advice , and Forte lies that Belle has abandoned him . Beast manages to find Belle and saves her in time from drowning after she fell through thin ice . Still believing that Belle disobeyed him by breaking her promise not to leave , Beast locks her into the dungeons to rot . But when Forte goads him into destroying the rose to end his suffering , Beast finds Belle 's book in the West Wing and reads it , coming to his senses and realizing that all Belle wants is for him to be happy . Releasing Belle from the dungeon and asking for her forgiveness , Beast prepares to join in the Christmas festivities . But Forte does n't give up and even goes as far as to attempt to destroy the entire castle with Beethoven 's 5th . Fortunately , Beast finds him in time and destroys his keyboard with Franz Schubert 's Symphony No 8 . Losing his balance ( and his pipes ) , Forte falls from the wall he is leaned up against and is silenced forever . Later , the castle and servants are arrayed in Christmas decorations when Belle and the Beast do their famous ballroom dance from the first film . The story flashes forward to the first Christmas after the spell is broken . The Prince and Belle give Chip , Mrs. Potts ' son , a book to read , which he loves . As the Prince and Belle come out to the balcony , he gives her something : a rose . Belle 's Magical world Main article : Belle 's Magical World In the final entry of the franchise , made up of four segments from a presumably failed television series , Belle teaches the Beast a thing or two about life itself , consideration and manners . He appears only in the first and fourth segments , and in a cameo in the third . In the first part , The Perfect Word , Beast and Belle have a bitter falling out at dinner when the Beast demands that Cogsworth open the windows to cool him down , despite the fact that he is the only one hot and there is a cold wind , and angrily strikes his servant , Webster , a long - tongued dictionary . Despite Lumiere and Cogsworth 's pleas , Beast refuses to apologise for his behaviour , until Webster , Crane and LePlume forge a letter of apology from the Beast to Belle . All is settled , until the Beast realises that it was a forgery . He furiously banishes Webster , Crane and LePlume from the castle , but Belle brings them back from the woods , and the Beast soon learns to forgive them , as their intentions were good . In the fourth part , The Broken Wing , the Beast loses his temper with Belle again when she brings an injured bird into the castle , as he dislikes birds . As he tries to chase the bird out , however , he falls over on the stairs and hits his head hard , stripping him of his hatred for birds . However , his selfishness still remains , and he locks the bird in a cage in his room , demanding that it sing for him whenever he demands it . The bird , terrified , refuses , until Belle teaches the Beast that the bird will only sing when happy . The Beast lets the bird out , and learns to consider others before himself . Earlier on , in the third segment , Mrs. Potts ' Party , the Beast makes several cameos sleeping in his bed in the West Wing . Dialogue between Lumiere and Cogsworth shows that he had spent the entire previous night mending leaks in the castle roof , and is still resting . An argument between Lumiere and Cogsworth about Mrs. Potts ' favourite flowers lead to them having to hide several bunches of flowers around the Beast 's bed . At one point , the Beast begins to smell one of the flowers and almost wakes up , but it is removed just in time , and he falls asleep again . In other Media Beast appears as a major Disney character in the bestselling video game series Kingdom Hearts . Kingdom Hearts In the first Kingdom Hearts , during a time in which the spell had not yet broken , Beast 's home is attacked by the Heartless , led by Maleficent , who take Belle captive . Determined to rescue Belle , Beast goes as far as to exploit the power of darkness and risk his own life to transport himself to Hollow Bastion , where Belle is being held captive with the other six Princesses of Heart . Upon arriving in Hollow Bastion , Beast is confronted by Riku , who challenges him to a duel and easily defeats him . Beast is saved at the last minute by Sora , Donald and Goofy , who are looking for Kairi . Allying himself with Sora , since Donald and Goofy have temporarily joined Riku , Beast fights the Heartless and protects Sora while they work their way into the Hollow Baston castle . Entering the castle , Beast , Sora , Donald and Goofy fight their way through until they encounter and defeat Maleficent , who transforms into her dragon form and challenges them once again , only to be defeated once more . The four heroes find Kairi , but the circumstances cause Sora , Donald , Goofy and Kairi to leave Hollow Bastion , and Beast states that he will not leave without Belle . Later on , Beast encounters Sora once again when he returns to Hollow Bastion to lock the Keyhole . During their second search , Beast and Sora find Belle , who embraces Beast and presents Sora with the Divine Rose Keychain . In the Final Mix version of the game , Beast allies himself with Sora once again to fight and defeat Xemnas ( then known as `` Unknown '' ) . Kingdom Hearts : Chain of memories In Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , Beast is merely a figment of Sora 's memories . He is once again separated from Belle , courtesy of Maleficent , but once more , Beast defeats Maleficent with Sora 's help and rescues Belle . Kingdom Hearts II After Sora defeats Ansem , all the previously attacked worlds are restored , including Beast 's Castle . Afterwards , Beast and Belle return to their home to carry on with their lives . However , the peace is shattered once again when Beast is approached by Xaldin of Organization XIII to do his bidding . Xaldin is determined to manipulate Beast into becoming a Heartless . If that happens , Beast will not only become a strong Heartless which Sora would have to destroy and feed to Kingdom Hearts , but also leave behind a powerful Nobody for Xaldin to use as he wishes ( just like what happened to Xehanort ) . Manipulated and controlled , Beast is forced to allow the Heartless into the castle and lock the entire servant staff in the dungeons , with Belle too scared to intervene . Beast starts mistreating Belle . When Sora , Donald and Goofy arrive , they are encountered by Beast , who attacks them without hesitation . Sora wins the battle , and Beast comes back to his senses thanks to his servants who were released by Sora . Xaldin appears to flee . Later on , during a ball , Xaldin returns and steals the rose , throwing Beast into a depression and causing him to ask Belle and Sora to leave his castle . However a pep talk from Sora spurs him back into action . Xaldin confronts them and sends his Nobodies at them . They fight the Nobodies off , but Xaldin escapes to the castle drawbridge with Belle and the rose . Belle manages to escape from Xaldin 's clutches with the rose , and Xaldin is then killed by Beast , Sora , Donald and Goofy . Belle gives Beast the rose but he is more relieved that she was n't hurt . Beast then bids a grateful farewell to Sora , and returns to a normal life with Belle , until the spell is finally broken and Beast turns back into a human at the end of the game ( a scene witnessed during the game 's credits following completion ) . Beast 's Limit attack for Kingdom Hearts II is Twin Howl , where he and Sora violently roar together and slash at enemies furiously . Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days In Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days , Beast appears along with his homeworld again . The missions in Beast 's Castle chronicle some of the events that occurred between Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II , such as Belle and Beast attempting to resume their normal lives and Beast 's first encounter with Xaldin . Broadway musical Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) The Beast appears in the Broadway musical adaptation of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast , originally portrayed by Terrence Mann . Other actors who have taken on the role include Chuck Wagner ( 1997 ) , James Barbour ( 1998 ) , Jeff McCarthy ( 2004 ) , and Steve Blanchard . The D show The movie and others never made mention of his real name . A CD - ROM game said `` The Prince 's name is Adam . '' Once upon a time In the 2011 ABC series Once Upon a Time , the show 's version of `` the Beast '' is actually another fairy tale character , Rumplestiltskin ( played by Robert Carlyle ) , who gains possession of Belle as part of a deal to save Belle 's kingdom from losing a war . I ( film ) Main article : I ( film ) Indian actor Vikram portrayed Beast for sequences in a dreamy song `` Ennodu Nee Irundhal '' in the 2015 Tamil language film `` I '' opposite Amy Jackson who portrayed Belle . The original prosthetic make - up for the characters were provided by Sean Foot ( Shaun ) and Davina Lamont and additional works were done by National Film Award winners -- Christien Tinsley and Dominie Till . Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 live action film ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) In March 2015 , English actor Dan Stevens was cast as the Beast in a live - action adaptation of the film , which was released on March 17 , 2017 . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The live - action portrayal closely follows the animated version , but with some differences . The backstory is expanded and reveals that the Prince 's mother died of an illness when he was a boy , leaving his father to raise him . He eventually grew up to be as vain , self - centered and arrogant as his father , and he taxed the villagers of his kingdom harshly . The Prince was hosting a debutante ball at his castle when a beggar woman appeared at his castle and offered a single rose as payment for shelter from an oncoming storm . The Prince turned her away twice , prompting the beggar to reveal herself to be an enchantress . The Enchantress placed a powerful spell upon the kingdom , turning the Prince into a beast and the servants into animated household objects , while also wiping all memory of the castle from the nearby village 's inhabitants . If the Beast was unable to love another and earn that person 's love in return , by the time the last petal on the enchanted rose fell , he would remain a beast forever , and in addition his servants would become inanimate antiques . The live - action version of the Beast is quite civilized in personality and mannerisms , in contrast to the Beast in the animated film which was originally quite primal in behavior . Although the Beast does not seem to have become increasing feral the longer the enchantment runs , in contrast to his animated counterpart from 1991 ( reflecting Don Hahn 's original intent for the Beast eventually grow wild if he never met Belle ) , it is his transformed servants who are gradually losing their remaining humanity while the castle deteriorates . The last rose petal falls before the curse is broken ; however , upon seeing Belle profess her love for the Beast , the enchantress reveals herself and lifts the spell on the castle and its inhabitants . Afterward , Prince and Belle host a ball for all the villagers . References Jump up ^ Schrager , Norm ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` Building a Beast : Interview with Disney Animator Glen Keane '' . Meet In The Lobby . Meet In The Lobby . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Noyer , Jérémie ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` Beauty And The Beast : Glen Keane on discovering the beauty in The Beast '' . Animated Views . Animated Views . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob : `` Academy Recognition : Beauty and the Beast '' , pages 127 - 131 . Disney 's Art of Animation : From Mickey Mouse to Hercules , 1997 Jump up ^ Good , Jeremiah ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) . `` The Royal Guest Rooms of Port Orleans Riverside - LaughingPlace.com '' . LaughingPlace.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast at IBDB.com '' . www.ibdb.com . Archived from the original on 2 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Haun , Harry ( 2007 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Playbill on Closing Night : Beauty and the Beast -- A Roaring Success '' . www.playbill.com . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ The D Show , Disney Interactive , 1998 ASIN B000031VV3 Jump up ^ I - Ennodu Nee Irundhaal Video - A.R. Rahman - Vikram - Shankar ( video ) . YouTube ( in Tamil ) . Sony Music India . 3 February 2015 . Event occurs at 0 : 12 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shankar has taken technology to a totally different level in Ai '' - PC Sreeram `` . Behindwoods.com. 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vikram stuns everyone with beast get - up '' . The Times of India . 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . External links Beast on IMDb ( hide ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beast_(Disney)&oldid=799284451 '' Categories : Disney 's Beauty and the Beast characters Kingdom Hearts characters Fictional characters introduced in 1991 Fictional French people Fictional hermits Fictional princes Fictional kings Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional characters who can move at superhuman speeds Hidden categories : CS1 Tamil - language sources ( ta ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 19 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the beats name in beauty and the beast
[ "The blue tail coat outfit is retained after he was restored back to human, which is meant to be a stark contrast to the royal regalia and armor he was depicted in before his curse. His human form is that of a tall and slender young man with auburn hair and soft cream colored skin while also retaining his bright blue eyes. As human he is simply known as the \"Prince\", as supervising animator Glen Keane stated that everyone on the production was too busy to give him an alternative name, however some licensed works such as the trivia video game The D Show (1998) have named him \"Prince Adam\". Disney has come to embrace the name, as seen in multiple pieces of merchandise as well as a plaque hung up in 2012 (and still hangs there as of 2017) in Walt Disney World's Port Orleans Riverside Royal Rooms that clearly states his name as \"Prince Adam.\" [4]" ]
[ "Prince Adam" ]
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Miss USA
Miss USA - Wikipedia Miss USA This is the current revision of this page , as edited by NewYorkActuary ( talk contribs ) at 04 : 32 , 29 August 2017 ( Reverted 2 edits by Hpcidaniello ( talk ) : Watermarked and not an appropriate `` fair use '' . ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 04 : 32 , 29 August 2017 by NewYorkActuary ( talk contribs ) ( Reverted 2 edits by Hpcidaniello ( talk ) : Watermarked and not an appropriate `` fair use '' . ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Miss America , Miss World America , Miss U.S. International , or Miss Earth United States . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The template Infobox organization is being considered for merging . '' Miss USA Formation 1952 Type Beauty pageant Headquarters New York City Location United States Membership Miss Universe Official language English President Paula Shugart Affiliations William Morris Endeavor Website missusa.com The Miss USA is an American beauty pageant that has been held annually since 1952 to select the American entrant in the Miss Universe pageant . The Miss Universe Organization operates both pageants , as well as Miss Teen USA . The pageant was owned by Donald Trump from 1996 to 2015 , and was previously broadcast on NBC . In September 2015 , WME / IMG purchased the pageant from Trump . Currently , Fox holds the broadcast rights for the pageant . The current Miss USA is Kára McCullough of the District of Columbia who was crowned on May 14 , 2017 in Las Vegas , Nevada . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Competition 3 State competitions 4 Winners 5 Recent titleholders 5.1 Winners ' gallery 6 Awards 7 Locations 8 Special feature episodes 9 Reality television 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) The Miss USA pageant was conceived in 1950 when Yolande Betbeze , winner of the rival Miss America pageant , refused to pose for publicity pictures while wearing a swimsuit . Pageant sponsor Catalina decided to pull their sponsorship off the pageant and create their own competition . Other owners have included a subsidiary of Gulf + Western Industries , ITT Corporation , and billionaire Donald Trump . The first Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants were held concurrently in Long Beach , California in 1952 ; the first Miss USA winner was Miss New York USA Jackie Loughery . There were thirty delegates in the first year of competition , and many states did not compete every year during the first two decades of the pageant 's history . From the 1970s , each state and the District of Columbia have sent a delegate each year . Alaska first competed in 1959 and Hawaii in 1960 . Both had competed at Miss Universe until this time . The pageant aired on CBS from 1963 until 2002 , and for many years was known for having a CBS game show host as pageant host . John Charles Daly hosted the show from 1963 -- 1966 , Bob Barker from 1967 ( he was not a regular for the CBS network until 1972 when he became host of The Price Is Right which he hosted until 2007 ) until 1987 ( at which point he quit in a dispute over fur coats ) , Alan Thicke in 1988 , Dick Clark from 1989 to 1993 , and Bob Goen from 1994 to 1996 . The show 's highest ratings were in the early 1980s , when it regularly topped the Nielsen ratings . Viewership dropped sharply from the 1990s to the 2000s , from an estimated viewership of 20 million to an average of 7 million from 2000 -- 2001 . In 2002 , owner Donald Trump brokered a new deal with NBC , giving them half - ownership of the Miss USA , Miss Universe and Miss Teen USA and moving them to NBC on an initial five - year contract . The pageants were first shown on NBC in 2003 . Historically , the winner of the Miss USA title represented the U.S. in its sister pageant Miss Universe . Since its inception , eight Miss USA titleholders have gone on to win Miss Universe . In the mid-1960s , the organization established a rule that when a Miss USA wins the Miss Universe title , the first runner - up assumes the Miss USA title for the remainder of the year . This occurred in 1980 , 1995 , 1997 , and 2012 . In 1967 , the first runner - up Susan Bradley of California declined the title and the crown went to the second runner - up Cheryl Patton of Florida . The only instance when a first runner - up assumed the title of Miss USA prior to this period was in 1957 , when Mary Leona Gage of Maryland resigned after it was discovered she was married . The winner is assigned a one - year contract with the Miss Universe Organization , traveling across the United States , and in some cases overseas , to spread messages about the control of diseases , peace , and public awareness of AIDS . Aside from the job , the winner also receives a cash allowance for her entire reign , a New York Film Academy scholarship , a modelling portfolio , beauty products , clothes , shoes , as well as styling , healthcare , and fitness services by different sponsors of the pageant . She also gains exclusive access to events such as fashion shows and opening galas , as well as access to casting calls and modeling opportunities throughout New York City . When Donald Trump owned the pageant , the winner was given the use of a Trump Place apartment in New York City during her reign , which she shared with the Miss Universe and Miss Teen USA titleholders . If the winner , for any reason , can not fulfill her duties as Miss USA , including if she wins the title of Miss Universe , the 1st runner - up takes over . See also : Miss USA 2015 § Controversy In late - June 2015 , both NBC and Spanish - language network Univision announced that they would cut their ties with Donald Trump and the Miss Universe Organization in response to remarks Trump made relating to undocumented immigrants during the launch of his 2016 U.S. presidential campaign , resulting in both Miss USA and Miss Universe being dropped from their schedules . NBCUniversal also plans to take steps to remove itself from the MUO joint venture . Trump threatened to sue both companies over the decision ; on June 30 , 2015 , Trump sued Univision for defamation and breach of contract . In February 2016 , Donald Trump and Univision reached a settlement ending the litigation . The terms of the settlement remain confidential . As a result , Miss USA 2015 was carried via a webcast on the pageant 's website . The pagent was sold to WME / IMG in September 2015 . On July 1 , digital cable network Reelz announced they would televise the 2015 pageant . In 2016 , Fox started broadcasting the pageant . Competition ( edit ) The modern pageant consists of a preliminary competition held a week before the pageant when all contestants are judged in swimsuit , gown , and interview competitions . State competitions ( edit ) Main article : List of Miss USA states and territories Every year , each state holds a preliminary competition to choose their delegate for the Miss USA pageant . In some states ( such as Texas and Florida ) , local pageants are also held to determine delegates for the state competition . The state winners hold the title `` Miss State USA '' for the year of their reign . The most successful state is Texas , which has had the most semi-finalists and winners , including five consecutive Miss USA titleholders during the 1980s . Other successful states include California , New York , Alabama , Tennessee , and Georgia . The least successful states are Delaware , placing only once in 2015 ; Montana , which has not placed since the 1950s ; South Dakota , which has only placed three times ( the last time in 2016 ) , and Wyoming , which gained only its second placement in 2010 . The only state which has produced more than one Miss Universe is South Carolina . The Miss Universe Organization licenses out the state pageants to pageant directors , who in some cases are responsible for more than one state . The directorial groups are the following : RPM Productions ( Alabama , Louisiana , North Carolina , South Carolina ) , Vanbros ( Arkansas , Illinois , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska , and Oklahoma ) . Future Productions ( Colorado , Iowa , Minnesota , North Dakota , South Dakota , Wisconsin , Wyoming ) . Pageant Associates ( Connecticut , Indiana , Pennsylvania , Vermont , West Virginia ) . Pageants NW Productions ( Idaho , Montana , Oregon , Washington ) . Crystal Group ( Texas ) . Greenwood Productions ( Georgia , Mississippi , Tennessee ) . D&D Productions ( Delaware , Maryland , New Jersey , Rhode Island ) . Proctor Productions ( Michigan , Ohio ) . Casting Crown Productions ( Arizona , Utah ) . Top 10 Productions ( California ) . Smoak Productions ( Nevada ) . Connie Clark Harrison ( Kentucky ) . KPJ Productions ( Virginia ) . Clemente Productions ( Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire ) . Garness Productions ( Alaska ) . New Media Productions ( Hawaii ) . Debbie Miller and Cindy Provost ( New York ) . Laura 's Productions ( New Mexico ) . Five Crown Pageant Productions ( District of Columbia ) . Winners ( edit ) The oldest woman to win Miss USA is Miss USA 2015 , Olivia Jordan of Oklahoma , at 26 years and 10 months old . The oldest woman to be crowned Miss USA is Miss USA 2012 , Nana Meriwether of Maryland , at 27 years old and 7 months . Meriwether succeeded Olivia Culpo who won the title of Miss Universe 2012 . The tallest Miss USA is Miss USA 2012 , Nana Meriwether , of Maryland at 6 feet and 1 inch ( 185 cm ) . The first Asian - American woman to win Miss USA was Macel Wilson of Hawaii in 1962 ; the first Latina was Laura Martinez - Herring of Texas in 1985 ; the first African - American , Carole Gist of Michigan in 1990 ; and the first Miss USA of Middle - Eastern descent was Rima Fakih of Michigan in 2010 . Brandi Sherwood of Idaho is the only woman to have held both the Miss Teen USA and Miss USA titles . She was Miss Idaho Teen USA , Miss Teen USA 1989 , Miss Idaho USA 1997 , first runner - up at Miss USA 1997 , and in May 1997 assumed the Miss USA title after Brook Lee of Hawaii won the Miss Universe pageant . Nine other Miss USA titleholders have also previously competed at Miss Teen USA . These include : Shanna Moakler ( 1995 ) , ( Miss Rhode Island Teen USA 1992 ) , Ali Landry ( 1996 ) , ( Miss Louisiana Teen USA 1990 ) , Kimberly Pressler ( 1999 ) ( Miss New York Teen USA 1994 ) , Lynnette Cole ( 2000 ) ( Miss Tennessee Teen USA 1995 ) , Susie Castillo ( 2003 ) ( Miss Massachusetts Teen USA 1998 ) , Chelsea Cooley ( 2005 ) ( Miss North Carolina Teen USA 2000 ) , Tara Conner ( 2006 ) ( Miss Kentucky Teen USA 2002 ) , Rachel Smith ( 2007 ) ( Miss Tennessee Teen USA 2002 ) , Alyssa Campanella ( 2011 ) ( Miss New Jersey Teen USA 2007 ) . Five Miss USA titleholders have also competed at Miss America . These included : Miriam Stevenson , Carlene King Johnson and Carol Morris ( 1954 -- 1956 ) , Mai Shanley ( 1984 ) , and Shandi Finnessey ( 2004 ) . Shandi Finnessey , Miss USA 2004 and Miss Missouri 2002 won a preliminary evening gown award at Miss America 2003 . Also , Miriam Stevenson placed in the top 10 at Miss America 1954 as Miss South Carolina 1953 . Many Miss USA winners have gone to pursue careers in the entertainment industry . Those who have been successful in the industry include Summer Bartholomew , Deborah Shelton , Laura Martinez - Herring , Kelli McCarty , Shanna Moakler , Frances Parker , Ali Landry , Kenya Moore , Brandi Sherwood , Kimberly Pressler , Susie Castillo , Shandi Finnessey , Rachel Smith , and Crystle Stewart . Recent titleholders ( edit ) For full list and details , see List of Miss USA titleholders . Year Miss USA State Host City Placement at Miss Universe 2017 Kára McCullough District of Columbia Las Vegas , Nevada TBA 2016 Deshauna Barber District of Columbia Las Vegas , Nevada Top 9 2015 Olivia Jordan Oklahoma Baton Rouge , Louisiana 2nd Runner - Up 2014 Nia Sanchez Nevada Baton Rouge , Louisiana 1st Runner - Up 2013 Erin Brady Connecticut Las Vegas , Nevada Top 10 Winners ' gallery ( edit ) Miss USA 2016 Deshauna Barber , District of Columbia Miss USA 2014 Nia Sanchez , Nevada Miss USA 2013 Erin Brady , Connecticut Miss USA 2012 Nana Meriwether , Maryland ( Became Miss USA after Olivia Culpo became Miss Universe 2012 ) . Miss Universe 2012 Olivia Culpo , Rhode Island . Miss USA 2011 Alyssa Campanella , California Miss USA 2010 Rima Fakih , Michigan Miss USA 2009 Kristen Dalton , North Carolina Miss USA 2008 Crystle Stewart , Texas Miss USA 2007 Rachel Smith , Tennessee Miss USA 2006 Tara Conner , Kentucky Miss USA 2005 Chelsea Cooley , North Carolina Miss USA 2004 Shandi Finnessey , Missouri Miss USA 2003 Susie Castillo , Massachusetts Miss USA 2002 Shauntay Hinton , District of Columbia Miss USA 2001 Kandace Krueger , Texas Miss Universe 1997 Brook Lee , Hawaii Miss USA 1996 Ali Landry , Louisiana Miss USA 1995 Shanna Moakler , New York ( Became Miss USA after Chelsi Smith became Miss Universe 1995 ) . Miss USA 1991 Kelli McCarty , Kansas Miss USA 1987 Michelle Royer , Texas Miss USA 1986 Christy Fichtner , Texas Miss USA 1985 Laura Harring , Texas Miss USA 1983 Julie Hayek , California Miss Universe 1980 Shawn Weatherly , South Carolina Miss Universe 1967 Sylvia Hitchcock , Alabama Miss Universe & Miss USA 1956 Carol Morris , Iowa Awards ( edit ) The awards most frequently presented at Miss USA are Miss Amity ( also known as Miss Congeniality ) and Miss Photogenic . The Miss Amity Award is chosen by the delegates , and recognizes those who are the friendliest and make the pageant experience the most enjoyable . From 1952 to 1964 , when the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants were concurrent events , the award could be won by a contestant competing either for Miss USA or Miss Universe . In fact , in 1960 , there was a tie , with the award going to Miss Universe Myanmar , Myint Myint May , and Miss Louisiana USA , Rebecca Fletcher . In 2015 , Alaska and Delaware tied for the Miss Congeniality award . Vermont has won five Miss Amity / Congeniality awards , two more than any other state . The Miss Photogenic prize was first awarded in 1965 and was chosen by journalists until 1996 when it was chosen by an internet vote for the first time . There has been only one tie in this award 's history : in 1980 , when it was shared between Jineane Ford of Arizona and Elizabeth Kim Thomas of Ohio . The state that has won the most Photogenic awards is Virginia . Louisiana won both the first Miss Amity and Photogenic awards given to a Miss USA contestant . Other awards that have been presented include Best State Costume ( 1962 -- 1993 ) , Style ( 1995 -- 2001 ) and Most Beautiful Eyes ( 1993 ) . In 1998 , a special Distinguished Achievement award was given to Halle Berry . Berry was Miss Ohio USA 1986 and placed 1st runner - up to Christy Fichtner of Texas . She later went on to become an acclaimed actress and Oscar winner . Locations ( edit ) In the first eight years of competition ( 1952 -- 1959 ) , the Miss USA pageant was held in Long Beach , California . The competition moved to Miami Beach , Florida in 1960 and stayed there until 1971 . In 1972 , the pageant was held in Puerto Rico , the only time the pageant has been held outside the continental United States . That pageant was rocked by an explosion at the host hotel . From 1972 onwards , the pageant has been held in various locations , generally being held in each location for two to three years . As of 2017 , the pageant has been held in the following states : Alabama ( Mobile 1989 ) , California , ( Long Beach 1952 -- 1959 , Los Angeles 2004 , 2007 ) , Florida ( Miami Beach 1960 -- 1971 , Lakeland 1984 -- 1985 , Miami 1986 ) , Indiana ( Gary 2001 -- 2002 ) , Kansas ( Wichita 1990 -- 1993 ) , Louisiana ( Shreveport 1997 -- 1998 and Baton Rouge 2014 -- 2015 ) , Maryland ( Baltimore 2005 -- 2006 ) , Missouri ( Branson 1999 -- 2000 ) , Mississippi ( Biloxi 1979 -- 1982 ) , Nevada ( Las Vegas 2008 -- 2013 , 2016 -- 2017 ) , New Mexico ( Albuquerque 1987 ) , New York ( New York City 1973 , Niagara Falls 1974 -- 1976 ) , South Carolina ( Charleston 1977 -- 1978 ) , Tennessee ( Knoxville 1983 ) , Texas ( El Paso 1988 , South Padre Island 1994 -- 1996 , San Antonio 2003 ) . Special feature episodes ( edit ) Since 2003 , a number of delegates have been involved in special episodes of regular programs broadcast by NBC . From 2003 -- 2005 , six delegates each year were chosen to participate in a special Miss USA edition of Fear Factor , with the victorious contestant taking the title `` Miss Fear Factor USA '' and a prize of $ 50,000 ( $25,000 of which was to be donated to a charity of the winner 's choice ) . These were broadcast immediately prior to the live pageant broadcast . In 2006 , Chelsea Cooley and twenty - six delegates participated as briefcase models in a Miss USA special of Deal or No Deal . In 2010 , ten Miss USA and Miss Universe winners competed for charity on a special `` Last Beauty Standing '' edition of Minute to Win It . Reality television ( edit ) Many Miss USA and Miss Teen USA delegates have participated in reality television shows and other television game shows . Well known delegates who later competed in reality shows are Danni Boatwright , winner of Survivor : Guatemala , Nicole O'Brian and Christie Lee Woods of The Amazing Race 5 , Shandi Finnessey and Shanna Moakler on Dancing with the Stars , Jennifer Murphy of The Apprentice 4 , and Tori Fiorenza of The Challenge : Cutthroat . In 2007 , Pageant Place , a reality television show featuring Rachel Smith , Riyo Mori , Hilary Cruz , Katie Blair , and Tara Conner aired on MTV . On June 19 , 2011 , Bravo Television 's Andy Cohen co-hosted the event 's 60th anniversary live in Las Vegas with E ! News and Fashion Police 's Giuliana Rancic . They also hosted the 2012 pageant . See also ( edit ) Miss U.S. International Miss World America Miss Earth United States Miss Teen USA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WME - IMG ACQUIRES THE MISS UNIVERSE ORGANIZATION '' . Miss Universe . September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Deam , Jenny ( 2005 - 10 - 11 ) . `` There she goes ... Miss America Once queen of the airwaves , beauty pageant is left homeless '' . Denver Post . p . F01 . Jump up ^ `` Gulf + Western Industries announces reorganization plan '' . PR Newswire. 1985 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 1996 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Trump buys Miss Universe , two other beauty pageants '' . The Globe and Mail . p . B14 . Jump up ^ Colon , Marisa ( 1999 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Long Beach , Calif. , Consultant Coaches Beauty Contestants '' . Press - Telegram . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 1980 - 05 - 21 ) . `` U.S. pulchritude tops TV charts '' . The Globe and Mail . p . P15 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 1982 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Pageant tops Nielsen ratings '' . The Globe and Mail . p . P15 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 1983 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Beauty pageant most - watched show '' . The Globe and Mail . p . P15 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( 2002 - 06 - 22 ) . `` There She Goes : Pageants Move to NBC '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Trump moves pageants from CBS to NBC '' . St. Petersburg Times . 2002 - 06 - 22 . p. 2B . Jump up ^ Froelich , Janis ( 1989 - 10 - 27 ) . `` News anchor shuns beauty queen past '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 1D . ^ Jump up to : `` USA Sherwood '' . Associated Press . 1997 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( 2007 - 06 - 21 ) . `` Are Trump 's Beauties at Home With the Camera ? They 'll Have to Be '' . Washington Post . p . C07 . Jump up ^ `` NBC : Done With Donald Trump , Miss USA , Miss Universe -- Update '' . Deadline . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump Hits Univision With $500 M Miss USA Lawsuit , Network Calls It `` Ridiculous '' -- Update `` . Deadline . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump & Univision Reach Settlement Surrounding Miss USA Pageant '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Miss USA To Be Streamed After NBC And Pageant Co-Hosts Bail '' . Deadline . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WME / IMG Acquires Miss Universe Organization From Donald Trump '' . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ http://mashable.com/2015/07/02/miss-usa-reelz/ Jump up ^ http://www.tvinsider.com/article/49807/miss-universe-and-miss-usa-pageants-to-air-on-fox/ Jump up ^ `` Beauty business -- as usual ; Miss USA contest fights the blemishes '' . USA Today . 1988 - 03 - 01 . p. 01D . Jump up ^ Associated press ( 1991 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Pair who groomed beauty queens fired as Miss Texas USA directors '' . The Dallas Morning News . p. 29A . Jump up ^ `` ' Royalty ' Happy Overseas '' . Albuquerque Journal . 2001 - 05 - 16 . p . D2 . Jump up ^ Knowles , David ( 2010 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Rima Fakih , First Muslim Miss USA - David Knowles - Paradigms Lost '' . True / Slant . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Shawnae Jebbia of Massachusetts Crowned `` Miss USA 1998 '' `` . Business Wire. 2007 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Explosion of undetermined cause rocks site of Miss USA pageant '' . New York Times Abstracts. 1972 - 05 - 21 . p. 35 . Jump up ^ `` Tori Hall Fiorenza Real World Challenge pictures , bio , dating '' . Poptower.com. 1986 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Lee , Felicia ( 2007 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Three Crowns Sharing One Apartment '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Andy Cohen on Hosting the Miss USA Pageant : I Want to Bring Out the Competition - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com. 2011 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Miss USA 2012 : Olivia Culpo Crowned , Beats Latina Beauties Fox News Latino '' . Latino.foxnews.com. 2012 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miss USA . Official website ( show ) Miss Universe Organization Miss Universe Miss USA Miss Teen USA ( show ) Miss USA 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Miss Universe Organization Titleholders ( show ) Miss USA state pageants Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming ( show ) Miss Universe participant countries and territories ( hide ) Active ( 1952 -- present ) Albania Angola Argentina Aruba Australia Austria Bahamas Barbados Belgium Belize Bolivia Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Bulgaria Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cayman Islands Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Curaçao Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia Finland France Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Great Britain Greece Guam Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea Kosovo Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Lithuania Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mexico Montenegro Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Romania Russia Serbia Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka St. Lucia Sweden Switzerland Tanzania Thailand Trinidad & Tobago Turkey Turks & Caicos Ukraine Uruguay United States US Virgin Islands Venezuela Vietnam Zambia ( hide ) Inactive since 2014 ( under IMG / WMG ) American Samoa ( 1978 ) Antigua & Barbuda ( 2008 ) Azerbaijan ( 2013 ) Benin ( 1962 ) Bermuda ( 1997 ) Bonaire ( 1999 ) Chinese Taipei ( 2004 ) Cook Islands ( 1999 ) Cote d'Ivoire ( 1986 ) Cuba ( 1967 ) Cyprus ( 2012 ) Dominica ( 1985 ) Democratic Republic of Congo ( 1986 ) Estonia ( 2013 ) Fiji ( 1981 ) Gambia ( 1986 ) Gibraltar ( 1990 ) Grenada ( 1964 ) Jordan ( 1960 ) Latvia ( 2006 ) Lesotho ( 1978 ) Liberia ( 1977 ) Luxembourg ( 1994 ) Madagascar ( 1961 ) Micronesia ( 1975 ) Morocco ( 1978 ) Northern Marianas ( 2006 ) Papua New Guinea ( 1986 ) Samoa ( 1986 ) Senegal ( 1987 ) Seychelles ( 1995 ) St. Kitts & Nevis ( 1981 ) St. Maarten ( 1982 ) St. Vincent and the Grenadines ( 2006 ) Suriname ( 1999 ) Swaziland ( 1994 ) Tunisia ( 1971 ) Vanuatu ( 1978 ) Zimbabwe ( 2001 ) ( hide ) Inactive territories and dependencies ( 1952 -- 2000 ) Region of China Hong Kong ( 1952 -- 2000 ) Constituent country of Denmark Greenland ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Overseas regions of France French Guiana ( 1977 -- 1984 ) Guadeloupe ( 1977 -- 1984 ) Martinique ( 1957 -- 1984 ) New Caledonia ( 1982 ) Réunion ( 1977 -- 1986 ) St. Matin ( 2000 - 2006 ) Tahiti ( 1962 -- 1985 ) Part of United Kingdom England ( 1955 -- 1990 ) Scotland ( 1961 -- 1990 ) Wales ( 1961 - 1990 ) Part of Japan Okinawa ( 1963 - 1968 ) Bantustans of South Africa Bophuthatswana ( 1979 ) Transkei ( 1979 - 1983 ) Territories of United States Alaska ( 1952 - 1958 ) Hawaii ( 1952 - 1959 ) ( show ) Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Grit ( since 2016 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( since 2013 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) The Exorcist ( since 2016 ) The F Word ( since 2017 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Home Free ( since 2015 ) Hotel Hell ( since 2012 ) The Last Man on Earth ( since 2015 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) Lucifer ( since 2016 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) The Mick ( since 2017 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) New Girl ( since 2011 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) Wayward Pines ( since 2015 ) The X-Files ( 1993 -- 2002 ; since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming 9 - 1 - 1 ( TBA ) Famous ( TBA ) Ghosted ( 2017 ) The Gifted ( 2017 ) L.A. to Vegas ( TBA ) The Orville ( 2017 ) The Resident ( TBA ) See also 4Kids TV Fox Kids Speed on Fox Weekend Marketplace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miss_USA&oldid=797782282 '' Categories : 1952 establishments in California American awards Beauty pageants in the United States CBS network shows Miss Universe Organization Miss USA NBC network shows Recurring events established in 1952 Miss Universe by country Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons العربية Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 04 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who competes in miss universe miss america or miss usa
[ "The Miss USA is an American beauty pageant that has been held annually since 1952 to select the American entrant in the Miss Universe pageant. The Miss Universe Organization operates both pageants, as well as Miss Teen USA." ]
[ "Miss USA" ]
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Jim Tavaré
Jim Tavaré - wikipedia Jim Tavaré Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jim Tavaré Jim Tavaré ( 1963 - 04 - 30 ) 30 April 1963 ( age 54 ) Essex , England Medium Stand - up , television Website jimtavare.org Jim Tavaré ( / ˈtævəreɪ / ; born 30 April 1963 ) is an English stand - up comedian , actor , and musician . He is best known for his work on The Sketch Show on ITV , which won a BAFTA award . He played the role of Tom ( the owner of the Leaky Cauldron ) in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , and has appeared in several music videos , including Roots Manuva 's `` Too Cold '' , McFly 's `` It 's All About You '' ( for BBC Comic Relief ) , Phoenix Foundation 's `` Thames Soup '' , and Letlive 's `` Banshee '' . Life and career ( edit ) Tavaré was born in Essex , England in 1963 . When he was 7 , he and his family moved to Cheshire , where he eventually attended art school in Northwich . After finishing his art studies , he moved to London , where he worked with Corin Redgrave . As a result , he successfully auditioned for and attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . Tavaré 's first film appearance was as a student in Another Country ( 1984 ) with Rupert Everett and Colin Firth . Although uncredited , he was a featured extra appearing in numerous scenes throughout the film . Tavaré was Colin Firth 's stand - in for the duration of the film . Charles Spencer , Diana , Princess of Wales 's brother , was also an uncredited extra . Tavaré eventually branched out into stand - up comedy with a unique act which featured his double bass , an instrument he had learned to play during his childhood . In 1995 , Tavaré wrote and starred in a series of short silent films for BBC2 , titled Jim Tavaré Pictures Presents . On Channel Five , he had a skit series of his own that he co-wrote with Ricky Gervais , called The Jim Tavaré Show . He appeared three times in the Royal Variety Performance and subsequently worked for Prince Charles at several private engagements , including at a private Christmas party and at a gala held at Highgrove in front of Queen Elizabeth II and 13 other crowned heads of state . He became renowned in the UK as Prince Charles 's favourite comedian . Following an appearance at the Montreal Just For Laughs festival , CBS commissioned a special episode of the American series Wings based on and written entirely around his comedy act . Tavaré starred in this episode , which was called `` Take My Life Please '' . Tavaré co-wrote and appeared in the BAFTA - winning ITV series The Sketch Show , alongside Lee Mack , Tim Vine , Ronni Ancona , Karen Taylor , and Kitty Flanagan . In 2004 , Tavaré appeared in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban as Tom the Innkeeper . In 2008 , he finished in fourth place on Last Comic Standing 6 , having been the only overseas act ever to have reached the final show . He performed a 63 - date national tour with the other four Last Comic Standing finalists throughout the US . He appeared in the fifth series of the David Duchovny comedy - drama Californication as an English butler to a hip - hop mogul played by Wu - Tang Clan frontman RZA . He made a guest - star appearance in season 5 of the comedy and spy drama Chuck , the TV show Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , and on Comedy Central 's Tosh. 0 . In September 2013 , he began filming the role of The Dog Catcher in Syco Entertainment 's feature film Pudsey : The Movie alongside David Walliams , Jessica Hynes , and John Sessions . In 2014 , Tavaré appeared in Camp Abercorn , a web series that depicts a fictional Boy Scouts of America camp and how one of its gay staff members deals with their exclusion policy . In March 2017 , Tavaré was in an intensive care unit after being injured in a collision with a car . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://directors.findthecompany.co.uk/l/5665618/Mr-Jim-Tavare Jump up ^ `` An exclusive interview with -- Jim Tavaré by Pete Austin '' . 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Julian ( 2015 - 07 - 23 ) . Keeping Quiet : Visual Comedy in the Age of Sound . Andrews UK Limited . ISBN 9781909183834 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter actor Jim Tavare is back home after breaking his neck in a car crash - BBC Newsbeat '' . BBC Newsbeat. 2017 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Tavaré '' . Lease Movies . Archived from the original on 8 August 2014 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter actor Jim Tavare in intensive care with broken neck and punctured lung '' . BBC News . 9 March 2017 . Sources ( edit ) Sit - Down Comedy ( contributor to anthology , ed . Malcolm Hardee & John Fleming ) Ebury Press / Random House , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 188924 - 3 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 188924 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Jim_Tavaré&oldid = 809658986 '' Categories : 1963 births Living people 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors 20th - century British comedians 21st - century British comedians Actors from Cheshire Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art English double - bassists English male comedians English male film actors English male television actors Last Comic Standing contestants Male actors from Essex People from Cheshire ( before 1974 ) Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2013 BLP articles lacking sources from September 2011 All BLP articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 15 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who did jim tavare play in harry potter
[ "Jim Tavaré (/ˈtævəreɪ/; born 30 April 1963)[1] is an English stand-up comedian, actor, and musician. He is best known for his work on The Sketch Show on ITV, which won a BAFTA award. He played the role of Tom (the owner of the Leaky Cauldron) in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, and has appeared in several music videos, including Roots Manuva's \"Too Cold\", McFly's \"It's All About You\" (for BBC Comic Relief), Phoenix Foundation's \"Thames Soup\", and Letlive's \"Banshee\"." ]
[ "Tom (the owner of the Leaky Cauldron)" ]
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History of Costa Rica
History of Costa Rica - wikipedia History of Costa Rica Jump to : navigation , search The first natives in Costa Rica were hunters and gatherers , and Costa Rica served as an `` Intermediate Region '' between Mesoamerican and Andean native cultures . In 1502 , Christopher Columbus made landfall in Costa Rica . Soon after , his forces overcame the indigenous people . He incorporated the territory into the Captaincy General of Guatemala as a province of New Spain in 1524 . For the next 300 years , Costa Rica was a colony of Spain . As a result , Costa Rica 's culture has been greatly influenced by the culture of Spain . During this period , Costa Rica remained sparsely developed and impoverished . Following the Mexican War of Independence ( 1810 -- 1821 ) , Costa Rica became part of the independent Mexican Empire in 1821 . Subsequently , Costa Rica was part of the Federal Republic of Central America in 1823 , before gaining full independence in 1838 . Its economy struggled due to lack of connections with European suppliers . In 1856 , Costa Rica resisted American settlers from mounting a take - over of the government . After 1869 , Costa Rica established a democratic government . After the Costa Rican Civil War in 1948 , the government drafted a new constitution , guaranteeing universal suffrage and the dismantling of the military . Today , Costa Rica is a democracy that relies on technology and eco-tourism for its economy . Although poverty has declined since the turn of the 21st century , economic problems still exist . Costa Rica is facing problems of underemployment , foreign and internal debt , and a trade deficiency . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-Columbian Costa Rica 1.1 Hunter - gatherers ( 10,000 -- 2,000 BC ) 2 Spanish colonization 3 Independence from Spain 4 United Provinces of Central America 5 Democracy 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Pre-Columbian Costa Rica ( edit ) Main article : Pre-Columbian history of Costa Rica Pre-Columbian Ceramics from Nicoya , Costa Rica In Pre-Columbian times , the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of a cultural complex known as the `` Intermediate Area , '' between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions . The northwest of the country , the Nicoya Peninsula , was the southernmost point of Nahuatl cultural influence when the Spanish conquerors ( conquistadores ) came in the sixteenth century . The central and southern portions of the country had Chibcha influences . The indigenous people have influenced modern Costa Rican culture to a relatively small degree . In the years soon after European encounter , many of the people died due to infectious diseases , such as measles and smallpox , which were endemic among the Europeans but to which they had no immunity . Hunter - gatherers ( 10,000 -- 2,000 BC ) ( edit ) The oldest evidence of human occupation in Costa Rica is associated with the arrival of groups of hunter - gatherers about 10,000 to 7,000 years BC , with ancient archaeological evidence ( stone tool making ) located in the Turrialba Valley , at sites called Guardiria and Florence , with matching quarry and workshop areas with presence of type clovis spearheads and South American inspired arrows . All this suggests the possibility that in this area two different cultures coexisted . The people of this era were nomadic . They were organized in family - based bands of about 20 to 30 members . Their usual prey animals were called megafauna , such as giant armadillos and sloths , mastodons , etc . These became extinct about 8,000 years before the modern era . The first settlers had to adapt to hunting smaller animals and develop appropriate strategies to adjust to the new conditions . Spanish colonization ( edit ) The colonial period began when Christopher Columbus reached the eastern coast of Costa Rica on his fourth voyage on September 18 , 1502 . Numerous subsequent Spanish expeditions followed , eventually leading to the first Spanish colony in Costa Rica , Villa Bruselas founded in 1524 . Violent uprising of Indians in Talamanca region , 1709 During most of the colonial period , Costa Rica was the southernmost province of the Captaincy General of Guatemala , which was nominally part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( i.e. , Mexico ) . In practice it operated as a largely autonomous entity within the Spanish Empire . Costa Rica 's distance from the capital in Guatemala , its legal prohibition under Spanish law against trading with its southern neighbors in Panama , then part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada ( i.e. , Colombia ) , and the lack of resources such as gold and silver , resulted in Costa Rica attracting few inhabitants . It was a poor , isolated , and sparsely inhabited region within the Spanish Empire . a Spanish governor in 1719 described Costa Rica as `` the poorest and most miserable Spanish colony in all America . '' The area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for forced labor , which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land . This prevented the establishment of large haciendas . For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own . The small landowners ' relative poverty , the lack of a large indigenous labor force , the population 's ethnic and linguistic homogeneity , and Costa Rica 's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes , all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society . Even the Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty . Independence from Spain ( edit ) José María Castro Madriz formally declared Costa Rica as independent from the Federal Republic of Central America in 1848 . In the early 19th century , Napoleon 's occupation of Spain led to the outbreak of revolts all across Spanish America . In New Spain , all of the fighting by those seeking independence was done in the center of that area from 1810 to 1821 , what today is central Mexico . Once the Viceroy was defeated in the capital city -- today Mexico City -- in 1821 , the news of independence was sent to all the territories of New Spain , including the Intendencies of the former Captaincy of Guatemala . Costa Rica joined the other Central American Intendancies in a joint declaration of independence from Spain , the 1821 Act of Independence . On October 13 , 1821 the documents arrived at Cartago , and an emergency meeting was called upon by Governor Juan Manuel de Cañas . There were many ideas on what to do upon gaining independence , such as joining Mexico , joining Guatemala or Nueva Granada ( today Colombia ) . A group was declared ( Junta de Legados ) , which created the temporary Junta Gubernativa Superior . Meanwhile , `` the clouds clear up '' ( `` Mientras se aclaraban los nublados del día '' ) , was a famous phrase of the events of the day . Independence from Spain was acknowledged and ratified on October 29 , 1821 by the colonial authorities . It was then ratified in the cities of San José on November 1 , 1821 , at Cartago on November 3rd , 1821 , at Heredia on November 11 , 1821 , and Alajuela on November 25th , 1821 . After the declaration of independence , the New Spain parliament intended to establish a commonwealth whereby the King of Spain , Ferdinand VII , would also be Emperor of New Spain , but in which both countries were to be governed by separate laws and with their own legislative offices . Should the king refuse the position , the law provided for a member of the House of Bourbon to accede to the New Spain throne . Ferdinand VII did not recognize the colony 's independence and said that Spain would not allow any other European prince to take the throne of New Spain . By request of Parliament , the president of the regency , Agustín de Iturbide , was proclaimed emperor of New Spain , which was renamed as Mexico . The Mexican Empire was the official name given to this monarchical regime from 1821 to 1823 . The territory of the Mexican Empire included the continental intendancies and provinces of New Spain proper ( including those of the former Captaincy General of Guatemala ) ( See : History of Central America ) . United Provinces of Central America ( edit ) In 1823 , a revolution in Mexico ousted Emperor Agustín de Iturbide . A new Mexican congress voted to allow the Central American Intendancies to decide their own fate . That year , the United Provinces of Central America was formed of the five Central American Intendancies under General Manuel José Arce . The Intendancies took the new name of States . The United Provinces federation , not strongly united to begin with , rapidly disintegrated under the pressures of intra-provincial rivalries . Following full independence in 1838 , Costa Rica had no regular trade routes established to export their coffee to European markets . They had problems with lack of infrastructure producing problems in transportation : the coffee - growing areas were mainly in the Central Valley and had access only to the port of Puntarenas on the Pacific Coast . Before the Panama Canal was opened , ships from Europe had to sail around Cape Horn in order to get to the Pacific Coast . In 1843 , the country established a trade route to Europe with the help of William Le Lacheur , a Guernsey merchant and shipowner . In 1856 , William Walker , an American filibuster , began incursions into Central America . After landing in Nicaragua , he proclaimed himself as president of Nicaragua and re-instated slavery , which had been abolished . He intended to expand into Costa Rica and after he entered that territory , the country declared war against his forces . Led by Commander in Chief of the Army of Costa Rica , President Juan Rafael Mora Porras , the filibusters were defeated and forced out of the country . Costa Rican forces followed the filibusters into Rivas , Nicaragua , where in a final battle , William Walker and his forces were finally pushed back . Juan Santamaría , a drummer boy from Alajuela who lost his life torching the filibusters ' stronghold , was killed in this final battle . He is today remembered as a national hero . Democracy ( edit ) An era of peaceful democracy in Costa Rica began in 1869 with elections . Costa Rica has avoided much of the violence that has plagued Central America . Since the late nineteenth century , only two brief periods of violence have marred its democratic development . In 1917 -- 19 , Federico Tinoco Granados ruled as a dictator . In 1948 , José Figueres Ferrer led an armed uprising in the wake of a disputed presidential election . `` With more than 2,000 dead , the 44 - day Costa Rican Civil War resulting from this uprising was the bloodiest event in twentieth - century Costa Rican history . '' The victorious junta drafted a constitution guaranteeing free elections with universal suffrage and the abolition of the military . Figueres became a national hero , winning the first election under the new constitution in 1953 . Since then Costa Rica has been one of the few democracies to operate without a standing army . The nation has held 16 successive presidential elections , all peaceful , the latest being in 2014 . Costa Rica 's economy went under a transformation in 1978 . The country went from being `` an economic development success story '' to entering a severe socio - economic crisis . Costa Rica relied on the exportation of bananas and coffee . In 1978 , coffee prices dropped , and its revenues declined . In 1979 , the price of oil , a main imported item , increased sharply and rapidly , plunging the country into crisis . In order to help improve the economy , President Rodrigo Carazo continued to borrow money internationally . In return , this led the country to be more in debt . Once a largely agricultural country , Costa Rica has transformed to relying on technology industry and services , and eco-tourism . Costa Rica 's major source of export income is technology based . Microsoft , Motorola , Intel and other technology - related firms have established operations in Costa Rica . Local companies create and export software as well as other computer - related products . Tourism is growing at an accelerated pace , and many believe that income from this tourism may soon become the major contributor to the nation 's GDP . Traditional agriculture , particularly coffee and bananas , continues to be an important part of Costa Rica 's exports . A Pre-Columbian incense burner with a crocodile lid ( 500 - 1350 CE ) . See also ( edit ) List of Presidents of Costa Rica Politics of Costa Rica General : History of Central America Spanish colonization of the Americas References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Costa Rica . '' Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia ( 2014 ) : 1p. 1. ; accessed 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Greater Nicoya Culture - Precolumbian culture of Costa Rica and Nicaragua Nicoya Jump up ^ The Story Of ... Smallpox Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 1 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Costa Rica : Colonial Times '' . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Shafer , D. Michael ( 1994 ) . Winners and losers : how sectors shape the developmental prospects of states . Ithaca , N.Y. : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8188 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica -- Cartago '' . Costarica.com. 2009 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Mi Patria , Fascículo # 5 , `` Acta de la Independencia de Costa Rica '' , La Nación , September 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ history of costa rica Jump up ^ The Biography of William Walker Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived November 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Sawchuk , Dana M. The Costa Rican Catholic Church , Social Justice , And The Rights Of Workers , 1979 -- 1996 . ( Electronic Resource ) . n.p. : Waterloo , Ont . : Wilfrid Laurier University Press , 2004 ( Baltimore , Md . : Project MUSE 2012 ) ( Baltimore , Md . : Project MUSE , 2014 ) , 2012 . Louisiana State University . Web . 19 February 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Charles Knight , ed. ( 1866 ) . `` Republic of Costa Rica '' . Geography . English Cyclopaedia. 2 . London : Bradbury , Evans , & Co . External links ( edit ) History of the Republic of Costa Rica from `` Costa Rica Handbook '' by Christopher Baker Costa Rican Archaeology Brief History of Costa rica.com Early History of Costa Rica Democracy in Costa Rica Costa Rica Civil War Costa Rica articles History Pre-Columbian history New Granada Captaincy General ( Guatemalan ) Federal Republic of Central America Civil War ( 1948 ) Geography Cities Deforestation Earthquakes Islands Mountains National parks Rivers Water resources Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Administrative divisions Elections Foreign relations International rankings Legislative Assembly Deputies Military Political parties Presidents Public finances Supreme Court Mayors Economy Agriculture Colón ( currency ) Telecommunications Tourism Transport Unions Society Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Languages Religion Water supply and sanitation Culture Anthem Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Media Music Public holidays Sport Outline Index Portal History of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Costa_Rica&oldid=804591014 '' Categories : History of Costa Rica Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Deutsch Español Français Ido Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 00 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did costa rica gain independence from spain
[ "Independence from Spain was acknowledged and ratified on October 29, 1821 by the colonial authorities. It was then ratified in the cities of San José on November 1, 1821, at Cartago on November 3rd, 1821, at Heredia on November 11, 1821, and Alajuela on November 25th, 1821.[8]" ]
[ "October 29, 1821" ]
-6399009345067008450
List of FIFA World Cup finals
List of FIFA World Cup finals - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup finals For a list of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals , see List of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals . List of FIFA World Cup finals France celebrating after their win against Croatia in the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final Founded 1930 Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 204 ( qualifiers ) 32 ( finals ) Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930 . It is contested by the men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The tournament has taken place every four years , except in 1942 and 1946 , when the competition was cancelled due to World War II . The most recent World Cup , hosted by Russia in 2018 , was won by France , who beat Croatia 4 -- 2 in regulation time . The World Cup final match is the last of the competition , and the result determines which country is declared world champions . If after 90 minutes of regular play the score is a draw , an additional 30 - minute period of play , called extra time , is added . If such a game is still tied after extra time , it is then decided by a penalty shoot - out . The team winning the penalty shoot - out are then declared champions . The tournament has been decided by a one - off match on every occasion except 1950 , when the tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil was the decisive match ( and one of the last two matches of the tournament ) which put them ahead on points and ensured that they finished top of the group as world champions . Therefore , this match is regarded by FIFA as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . In the 21 tournaments held , 79 nations have appeared at least once . Of these , 13 have made it to the final match , and eight have won . With five titles , Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament . Italy and Germany have four titles . Current champion France , along with past champions Uruguay and Argentina , have two titles each , while England and Spain have one each . The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy , and their name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy . The 1970 and 1994 , along with the 1986 , 1990 and 2014 games are to date the only matches competed by the same teams ( Brazil -- Italy and Argentina -- Germany respectively ) . As of 2018 , the 1934 final remains the latest final to have been between two teams playing their first final . The final match of the most recent tournament in Russia took place at the country 's biggest sports complex , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow . The 1930 and the 1966 games are the only ones that did not take place on a Sunday . The former did on a Wednesday and the latter on a Saturday . As of 2018 , only nations from Europe and South America have competed in a World Cup final . Six nations have won the final as host : Uruguay , Italy , England , Germany , Argentina and France . Two nations have lost the final as host : Brazil and Sweden . Contents 1 List of finals 2 Results 3 Footnotes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links List of finals ( edit ) 1930 1978 1950 , 2014 1962 1966 1938 , 1998 2006 1934 , 1990 2002 1970 , 1986 1982 1958 1954 1994 2018 2022 Locations of FIFA World Cup finals Key to the list of finals Match was won during extra time Match was won on a penalty shoot - out The `` Year '' column refers to the year the World Cup was held , and wikilinks to the article about that tournament . The wikilinks in the `` Final score '' column point to the article about that tournament 's final game . Links in the `` Winners '' and `` Runners - up '' columns point to the articles for the national football teams of the countries , not the articles for the countries . List of finals matches , their venues and locations , the finalists , and final scores Year Winners Final score Runners - up Venue Location Attendance References 1930 Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Estadio Centenario Montevideo , Uruguay 80,000 1934 Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Nazionale PNF Rome , Italy 50,000 1938 Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Stade Olympique de Colombes Paris , France 45,000 1950 Uruguay 2 -- 1 Brazil Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 199,854 1954 West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Wankdorf Stadium Bern , Switzerland 60,000 1958 Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden Råsunda Stadium Solna , Sweden 51,800 1962 Brazil 3 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Estadio Nacional Santiago , Chile 69,000 1966 England 4 -- 2 West Germany Wembley Stadium London , England 93,000 1970 Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 107,412 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Olympiastadion Munich , West Germany 75,200 1978 Argentina 3 -- 1 Netherlands Estadio Monumental Buenos Aires , Argentina 71,483 1982 Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Madrid , Spain 90,000 1986 Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 114,600 1990 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 73,603 1994 Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy Rose Bowl Pasadena , United States 94,194 1998 France 3 -- 0 Brazil Stade de France Saint - Denis , France 80,000 2002 Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany International Stadium Yokohama , Japan 69,029 2006 Italy 1 -- 1 France Olympiastadion Berlin , Germany 69,000 Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands Soccer City Johannesburg , South Africa 84,490 2014 Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 74,738 2018 France 4 -- 2 Croatia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 78,011 Upcoming finals Year Team 1 Team 2 Venue Location Attendance References 2022 Lusail Iconic Stadium Lusail , Qatar 2026 TBD United States Results ( edit ) Map of winning countries Results by nation National team Wins Runners - up Total finals Years won Years runners - up Brazil 5 7 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 1950 , 1998 Germany 8 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 Italy 6 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 1970 , 1994 Argentina 5 1978 , 1986 1930 , 1990 , 2014 France 1998 , 2018 2006 Uruguay 0 1930 , 1950 -- England 0 1966 -- Spain 0 -- Netherlands 0 -- 1974 , 1978 , 2010 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1934 , 1962 Hungary 0 -- 1938 , 1954 Sweden 0 -- 1958 Croatia 0 -- 2018 Results by confederation Confederation Appearances Winners Runners - up UEFA 28 12 16 CONMEBOL 14 9 5 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This follows FIFA 's consideration that the national teams of West Germany / Germany , Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic , Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro / Serbia , and USSR / Russia are combined respectively for record - keeping . Jump up ^ Technically the 1958 final was also between two first timers , but Brazil 's 1950 group game defeat is generally counted as a previous `` final '' appearance for the team . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ The 1950 FIFA World Cup did not have a final , rather , the tournament was decided by a 4 - team round robin phase . Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage . Jump up ^ Score was 2 -- 2 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 120 minutes . Brazil won 3 -- 2 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 120 minutes . Italy won 5 -- 3 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . See also ( edit ) List of FIFA World Cup opening matches FIFA World Cup referees References ( edit ) Book : FIFA World Cup General `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Laws of the Game '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 3 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Spotlight on Brazil '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil ( World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil ) '' . Globo TV . 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11174070/Russias-Luzhniki-Stadium-ahead-of-schedule-for-2018-World-Cup-Final.html Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1934 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Italy 1934 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1938 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Janela , Mike ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Brazil 1950 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Switzerland 1954 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Sweden 1958 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Chile 1962 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- England 1966 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1970 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- West Germany 1974 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 12 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Argentina 1978 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Spain 1982 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1986 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Italy 1990 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1994 FIFA World Cup USA '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- USA 1994 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1998 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Japan & South Korea 2002 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zidane off as Italy win World Cup '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netherlands 0 -- 1 Spain ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estadio Do Maracana , Rio de Janeiro '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup Final venues Estadio Centenario ( 1930 ) Stadio Nazionale PNF ( 1934 ) Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir ( 1938 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 1950 ) Wankdorf Stadium ( 1954 ) Råsunda Stadium ( 1958 ) Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos ( 1962 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1966 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1970 ) Olympiastadion ( 1974 ) Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti ( 1978 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1982 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1986 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1990 ) Rose Bowl ( 1994 ) Stade de France ( 1998 ) International Stadium Yokohama ( 2002 ) Olympiastadion ( 2006 ) FNB Stadium ( 2010 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 2014 ) Luzhniki Stadium ( 2018 ) Lusail Iconic Stadium ( 2022 ) TBA ( 2026 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals&oldid=854075621 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup - winning countries Lists of FIFA World Cup matches Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who won the last fifa world cup soccer championship
[ "List of FIFA World Cup finals\nFrance celebrating after their win against Croatia in the 2018 FIFA World Cup FinalFounded\n1930Region\nInternational (FIFA)Number of teams\n204 (qualifiers)32 (finals)Current champions\n France (2nd title)Most successful team(s)\n Brazil (5 titles)" ]
[ "France" ]
7019791715426738186
Eight Below
Eight Below - wikipedia Eight Below Not to be confused with 6 Below : Miracle on the Mountain . Eight Below Theatrical release poster Directed by Frank Marshall Produced by Patrick Crowley David Hoberman Screenplay by David DiGillio Based on Antarctica by Toshirô Ishidô Koreyoshi Kurahara Tatsuo Nogami Susumu Saji Starring Paul Walker Bruce Greenwood Moon Bloodgood Jason Biggs Music by Mark Isham Cinematography Don Burgess Edited by Christopher Rouse Production company Walt Disney Pictures Spyglass Entertainment Mandeville Films The Kennedy / Marshall Company Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date February 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 17 ) Running time 120 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $120.5 million Eight Below is a 2006 American survival drama film based on Antarctica by Toshirô Ishidô , Koreyoshi Kurahara , Tatsuo Nogami and Susumu Saji . It was produced by Patrick Crowley and David Hoberman , directed by Frank Marshall with music by Mark Isham and written by David DiGilio . It stars Paul Walker , Bruce Greenwood , Moon Bloodgood , and Jason Biggs . It was released theatrically on February 17 , 2006 , by Walt Disney Pictures in the United States . The film is set in Antarctica , but was filmed in Svalbard , Norway , Greenland , and British Columbia , Canada . The film received positive reviews from critics and it earned $120.4 million on a $40 million budget . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Background 3.1 Sled dogs 4 Release 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Box office 5 Awards 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1993 , Jerry Shepard is a guide at an Antarctica research base under contract with the National Science Foundation . UCLA professor , Dr. Davis McClaren , arrives at the base . He presses Shepard to take him to Mount Melbourne to find a rare meteorite from Mercury . Shepard decides that the only way to get to Mount Melbourne is by dog sled . Shepard and McClaren make it to Mount Melbourne , but are called back to base camp due to an approaching heavy storm . McClaren begs for more time , and Shepard gives him half a day , which is enough time to find a fragment of the meteorite . En route back to base , McClaren slips down an embankment , breaking his leg and falling into freezing water . Shepard uses the lead dog Maya to carry a rope to McClaren and pulls him out . The two battle hypothermia , frostbite and near whiteout conditions as the dogs lead them home . Once there , the entire human crew is immediately evacuated , while the dogs are left behind . Certain that their pilot will return within days for the dogs , Shepard tightens their collars to ensure they can not get loose and run away . But because of the harsh weather conditions , no rescue can be attempted until the next spring - and by then the dogs will be dead . Back at home , Shepard tries to secure a plane to return and save the dogs , but no one is willing to finance the risky expedition . Five months later , Shepard makes one last attempt to get back . McClaren realizes the magnitude of his ingratitude and uses the remaining balance of his grant money to finance a rescue mission . Shepard acknowledges that there is almost no chance that any of the dogs have survived this long , but he owes it to his team to go back for them . After being left behind , the eight sled dogs -- lead dog Maya , Old Jack , Shorty , Dewey , Truman , Shadow , Buck , and the young Max , wait in the freezing conditions for Shepard to return . After two weeks without eating , they free themselves to forage for food , except Old Jack who remains attached to the chain . Some time later , Dewey slips and falls down an incline , where he is fatally injured . The team stays with him until morning , but have to leave as he has already died . In the blizzard , Max becomes separated from the group . Maya manages to lead the team to the Russian base , which is unsecured and full of food , while Max finds his way back to the American base , which is still locked and abandoned . Setting back out into the wilderness , Max finds the carcass of a dead Orca , but is driven off by a leopard seal . Maya and the team are nearby , and Max lures the seal away so the team can eat . It doubles back and attacks Maya , who is badly injured when it claps its reptile - like maw onto her paw . The team , now reunited , continue traveling . They are starving , freezing and exhausted , and eventually the injured Maya collapses into the snow . The dogs lie down beside their leader as the snow piles up around them . They have been on their own for nearly six months . Shepard makes it back to base with the others and is dismayed to find the body of Old Jack , still attached to the chain , and no sign of the other dogs . He hears the sound of barking and sees Max , Shorty , Truman , Shadow and Buck come over the horizon . After a joyous reunion , Shepard attempts to load the dogs into the snowmobile , but Max runs off , with Shepard in hot pursuit . Max leads him to Maya , lying in the snow -- weak , but alive . With six of his eight sled dogs in tow , Shepard and his crew head back to civilization , with the last scene showing a grave for the two fallen dogs , Old Jack and Dewey . Cast ( edit ) Paul Walker as Jerry Shepard Bruce Greenwood as Dr. Davis McClaren Moon Bloodgood as Katie Jason Biggs as Charlie Cooper Gerard Plunkett as Dr. Andy Harrison August Schellenberg as Mindo Wendy Crewson as Eve McClaren Belinda Metz as Rosemary Paris Connor Christopher Levins as Eric McClaren Duncan Fraser as Captain Lovett Dan Ziskie as Navy Commander Michael David Simms as Armin Butler Daniel Bacon as Bureaucrat # 2 Laara Sadiq as Bureaucrat # 3 Malcolm Stewart as Charles Buffett Background ( edit ) The 1958 ill - fated Japanese expedition to Antarctica inspired the 1983 hit film Antarctica , of which Eight Below is a remake . Eight Below adapts the events of the 1958 incident , moved forward to 1993 . In the 1958 event , fifteen Sakhalin Husky sled dogs were abandoned when the expedition team was unable to return to the base . When the team returned a year later , two dogs were still alive . Another seven were still chained up and dead , five were unaccounted for , and one died just outside Showa Station . The film was dedicated to the memory of Koreyoshi Kurahara , the director of Antarctica , who died four years before it was released . Sled dogs ( edit ) In Eight Below there are two Alaskan Malamutes ( Buck and Shadow ) and six Siberian Huskies ( Max , Maya , Truman , Dewey , Shorty , and Old Jack ) . Each actor - dog had help from other dogs that performed stunts and pulled sleds . In all , over 30 dogs were used to portray the film 's eight canine characters . Max , Maya , Dewey , and Buck ( Old Jack 's stunt double ) were played by dogs seen in Disney 's Snow Dogs . The animal filming was supervised by the American Humane Association , and the film carries the standard `` No animals were harmed ... '' disclaimer , despite an on - set incident in which a trainer used significant force to break up an animal fight . Release ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 72 % , based on 146 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Featuring a stellar cast of marooned mutts , who deftly display emotion , tenderness , loyalty and resolve , Eight Below is a heartwarming and exhilarating adventure film . '' Roger Ebert from Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , and said `` Eight Below succeeds as an effective story . '' BBC liked the movie as well , but did not like its long length ( 2 hours ) . Reel.com liked it , saying `` the movie succeeds at drawing you into their incredible adventure '' . However , the San Francisco Chronicle disliked the film , saying : `` The movie is overly long and much too intense for small children , yet it 's filled with dialogue and plot turns that are too juvenile to thrill adult audiences . '' William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer reacted favorably ( `` the dog actors will melt your heart '' ) , but pointed out , as did other reviewers , that `` Antarctica buffs '' will be critical of errors , such as portraying midwinter events occurring in `` balmy , blazing daylight at a time Antarctica is locked in round - the - clock darkness and temperatures of 140 degrees below . '' Box Office ( edit ) According to Box Office Mojo , the film opened at # 1 on February 17 , 2006 , with a total weekend gross of $20,188,176 in 3,066 theaters , averaging to about $6,584 per theater . The film closed on June 1 , 2006 with a total worldwide gross of $120,453,565 ( $81,612,565 domestic and $38,841,000 overseas ) . Awards ( edit ) Wins ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards : ASCAP Award , Top Box Office Films ( Mark Isham ) 2007 . Nominations Satellite Awards : Satellite Award , Best Youth DVD , 2006 . Home media ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The film was released on separate format widescreen and full screen editions on DVD on June 20 , 2006 . It was also released on PlayStation Portable ( an original widescreen format ) on June 26 , 2006 . The film was released on high definition Blu - ray for an original widescreen presentation on September 19 , 2006 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ French , Philip ( April 23 , 2006 ) . `` Eight Below '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arnold , William ( February 16 , 2006 ) . `` ' Eight Below ' warms the heart despite faux paws '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( 2006 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Eight Below '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` A True ' Survivor ' Story , Dog Version '' . The Washington Post . 2006 - 02 - 16 . pp. C12 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Animals were Harmed '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2013 - 11 - 25 . pp. C12 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Eight Below at Rotten Tomatoes . Last accessed : February 04 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2006 - 02 - 17 ) . `` Eight Below '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Smith , Neil ( 2006 - 04 - 16 ) . `` Eight Below '' . BBC . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Knight , Tim . `` Eight Below '' . Reel.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hartlaub , Peter ( 2006 - 02 - 17 ) . `` Man 's 8 best friends get the cold shoulder '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Arnold , William ( 2006 - 02 - 17 ) . `` ' Eight Below ' warms the heart despite faux paws '' . seattlepi.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Eight Below at Box Office Mojo . External links ( edit ) Official website Eight Below on IMDb Eight Below at AllMovie Films directed by Frank Marshall Arachnophobia ( 1990 ) Alive ( 1993 ) Congo ( 1995 ) Eight Below ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eight_Below&oldid=852158786 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films 2000s drama films American drama films American films American remakes of Japanese films American survival films Drama films based on actual events Films scored by Mark Isham Films about animals Films about dogs Films about friendship Films about solitude Films directed by Frank Marshall Films set in 1993 Films set in Antarctica Films set in British Columbia Films set in Greenland Films set in Norway Films shot in British Columbia Films shot in Greenland Films shot in New Zealand Films shot in Norway Mandeville Films films Mushing films Spyglass Entertainment films The Kennedy / Marshall Company films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 01 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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what are the names of the dogs in eight below
[ "In Eight Below there are two Alaskan Malamutes (Buck and Shadow) and six Siberian Huskies (Max, Maya, Truman, Dewey, Shorty, and Old Jack). Each actor-dog had help from other dogs that performed stunts and pulled sleds. In all, over 30 dogs were used to portray the film's eight canine characters. Max, Maya, Dewey, and Buck (Old Jack's stunt double) were played by dogs seen in Disney's Snow Dogs.[4] The animal filming was supervised by the American Humane Association, and the film carries the standard \"No animals were harmed...\" disclaimer, despite an on-set incident in which a trainer used significant force to break up an animal fight.[5]\n", "In Eight Below there are two Alaskan Malamutes (Buck and Shadow) and six Siberian Huskies (Max, Maya, Truman, Dewey, Shorty, and Old Jack). Each actor-dog had help from other dogs that performed stunts and pulled sleds. In all, over 30 dogs were used to portray the film's eight canine characters. Max, Maya, Dewey, and Buck (Old Jack's stunt double) were played by dogs seen in Disney's Snow Dogs.[4] The animal filming was supervised by the American Humane Association, and the film carries the standard \"No animals were harmed...\" disclaimer, despite an on-set incident in which a trainer used significant force to break up an animal fight.[5]\n", "In Eight Below there are two Alaskan Malamutes (Buck and Shadow) and six Siberian Huskies (Max, Maya, Truman, Dewey, Shorty, and Old Jack). Each actor-dog had help from other dogs that performed stunts and pulled sleds. In all, over 30 dogs were used to portray the film's eight canine characters. Max, Maya, Dewey, and Buck (Old Jack's stunt double) were played by dogs seen in Disney's Snow Dogs.[4] The animal filming was supervised by the American Humane Association, and the film carries the standard \"No animals were harmed...\" disclaimer, despite an on-set incident in which a trainer used significant force to break up an animal fight.[5]\n", "In Eight Below there are two Alaskan Malamutes (Buck and Shadow) and six Siberian Huskies (Max, Maya, Truman, Dewey, Shorty, and Old Jack). Each actor-dog had help from other dogs that performed stunts and pulled sleds. In all, over 30 dogs were used to portray the film's eight canine characters. Max, Maya, Dewey, and Buck (Old Jack's stunt double) were played by dogs seen in Disney's Snow Dogs.[4] The animal filming was supervised by the American Humane Association, and the film carries the standard \"No animals were harmed...\" disclaimer, despite an on-set incident in which a trainer used significant force to break up an animal fight.[5]\n", "In Eight Below there are two Alaskan Malamutes (Buck and Shadow) and six Siberian Huskies (Max, Maya, Truman, Dewey, Shorty, and Old Jack). Each actor-dog had help from other dogs that performed stunts and pulled sleds. In all, over 30 dogs were used to portray the film's eight canine characters. Max, Maya, Dewey, and Buck (Old Jack's stunt double) were played by dogs seen in Disney's Snow Dogs.[4] The animal filming was supervised by the American Humane Association, and the film carries the standard \"No animals were harmed...\" disclaimer, despite an on-set incident in which a trainer used significant force to break up an animal fight.[5]\n", "In Eight Below there are two Alaskan Malamutes (Buck and Shadow) and six Siberian Huskies (Max, Maya, Truman, Dewey, Shorty, and Old Jack). Each actor-dog had help from other dogs that performed stunts and pulled sleds. In all, over 30 dogs were used to portray the film's eight canine characters. Max, Maya, Dewey, and Buck (Old Jack's stunt double) were played by dogs seen in Disney's Snow Dogs.[4] The animal filming was supervised by the American Humane Association, and the film carries the standard \"No animals were harmed...\" disclaimer, despite an on-set incident in which a trainer used significant force to break up an animal fight.[5]\n", "In Eight Below there are two Alaskan Malamutes (Buck and Shadow) and six Siberian Huskies (Max, Maya, Truman, Dewey, Shorty, and Old Jack). Each actor-dog had help from other dogs that performed stunts and pulled sleds. In all, over 30 dogs were used to portray the film's eight canine characters. Max, Maya, Dewey, and Buck (Old Jack's stunt double) were played by dogs seen in Disney's Snow Dogs.[4] The animal filming was supervised by the American Humane Association, and the film carries the standard \"No animals were harmed...\" disclaimer, despite an on-set incident in which a trainer used significant force to break up an animal fight.[5]\n", "In Eight Below there are two Alaskan Malamutes (Buck and Shadow) and six Siberian Huskies (Max, Maya, Truman, Dewey, Shorty, and Old Jack). Each actor-dog had help from other dogs that performed stunts and pulled sleds. In all, over 30 dogs were used to portray the film's eight canine characters. Max, Maya, Dewey, and Buck (Old Jack's stunt double) were played by dogs seen in Disney's Snow Dogs.[4] The animal filming was supervised by the American Humane Association, and the film carries the standard \"No animals were harmed...\" disclaimer, despite an on-set incident in which a trainer used significant force to break up an animal fight.[5]\n" ]
[ "Buck", "Shadow", "Max", "Maya", "Truman", "Dewey", "Shorty", "Old Jack" ]
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Don't Look Back in Anger
Do n't Look Back in Anger - wikipedia Do n't Look Back in Anger `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' Single by Oasis from the album ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? B - side `` Step Out '' `` Underneath the Sky '' `` Cum On Feel the Noize '' Released 19 February 1996 Format CD 7 '' vinyl 12 '' vinyl cassette Recorded June 1995 at Rockfield Studios , Monmouth , Wales Genre Britpop Length 4 : 47 Label Creation Songwriter ( s ) Noel Gallagher Producer ( s ) Owen Morris Noel Gallagher Oasis singles chronology `` Wonderwall '' ( 1995 ) `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( 1996 ) `` Champagne Supernova '' ( 1996 ) `` Wonderwall '' ( 1995 ) `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( 1996 ) `` Champagne Supernova '' ( 1996 ) ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? track listing 12 tracks `` Hello '' `` Roll with It '' `` Wonderwall '' `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' `` Hey Now ! '' Untitled `` Some Might Say '' `` Cast No Shadow '' `` She 's Electric '' `` Morning Glory '' Untitled `` Champagne Supernova '' `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' is a song by the English rock band Oasis . It was released on 19 February 1996 as the fifth single from their second studio album , ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? ( 1995 ) . The song was written by the band 's guitarist and main songwriter , Noel Gallagher . It became the band 's second single to reach number one on the UK Singles Chart , where it also went platinum . `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' was also the first Oasis single with lead vocals by Noel ( who had previously only sung lead on B - sides ) instead of his brother , Liam . It is one of the band 's signature songs , and was played at almost every single live show from its release to the dissolution of the band . It was ranked number one on a list of the ' 50 Most Explosive Choruses ' by the NME , and was voted as the fourth most popular number - one single of the last 60 years in the UK by the public in conjunction with the Official Charts Company 's 60th anniversary . On 29 May 2017 , Absolute Radio 90s broadcast a programme counting down the top 50 songs written by Noel Gallagher to mark his 50th birthday with `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' being voted as number one . Contents 1 Background 2 Live performances 2.1 Manchester Arena bombing 3 Release 4 Critical reception 5 Chart performance 6 Music video 6.1 Covers 7 In popular culture 8 Personnel 9 Track listing 10 Charts and certifications 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Year - end charts 10.3 Certifications 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Noel Gallagher was so excited about the potential of the song when he first wrote it that he used an acoustic set to perform a work - in - progress version , without the second verse and a few other slight lyrical differences , at an Oasis concert at the Sheffield Arena on 22 April 1995 . He said before playing that he 'd only written it the previous Tuesday ( 18 April 1995 ) and that he did n't even have a title for it yet . The title was picked as a reference to the 1979 David Bowie song `` Look Back in Anger '' from the seminal art rock album Lodger , with Bowie 's work being a massive Oasis influence . Noel Gallagher said of the song , `` ( It ) reminds me of a cross between `` All the Young Dudes '' and ( something ) the Beatles might have done . '' Of the character `` Sally '' referred to in the song he commented , `` I do n't actually know anybody called Sally . It 's just a word that fit , y'know , might as well throw a girl 's name in there . '' Noel Gallagher ( from Uncut magazine August 2007 ) : `` We were in Paris playing with the Verve , and I had the chords for that song and started writing it . We were due to play two days later . Our first - ever big arena gig , it 's called Sheffield Arena now . At the sound check , I was strumming away on the acoustic guitar , and our kid ( Liam ) said , ' What 's that you 're singin ' ? ' I was n't singing anyway , I was just making it up . And our kid said , ' Are you singing ' So Sally can wait ' ? ' And I was like -- that 's genius ! So I started singing , ' So Sally can wait . ' I remember going back to the dressing room and writing it out . It all came really quickly after that . '' Gallagher claims that the character `` Lyla '' , from Oasis ' 2005 single is the sister of Sally . In the interview on the DVD released with the special edition of Stop the Clocks , Gallagher also revealed that a girl approached him and asked him if Sally was the same girl as in the Stone Roses ' track `` Sally Cinnamon '' . Gallagher replied that he had never thought of that but thought it was good anyway . Noel Gallagher admits that certain lines from the song are lifted from John Lennon : `` I got this tape in the United States that had apparently been burgled from the Dakota Hotel and someone had found these cassettes . Lennon was starting to record his memoirs on tape . He 's going on about ' trying to start a revolution from me bed , because they said the brains I had went to my head . ' I thought ' Thank you , I 'll take that ' ! '' `` Revolution from me bed '' most likely refers to Lennon 's notorious bed - ins in 1969 . The piano in the introduction of the song strongly resembles Lennon 's `` Imagine '' , as well as `` Watching the Wheels '' . As Oasis are often criticised for borrowing parts of other artists ' songs for their own , Noel Gallagher commented on the intro 's similarity to `` Imagine '' saying , `` In the case of Do n't Look Back in Anger -- I mean , the opening piano riff 's `` Imagine '' . 50 % of it 's put in there to wind people up , and the other 50 % is saying ' look , this is how songs like `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' come about -- because they 're inspired by songs like `` Imagine '' ' . And no matter what people might think , there will be some 13 year old kid out there who 'll read an interview and think ' `` Imagine '' ? I 've never heard that song . ' and he might go and buy the album , you know what I mean ? '' Gallagher also admits that he was under the influence of illegal substances when he wrote the song and to this day he claims he does not know what it means . Live performances ( edit ) The song became a favourite at Oasis 's live performances . Noel Gallagher encouraged the crowd to sing along and often kept quiet during the first chorus , allowing the fans instead to sing along while he played the song 's guitar part . During the Dig Out Your Soul Tour , Noel Gallagher abandoned the song 's previous , full - band live arrangement in favour of a much slower , primarily acoustic arrangement in a lower key ( B major ) . From 2008 through Oasis 's breakup , the song was performed by Gallagher on his Gibson J - 200 acoustic guitar backed up by Gem Archer on electric guitar , and Chris Sharrock playing tambourine . On 11 and 12 July 2009 , during performances of the song at London 's Wembley Stadium , Gallagher did n't sing a word ; instead , he stood back , played guitar , and allowed the crowd to sing the entire song . Since 2011 , he has alternated between the acoustic version and the original arrangement when playing the song with his solo project , Noel Gallagher 's High Flying Birds . Oasis became the first act since the Jam to perform two songs on the same showing of Top of the Pops , performing `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' , followed by their cover of Slade 's `` Cum On Feel the Noize '' , also on the single . In June 2017 , Liam Gallagher performed an a cappella version of the song at Glastonbury , making it the first time he has performed the song rather than Noel . Manchester Arena bombing ( edit ) Oasis formed in Manchester in 1991 , and following the Manchester Arena bombing after a concert by US singer Ariana Grande on 22 May 2017 , the song was used by the people of Manchester in remembrance of the bombing 's 22 victims and to show the city 's spirit . The song was sung by students of Manchester 's Chetham 's music school on 23 May , and on 25 May it was spontaneously sung by the crowd gathered for a minute of silence in the city centre . The woman who started the singing told The Guardian , `` I love Manchester , and Oasis is part of my childhood . Do n't Look Back in Anger -- that 's what this is about : we ca n't be looking backwards to what happened , we have to look forwards to the future . '' The song came back into the charts , along with Ariana Grande 's `` One Last Time , '' which was number one in the iTunes single charts as of 26 May . On 27 May , the song was performed as a tribute by 50,000 audience members of a performance by The Courteeners in Manchester . It was performed by Coldplay 's Chris Martin and Jonny Buckland on either side of Ariana Grande at the One Love Manchester concert on 4 June 2017 . Martin introduced the song by saying `` Ariana , you 've been singing a lot for us , so I think we in Britain want to sing for you . This is called `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' , and this is from us to you `` . It was also performed by the military band of the French Republican Guard on 13 June 2017 , at the France versus England football match at the Stade de France , as a tribute to the victims of the attacks in Manchester and , more recently , London . Release ( edit ) The single 's picture sleeve contains a photo by Brian Cannon . He intended the cover as a homage to the incident where Ringo Starr , having briefly left the Beatles in 1968 during the recording of the White Album , was persuaded to return and George Harrison decorated Starr 's drum kit in red , white and blue flowers to show their appreciation . The B - side `` Step Out '' was originally intended for the ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? album but was taken off after Stevie Wonder requested 10 per cent of the royalties as the chorus bore a similarity to his hit `` Uptight ( Everything 's Alright ) '' . Also , because of this , Wonder , Henry Cosby and Sylvia Moy received credit for writing the song , along with Noel . The song 's chart success coincided with its usage at the end of the final episode of the BBC television drama Our Friends in the North . The show 's producers had included the track without knowing it was going to be released as a single . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' was met with high critical praise and it became a commercial hit . Billboard said of the tune , `` Noel Gallagher reveals a deft sense of timing and craft that turn his improprieties into masterful pop gems . '' In a 2006 readers ' poll conducted by Q magazine , `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' was voted the 20th best song of all time . In May 2007 , NME magazine placed `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' at number 14 in its list of the `` 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever '' . Chart performance ( edit ) The song reached No. 1 in the singles charts of Ireland and the United Kingdom , and it was a moderate success by reaching the top 60 in various countries . The song was the 10th - biggest - selling single of 1996 in the UK . It is Oasis 's second biggest selling single in the UK , with sales of 970,000 , going platinum in the process . The song returned to the UK charts in 2017 following Chris Martin and Jonny Buckland 's cover version at the One Love Manchester concert , reaching number 25 . `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' is also Oasis 's sixth biggest Billboard hit in the US , reaching the number 10 spot on the Modern Rock Tracks for the week of 22 June 1996 . Music video ( edit ) The video for the song was directed by Nigel Dick and features Patrick Macnee , the actor who played John Steed in the 1960s television series The Avengers , apparently a favourite of Oasis . It features the band being driven to a mansion similar to the Playboy Mansion and performing the song there ; a group of women dressed in white also occasionally lip sync to the lyrics . While filming the video , drummer Alan White met future wife Liz Atkins . They married on 13 August 1997 at Studley Priory Hotel in Oxfordshire , but later divorced . There are two versions of the music video . One being posted by Vevo which got 82 million views and the other one posted by the band themselves which generated over 84 million views . Covers ( edit ) Glay covered the song for their 2011 album Rare Collectives Vol. 4 . The Killers covered this song at V Festival 2012 . In popular culture ( edit ) This section appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture , using references to reliable sources , rather than simply listing appearances . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) The song was included as the closing track on Oasis 's compilation album , Stop the Clocks . It is available for the music video game series Rock Band as a downloadable track . On the Wii version of the original Rock Band game , this song is included . It can also be found on - disc in the 2014 edition of Rocksmith . The song has been used in a multiple television programmes since its original release : 11 March 1996 : it played over the end credits of the final episode of the BBC Two drama serial Our Friends in the North the very week it was at the top of the UK charts . 11 January 2004 : the song was in episode 11 of the show Cold Case titled `` Hubris '' . 5 November 2007 : portions of this song appear as a motif in episode 7 of Chuck titled `` Chuck Versus the Alma Mater '' . 3 September 2009 : the song was used in episode six of We Are Klang during the 1990s flashback scene . 4 September 2010 : the song was used as the ending theme for the live - action film adaptation of the Japanese manga series BECK . 11 April 2011 : the song was used in the closing scene of the North American Being Human season 1 finale titled `` A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Me Killing You '' . It is played during a flashback showing the body of Sally Malik being taken away as Aidan Waite and Josh Levinson walk past her house , not having met her ghost yet , which watches the ambulance pull away . This resembles the lyrics in the song `` as we 're walking on by , her soul slides away '' . 16 February 2018 : In the web series Everything Sucks ! the song was featured along with Wonderwall . Personnel ( edit ) Noel Gallagher -- vocals , lead and rhythm guitars , mellotron , e-bow Liam Gallagher - tambourine Paul `` Bonehead '' Arthurs -- piano , rhythm guitar Paul `` Guigsy '' McGuigan -- bass Alan White -- drums Track listing ( edit ) All songs were written by Noel Gallagher , except where noted . CD CRESCD 221 ( re-issued as RKISCD 018 ) `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' -- 4 : 47 `` Step Out '' ( Gallagher / Wonder / Cosby / Moy ) -- 3 : 40 `` Underneath the Sky '' -- 3 : 20 `` Cum On Feel the Noize '' ( Holder / Lea ) -- 5 : 09 7 '' CRE 221 `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' -- 4 : 47 `` Step Out '' ( Gallagher / Wonder / Cosby / Moy ) -- 3 : 40 12 '' CRE 221T `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' -- 4 : 47 `` Step Out '' ( Gallagher / Wonder / Cosby / Moy ) -- 3 : 40 `` Underneath the Sky '' -- 3 : 20 Cassette CRECS 221 `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' -- 4 : 47 `` Step Out '' ( Gallagher / Wonder / Cosby / Moy ) -- 3 : 40 CD re-issue ( US ) 34K78356 `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' -- 4 : 47 `` Cum on Feel the Noize '' ( Holder / Lea ) -- 5 : 09 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 35 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 24 Canada Rock / Alternative ( RPM ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 13 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 57 Iceland ( Tonlist ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( Hit Parade Italia ) 19 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 33 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 30 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 20 Norway ( VG - lista ) 19 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 27 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 55 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Zimbabwe ( ZIMA ) 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Position Canada Rock / Alternative ( RPM ) 39 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BPI website , Search `` Oasis '' Archived 11 January 2013 at WebCite . Bpi.co.uk . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` ' Do n't Look Back in Anger ' by Oasis tops NME 's 50 Most Explosive Choruses list '' . NME. 28 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Queen 's ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' named as ' UK 's Favourite Number One single ' News '' . NME. 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Oasis : Mad For It ( 1996 , 2 / 4 ) on YouTube ( 2008 - 07 - 22 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul ( 2003 ) . The Rough Guide to Cult Pop : The Songs , the Artists , the Genres , the Dubious Fashions . Rough Guides . p. 107 . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 229 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hurry , Pam ( 2001 ) . Heinemann Advanced Music . Heinemann . p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 435 - 81258 - 0 . Jump up ^ Davina Earl ( 13 August 2005 ) . `` Noel Gallagher 's Plea For Help '' . Gigwise . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ OASIS - Do n't Look Back In Anger - Wembley Stadium 11 / 07 / 2009 on YouTube . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Gallagher performs Do n't Look Back In Anger at Glastonbury '' . 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Perraudin , Frances ; Halliday , Josh ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Do n't Look Back in Anger becomes symbol of Manchester 's spirit '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Oasis classic re-enters the charts after crowds sing it at Manchester memorial - NME '' . NME. 2017 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 50,000 Fans Sing Oasis At First Manchester Concert Since Attacks '' . 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Michelle ( 4 June 2017 ) . `` Coldplay Sing Oasis ' `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' to Ariana Grande in Manchester : Watch `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France v England : French fans sing God Save The Queen '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 June 2017 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oasis -- The Stories Behind Their Cryptic Album and Single Sleeve Art '' . nme.com. 18 August 2015 . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Flick , Larry ( 1996 - 06 - 15 ) , `` Singles : Pop '' . Billboard. 108 ( 24 ) : 74 Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Songs Ever '' . Q. 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever '' . NME. 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Paul ( 2005 - 08 - 27 ) , `` OASIS '' . Billboard. 117 ( 35 ) : 36 Jump up ^ Oasis -- Do n't Look Back In Anger . YouTube . 17 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Oasis -- Do n't Look Back In Anger ( Official Video ) . YouTube . 18 February 2008 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAY to cover Oasis song `` Do n't Look Back In Anger '' over the radio `` . Tokyohive.com. 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the Killers Cover Oasis ' ' Do n't Look Back in Anger ' '' . Spin . Jump up ^ Taylor , Steve ( 2004 ) . The A to X of Alternative Music . Continuum International Publishing Group , p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 8217 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers , Oasis to Do Beck Film 's Themes '' . Anime News Network . 30 March 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 9529 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Rock / Alternative Tracks : Issue 9659 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Oasis : Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Tonlist Top 40 '' . DV . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete : O '' . hitparadeitalia.it . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 12 , 1996 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Oasis : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Oasis Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Oasis Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe . Kimberley , C. Zimbabwe : singles chart book . Harare : C. Kimberley , 2000 Jump up ^ `` RPM Year End Alternative Top 50 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Do n't Look Back in Anger in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( 14 June 2018 ) . `` Rick Astley and Oasis join UK 's best - selling singles of all time '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Oasis Noel Gallagher Liam Gallagher Paul `` Guigsy '' McGuigan Paul `` Bonehead '' Arthurs Tony McCarroll Alan White Gem Archer Andy Bell Zak Starkey Chris Sharrock Studio albums Definitely Maybe ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? Be Here Now Standing on the Shoulder of Giants Heathen Chemistry Do n't Believe the Truth Dig Out Your Soul Live albums Familiar to Millions Live from The Roundhouse Compilations Definitely Maybe ( singles box ) Morning Glory ( singles box ) The Masterplan Stop the Clocks Time Flies ... 1994 -- 2009 Extended plays Live Demonstration Boy with the Blues Singles `` Supersonic '' `` Shakermaker '' `` Live Forever '' `` Cigarettes & Alcohol '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' `` Whatever '' `` Some Might Say '' `` Roll with It '' `` Morning Glory '' `` Wonderwall '' `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' `` Champagne Supernova '' `` D'You Know What I Mean ? '' `` Stand by Me '' `` All Around the World '' `` Do n't Go Away '' `` Acquiesce '' `` Go Let It Out '' `` Who Feels Love ? '' `` Sunday Morning Call '' `` Where Did It All Go Wrong ? '' `` The Hindu Times '' `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' `` Little by Little '' / `` She Is Love '' `` Songbird '' `` Lyla '' `` The Importance of Being Idle '' `` Let There Be Love '' `` Lord Do n't Slow Me Down '' `` The Shock of the Lightning '' `` I 'm Outta Time '' `` Falling Down '' Other songs `` Slide Away '' `` Half the World Away '' `` Talk Tonight '' `` Acquiesce '' `` The Masterplan '' `` Stop the Clocks '' `` Boy with the Blues '' Video albums Live by the Sea ... There and Then Familiar to Millions Definitely Maybe Lord Do n't Slow Me Down Time Flies ... 1994 -- 2009 Tours Definitely Maybe Tour ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? Tour Be Here Now Tour Standing on the Shoulder of Giants Tour The Tour of Brotherly Love Heathen Chemistry Tour Do n't Believe the Truth Tour Dig Out Your Soul Tour Related Articles Discography Awards Band members Songs Big Brother Recordings Oasis : Supersonic Bands Beady Eye Heavy Stereo Hurricane # 1 Noel Gallagher 's High Flying Birds Ride The Rain No Way Sis People Jay Darlington Tony Griffiths Terry Kirkbride Alan McGee Scott McLeod Owen Morris Dave Sardy Paul Stacey Steve White Albums and Songs The Dreams We Have as Children Standing on the Edge of the Noise `` Wibbling Rivalry '' `` Stop the Clocks '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Look_Back_in_Anger&oldid=853224247 '' Categories : Oasis ( band ) songs 1996 singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Scotland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Creation Records singles Music videos directed by Nigel Dick Rock ballads 1995 songs Songs written by Noel Gallagher Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use dmy dates from May 2012 Use British English from May 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with trivia sections from May 2018 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadarock Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 07 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sings on don't look back in anger
[ "\"Don't Look Back in Anger\" is a song by the English rock band Oasis. It was released on 19 February 1996 as the fifth single from their second studio album, (What's the Story) Morning Glory? (1995). The song was written by the band's guitarist and main songwriter, Noel Gallagher. It became the band's second single to reach number one on the UK Singles Chart, where it also went platinum.[1] \"Don't Look Back in Anger\" was also the first Oasis single with lead vocals by Noel (who had previously only sung lead on B-sides) instead of his brother, Liam.\n" ]
[ "Noel Gallagher" ]
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Boston Red Sox spring training home
Boston Red Sox spring training home - wikipedia Boston Red Sox spring training home Jump to : navigation , search Since 1993 , the city of Fort Myers in Lee County , Florida , United States has been the Spring training home of the Boston Red Sox when the club moved from Winter Haven . Boston trains at the JetBlue Park at Fenway South since the ballpark opened in 2012 , and the minor - league facility , featuring five full fields , is also within the Fenway South complex . The Minnesota Twins play their spring training at Hammond Stadium , which is also located in Fort Myers . Each spring the two teams will play five of their preseason games against each other in a series known as the Mayor 's Cup . New spring facility opened in 2012 ( edit ) The Red Sox 's spring training lease with Fort Myers runs through 2019 , however , the Red Sox began toying with exercising an early out in their contract that allowed them to leave following the 2009 spring season . Chief operating officer Mike Dee met with Sarasota officials on April 25 , 2008 to discuss the possibility of the Red Sox moving to Sarasota 's Ed Smith Stadium once its current spring inhabitants , the Baltimore Orioles , move to their new spring home in Sarasota . On October 28 , 2008 , the Lee County commission voted 13 - 11 to approve an agreement with the Boston Red Sox to build a new spring - training facility for the team in south Lee County . Dee was present in the chambers for the vote , and took the agreement back to Boston to meet with team owner John W. Henry and other team officials . On November 15 , 2008 , the Red Sox signed an agreement with Lee County that will keep their spring training home in the Fort Myers area for 20 more years . Wednesday , April 10 , 2008 , the Lee County commissioners selected the Watermen - Pinnacle site on Daniels Parkway ( a little more than a mile east of Interstate 75 ) as the site for the new facility . On March 29 , 2011 , it was announced that the new field would be named JetBlue Park at Fenway South . The park was named JetBlue Park after JetBlue Airlines , which has maintained major operations at Boston 's Logan International Airport since 2004 . The new stadium opened in March , 2012 . Many characteristics of the stadium were taken from Fenway Park , including a 37 - foot ( 11 m ) Green Monster wall in left field , featuring seating on top of and behind the wall . Included in the wall is a restored version of the manual scoreboard that was housed at Fenway for almost 30 years , beginning in the 1970s . The field dimensions at JetBlue Park are identical to those at Fenway . Previous Boston Red Sox Spring Training Locations ( edit ) Charlottesville , Virginia ( 1901 ) Augusta , Georgia ( 1902 ) Macon , Georgia ( 1903 - 06 ) Little Rock , Arkansas ( 1907 - 08 ) Hot Springs , Arkansas : Majestic Park , Whittington Park , ( 1909 - 10 , 1912 - 18 , 1920 - 23 ) Redondo Beach , California ( 1911 ) Tampa , Florida ( 1919 ) San Antonio , Texas ( 1924 ) New Orleans , Louisiana ( 1925 - 27 ) Bradenton , Florida ( 1928 - 29 ) Pensacola , Florida ( 1930 - 31 ) Savannah , Georgia ( 1932 ) Sarasota , Florida ( 1933 - 42 , 1946 - 58 ) Medford , Massachusetts ( 1943 - 44 ) Atlantic City , New Jersey ( 1945 ) Scottsdale , Arizona ( 1959 - 65 ) Winter Haven , Florida ( 1966 - 92 ) Fort Myers , Florida ( 1993 - present ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` County targets 2012 for Red Sox project by Glenn Miller , Fort Myers News - Press '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Lee County commissioners approve Red Sox agreement '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox to stay in Fort Myers for 30 more springs '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue puts stamp on Red Sox Complex '' . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/blog/boston/red-sox/post/_/id/9145/sox-new-facility-to-be-named-jet-blue-park ^ Jump up to : Abraham , Peter ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Red Sox announce spring training ticket prices at new JetBlue Park '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . 2005 Spring Training On Line Boston Red Sox Formerly the Boston Americans Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Owners and executives Managers Coaches Captains Broadcasters Opening Day starters First - round draft picks Logos and uniforms Hall of Fame Ballparks Huntington Avenue Grounds Braves Field Fenway Park Spring training Venues Majestic Park Plant Field Whittington Park Riverside Park Ninth Street Park Payne Park Bader Field Scottsdale Stadium Chain of Lakes Park City of Palms Park JetBlue Park at Fenway South Culture Red Sox Nation Royal Rooters `` Nuf Ced '' McGreevy Curse of the Bambino Green Monster Pesky 's Pole Wally the Green Monster Victoria Snelgrove `` Tessie '' `` Dirty Water '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Dream On '' `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Three Little Birds '' Field of Dreams Good Will Hunting Fever Pitch Moneyball Game 6 The Town The Jimmy Fund Yawkey Way Kenmore Square Citgo Sign Golden Outfield Carl Beane Sherm Feller Cheers Still , We Believe : The Boston Red Sox Movie Four Days in October Red Sox Rule Lore Cy Young 's perfect game Slaughter 's Mad Dash Babe Ruth 's 573 - foot home run into Alligator Farm 1948 AL tie - breaker game The Impossible Dream Carlton Fisk waves it fair 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Bill Buckner 's error Aaron Boone 's home run The bloody sock `` Idiots '' break the curse Boston Strong Rivalries New York Yankees Administration Owners : Fenway Sports Group John W. Henry Tom Werner President and CEO : Sam Kennedy President of Baseball Operations : Dave Dombrowski General Manager : Vacant Manager : Alex Cora World Series Championships ( 8 ) 1903 1912 1915 1916 1918 2007 2013 League Pennants ( 13 ) 1903 1904 1912 1915 1916 1918 1946 1967 1986 2007 2013 Division championships ( 9 ) 1986 1988 1990 1995 2007 2013 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 7 ) 1998 1999 2003 2005 2008 2009 Minor league affiliates AAA Pawtucket Red Sox AA Portland Sea Dogs A Adv . Salem Red Sox Greenville Drive Short A Lowell Spinners Rookie GCL Red Sox DSL Red Sox Broadcasting Television New England Sports Network ( NESN ) Radio WEEI - FM Radio network affiliates Broadcasters Dave O'Brien Jerry Remy Joe Castiglione Tim Neverett Uri Berenguer Juan Oscar Baez Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990s 1990 1991 1993 1995 1998 1999 2000s 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Red_Sox_spring_training_home&oldid=802894499 '' Categories : Boston Red Sox spring training venues Sports in Fort Myers , Florida Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 03 : 19 . About Wikipedia
where is the red sox spring training held
[ "Since 1993, the city of Fort Myers in Lee County, Florida, United States has been the Spring training home of the Boston Red Sox when the club moved from Winter Haven. Boston trains at the JetBlue Park at Fenway South since the ballpark opened in 2012, and the minor-league facility, featuring five full fields, is also within the Fenway South complex." ]
[ "JetBlue Park at Fenway South" ]
-8055910694496175305
The Resident (TV series)
The Resident ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Resident ( TV series ) The Resident Genre Medical drama Created by Amy Holden Jones Hayley Schore Roshan Sethi Starring Matt Czuchry Emily VanCamp Manish Dayal Shaunette Renée Wilson Bruce Greenwood Moran Atias Merrin Dungey Melina Kanakaredes Composer ( s ) Jon Ehrlich Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 14 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Amy Holden Jones Antoine Fuqua Phillip Noyce Oly Obst David Boorstein Todd Harthan Location ( s ) Atlanta , Georgia Camera setup Single - camera Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Fuqua Films 3 Arts Entertainment Nickels Productions Up Island Films 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network Fox Original release January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website The Resident is an American medical drama television series aired by Fox Broadcasting Company that premiered on January 21 , 2018 , as a mid-season replacement entry in the 2017 -- 18 television season . The fictional series focuses on the lives and duties of staff members at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital , while delving into the bureaucratic practices of the hospital industry . Formerly called The City , the show was purchased by Fox from Showtime in 2017 . It was created by Amy Holden Jones , Hayley Schore , and Roshan Sethi . On May 10 , 2017 , Fox ordered a full 14 - episode season and renewed the series for a second season on May 7 , 2018 . The first season officially concluded on May 14 , 2018 . The second season is set to premiere on September 24 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Broadcast , streaming , and home video release 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The series revolves around the lives and actions of staff members at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital located in Atlanta , Georgia , primarily those of third - year resident internist , Conrad Hawkins ; first - year medical intern , Devon Pravesh , who is assigned to Hawkins ; as well as Nicolette `` Nic '' Nevin , a nurse practitioner and Hawkins ' love interest . Exploring the inner workings of the characters ' duties in emergency and hospital medicine , medical malpractice and deliberate violations of medical ethics are also examined , as well as the bureaucracy of the health care industry . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Matt Czuchry as Conrad Hawkins : a senior resident internist at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Emily VanCamp as Nicolette `` Nic '' Nevin : a nurse practitioner at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Manish Dayal as Devon Pravesh : a first - year resident internist at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Shaunette Renée Wilson as Mina Okafor : a surgical resident at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Bruce Greenwood as Randolph Bell : chief of surgery , later CEO , at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Moran Atias as Renata Morali ( season 1 ) : head of publicity at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Merrin Dungey as Claire Thorpe ( season 1 ) : former CEO at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Melina Kanakaredes as Lane Hunter ( season 1 ) : an oncologist at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . She also owns her own clinics . Malcolm - Jamal Warner as AJ `` The Raptor '' Austin ( season 2 , recurring season 1 ) : a cardiothoracic surgeon who joins Chastain Park Memorial Hospital at Bell 's and Okafor 's urging . Glenn Morshower as Marshall Winthrop ( season 2 ; recurring season 1 ) : Conrad 's estranged father and chairman of the board at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Jane Leeves as Kitt Voss ( season 2 ) : an orthopaedic surgeon . Recurring ( edit ) Tasie Lawrence as Priya Nair : a reporter and Devon 's fiancée . Violett Beane as Lily Kendall ( season 1 ) : one of Lane 's chemotherapy patients . Warren Christie as Jude Silva : a trauma surgeon . Tasso Feldman as Irving Feldman : an ER doctor . Jocko Sims as Ben Wilmot : an attending doctor . Patrick R. Walker as Micah Stevens : a teacher who is a repeat patient of Conrad 's and Mina 's romantic interest . Steven Reddington as Bradley Jenkins : a former surgical doctor at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Catherine Dyer as Alexis Stevens : head nurse at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Jenna Dewan as Julian Lynn ( season 2 ) Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Phillip Noyce Amy Holden Jones & Hayley Schore & Roshan Sethi January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) 1LAP01 8.65 Randolph Bell , Chief of Surgery at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital , performs an appendectomy on a patient when an accident involving a tremor in his left hand leads to a severed artery . The patient bleeds out and the incident is covered up by the surgical team . Due to Randolph 's high complication rate , his nickname is `` HODAD '' -- Hands of Death and Destruction . Devon Pravesh reports for his first day as a resident intern ; he is assigned to third - year resident Conrad Hawkins , who comes off as `` impossible '' to work with . Conrad and nurse practitioner Nic Nevin share a private moment in an on - call room , hinting at a romantic relationship . Lily Kendall , a recurrent leukemia patient who is beloved by the hospital staff , is admitted for an infection . A combative woman with endocarditis enters the ER and loses consciousness , giving Devon a chance to run his first code . During a live stream of a surgery in which Randolph operates using the Titian -- an advanced robotic surgical tool -- Conrad discovers that surgical resident Mina Okafor is actually performing the procedure , unbeknownst to the audience . `` Independence Day '' Phillip Noyce Amy Holden Jones January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) 1LAP02 4.70 Micah , a 28 - year - old schoolteacher with a history of heart disease , collapses in his classroom as Conrad speaks to the students about his journey of becoming a doctor . He is taken to the hospital in need of a heart transplant . During a hunting accident with Randolph and Lane Hunter , Head of Oncology at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital , a congressman collapses due to heart complications and misfires his weapon , shooting one of the hospital 's lobbyists . The congressman also needs a heart transplant which causes a confliction when a donor heart becomes available . A short - staffed ER forces Conrad to leave Devon to run the ER alone in what Conrad calls `` Independence Day '' ; Devon quickly becomes overwhelmed with his duties . Lane discharges Lily despite concerns from Devon and Nic . `` Comrades in Arms '' Rob Corn Andrew Chapman January 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) 1LAP03 4.75 A billing consultant is contracted to train staff on how to `` upcode '' procedures so the hospital can bill higher amounts ; her presence causes friction between her and some of the staff . Randolph asks a colleague for advice on a hypothetical patient with a hand tremor ; benzodiazepines are suggested as a last resort as the negative side effects can include aggression and cognitive impairment . Medical transport worker , Louisa Rodriguez , collapses from severe back pain and is diagnosed with a retroperitoneal sarcoma . It is found that she is uninsured and an undocumented immigrant , compelling Conrad and Devon to disobey hospital administration and find a surgical team willing to operate . Louisa 's procedure is successful , but her rehab will cost the hospital $2 million . Jude Silva -- an attending surgeon who previously worked alongside Conrad in the Marine Corps -- conveys his frustrations to Conrad about the bureaucracy of medicine and tries to convince Conrad to re-enlist in the military with him . `` Identity Crisis '' Bill D'Elia Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter February 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) 1LAP04 4.87 When the ER budget is cut to cover the costs of Louisa 's surgery , the department becomes understaffed and senior nurse Ellen Hundley is let go . Her replacement , an inexperienced nurse , erroneously triages a patient during a mass - casualty incident . The patient dies from a subdural hematoma and is misidentified , resulting in Conrad notifying the wrong family of their son 's death . A woman is admitted to the hospital for what she believes are gallstones ; she is diagnosed with gallbladder cancer and needs to undergo a risky and experimental operation . Mina is benched for the day when she attempts to directly assist attending surgeon Jen Kays during an operation . Randolph enjoys the benefits of the benzodiazepines he 's been taking to relieve his hand tremors . Nic experiences trouble retrieving Lily 's medical file from Lane 's chemotherapy clinic and goes directly to the clinic where she notices a treatment room that seems overcrowded with patients . 5 `` None the Wiser '' James Roday Todd Harthan & Tianna Majumdar - Langham & Chris Bessounian February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) 1LAP05 3.86 Randolph starts experiencing negative side effects from the benzodiazepines he 's been taking . Three patients are admitted to the hospital : Ed needs an atrophied testicle removed ; Christine needs surgery for an abdominal aortic aneurysm ; and York requires a procedure to remove a foreign object from his colon . All three surgeries are scheduled concurrently with Randolph performing the procedures and Mina assisting . During York 's operation , Bradley -- a surgeon just completing a 30 - hour shift -- faints , setting off a series of events and Mina is subsequently subject to a morbidity and mortality conference to address an accident that occurred during one of the procedures . Nic confides in Conrad about her suspicions of Lane 's treatment protocols and encourages Lily to seek a second opinion , prompting Lane to ban Nic from treating any of her patients . Marshall Winthrop -- an investor looking to grant financial assistance to the hospital -- is revealed to be Conrad 's father . 6 `` No Matter the Cost '' David Rodriguez Nkechi Okoro Carroll March 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 05 ) 1LAP06 4.08 Nic informs Devon she believes Lane is committing insurance fraud by overtreating her patients ; Devon resists the accusation . Lily is scheduled for a bone marrow transplant , but her blood tests reveal she is in acute renal failure and the transplant would kill her , convincing Devon of Nic 's suspicions . An ER patient , Nigel , comes in for an injured ankle and tells Conrad he has been suffering from chronic digestive pain of unknown origin that has negatively impacted his quality of life for 10 years . Exhausted from countless tests with no results , he gives Conrad 24 hours to find the cause . Randolph stops taking the benzodiazepines and learns that brain surgery is his only other option to cure his hand tremor . Nic reveals to Mina that her sister is a recovering addict and discovers that Mina has been treating underprivileged people out of her apartment . Marshall meets with Conrad to inform him that he plans to open a small , private hospital and he wishes for Conrad to manage it . 7 `` The Elopement '' Rob Corn Kevin Falls March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 1LAP07 3.80 In a board meeting , Claire discusses repair of the hospital 's reputation after she announces they have fallen out of the `` Top 50 Hospitals '' in the U.S. News & World Report . An arrogant baseball pitcher suffering from deep vein thrombosis is brought in by concierge physician , Spalding Massero , and is admitted to the hospital 's V.I.P. wing . After sexually harassing Nic , Conrad confronts him . Randolph 's hand tremor returns and he approaches Mina to assist him in his surgeries . Darryl , a 70 - year - old man with stage IV lung cancer , is given an extremely poor prognosis , but refuses treatment so he can spend more time with his wife . Conrad vouches for Darryl 's wishes but Lane overrides him , making Conrad suspicious . He agrees to investigate Lane 's practices with Devon and Nic . To circumvent the issues they encounter in gaining access to Lane 's clinical files , Devon intentionally piques the interest of his journalist fiancée , Priya . 8 `` Family Affair '' Thomas Carter Story by : Kevin Falls Teleplay by : Nkechi Okoro Carroll & Zachary Lutsky March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) 1LAP12 4.22 A homeless woman wanders into a charity event being held at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital ; she appears to be in a state of psychosis . It is discovered that she was illegally dropped off by another hospital and is the daughter of a wealthy and prominent family in Savannah , Georgia . Conrad and Nic disagree with her original diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia and must race against the clock to accurately diagnose her before she is taken to a psychiatric facility . Devon 's parents visit him and Priya to discuss details of their upcoming wedding . Devon 's families are in different classes within the Indian caste system , causing tension between Devon and his father . ER doctor Irving Feldman teams up with Devon to treat a male escort who ran through a glass door . Micah comes in for a check - up and displays a romantic interest in Mina . 9 `` Lost Love '' Bronwen Hughes Amy Holden Jones March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) 1LAP08 4.21 Conrad 's ex-fiancée enters the ER experiencing abdominal pain . Nic is unaware that Conrad was previously engaged and questions how well she really knows him . Claire informs Randolph that she will be terminating the employment of physicians with a high complication rate and that she has installed audio recording devices on every camera in each OR . Worried that her treatment is killing her , Lily asks Nic for a referral to seek a second opinion . After being admitted for an adverse reaction to her chemotherapy , Lane discovers that Lily has sought a second opinion and that Nic provided the referral . She orders Nic to administer a high dose of potassium to Lily over the course of 8 hours . Lane is seen entering Lily 's room after Nic leaves for the evening ; Lily goes into cardiac arrest shortly after and dies despite Conrad 's desperate efforts to revive her . 10 `` Haunted '' David Crabtree Andrew Chapman April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) 1LAP09 4.30 Distracted by the thoughts of Lily 's death , Conrad collides into a bicyclist while jogging , injuring his ankle . Claire announces that an autopsy of Lily 's body will be performed to determine the cause of death ; Lane is questionably open and encouraging of the procedure . Neurosurgeon Dr. Eileen Jacoby -- one of Conrad 's medical school professors and Mina 's idol -- is admitted to the hospital because she is seeing the ghosts of patients she had lost . The second richest man in China is admitted to the V.I.P. wing to have a tumor excised . Complications occur after Randolph completes the surgery and Jude performs an emergency operation . After accusing Randolph of malpractice , his privileges at the hospital are suspended , prompting him to leave the hospital permanently . Lane flirts with Randolph and suggests that a doctor needs to replace Claire as the hospital 's CEO . After spending a night with Nic , Conrad lies awake , haunted by the ghost of Lily . 11 `` And the Nurses Get Screwed '' Liz Allen Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter & Peter Chen April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) 1LAP10 3.96 During an operation performed by Randolph , a spark from a cautery tool causes a fire and the patient is left badly burned . An investigation is held by the hospital 's risk management department after Lily 's parents sue the facility for wrongful death . Lane is interviewed , pinning the blame on Nic , who is informed that Lily died from a potassium overdose . Conrad , Devon , and Nic begin looking for errors in Lane 's other patients . While working the ER with Irving , Devon encounters a patient with cyberchondria . Claire calls an emergency board meeting to discuss the fire in the OR in conjunction with Randolph 's complication rate . The tables are turned on Claire when Randolph , Lane , and a skilled anesthesiologist accuse her of trying to save money over patient safety . Claire is fired and Randolph is declared the hospital 's new CEO . Nic is fired by Randolph after officially being declared liable for Lily 's death . 12 `` Rude Awakenings and the Raptor '' James Roday Michael Notarile April 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) 1LAP11 3.91 After finishing a 30 - hour shift , surgical resident Bradley falls through the glass ceiling of a conference room . Randolph deduces that it 's a suicide attempt , but Conrad and Devon disagree and start searching for medical proof . Randolph orders Mina to give a tour of the facilities to a talented but extremely arrogant cardiothoracic surgeon , AJ Austin , in hopes of recruiting him to the hospital 's staff . Nic confronts Lane in a coffee shop and informs her that she is aware of Lane 's history in Nashville where she practiced under her married name , Lane Derzius . In her search for the truth , Nic meets with a former colleague of Lane 's , who confirms her suspicions . She returns home to find a strange man at her doorstep ; he proceeds to intimidate her in efforts to dissuade her from investigating Lane any further . 13 `` Run , Doctor , Run '' James Roday Todd Harthan & Tianna Majumdar - Langham & Chris Bessounian May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) 1LAP13 4.01 A woman is admitted to the hospital for a severe headache that is causing hallucinations . Being uninsured , Conrad and Devon must diagnose and treat her before Randolph finds out and discharges her . Nic finds a way to solve her problem involving the man who has continued to stalk and intimidate her . A former patient brings his mother into the hospital , who ends up needing an `` awake '' surgery performed by AJ and Mina . Nic finds her sister , Jessie , on the floor of her home , suffering from an OxyContin overdose ; she administers Narcan and takes Jessie to the hospital . A peer from Nic 's nursing school -- who works at Lane 's clinic -- agrees to give Nic medical files to help her investigate Lane . Nic realizes she has been set up after she enters the building in the middle of the night and the police arrive . She calls Conrad from jail and asks him to take her sister to a rehab facility . 14 `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Rob Corn Amy Holden Jones & Andrew Chapman May 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) 1LAP14 4.29 After spending the night at Mina 's apartment , Micah begins having heart troubles and is readmitted to the hospital . A repeat cyberchondriac returns to the ER , informing Devon that Lane has diagnosed her with lymphoma ; her test results reveal that she has no cancer markers . Conrad 's father posts bail for Nic and she is released . Conrad and Devon update Nic on Lane 's doing and they contact the FBI . The three inform Randolph of their actions and he is forced to relieve Lane of all her patients and hospital privileges . He notifies her that the FBI have been contacted and offers to help her forge and burn documents . As she leaves her clinic with incriminating files , she is met by Randolph and the FBI , and is arrested . Nic is subsequently rehired and Conrad 's father becomes the chairman of the board at the hospital , essentially becoming Randolph 's superior . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The City a dark medical drama centers around an idealistic young doctor who begins his first day of residency under the supervision of a senior resident who appears tough and brilliant , but turns out to be a cunning and deadly psychopath . -- Showtime about early development of the series . On August 5 , 2016 , it was announced that Showtime was developing a new original series , known as The City , pitched by executive producer , Antoine Fuqua . It was also announced that Amy Holden Jones would produce the series and co-write the pilot episode along with Hayley Schore and Roshan Sethi . The series , however , was never produced and on January 20 , 2017 , it was reported that Fox purchased the series from Showtime and ordered a pilot episode under the name , The Resident . On May 10 , 2017 , the series received a full season order of 14 episodes . Phillip Noyce , an executive producer for the series , directed the first two episodes of the season after signing a multi-year deal with 20th Century Fox Television . On May 7 , 2018 , Fox renewed the series for a second season and pre-production began on June 8 , 2018 . Manish Dayal Matt Czuchry Two of the first cast members to be announced . Casting ( edit ) On February 21 , 2017 , Manish Dayal and Bruce Greenwood were the first to be cast in the series for the roles of Devon Pravesh and Soloman Bell , respectively . Greenwood 's character name was later changed to Randolph Bell . Matt Czuchry , Emily VanCamp , and Melina Kanakaredes were later announced to be starring in the series as well . Moran Atias was also cast for the role of Renta Thorpe , CEO at Chastain Park , which was originally portrayed by Valerie Cruz in the pilot . However , when Merrin Dungey joined the cast , the producers saw Atias as a better fit for the role of the hospital 's head of marketing . Dungey replaced her as the CEO and the character 's name was changed to Claire Thorpe . As the season developed , it was announced that Violett Beane was set to recur in the series , and on April 30 , 2018 , it was reported that Malcolm - Jamal Warner would have a major recurring role in the final three episodes of the season . On June 18 , 2018 it was announced that Warner and other recurring cast member , Glenn Morshower would be promoted to series regulars for the second season . The following day , it was announced that Moran Atias , Merrin Dungey and Melina Kanakaredes would not be returning , and that Jane Leeves would also be joining the cast as a regular for the second season on a one - year contract . On July 16 , 2018 , it was announced that Jenna Dewan is set to recur on season 2 . Filming ( edit ) Primary photography for the series takes place in and around Atlanta , Georgia . Exterior and some interior shots of the High Museum of Art in midtown - Atlanta were used as the backdrop for the fictional Chastain Park Memorial Hospital . Some filming also took place in Conyers , Georgia , on a production set previously used for Fox 's Sleepy Hollow . Filming for the first production block took place between March 20 and April 5 , 2017 . Broadcast , streaming , and home video release ( edit ) In the United States , new episodes are broadcast by Fox . Internationally , the series is shown on Seven Network in Australia and City in Canada . In Latin America , the series is broadcast by Fox 's Latin America counterpart . Episodes can be watched next day on the network 's website . Hulu currently owns the SVOD rights to the series , and individual episodes , or the season as a whole , are available for purchase on Amazon and iTunes . The first season DVD set was made available for pre-order in June 2018 through Amazon . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' January 21 , 2018 2.6 / 10 8.65 0.8 2.83 3.4 11.48 `` Independence Day '' January 22 , 2018 1.0 / 4 4.70 0.8 2.77 1.8 7.47 `` Comrades in Arms '' January 29 , 2018 1.0 / 4 4.75 0.9 3.04 1.9 7.79 `` Identity Crisis '' February 5 , 2018 1.1 / 4 4.87 0.8 2.95 1.9 7.82 5 `` None the Wiser '' February 26 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.86 0.9 3.24 1.7 7.10 6 `` No Matter the Cost '' March 5 , 2018 0.9 / 3 4.08 0.7 2.98 1.6 7.05 7 `` The Elopement '' March 12 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.80 0.7 2.90 1.5 6.70 8 `` Family Affair '' March 19 , 2018 0.9 / 4 4.22 0.7 2.87 1.6 7.09 9 `` Lost Love '' March 26 , 2018 0.9 / 4 4.21 0.7 2.90 1.6 7.11 10 `` Haunted '' April 16 , 2018 0.9 / 3 4.30 0.7 2.89 1.6 7.19 11 `` And the Nurses Get Screwed '' April 23 , 2018 0.9 / 3 3.96 0.6 2.74 1.5 6.70 12 `` Rude Awakenings and the Raptor '' April 30 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.91 0.7 2.70 1.5 6.61 13 `` Run , Doctor , Run '' May 7 , 2018 0.8 / 3 4.01 0.6 2.62 1.4 6.63 14 `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' May 14 , 2018 0.9 / 4 4.29 0.6 2.68 1.5 6.97 Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website , Rotten Tomatoes , reported an approval rating of 61 % based on 18 reviews , with an average rating of 4.89 / 10 . On Metacritic , which uses a normalized rating to reviews , assigned a weight average score of 54 out of 100 , based on 12 critics . The first season received mostly mixed reviews . USA Today rated the series 1 / 2 out of 4 stars stating `` It 's a shame , because it 's a waste of the talents of Czuchry and VanCamp ( Revenge ) , two usually appealing TV veterans '' and `` The Resident ca n't save itself '' . Meanwhile , TV Line rated the series a B+ and said , `` The Resident takes a hard look at the thorny ethical issues surrounding today 's health - care providers . '' The first season was also often compared to ABC 's medical drama , The Good Doctor . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Ref . 2018 Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout TV Show The Resident Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' LA To Vegas ' & ' The Resident ' Get Premiere Dates on Fox '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Fox Orders Drama Pilots ' Controversy ' & ' The Resident ' from Sheldon Turner , Amy Holden Jones & Antoine Fuqua '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Velocci , Carli ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Fox Picks Up Antoine Fuqua Medical Drama ' The Resident ' to Series '' . The Wrap . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Resident ' Medical Drama Pilot from Amy Holden Jones & Antoine Fuqua Gets Fox Series Order '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' Renewed for Season 2 at Fox '' . Variety . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Iannucci , Rebecca ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` The Resident Season Finale Recap : Jailhouse , Rocked -- Plus : Grade It ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ ResidentFox ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` Season 2 is on the way . # CoNic is back September 24 ! # TheResident '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Sets Fall Premiere Dates : ' Empire ' , ' 9 - 1 - 1 ' , Recast ' Lethal Weapon ' & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` TVLine Items : The Resident Ups Two , When Calls the Heart Movie and More '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' : Jane Leeves Joins Season 2 Of Fox Drama As New Series Regular '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust down , final NFC Championship numbers : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' 9JKL ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' 9JKL ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' iZombie ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' American Idol ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Supergirl , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust up , ' The Resident ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Man with a Plan ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Showtime Developing Medical Drama From Antoine Fuqua & Amy Holden Jones '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldber , Leslie ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Showtime Developing Psychopath Medical Drama From Antoine Fuqua '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Crucchiola , Jordan ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Antoine Fuqua Sells Medical Drama The City to Showtime , Is Determined to Produce Everything on TV '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Resident ' Medical Drama Pilot from Amy Holden Jones & Antoine Fuqua Gets Fox Series Order '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Phillip Noyce Sets First - Look Deal with 20th Century Fox Television , Hires New VP of Production '' . Variety . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` The Resident Renewed for Season 2 '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holden Jones , Amy ( @ aholdenj ) ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` Writers , Room Rocking # TheResident '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Resident ' : Manish Dayal Stars , Bruce Greenwood Co-Stars in Fox Drama Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . The Resident . Season 1 . Episode 1 . January 21 , 2018 . Fox . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Good Wife Vet Matt Czuchry to Star in Medical Pilot The Resident at Fox '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Emily VanCamp Set as Female Lead in Fox Medical Drama Pilot ' The Resident ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( August 21 , 2018 ) . `` Melina Kanakaredes Scrubs into Fox 's The Resident as Series Regular '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Tyrant 's Moran Atias Joins Midseason Fox Medical Drama The Resident '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Valerie Cruz Joins ' The Resident ' ; ' Las Reinas ' Adds Shalim Ortiz '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Resident ' : Merrin Dungey Joins As New Regular , Moran Atias Changes Roles '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Resident ' : Violett Beane Set to Recur in New Fox Drama '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Canfield , David ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Watch : Malcolm - Jamal Warner joins The Resident in exclusive clip '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Liam ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` Daphne from Frasier Boards The Resident for Season 2 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` The Resident Cast Shake - Up : 3 Actors Exit Ahead of Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' : Jenna Dewan To Recur On Season 2 Of Fox Medical Drama '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Five Takeaways from Fox 's ' The Resident , ' the Latest Atlanta - based Drama Debuting January 21 '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Conyers Rockdale Welcomes New Fox TV Series The Resident '' . Film Rockdale . May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Mary ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Now casting : FOX 's ' The Resident ' pilot seeking therapist and more Atlanta film jobs '' . Atalanta Film Jobs . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - resident , the on fox '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Repeat Prescription ! New US Medical Drama The Resident Coming to Seven '' . Mediaweek . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schedule '' . City Watch Full TV Episodes Online & See TV Schedule . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ CanalFox_la ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` Nicolette Nevin es una enfermera de fuerte vocación y empatía con sus pacientes . No te pierdas # TheResident . Estreno en mayo '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Watch Full Episodes of The Resident Starring Matt Czuchry on Fox '' . Fox . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch The Resident Online at Hulu '' . Hulu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Resident '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Resident , Season 1 '' . iTunes . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Resident Season 1 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Resident : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Resident : Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Fox 's Medical Drama ' The Resident ' Ca n't Save Itself '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` The Resident Review : Dark Fox Drama Is the Cure for Medical - Show Fatigue '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McHenry , Jackson ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Are You Watching the Freddie Highmore Doctor Show or the Matt Czuchry Doctor Show ? '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maas , Jennifer ; Maglio , Tony ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' vs ' The Resident ' : The Tale of the ( Surgical ) Tape ( Infographic ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : Riverdale Leads Final Wave of TV Nominations '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Resident on IMDb hide Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 9 - 1 - 1 ( since 2018 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( since 2014 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) The Four : Battle for Stardom ( since 2018 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gordon Ramsay 's 24 Hours to Hell and Back ( since 2018 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Prison Break ( 2005 -- 2009 ; since 2017 ) The Resident ( since 2018 ) Showtime at the Apollo ( since 2018 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming Last Man Standing ( 2018 ) Rel ( 2018 ) The Cool Kids ( 2018 ) Thursday Night Football ( 2018 ) The Passage ( 2019 ) Proven Innocent ( 2019 ) See also 4Kids TV Animation Domination Animation Domination High - Def Fox Kids Speed on Fox Sunday Funday Weekend Marketplace Television in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Resident_(TV_series)&oldid=850578442 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2018 American television series debuts English - language television programs 2010s American medical television series Television shows set in Atlanta Fox network shows Television series by 3 Arts Entertainment Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows featuring audio description Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 18 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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when is the next season of the resident coming out
[ "The Resident is an American medical drama television series aired by Fox Broadcasting Company that premiered on January 21, 2018, as a mid-season replacement entry in the 2017–18 television season.[1] The fictional series focuses on the lives and duties of staff members at Chastain Park Memorial Hospital, while delving into the bureaucratic practices of the hospital industry. Formerly called The City, the show was purchased by Fox from Showtime in 2017.[2] It was created by Amy Holden Jones, Hayley Schore, and Roshan Sethi.[3] On May 10, 2017, Fox ordered a full 14-episode season[4] and renewed the series for a second season on May 7, 2018.[5] The first season officially concluded on May 14, 2018.[6] The second season is set to premiere on September 24, 2018.[7][8]\n" ]
[ "September 24, 2018" ]
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Big Bang nucleosynthesis
Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Wikipedia Big Bang nucleosynthesis Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Physical cosmology Big Bang Universe Age of the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe ( hide ) Inflation Nucleosynthesis Backgrounds Gravitational wave ( GWB ) Microwave ( CMB ) Neutrino ( CNB ) Expansion Future ( show ) Hubble 's law Redshift Metric expansion of space FLRW metric Friedmann equations Inhomogeneous cosmology Future of an expanding universe Ultimate fate of the universe Components Structure ( show ) Components Lambda - CDM model Dark energy Dark fluid Dark matter Structure Shape of the universe Galaxy filament Galaxy formation Large quasar group Large - scale structure Reionization Structure formation Experiments ( show ) BOOMERanG Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) Illustris project Planck space observatory Sloan Digital Sky Survey ( SDSS ) 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ( `` 2dF '' ) Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) Scientists ( show ) Aaronson Alfvén Alpher Bharadwaj Copernicus de Sitter Dicke Ehlers Einstein Ellis Friedman Galileo Gamow Guth Hawking Hubble Lemaître Mather Newton Penrose Penzias Rubin Schmidt Smoot Suntzeff Sunyaev Tolman Wilson Zel'dovich List of cosmologists Subject history ( show ) Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation History of the Big Bang theory Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory Timeline of cosmological theories Cosmology portal Astronomy portal ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article or section appears to contradict itself . Please see the talk page for more information . ( March 2017 ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be confusing or unclear to readers . In particular , nonspecialists may have trouble understanding this article 's language . Please help us clarify the article . There might be a discussion about this on the talk page . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In physical cosmology , Big Bang nucleosynthesis ( abbreviated BBN , also known as primordial nucleosynthesis , arch ( a ) eonucleosynthesis , archonucleosynthesis , protonucleosynthesis and pal ( a ) eonucleosynthesis ) refers to the production of nuclei other than those of the lightest isotope of hydrogen ( hydrogen - 1 , H , having a single proton as a nucleus ) during the early phases of the Universe . Primordial nucleosynthesis is believed by most cosmologists to have taken place in the interval from roughly 10 seconds to 20 minutes after the Big Bang , and is calculated to be responsible for the formation of most of the universe 's helium as the isotope helium - 4 ( He ) , along with small amounts of the hydrogen isotope deuterium ( H or D ) , the helium isotope helium - 3 ( He ) , and a very small amount of the lithium isotope lithium - 7 ( Li ) . In addition to these stable nuclei , two unstable or radioactive isotopes were also produced : the heavy hydrogen isotope tritium ( H or T ) ; and the beryllium isotope beryllium - 7 ( Be ) ; but these unstable isotopes later decayed into He and Li , as above . Essentially all of the elements that are heavier than lithium were created much later , by stellar nucleosynthesis in evolving and exploding stars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Important parameters 2.1 Neutron -- proton ratio 2.2 Baryon -- photon ratio 3 Sequence 3.1 History of theory 3.2 Heavy elements 3.3 Helium - 4 3.4 Deuterium 4 Measurements and status of theory 5 Non-standard scenarios 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 8.1 For a general audience 8.2 Academic articles Characteristics ( edit ) There are several important characteristics of Big Bang nucleosynthesis ( BBN ) : The initial conditions ( neutron - proton ratio ) were set in the first second after the Big Bang . The fusion of nuclei occurred between roughly 10 seconds to 20 minutes after the Big Bang ; this corresponds to the temperature range when the universe was cool enough for deuterium to survive , but hot and dense enough for fusion reactions to occur at a significant rate . It was widespread , encompassing the entire observable universe . The key parameter which allows one to calculate the effects of BBN is the baryon / photon number ratio , which is a small number of order 6 x 10 . This parameter corresponds to the baryon density and controls the rate at which nucleons collide and react ; from this it is possible to calculate element abundances after nucleosynthesis ends . Although the baryon per photon ratio is important in determining element abundances , the precise value makes little difference to the overall picture . Without major changes to the Big Bang theory itself , BBN will result in mass abundances of about 75 % of hydrogen - 1 , about 25 % helium - 4 , about 0.01 % of deuterium and helium - 3 , trace amounts ( on the order of 10 ) of lithium , and negligible heavier elements . That the observed abundances in the universe are generally consistent with these abundance numbers is considered strong evidence for the Big Bang theory . In this field , for historical reasons it is customary to quote the helium - 4 fraction by mass , symbol Y , so that 25 % helium - 4 means that helium - 4 atoms account for 25 % of the mass , but less than 8 % of the nuclei would be helium - 4 nuclei . Other ( trace ) nuclei are usually expressed as number ratios to hydrogen . Important parameters ( edit ) The creation of light elements during BBN was dependent on a number of parameters ; among those was the neutron - proton ratio ( calculable from Standard Model physics ) and the baryon - photon ratio . Neutron -- proton ratio ( edit ) The neutron - proton ratio was set by Standard Model physics before the nucleosynthesis era , essentially within the first 1 - second after the Big Bang . Neutrons can react with positrons or electron neutrinos to create protons and other products in one of the following reactions : n + e + ↔ ν _̄ e + p ( \ displaystyle n + e ^ ( + ) \ leftrightarrow ( \ overline ( \ nu ) ) _ ( e ) + p ) n + ν e ↔ p + e − ( \ displaystyle n+ \ nu _ ( e ) \ leftrightarrow p + e ^ ( - ) ) At times much earlier than 1 sec , these reactions were fast and maintained the n / p ratio close to 1 : 1 . As the temperature dropped , the equilibrium shifted in favour of protons due to their slightly lower mass , and the n / p ratio smoothly decreased . These reactions continued until the decreasing temperature and density caused the reactions to become too slow , which occurred at about T = 0.7 MeV ( time around 1 second ) and is called the freeze out temperature . At freeze out , the neutron - proton ratio was about 1 / 6 . However , free neutrons are unstable with a mean life of 880 sec ; some neutrons decayed in the next few minutes before fusing into any nucleus , so the ratio of total neutrons to protons after nucleosynthesis ends is about 1 / 7 . Almost all neutrons that fused instead of decaying ended up combined into helium - 4 , due to the fact that helium - 4 has the highest binding energy per nucleon among light elements . This predicts that about 8 % of all atoms should be helium - 4 , leading to a mass fraction of helium - 4 of about 25 % , which is in line with observations . Small traces of deuterium and helium - 3 remained as there was insufficient time and density for them to react and form helium - 4 . Baryon -- photon ratio ( edit ) The baryon -- photon ratio , η , is the key parameter determining the abundances of light elements after nucleosynthesis ends . Baryons and light elements can fuse in the following main reactions : p + n → 2 H + γ ( \ displaystyle p + n \ rightarrow ( ^ ( 2 ) ( \ text ( H ) ) ) + \ gamma ) p + 2 H → 3 He + γ ( \ displaystyle p+ ( ^ ( 2 ) ( \ text ( H ) ) ) \ rightarrow ( ^ ( 3 ) ( \ text ( He ) ) ) + \ gamma ) 2 H + 2 H → 3 He + n ( \ displaystyle ( ^ ( 2 ) ( \ text ( H ) ) ) + ( ^ ( 2 ) ( \ text ( H ) ) ) \ rightarrow ( ^ ( 3 ) ( \ text ( He ) ) ) + n ) 2 H + 2 H → 3 H + p ( \ displaystyle ( ^ ( 2 ) ( \ text ( H ) ) ) + ( ^ ( 2 ) ( \ text ( H ) ) ) \ rightarrow ( ^ ( 3 ) ( \ text ( H ) ) ) + p ) 3 He + 2 H → 4 He + p ( \ displaystyle ( ^ ( 3 ) ( \ text ( He ) ) ) + ( ^ ( 2 ) ( \ text ( H ) ) ) \ rightarrow ( ^ ( 4 ) ( \ text ( He ) ) ) + p ) 3 H + 2 H → 4 He + n ( \ displaystyle ( ^ ( 3 ) ( \ text ( H ) ) ) + ( ^ ( 2 ) ( \ text ( H ) ) ) \ rightarrow ( ^ ( 4 ) ( \ text ( He ) ) ) + n ) along with some other low - probability reactions leading to Li or Be . ( An important feature is that there are no stable nuclei with mass 5 or 8 , which implies that reactions adding one baryon to He , or fusing two He , do not occur ) . Most fusion chains during BBN ultimately terminate in He ( helium - 4 ) , while `` incomplete '' reaction chains lead to small amounts of left - over H or He ; the amount of these decreases with increasing baryon - photon ratio . That is , the larger the baryon - photon ratio the more reactions there will be and the more efficiently deuterium will be eventually transformed into helium - 4 . This result makes deuterium a very useful tool in measuring the baryon - to - photon ratio . Sequence ( edit ) The main nuclear reaction chains for Big Bang nucleosynthesis Big Bang nucleosynthesis began roughly 10 seconds after the big bang , when the universe had cooled sufficiently to allow deuterium nuclei to survive disruption by high - energy photons . ( Note that the neutron - proton freeze - out time was earlier ) . This time is essentially independent of dark matter content , since the universe was highly radiation dominated until much later , and this dominant component controls the temperature / time relation . At this time there were about six protons for every neutron , but a small fraction of the neutrons decay before fusing in the next few hundred seconds , so at the end of nucleosynthesis there are about seven protons to every neutron , and almost all the neutrons are in Helium - 4 nuclei . The sequence of these reaction chains is shown on the image . One feature of BBN is that the physical laws and constants that govern the behavior of matter at these energies are very well understood , and hence BBN lacks some of the speculative uncertainties that characterize earlier periods in the life of the universe . Another feature is that the process of nucleosynthesis is determined by conditions at the start of this phase of the life of the universe , and proceeds independently of what happened before . As the universe expands , it cools . Free neutrons and protons are less stable than helium nuclei , and the protons and neutrons have a strong tendency to form helium - 4 . However , forming helium - 4 requires the intermediate step of forming deuterium . Before nucleosynthesis began , the temperature was high enough for many photons to have energy greater than the binding energy of deuterium ; therefore any deuterium that was formed was immediately destroyed ( a situation known as the deuterium bottleneck ) . Hence , the formation of helium - 4 is delayed until the universe became cool enough for deuterium to survive ( at about T = 0.1 MeV ) ; after which there was a sudden burst of element formation . However , very shortly thereafter , around twenty minutes after the Big Bang , the temperature and density became too low for any significant fusion to occur . At this point , the elemental abundances were nearly fixed , and the only changes were the result of the radioactive decay of the two major unstable products of BBN , tritium and beryllium - 7 . History of theory ( edit ) The history of Big Bang nucleosynthesis began with the calculations of Ralph Alpher in the 1940s . Alpher published the Alpher -- Bethe -- Gamow paper that outlined the theory of light - element production in the early universe . During the 1970s , there was a major puzzle in that the density of baryons as calculated by Big Bang nucleosynthesis was much less than the observed mass of the universe based on measurements of galaxy rotation curves and galaxy cluster dynamics . This puzzle was resolved in large part by postulating the existence of dark matter . Heavy elements ( edit ) A version of the periodic table indicating the origins -- including big bang nucleosynthesis -- of the elements . All elements above 103 ( lawrencium ) are also manmade and are not included . Big Bang nucleosynthesis produced no elements heavier than lithium , due to a bottleneck : the absence of a stable nucleus with 8 or 5 nucleons . This deficit of larger atoms also limited the amounts of lithium - 7 produced during BBN . In stars , the bottleneck is passed by triple collisions of helium - 4 nuclei , producing carbon ( the triple - alpha process ) . However , this process is very slow and requires much higher densities , taking tens of thousands of years to convert a significant amount of helium to carbon in stars , and therefore it made a negligible contribution in the minutes following the Big Bang . The predicted abundance of CNO isotopes produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis is expected to be on the order of 10 that of H , making them essentially undetectable and negligible . Indeed , none of these primordial isotopes of the elements from lithium to oxygen have yet been detected , although those of beryllium and boron may be able to be detected in the future . So far , the only stable nuclides known experimentally to have been made before or during Big Bang nucleosynthesis are protium , deuterium , helium - 3 , helium - 4 , and lithium - 7 . Helium - 4 ( edit ) Main article : Helium - 4 Big Bang nucleosynthesis predicts a primordial abundance of about 25 % helium - 4 by mass , irrespective of the initial conditions of the universe . As long as the universe was hot enough for protons and neutrons to transform into each other easily , their ratio , determined solely by their relative masses , was about 1 neutron to 7 protons ( allowing for some decay of neutrons into protons ) . Once it was cool enough , the neutrons quickly bound with an equal number of protons to form first deuterium , then helium - 4 . Helium - 4 is very stable and is nearly the end of this chain if it runs for only a short time , since helium neither decays nor combines easily to form heavier nuclei ( since there are no stable nuclei with mass numbers of 5 or 8 , helium does not combine easily with either protons , or with itself ) . Once temperatures are lowered , out of every 16 nucleons ( 2 neutrons and 14 protons ) , 4 of these ( 25 % of the total particles and total mass ) combine quickly into one helium - 4 nucleus . This produces one helium for every 12 hydrogens , resulting in a universe that is a little over 8 % helium by number of atoms , and 25 % helium by mass . One analogy is to think of helium - 4 as ash , and the amount of ash that one forms when one completely burns a piece of wood is insensitive to how one burns it . The resort to the BBN theory of the helium - 4 abundance is necessary as there is far more helium - 4 in the universe than can be explained by stellar nucleosynthesis . In addition , it provides an important test for the Big Bang theory . If the observed helium abundance is significantly different from 25 % , then this would pose a serious challenge to the theory . This would particularly be the case if the early helium - 4 abundance was much smaller than 25 % because it is hard to destroy helium - 4 . For a few years during the mid-1990s , observations suggested that this might be the case , causing astrophysicists to talk about a Big Bang nucleosynthetic crisis , but further observations were consistent with the Big Bang theory . Deuterium ( edit ) Main article : Deuterium This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Deuterium is in some ways the opposite of helium - 4 , in that while helium - 4 is very stable and difficult to destroy , deuterium is only marginally stable and easy to destroy . The temperatures , time , and densities were sufficient to combine a substantial fraction of the deuterium nuclei to form helium - 4 but insufficient to carry the process further using helium - 4 in the next fusion step . BBN did not convert all of the deuterium in the universe to helium - 4 due to the expansion that cooled the universe and reduced the density , and so cut that conversion short before it could proceed any further . One consequence of this is that , unlike helium - 4 , the amount of deuterium is very sensitive to initial conditions . The denser the initial universe was , the more deuterium would be converted to helium - 4 before time ran out , and the less deuterium would remain . There are no known post-Big Bang processes which can produce significant amounts of deuterium . Hence observations about deuterium abundance suggest that the universe is not infinitely old , which is in accordance with the Big Bang theory . During the 1970s , there were major efforts to find processes that could produce deuterium , but those revealed ways of producing isotopes other than deuterium . The problem was that while the concentration of deuterium in the universe is consistent with the Big Bang model as a whole , it is too high to be consistent with a model that presumes that most of the universe is composed of protons and neutrons . If one assumes that all of the universe consists of protons and neutrons , the density of the universe is such that much of the currently observed deuterium would have been burned into helium - 4 . The standard explanation now used for the abundance of deuterium is that the universe does not consist mostly of baryons , but that non-baryonic matter ( also known as dark matter ) makes up most of the mass of the universe . This explanation is also consistent with calculations that show that a universe made mostly of protons and neutrons would be far more clumpy than is observed . It is very hard to come up with another process that would produce deuterium other than by nuclear fusion . Such a process would require that the temperature be hot enough to produce deuterium , but not hot enough to produce helium - 4 , and that this process should immediately cool to non-nuclear temperatures after no more than a few minutes . It would also be necessary for the deuterium to be swept away before it reoccurs . Producing deuterium by fission is also difficult . The problem here again is that deuterium is very unlikely due to nuclear processes , and that collisions between atomic nuclei are likely to result either in the fusion of the nuclei , or in the release of free neutrons or alpha particles . During the 1970s , cosmic ray spallation was proposed as a source of deuterium . That theory failed to account for the abundance of deuterium , but led to explanations of the source of other light elements . Measurements and status of theory ( edit ) The theory of BBN gives a detailed mathematical description of the production of the light `` elements '' deuterium , helium - 3 , helium - 4 , and lithium - 7 . Specifically , the theory yields precise quantitative predictions for the mixture of these elements , that is , the primordial abundances at the end of the big - bang . In order to test these predictions , it is necessary to reconstruct the primordial abundances as faithfully as possible , for instance by observing astronomical objects in which very little stellar nucleosynthesis has taken place ( such as certain dwarf galaxies ) or by observing objects that are very far away , and thus can be seen in a very early stage of their evolution ( such as distant quasars ) . As noted above , in the standard picture of BBN , all of the light element abundances depend on the amount of ordinary matter ( baryons ) relative to radiation ( photons ) . Since the universe is presumed to be homogeneous , it has one unique value of the baryon - to - photon ratio . For a long time , this meant that to test BBN theory against observations one had to ask : can all of the light element observations be explained with a single value of the baryon - to - photon ratio ? Or more precisely , allowing for the finite precision of both the predictions and the observations , one asks : is there some range of baryon - to - photon values which can account for all of the observations ? More recently , the question has changed : Precision observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) and Planck give an independent value for the baryon - to - photon ratio . Using this value , are the BBN predictions for the abundances of light elements in agreement with the observations ? The present measurement of helium - 4 indicates good agreement , and yet better agreement for helium - 3 . But for lithium - 7 , there is a significant discrepancy between BBN and WMAP / Planck , and the abundance derived from Population II stars . The discrepancy is a factor of 2.4 ― 4.3 below the theoretically predicted value and is considered a problem for the original models , that have resulted in revised calculations of the standard BBN based on new nuclear data , and to various reevaluation proposals for primordial proton - proton nuclear reactions , especially the abundances of Be + n → Li + p , versus Be + H → Be + p . Non-standard scenarios ( edit ) In addition to the standard BBN scenario there are numerous non-standard BBN scenarios . These should not be confused with non-standard cosmology : a non-standard BBN scenario assumes that the Big Bang occurred , but inserts additional physics in order to see how this affects elemental abundances . These pieces of additional physics include relaxing or removing the assumption of homogeneity , or inserting new particles such as massive neutrinos . There have been , and continue to be , various reasons for researching non-standard BBN . The first , which is largely of historical interest , is to resolve inconsistencies between BBN predictions and observations . This has proved to be of limited usefulness in that the inconsistencies were resolved by better observations , and in most cases trying to change BBN resulted in abundances that were more inconsistent with observations rather than less . The second reason for researching non-standard BBN , and largely the focus of non-standard BBN in the early 21st century , is to use BBN to place limits on unknown or speculative physics . For example , standard BBN assumes that no exotic hypothetical particles were involved in BBN . One can insert a hypothetical particle ( such as a massive neutrino ) and see what has to happen before BBN predicts abundances that are very different from observations . This has been done to put limits on the mass of a stable tau neutrino . See also ( edit ) Cosmology portal Astronomy portal Book : Nucleosynthesis Big Bang Chronology of the universe Nucleosynthesis Stellar nucleosynthesis Ultimate fate of the universe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( Particle Data Group ) ; C. Patrignani ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Big - Bang nucleosynthesis '' ( PDF ) . Chin . Phys. C. 40 : 100001 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Gary Steigman ( December 2007 ) . `` Primordial Nucleosynthesis in the Precision Cosmology Era '' . Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science . 57 : 463 -- 491 . Bibcode : 2007ARNPS ... 57 ... 463S . arXiv : 0712.1100 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. nucl. 56.080805. 140437 . Jump up ^ Bertulani , Carlos A. ( 2013 ) . Nuclei in the Cosmos . World Scientific . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4417 - 66 - 2 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Achim . `` Equilibrium and change : The physics behind Big Bang Nucleosynthesis '' . Einstein Online . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/665/1/012001/pdf Jump up ^ https://arxiv.org/pdf/1403.4156v1.pdf Jump up ^ Bludman , S.A. ( December 1998 ) . `` Baryonic Mass Fraction in Rich Clusters and the Total Mass Density in the Cosmos '' . Astrophysical Journal . 508 ( 2 ) : 535 -- 538 . Bibcode : 1998ApJ ... 508 ... 535B . arXiv : astro - ph / 9706047 . doi : 10.1086 / 306412 . Jump up ^ Schramm , D.N. , The Big Bang and Other Explosions in Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics ( Singapore : World Scientific , 1995 ) , p. 175 . Jump up ^ David Toback ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 12 : Cosmic Background Radiation '' Jump up ^ David Toback ( 2009 ) . `` Unit 4 : The Evolution Of The Universe '' Jump up ^ R.H. Cyburt , B.D. Fields & K.A. Olive ( 2008 ) . `` A Bitter Pill : The Primordial Lithium Problem Worsens '' . Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2008 : 012 . Bibcode : 2008JCAP ... 11 ... 012C . arXiv : 0808.2818 . doi : 10.1088 / 1475 - 7516 / 2008 / 11 / 012 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Achim . `` Elements of the past : Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and observation '' . Einstein Online . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 24 . For a recent calculation of BBN predictions , see A. Coc ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Updated Big Bang Nucleosynthesis confronted to WMAP observations and to the Abundance of Light Elements '' . Astrophysical Journal . 600 ( 2 ) : 544 -- 552 . Bibcode : 2004ApJ ... 600 ... 544C . arXiv : astro - ph / 0309480 . doi : 10.1086 / 380121 . For the observational values , see the following articles : Helium - 4 : K.A. Olive & E.A. Skillman ( 2004 ) . `` A Realistic Determination of the Error on the Primordial Helium Abundance '' . Astrophysical Journal . 617 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 49 . Bibcode : 2004ApJ ... 617 ... 29O . arXiv : astro - ph / 0405588 . doi : 10.1086 / 425170 . Helium - 3 : T.M. Bania , R.T. Rood & D.S. Balser ( 2002 ) . `` The cosmological density of baryons from observations of 3He+ in the Milky Way '' . Nature . 415 ( 6867 ) : 54 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2002Natur. 415 ... 54B . PMID 11780112 . doi : 10.1038 / 415054a . Deuterium : J.M. O'Meara ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` The Deuterium to Hydrogen Abundance Ratio Towards a Fourth QSO : HS0105 + 1619 '' . Astrophysical Journal . 552 ( 2 ) : 718 -- 730 . Bibcode : 2001ApJ ... 552 ... 718O . arXiv : astro - ph / 0011179 . doi : 10.1086 / 320579 . Lithium - 7 : C. Charbonnel & F. Primas ( 2005 ) . `` The Lithium Content of the Galactic Halo Stars '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 442 ( 3 ) : 961 -- 992 . Bibcode : 2005A&A ... 442 ... 961C . arXiv : astro - ph / 0505247 . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20042491 . A. Korn ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` A probable stellar solution to the cosmological lithium discrepancy '' . Nature . 442 ( 7103 ) : 657 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 442 ... 657K . PMID 16900193 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0608201 . doi : 10.1038 / nature05011 . Jump up ^ Soler , F.J.P. , Froggatt , C.D. , & Muheim , F. , eds. , Neutrinos in Particle Physics , Astrophysics and Cosmology ( Baton Rouge : CRC Press , 2009 ) , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Anderson , R.W. , The Cosmic Compendium : The Big Bang & the Early Universe ( Morrisville , NC : Lulu Press , Inc. , 2015 ) , p. 54 . External links ( edit ) For a general audience ( edit ) Weiss , Achim . `` Big Bang Nucleosynthesis : Cooking up the first light elements '' . Einstein Online . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 24 . White , Martin : Overview of BBN Wright , Ned : BBN ( cosmology tutorial ) Big Bang nucleosynthesis on arxiv.org Burles , Scott ; Nollett , Kenneth M. ; Turner , Michael S. ( 1999 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Big - Bang Nucleosynthesis : Linking Inner Space and Outer Space '' . arXiv : astro - ph / 9903300 . Academic articles ( edit ) Cyburt , Richard H. ; Fields , Brian D. ; Olive , Keith A. ; Yeh , Tsung - Han ( February 2016 ) . `` Big Bang Nucleosynthesis : 2015 '' . Rev. Mod . Phys. 88 ( 1 ) : 015004 . Bibcode : 2016RvMP ... 88a5004C . arXiv : 1505.01076 . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 88.015004 . Burles , Scott ; Kenneth M. Nollett ; Michael S. Turner ( 2001 ) . `` What Is The BBN Prediction for the Baryon Density and How Reliable Is It ? '' . Phys. Rev. D. 63 ( 6 ) : 063512 . Bibcode : 2001PhRvD ... 63f3512B . arXiv : astro - ph / 0008495 . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD. 63.063512 . Report - no : FERMILAB - Pub - 00 - 239 - A Jedamzik , Karsten , `` Non-Standard Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Scenarios '' . Max - Planck - Institut für Astrophysik , Garching . Steigman , Gary , Primordial Nucleosynthesis : Successes And Challenges arXiv : astro - ph / 0511534 ; Forensic Cosmology : Probing Baryons and Neutrinos With BBN and the CBR arXiv : hep - ph / 0309347 ; and Big Bang Nucleosynthesis : Probing the First 20 Minutes arXiv : astro - ph / 0307244 R.A. Alpher , H.A. Bethe , G. Gamow , The Origin of Chemical Elements , Physical Review 73 ( 1948 ) , 803 . The so - called αβγ paper , in which Alpher and Gamow suggested that the light elements were created by hydrogen ions capturing neutrons in the hot , dense early universe . Bethe 's name was added for symmetry Gamow , G. ( 1948 ) . `` The Origin of Elements and the Separation of Galaxies '' . Physical Review . 74 : 505 -- 506 . Bibcode : 1948PhRv ... 74 ... 505G . doi : 10.1103 / physrev. 74.505. 2 . These two 1948 papers of Gamow laid the foundation for our present understanding of big - bang nucleosynthesis Gamow , G. ( 1948 ) . `` The Evolution of the Universe '' . Nature . 162 : 680 -- 2 . Bibcode : 1948Natur. 162 ... 680G . PMID 18893719 . doi : 10.1038 / 162680a0 . Alpher , R.A. ( 1948 ) . `` A Neutron - Capture Theory of the Formation and Relative Abundance of the Elements '' . Physical Review . 74 : 1737 -- 1742 . Bibcode : 1948PhRv ... 74.1737 A . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 74.1737 . R.A. Alpher and R. Herman , `` On the Relative Abundance of the Elements , '' Physical Review 74 ( 1948 ) , 1577 . This paper contains the first estimate of the present temperature of the universe Alpher , R.A. ; Herman , R. ; Gamow , G. ( 1948 ) . `` Evolution of the Universe '' . Nature . 162 : 774 -- 775 . Bibcode : 1948Natur. 162 ... 774A . doi : 10.1038 / 162774b0 . Java Big Bang element abundance calculator ( hide ) Timeline of the Big Bang Chronology of the universe Big Bang Planck epoch Grand unification epoch Electroweak epoch ( Inflationary epoch , Reheating , Baryogenesis ) Quark epoch Hadron epoch Lepton epoch Photon epoch ( Big Bang nucleosynthesis , Matter domination , Recombination ) Dark ages Habitable epoch Reionization Fate of the universe Big Crunch Big Rip Heat death of the universe Graphical timeline of the Big Bang Cosmology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis&oldid=801157674 '' Categories : Nucleosynthesis Physical cosmology Big Bang Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Self - contradictory articles from March 2017 All self - contradictory articles Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Slovenčina Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 00 : 46 . 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for heavy elements what is the ratio of neutrons to protons that predicts a stable nucleus
[ "At times much earlier than 1 sec, these reactions were fast and maintained the n/p ratio close to 1:1. As the temperature dropped, the equilibrium shifted in favour of protons due to their slightly lower mass, and the n/p ratio smoothly decreased. These reactions continued until the decreasing temperature and density caused the reactions to become too slow, which occurred at about T = 0.7 MeV (time around 1 second) and is called the freeze out temperature. At freeze out, the neutron-proton ratio was about 1/6. However, free neutrons are unstable with a mean life of 880 sec; some neutrons decayed in the next few minutes before fusing into any nucleus, so the ratio of total neutrons to protons after nucleosynthesis ends is about 1/7. Almost all neutrons that fused instead of decaying ended up combined into helium-4, due to the fact that helium-4 has the highest binding energy per nucleon among light elements. This predicts that about 8% of all atoms should be helium-4, leading to a mass fraction of helium-4 of about 25%, which is in line with observations. Small traces of deuterium and helium-3 remained as there was insufficient time and density for them to react and form helium-4.[2]" ]
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American Sign Language
American sign language - Wikipedia American sign language `` ASL '' redirects here . For other uses , see ASL ( disambiguation ) . `` Canadian Sign Language '' redirects here . For French Canadian Sign Language , see Quebec Sign Language . American Sign Language Langue des Signes Américaine ( in the Canadian province of Québec ) Native to United States , Canada Region English - speaking North America Native speakers 250,000 -- 500,000 in the United States ( 1972 ) L2 users : Used as L2 by many hearing people and by Hawaii Sign Language speakers . Language family French Sign - based ( possibly a creole with Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language ) American Sign Language Dialects African - American Sign Bolivian Sign Costa Rican Sign Ghanaian Sign Nigerian Sign Francophone African Sign Québec Sign Writing system None are widely accepted si5s ( ASLwrite ) , ASL - phabet , Stokoe notation , SignWriting Official status Official language in none Recognised minority language in Ontario only in domains of : legislation , education and judiciary proceedings . 40 US states recognize ASL to varying degrees , from a foreign language for school credits to the official language of that state 's deaf population . Language codes ISO 639 - 3 ase Glottolog asli1244 ASL family amer1248 ASL proper Areas where ASL or a dialect / derivative thereof is the national sign language Areas where ASL is in significant use alongside another sign language American Sign Language ( ASL ) is a natural language that serves as the predominant sign language of Deaf communities in the United States and most of Anglophone Canada . Besides North America , dialects of ASL and ASL - based creoles are used in many countries around the world , including much of West Africa and parts of Southeast Asia . ASL is also widely learned as a second language , serving as a lingua franca . ASL is most closely related to French Sign Language ( LSF ) . It has been proposed that ASL is a creole language of LSF , although ASL shows features atypical of creole languages , such as agglutinative morphology . ASL originated in the early 19th century in the American School for the Deaf ( ASD ) in Hartford , Connecticut , from a situation of language contact . Since then , ASL use has propagated widely via schools for the deaf and Deaf community organizations . Despite its wide use , no accurate count of ASL users has been taken , though reliable estimates for American ASL users range from 250,000 to 500,000 persons , including a number of children of deaf adults . ASL users face stigma due to beliefs in the superiority of oral language to sign language , compounded by the fact that ASL is often glossed in English due to the lack of a standard writing system . ASL signs have a number of phonemic components , including movement of the face and torso as well as the hands . ASL is not a form of pantomime , but iconicity does play a larger role in ASL than in spoken languages . English loan words are often borrowed through fingerspelling , although ASL grammar is unrelated to that of English . ASL has verbal agreement and aspectual marking and has a productive system of forming agglutinative classifiers . Many linguists believe ASL to be a subject -- verb -- object ( SVO ) language , but there are several alternative proposals to account for ASL word order . Contents 1 Classification 2 History 3 Population 4 Geographic distribution 5 Regional variation 5.1 Sign production 5.2 Sign variants 5.3 History and implications 6 Varieties 7 Stigma 8 Writing systems 9 Phonology 10 Grammar 10.1 Morphology 10.1. 1 Fingerspelling 10.2 Syntax 11 Iconicity 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Bibliography 16 External links Classification ( edit ) Play media Travis Dougherty explains and demonstrates the ASL alphabet . Voice - over interpretation by Gilbert G. Lensbower . ASL emerged as a language in the American School for the Deaf ( ASD ) , founded in 1817 . This school brought together Old French Sign Language , various village sign languages , and home sign systems ; ASL was created in this situation of language contact . ASL was influenced by its forerunners but distinct from all of them . The influence of French Sign Language ( LSF ) on ASL is readily apparent ; for example , it has been found that about 58 % of signs in modern ASL are cognate to Old French Sign Language signs . However , this is far less than the standard 80 % measure used to determine whether related languages are actually dialects . This suggests that nascent ASL was highly affected by the other signing systems brought by the ASD students , despite the fact that the school 's original director Laurent Clerc taught in LSF . In fact , Clerc reported that he often learned the students ' signs rather than conveying LSF : I see , however , and I say it with regret , that any efforts that we have made or may still be making , to do better than , we have inadvertently fallen somewhat back of Abbé de l'Épée . Some of us have learned and still learn signs from uneducated pupils , instead of learning them from well instructed and experienced teachers . -- Clerc , 1852 , from Woodward 1978 : 336 It has been proposed that ASL is a creole with LSF as the superstrate language and with the native village sign languages as substrate languages . However , more recent research has shown that modern ASL does not share many of the structural features that characterize creole languages . ASL may have begun as a creole and then undergone structural change over time , but it is also possible that it was never a creole - type language . There are modality - specific reasons that sign languages tend towards agglutination , for example the ability to simultaneously convey information via the face , head , torso , and other body parts . This might override creole characteristics such as the tendency towards isolating morphology . Additionally , Clerc and Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet may have used an artificially constructed form of manually coded language in instruction rather than true LSF . Although the United States , the United Kingdom , and Australia share English as a common oral and written language , ASL is not mutually intelligible with British Sign Language ( BSL ) or Auslan . All three languages show degrees of borrowing from English , but this alone is not sufficient for cross-language comprehension . It has been found that a relatively high percentage ( 37 -- 44 % ) of ASL signs have similar translations in Auslan , which for oral languages would suggest that they belong to the same language family . However , this does not seem justified historically for ASL and Auslan , and it is likely that this resemblance is due to the higher degree of iconicity in sign languages in general , as well as contact with English . American Sign Language is growing in popularity among many states . Many people in high school and colleges desire to take it as a foreign language , but until recently , it was not a creditable foreign language elective . The issue was that many did n't consider it a foreign language . ASL users , however , have a very distinct culture and way they interact when talking . Their facial expressions and hand movements reflect what they are conveying . They also have their own sentence structure which sets the language apart . American sign language is now being accepted by many colleges as a foreign language credit ; many states are making it mandatory to accept it . History ( edit ) A sign language interpreter at a presentation Prior to the birth of ASL , sign language had been used by various communities in the United States . In the United States , as elsewhere in the world , hearing families with deaf children have historically employed ad - hoc home sign , which often reaches much higher levels of sophistication than gestures used by hearing people in spoken conversation . As early as 1541 at first contact by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado , there were reports that the Plains Indians had developed a sign language to communicate between tribes of different languages . In the 19th century , a `` triangle '' of village sign languages developed in New England : one in Martha 's Vineyard , Massachusetts ; one in Henniker , New Hampshire , and one in Sandy River Valley , Maine . Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language ( MVSL ) , which was particularly important for the history of ASL , was used mainly in Chilmark , Massachusetts . Due to intermarriage in the original community of English settlers of the 1690s , and the recessive nature of genetic deafness , Chilmark had a high 4 % rate of genetic deafness. . MVSL was used even by hearing residents whenever a deaf person was present , and also in some situations where spoken language would be ineffective or inappropriate , such as during church sermons or between boats at sea . ASL is thought to have originated in the American School for the Deaf ( ASD ) , founded in Hartford , Connecticut in 1817 . Originally known as The American Asylum , At Hartford , For The Education And Instruction Of The Deaf And Dumb , the school was founded by the Yale graduate and divinity student Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet . Gallaudet , inspired by his success in demonstrating the learning abilities of a young deaf girl Alice Cogswell , traveled to Europe in order to learn deaf pedagogy from European institutions . Ultimately , Gallaudet chose to adopt the methods of the French Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris , and convinced Laurent Clerc , an assistant to the school 's founder Charles - Michel de l'Épée , to accompany him back to the United States . Upon his return , Gallaudet founded the ASD on April 15 , 1817 . The largest group of students during the first seven decades of the school were from Martha 's Vineyard , and they brought MVSL with them . There were also 44 students from around Henniker , New Hampshire , and 27 from the Sandy River valley in Maine , each of which had their own village sign language . Other students brought knowledge of their own home signs . Laurent Clerc , the first teacher at ASD , taught using French Sign Language ( LSF ) , which itself had developed in the Parisian school for the deaf established in 1755 . From this situation of language contact , a new language emerged , now known as ASL . American Sign Language Convention of March 2008 in Austin , Texas More schools for the deaf were founded after ASD , and knowledge of ASL spread to these schools . In addition , the rise of Deaf community organizations bolstered the continued use of ASL . Societies such as the National Association of the Deaf and the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf held national conventions that attracted signers from across the country . This all contributed to ASL 's wide use over a large geographical area , atypical of a sign language . Up to the 1950s , the predominant method in deaf education was oralism -- acquiring oral language comprehension and production . Linguists did not consider sign language to be true `` language '' , but rather something inferior . Recognition of the legitimacy of ASL was achieved by William Stokoe , a linguist who arrived at Gallaudet University in 1955 when this was still the dominant assumption . Aided by the civil rights movement of the 1960s , Stokoe argued for manualism , the use of sign language in deaf education . Stokoe noted that sign language shares the important features that oral languages have as a means of communication , and even devised a transcription system for ASL . In doing so , Stokoe revolutionized both deaf education and linguistics . In the 1960s , ASL was sometimes referred to as `` Ameslan '' , but this term is now considered obsolete . Population ( edit ) Counting the number of ASL signers is difficult because ASL users have never been counted by the American census . The ultimate source for current estimates of the number of ASL users in the United States is a report for the National Census of the Deaf Population ( NCDP ) by Schein and Delk ( 1974 ) . Based on a 1972 survey of the NCDP , Schein and Delk provided estimates consistent with a signing population between 250,000 and 500,000 . The survey did not distinguish between ASL and other forms of signing ; in fact , the name `` ASL '' was not yet in widespread use . Incorrect figures are sometimes cited for the population of ASL speakers in the United States based on misunderstandings of known statistics . Demographics of the deaf population have been confused with those of ASL use , since adults who become deaf late in life rarely use ASL in the home . This accounts for currently cited estimations which are greater than 500,000 ; such mistaken estimations can reach as high as 15,000,000 . A 100,000 - person lower bound has been cited for ASL users ; the source of this figure is unclear , but it may be an estimate of prelingual deafness , which is correlated with but not equivalent to signing . ASL is sometimes incorrectly cited as the third - or fourth-most - spoken language in the United States . These figures misquote Schein and Delk ( 1974 ) , who actually concluded that ASL speakers constituted the third - largest population requiring an interpreter in court . Although this would make ASL the third-most used language among monolinguals other than English , it does not imply that it is the fourth-most - spoken language in the United States , since speakers of other languages may also speak English . Geographic distribution ( edit ) ASL is used throughout Anglo - America . This contrasts with Europe , where a variety of sign languages are used within the same continent . The unique situation of ASL seems to have been caused by the proliferation of ASL through schools influenced by the American School for the Deaf , wherein ASL originated , and the rise of community organizations for the Deaf . Throughout West Africa , ASL - based sign languages are spoken by educated Deaf adults . These languages , imported by boarding schools , are often considered by associations to be the official sign languages of their countries , and are named accordingly , e.g. Nigerian Sign Language , Ghanaian Sign Language . Such signing systems are found in Benin , Burkina Faso , Ivory Coast , Ghana , Liberia , Mauritania , Mali , Nigeria , and Togo . Due to lack of data , it is still an open question how similar these sign languages are to the variety of ASL used in America . In addition to the aforementioned West African countries , ASL is reported to be used as a first language in Barbados , Bolivia , Cambodia , the Central African Republic , Chad , China ( Hong Kong ) , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Gabon , Jamaica , Kenya , Madagascar , the Philippines , Singapore , and Zimbabwe . ASL is also used as a lingua franca throughout the deaf world , widely learned as a second language . Regional variation ( edit ) Sign production ( edit ) Sign production can often vary according to location . Signers from the South tend to sign with more flow and ease . Native signers from New York have been reported as signing comparatively more quickly and sharply . Sign production of native Californian signers has also been reported as being fast as well . Research on this phenomenon often concludes this fast - paced production for signers form the coast could be due to the fast - paced nature of living in large metropolitan areas . This conclusion also supports how the ease with which Southern sign could be due to the easy going environment of the South in comparison to that of the East and West coast . Sign production can also vary depending on age and native language . For example , sign production of letters may vary in older signers . Slight differences in finger spelling production can be a signal of age . Additionally , signers who learned American Sign Language as a second language vary in production . For Deaf signers who learned a different sign language before learning American Sign Language , qualities of their native language may show in their ASL production . Some examples of this varied production are finger spelling towards the body instead of away from , and signing certain movement from bottom to top instead of top to bottom . Hearing people that learn American Sign Language also have noticeable differences in signing production . The most notable production difference of hearing people learning American Sign Language is their rhythm and arm posture . Sign variants ( edit ) Most popularly there are variants of the signs for English words such as `` birthday '' , `` pizza '' , `` Halloween '' , `` early '' , and `` soon '' . These are just a sample of the most commonly recognized signs with variant based on regional change . The sign for `` school '' is commonly varied between black and white signers . The variation between sign produced by black and white signers is sometimes referred to as Black American Sign Language . History and implications ( edit ) The prevalence of residential Deaf schools can account for much of the regional variance of signs and sign productions across the United States . Deaf schools often serve students of the state in which the school resides . This limited access to signers from other regions , combined with the residential quality of Deaf Schools promoted specific use of certain sign variants . Native signers did not have much access to signers from other regions during the beginning years of their education . It is hypothesized that because of this seclusion , certain variants of a sign prevailed over others other due to the choice of variant used by the student of the school / signers in the community . However , American Sign Language does not appear to be vastly varied when compared to other signed languages . This is because when Deaf education was beginning in the United States , many educators flocked to the American School for the Deaf in Hartford , Connecticut . This central location for the first generation of educators in Deaf education to learn American Sign Language allows ASL to be more standardized than it is variant . Varieties ( edit ) Main article : Varieties of American Sign Language Variants of ABOUT in Canadian ASL Play media About -- General sign ( Canadian ASL ) Play media About -- Atlantic Variation ( Canadian ASL ) Play media About -- Ontario Variation ( Canadian ASL ) Varieties of ASL are found throughout the world . There is little difficulty in comprehension among the varieties of the United States and Canada . Just as there are accents in speech , there are regional accents in sign . People from the South sign slower than people in the North -- even people from northern and southern Indiana have different styles . -- Walker , Lou Ann ( 1987 ) . A Loss for Words : The Story of Deafness in a Family . New York : HarperPerennial . p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 091425 - 4 . Mutual intelligibility among these ASL varieties is high , and the variation is primarily lexical . For example , there are three different words for English about in Canadian ASL ; the standard way , and two regional variations ( Atlantic and Ontario ) , as shown in the videos on the right . Variation may also be phonological , meaning that the same sign may be signed in a different way depending on the region . For example , an extremely common type of variation is between the handshapes / 1 / , / L / , and / 5 / in signs with one handshape . There is also a distinct variety of ASL used by the Black Deaf community . Black ASL evolved as a result of racially segregated schools in some states , which included the residential schools for the deaf . Black ASL differs from standard ASL in vocabulary , phonology , and some grammatical structure . While African American English ( AAE ) is generally viewed as more innovating than standard English , Black ASL is more conservative than standard ASL , preserving older forms of many signs . Black sign language speakers use more two - handed signs than in mainstream ASL , are less likely to show assimilatory lowering of signs produced on the forehead ( e.g. KNOW ) and use a wider signing space . Modern Black ASL borrows a number of idioms from AAE ; for instance , the AAE idiom `` I feel you '' is calqued into Black ASL . ASL is used internationally as a lingua franca , and a number of closely related sign languages derived from ASL are used in many different countries . Even so , there have been varying degrees of divergence from standard ASL in these imported ASL varieties . Bolivian Sign Language is reported to be a dialect of ASL , no more divergent than other acknowledged dialects . On the other hand , it is also known that some imported ASL varieties have diverged to the extent of being separate languages . For example , Malaysian Sign Language , which has ASL origins , is no longer mutually comprehensible with ASL and must be considered its own language . For some imported ASL varieties , such as those used in West Africa , it is still an open question how similar they are to American ASL . When communicating with hearing English speakers , ASL - speakers often use what is commonly called Pidgin Signed English ( PSE ) or ' contact signing ' , a blend of English structure with ASL . Various types of PSE exist , ranging from highly English - influenced PSE ( practically relexified English ) to PSE which is quite close to ASL lexically and grammatically , but may alter some subtle features of ASL grammar . Fingerspelling may be used more often in PSE than it is normally used in ASL . There have been some constructed sign languages , known as Manually Coded English ( MCE ) , which match English grammar exactly and simply replace spoken words with signs ; these systems are not considered to be varieties of ASL . Tactile ASL ( TASL ) is a variety of ASL used throughout the United States by and with the deaf - blind . It is particularly common among those with Usher 's syndrome . This syndrome results in deafness from birth followed by loss of vision later in life ; consequently , those with Usher 's syndrome often grow up in the Deaf community using ASL , and later transition to TASL . TASL differs from ASL in that signs are produced by touching the palms , and there are some grammatical differences from standard ASL in order to compensate for the lack of non-manual signing . Stigma ( edit ) In 2013 the White House published a response to a petition that gained over 37,000 signatures to officially recognize American Sign Language as a community language and a language of instruction in schools . The response is titled `` there should n't be any stigma about American Sign Language '' and addressed that ASL is a vital language for the Deaf and hard of hearing . Stigmas associated with sign languages and the use of sign for educating children often lead to the absence of sign during periods in children 's lives when they can access languages most effectively . Scholars such as Beth S. Benedict advocate not only for bilingualism ( using ASL and English training ) but also for early childhood intervention for children who are deaf . York University psychologist Ellen Bialystok has also campaigned for bilingualism , arguing that those who are bilingual acquire cognitive skills that may help to prevent dementia later in life . The majority of children born to deaf parents are hearing . These children , known as CODAs ( `` Children Of Deaf Adults '' ) are often more culturally Deaf than deaf children , the majority of whom are born to hearing parents . Unlike many deaf children , CODAs acquire ASL as well as Deaf cultural values and behaviors from birth . These bilingual hearing children may be mistakenly labeled as being `` slow learners '' or as having `` language difficulties '' due to preferential attitudes towards spoken language . Writing systems ( edit ) The ASL phrase `` American Sign Language '' , written in Stokoe notation The ASL phrase `` American Sign Language '' , written in Sutton SignWriting ASL signs for counting Although there is no well - established writing system for ASL , written sign language dates back almost two centuries . The first systematic writing system for a sign language seems to be that of Roch - Ambroise Auguste Bébian , developed in 1825 . However , written sign language remained marginal among the public . In the 1960s , linguist William Stokoe created Stokoe notation specifically for ASL . It is alphabetic , with a letter or diacritic for every phonemic ( distinctive ) hand shape , orientation , motion , and position , though it lacks any representation of facial expression , and is better suited for individual words than for extended passages of text . Stokoe used this system for his 1965 A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles . SignWriting , proposed in 1974 by Valerie Sutton , is the first writing system to gain use among the public and the first writing system for sign languages to be included in the Unicode Standard . SignWriting consists of more than 5000 distinct iconic graphs / glyphs . Currently , it is in use in many schools for the Deaf , particularly in Brazil , and has been used in International Sign forums with speakers and researchers in more than 40 countries , including Brazil , Ethiopia , France , Germany , Italy , Portugal , Saudi Arabia , Slovenia , Tunisia , and the United States . Sutton SignWriting has both a printed and an electronically produced form so that persons can use the system anywhere that oral languages are written ( personal letters , newspapers , and media , academic research ) . The systematic examination of the International Sign Writing Alphabet ( ISWA ) as an equivalent usage structure to the International Phonetic Alphabet for spoken languages has been proposed . According to some researchers , SignWriting is not a phonemic orthography and does not have a one - to - one map from phonological forms to written forms . This assertion has been disputed and the process for each country to look at the ISWA and create a phonemic / morphemic assignment of features of each sign language was proposed by researchers Msc . Roberto Cesar Reis da Costa and Madson Barreto in a thesis forum on June 23 , 2014 . The SignWriting community has an open project on Wikimedia Labs to support the various Wikimedia projects on Wikimedia Incubator and elsewhere involving SignWriting . The ASL Wikipedia request was marked as eligible in 2008 and the test ASL Wikipedia has 50 articles written in ASL using SignWriting . The most widely used transcription system among academics is HamNoSys , developed at the University of Hamburg . Based on Stokoe Notation , HamNoSys was expanded to about 200 graphs in order to allow transcription of any sign language . Phonological features are usually indicated with single symbols , though the group of features that make up a handshape is indicated collectively with a symbol . Comparison of ASL writing systems . Sutton SignWriting is on the left , followed by Si5s , then Stokoe notation in the center , with SignFont and its simplified derivation ASL - phabet on the right . Several additional candidates for written ASL have appeared over the years , including SignFont , ASL - phabet , and Si5s . For English - speaking audiences , ASL is often glossed using English words . These glosses are typically all - capitalized and are arranged in ASL order . For example , the ASL sentence DOG NOW CHASE > IX = 3 CAT , meaning `` the dog is chasing the cat '' , uses NOW to mark ASL progressive aspect and shows ASL verbal inflection for the third person ( written with > IX = 3 ) . However , glossing is not used to write the language for speakers of ASL . Phonology ( edit ) Main article : American Sign Language phonology Distinctive features in ASL Phonemic handshape / 2 / ( + closed thumb ) Phonemic handshape / 3 / ( − closed thumb ) Each sign in ASL is composed of a number of distinctive components , generally referred to as parameters . A sign may use one hand or both . All signs can be described using the five parameters involved in signed languages , which are handshape , movement , palm orientation , location and non-manual markers . Just as phonemes of sound distinguish meaning in spoken languages , these parameters are the phonemes that distinguish meaning in signed languages like ASL . Changing any one of these may change the meaning of a sign , as illustrated by the ASL signs THINK and DISAPPOINTED : THINK handshape closed fist with index finger extended orientation facing signer 's body location tip of finger in contact with forehead movement unidirectional single contacting movement DISAPPOINTED handshape ( as for THINK ) orientation ( as for THINK ) location tip of finger in contact with chin movement ( as for THINK ) There are also meaningful non-manual signals in ASL . This may include movement of the eyebrows , the cheeks , the nose , the head , the torso , and the eyes . William Stokoe proposed that these components are analogous to the phonemes of spoken languages . There has also been a proposal that these are analogous to classes like place and manner of articulation . As in spoken languages , these phonological units can be split into distinctive features . For instance , the handshapes / 2 / and / 3 / are distinguished by the presence or absence of the feature ( ± closed thumb ) , as illustrated to the right . ASL has processes of allophony and phonotactic restrictions . There is ongoing research into whether ASL has an analog of syllables in spoken language . Grammar ( edit ) Main article : American Sign Language grammar Two men and a woman signing Morphology ( edit ) ASL has a rich system of verbal inflection . This involves both grammatical aspect -- how the action of verbs flows in time -- and agreement marking . Aspect can be marked by changing the manner of movement of the verb ; for example , continuous aspect is marked by incorporating rhythmic , circular movement , while punctual aspect is achieved by modifying the sign so that it has a stationary hand position . Verbs may agree with both the subject and the object , and are marked for number and reciprocity . Reciprocity is indicated by using two one - handed signs ; for example , the sign SHOOT , made with an L - shaped handshape with inward movement of the thumb , inflects to SHOOT , articulated by having two L - shaped hands `` shooting '' at each other . ASL has a productive system of classifiers , which are used to classify objects and their movement in space . For example , a rabbit running downhill would use a classifier consisting of a bent V classifier handshape with a downhill - directed path ; if the rabbit is hopping , the path is executed with a bouncy manner . In general , classifiers are composed of a `` classifier handshape '' bound to a `` movement root '' . The classifier handshape represents the object as a whole , incorporating such attributes as surface , depth , and shape , and is usually very iconic . The movement root consists of a path , a direction and a manner . Fingerspelling ( edit ) Main article : Fingerspelling The American manual alphabet and numbers . ASL possesses a set of 26 signs known as the American manual alphabet , which can be used to spell out words from the English language . These signs make use of the 19 handshapes of ASL . For example , the signs for ' p ' and ' k ' use the same handshape but different orientations . A common misconception is that ASL consists only of fingerspelling ; although such a method ( Rochester Method ) has been used , it is not ASL . Fingerspelling is a form of borrowing , a linguistic process wherein words from one language are incorporated into another . In ASL , fingerspelling is used for proper nouns and for technical terms with no native ASL equivalent . There are also some other loan words which are fingerspelled , either very short English words or abbreviations of longer English words , e.g. O-N from English ' on ' , and A-P-T from English ' apartment ' . Fingerspelling may also be used to emphasize a word that would normally be signed otherwise . Syntax ( edit ) The basic word order of ASL is disputed . Most linguists agree that ASL is a subject -- verb -- object ( SVO ) language with various phenomena affecting this basic word order . Basic SVO sentences are signed without any pauses : FATHER -- LOVE -- CHILD `` The father loves the child . '' However , other word orders may also occur , as ASL allows the topic of a sentence to be moved to sentence - initial position , a phenomenon known as topicalization . In object - subject - verb ( OSV ) sentences , the object is topicalized , marked by a forward head - tilt and a pause : CHILD , FATHER -- LOVE `` The father loves the child . '' Even more , word orders can be obtained through the phenomenon of subject copy . In subject copy , the subject is repeated at the end of the sentence , accompanied by head nodding , either for clarification or emphasis : FATHER -- LOVE -- CHILD -- FATHER `` The father loves the child . '' ASL also allows null subject sentences , where the subject is implied rather than stated explicitly . Subjects can be copied even in a null subject sentence , in which the subject is omitted from its original position , yielding a verb -- object -- subject ( VOS ) construction : LOVE -- CHILD -- FATHER `` The father loves the child . '' Topicalization , accompanied with a null subject and a subject copy , can produce yet another word order , object -- verb -- subject ( OVS ) . CHILD , LOVE -- FATHER `` The father loves the child . '' These properties of ASL allow it a variety of word orders , leading many to question which is the true , underlying , `` basic '' order . There are several other proposals that attempt to account for the flexibility of word order in ASL . One proposal is that languages like ASL are best described with a topic -- comment structure , where words are ordered by their importance in the sentence rather than by their syntactic properties . Another hypothesis is that ASL exhibits free word order , in which syntax is not encoded in word order whatsoever , but can be encoded by other means ( e.g. head nods , eyebrow movement , body position ) . Iconicity ( edit ) A common misconception is that signs are iconically self - explanatory , that they are a transparent imitation of what they mean , or even that they are pantomime . In fact , many signs bear no resemblance to their referent , either because they were originally arbitrary symbols or because their iconicity has been obscured over time . Even so , in ASL iconicity plays a significant role ; a high percentage of signs resemble their referents in some way . This may be due to the fact that the medium of sign -- three - dimensional space -- naturally allows more iconicity than oral language . In the era of the influential linguist Ferdinand de Saussure , it was assumed that the mapping between form and meaning in language must be completely arbitrary . Although onomatopoeia is a clear exception , since words like ' choo - choo ' bear clear resemblance to the sounds that they mimic , the Saussurean approach was to treat these as marginal exceptions . ASL , with its significant inventory of iconic signs , directly challenges this theory . Research on acquisition of pronouns in ASL has shown that children do not always take advantage of the iconic properties of signs when interpreting their meaning . It has been found that when children acquire the pronoun `` you '' , the iconicity of the point ( at the child ) is often confused , being treated more like a name . This is a similar finding to research in oral languages on pronoun acquisition . It has also been found that iconicity of signs does not affect immediate memory and recall ; less iconic signs are remembered just as well as highly iconic signs . See also ( edit ) American Sign Language grammar American Sign Language literature Baby sign language Bimodal bilingualism Great ape language , of which ASL has been one attempted mode Legal recognition of sign languages Pointing Sign name ASL interpreting Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In particular , Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language , Henniker Sign Language , and Sandy River Valley Sign Language were brought to the school by students . These in turn appear to have been influenced by early British Sign Language , and did not involve input from indigenous Native American sign systems . See Padden ( 2010 : 11 ) , Lane , Pillard & French ( 2000 : 17 ) , and Johnson & Schembri ( 2007 : 68 ) . Jump up ^ The Abbé Charles - Michel de l'Épée , founder of the Parisian school Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris , was the first to acknowledge that sign language could be used to educate the deaf . An oft - repeated folk tale states that while visiting a parishioner , Épee met two deaf daughters conversing with each other using LSF . The mother explained that her daughters were being educated privately by means of pictures . Épée is said to have been inspired by these deaf children when he established the first educational institution for the deaf . See : Ruben , Robert J. ( 2005 ) . `` Sign language : Its history and contribution to the understanding of the biological nature of language '' . Acta Oto - laryngologica. 125 ( 5 ) : 464 -- 7 . doi : 10.1080 / 00016480510026287 . PMID 16092534 . Padden , Carol A. ( 2001 ) . Folk Explanation in Language Survival in : Deaf World : A Historical Reader and Primary Sourcebook , Lois Bragg , Ed . New York : New York University Press . pp. 107 -- 108 . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 9853 - 5 . Jump up ^ Whereas deafness was genetically recessive on Martha 's Vineyard , it was dominant in Henniker . On the one hand , this dominance likely aided the development of sign language in Henniker since families would be more likely to have the critical mass of deaf people necessary for the propagation of signing . On the other hand , in Martha 's Vineyard the deaf were more likely to have more hearing relatives , which may have fostered a sense of shared identity that led to more inter-group communication than in Henniker . See Lane , Pillard & French ( 2000 : 39 ) . Jump up ^ Although some surveys of smaller scope measure ASL use , such as the California Department of Education recording ASL use in the home when children begin school , ASL use in the general American population has not been directly measured . See Mitchell et al. ( 2006 : 1 ) . Jump up ^ Stokoe himself termed these cheremes , but other linguists have referred to them as phonemes . See Bahan ( 1996 : 11 ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitchell et al. ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Province of Ontario ( 2007 ) . `` Bill 213 : An Act to recognize sign language as an official language in Ontario '' . Jump up ^ Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center . `` States that Recognize American Sign Language as a Foreign Language '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 April 2015 . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` ASLic '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` American Sign Language '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . Jump up ^ About American Sign Language , Deaf Research Library , Karen Nakamura ^ Jump up to : Bahan ( 1996 ) ^ Jump up to : Padden ( 2010 ) ^ Jump up to : Kegl ( 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Johnson & Schembri ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` ASL as a Foreign Language Fact Sheet '' . www.unm.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Wilcox Phd , Sherman ( May 2016 ) . `` Universities That Accept ASL In Fulfillment Of Foreign Language Requirements '' . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burke , Sheila ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Bill Passes Requiring Sign Language Students Receive Credit '' . US News . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ceil Lucas , 1995 , The Sociolinguistics of the Deaf Community p. 80 . Jump up ^ Lane , Pillard & French ( 2000 : 17 ) Jump up ^ Groce , Nora Ellen ( 1985 ) . Everyone Here Spoke Sign Language : Hereditary Deafness on Martha 's Vineyard . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 27041 - X . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Brief History of ASD '' . American School for the Deaf . n.d . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History Of The American Asylum , At Hartford , For The Education And Instruction Of The Deaf And Dumb '' . 1893 . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong & Karchmer ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Stokoe , William C. 1960 . Sign Language Structure : An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf , Studies in linguistics : Occasional papers ( No. 8 ) . Buffalo : Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics , University of Buffalo . Jump up ^ `` American Sign Language , ASL or Ameslan '' . Handspeak.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Nyst ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Benoit Duchateau - Arminjon , 2013 , Healing Cambodia One Child at a Time , p. 180 . ^ Jump up to : American Sign Language at Ethnologue Jump up ^ Rogelio , Contreras ( November 15 , 2002 ) . `` Regional , Cultural , and Sociolinguistic Variation of ASL in the United States '' . Jump up ^ Gallaudet Department of Linguistics ( 2017 - 09 - 16 ) , Do sign languages have accents ? , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 ^ Jump up to : Valli , Clayton ( 2005 ) . Linguistics of American Sign Language : An Introduction . Washington , D.C. : Clerc Books . p. 169 . ISBN 1 - 56368 - 283 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey & Dolby ( 2002 : 1 -- 2 ) Jump up ^ Lucas , Bayley & Valli ( 2003 : 36 ) ^ Jump up to : Solomon ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Bolivian Sign Language at Ethnologue Jump up ^ Hurlbut ( 2003 , 7 . Conclusion ) ^ Jump up to : Nakamura , Karen ( 2008 ) . `` About ASL '' . Deaf Resource Library . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Costello ( 2008 : xxv ) Jump up ^ Collins ( 2004 : 33 ) Jump up ^ `` A critical period for right hemisphere recruitment in American Sign Language processing '' . Nature Neuroscience. 5 : 76 -- 80 . doi : 10.1038 / nn775 . Jump up ^ Denworth , Ldyia ( 2014 ) . I Can Hear You Whisper : An Intimate Journey through the Science of Sound and Language . USA : Penguin Group . p. 293 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 525 - 95379 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop & Hicks ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Supalla & Cripps ( 2011 , ASL Gloss as an Intermediary Writing System ) ^ Jump up to : van der Hulst & Channon ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Armstrong , David F. , and Michael A. Karchmer . `` William C. Stokoe and the Study of Signed Languages . '' Sign Language Studies 9.4 ( 2009 ) : 389 - 397 . Academic Search Premier . Web . 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Stokoe , William C. ; Dorothy C. Casterline ; Carl G. Croneberg. 1965 . A dictionary of American sign languages on linguistic principles . Washington , D.C. : Gallaudet College Press Jump up ^ Everson , Michael ; Slevinski , Stephen ; Sutton , Valerie . `` Proposal for encoding Sutton SignWriting in the UCS '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Charles Butler , Center for Sutton Movement Writing , 2014 Jump up ^ `` SignWriting Symposium Presentation 32 by Roberto Costa and Madson Barreto '' . signwriting.org . Jump up ^ `` Test wikis of sign languages '' . incubator.wikimedia.org . Jump up ^ `` Request for ASL Wikipedia '' . meta.wikimedia.org . Jump up ^ Baker , Anne ; van den Bogaerde , Beppie ; Pfau , Roland ; Schermer , Trude ( 2016 ) . The Linguistics of Sign Languages : An Introduction . John Benjamins Publishing Company . ISBN 9789027212306 . Jump up ^ Valli & Lucas ( 2000 : 86 ) Jump up ^ Costello ( 2008 : xxiv ) ^ Jump up to : Neidle , Carol ( 2000 ) . The Syntax of American Sign Language : Functional Categories and Hierarchical Structures . Cambridge , MA : The MIT Press . p. 59 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 14067 - 5 . Jump up ^ Valli , Clayton ( 2005 ) . Linguistics of American Sign Language : An Introduction . Washington , D.C. : Clerc Books . p. 85 . ISBN 1 - 56368 - 283 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Valli , Clayton ( 2005 ) . Linguistics of American Sign Language : An Introduction . Washington , D.C. : Clerc Books . p. 86 . ISBN 1 - 56368 - 283 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lillo - Martin , Diane ( November 1986 ) . `` Two Kinds of Null Arguments in American Sign Language '' ( PDF ) . Natural Language and Linguistic Theory . 4 ( 4 ) : 415 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00134469 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Costello ( 2008 : xxiii ) ^ Jump up to : Liddell ( 2002 : 60 ) Jump up ^ Liddell ( 2002 : 61 ) Jump up ^ Liddell ( 2002 : 62 ) Jump up ^ Petitto , Laura A. ( 1987 ) . `` On the autonomy of language and gesture : Evidence from the acquisition of personal pronouns in American sign language '' . Cognition . 27 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / 0010 - 0277 ( 87 ) 90034 - 5 . PMID 3691016 . Jump up ^ Klima & Bellugi ( 1979 : 27 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Armstrong , David ; Karchmer , Michael ( 2002 ) , `` William C. Stokoe and the Study of Signed Languages '' , in Armstrong , David ; Karchmer , Michael ; Van Cleve , John , The Study of Signed Languages , Gallaudet University , pp. xi -- xix , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56368 - 123 - 3 , retrieved November 25 , 2012 Bahan , Benjamin ( 1996 ) . Non-Manual Realization of Agreement in American Sign Language ( PDF ) . Boston University . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Bailey , Carol ; Dolby , Kathy ( 2002 ) . The Canadian dictionary of ASL . Edmonton , AB : The University of Alberta Press . ISBN 0888643004 . Bishop , Michele ; Hicks , Sherry ( 2005 ) . `` Orange Eyes : Bimodal Bilingualism in Hearing Adults from Deaf Families '' ( PDF ) . Sign Language Studies . Gallaudet University Press . 5 ( 2 ) : 188 -- 230 . doi : 10.1353 / sls. 2005.0001 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Collins , Steven ( 2004 ) . Adverbial Morphemes in Tactile American Sign Language . Union Institute & University . Costello , Elaine ( 2008 ) . American Sign Language Dictionary . Random House . ISBN 0375426167 . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . Hurlbut , Hope ( 2003 ) , `` A Preliminary Survey of the Signed Languages of Malaysia '' , in Baker , Anne ; van den Bogaerde , Beppie ; Crasborn , Onno , Cross-linguistic perspectives in sign language research : selected papers from TISLR ( PDF ) , Hamburg : Signum Verlag , pp. 31 -- 46 , retrieved December 3 , 2012 Johnson , Trevor ; Schembri , Adam ( 2007 ) . Australian Sign Language ( Auslan ) : An introduction to sign language linguistics . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521540569 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Kegl , Judy ( 2008 ) . `` The Case of Signed Languages in the Context of Pidgin and Creole Studies '' . In Kouwenberg , Silvia ; Singler , John . The Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Studies . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0521540569 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Klima , Edward S. ; Bellugi , Ursula ( 1979 ) . The signs of language . Boston : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 80796 - 9 . Lane , Harlan ; Pillard , Richard ; French , Mary ( 2000 ) . `` Origins of the American Deaf - World '' ( PDF ) . Sign Language Studies . Gallaudet University Press . 1 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 44 . doi : 10.1353 / sls. 2000.0003 . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Liddell , Scott ( 2002 ) , `` Modality Effects and Conflicting Agendas '' , in Armstrong , David ; Karchmer , Michael ; Van Cleve , John , The Study of Signed Languages , Gallaudet University , pp. xi -- xix , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56368 - 123 - 3 , retrieved November 26 , 2012 Lucas , Ceil ; Bayley , Robert ; Valli , Clayton ( 2003 ) . What 's your sign for pizza ? : An introduction to variation in American Sign Language . Washington , DC : Gallaudet University Press . ISBN 1563681447 . Mitchell , Ross ; Young , Travas ; Bachleda , Bellamie ; Karchmer , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` How Many People Use ASL in the United States ? : Why Estimates Need Updating '' ( PDF ) . Sign Language Studies . Gallaudet University Press . 6 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0302 - 1475 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Nyst , Victoria ( 2010 ) , `` Sign languages in West Africa '' , in Brentari , Diane , Sign Languages , Cambridge University Press , pp. 405 -- 432 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88370 - 2 Padden , Carol ( 2010 ) , `` Sign Language Geography '' , in Mathur , Gaurav ; Napoli , Donna , Deaf Around the World ( PDF ) , New York : Oxford University Press , pp. 19 -- 37 , ISBN 0199732531 , retrieved November 25 , 2012 Solomon , Andrea ( 2010 ) . Cultural and Sociolinguistic Features of the Black Deaf Community ( Honors Thesis ) . Carnegie Mellon University . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Supalla , Samuel ; Cripps , Jody ( 2011 ) . `` Toward Universal Design in Reading Instruction '' ( PDF ) . Bilingual Basics. 12 ( 2 ) . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Valli , Clayton ; Lucas , Ceil ( 2000 ) . Linguistics of American Sign Language . Gallaudet University Press . ISBN 1 - 56368 - 097 - 1 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . van der Hulst , Harry ; Channon , Rachel ( 2010 ) , `` Notation systems '' , in Brentari , Diane , Sign Languages , Cambridge University Press , pp. 151 -- 172 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88370 - 2 External links ( edit ) American Sign Language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Find more aboutAmerican Sign Languageat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Find more aboutAmerican Sign Languageat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Textbooks from Wikibooks Data from Wikidata American Sign Language at Curlie Accessible American Sign Language vocabulary site American Sign Language discussion forum One - stop resource American Sign Language and video dictionary National Institute of Deafness ASL section National Association of the Deaf ASL information American Sign Language The American Sign Language Linguistics Research Project Video Dictionary of ASL Languages of Canada Official languages English French Indigenous languages Algonquian Abenaki Algonquin Blackfoot Cree Innu Malecite - Passamaquoddy Mi'kmaq Munsee Naskapi Ojibwe Ottawa Potawatomi Athabaskan Babine - Witsuwit'en Carrier Chilcotin Chipewyan Dogrib Gwich'in Hän Kaska Nicola Sarcee Sekani Slavey Tagish Tahltan Tutchone Inuit Inuinnaqtun Inuktitut Inupiaq Inuvialuktun Iroquoian Cayuga Mohawk Oneida Onondaga Seneca Tuscarora Wyandot Salishan Bella Coola Comox Halkomelem Lillooet Okanagan Saanich Sechelt Shuswap Squamish Thompson Wakashan Ditidaht Haisla Heiltsuk - Oowekyala Kwak'wala Nuu - chah - nulth other Beothuk Haida Kutenai Tlingit Coast Tsimshian Pidgins , creoles and mixed Algonquian -- Basque pidgin Broken Slavey Bungee Chiac Chinook Jargon Labrador Inuit Pidgin French Michif Immigrant languages Gaelic Irish Pennsylvania German Plautdietsch Ukrainian Sign languages American Sign Language Quebec Sign Language Inuk Sign Language Plains Indian Sign Language Maritime Sign Language Languages of the United States Languages in italics are extinct . English Dialects of American English African - American English Appalachian English Baltimore English Boston English Cajun English California English Chicano English Eastern New England English General American English High Tider English Inland Northern American English Miami English Mid-Atlantic American / Delaware Valley English Maine English Midland American English New England Englishes New Mexican Englishes New Orleans English New York City English New York Latino English Northern American English North - Central American English Ozark English Pacific Northwest English Pennsylvania Dutch English Philadelphia English Puerto Rican English Southern American English Texan English Tidewater English Transatlantic English Upper Michigan English Western American English Western New England English Western Pennsylvania English Yeshiva English Oral Indigenous Languages Families Algic Abenaki Anishinnabemowin Arapaho Blackfoot Cheyenne Cree Fox Gros Ventre Mahican Massachusett Menominee Mi'kmaq Mohegan - Pequot Munsee Myaamia Nanticoke Narragansett Pamlico Potawatomi Powhatan Quiripi Shawnee Unami Etchemin Loup Nawathinehena Austronesian Chamorro Hawaiian Refaluwasch Samoan Tokelauan Caddoan Arikara Caddo Wichita Kitsai Chinookan Kathlamet Tsinúk Upper Chinook Chumashan Barbareño Cruzeño Obispeño Purisimeño Ventureño Dené -- Yeniseian Ahtna Deg Xinag Dena'ina Gwich'in Hän Hupa Jicarilla Koyukon Lower Tanana Mescalero - Chiricahua Navajo Tanacross Tolowa Upper Kuskokwim Upper Tanana Western Apache Cahto Eyak Holikachuk Kwalhioqua - Clatskanie Lipan Mattole Plains Apache Tsetsaut Tututni Upper Umpqua Wailaki Eskaleut Inuit Inupiat Aleut Alutiiq Central Alaskan Yup'ik Central Siberian Yupik Chevak Cup'ik Iroquoian Cayuga Cherokee Mohawk Oneida Onondaga Osage Seneca Tuscarora Wyandot Erie Neutral Huron Nottoway Susquehannock Wenrohronon Kalapuyan Central Kalapuya Northern Kalapuya Yoncalla Keresan Cochiti Pueblo San Felipe -- Santo Domingo Zia -- Santa Ana Pueblos Western Keres Acoma Pueblo Laguna Pueblo Maiduan Konkow Maidu Nisenan Chico Muskogean Alabama Chickasaw Choctaw Koasati Mikasuki Muscogee Apalachee Palaihnihan Achumawi Atsugewi Plateau Penutian Nez Perce Sahaptin Klamath Molala Pomoan Central Pomo Eastern Pomo Kashaya Southeastern Pomo Southern Pomo Northeastern Pomo Northern Pomo Salishan Coeur d'Alene Columbia - Moses Halkomelem Klallam Lushootseed Nooksack North Straits Salish Okanagan Salish Thompson Twana Cowlitz Lower Chehalis Quinault Tillamook Upper Chehalis Siouan Assiniboine Crow Dakota Hidatsa Kansa Lakota Mandan Omaha -- Ponca Quapaw Stoney Winnebago Biloxi Catawba Chiwere Mitchigamea Moneton Ofo Tutelo - Saponi Woccon Tanoan Jemez Kiowa Picuris Southern Tiwa Taos Tewa Piro Pueblo Tsimshianic Coast Tsimshian Uto - Aztecan Comanche Hopi Ivilyuat Kawaiisu Kitanemuk Luiseño Mono Northern Paiute O'odham Serrano Shoshoni Timbisha Tübatulabal Ute - Chemehuevi Yaqui Cupeño Tongva Wakashan Makah Wintuan Nomlaki Patwin Wintu Yuk - Utian Central Sierra Miwok Southern Sierra Miwok Tule - Kaweah Yokuts Valley Yokuts Bay Miwok Buena Vista Yokuts Coast Miwok Gashowu Yokuts Kings River Yokuts Lake Miwok Northern Sierra Miwok Palewyami Plains Miwok Yuman -- Cochimí Cocopah Havasupai -- Hualapai Ipai Kumeyaay Maricopa Mojave Quechan Tiipai Yavapai Others Isolates Haida Karuk Kutenai Siuslaw Washo Yuchi Zuni Chitimacha Tonkawa Mixed or Trade Languages Chinook Jargon Michif Mohawk Dutch Manual Indigenous languages Hand Talk Anishinaabe Sign Language Blackfoot Sign Language Cheyenne Sign Language Cree Sign Language Navajo Sign Language Plateau Sign Language Isolates Hawai'i Sign Language Inuk Sign Language Keresan Pueblo Navajo Family Sign Language Oral settler languages French Louisiana Cajun Colonial Métis Missouri Muskrat New England German Pennsylvania Dutch Hutterite Plautdietsch Bernese Alsatian Texas Spanish Caló ( Chicano ) New Mexican Puerto Rican Isleño Manual settler languages Francosign American Sign Language Black American Sign Language Pro-Tactile American Sign Language Puerto Rican Sign Language BANZSL Samoan Sign Language Kentish Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language Isolates Sandy River Valley Sign Language Henniker Sign Language Immigrant languages ( number of speakers in 2010 in millions ) Spanish ( 37 ) Varieties of Chinese ( 3 ) French ( 2 ) Tagalog ( 1.6 ) Vietnamese ( 1.4 ) German ( 1.1 ) Korean ( 1.1 ) Arabic ( 0.9 ) Russian ( 0.9 ) Italian ( 0.7 ) Portuguese ( 0.7 ) Polish ( 0.6 ) Hindi ( 0.6 ) Persian ( 0.4 ) Urdu ( 0.4 ) Gujarati ( 0.4 ) Japanese ( 0.4 ) Greek ( 0.3 ) Bosnian / Croatian / Serbian language in the United States ( 0.3 ) Armenian ( 0.2 ) Khmer ( 0.2 ) Hmong ( 0.2 ) Hebrew ( 0.2 ) Laotian ( 0.2 ) Yiddish ( 0.2 ) Languages of California Indigenous Algic Wiyot Yurok Athabaskan Tolowa Hupa Mattole Cahto Wailaki Chumashan Obispeño Island Chumash Purisimeño Ineseño Barbareño Ventureño Ohlone Karkin Chochenyo Ramaytush Tamyen Awaswas Mutsun Rumsen Chalon Hokan Chimariko Karuk Achomawi Atsugewi Northeastern Pomo Eastern Pomo Southeastern Pomo Northern Pomo Central Pomo Southern Pomo Kashaya Washo Mojave Kumeyaay Yana Yahi Penutian Klamath - Mudoc Yokuts Wintu Bay Miwok Coast Miwok Lake Miwok Plains Miwok Central Sierra Miwok Northern Sierra Miwok Southern Sierra Miwok Valley Maidu Northeast Maidu Northwest Maidu Nisenan Shastan Konomihu New River Shasta Okwanuchu Shasta Uto Aztecan Cahuilla Cupeño Kawaiisu Kitanemuk Luiseño - Juaneño Mono Northern Paiute Panamint Serrano Tataviam Tongva Ute Wintuan Nomlaki Patwin Southern Patwin Wintu Yokutsan Buena Vista Yokuts , Chukchansi , Gashowu Yokuts , Kings River Yokuts , Palewyami , Tule - Kaweah Yokuts , Valley Yokuts Yukian Yuki , Wappo Language isolates and Unclassified Esselen , Chimariko , Karuk , Salinan , Takelma Plains Sign Talk Non-Indigenous Indo - European American English California English Chicano English Spanish Armenian Punjabi Russian Asian Chinese Korean Tagalog Vietnamese Francosign American Sign Language Italics indicate extinct languages Languages of Montana Indigenous Algonquian Blackfoot Cheyenne Gros Ventre Ojibwe Plains Cree Salishan Montana Salish Western Siouan Assiniboine Stoney Lakota Crow Language isolates Kutenai Non-Indigenous Indo - European American English Spanish German Swedish Uralic Finnish Languages of Oklahoma Indigenous Alabama * Arapaho Caddo Cayuga Cherokee Cheyenne Chickasaw Chiwere ( Iowa and Otoe ) Choctaw Comanche Delaware Hitchiti - Mikasuki Kansa Koasati Mescalero - Chiricahua Apache Mesquakie ( Fox , Kickapoo , and Sauk ) Muscogee Osage Ottawa Pawnee Plains Apache Ponca Potawatomi Quapaw Seneca Shawnee Tonkawa Wichita Wyandot Yuchi Sign languages American Sign Language Black American Sign Language Plains Sign Talk Non-Indigenous English German Spanish Vietnamese Italics indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere Languages of Alaska Indigenous Aleut Alutiiq Central Yup'ik Siberian Yupik Inupiaq Tlingit Eyak Ahtna Dena'ina Deg Xinag Holikachuk Upper Kuskokwim Koyukon Lower Tanana Tanacross Upper Tanana Tsetsaut Hän Gwich'in Haida Tsimshian Sign languages American Sign Language Inuk Sign Language Non-Indigenous English Spanish Ninilchik Tagalog Russian Languages of Hawai ʻi Official languages Hawaiian language English Hawaiian Pidgin Sign languages American Sign Language ( ASL ) Hawaiʻi Sign Language ( HSL ) Immigrant languages Spanish Italian German Japanese Filipino Ilokano Cantonese Korean Portuguese Mandarin Chinese French Samoan Languages of Quebec Official language French Brayon Oral Indigenous languages Algonquian Malecite - Passamaquoddy Míkmaq Anishinaabemowin ( ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ ) Wôbanakiôdwawôgan Anicinâbemowin Cree Atikamekw Īyiyū Ayimūn / Īnū Ayimūn iyuw iyimuun ( ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ ) Innu - aimun Inuit Nunavimmiutitut ( ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑎᑐᑦ ) Iroquoian Mohawk Wyandot Manual languages Francosign American Sign Language ( ASL ) Pro-Tactile American Sign Language Quebec Sign Language Plains Sign Talk Anishinaabe Sign Language Cree Sign Language Isolate Inuk Sign Language Immigrant languages English Languages of British Columbia Official language English Oral Indigenous languages Algonquian Nēhiyawēwin ( ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ ) Dené -- Yeniseian Dakelh ( ᑕᗸᒡ ) Danezaa ZaageɁ ( ᑕᓀᖚ ᖚᗀᐥ ) Danezāgé ' Nadot'en - Wets'uwet'en Tāłtān Tlingit Tse'khene Tsilhqot'in Nicola Wetal· Salishan Éy7á7juuthem Halq̓eméylem / Hul̓q̓umín̓um̓ / hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓ Nłeʔkepmxcín Scw'exmx n̓səl̓xcin sn - səlxcin North Straits Salish SENĆOŦEN Malchosen Lkwungen SEMYOME T'Sou - ke Nuxalk Secwepemctsín She shashishalhem Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim St'át'imcets Tsimshianic Gitsenimx̱ Nisg̱a'a Sgüüx̣s ( Ski : xs ) Sm'álgyax Wakashan Diitiid7aa7tx Heiltsuk - Oowekyala Haíɫzaqv ' Uik̓ala Kwak̓wala Liq̓wala Nuučaan̓uł X̄a'islak̓ala other / isolates Ktunaxa X̱aad kíl / X̱aayda kíl Manual languages Francosign American Sign Language ( ASL ) Pro-Tactile American Sign Language Plains Sign Talk Cree Sign Language Dane - zaa ( ᑕᓀᖚ ) Sign Language Plateau Sign Language Pidgins , creoles and mixed Chinook Jargon Immigrant languages French Russian Ukrainian Languages of Yukon Official languages English French Oral Indigenous languages Dené -- Yeniseian Dän kʼè Dän kʼí Dene Zágéʼ Gwich'in Häł gołan Neeʼaandeegnʼ Tā̀gish Tlingit Inuit Iñupiaq Manual Languages Francosign American Sign Language Quebec Sign Language Isolate Inuk Sign Language Trade Languages Broken Slavey Chinook Jargon Languages of Nunavut Official languages English French Inuit Language Inuinnaqtun Inuktitut Oral Indigenous languages Dené -- Yeniseian Dënesųłiné ( ᑌᓀᓱᒼᕄᓀ ) Inuit Inuvialuktun Iglulingmiut / Qikiqtaaluk uannangani Inuinnaqtun Kangiqłniq / Aivilingmiutut / Aivilimmiutut / Aivillirmiut Kangiryuarmiutun Kivallirmiutut Nattiliŋmiutut ( ᓇᑦᓯᓕᖕᒥᐅᑦᑐᑦ ) Utkuhiksalingmiutitut ( ᐅᑦᑯhᐃᒃᓴᓕᖕᒥᐅᑎᑐᑦ ) Inuktitut ( ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ ) Iglulingmiut / Qikiqtaaluk uannangani Kangiqłniq / Aivilingmiutut / Aivilimmiutut / Aivillirmiut Kivallirmiutut Nunatsiavummiutut / NunatuKavummiutut Manual Languages Francosign American Sign Language Inuit Inuit Uukturausingit ( ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐆᒃᑐᕋᐅᓯᖏᑦ ) Settler - Colonial Languages English French Francosign languages Proto Proto - LSF Africa Algerian Amslanic Francophone African Ghanaian Moroccan Nigerian Sierra Leonean Danish Malagasy Dutch Gambian Italian Tunisian Americas Libras Chilean Amslanic American Black ASL Bolivian Costa Rican Dominican Jamaican Panamanian Pro-Tactile ASL Puerto Rican Quebec Mexican Mexican Honduran Asia Amslanic Kuala Lumpur Burmese Cambodian Philippine Thai BIM BIM BISINDO Jakarta Yogyakarta Russian Mongolian Europe Catalan Valencian Dutch Estonian French Irish Italian Latvian Lithuanian Romanian Swiss - German Amslanic Greek Cypriot Austro - Hungarian Austrian Czech Hungarian Slovak Russian Bulgarian Georgian Moldovan Russian Ukrainian Yugoslav Croatian Kosovar Serbian Slovenian Yugoslav Old Belgian Flemish French Belgian Danish Danish Icelandic Norwegian Oceania Australian - Irish Italics indicate extinct languages Sign language List of sign languages List by number of signers Language families Sign languages by family Afroasiatic Mofu - Gudur Arabic Sign Egyptian Kuwaiti Libyan Qatari Unified Yemeni Iraqi -- Levantine Iraqi Levantine Arabic Jordanian Lebanese Palestinian Syrian Possible Emirati Saudi Omani Banzsl Auslan Papua New Guinean BSL Northern Ireland Fijian Maritime NZSL Sāmoan South African Swedish Finland - Swedish Portuguese Teckenspråk Viittomakieli E. Trans - Fly Meriam Francosign Proto - LSF Algerian Catalan Valencian Chilean Estonian French Irish Australian - Irish Libras Lithuanian Romanian Swiss - German Amslanic American Black ASL Protactile BIM Bolivian Burmese Cambodian Costa Rican Dominican Greek Cypriot Jamaican Kuala Lumpur Panamanian Philippine Puerto Rican Quebec Singapore BISINDO Jakarta Yogyakarta Francophone African Ethiopian Chadian Ghanaian Guinean LaSiMa Moroccan Nigerian Sierra Leonean Austro - Hungarian Austrian Czech Hungarian Slovak Ukrainian Russian Bulgarian Georgian Latvian Moldovan Mongolian Russian Yugoslav Croatian Kosovar Serbian Slovenian Yugoslav Old Belgian VGT LSFB Danish Danish Icelandic Malagasy Norwegian Dutch Dutch Gambian Italian LIS Tunisian Mexican LSM Honduran Viet - Thai Hai Phong Hanoi Ho Chi Minh Thai Germanosign German Luxembourgish Polish Shassi Indo - European Armenian Women 's Indo - Pakistani Sign Bangalore - Madras Beluchistan Bengali Bombay Calcutta Delhi Nepali North West Frontier Province Punjab - Sindh Jarrakan Miriwoong Kentish Old Kentish Chilmark Chilmark MVSL Meemul Tziij Highland Maya Nohya Mirndi Djingili Original Thai Sign Chiangmai Hai Phong Old Bangkok Paget Gorman Namibian Pama -- Nyungan Eltye eltyarrenke Iltyeme iltyeme Rdaka rdaka Manjiljarra Warlmanpa Warramunga Mudburra Ngada Umpila Western Desert Western Torres Strait Islander Yan - nhaŋu Yir Yoront Yolŋu Diyari Jaralde Kalkutungu Pitha Pitha Warluwara Paraguayan - Uruguayan Sign Paraguay Uruguay Plains Sign Talk Hand Talk Anishinaabe Apsáalooke Arikara Chaticks si Chaticks Cheyenne Coahuilteco Dane - zaa Diné Hinono'eino Hiraacá Icāk Karankawa Liksiyu Maagiadawa Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk Nakota Ni Mii Puu Niimíipuu Niitsítapi Nųmą́khų́ ki Nʉmʉnʉʉ Omaha Palus Piipaash Ppánkka Schitsu'umsh Shiwinna Sioux Taos Tickanwa tic Tháumgá Tsuu T'ina Umatilla Wazhazhe Wichita Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e Wyandot Plateau A'aninin Kalispel ʾa qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam Nesilextcl'n Secwepemcékst Sqeliz Providencia -- Cayman Sign Provisle Old Cayman ( Guyanese ) Shuwa gozoku Nihon Shuwa Suhwa Táiwān Shǒuyǔ Worrorran Worora Kinship Zhōngguó Shǒuyǔ Chinese Shanghai Shanghai Hong Kong Macau Isolates Afghan Al - Sayyid Bedouin Albanian Amami Oshima Armenian Plaa Pag Huay Hai Na Sai Atgangmuurniq Belizean Bhutanese Bökyi lagda Bribri Brunca Bura Chatino Cuban Diné Family Dogon Ecuadorian Eritrean Enga Ghandruk Ghardaia Guatemalan Guinea - Bissau Henniker Hoailona ʻŌlelo Jhankot Jumla Ka'apor Kajana Kafr Qasim Kata Kolok Kenyan Somali Keresign Kisindo Konchri Sain Lyons Macedonian Maltese Magannar Hannu Mardin Mauritian M'bour Mossi Mozambican Mumu kasa Nicaraguan Old Costa Rican Ottoman Pasa kidd Penang Persian Peruvian Rennellese Rwandan Sandy River Salvadoran Spanish Tebul Trinidad and Tobago Turkish Ugandan Venezuelan West African Adasl Burasl Mofu - Gudur Nanabinsl Yiddish Yoruban Zambian Other Ethiopian languages Laotian languages Sri Lankan languages Sudanese languages Tanzanian languages ( 7 + ) International Sign By region Sign languages by region Oceania Australia Auslan Australian - Irish Eltye eltyarrenke Iltyeme iltyeme Rdaka rdaka Manjiljarra Warlmanpa Warramunga Mudburra Ngada Umpila Western Desert Western Torres Strait Islander Yir Yoront Yolŋu Hawai'i Haoilona ʻŌlelo Sāmoa & America Sāmoa Sāmoan Aotearoa New Zealand NZSL Solomon Islands Rennellese Asia Bengal Bengali Cambodia Cambodian China Chinese Indonesia Indonesian Kata Kolok ( Benkala , Balinese ) India Alipur Bengali Indo - 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handed ) Catalan Chilean French Hungarian Irish Japanese Korean Polish Russian Serbo - Croatian Spanish Ukrainian Writing ASL - phabet Hamburg Notation System Stokoe notation Stokoe notation SignWriting SignWriting si5s si5s ASLwrite ( ) Language contact Contact sign Indian Signing System Initialized sign Manually coded English Manually coded language in South Africa Manually Coded Malay Mouthing Paget Gorman Sign System Signed Dutch Signed French Signed German Signed Italian Signed Japanese Signed Polish Signed Spanish Signing Exact English Tecknad svenska Bilingual -- bicultural education Manually coded language Media Films ( list ) Television programmes ( list ) Persons Jabbar Baghtcheban Johanna Berglind Pär Aron Borg Thomas Braidwood Laurent Clerc Abbé de l'Épée Roger Fouts Valerie Sutton Thomas Gallaudet Abbe Sicard William Stokoe Pierre Pélissier Organisations Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada International Center on Deafness and the Arts Mimics and Gesture Theatre World Association of Sign Language Interpreters Miscellaneous Baby sign language CHCI chimpanzee center ( Washoe , Loulis ) Open Outcry Legal recognition Military hand and arm signals Monastic sign languages Tactile signing Tic - 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Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region . For example , French Sign Language originated in France , but is not related to French . ^ b Denotes the number ( if known ) of languages within the family . No further information is given on these languages . GND : 4436159 - 2 SUDOC : 061614378 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Sign_Language&oldid=866382854 '' Categories : American Sign Language American Sign Language family Deaf culture in the United States French Sign Language family Fusional languages Languages of Barbados Languages of Belize Languages of Botswana Languages of Burundi Languages of Canada Languages of Grenada Languages of Guyana Languages of Haiti Languages of Saint Kitts and Nevis Languages of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Languages of the United States Languages of the United States Virgin Islands Sign languages of the United States Languages of Zimbabwe Subject -- verb -- object languages 1817 introductions Languages attested from the 19th century Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Ill - formatted infobox - language images ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Good articles Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Languages Asturianu Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Brezhoneg Català Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Furlan Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Ligure Lumbaart Malti Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Piemontèis Português Rumantsch Русский Sardu Scots Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Suomi Svenska Tarandíne Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 00 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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who brought sign language from france to america
[ "The largest group of students during the first seven decades of the school were from Martha's Vineyard, and they brought MVSL with them.[8]:10 There were also 44 students from around Henniker, New Hampshire, and 27 from the Sandy River valley in Maine, each of which had their own village sign language.[8]:11[nb 3] Other students brought knowledge of their own home signs.[8]:11 Laurent Clerc, the first teacher at ASD, taught using French Sign Language (LSF), which itself had developed in the Parisian school for the deaf established in 1755.[7]:7 From this situation of language contact, a new language emerged, now known as ASL.[7]:7\n" ]
[ "Laurent Clerc" ]
-1794193498112801356
Wonderful Tonight
Wonderful Tonight - wikipedia Wonderful Tonight Jump to : navigation , search `` Wonderful Tonight '' Single by Eric Clapton from the album Slowhand B - side `` Peaches and Diesel '' Released 1977 Format 45 Record Recorded May 1977 Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 43 Label RSO Songwriter ( s ) Eric Clapton Producer ( s ) Glyn Johns Eric Clapton singles chronology `` Lay Down Sally '' ( 1977 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( 1977 ) `` Promises '' ( 1978 ) `` Lay Down Sally '' ( 1977 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( 1977 ) `` Promises '' ( 1978 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' is a ballad written by Eric Clapton . It was included on Clapton 's 1977 album Slowhand . Clapton wrote the song about Pattie Boyd . The female vocal harmonies on the song are provided by Marcella Detroit ( then Marcy Levy ) and Yvonne Elliman . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Performance 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Certifications 5 Cover versions 5.1 Damage version 5.2 David Kersh version 5.3 Other cover versions 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) On 7 September 1976 , Clapton wrote `` Wonderful Tonight '' for Boyd while waiting for her to get ready to attend Paul and Linda McCartney 's annual Buddy Holly party . Of `` Wonderful Tonight '' , Boyd would say : `` For years it tore at me . To have inspired Eric , and George before him , to write such music was so flattering . ' Wonderful Tonight ' was the most poignant reminder of all that was good in our relationship , and when things went wrong it was torture to hear it . '' The song is mentioned in her autobiographical book Wonderful Tonight : George Harrison , Eric Clapton , and Me . Performance ( edit ) In 1988 , Clapton appeared in the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute concert as a guest guitarist for Dire Straits . The group became his backing musicians for a surprise performance of `` Wonderful Tonight '' during their set . The song was featured in the film Captain Phillips and in the Friends season 6 episode `` The One With the Proposal Part 2 '' ( 18 May 2000 ) where Monica and Chandler dance to it at the end of the episode after getting engaged . The song was also featured on Ricky Gervais 's radio show , where producer Karl Pilkington argued that the lyrics suggested that it came from the point of view of a disabled man in a wheelchair . Both Gervais and co-host Stephen Merchant dismissed Pilkington 's claims as conjecture . Clapton performed an extended version of `` Wonderful Tonight '' between 1987 and 2003 , featuring Katie Kissoon and Tracy Ackerman on backing vocals and David Sancious on saxophone . Clapton and Steve Winwood performed an acoustic version of the song during their 2011 tour in Japan . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 -- 2000 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) 6 Canada ( CHUM ) 16 Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) 15 France ( IFOP ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Japanese International Singles ( Oricon ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 26 US Billboard Hot 100 16 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Position Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) 144 Chart ( 1988 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 39 Netherlands ( Dutch Singles 100 ) 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Chile ( IFPI Chile ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 250,000 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) 2 × Platinum 40,000 Iceland ( IFPI Iceland ) 2 × Platinum 12,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Million 1,000,000 Macao ( IFPI Macao ) Gold 15,000 Portugal ( AFP ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 Russia ( NFPF ) Gold 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 Uruguay ( CUD ) Gold 10,000 Summaries Worldwide ( IFPI ) 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) Damage version ( edit ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' Single by Damage from the album Forever B - side `` I 'm Ready '' Released 28 April 1997 Format CD single , cassette Genre R&B Length 4 : 01 Label Big Life Records Songwriter ( s ) Eric Clapton Producer ( s ) Steve Mac Damage singles chronology `` Love Guaranteed '' ( 1997 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( 1997 ) `` Love Lady '' ( 1997 ) `` Love Guaranteed '' ( 1997 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( 1997 ) `` Love Lady '' ( 1997 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' was covered by British R&B / pop group Damage in 1997 , and was released as the fifth single from the band 's debut studio album , Forever . The single peaked at # 3 on the UK Singles Chart , becoming the band 's most successful single to date , also peaking high in several other territories , which was a first for the band . The song is prominently performed by Richards , with little vocal input from any other members of the band . The music video features the band performing the song in a recording studio with cut scenes of a girl preparing to go on a night out . The b - side , `` I 'm Ready '' , launched the career of Craig David , being the first song he had ever written to be released by himself or another artist . Track listing CD1 `` Wonderful Tonight '' -- 4 : 01 `` I 'm Ready '' ( Bromfield / Richards / Simpson / Jones / Harriott / Craig David , produced by Mark Lewis ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( Ethnic Boyz Mix ) CD2 `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( Acoustic Mix ) `` Just My Imagination '' ( Whitfield / Strong , produced by Howard Francis ) `` Love II Love '' ( Acoustic Mix ) Cassette `` Wonderful Tonight '' -- 4 : 01 `` I 'm Ready '' Chart performance Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 39 Ireland ( IRMA ) 15 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 26 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 34 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) David Kersh version ( edit ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' Single by David Kersh from the album If I Never Stop Loving You Released March 14 , 1998 Genre Country Label Curb Songwriter ( s ) Eric Clapton Producer ( s ) Pat McMakin David Kersh singles chronology `` If I Never Stop Loving You '' ( 1997 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( 1998 ) `` Something to Think About '' ( 1998 ) `` If I Never Stop Loving You '' ( 1997 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( 1998 ) `` Something to Think About '' ( 1998 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' was covered by country singer David Kersh in 1998 . His version went to # 29 on the Hot Country Songs chart . Chart performance Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 45 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 29 Other cover versions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song was covered by country music singer Butch Baker , whose rendition reached # 66 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in 1989 . Also in 1989 , a Spanish cover was recorded by Argentinian singer JAF . The song was frequently covered by 1990 's Minneapolis Alt - Country band Steve 's Piece . A cover version by an unknown artist is used on the 2004 DVD release of BBC sketch show Big Train featuring a horse , replacing the original version from the broadcast edit due to rights issues . Filipino musician and entrepreneur Ramon `` RJ '' Jacinto covered the song for his 2000 album , The Ultimate RJ Bistro Collection . It also later appeared on his 2005 compilation album , Rock ' n Roll Classics . Country artist Don Williams covered the song and it appeared on his 2004 album , My Heart to You . Michael Bublé covered the song on his album , Call Me Irresponsible in 2007 . R&B singer Babyface covered the song on his album Playlist in 2007 . Mandopop singer - songwriter Khalil Fong covered the song on his 2009 album , Timeless . On the 20th anniversary edition of WWE 's Monday Night Raw , The Rock performed a parody version of the song during a `` Rock Concert '' segment , poking fun at Vickie Guerrero . In 2009 , Olly Murs performed a cover of the song when he was in the bottom two with John & Edward on the 6th series of The X Factor . In November 2013 , actor Jeremy Irons performed the first verse of the song , accompanying himself on guitar , on the Canadian talk show George Stroumboulopoulos Tonight . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chris Smith ( 2006 ) . Greenwood Press , ed . The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History : From arenas to the underground , 1974 -- 1980 . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33611 - 9 . `` the hard - rock pioneer and guitar god also become a soft - rock star in the mid-1970s . He celebrated his sobriety with ( ... ) the Top 5 hit `` Lay Down Sally '' and hit No. 16 with the ballad `` Wonderful Tonight , '' both off his 1977 Slowhand album '' Jump up ^ Pattie Boyd ( 11 August 2007 ) . `` I 'd pray Eric would pass out and not touch me ' - Part 2 of Pattie Boyd 's sensational autobiography '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 8 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eric Clapton -- Wonderful Tonight '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Radio2 Top 30 Artiest : Eric Clapton '' . VRT ( in Dutch ) . Top30-2.radio2.be . Archived from the original on 27 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1050 CHUM -- CHUM Charts '' . Archived from the original on 22 February 2006 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . CHUM . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 29 , No. 18 , July 29 , 1978 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Gustave , Heidé . Le Singles Argent de la SNEP ( 1978 ) ( in French ) ( 43 ed . ) . Paris : Decovert . ' Wonderful Tonight ' spent 17 weeks on the national french singles chart and peaked at number three . It was requested to be certified silver . The certification was awarded on the last week , ' Wonderful Tonight ' charted in France . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Wonderful Tonight '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Oricon International Singles . `` Eric Clapton '' -- Wonderful Tonight . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Eric Clapton - Wonderful Tonight search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eric Clapton -- Wonderful Tonight '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eric Clapton -- Wonderful Tonight '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Slowhand -- Eric Clapton -- Awards -- AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 30 , No. 14 , December 30 , 1978 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1988 '' . Ultratop Charts . ultratop.be -- Stefan Hung -- Hung Medien . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1988 '' . MegaCharts.nl . dutchcharts.nl -- Stefan Hung -- Hung Medien . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Keil , Astrid ( 2014 ) . Die Musikindustrie ( Limitierte Auflage ) . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Miyahara , Ayano ( 2003 ) . 12 月 23 日 から エリック クラプトン の 最高 の バラード ! . Yomiuri Shimbun . Jump up ^ Macao Music Sales ( 2001 - 2009 ) . Record Sales . 2015 - 02 - 08 ( Former link : recordsales.2xik.com/The-first-blog-b1/Macao-Music-Sales-2001-2009-b1-p1.htm ) . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eric Clapton -- Wonderful Tonight '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Enter Wonderful Tonight in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Eric Clapton -- Wonderful Tonight '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Damage -- Wonderful Tonight '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Damage '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Damage -- Wonderful Tonight '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Damage -- Wonderful Tonight '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1997 - 05 - 18 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1997 - 05 - 17 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 7891 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . 24 August 1998 . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Kersh -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for David Kersh . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . External links ( edit ) Allmusic review Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Eric Clapton Studio albums Eric Clapton 461 Ocean Boulevard There 's One in Every Crowd No Reason to Cry Slowhand Backless Another Ticket Money and Cigarettes Behind the Sun August Journeyman From the Cradle Pilgrim Reptile Me and Mr. Johnson / Sessions for Robert J Back Home Clapton Old Sock I Still Do Live albums Eric Clapton 's Rainbow Concert E.C. Was Here Just One Night Time Pieces Vol. II Live in the Seventies 24 Nights Unplugged Crossroads 2 : Live in the Seventies One More Car , One More Rider Live in San Diego Compilations The History of Eric Clapton Eric Clapton at His Best Clapton Steppin ' Out Timepieces : The Best of Eric Clapton Backtrackin ' The Cream of Eric Clapton Crossroads Story The Cream of Clapton Blues Clapton Chronicles : The Best of Eric Clapton Complete Clapton Forever Man Singles `` After Midnight '' / `` Easy Now '' `` Blues Power '' / `` Bottle of Red Wine '' `` Let It Rain '' `` I Shot the Sheriff '' / `` Give Me Strength '' `` Willie and the Hand Jive '' `` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` Hello Old Friend '' `` Carnival '' `` Lay Down Sally '' / `` Cocaine '' `` Wonderful Tonight '' `` Tulsa Time '' `` Promises '' / `` Watch Out for Lucy '' `` Early in the Morning ( Live ) '' `` I Ca n't Stand It '' `` I 've Got a Rock ' n ' Roll Heart '' `` Crosscut Saw '' `` Forever Man '' `` It 's in the Way That You Use It '' `` Behind the Mask '' `` Tearing Us Apart '' `` Pretending '' / `` Before You Accuse Me '' `` Hound Dog '' `` Bad Love '' `` Tears in Heaven '' / `` White Room ( Live ) '' `` Layla ( Acoustic ) '' `` Down & Out '' `` Motherless Child '' / `` Driftin ' '' `` Change the World '' `` Born in Time '' `` Circus '' `` My Father 's Eyes '' `` Pilgrim '' `` Blue Eyes Blue '' `` ( I ) Get Lost '' `` Come Rain or Come Shine '' / `` Ten Long Years '' `` 3 O'Clock Blues '' `` Key to the Highway '' `` Worried Life Blues '' `` I Ai n't Gonna Stand for It '' `` Every Little Thing '' / `` No Sympathy '' Soundtracks Edge of Darkness Homeboy Rush Concert films Live 1986 The Cream of Eric Clapton Live in Hyde Park In Concert : A Benefit for the Crossroads Centre at Antigua Sessions for Robert J Crossroads Guitar Festival 2004 Live at Montreux 1986 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2007 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2010 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2013 Planes , Trains and Eric Slowhand at 70 -- Live at the Royal Albert Hall Collaborations Riding with the King The Road to Escondido Live from Madison Square Garden Play the Blues : Live from Jazz at Lincoln Center Crossroads Guitar Festival 2013 The Breeze : An Appreciation of JJ Cale Tours Journeyman World Tour 1992 Eric Clapton World Tour Related Album discography Singles discography Videography Blackie Brownie The Fool Signature Stratocaster Crossroads Centre Crossroads Guitar Festival Pattie Boyd ( wife ) Ferrari SP12 EC Va Bene Wonderful Tonight : George Harrison , Eric Clapton , and Me Damage Rashaan J Bromfield Noel Simpson Andrez Harriott Jade Jones Studio albums Forever ( 1997 ) Since You 've Been Gone ( 2001 ) Singles `` Anything '' `` Love II Love '' `` Forever '' `` Love Guaranteed '' `` Wonderful Tonight '' `` Love Lady '' `` Ghetto Romance '' `` Rumours '' `` After the Love Has Gone '' Related articles The Big Reunion ( series 2 ) The Big Reunion Tour David Kersh Studio albums Goodnight Sweetheart If I Never Stop Loving You Notable singles `` Goodnight Sweetheart '' `` Another You '' `` Day In , Day Out '' `` If I Never Stop Loving You '' `` Wonderful Tonight '' Related articles Curb Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonderful_Tonight&oldid=800657941 '' Categories : 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1997 singles 1998 singles Afroman songs Butch Baker songs Curb Records singles Damage ( British band ) songs David Kersh songs Eric Clapton songs Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Rock ballads RSO Records singles Song recordings produced by Glyn Johns Songs written by Eric Clapton 1977 songs Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Greece Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Portugal Certification Table Entry usages for Russia Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Uruguay Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 22 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who was you look wonderful tonight written for
[ "\"Wonderful Tonight\" is a ballad written by Eric Clapton. It was included on Clapton's 1977 album Slowhand. Clapton wrote the song about Pattie Boyd.[1] The female vocal harmonies on the song are provided by Marcella Detroit (then Marcy Levy) and Yvonne Elliman." ]
[ "Pattie Boyd" ]
-2789123791318551363
J. Edgar
J. Edgar - wikipedia J. Edgar J. Edgar Theatrical release poster Directed by Clint Eastwood Produced by Clint Eastwood Brian Grazer Robert Lorenz Written by Dustin Lance Black Starring Leonardo DiCaprio Naomi Watts Armie Hammer Josh Lucas Judi Dench Music by Clint Eastwood Cinematography Tom Stern Edited by Joel Cox Gary D. Roach Production company Imagine Entertainment Malpaso Productions Wintergreen Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date November 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 03 ) ( AFI Film Festival ) November 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 140 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $35 million Box office $84.9 million J. Edgar is a 2011 American biographical drama film directed , produced and scored by Clint Eastwood . Written by Dustin Lance Black , the film focuses on the career of FBI director J. Edgar Hoover from the Palmer Raids onward . The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio , Armie Hammer , Naomi Watts , Josh Lucas , and Judi Dench . J. Edgar opened the AFI Fest 2011 in Los Angeles on November 3 , 2011 , and had its limited release on November 9 , followed by wide release on November 11 . The film received mixed reviews from critics , although the performances were praised , and grossed $84 million worldwide . For his turn as Hoover , DiCaprio earned a nomination for a Golden Globe Award , while both he and Hammer earned Screen Actors Guild Award nods . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Box office 4 Accolades 5 Historical accuracy 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1919 , after anarchists attempt to assassinate Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer , he puts his protegé J. Edgar Hoover in charge of a new division dedicated to purging radicals . Hoover quickly begins compiling a list of suspects . He meets Helen Gandy , a new secretary at the Justice Department , and takes her to the Library of Congress to show her the card catalog system he devised . He makes an awkward pass at her , then proposes to her . She refuses him , but agrees to become his personal secretary . Hoover finds that the Department of Labor refuses to deport anyone without evidence of a crime . Learning that Anthony Caminetti , the Commissioner General of Immigration , dislikes the anarchist Emma Goldman , Hoover arranges to make her eligible for deportation and thereby creates a precedent of deportation for radical conspiracy . Following several such Justice Department raids of suspected radical groups , Palmer loses his job as Attorney General . His successor , Harlan F. Stone , appoints Hoover as director of the Justice Department 's new Bureau of Investigation . Hoover meets lawyer Clyde Tolson , and hires him . When the Lindbergh kidnapping captures national attention , President Herbert Hoover asks the Bureau to investigate . Hoover employs several novel techniques , including the monitoring of registration numbers on ransom bills and expert analysis of the kidnapper 's handwriting . When the monitored bills begin showing up in New York City , the investigators find a filling station attendant who wrote down the license plate number of the man who gave him the bill . This leads to the arrest , and eventual conviction , of Bruno Richard Hauptmann for the kidnapping and murder of the Lindbergh child . After Hoover , Tolson , and Hoover 's mother ( with whom Hoover still lives ) see the James Cagney film G Men , Hoover and Tolson go out to a club , where Hoover is seated with Anita Colby , Ginger Rogers , and Rogers ' mother Lela. Rogers ' mother asks Hoover to dance and he becomes agitated , saying that he and Tolson must leave , as they have a lot of work to do in the morning . When he gets home , he tells his mother that he dislikes dancing with girls . She tells him she would rather he be dead than a `` daffodil '' . She insists on teaching him to dance , and they dance in her bedroom . Hoover and Tolson go on a vacation to the horse races . That evening , Hoover tells Tolson that he cares deeply for him , and Tolson tells Hoover that he loves him . Hoover panics and claims that he wants to marry Dorothy Lamour . Tolson accuses Hoover of making a fool out of him and they end up fighting on the floor . Tolson suddenly kisses Hoover , who says that must never happen again ; Tolson says that it wo n't , and tries to leave . Hoover apologizes and begs him to stay , but Tolson threatens to end their friendship if Hoover talks about another woman again . After Tolson leaves , Hoover says that he loves him , too . Years later , Hoover feels his strength begin to decline , while Tolson suffers a stroke . Hoover tries to blackmail Martin Luther King , Jr. into declining his Nobel Peace Prize , sending him a letter threatening to expose his extramarital affairs . King disregards this and accepts the prize . Hoover tells Gandy to destroy his secret files after his death in order to prevent President Richard Nixon from possessing them . He visits Tolson , who urges him to retire . Hoover refuses , claiming that Nixon is going to destroy the bureau he has created . Tolson accuses Hoover of having exaggerated his involvement with key events of the Bureau . Moments later , Hoover tells Tolson that he needed Tolson more than he ever needed anyone else . He holds Tolson 's hand , kisses his forehead , and leaves . Hoover returns home from work , obviously weakened . Shortly after Hoover goes upstairs , his housekeeper calls Tolson , who goes to the house and finds Hoover dead next to his bed . A grief - stricken Tolson covers his friend 's body . Nixon gives a memorial speech on television for Hoover , while several members of his staff enter Hoover 's office and search through the cabinets and drawers in search of his rumored `` confidential '' files , but find nothing . In the last scene , Gandy destroys stacks of files . Cast ( edit ) Leonardo DiCaprio as J. Edgar Hoover Armie Hammer as Clyde Tolson Naomi Watts as Helen Gandy Josh Lucas as Charles Lindbergh Judi Dench as Anna Marie Hoover , Hoover 's mother Dermot Mulroney as Norman Schwarzkopf , Sr . Damon Herriman as Bruno Richard Hauptmann Jeffrey Donovan as Robert F. Kennedy Ed Westwick as Agent Smith , Hoover 's biographer Zach Grenier as John Condon Ken Howard as U.S. Attorney General Harlan F. Stone Stephen Root as Arthur Koehler Denis O'Hare as Albert S. Osborn Adam Driver as Walter Lyle Geoff Pierson as A. Mitchell Palmer Lea Thompson as Lela Rogers Christopher Shyer as Richard Nixon Miles Fisher as Agent Garrison Jessica Hecht as Emma Goldman Michael O'Neill as US Senator Kenneth McKellar Christian Clemenson as Inspector Schell Geoff Stults as Raymond Caffrey Emily Alyn Lind as Shirley Temple Amanda Schull as Anita Colby Charlize Theron , who was originally slated to play Helen Gandy , dropped out of the project to do Snow White and the Huntsman , and Eastwood considered Amy Adams before finally selecting Naomi Watts as Theron 's replacement . Gunner Wright and David A. Cooper have cameos as future presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and Franklin Roosevelt , respectively , and are seen in the group of onlookers who arrive following the bombing at A. Mitchell Palmer 's house . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 43 % based on 231 reviews , with an average rating of 5.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Leonardo DiCaprio gives a predictably powerhouse performance , but J. Edgar stumbles in all other departments : cheesy makeup , poor lighting , confusing narrative , and humdrum storytelling . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews , gives the film a normalized score of 59 out of 100 , based on 42 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert awarded the film three - and - a-half stars ( out of four ) and wrote that the film is `` fascinating '' and `` masterful '' . He praised DiCaprio 's performance as a `` fully - realized , subtle and persuasive performance , hinting at more than Hoover ever revealed , perhaps even to himself '' . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review , writing , `` This surprising collaboration between director Clint Eastwood and Milk screenwriter Dustin Lance Black tackles its trickiest challenges with plausibility and good sense , while serving up a simmeringly caustic view of its controversial subject 's behavior , public and private . '' David Denby in The New Yorker magazine also liked the film , calling it a `` nuanced account '' and calling `` Eastwood 's touch light and sure , his judgment sound , the moments of pathos held just long enough . '' J. Hoberman of The Village Voice wrote : `` Although hardly flawless , Eastwood 's biopic is his richest , most ambitious movie since Letters from Iwo Jima and Flags of Our Fathers . '' Peter Debruge of Variety gave the film a mixed review : `` Any movie in which the longtime FBI honcho features as the central character must supply some insight into what made him tick , or suffer from the reality that the Bureau 's exploits were far more interesting than the bureaucrat who ran it -- a dilemma J. Edgar never rises above . '' David Edelstein of New York Magazine reacted negatively to the film and said : `` It 's too bad J. Edgar is so shapeless and turgid and ham - handed , so rich in bad lines and worse readings . '' He praised DiCaprio 's performance : `` There 's something appealingly straightforward about the way he physicalizes Hoover 's inner struggle , the body always slightly out of sync with the mind that vigilantly monitors every move . '' Box Office ( edit ) The film opened limited in 7 theaters on November 9 , grossing $52,645 , and released wide on November 11 , grossing $11.2 million in its opening weekend , approximating the $12 million figure projected by the Los Angeles Times for the film 's opening weekend in the United States and Canada . J. Edgar went on to gross $84 million worldwide . Breakdowns of audience demographics for the movie showed that ticket buyers were nearly 95 % over the age of 25 and slightly over 50 % female . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Date of ceremony Award Recipient ( s ) Result January 27 , 2012 AACTA Awards Best Actor -- International Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated December 11 , 2011 American Film Institute Top 10 Films J. Edgar Won January 12 , 2012 Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Actor Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated January 15 , 2012 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Nominated December 1 , 2011 National Board of Review Top Ten Films J. Edgar Won December 18 , 2011 Satellite Awards Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated January 29 , 2012 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Armie Hammer Nominated Historical accuracy ( edit ) In an interview on All Things Considered , Yale University history professor Beverly Gage , who is writing a biography of Hoover , stated that the film accurately conveys that Hoover came to the FBI as a reformer seeking `` to clean it up , to professionalize it , '' and to introduce scientific methods to its investigation , eventually including such practices as fingerprinting and bloodtyping . She praises DiCaprio for conveying the tempo of Hoover 's speech . However , she notes that the film 's central narrative device in which Hoover dictates his memoirs to FBI agents chosen as writers , is fictitious : `` He did n't ever have the sort of formal situation that you see in the movie where he was dictating a memoir to a series of young agents , and that that is the official record of the FBI . '' Historian Aaron J. Stockham of the Waterford School , whose dissertation was on the relationship of the FBI and the US Congress during the Hoover years , wrote on the History News Network of George Mason University , `` J. Edgar portrays Hoover as the man who successfully integrated scientific processes into law enforcement investigations ... There is no doubt , from the historical record , that Hoover was instrumental in creating the FBI 's scientific reputation . '' Stockham notes that Hoover probably did not write the FBI -- King suicide letter to Martin Luther King , Jr. , as the film portrays : `` While such a letter was written , Hoover almost certainly delegated it to others within the Bureau . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` J. Edgar ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2011 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Amy ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' Immortals ' poised to conquer box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` J. Edgar ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ford , Alan ( 2010 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Clint Eastwood to Direct J. Edgar Hoover Biopic '' . FilmoFilia.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( 2011 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Ed Westwick In , Charlize Theron Out Of Clint Eastwood 's ' J. Edgar ' '' Archived January 12 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... MTV.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` An Interview With Gunner Wright '' . The Gaming Liberty . April 23 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2011 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` J. Edgar ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` J. Edgar Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` J. Edgar '' . CinemaScore . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2011 - 11 - 08 ) . `` J. Edgar '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( 2011 - 11 - 03 ) . `` J. Edgar : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Denby , David ( 2011 - 11 - 14 ) . `` The Man in Charge '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hoberman , J. ( 2011 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Great Man Theories : Clint Eastwood on J. Edgar '' . Village Voice . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( 2011 - 11 - 04 ) . `` J. Edgar - Film Review '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David ( 2011 - 11 - 06 ) . `` First Word Problems '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office Results for November 9 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for November 11 -- 13 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AACTA - Winners and Nominees - 2011 '' . Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts ( AACTA ) . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bridesmaids , ' ' Tree of Life , ' ' Hugo ' in AFI 's top 10 films of 2011 '' . LATimes.com . December 11 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2011 - 12 - 13 ) . `` 2012 Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Noms : Hugo And The Artist Dominate The Field '' . TheFabLife.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 69th Annual Golden Globe Awards -- Full List Of Nominees '' . HollywoodLife.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` National Board of Review Announces 2011 Awards ; HUGO Takes Top Prize '' . WeAreMovieGeeks.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` From WAR HORSE to THE MYSTERIES OF LISBON : Satellite Award Nominations 2011 '' . Alt Film Guide . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( 2011 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Screen Actors Guild nominations revealed '' . HollywoodNews.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Fact - Checking Clint Eastwood 's ' J. Edgar ' Biopic '' . All Things Considered. 2011 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Stockham , Aaron J. ( 2011 - 12 - 12 ) . `` '' J. Edgar '' Fails to Deliver the Historical Goods `` . History News Network . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website J. Edgar on IMDb J. Edgar at AllMovie J. Edgar at Box Office Mojo J. Edgar at Rotten Tomatoes J. Edgar at Metacritic Films directed by Clint Eastwood Play Misty for Me ( 1971 ) High Plains Drifter ( 1973 ) Breezy ( 1973 ) The Eiger Sanction ( 1975 ) The Outlaw Josey Wales ( 1976 ) The Gauntlet ( 1977 ) Bronco Billy ( 1980 ) Firefox ( 1982 ) Honkytonk Man ( 1982 ) Sudden Impact ( 1983 ) Pale Rider ( 1985 ) Heartbreak Ridge ( 1986 ) Bird ( 1988 ) White Hunter Black Heart ( 1990 ) The Rookie ( 1990 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) A Perfect World ( 1993 ) The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) Absolute Power ( 1997 ) Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil ( 1997 ) True Crime ( 1999 ) Space Cowboys ( 2000 ) Blood Work ( 2002 ) Piano Blues ( 2003 ) Mystic River ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Changeling ( 2008 ) Gran Torino ( 2008 ) Invictus ( 2009 ) Hereafter ( 2010 ) J. Edgar ( 2011 ) Jersey Boys ( 2014 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Sully ( 2016 ) The 15 : 17 to Paris ( 2018 ) The Mule ( TBA ) Brian Grazer Films produced Night Shift ( 1982 ) Splash ( 1984 ) Real Genius ( 1985 ) Spies Like Us ( 1985 ) Armed and Dangerous ( 1986 ) Like Father Like Son ( 1987 ) Parenthood ( 1989 ) Kindergarten Cop ( 1990 ) Closet Land ( 1991 ) My Girl ( 1991 ) Far and Away ( 1992 ) Housesitter ( 1992 ) Boomerang ( 1992 ) For Love or Money ( 1993 ) My Girl 2 ( 1994 ) Greedy ( 1994 ) The Paper ( 1994 ) The Cowboy Way ( 1994 ) Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) Sgt . Bilko ( 1996 ) Fear ( 1996 ) The Nutty Professor ( 1996 ) The Chamber ( 1996 ) Ransom ( 1996 ) Liar Liar ( 1997 ) Inventing the Abbotts ( 1997 ) Mercury Rising ( 1998 ) Psycho ( 1998 ) Edtv ( 1999 ) Life ( 1999 ) Bowfinger ( 1999 ) Beyond the Mat ( 2000 ) Nutty Professor II : The Klumps ( 2000 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Undercover Brother ( 2002 ) Blue Crush ( 2002 ) 8 Mile ( 2002 ) Intolerable Cruelty ( 2003 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) The Missing ( 2003 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2004 ) Inside Deep Throat ( 2005 ) Cinderella Man ( 2005 ) Flightplan ( 2005 ) Fun with Dick and Jane ( 2005 ) Inside Man ( 2006 ) The Da Vinci Code ( 2006 ) American Gangster ( 2007 ) Changeling ( 2008 ) Frost / Nixon ( 2008 ) Angels & Demons ( 2009 ) Robin Hood ( 2010 ) The Dilemma ( 2011 ) Restless ( 2011 ) Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) J. Edgar ( 2011 ) Tower Heist ( 2011 ) Katy Perry : Part of Me ( 2012 ) Rush ( 2013 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) Inferno ( 2016 ) Lowriders ( 2016 ) American Made ( 2017 ) TV series created Shadow Chasers Federal Bureau of Investigation Field offices Atlanta Buffalo Cleveland Tampa Organization Criminal , Cyber , Response , and Services Branch Human Resources Branch Information and Technology Branch National Security Branch Science and Technology Branch Academy Behavioral Analysis Unit Behavioral Science Unit Communications Exploitation Section Criminal Justice Information Services Division Counterterrorism Division Criminal Investigative Division Crisis Negotiation Unit Critical Incident Response Group FBI Police FBI Special Weapons and Tactics Teams ( SWAT ) Hazardous Devices School Hostage Rescue Team ( HRT ) Joint Terrorism Task Force Laboratory Division National Academy National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime National Crime Information Center Office of Professional Responsibility Scientific Working Group ( Imaging Technology Bloodstain Pattern Analysis ) Violent Criminal Apprehension Program Technology Airtel Bureaupedia Carnivore Combined DNA Index System ( CODIS ) Computer and Internet Protocol Address Verifier Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System ( IAFIS ) Law Enforcement National Data Exchange ( N - DEx ) National Incident - Based Reporting System Ranks Director Deputy Director Special agent Methods and activities Abscam Bridgman Convention COINTELPRO FBI method of profiling Rod Blagojevich corruption charges FBI Files on Elvis Presley FBI Miami shootout FBI Silvermaster File FBI Special Advisor Program FBI Victims Identification Project Guardian High - Value Interrogation Group Lindbergh kidnapping Ruby Ridge Special Intelligence Service U.S. v. Scheinberg et al. ( 10 Cr. 336 ) Waco siege People Harry `` Skip '' Brandon Sibel Edmonds Mark Felt `` Deep Throat '' Helen Gandy Joseph L. Gormley Wesley Grapp David Icove Peter Strzok Clyde Tolson Joseph D. Pistone Buildings FBI Headquarters Child Abduction and Serial Murder Center Related FBI portrayal in media G - Man Junior G - Men FBI -- Apple encryption dispute FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Edgar&oldid=850451107 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s biographical films 2010s drama films American films American biographical films American drama films American LGBT - related films Drama films based on actual events Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction Cultural depictions of J. Edgar Hoover Cultural depictions of Robert F. Kennedy Cultural depictions of Dwight D. 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Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Virginia Imagine Entertainment films Malpaso Productions films Warner Bros. films Films directed by Clint Eastwood Films produced by Clint Eastwood Films produced by Brian Grazer Screenplays by Dustin Lance Black Films scored by Lennie Niehaus Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 23 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who directed the 2011 bio pic j edgar
[ "J. Edgar is a 2011 American biographical drama film directed, produced and scored by Clint Eastwood.[4] Written by Dustin Lance Black, the film focuses on the career of FBI director J. Edgar Hoover from the Palmer Raids onward. The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Armie Hammer, Naomi Watts, Josh Lucas, and Judi Dench. \n" ]
[ "Clint Eastwood" ]
1765017044889657222
Moons of Jupiter
Moons of Jupiter - wikipedia Moons of Jupiter Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the moons of Jupiter . For the Alice Munro short story , see The Moons of Jupiter ( short story ) . For the Alice Munro book , see The Moons of Jupiter . For other uses , see Moons of Jupiter ( disambiguation ) . A montage of Jupiter and its four largest moons ( distance and sizes not to scale ) The orbit and motion of the Galilean moons around Jupiter , as captured by JunoCam aboard the Juno spacecraft . There are 69 known moons of Jupiter . This gives Jupiter the largest number of moons with reasonably stable orbits of any planet in the Solar System . The most massive of the moons are the four Galilean moons , which were independently discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius and were the first objects found to orbit a body that was neither Earth nor the Sun . From the end of the 19th century , dozens of much smaller Jovian moons have been discovered and have received the names of lovers or daughters of the Roman god Jupiter or his Greek equivalent Zeus . The Galilean moons are by far the largest and most massive objects to orbit Jupiter , with the remaining 65 moons and its rings together comprising just 0.003 % of the total orbiting mass . Of Jupiter 's moons , eight are regular satellites with prograde and nearly circular orbits that are not greatly inclined with respect to Jupiter 's equatorial plane . The Galilean satellites are nearly spherical in shape due to their planetary mass , and so would be considered ( dwarf ) planets if they were in direct orbit around the Sun . The other four regular satellites are much smaller and closer to Jupiter ; these serve as sources of the dust that makes up Jupiter 's rings . The remainder of Jupiter 's moons are irregular satellites whose prograde and retrograde orbits are much farther from Jupiter and have high inclinations and eccentricities . These moons were probably captured by Jupiter from solar orbits . Eighteen of the irregular satellites have not yet been named . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Origin and evolution 3 Discovery 4 Naming 5 Groups 5.1 Regular satellites 5.2 Irregular satellites 6 List 7 Exploration 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Characteristics ( edit ) The physical and orbital characteristics of the moons vary widely . The four Galileans are all over 3,100 kilometres ( 1,900 mi ) in diameter ; the largest Galilean , Ganymede , is the ninth largest object in the Solar System , after the Sun and seven of the planets , Ganymede being larger than Mercury . All other Jovian moons are less than 250 kilometres ( 160 mi ) in diameter , with most barely exceeding 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) . Their orbital shapes range from nearly perfectly circular to highly eccentric and inclined , and many revolve in the direction opposite to Jupiter 's spin ( retrograde motion ) . Orbital periods range from seven hours ( taking less time than Jupiter does to spin around its axis ) , to some three thousand times more ( almost three Earth years ) . Origin and evolution ( edit ) Jupiter 's regular satellites are believed to have formed from a circumplanetary disk , a ring of accreting gas and solid debris analogous to a protoplanetary disk . They may be the remnants of a score of Galilean - mass satellites that formed early in Jupiter 's history . The relative masses of the Jovian moons . Those smaller than Europa are not visible at this scale , and combined would only be visible at 100 × magnification . Simulations suggest that , while the disk had a relatively high mass at any given moment , over time a substantial fraction ( several tenths of a percent ) of the mass of Jupiter captured from the solar nebula was passed through it . However , only 2 % the proto - disk mass of Jupiter is required to explain the existing satellites . Thus there may have been several generations of Galilean - mass satellites in Jupiter 's early history . Each generation of moons might have spiraled into Jupiter , because of drag from the disk , with new moons then forming from the new debris captured from the solar nebula . By the time the present ( possibly fifth ) generation formed , the disk had thinned so that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons ' orbits . The current Galilean moons were still affected , falling into and being partially protected by an orbital resonance with each other , which still exists for Io , Europa , and Ganymede . Ganymede 's larger mass means that it would have migrated inward at a faster rate than Europa or Io . The outer , irregular moons are thought to have originated from captured asteroids , whereas the protolunar disk was still massive enough to absorb much of their momentum and thus capture them into orbit . Many are believed to have broken up by mechanical stresses during capture , or afterward by collisions with other small bodies , producing the moons we see today . Discovery ( edit ) Jupiter and the Galilean moons through a 25 cm ( 10 in ) Meade LX200 telescope The Galilean moons . From left to right , in order of increasing distance from Jupiter : Io , Europa , Ganymede , Callisto The Galilean moons and their orbits around Jupiter See also : Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons The first claimed observation of one of Jupiter 's moons is that of Chinese astronomer Gan De around 364 BC . However , the first certain observations of Jupiter 's satellites were those of Galileo Galilei in 1609 . By January 1610 , he had sighted the four massive Galilean moons with his 30 × magnification telescope , and he published his results in March 1610 . Simon Marius had independently discovered them one day after Galileo , though he did not publish his book on the subject until 1614 , and the names Marius assigned are used today : Ganymede , Callisto , Io , and Europa . No additional satellites were discovered until E.E. Barnard observed Amalthea in 1892 . With the aid of telescopic photography , further discoveries followed quickly over the course of the twentieth century . Himalia was discovered in 1904 , Elara in 1905 , Pasiphae in 1908 , Sinope in 1914 , Lysithea and Carme in 1938 , Ananke in 1951 , and Leda in 1974 . By the time that Voyager space probes reached Jupiter around 1979 , 13 moons had been discovered , not including Themisto which had been observed in 1975 , but was lost until 2000 due to insufficient initial observation data . The Voyager spacecraft discovered an additional three inner moons in 1979 : Metis , Adrastea , and Thebe . No additional moons were discovered for two decades but , between October 1999 and February 2003 , researchers found and later named another 34 moons using sensitive ground - based detectors . These are tiny moons , in long , eccentric , generally retrograde orbits , and averaging 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) in diameter , with the largest being just 9 km ( 5.6 mi ) across . All of these moons are thought to have been captured asteroidal or perhaps comet bodies , possibly fragmented into several pieces ; but very little is known about them . Since 2003 , 18 additional moons have been discovered but not yet named , bringing the total number of known moons of Jupiter to 69 . As of 2017 , this is the most of any planet in the Solar System ; but additional undiscovered , tiny moons may exist . Some of the 69 known satellites of Jupiter are considered lost because they have not been observed since their discovery and hence their orbits are not well - known enough to pinpoint their current locations . Work has been done to recover many of them in surveys from 2009 onwards ( in which some new moons were also discovered ) , but six -- S / 2003 J 12 , S / 2003 J 10 , S / 2003 J 19 , S / 2003 J 4 , S / 2003 J 2 , and S / 2011 J 1 -- still remain lost today . Follow - up observations in 2018 are planned to secure their orbits and perhaps find new moons . Naming ( edit ) Main article : Naming of moons The Galilean moons of Jupiter ( Io , Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto ) were named by Simon Marius soon after their discovery in 1610 . However , these names fell out of favor until the 20th century . The astronomical literature instead simply referred to `` Jupiter I '' , `` Jupiter II '' , etc. , or `` the first satellite of Jupiter '' , `` Jupiter 's second satellite '' , and so on . The names Io , Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto became popular in the 20th century , whereas the rest of the moons remained unnamed and were usually numbered in Roman numerals V ( 5 ) to XII ( 12 ) . Jupiter V was discovered in 1892 and given the name Amalthea by a popular though unofficial convention , a name first used by French astronomer Camille Flammarion . The other moons were simply labeled by their Roman numeral ( e.g. Jupiter IX ) in the majority of astronomical literature until the 1970s . In 1975 , the International Astronomical Union 's ( IAU ) Task Group for Outer Solar System Nomenclature granted names to satellites V -- XIII , and provided for a formal naming process for future satellites still to be discovered . The practice was to name newly discovered moons of Jupiter after lovers and favorites of the god Jupiter ( Zeus ) and , since 2004 , also after their descendants . All of Jupiter 's satellites from XXXIV ( Euporie ) are named after daughters of Jupiter or Zeus . Names ending with `` a '' or `` o '' are used for prograde irregular satellites ( the latter for highly inclined satellites ) , and names ending with `` e '' are used for retrograde irregulars . The most recently confirmed moons Jupiter LI through LX ( with the exception of Jupiter LIII Dia ) have not received names . Some asteroids share the same names as moons of Jupiter : 9 Metis , 38 Leda , 52 Europa , 85 Io , 113 Amalthea , 239 Adrastea . Two more asteroids previously shared the names of Jovian moons until spelling differences were made permanent by the IAU : Ganymede and asteroid 1036 Ganymed ; and Callisto and asteroid 204 Kallisto . Groups ( edit ) The orbits of Jupiter 's irregular satellites , and how they cluster into groups : by semi-major axis ( the horizontal axis in Gm ) ; by orbital inclination ( the vertical axis ) ; and orbital eccentricity ( the yellow lines ) . The relative sizes are indicated by the circles . Regular satellites ( edit ) These have prograde and nearly circular orbits of low inclination and are split into two groups : Inner satellites or Amalthea group : Metis , Adrastea , Amalthea , and Thebe . These orbit very close to Jupiter ; the innermost two orbit in less than a Jovian day . The latter two are respectively the fifth and seventh largest moons in the Jovian system . Observations suggest that at least the largest member , Amalthea , did not form on its present orbit , but farther from the planet , or that it is a captured Solar System body . These moons , along with a number of as - yet - unseen inner moonlets , replenish and maintain Jupiter 's faint ring system . Metis and Adrastea help to maintain Jupiter 's main ring , whereas Amalthea and Thebe each maintain their own faint outer rings . Main group or Galilean moons : Io , Europa , Ganymede and Callisto . They are some of the largest objects in the Solar System outside the Sun and the eight planets in terms of mass and are larger than any known dwarf planet . Ganymede exceeds even the planet Mercury in diameter . They are respectively the fourth - , sixth - , first - , and third - largest natural satellites in the Solar System , containing approximately 99.997 % of the total mass in orbit around Jupiter , while Jupiter is almost 5,000 times more massive than the Galilean moons . The inner moons are in a 1 : 2 : 4 orbital resonance . Models suggest that they formed by slow accretion in the low - density Jovian subnebula -- a disc of the gas and dust that existed around Jupiter after its formation -- which lasted up to 10 million years in the case of Callisto . Several are suspected of having subsurface oceans . Irregular satellites ( edit ) Jupiter 's outer moons and their highly inclined orbits Main article : Irregular satellite The irregular satellites are substantially smaller objects with more distant and eccentric orbits . They form families with shared similarities in orbit ( semi-major axis , inclination , eccentricity ) and composition ; it is believed that these are at least partially collisional families that were created when larger ( but still small ) parent bodies were shattered by impacts from asteroids captured by Jupiter 's gravitational field . These families bear the names of their largest members . The identification of satellite families is tentative , but the following are typically listed : Prograde satellites : Themisto is the innermost irregular moon and not part of a known family . The Himalia group is spread over barely 1.4 Gm in semi-major axes , 1.6 ° in inclination ( 27.5 ± 0.8 ° ) , and eccentricities between 0.11 and 0.25 . It has been suggested that the group could be a remnant of the break - up of an asteroid from the asteroid belt . Carpo is the outermost prograde moon and not part of a known family . Retrograde satellites : inclinations ( ° ) vs. eccentricities , with Carme 's ( orange ) and Ananke 's ( yellow ) groups identified Retrograde satellites : S / 2003 J 12 and S / 2011 J 1 are the innermost of the retrograde moons , and are not part of any known family . The Carme group is spread over only 1.2 Gm in semi-major axis , 1.6 ° in inclination ( 165.7 ± 0.8 ° ) , and eccentricities between 0.23 and 0.27 . It is very homogeneous in color ( light red ) and is believed to have originated from a D - type asteroid progenitor , possibly a Jupiter Trojan . The Ananke group has a relatively wider spread than the previous groups , over 2.4 Gm in semi-major axis , 8.1 ° in inclination ( between 145.7 ° and 154.8 ° ) , and eccentricities between 0.02 and 0.28 . Most of the members appear gray , and are believed to have formed from the breakup of a captured asteroid . The Pasiphae group is quite dispersed , with a spread over 1.3 Gm , inclinations between 144.5 ° and 158.3 ° , and eccentricities between 0.25 and 0.43 . The colors also vary significantly , from red to grey , which might be the result of multiple collisions . Sinope , sometimes included in the Pasiphae group , is red and , given the difference in inclination , it could have been captured independently ; Pasiphae and Sinope are also trapped in secular resonances with Jupiter . S / 2003 J 2 is the outermost moon of Jupiter , and is not part of a known family . List ( edit ) The moons of Jupiter are listed below by orbital period . Moons massive enough for their surfaces to have collapsed into a spheroid are highlighted in bold . These are the four Galilean moons , which are comparable in size to the Moon . The four inner moons are much smaller , the fourth most massive being more than 7000 times more massive than the fifth-most . The irregular captured moons are shaded light gray when prograde and dark gray when retrograde . Order Label Name Pronunciation ( key ) Image Diameter ( km ) Mass ( × 10 kg ) Semi-major axis ( km ) Orbital period ( d ) Inclination ( ° ) Eccentr . Discovery year Discoverer Group 16 ! XVI Metis / ˈmiːtɪs / 0059 ! 60 × 40 × 34 1636 ! ≈ 3.6 00127 ! 7005127690000000000 ♠ 127 690 0074 ! + 7h 4m 29s 00006 ! 0.06 0.0002 1979 Synnott ( Voyager 1 ) Inner 15 ! XV Adrastea / əˈdræstiə / 0020 ! 20 × 16 × 14 152 ! ≈ 0.2 00128 ! 7005128690000000000 ♠ 128 690 0079 ! + 7h 9m 30s 00003 ! 0.03 0.0015 1979 Jewitt ( Voyager 2 ) Inner 05 ! V Amalthea / əˈmælθiə / 0171 ! 250 × 146 × 128 ( 7002167000000000000 ♠ 167 ± 4.0 ) 18208 ! 208 0018 ! 7005181366000000000 ♠ 181 366 008 ! + 11h 57m 23s 000374 ! 0.374 0.0032 1892 Barnard Inner 14 ! XIV Thebe / ˈθiːbiː / 0116 ! 116 × 98 × 84 1743 ! ≈ 43 002 ! 7005221889000000000 ♠ 221 889 009 ! + 16h 11m 17s 001076 ! 1.076 0.0175 1979 Synnott ( Voyager 1 ) Inner 5 01 ! I Io / ˈaɪoʊ / 3660 ! 7003366000000000000 ♠ 3660. 0 × 7003363740000000000 ♠ 3637. 4 × 7003363060000000000 ♠ 3630. 6 2289 ! 7006893190000000000 ♠ 8931900 004 ! 7005421700000000000 ♠ 421 700 01 ! + 7000176910000000000 ♠ 1.7691 00005 ! 0.050 0.0041 1610 Galilei Galilean 6 02 ! II Europa / ˌjʊərˈoʊpə / 3121 ! 7003312160000000000 ♠ 3121. 6 2248 ! 7006480000000000000 ♠ 4800000 006 ! 7005671034000000000 ♠ 671 034 03 ! + 7000355120000000000 ♠ 3.5512 00047 ! 0.471 0.0094 1610 Galilei Galilean 7 03 ! III Ganymede / ˈɡænɪˌmiːd / 5362 ! 7003526239999999999 ♠ 5262. 4 2315 ! 7007148190000000000 ♠ 14 819 000 010 ! 7006107041200000000 ♠ 1070412 07 ! + 7000715460000000000 ♠ 7.1546 000204 ! 0.204 0.0011 1610 Galilei Galilean 8 04 ! IV Callisto / kəˈlɪstoʊ / 4820 ! 7003482060000000000 ♠ 4820. 6 2311 ! 7007107590000000000 ♠ 10 759 000 018 ! 7006188270900000000 ♠ 1882709 08 ! + 7001166890000000000 ♠ 16.689 000205 ! 0.205 0.0074 1610 Galilei Galilean 9 18 ! XVIII Themisto / θɪˈmɪstoʊ / 0008 ! 8 1469 ! 6998690000000000000 ♠ 0.069 07 ! 7006739321600000000 ♠ 7393216 + 129.87 045 ! 45.762 0.2115 1975 / 2000 Kowal & Roemer / Sheppard et al . Themisto 10 13 ! XIII Leda / ˈliːdə / 0016 ! 16 1611 ! 0.6 7007111877810000000 ♠ 11 187 781 + 240.82 027562 ! 27.562 0.1673 Kowal Himalia 11 06 ! VI Himalia / haɪˈmeɪliə / 0170 ! 170 1867 ! 670 7007114519710000000 ♠ 11 451 971 + 250.23 030 ! 30.486 0.1513 1904 Perrine Himalia 12 10 ! X Lysithea / laɪˈsɪθiə / 0036 ! 36 1663 ! 6.3 7007117405600000000 ♠ 11 740 560 + 259.89 027006 ! 27.006 0.1322 1938 Nicholson Himalia 13 07 ! VII Elara / ˈɛlərə / 0086 ! 86 1787 ! 87 7007117780340000000 ♠ 11 778 034 + 257.62 029 ! 29.691 0.1948 1905 Perrine Himalia 14 53 ! LIII Dia / ˈdaɪə / 0004 ! 4 139 ! 6997899999999999999 ♠ 0.0090 7007125704240000000 ♠ 12 570 424 + 287.93 027584 ! 27.584 0.2058 2001 Sheppard et al . Himalia 15 46 ! XLVI Carpo / ˈkɑːrpoʊ / 0003 ! 3 1345 ! 6997449999999999999 ♠ 0.0045 7007171448730000000 ♠ 17 144 873 + 458.62 056 ! 56.001 0.2735 2003 Sheppard et al . Carpo 16 99 ! -- S / 2003 J 12 0001 ! 1 1215 ! 6996150000000000000 ♠ 0.000 15 7007177395390000000 ♠ 17 739 539 − 482.69 142.680 0.4449 2003 Sheppard et al . ? 17 34 ! XXXIV Euporie / juːˈpɒrɪiː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007190884340000000 ♠ 19 088 434 − 538.78 144.694 0.0960 2002 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 18 60 ! LX S / 2003 J 3 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007196217800000000 ♠ 19 621 780 − 561.52 146.363 0.2507 2003 Sheppard et al . Ananke ? 19 99 ! -- S / 2011 J 1 0001 ! 1 7007201552900000000 ♠ 20 155 290 − 582.22 162.8 0.2963 2011 Sheppard et al . ? 20 55 ! LV S / 2003 J 18 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007202196480000000 ♠ 20 219 648 − 587.38 146.376 0.1048 2003 Gladman et al . Pasiphae 21 52 ! LII S / 2010 J 2 0001 ! 1 7007203071500000000 ♠ 20 307 150 − 588.36 150.4 0.307 Veillet Ananke 22 42 ! XLII Thelxinoe / θɛlkˈsɪnoʊiː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007204537530000000 ♠ 20 453 753 − 597.61 151.292 0.2684 2003 Sheppard et al . Ananke 23 33 ! XXXIII Euanthe / juːˈænθiː / 0003 ! 3 1345 ! 6997449999999999999 ♠ 0.0045 7007204648540000000 ♠ 20 464 854 − 598.09 143.409 0.2000 2002 Sheppard et al . Ananke 24 45 ! XLV Helike / ˈhɛlɪkiː / 0004 ! 4 139 ! 6997899999999999999 ♠ 0.0090 7007205402660000000 ♠ 20 540 266 − 601.40 154.586 0.1374 2003 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 25 35 ! XXXV Orthosie / ɔːr ˈθɒsɪiː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007205679710000000 ♠ 20 567 971 − 602.62 142.366 0.2433 2002 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 26 54 ! LIV S / 2016 J 1 0003 ! 3 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007205954830000000 ♠ 20 595 483 − 603.83 139.839 0.1377 2016 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 27 24 ! XXIV Iocaste / aɪ oʊ ˈkæstiː / 0005 ! 5 1419 ! 6998190000000000000 ♠ 0.019 7007207225660000000 ♠ 20 722 566 − 609.43 147.248 0.2874 2001 Sheppard et al . Ananke 28 99 ! -- S / 2003 J 16 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007207437790000000 ♠ 20 743 779 − 610.36 150.769 0.3184 2003 Gladman et al . Ananke 29 27 ! XXVII Praxidike / prækˈsɪdɪkiː / 0007 ! 7 1443 ! 6998429999999999999 ♠ 0.043 7007208239480000000 ♠ 20 823 948 − 613.90 144.205 0.1840 2001 Sheppard et al . Ananke 30 22 ! XXII Harpalyke / hɑːrˈpælɪkiː / 0004 ! 4 1412 ! 6998120000000000000 ♠ 0.012 7007210638140000000 ♠ 21 063 814 − 624.54 147.223 0.2440 2001 Sheppard et al . Ananke 31 40 ! XL Mneme / ˈniːmiː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007211297860000000 ♠ 21 129 786 − 627.48 149.732 0.3169 2003 Gladman et al . Ananke 32 30 ! XXX Hermippe / hərˈmɪpiː / 0004 ! 4 139 ! 6997899999999999999 ♠ 0.0090 7007211820860000000 ♠ 21 182 086 − 629.81 151.242 0.2290 2002 Sheppard et al . Ananke 33 29 ! XXIX Thyone / θaɪˈoʊniː / 0004 ! 4 139 ! 6997899999999999999 ♠ 0.0090 7007214055700000000 ♠ 21 405 570 − 639.80 147.276 0.2525 2002 Sheppard et al . Ananke 34 12 ! XII Ananke / əˈnæŋkiː / 0028 ! 28 163 ! 3.0 7007214549520000000 ♠ 21 454 952 − 640.38 151.564 0.3445 1951 Nicholson Ananke 35 50 ! L Herse / ˈhɜːrsiː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007221343060000000 ♠ 22 134 306 − 672.75 162.490 0.2379 2003 Gladman et al . Carme 36 31 ! XXXI Aitne / ˈaɪtniː / 0003 ! 3 1345 ! 6997449999999999999 ♠ 0.0045 7007222851610000000 ♠ 22 285 161 − 679.64 165.562 0.3927 2002 Sheppard et al . Carme 37 37 ! XXXVII Kale / ˈkeɪliː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007224092070000000 ♠ 22 409 207 − 685.32 165.378 0.2011 2002 Sheppard et al . Carme 38 20 ! XX Taygete / teɪˈɪdʒɪtiː / 0005 ! 5 1416 ! 6998160000000000000 ♠ 0.016 7007224386480000000 ♠ 22 438 648 − 686.67 164.890 0.3678 2001 Sheppard et al . Carme 39 99 ! -- S / 2003 J 19 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007227090610000000 ♠ 22 709 061 − 699.12 164.727 0.1961 2003 Gladman et al . Carme ? 40 21 ! XXI Chaldene / kælˈdiːniː / 0004 ! 4 1375 ! 6997750000000000000 ♠ 0.0075 7007227134440000000 ♠ 22 713 444 − 699.33 167.070 0.2916 2001 Sheppard et al . Carme 41 58 ! LVIII S / 2003 J 15 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007227209990000000 ♠ 22 720 999 − 699.68 141.812 0.0932 2003 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 42 99 ! -- S / 2003 J 10 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007227308130000000 ♠ 22 730 813 − 700.13 163.813 0.3438 2003 Sheppard et al . Carme ? 43 99 ! -- S / 2003 J 23 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007227396540000000 ♠ 22 739 654 − 700.54 148.849 0.3930 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae ? 44 25 ! XXV Erinome / ɪˈrɪnoʊmiː / 0003 ! 3 1345 ! 6997449999999999999 ♠ 0.0045 7007229862660000000 ♠ 22 986 266 − 711.96 163.737 0.2552 2001 Sheppard et al . Carme 45 41 ! XLI Aoede / eɪ ˈiːdiː / 0004 ! 4 139 ! 6997899999999999999 ♠ 0.0090 7007230441750000000 ♠ 23 044 175 − 714.66 160.482 0.4311 2003 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 46 44 ! XLIV Kallichore / kəˈlɪkoʊriː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007231118230000000 ♠ 23 111 823 − 717.81 164.605 0.2041 2003 Sheppard et al . Carme 47 23 ! XXIII Kalyke / ˈkælɪkiː / 0005 ! 5 1419 ! 6998190000000000000 ♠ 0.019 7007231807730000000 ♠ 23 180 773 − 721.02 165.505 0.2139 2001 Sheppard et al . Carme 48 11 ! XI Carme / ˈkɑːrmiː / 0046 ! 46 1713 ! 13 7007231979920000000 ♠ 23 197 992 − 763.95 165.047 0.2342 1938 Nicholson Carme 49 17 ! XVII Callirrhoe / kəˈlɪroʊiː / 0009 ! 9 1487 ! 6998870000000000000 ♠ 0.087 7007232149860000000 ♠ 23 214 986 − 727.11 139.849 0.2582 2000 Spahr , Scotti Pasiphae 50 32 ! XXXII Eurydome / jʊərˈɪdəmiː / 0003 ! 3 1345 ! 6997449999999999999 ♠ 0.0045 7007232308580000000 ♠ 23 230 858 − 723.36 149.324 0.3769 2002 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 51 38 ! XXXVIII Pasithee / pəˈsɪθɪiː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007233073180000000 ♠ 23 307 318 − 726.93 165.759 0.3288 2002 Sheppard et al . Carme 52 51 ! LI S / 2010 J 1 0002 ! 2 7007233143350000000 ♠ 23 314 335 − 722.83 163.2 0.320 Jacobson et al . Carme 53 49 ! XLIX Kore / ˈkɔəriː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007233450930000000 ♠ 23 345 093 − 776.02 137.371 0.1951 2003 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 54 48 ! XLVIII Cyllene / sɪˈliːniː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007233962690000000 ♠ 23 396 269 − 731.10 140.148 0.4115 2003 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 55 56 ! LVI S / 2011 J 2 0001 ! 1 7007234009810000000 ♠ 23 400 981 − 731.32 148.77 0.3321 2011 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 56 47 ! XLVII Eukelade / juːˈkɛlədiː / 0004 ! 4 139 ! 6997899999999999999 ♠ 0.0090 7007234836940000000 ♠ 23 483 694 − 735.20 163.996 0.2828 2003 Sheppard et al . Carme 57 59 ! LIX S / 2017 J 1 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007234839780000000 ♠ 23 483 978 − 734.15 149.197 0.3969 2017 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 58 99 ! -- S / 2003 J 4 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007235707900000000 ♠ 23 570 790 − 739.29 147.175 0.3003 2003 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae ? 59 08 ! VIII Pasiphae / pəˈsɪfeɪiː / 0060 ! 60 173 ! 30 7007236090420000000 ♠ 23 609 042 − 739.80 141.803 0.3743 1908 Melotte Pasiphae 60 39 ! XXXIX Hegemone / hɪˈdʒɛməniː / 0003 ! 3 1345 ! 6997449999999999999 ♠ 0.0045 7007237025110000000 ♠ 23 702 511 − 745.50 152.506 0.4077 2003 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 61 43 ! XLIII Arche / ˈɑːrkiː / 0003 ! 3 1345 ! 6997449999999999999 ♠ 0.0045 7007237170510000000 ♠ 23 717 051 − 746.19 164.587 0.1492 2002 Sheppard et al . Carme 62 26 ! XXVI Isonoe / aɪ ˈsɒnoʊiː / 0004 ! 4 1375 ! 6997750000000000000 ♠ 0.0075 7007238006470000000 ♠ 23 800 647 − 750.13 165.127 0.1775 2001 Sheppard et al . Carme 63 99 ! -- S / 2003 J 9 0001 ! 1 1215 ! 6996150000000000000 ♠ 0.000 15 7007238578080000000 ♠ 23 857 808 − 752.84 164.980 0.2761 2003 Sheppard et al . Carme ? 64 57 ! LVII S / 2003 J 5 0004 ! 4 139 ! 6997899999999999999 ♠ 0.0090 7007239739260000000 ♠ 23 973 926 − 758.34 165.549 0.3070 2003 Sheppard et al . Carme 65 09 ! IX Sinope / sɪˈnoʊpiː / 0038 ! 38 1675 ! 7.5 7007240578650000000 ♠ 24 057 865 − 739.33 153.778 0.2750 1914 Nicholson Pasiphae 66 36 ! XXXVI Sponde / ˈspɒndiː / 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007242526270000000 ♠ 24 252 627 − 771.60 154.372 0.4431 2002 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 67 28 ! XXVIII Autonoe / ɔː ˈtɒnoʊiː / 0004 ! 4 139 ! 6997899999999999999 ♠ 0.0090 7007242644450000000 ♠ 24 264 445 − 772.17 151.058 0.3690 2002 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 68 19 ! XIX Megaclite / mɛɡəˈklaɪtiː / 0005 ! 5 1421 ! 6998210000000000000 ♠ 0.021 7007246872390000000 ♠ 24 687 239 − 792.44 150.398 0.3077 2001 Sheppard et al . Pasiphae 69 99 ! -- S / 2003 J 2 0002 ! 2 1315 ! 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 7007285704100000000 ♠ 28 570 410 9 ! 2997018450000000000 ♠ − 981.55 153.521 0.4074 2003 Sheppard et al . ? Exploration ( edit ) Main articles : Exploration of Jupiter , Ganymede ( moon ) § Exploration , Europa ( moon ) § Exploration , Callisto ( moon ) § Exploration , and Io ( moon ) § Observational history The first spacecraft to visit Jupiter were Pioneer 10 in 1973 , and Pioneer 11 a year later , taking low - resolution images of the four Galilean moons . The Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes visited Jupiter in 1979 , discovering the volcanic activity on Io and the presence of water ice on the surface of Europa . The Cassini probe to Saturn flew by Jupiter in 2000 and collected data on interactions of the Galilean moons with Jupiter 's extended atmosphere . The New Horizons spacecraft flew by Jupiter in 2007 and made improved measurements of its satellites ' orbital parameters . The Galileo spacecraft was the first to enter orbit around Jupiter , arriving in 1995 and studying it until 2003 . During this period , Galileo gathered a large amount of information about the Jovian system , making close approaches to all of the Galilean moons and finding evidence for thin atmospheres on three of them , as well as the possibility of liquid water beneath the surfaces of Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto . It also discovered a magnetic field around Ganymede . In 2016 , the Juno spacecraft imaged the Galilean moons from above their orbital plane as it approached Jupiter orbit insertion , creating a time - lapse movie of their motion . See also ( edit ) Jupiter 's moons in fiction Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jupiter Mass of 1.8986 × 10 kg / Mass of Galilean moons 3.93 × 10 kg = 4,828 Jump up ^ Order refers to the position among other moons with respect to their average distance from Jupiter . Jump up ^ Label refers to the Roman numeral attributed to each moon in order of their naming . Jump up ^ Diameters with multiple entries such as `` 60 × 40 × 34 '' reflect that the body is not a perfect spheroid and that each of its dimensions have been measured well enough . Jump up ^ Periods with negative values are retrograde . Jump up ^ `` ? '' refers to group assignments that are not considered sure yet . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sheppard , Scott S . `` The Jupiter Satellite and Moon Page '' . Carnegie Institution , Department of Terrestrial Magnetism . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Solar System Bodies '' . JPL / NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Canup , Robert M. ; Ward , William R. ( 2009 ) . `` Origin of Europa and the Galilean Satellites '' . Europa . University of Arizona Press ( in press ) . Bibcode : 2008arXiv0812. 4995C . arXiv : 0812.4995 . Jump up ^ Alibert , Y. ; Mousis , O. ; Benz , W. ( 2005 ) . `` Modeling the Jovian subnebula I. Thermodynamic conditions and migration of proto - satellites '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 439 ( 3 ) : 1205 -- 13 . Bibcode : 2005A&A ... 439.1205 A. arXiv : astro - ph / 0505367 . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20052841 . ^ Jump up to : Chown , Marcus ( 2009 - 03 - 07 ) . `` Cannibalistic Jupiter ate its early moons '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Jewitt , David ; Haghighipour , Nader ( 2007 ) . `` Irregular Satellites of the Planets : Products of Capture in the Early Solar System '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 45 ( 1 ) : 261 -- 95 . Bibcode : 2007ARA&A ... 45 ... 261J . arXiv : astro - ph / 0703059 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. astro. 44.051905. 092459 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Xi , Zezong Z. ( 1981 ) . `` The Discovery of Jupiter 's Satellite Made by Gan De 2000 years Before Galileo '' . Acta Astrophysica Sinica. 1 ( 2 ) : 87 . Jump up ^ Galilei , Galileo ( 1989 ) . Translated and prefaced by Albert Van Helden , ed . Sidereus Nuncius . Chicago & London : University of Chicago Press . pp. 14 -- 16 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 27903 - 0 . Jump up ^ Van Helden , Albert ( March 1974 ) . `` The Telescope in the Seventeenth Century '' . Isis . The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society . 65 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 58 . doi : 10.1086 / 351216 . Jump up ^ Pasachoff , Jay M. ( 2015 ) . `` Simon Marius 's Mundus Iovialis : 400th Anniversary in Galileo 's Shadow '' . Journal for the History of Astronomy . 46 ( 2 ) : 218 -- 234 . Bibcode : 2015AAS ... 22521505P . doi : 10.1177 / 0021828615585493 . Jump up ^ Barnard , E.E. ( 1892 ) . `` Discovery and Observation of a Fifth Satellite to Jupiter '' . Astronomical Journal . 12 : 81 -- 85 . Bibcode : 1892AJ ... 12 ... 81B . doi : 10.1086 / 101715 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery of a Sixth Satellite of Jupiter '' . Astronomical Journal . 24 ( 18 ) : 154B ;. 1905 - 01 - 09 . Bibcode : 1905AJ ... 24S. 154 ... doi : 10.1086 / 103654 . Jump up ^ Perrine , C.D. ( 1905 ) . `` The Seventh Satellite of Jupiter '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 17 ( 101 ) : 62 -- 63 . Bibcode : 1905PASP ... 17 ... 56 ... JSTOR 40691209 . doi : 10.1086 / 121624 . Jump up ^ Melotte , P.J. ( 1908 ) . `` Note on the Newly Discovered Eighth Satellite of Jupiter , Photographed at the Royal Observatory , Greenwich '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 68 ( 6 ) : 456 -- 457 . Bibcode : 1908MNRAS ... 68 ... 456 ... doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 68.6. 456 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , S.B. ( 1914 ) . `` Discovery of the Ninth Satellite of Jupiter '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 26 : 197 -- 198 . Bibcode : 1914PASP ... 26 ... 197N . doi : 10.1086 / 122336 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , S.B. ( 1938 ) . `` Two New Satellites of Jupiter '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 50 : 292 -- 293 . Bibcode : 1938PASP ... 50 ... 292N . doi : 10.1086 / 124963 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , S.B. ( 1951 ) . `` An unidentified object near Jupiter , probably a new satellite '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 63 ( 375 ) : 297 -- 299 . Bibcode : 1951PASP ... 63 ... 297N . doi : 10.1086 / 126402 . Jump up ^ Kowal , C.T. ; Aksnes , K. ; Marsden , B.G. ; Roemer , E. ( 1974 ) . `` Thirteenth satellite of Jupiter '' . Astronomical Journal . 80 : 460 -- 464 . Bibcode : 1975AJ ... 80 ... 460K . doi : 10.1086 / 111766 . Jump up ^ Marsden , Brian G. ( 3 October 1975 ) . `` Probable New Satellite of Jupiter '' ( discovery telegram sent to the IAU ) . International Astronomical Union Circulars . Cambridge , US : Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory . 2845 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Synnott , S.P. ( 1980 ) . `` 1979J2 : The Discovery of a Previously Unknown Jovian Satellite '' . Science . 210 ( 4471 ) : 786 -- 788 . Bibcode : 1980Sci ... 210 ... 786S . PMID 17739548 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 210.4471. 786 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature '' . Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature ( WGPSN ) . U.S. Geological Survey . 2008 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Sheppard , Scott S. ; Jewitt , David C. ( May 5 , 2003 ) . `` An abundant population of small irregular satellites around Jupiter '' . Nature . 423 ( 6937 ) : 261 -- 263 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 423 ... 261S . PMID 12748634 . doi : 10.1038 / nature01584 . ^ Jump up to : Sheppard , Scott S. `` Jupiter 's Known Satellites '' . Departament of Terrestrial Magnetism at Carniege Institution for science . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Beatty , Kelly ( 4 April 2012 ) . `` Outer - Planet Moons Found -- and Lost '' . www.skyandtelescope.com . Sky & Telescope . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Brozović , Marina ; Jacobson , Robert A. ( 9 March 2017 ) . `` The Orbits of Jupiter 's Irregular Satellites '' . The Astronomical Journal . 153 ( 4 ) . Bibcode : 2017AJ ... 153 ... 147B . doi : 10.3847 / 1538 - 3881 / aa5e4d . Jump up ^ Jacobson , B. ; Brozović , M. ; Gladman , B. ; Alexandersen , M. ; Nicholson , P.D. ; Veillet , C. ( 28 September 2012 ) . `` Irregular Satellites of the Outer Planets : Orbital Uncertainties and Astrometric Recoveries in 2009 -- 2011 '' . The Astronomical Journal . 144 ( 5 ) . Bibcode : 2012AJ ... 144 ... 132J . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 6256 / 144 / 5 / 132 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheppard , Scott S. ( 2017 ) . `` New Moons of Jupiter Announced in 2017 '' . home.dtm.ciw.edu . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . We likely have all of the lost moons in our new observations from 2017 , but to link them back to the remaining lost 2003 objects requires more observations a year later to confirm the linkages , which will not happen until early 2018 ... There are likely a few more new moons as well in our 2017 observations , but we need to reobserve them in 2018 to determine which of the discoveries are new and which are lost 2003 moons . ^ Jump up to : Marazzini , C. ( 2005 ) . `` The names of the satellites of Jupiter : from Galileo to Simon Marius '' . Lettere Italiane ( in Italian ) . 57 ( 3 ) : 391 -- 407 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Seth Barnes ( April 1939 ) . `` The Satellites of Jupiter '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 51 ( 300 ) : 85 -- 94 . Bibcode : 1939PASP ... 51 ... 85N . doi : 10.1086 / 125010 . Jump up ^ Payne - Gaposchkin , Cecilia ; Haramundanis , Katherine ( 1970 ) . Introduction to Astronomy . Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice - Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 478107 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Marsden , Brian G. ( 3 October 1975 ) . `` Satellites of Jupiter '' . International Astronomical Union Circulars. 2846 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) Jump up ^ M. Antonietta Barucci , Hermann Boehnhardt , Dale P. Cruikshank , Alessandro Morbidelli , eds. ( 2008 ) . `` Irregular Satellites of the Giant Planets '' . The Solar System Beyond Neptune ( PDF ) . p. 414 . ISBN 9780816527557 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Anderson , J.D. ; Johnson , T.V. ; Shubert , G. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Amalthea 's Density Is Less Than That of Water '' . Science . 308 ( 5726 ) : 1291 -- 1293 . Bibcode : 2005Sci ... 308.1291 A. PMID 15919987 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1110422 . Jump up ^ Burns , J.A. ; Simonelli , D.P. ; Showalter , M.R. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Jupiter 's Ring - Moon System '' . In Bagenal , F. ; Dowling , T.E. ; McKinnon , W.B. Jupiter : The Planet , Satellites and Magnetosphere . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Burns , J.A. ; Showalter , M.R. ; Hamilton , D.P. ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` The Formation of Jupiter 's Faint Rings '' . Science . 284 ( 5417 ) : 1146 -- 1150 . Bibcode : 1999Sci ... 284.1146 B. PMID 10325220 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 284.5417. 1146 . Jump up ^ Canup , Robin M. ; Ward , William R. ( 2002 ) . `` Formation of the Galilean Satellites : Conditions of Accretion '' ( PDF ) . The Astronomical Journal . 124 ( 6 ) : 3404 -- 3423 . Bibcode : 2002AJ ... 124.3404 C . doi : 10.1086 / 344684 . ^ Jump up to : Grav , T. ; Holman , M. ; Gladman , B. ; Aksnes K. ( 2003 ) . `` Photometric survey of the irregular satellites '' . Icarus . 166 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 45 . Bibcode : 2003Icar ... 166 ... 33G . arXiv : astro - ph / 0301016 . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2003.07. 005 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sheppard , Scott S. ; Jewitt , David C. ; Porco , Carolyn ( 2004 ) . `` Jupiter 's outer satellites and Trojans '' . In Fran Bagenal ; Timothy E. Dowling ; William B. McKinnon . Jupiter . The planet , satellites and magnetosphere ( PDF ) . Cambridge planetary science . 1 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 263 -- 280 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81808 - 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Nesvorný , David ; Beaugé , Cristian ; Dones , Luke ( 2004 ) . `` Collisional Origin of Families of Irregular Satellites '' ( PDF ) . The Astronomical Journal . 127 ( 3 ) : 1768 -- 1783 . Bibcode : 2004AJ ... 127.1768 N . doi : 10.1086 / 382099 . ^ Jump up to : `` Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service '' . IAU : Minor Planet Center . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 08 . Note : some semi-major axis were computed using the μ value , while the eccentricities were taken using the inclination to the local Laplace plane ^ Jump up to : Siedelmann P.K. ; Abalakin V.K. ; Bursa , M. ; Davies , M.E. ; et al. ( 2000 ) . The Planets and Satellites 2000 ( Report ) . IAU / IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Amalthea - definition of Amalthea in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . OxfordDictionaries.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Europa - definition of Europa in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . OxfordDictionaries.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Ganymede - definition of Ganymede in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . OxfordDictionaries.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Ganymede '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Jump up ^ File : Pioneer - 10 jupiter moons. jpg Jump up ^ Juno Approach Movie of Jupiter and the Galilean Moons , NASA , July 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moons of Jupiter . Jupiter 's Known Satellites The Jupiter Satellite and Moon Page Simulation showing the position of Jupiter 's moons Animated tour of Jupiter 's moons , University of South Wales Jupiter : Moons by NASA 's Solar System Exploration David Perlman ( 15 May 2003 ) . `` 43 more moons orbiting Jupiter '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archive of Jupiter System Articles in Planetary Science Research Discoveries An animation of the Jovian system of moons Cain , Fraser : Astronomy Cast Ep 57 : Jupiter 's Moons Moons of Jupiter Listed in approximately increasing distance from Jupiter . Provisional designations in italics . Inner moons Metis Adrastea Amalthea Thebe Galilean moons Io Europa Ganymede Callisto Themisto group Themisto Himalia group Leda Himalia Lysithea Elara Dia Carpo group Carpo S / 2003 J 12 S / 2011 J 1 Ananke group Core Euanthe Iocaste Praxidike Harpalyke Thyone Ananke Peripheral Jupiter LX ( ? ) Jupiter LII Thelxinoe S / 2003 J 16 Mneme Hermippe Carme group Herse Kale Aitne Taygete S / 2003 J 19 ( ? ) Chaldene Erinome Kallichore Kalyke Carme Pasithee Jupiter LI Eukelade Arche Isonoe S / 2003 J 9 ( ? ) Jupiter LVII Pasiphae group Euporie Jupiter LV Helike Orthosie Jupiter LIV Jupiter LVIII S / 2003 J 10 ( ? ) S / 2003 J 23 ( ? ) Aoede Callirrhoe Eurydome Kore Cyllene Jupiter LVI Jupiter LIX S / 2003 J 4 ( ? ) Pasiphae Hegemone Sinope Sponde Autonoe Megaclite S / 2003 J 2 Rings of Jupiter In fiction Jupiter Outline of Jupiter Geography Atmosphere Great Red Spot Magnetosphere Rings Moons Inner moons Adrastea Amalthea Metis Thebe Galilean moons Callisto Europa Ganymede Io Irregular moons Ananke group Carme group Himalia group Pasiphae group Ungrouped moons Carpo Themisto S / 2003 J 2 S / 2003 J 12 S / 2011 J 1 Astronomy General Jupiter - crossing minor planets Solar eclipses Trojans Greek camp Trojan camp Impact events Comet Shoemaker -- Levy 9 2009 Jupiter impact event 2010 Jupiter impact event Exploration and orbiting missions Current Juno Past Cassini Galileo New Horizons Pioneer program Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 Ulysses Voyager program Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Future Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer ( 2022 ) Europa Clipper ( 2025 ) Proposed Io Volcano Observer ( 2021 ) Laplace - P ( 2023 ) Smara ( 2030 ) Related Fiction Jovian Jupiter Moons Mythology Book Portal Natural satellites of the Solar System Planetary satellites Terrestrial Martian Jovian Saturnian Uranian Neptunian Other satellites Minor - planet moons Plutonian Haumean Eridian Makemakean Largest satellites ( mean radius ≥ 100 km ) size Ganymede largest / 2634 km / 0.413 Earths Titan Callisto Io Moon Europa Triton Titania Rhea Oberon Iapetus Charon Umbriel Ariel Dione Tethys ( Dysnomia ) Enceladus Miranda Proteus Mimas ( Hi'iaka ) Nereid Hyperion Phoebe smallest / 106 km / 0.017 Earths abc 's Ariel Callisto Charon Dione ( Dysnomia ) Enceladus Europa Ganymede ( Hi'iaka ) Hyperion Iapetus Io Mimas Miranda Moon Nereid Oberon Phoebe Proteus Rhea Tethys Titan Titania Triton Umbriel Discovery timeline Inner moons Irregular moons List Naming Regular moons Trojan moons NOTE : Italicized moons are not close to being in hydrostatic equilibrium ; ( bracketed ) moons may or may not be close to being in hydrostatic equilibrium . The Solar System The Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Planets Terrestrial planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Rings Jovian Saturnian ( Rhean ) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Haumean Moons 1 Terrestrial ( Moon ) Other near - Earth objects 2 Martian Phobos Deimos 69 Jovian Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 62 Saturnian Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 27 Uranian Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 14 Neptunian Triton Proteus Nereid all 5 Plutonian Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx 2 Haumean Hiʻiaka Namaka 1 Makemakean ( S / 2015 ( 136472 ) 1 ) 1 Eridian ( Dysnomia ) Lists Solar System objects By size By discovery date Minor planets Gravitationally rounded objects Possible dwarf planets Natural satellites Comets Small Solar System bodies Meteoroids Minor planets moons Comets Damocloids Mercury - crossers Venus - crossers Venus trojans Near - Earth objects Earth - crossers Earth trojans Mars - crossers Mars trojans Asteroid belt Asteroids first discovered : Ceres Pallas Juno Vesta Families Notable asteroids Kirkwood gap Main - belt comets Jupiter trojans Jupiter - crossers Centaurs Saturn - crossers Uranus trojans Uranus - crossers Neptune trojans Cis - Neptunian objects Trans - Neptunian objects Neptune - crossers Plutoids Kuiper belt Plutinos Cubewanos Scattered disc Detached objects Sednoids Hills cloud Oort cloud Hypothetical objects Vulcan Vulcanoids Phaeton Planet V Theia Fifth giant Planets beyond Neptune Tyche Nemesis Planet Nine Exploration ( outline ) Discovery Astronomy Timeline Spaceflight Robotic spacecraft Human spaceflight Colonization List of probes Timeline Mercury Venus Moon Mars Ceres Asteroids Mining Comets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Deep space Outline of the Solar System Portals Solar System Astronomy Earth sciences Mars Jupiter Uranus Cosmology Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Pisces -- Cetus Supercluster Complex → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moons_of_Jupiter&oldid=806025488 '' Categories : Moons of Jupiter Lists of moons Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 04 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
which of jupiter's moons is the largest
[ "The physical and orbital characteristics of the moons vary widely. The four Galileans are all over 3,100 kilometres (1,900 mi) in diameter; the largest Galilean, Ganymede, is the ninth largest object in the Solar System, after the Sun and seven of the planets, Ganymede being larger than Mercury. All other Jovian moons are less than 250 kilometres (160 mi) in diameter, with most barely exceeding 5 kilometres (3.1 mi). Their orbital shapes range from nearly perfectly circular to highly eccentric and inclined, and many revolve in the direction opposite to Jupiter's spin (retrograde motion). Orbital periods range from seven hours (taking less time than Jupiter does to spin around its axis), to some three thousand times more (almost three Earth years)." ]
[ "Ganymede" ]
1271149812997200599
The Brady Bunch Movie
The Brady Bunch Movie - wikipedia The Brady Bunch Movie The Brady Bunch Movie Theatrical release poster Directed by Betty Thomas Produced by David Kirkpatrick Sherwood Schwartz Lloyd J. Schwartz Written by Laurice Elehwany Rick Copp Bonnie Turner Terry Turner Based on The Brady Bunch by Sherwood Schwartz Starring Christine Taylor Shelley Long Gary Cole Michael McKean Music by Guy Moon ( Score ) Steve Tyrell Lionel Cole ( Songs ) Cinematography Mac Ahlberg Edited by Peter Teschner Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date February 17 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 17 ) Running time 90 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $46.6 million ( US ) The Brady Bunch Movie is a 1995 American comedy film based on the 1969 -- 1974 television series The Brady Bunch . The film was directed by Betty Thomas , with a screenplay by Laurice Elehwany , Rick Copp , Bonnie and Terry Turner , and stars Shelley Long , Gary Cole and Michael McKean . It also features cameos from Davy Jones , Micky Dolenz , Peter Tork and RuPaul , and the original cast of The Brady Bunch ( except Eve Plumb and Robert Reed ( the latter who died in 1992 ) ) in new roles . The film places the original sitcom characters , with their 1970s fashion sense and sitcom family morality , in a contemporary 1990s setting , drawing humor from the resulting culture clash . The Brady Bunch Movie was released in the United States on February 17 , 1995 , and grossed $46.6 million . A sequel titled A Very Brady Sequel was released on August 23 , 1996 , and a television film titled The Brady Bunch in the White House was aired on November 29 , 2002 ... Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Television 4.3 Home media 5 Reception 6 Sequels 6.1 A Very Brady Sequel 6.2 The Brady Bunch in the White House 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Larry Dittmeyer , an unscrupulous real estate developer , explains to his supervisor that almost all the families in his neighborhood have agreed to sell their property as part of a plan to turn the area into a shopping mall , except for the Brady family . At the Bradys ' house , Mike and Carol are having breakfast prepared by their housekeeper , Alice , while the six children prepare for school . Jan is jealous of her elder , popular sister Marcia . Cindy is tattling about everything she 's hearing . Greg is dreaming of becoming a singer ( but sings folk songs more appropriate to the seventies ) . Peter is nervous that his voice is breaking . Bobby is excited about his new role as hall monitor at school . Cindy gives Mike and Carol a tax delinquency notice ( which was earlier mistakenly delivered to the Dittmeyers ) stating that they face foreclosure on their house if they do not pay $20,000 in back taxes . The two initially ignore the crisis , but when Mike 's architectural design ( which is exactly the same as their house ) is turned down by two potential clients , he tells Carol that they may have to sell the house . Cindy overhears this and tells her siblings and they look for work to raise money to save the house , but their earnings are nowhere near enough to reach the required sum . Mike manages to sell a Japanese company on one of his dated designs , thereby securing the money , only for Larry to sabotage it by claiming that Mike 's last building collapsed . On the night before the Bradys have to move out , Marcia suggests that they enter a `` Search for the Stars '' contest , the prize of which is exactly $20,000 . Jan , having originally suggested this and been rejected , runs away from home . Cindy sees her leave and tattles , and the whole family goes on a search for her . They use their car 's citizens ' band radio , and their transmission is heard by Schultzy ( Ann B. Davis ) , a long - haul trucker who picks up Jan and convinces her to return home . The next day , the children join the `` Search for the Stars '' contest with a dated performance that receives poor audience response compared to the more modern performances of other bands . However , the judges -- Davy Jones , Micky Dolenz , and Peter Tork of The Monkees -- vote for them , and they win the contest as a result . The tax bill is paid and their neighbors withdraw their homes from the market , foiling Larry 's plan and securing the neighborhood . Later , Carol 's mother ( Florence Henderson ) arrives and finally convinces Jan to stop being jealous of Marcia , only for Cindy to start feeling jealous of Jan . Cast ( edit ) Gary Cole as Mike Brady Shelley Long as Carol Brady Henriette Mantel as Alice Nelson Christopher Daniel Barnes as Greg Brady Christine Taylor as Marcia Brady Jennifer Elise Cox as Jan Brady Paul Sutera as Peter Brady Jesse Lee as Bobby Brady Olivia Hack as Cindy Brady David Graf as Sam Franklin Michael McKean as Larry Dittmeyer Jean Smart as Dina Dittmeyer Jack Noseworthy as Eric Dittmeyer Moriah Snyder as Missy Dittmeyer R.D. Robb as Charlie Anderson Shane Conrad as Doug Simpson Marissa Ribisi as Holly Alanna Ubach as Noreen Megan Ward as Donna Leonard Elisa Pensler - Gabrielli as Miss Linley RuPaul as Mrs. Cummings Darion Basco as Eddie David Leisure as Jason ( The modeling firm owner ) Davy Jones as himself Micky Dolenz as himself Peter Tork as himself `` Mudd Pagoda '' David Darling , vocals ; Marc Danzeisen , drums ; Roger Joseph Manning , Jr. , keyboards ; Eric Dover , guitar ; and Sheldon Strickland , bass guitar as members of the high school band Cameos by original Brady Bunch actors Florence Henderson ( the original Carol ) as the family 's grandmother , Carol 's mother Ann B. Davis ( the original Alice ) as Schultzy , a trucker ( `` Schultzy '' is a reference to her most famous role prior to The Brady Bunch on The Bob Cummings Show ) Barry Williams ( the original Greg ) as a record producer who rejects the film 's Greg 's attempts to sell his song Maureen McCormick ( the original Marcia ) as a reporter ( scenes deleted ) Christopher Knight ( the original Peter ) as a coach who stops Eric and Leon from bullying the film 's Peter in a cafeteria scene Mike Lookinland ( the original Bobby ) as a cop ( scenes deleted ) Susan Olsen ( the original Cindy ) as a lemonade Lady ( scenes deleted ) Robert Reed ( the original Mike ) died in 1992 . Eve Plumb ( the original Jan ) declined to appear in the film . Production ( edit ) The film was shot almost entirely in Los Angeles , California , with the Brady house being located in Sherman Oaks . The school scenes were shot at Taft High School in Woodland Hills . Some scenes were filmed at Bowcraft amusement park in Scotch Plains , New Jersey . The producers had sought to film the original house that had been used for exterior shots during the original Brady Bunch series , but the owner of the Studio City , California home refused to restore the property to its 1969 appearance . The filmmakers instead erected a facade around a house in nearby Encino and filmed scenes in the front yard . Release ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The Brady Bunch Movie was released in theaters on February 17 , 1995 . The film opened at # 1 at the box office with $14.8 million and grossed $46.6 million in the U.S. and Canada . Television ( edit ) The Brady Bunch Movie premiered on NBC November 29 , 1997 with additional footage not shown in theaters or on home video releases . Home Media ( edit ) The Brady Bunch Movie was released on DVD June 10 , 2003 and April 25 , 2017 . The film has also been released digitally on Google Play . Reception ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 64 % approval rating based on 41 review and an average rating of 5.8 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Though lightweight and silly , The Brady Bunch Movie still charms as homage to the 70s sitcom . '' Leonard Klady of Variety wrote , `` For five years back in the early 1970s , U.S. TV homes were in the thrall of The Brady Bunch . Two decades after their small - screen demise , the clean - cut crew is back in mythic form as The Brady Bunch Movie . Part homage , part spoof , the deft balancing act is a clever adaptation -- albeit culled from less than pedigreed source material . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times wrote , `` The film establishes a bland , reassuring , comforting Brady reality -- a certain muted tone that works just fine but needs , I think , a bleaker contrast from outside to fully exploit the humor . The Brady Bunch Movie is rated PG - 13 , which is a compromise : The Bradys themselves live in a PG universe , and the movie would have been funnier if when they ventured outside it was obviously Wayne 's World . '' Common Sense Media said that `` for those who grew up watching the TV show , The Brady Bunch Movie is deeply satisfying and the best part is its nostalgia . Sure , it 's fun to see the Bradys treated as freaks . But the heart of the film is a campy , affectionate interpretation of the TV show . '' Sequels ( edit ) A Very Brady sequel ( edit ) Main article : A Very Brady Sequel A Very Brady Sequel , directed by Arlene Sanford , was released theatrically on August 23 , 1996 . It sees the family routine thrown into disarray when a man claiming to be Carol 's long - lost first husband arrives on their doorstep . The family must then follow Carol to Hawaii in order to set things straight . All of the main cast members reprised their roles . The Brady Bunch in the White house ( edit ) Main article : The Brady Bunch in the White House The second sequel , The Brady Bunch in the White House , sees a convoluted series of mishaps end with Mike and Carol Brady elected as President and Vice President of the United States . Despite innocent efforts to improve the country , the Brady family is beset on all sides by controversy and imagined scandals which threaten to tear them apart . Although the original actors for Mike and Carol return , the children and Alice are all recast for this film , which was released as a filmed - for - television movie . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Brady Bunch Movie '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cagle , Jess ( September 30 , 1994 ) . `` ' The Brady Bunch Movie ' : Mike & Carol & Kids & Alice '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch Movie '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch Movie '' . Google Play . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch Movie ( 1995 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Klady , Leonard . `` Review : ' The Brady Bunch Movie ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` The Brady Bunch Movie Review ( 1995 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch Movie Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) The Brady Bunch Movie on IMDb The Brady Bunch Movie at the TCM Movie Database The Brady Bunch Movie at AllMovie The Brady Bunch Movie at Box Office Mojo The Brady Bunch Movie at Rotten Tomatoes hide The Brady Bunch Characters Episodes TV series & reunions The Brady Bunch ( 1969 -- 74 ) The Brady Kids ( 1972 -- 73 ) The Brady Bunch Hour ( 1976 -- 77 ) The Brady Girls Get Married / The Brady Brides ( 1981 ) A Very Brady Christmas ( 1988 ) The Bradys ( 1990 ) Growing Up Brady ( 2000 ) The Brady Bunch 35th Anniversary Reunion Special : Still Brady After All These Years ( 2004 ) Books Growing Up Brady : I Was A Teenage Greg ( 1992 ) Here 's the Story : Surviving Marcia Brady ( 2008 ) Love to Love You Bradys : The Bizarre Story of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour ( 2009 ) Music Merry Christmas from The Brady Bunch ( 1970 ) `` Time to Change '' ( 1972 ) `` It 's a Sunshine Day '' ( 1973 ) It 's a Sunshine Day : The Best of The Brady Bunch ( 1993 ) Film series The Brady Bunch Movie ( 1995 ) A Very Brady Sequel ( 1996 ) The Brady Bunch in the White House ( 2002 ) Related shows Mission : Magic ! My Fair Brady `` Sunshine Days '' hide Films directed by Betty Thomas Only You ( 1992 ) The Brady Bunch Movie ( 1995 ) The Late Shift ( 1996 ) Private Parts ( 1997 ) Dr. Dolittle ( 1998 ) 28 Days ( 2000 ) I Spy ( 2002 ) John Tucker Must Die ( 2006 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel ( 2009 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Brady_Bunch_Movie&oldid=846567850 '' Categories : 1995 films English - language films 1990s comedy films American films American comedy films American satirical films Films about suburbia Films based on television series Films directed by Betty Thomas Paramount Pictures films Screenplays by Bonnie and Terry Turner The Brady Bunch films Films set in the 1990s Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Cymraeg Deutsch Français Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 15 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played cindy brady in the brady bunch movie
[ "Olivia Hack as Cindy Brady" ]
[ "Olivia Hack" ]
8481785803599421361
Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)
Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Beauty and the Beast ( disambiguation ) . Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster Directed by Bill Condon Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Stephen Chbosky Evan Spiliotopoulos Based on Disney 's Beauty and the Beast by Linda Woolverton Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Emma Watson Dan Stevens Luke Evans Kevin Kline Josh Gad Ewan McGregor Stanley Tucci Audra McDonald Gugu Mbatha - Raw Ian McKellen Emma Thompson Music by Alan Menken Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Virginia Katz Production company Walt Disney Pictures Mandeville Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) ( Spencer House ) March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $160 million Box office $1.264 billion Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films . The film is based on Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's eighteenth - century fairy tale . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the titular characters with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Nathan Mack , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles . Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom on May 18 , 2015 , and ended on August 21 . Beauty and the Beast premiered on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , and was released in the United States on March 17 , 2017 , in standard , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema . The film received generally positive reviews from critics , with many praising Watson and Stevens ' performances as well as the ensemble cast , faithfulness to the original animated film alongside elements from the Broadway musical , visual style , production design , and musical score , though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing live - action musical film , and making it the highest - grossing film of 2017 and the 10th - highest - grossing film of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 Controversies 7.1 Gay character 7.2 Belle and the Beast 's relationship 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Rococo - era France , an enchantress disguised as an old beggar woman arrives at a castle during a ball and offers the host , a coldhearted prince , a rose for shelter . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects , and erases the castle from the memories of their loved ones . She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will never lift unless he learns to love another , and earn their love in return , before the last petal falls . Some years later in the small town of Villeneuve , Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant former soldier . Lost in the forest , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle , but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose from his garden as a birthday gift to Belle . Belle ventures out in search for him and finds him locked in the castle dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Belle befriends the castle 's servants , who treat her to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose , the Beast , enraged , scares her into the woods . She is cornered by wolves , but the Beast rescues her and is injured in the process . As Belle nurses his wounds , a friendship develops between them . The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress , a book that transports readers wherever they want . Belle uses it to visit her childhood home in Paris , where she discovers a plague doctor mask and realises that she and her father were forced to leave her mother 's deathbed when her mother succumbed to the plague . In Villeneuve , Gaston sees rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage and agrees to help Maurice . When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him , Gaston abandons him to the wolves . Maurice is rescued by the herb - wife Agathe , but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston 's crime but is unable to provide solid evidence , Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . At Villeneuve , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father and rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast . Maurice and Belle escape , and Belle rushes back to the castle . During the battle , Gaston abandons his companion LeFou , who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his will upon seeing Belle return . He overpowers Gaston but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . However , Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge , but it collapses when the castle crumbles , and he falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls and the servants become inanimate . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse , repairing the crumbling castle and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms and the villagers ' memories . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Emma Watson as Belle , a young benevolent bibliophile woman who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him . Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle . Dan Stevens as The prince / Beast , a cold - hearted prince who is transformed into a beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return . Adam Mitchell portrays the younger version of the prince . Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife . Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice . Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston 's flamboyant and long - suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend 's ego but gets very little in return . Ewan McGregor as Lumière , the Beast 's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra . Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza , the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe 's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord . Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe , a world - renowned opera singer and Cadenza 's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe . Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Plumette , one of the castle maids and Lumière 's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster . Ian McKellen as Cogsworth , the Beast 's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock . Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts , the castle 's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot . Hattie Morahan as Agathe , an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who , in reality , is the enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince . Morahan also narrates the prologue . Rita Davies portrays the enchantress in her beggar woman form . The film is released posthumously after Davies ' death . Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts ' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup . Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque , the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized . Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts , an absent - minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father . Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a fishmonger and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth 's wife . Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper , the owner and keeper of Villeneuve 's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink . Ray Fearon as Père Robert , Villeneuve 's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . Sophie Reid , Rafaëlle Cohen , and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses , a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle . Jimmy Johnston , Dean Street , and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack . Tom Turner as The King , the prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . Harriet Jones as The Queen , the prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . Dale Branston as Villeneuve 's residential baker . Chris Andrew Mellon as Nasty Headmaster , the unnamed headmaster of an all boys school in Villeneuve that disapproves of Belle teaching a young girl how to read . Vivian Parry as the Village Lass ' mother , an unnamed seamstress . Cast notes ( edit ) ^ In the initial theatrical release , Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Gooman in the cast , but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits . ^ In the initial theatrical release , Turner is miscredited as Henry Garrett in the cast . Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version and remake of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) was hired to re-write the script . Before Condon was hired to direct the film , Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Condon later explained that `` after Frozen opened , the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old - school - musical approach . But initially , they said , ' We 're interested in a musical to a degree , but only half full of songs . ' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium -- live - action -- as a full - on musical movie . So I backed out for a minute , and they came back and said , ' No , no , no , we get it , let 's pursue it that way . ' '' Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical : `` We worked on this for five or six years , and for 18 months to two years , Beauty was a serious dramatic project , and the scripts were written to reflect that . It was n't a musical at that time . But we just could n't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all . We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs . What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again ? '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle , the female lead . She was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn , as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger . Two months later , Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively , and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets . The rest of the principal cast , including Josh Gad , Emma Thompson , Kevin Kline , Audra McDonald , Ian McKellen , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou , Mrs. Potts , Maurice , Madame de Garderobe , Cogsworth , Plumette , Lumière and Cadenza , respectively . Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway , commented on the casting of Watson as `` perfect '' . Paige O'Hara , who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels , offered to help Watson with her singing lessons . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront , together with an agreement that her final take - home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent 's $759 million worldwide gross . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom , on May 18 , 2015 . Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21 . Six days later , co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where actor Dan Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation . Before the release of the film , Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the `` Days of the Sun '' number , due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones , who looked similar to Hattie Morahan , who portrayed Agathe . In the original version of the scene , it was Jones 's character , the Prince 's mother , who sings the first verse of the song , with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father ; but in the reshot version of the scene , the singing part is given to the Prince ( now played by Adam Mitchell ) . The King was also recast to Tom Turner , although Harriet Jones was still the Queen , albeit with dark hair . Both Goodman and Garrett 's names were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release 's credits , but was later corrected in home releases . Music ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) When released in 1991 , Beauty and the Beast marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar - winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken . In Bill Condon 's opinion , that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live - action version of the movie . `` That score had more to reveal '' , he says , `` You look at the songs and there 's not a clunker in the group . In fact , Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991 . The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales . Take that vision , put it into a new medium , make it a radical reinvention , something not just for the stage because it 's not just being literal , now other elements come into play . It 's not just having real actors do it '' . Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film , but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . Menken returned to score the film 's music , which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman , plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . Menken said the film will not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead , created four new songs . However , an instrumental version of the song `` Home '' , which was written for the musical , is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle . On January 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion -- singer of the original 1991 Beauty and the Beast duet song , with singer Peabo Bryson -- that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' to play over the end titles . She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil , who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet . While ultimately accepting the opportunity , she said : `` ( The ) first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband . Now I 'm making decisions on my own . It 's a little bit harder . I could n't say yes right away , because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way '' . She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career . According to Dion , `` I was at the beginning of my career , it put me on the map , it put me where I am today '' . Also , Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song `` Evermore '' on January 26 , 2017 . The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song Beauty and the Beast recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend . Grande and Legend 's updated version of the Beauty and the Beast title song is faithful to the original , Grammy - winning duet , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film . Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of `` Beauty and the Beast '' , which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film release . Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend 's interpretation of the title song `` Beauty and the Beast '' on Freeform television network on March 5 , 2017 , and it has since attained over 100 million video views on the Vevo video - hosting service . Release ( edit ) On March 16 , 2015 , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17 , 2017 . The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2015 . The world premiere of Beauty and the Beast took place on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , United Kingdom ; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on March 2 , 2017 . The stream was broadcast onto YouTube . A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7 , 2017 . The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Disney spent around $140 million for marketing the film worldwide . Following an announcement on May 22 , 2016 , Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on Good Morning America the next day . In its first 24 hours , the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views , which topped the number of views seen in that amount of time in history , including for the teasers for other films distributed by Disney such as Avengers : Age of Ultron , Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Captain America : Civil War . This record has since been broken by Thor : Ragnarok and It . The first official teaser poster was released on July 7 , 2016 . On November 2 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine for the week along with nine new photos as well . One week later , Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster for the film . On November 14 , 2016 , the first theatrical trailer was released again on Good Morning America . The trailer reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day , beating out Fifty Shades Darker . This record has since been broken again by The Fate of the Furious . A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Disney released the final trailer on January 30 , 2017 . BMW and Mini partnered with the film to promote it globally ; including teasers , a television commercial featuring Mini Hatch John Cooper Works , BMW M2 , Mini Clubman , BMW M3 and BMW M4 , online exclusives , in - store and in - theater advertisements . Home Media ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on June 6 , 2017 . The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , with all other titles in the top 20 , collectively , selling only 40 % as many units as Beauty and the Beast . The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release . The movie became available on Netflix on September 19 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Praised for her performance as Belle worldwide , Beauty and the Beast is Emma Watson 's second highest - grossing film , behind only the final Harry Potter film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Beauty and the Beast grossed $504 million in the United States and Canada and $759.4 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $1.263 billion . With a production budget of $160 million , it is the second-most expensive musical ever made ; only Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) with a budget of $25 million ( $165 million in 2016 dollars ) cost more . In just ten days , it became the highest - grossing live - action musical of all time , beating the nine - year - old record held by Mamma Mia ! . It is currently the second - biggest musical ever overall , behind Disney 's Frozen ( 2013 ) . Worldwide , the film proved to be a global phenomenon , earning a total of $357 million over its four - day opening weekend from 56 markets . Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women . It was the second biggest March global opening , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the thirteenth - biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh - biggest for Disney . This includes $21 million from IMAX plays on 1,026 screens , a new record for an IMAX PG title . It surpassed the entire lifetime total of the original film in just six days . Beauty and the Beast is the 300th digitally remastered release in IMAX company 's history , which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in 2002 . Its robust global debut helped push the company past $6 billion for the first time , and led to analysts believing that the film had a shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings . On April 12 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the first film of 2017 , the fourteenth Disney film , and the twenty - ninth film overall to pass the mark . It became the first film since Rogue One ( also a Disney property ) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars , and did so on its twenty - ninth day of release . It is currently the highest - grossing film of 2017 , the highest - grossing March release , the highest - grossing remake of all - time , and the fifth - biggest Disney film . Even after inflation adjusted , it is still ahead of the $425 million gross ( $760 million in 2017 dollars ) of the original film . North America ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango 's pre-sales and became the fastest - selling family film in the company 's history , topping the studio 's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year . Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend , with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million . By the time the film 's release was 10 days away , analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million . It earned $16.3 million from Thursday previews night , marking the biggest of 2017 ( breaking Logan 's record ) , the biggest ever for a Disney live - action film ( breaking Maleficent 's record ) , the second biggest ever for both a G or PG - rated film ( behind the sixth Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince which also starred Watson ) , and the third biggest ever in the month of March ( behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and The Hunger Games ) . An estimated 41 % of the gross came from IMAX , 3D and premium large format screenings which began at 6 pm , while the rest -- 59 % -- came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 p.m. The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week . On its opening day , the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens , marking the third biggest in the month of March , trailing behind Batman v Superman ( $81.5 million ) and The Hunger Games ( $67 million ) . It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that was n't PG - 13 , displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Its opening day alone ( which includes Thursday 's previews ) almost matched the entire opening weekend of previous Disney live - action films , Maleficent ( $69.4 million ) and Cinderella ( $67.9 million ) . Unlike all previous four Disney live - action films witnessing a hike on their second day , Saturday , Beauty and the Beast actually fell 2 % , but nevertheless , the dip was paltry , and the grosses are so much bigger compared to the other titles . Earning a total of $174.8 million on its opening weekend , it defied all expectations and went on to set numerous notable records . This includes the biggest opening of the year as well as the biggest for the month of March and pre-summer / spring opening , beating Batman v Superman , the biggest start ever for a PG title ( also for a family film ) , surpassing Finding Dory , the biggest debut of all time for a female - fueled film , ahead of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , ahead of Alice in Wonderland and the biggest musical debut ever , supplanting Pitch Perfect 2 . Furthermore , it is also Watson 's highest - opening , beating Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 same with Emma Thompson , director Bill Condon 's biggest debut ever ahead of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 and the biggest outside of summer , save for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , not accounting for inflation . It became the forty - third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million . Its three - day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ( $146 million ; before the 3D re-release ) , instantly becoming the second - biggest film of the year , behind Logan ( $184 million ) , and also the second - highest - grossing musical , behind Grease 's $188 million cumulative gross in 1978 . Seventy percent of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who do n't go to theaters frequently came out in bulk to watch the film . About 26 % of the remaining tickets were for 3D . IMAX accounted for 7 % ( $12.5 million ) of the total weekend 's gross , setting a new record for a PG title , ahead of Alice in Wonderland ( $12.1 million ) while PLF repped 11 % of the box office . Seventy percent of the film 's opening day demographic was female , dropping to 60 % through the weekend . According polling service PostTrak , about 84 percent of American parents who saw the film on its opening day said they would `` definitely '' recommend it for families . The film 's opening was credited to positive word of mouth from audiences , good reviews from critics , effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama , the cast 's star power ( especially Emma Watson ) , lack of competition , being the first family film since The Lego Batman Movie a month earlier , nostalgia , and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney 's brand . On Monday , its fourth day of release , the film fell precipitously by 72 % earning $13.5 million . The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11 % K - 12 and 15 % colleges were off per ComScore . Nevertheless , it is the second - biggest March Monday , behind Batman v Superman ( $15 million ) . This was followed by the biggest March and pre-summer Tuesday with $17.8 million , a 32 % increase from its previous day . The same day , the film passed $200 million in ticket sales . It earned $228.6 million in the first week of release , the sixth - biggest seven - day gross of all time . In its second weekend , the film continued to maintain the top positioning and fell gradually by 48 % earning another $90.4 million to register the fourth - biggest second weekend of all time , and the third - biggest for Disney . In terms of percentage drop , its 48 % decline is the third - smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million ( behind Finding Dory and The Force Awakens ) . The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide releases : Power Rangers , Life , and CHiPs . As a result , it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark . The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend , finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer The Boss Baby ( $50.2 million ) . On April 4 , 2017 , its nineteenth day of release , it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 to do so . By its fourth weekend , the film began was playing in 3,969 cinemas , a fall of 241 theaters from its previous weekend . Of those , approximately 1,200 cinemas were sing - along versions . It earned $26.3 million ( - 48 % ) and retained second place . By comparison , previous Disney films Moana ( − 8 % ) and Frozen ( − 2 % ) both witnessed mild percentage declines the weekend their sing - alone versions were released . Its seventh weekend of release was in contemporaneous with another Emma Watson - starring new film The Circle . That weekend , The Circle was number four , while Beauty and the Beast was at number six . By May 28 , the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first ( and currently only ) film of 2017 , the third female - fueled film ( after The Force Awakens and Rogue One : A Star Wars Story followed by Wonder Woman ) and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark . It has already become the biggest March release , dethroning The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , the biggest musical film ( both animated and live - action ) , as well as the biggest film of 2017 . Outside North America ( edit ) Internationally , the film began playing on Thursday , March 16 , 2017 . Through Sunday , March 19 , it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets , 44 of which were major territories , far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam , Turkey , and India . Its launch is the second - biggest for the month of March , behind Batman v Superman ( $256.5 million ) . In IMAX , it recorded the biggest debut for a PG title ( although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets ) with $8.5 million from 649 screens , the second - biggest for a PG title behind The Jungle Book . In its second weekend , it fell just by 35 % earning another $120.6 million and maintaining its first position hold . It added major markets like France and Australia . It topped the international box office for three consecutive weekends before finally being dethroned by Ghost in the Shell and The Boss Baby in its fourth weekend . Despite the fall , the film helped Disney push past the $1 billion thresold internationally for the first time in 2017 . It scored the biggest opening day of the year in Hong Kong and the Philippines , the biggest March Thursday in Italy ( $1 million , also the biggest Disney Thursday debut ) , the biggest March opening day in Austria , and the second - biggest in Germany ( $1.1 million ) , Disney 's biggest March in Denmark , the biggest Disney live - action debut in China ( $12.6 million ) , the UK ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $2.4 million ) and Brazil ( $1.8 million ) and the third - biggest in South Korea with $1.2 million , behind only Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . In terms of opening weekend , the largest debut came from China ( $44.8 million ) , followed by the UK ( $24.3 million ) , Korea ( $11.8 million ) , Mexico ( $11.8 million ) , Australia ( $11.1 million ) , Brazil ( $11 million ) , Germany ( $10.7 million ) , France ( $8.4 million ) , Italy ( $7.6 million ) , Philippines ( $6.3 million ) , Russia ( $6 million ) and Spain ( $5.8 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG - rated film , the biggest Disney live - action opening of all time , the biggest March opening weekend , the biggest opening for a musical ( ahead of 2012 's Les Misérables ) , the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth - biggest - ever overall with £ 19.7 million ( $24.5 million ) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of The Jungle Book ( £ 9.9 million ) . This included the second - biggest Saturday ever ( £ 7.9 million ) , only behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens . It witnessed a decline in its second weekend , earning £ 12.33 million ( $15.4 million ) . Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book , it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third - biggest ever ( behind the two James Bond films Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ) . In India , despite facing heavy competitions from four new Hindi releases , two Tamils films and a Malayalam and a Punjabi release , the film managed to take an occupancy of 15 % on its opening day , an impressive feat despite tremendous competitions . It earned around ₹ 1.5 crore ( US $230,000 ) nett on its opening day from an estimated 600 screens which is more than the three Hindi releases -- Machine , Trapped , and Aa Gaya Hero -- combined . Disney reported a total of ₹ 9.26 crore ( US $1.4 million ) gross for its opening weekend there . It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania . In Russia , despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating , the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million . In China , expectations were high for the film . The release date was announced on January 24 , giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time -- around two months -- to market the film nationwide . The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day . Preliminary reports suggested that it could open to $40 -- 60 million in its opening weekend . Largely driven by young women , its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book . The original film was , however , never widely popular in the country . Although China has occasionally blocked gay - themed content from streaming video services , in this case , Chinese censors decided to leave the gay scene intact . According to local box office tracker Ent Group , the film grossed an estimated $12.1 million on its opening day ( Friday ) , representing 70 % of the total receipts . Including previews , it made a total of $14.5 million from 100,000 screenings , which is 43 % of all screenings in the country . It climbed to $18.5 million on Saturday ( 102,700 showings ) for a three - day total of $42.6 million , securing 60 % of the total marketplace . Disney on the other hand reported a different figure of $44.8 million . Either ways , it recorded the second - biggest opening for a Disney live - action film , with $3.4 million coming from 386 IMAX screens . Japan -- a huge Disney market -- served as the film 's final market and opened there on April 21 . It debuted with a better - than - expected $12.5 million on its opening weekend helping the film push past the $1.1 billion threshold . An estimated $1.1 million came from IMAX screenings , the fourth - biggest ever in the country . The two - day gross was $9.7 million , outstripping Frozen 's previous record of $9.5 million . Due to positive reviews , good word - of - mouth and benefitting from the Golden Week , the film saw a 9 % increase on its second weekend . The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot . The total there is now over $98 million after seven weekends and is the biggest film release of the year and , overall , the eleventh - biggest of all time . It topped the box office there for eight consecutive weekends . The only markets where the film did not top the weekend charts were Vietnam ( behind Kong : Skull Island ) , Turkey ( with two local movies and Logan ahead ) and India ( where Badrinath Ki Dulhania retained No. 1 ) . It topped the box office for four straight weekends in Germany , Korea , Austria , Finland , Poland , Portugal , Brazil , Venezuela , Bolivia , Switzerland and the UK ( exclusive of previews ) . In the Philippines , it emerged as the most successful commercial film of all time -- both local and foreign -- with over $13.5 million . In just five weeks , the film became one of the top 10 highest - grossing film of all time in the United Kingdom and Ireland , ahead of all but one Harry Potter film ( Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) and all three The Lord of the Rings movies ( which also starred Ian McKellen ) . It is currently the eighth - biggest grosser with £ 70.1 million ( $90 million ) , overtaking Mamma Mia ! to become the biggest musical production ever there . The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ( $108 million ) , China ( $85.8 million ) , Brazil ( $41.5 million ) , Korea ( $37.5 million ) , and Australia ( $35 million ) . In Europe alone , the cumulative total is $267 million to become the second - highest - grossing film in the past year ( behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ) . Critical response ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast received generally positive reviews , with praise for the faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , cast performances , visuals , Jacqueline Durran 's costume designs , production design , Alan Menken 's musical score and songs , though the designs of the Beast and the servants ' household object forms received mixed reviews ... On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 71 % based on 299 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an enchanting cast , beautifully crafted songs , and a painterly eye for detail , Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : `` It 's a Michelin - triple - starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal - meth - like narcotic high that lasts about two hours . '' Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special effects , costume designs and the sets while commended the inclusion of Gad 's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney . Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` It 's a lovingly crafted movie , and in many ways a good one , but before that it 's an enraptured piece of old - is - new nostalgia . '' Gleiberman compared Steven 's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in The Elephant Man and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau 's original adaptation . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens , and wrote : `` It looks good , moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste . I almost did n't recognize the flavor : I think the name for it is joy . '' Likewise , The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday complimented Watson 's performance , describing it as `` alert and solemn '' while noting her singing ability as `` serviceable enough to get the job done '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three and a half stars , lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara 's and Angela Lansbury 's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances of the other cast and also pointing out on its usage of the combination of motion capture and CGI technology as a big advantage which he stated : `` Almost overwhelmingly lavish , beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast '' . Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the cast , production design and the new songs while noting the film does n't try anything different , saying : `` There 's certainly nothing that new about this version of Beauty and the Beast ( well , except it is n't a cartoon anymore ) , but it 's a good recreation of a classic animated film that should leave most die - hards satisfied . '' In her A - review , Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News praised the film 's emotional and thematic depth , remarking : `` There 's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon 's live - action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney 's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh , stirring ways . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews described the 2017 version as `` enthralling '' . Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans , Gad , McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon 's affinity with musicals , the production design , visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice , particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an `` exhilarating gift '' while he remarked that `` Beauty and the Beast does justice to Disney 's animated classic , even if some of the magic is M.I.A ( Missing in Action ) . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine gave a positive review with a description as `` Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' as she wrote `` Nearly everything about Beauty and the Beast is larger than life , to the point that watching it can be a little overwhelming . '' and added that `` it 's loaded with feeling , almost like a brash interpretive dance expressing the passion and elation little girls ( and some boys , too ) must have felt upon seeing the earlier version . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle struck an affirmative tone , calling it one of the joys of 2017 , stating that `` Beauty and the Beast creates an air of enchantment from its first moments , one that lingers and builds and takes on qualities of warmth and generosity as it goes along '' while referring the film as `` beautiful '' and also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven 's motion capture performance . Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that `` It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work , down to a sugar - rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out - an - out , bells - and - whistles musical '' while he praised the performances of Watson , McKellen , Thompson , McGregor , Evans and Gad . Mark Hughes of Forbes also similarly praised the film which he wrote that `` it could revive the story in a faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations , establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original '' and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film 's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences . Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 2017 film `` takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips wrote that the film featured some `` less conspicuously talented '' performers who are `` stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' , though he praised Kline 's performance as the `` best , sweetest thing in the movie ; he brings a sense of calm , droll authority '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Watson 's performance and wrote that the film was `` lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey - glow light , and it runs smoothly on rails -- the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version . '' In the same newspaper , Wendy Ide criticized the film as `` ornate to the point of desperation '' in its attempt to emulate the animated film . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing that while the film looks `` exceptionally great '' , the new songs were `` not transporting '' . He felt the film needed more life and depth , but praised Watson 's and Steven 's performances as the `` film 's stronger elements '' . Dana Schwartz of The New York Observer felt that some of the characters , such as Gaston and the Beast , had been watered down from the 1991 film , and that the additional backstory elements failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' while adding considerable bloat . Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over , especially for the complex songs . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Movie of the Year Beauty and the Beast Won Best Actor in a Movie Emma Watson Best Kiss Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Nominated Best Duo Josh Gad and Luke Evans Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Animation / Family Beauty and the Beast Best Original Score Best Animation / Family TV Spot Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Fantasy Won Choice Movie : Fantasy Actor Dan Stevens Nominated Choice Movie : Fantasy Actress Emma Watson Won Choice Movie Villain Luke Evans Choice Movie Ship Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Choice Liplock Choice Scene Stealer Josh Gad Nominated Choice Hissy Fit Luke Evans Dan Stevens Hollywood Film Awards November 5 , 2017 Costume Design Award Jacqueline Durran Won Make - Up & Hair Styling Award Jenny Shircore Controversies ( edit ) Gay character ( edit ) Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a `` gay moment '' in the film , when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley , one of Gaston 's friends . Afterwards in an interview with Vulture.com , Condon stated , `` Can I just say , I 'm sort of sick of this . Because you 've seen the movie -- it 's such a tiny thing , and it 's been overblown . '' Condon also added that Beauty and the Beast features much more diversity than just the highly talked - about LeFou : `` That was so important . We have interracial couples -- this is a celebration of everybody 's individuality , and that 's what 's exciting about it . '' GLAAD president and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the move stating , `` It is a small moment in the film , but it is a huge leap forward for the film industry . '' In Russia , Vitaly Milonov agitated the culture minister for banning the film , but instead it was given a 16 + rating ( children under the age of 16 can only be admitted to see it in theaters with accompanying adults ) . Additionally , a theater in Henagar , Alabama did not screen the film because of the subplot . In Malaysia , the Film Censorship Board insisted the `` gay moment '' scene be cut , prompting an indefinite postponement of its release by Disney , followed by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored . The studio moved the release date to March 30 , to allow more time for Malaysia 's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes . The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia , which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that the `` gay element '' was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film . In Kuwait , the movie was withdrawn from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country . A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information 's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it . There were also a number of boycotts against the film . A call to boycott on LifePetitions received over 129,000 signatures , while the American Family Association featured a petition to boycott with the film , asking the public to help crowdfund a CGI version of Pilgrim 's Progress instead . The film also received criticsm over its portrayal of LeFou , as many felt that it relied on stereotypes and was used as a way of teasing LGBT+ viewers without providing adequate representation . LeFou 's status as a sidekick to the main villain brought about criticism over Disney 's queercoding of villains in the past , and his infatuation with Gaston was seen as relying on a stereotype of gay men being predatory towards straight men . Furthermore , the only gay interaction LeFou has is a three second clip of him dancing with another man at the end of the film . Many saw this as Disney cheating its LGBT+ audiences . Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( edit ) Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman , but a debate questioning whether it is possible to fall in love with someone who is holding you prisoner , and whether this is a problematic theme , has resulted . As was the case with the original animated film , one argument is that Belle suffers from Stockholm syndrome ( a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity ) . Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale . Watson described Stockholm Syndrome as `` where a prisoner will take on the characteristics of and fall in love with the captor . Belle actively argues and disagrees with ( Beast ) constantly . She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence , she keeps that freedom of thought '' , also adding that Belle defiantly `` gives as good as she gets '' before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast . Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg , who coined the term `` Stockholm syndrome '' , said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die . Some therapists , while acknowledging that the pairing 's relationship does not meet the clinical definition of Stockholm syndrome , argue that the relationship depicted is dysfunctional and abusive and does not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers . Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's Beauty and the Beast was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th - century France for arranged marriages , and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version . Anna Menta of Elite Daily argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning , hurting , or manipulating her , and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast remake : A traditional tale with a modern twist '' . University of New York . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Thompson ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : How Bill Condon Built Hollywood 's Most Expensive Musical '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Teaser Tops ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' in First Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 2017 cast , trailer , release date and everything you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ian ; Acuna , Kristin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announced all its movies coming in the next 4 years -- here 's what you have to look forward to '' . Tech Insider . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' is still enchanting ( but the original is better ) '' . The Charlotte Observer . Robert W. Butler . 16 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Hunneysett ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Irresistible charm shows no one casts a spell quite like Disney '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Could not be more happy that this man will be Beast ! ! ! Welcome aboard @ thatdanstevens # beautyandthebeast pic.twitter.com/F1ghG3pvcU '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Earnest , Karen . `` Dan Stevens to Star in ' The Man Who Invented Christmas ' '' . Movies.mxdwn.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Audra McDonald Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Beyond the Lights ' Star Gugu Mbatha - Raw Joins ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Release Date - 2017 '' . Releasedateportal.com . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Michael ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` PHOTO : First look at Dan Stevens Beast ( prince form ) from Disney 's live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' movie ! '' . Inside the Magic . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.slashfilm.com/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene/ Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/06/01/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene-reveals-monsieur-toilette/ Jump up ^ Marmiroli , Adriana ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Alan Menken Adesso musicalanche in Italia '' ( Alan Menken musicals now in Itaty ) . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood bets big on ' Beast , ' considers remake of ' My Fair Lady ' '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Alan Menken interview : Tangled , movie scores , musicals , Enchanted 2 , Snow Queen and more '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Rumor : Could Bill Condon Direct Disney 's Live - Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ? '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Director on How ' La La Land ' Is Bringing Musicals Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Los Angeles : Penske Business Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Cast in Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bonjour Gaston ! ❤ ️ Welcome ! # BeautyAndTheBeast pic.twitter.com/oerhe1ilGs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Broadway ' Belle ' Susan Egan Comments on Emma Watson in BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara wants to teach Emma Watson '' . Emma Watson Updates . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and What Disney Pays Its Modern Princesses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 5 / 18 / 15 : Emma Watson Starts ' Beauty and the Beast ' , Oliver Stone Wraps ' Snowden ' , Melissa Mccarthy Finishes ' Michelle Darnell ' & More '' . SSN Insider . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Wraps ' Beauty and the Beast ' on ' Harry Potter ' Anniversary '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Watch : Emma Watson & Luke Evans Wrap Filming on BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tale as Old as Time : Bill Condon livens up Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film Journal International '' . Filmjournal.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Caryn ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . Broadway World . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Composer Alan Menken on Rediscovering Lost Lyrics and Why He 's `` Shutting Up '' About That Gay Character `` . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . Music . People . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dion , Céline ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` I am thrilled to announce that I 'll be performing an all - new original song , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever , '' for Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast . Being a part of the original film was such a magical experience in my life , and I 'm truly honored to be a part of this film again . / / Je suis ravie de vous annoncer que je chanterai la nouvelle chanson thème du film La Belle et la Bête , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' . Avoir fait partie du film original de Disney a été une expérience magique dans ma vie et je suis encore plus honorée de répéter cette expérience . -- Céline `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracey , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . People . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion To Perform Original Song `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' For Disney 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Josh Groban records new song Evermore '' . Ew.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande on Instagram : `` 🥀 . '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` It Looks Like Ariana Grande and John Legend Are Teaming Up for a Beauty and the Beast Duet '' . E !. Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Watch Ariana Grande , John Legend Cover ' Beauty and the Beast ' Theme '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian . `` Beauty and the Beast Music Video : Ariana Grande John Legend Sing Theme '' . Variety . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Shows off ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Helena ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast '' premieres in London `` . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ JeniLynn Knopp ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast Sing Along '' to hit theaters this Friday `` . Inside the Magic . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Disney 's $300 Million Gamble '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon . `` Disney 's Live Action Beauty & The Beast Trailer Debuts Tomorrow '' . WhatCulture.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer : Disney 's live - action remake debuts first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver . `` Beauty and the Beast teaser outpaces Star Wars , Marvel in first day '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts new teaser poster with flower power '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` This Week 's Cover : Be our guest for an exclusive look at Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EW Staff . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : See 9 Enchanting , Exclusive Photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danielle Jackson . `` Emma Watson shares stunning new teaser poster for Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Derschowitz . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts magical new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer beats Fifty Shades , Star Wars for new record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` Fate of the Furious Trailer Breaks Record for Most Views in 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson . `` Watch Emma Watson Sing ' Belle ' In Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' TV Spot '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast : Watch the final trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Thom ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Comes to Blu - ray , Digital HD and DVD on June 6 '' . The Kingdom Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Regains Top Spot on Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes Past $700 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants With $350 M Global Bow ; $180 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Makes Room For $222 M Offshore , $429 M WW On Tuesday '' . March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Crosses $500 M At Worldwide Box Office '' . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Twirling To $174 M+ ; Beats ' Harry Potter ' & ' Batman V. Superman ' ; Can It Go Higher ? -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Clobbers Record With $170 Million Opening '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Whitten ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could be Disney 's first $1 billion film of 2017 '' . CNBC . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' Secret to Success : Female Power and Comfort '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan McAlonemar ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could make $1.5 billion at the box office , and it has big implications for Disney 's future '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltzing Past $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Cross $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Roars Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars on to Tracking , Looking to Shake Up March Records -- Box Office Projection '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Sets New Record for Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Will ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltz to New Records ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proof That ' Beauty And The Beast ' Will Tear Up March B.O. Records : Pre-Sales Are Through The Roof '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Beauty and the Beast ' will be the biggest box - office hit of the year so far '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Roars Loudly with $16.3 M at Thursday Box Office '' . Movie Web . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Gorgeous On Thursday With $16.3 M , Beats ' Furious 7 ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Monstreous $16.3 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Belts Out $64 Million on Friday '' . Variety . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $173 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes To Beastly $64 M Friday For Possible $170 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY SEASON -- SPRING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office : 5 Biggest Records Broken '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Record $170 M U.S. , $350 M Global Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Coyle ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' roars to No. 1 with monstrous $170 M in box office '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Continues B.O. Dance With Second - Best Monday In March '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Hits A High Note With Best Pre-Summer Tuesday , Crosses $200 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Ends First Week Just Below $500 M '' . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box office report : Beauty and the Beast doubles Power Rangers ' weekend gross '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty and the Beast 's Clock with $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked at $20 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants $900 M At WW Box Office ; Crosses $400 M Domestic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ends Week Three with $920 Million '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emma Stefansky ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` How a Flashy Blockbuster and an Indian Fantasy Bested Emma Watson at the Box Office '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Alien : Covenant ' Suffers Brutal 71 % Drop As ' Guardians 2 ' Tops ' Guardians ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 Million Milestone at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Wonder Woman ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Lead to More Female - Centered Films '' . Variety . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Cross $1 Billion Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Musical '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A $1 B Belle WW ? : Bow Enchants With Bigger $357 M Global , $182 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nears $700 M WW ; ' Kong ' Has Mighty $72 M China Bow , Tops $250 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty ' Is $876 M Beast WW ; ' Ghost In The Shell ' Sells $40 M Offshore ; ' Kong ' Sets WB China Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ghost In The Shell ' Rises To $93 M Offshore ; ' Beauty And The Beast ' Tops $977 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A Monster With $52 M Offshore Through Friday , $115.6 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' continues box - office reign '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast waltzes its way to the top of the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast smashes the box office in opening weekend '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast magic helps UK box office survive the spring sunshine '' . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Opens Better Than Aa Gaya Hero , Trapped , Machine & Mantra '' . Koimoi . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Opens Better Than Hindi Releases '' . Box Office India . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rajkummar Rao Faces A Lone Battle For Survival In ' Trapped ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Beats Hindi Films Combined '' . Box Office India . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt Outrun ' Beauty And The Beast ' To Reign Again In India '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' box - office collection first weekend '' . The Times of India . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Enjoys A Good 1st Weekend At The Box Office In India '' . Koimoi.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts to Magical $350 Million Globally '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Beauty ' Looks Like a Beast '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Papish ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : First Place For ' Beauty ' Still Less Than Best '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strong in China With ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens to $45 M , With Gay Moment Uncut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty ' Dominates Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strongly Ahead of Golden Week '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell Edwards ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beast is Best in Japan ; Fast & Furious drives China , Korea '' . Asia Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Snags $63 M Weekend For $631 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M At International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Boss Baby makes a dummy of UK box - office competition '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' smashes Philippines ' all - time box office records '' . The Philippine Star . April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 barrels past Boss Baby to top of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 blows away UK box office with huge debut '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $169 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Revels in Joy and Enchantment '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remake of ' Beauty and the Beast ' convincingly springs to life '' . The Washington Post . Ann Hornaday. 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Lavish ' Beauty and the Beast ' true as it can be to original '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Satisfy Most Fans '' . Uproxx . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' brings fresh resonance to ' a tale as old as time ' '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast ( United States , 2017 ) '' . Reelviews . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rousing new ' Beauty and the Beast ' is even better than the original '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt. 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Review : Live - Action Disney Classic Still Tale as Old as Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : The Reimagined Beauty and the Beast Is Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' . Time . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Enchanting ' Beauty and the Beast ' looks like a winner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Emma Watson dazzles in Disney 's show - stopping chocolate box of a remake '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Magically Modernizes Classic Disney Fairy Tale '' . Forbes . Mark Hughes . 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' review : Animated Disney musical 's charms lost in translation '' . Chicago Tribune . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- Emma Watson makes a perfect Belle in sugar - rush romance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ide , Wendy ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- gilt complex '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Film Awards 2017 : Complete list of winners for Sunday 's ceremony includes Kate Winslet , Jake Gyllenhaal , Allison Janney , Sam Rockwell '' . Goldderby.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' gay moment ' may have been much ado about nothing '' . USA Today . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon on Beauty and the Beast , His Musical Influences , and Lindsay Lohan 's Plan for The Little Mermaid '' . Vulture . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ned Ehrbar ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD president : `` Beauty and the Beast '' foes are `` outliers '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia May Ban Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Over Gay Character '' . Variety . March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia wo n't ban Beauty and the Beast -- but will have an age restriction '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Theater Wo n't Show ' Beauty And The Beast ' Because Of Gay Subplot '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheang , Michael ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast release postponed for ' internal review ' '' . The Star Online . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Disney pulls Beauty and the Beast from cinemas in Malaysia ' until further notice ' '' . Digital Spy . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney refuses to cut ' gay moment ' from ' Beauty and the Beast ' for Malaysia '' . Malay Mail Online . 15 March 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Defies Malaysia Censors , Wo n't Cut ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gay Moment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Malaysia Clears Release of ' Beauty and the Beast , ' with ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Appeal Committee 's decision to release Beauty and the Beast '' . The Star Online . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast pulled from cinemas in Kuwait '' . BBC . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SIGN THE BOYCOTT : Tell Disney ' NO ' to LGBT agenda in Beauty and the Beast - # BoycottDisney '' . Jump up ^ Say NO to Disney , Say YES to Pilgrim 's Progress ! Jump up ^ Houlihan , Ryan . `` Disney Making LeFou Gay Is n't the Representation I Need '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` How Beauty and the Beast & Power Rangers Cheated Gay Fans '' . Screen Rant. 2017 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Cautiously Guarded About Beauty and the Beast 's LeFou Being Disney 's `` First Gay Character '' `` . www.themarysue.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Report Says LGBTQ People Are `` Nearly Invisible '' in Hollywood `` . Flare. 2017 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Featurette Makes a Case for Feminist Belle '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Zoe ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : feminist or fraud '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Blasberg , Derek ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Emma Watson , Rebel Belle '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Emma Watson addresses questions over Beast relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/02/16/beauty-and-the-beast-emma-watson-belle-beast-relationship/ Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle From ' Beauty and the Beast ' Suffer From Stockholm Syndrome ? We Asked an Expert '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Durvasula , Ramani ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle from Beauty and The Beast Have Stockholm Syndrome ? '' . Screen Junkies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Relationship Is n't `` Stockholm Syndrome , '' No Matter How Screwed Up It May Be `` . Bustle . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Is Beauty and the Beast `` a tale as old as Stockholm syndrome '' ? Depends how you read it `` . Vox . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Love Story Does n't Hold Up To Emma Watson 's Feminism '' . Elite Daily . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Film portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie Beauty and the Beast Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Once Upon a Time Disney 's Descendants Elena of Avalor The 7D Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts Category Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Films by Bill Condon Films directed Sister , Sister ( 1987 ) Murder 101 ( TV , 1991 ) Deadly Relations ( TV , 1993 ) Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh ( 1995 ) The Man Who Would n't Die ( TV , 1995 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Kinsey ( 2004 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Written only Strange Behavior ( 1981 ) Strange Invaders ( 1983 ) F / X2 ( 1991 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_film)&oldid=809454336 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s fantasy films 2010s musical films 2010s romance films 2010s romantic drama films American films American 3D films American fantasy films American fantasy adventure films American musical fantasy films American romantic drama films American romantic fantasy films American romantic musical films Disney film remakes Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films about curses Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films based on adaptations Films based on Beauty and the Beast Films based on fairy tales Films based on multiple works Films based on musicals based on films Film scores by Alan Menken Films directed by Bill Condon Films set in the 18th century Films set in castles Films set in France Films set in Paris Films shot in London Films shot in Surrey Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films using computer - generated imagery Historical romance films IMAX films Mandeville Films films Performance capture in film Screenplays by Stephen Chbosky Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use mdy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 05 : 41 . 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when did besuty and the beast come out
[ "Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, United Kingdom on May 18, 2015, and ended on August 21. Beauty and the Beast premiered on February 23, 2017, at Spencer House in London, and was released in the United States on March 17, 2017, in standard, Disney Digital 3-D, RealD 3D, IMAX and IMAX 3D formats, along with Dolby Cinema.[8] The film received generally positive reviews from critics, with many praising Watson and Stevens' performances as well as the ensemble cast, faithfulness to the original animated film alongside elements from the Broadway musical, visual style, production design, and musical score, though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original.[9][10] The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing live-action musical film, and making it the highest-grossing film of 2017 and the 10th-highest-grossing film of all time." ]
[ "March 17, 2017" ]
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Immigration to the United States
Immigration to the United States - Wikipedia Immigration to the United States Naturalization ceremony at the Oakton High School in Virginia , December 2015 . Immigrants to the United States take the Oath of Allegiance at a naturalization ceremony at the Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona , September 2010 . Immigration to the United States is the international movement of individuals who are not natives or do not possess citizenship in order to settle , reside , study , or work in the country . It has been a major source of population growth and cultural change throughout much of the history of the United States . Because the United States is a settler colonial society , the vast majority of Americans , with the exception of Native Americans , can trace their ancestry to immigrants from other nations . In absolute numbers , the United States has a larger immigrant population than any other country , with 47 million immigrants as of 2015 . This represents 19.1 % of the 244 million international migrants worldwide , and 14.4 % of the U.S. population . Many other countries have large proportions of immigrants , such as Switzerland with 24.9 % and Canada with 21.9 % . According to the 2016 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics , the United States admitted 1.18 million legal immigrants in 2016 . Of these , 20 % were family - sponsored , 47 % were the immediate relatives of U.S. citizens , 12 % were employment - based preferences , 4 % were part of the Diversity Immigrant Visa program , and 13 % were refugees and asylum - seekers . The remainder included small numbers from several other categories , including interpreters and other Iraqis and Afghans employed by U.S. Government ; persons admitted under the Nicaraguan and Central American Relief Act ; children born subsequent to the issuance of a parent 's visa ; and certain parolees from the former Soviet Union , Cambodia , Laos , or Vietnam who were denied refugee status . The economic , social , and political aspects of immigration have caused controversy regarding such issues as mainitaining ethnic homogeneity , workers for employers versus jobs for non-immigrants , settlement patterns , impact on upward social mobility , crime , and voting behavior . Prior to 1965 , policies such as the national origins formula limited immigration and naturalization opportunities for people from areas outside Western Europe . Exclusion laws enacted as early as the 1880s generally prohibited or severely restricted immigration from Asia , and quota laws enacted in the 1920s curtailed Eastern European immigration . The civil rights movement led to the replacement of these ethnic quotas with per - country limits . Since then , the number of first - generation immigrants living in the United States has quadrupled . Research suggests that immigration to the United States is beneficial to the US economy . With few exceptions , the evidence suggests that on average , immigration has positive economic effects on the native population , but it is mixed as to whether low - skilled immigration adversely affects low - skilled natives . Studies also show that immigrants have lower crime rates than natives in the United States . Research shows that the United States excels at assimilating first - and second - generation immigrants relative to many other Western countries . Contents 1 History 2 Contemporary immigration 2.1 Ethnicity 3 Demography 3.1 Extent and destinations 3.2 Origin 4 Effects of immigration 4.1 Demographics 4.2 Economic 4.2. 1 Overall economic prosperity 4.2. 2 Fiscal effects 4.2. 3 Inequality 4.2. 4 Impact of undocumented immigrants 4.2. 5 Impact of refugees 4.2. 6 Innovation and entrepreneurship 4.3 Social 4.3. 1 Discrimination 4.3. 1.1 Business 4.3. 1.2 Criminal justice system 4.3. 1.3 Education 4.3. 1.4 Housing 4.3. 1.5 Labor market 4.3. 1.6 Discrimination between minority groups 4.3. 2 Assimilation 4.3. 3 Religious diversity 4.3. 3.1 Labor unions 4.4 Political 4.5 Health 4.6 Crime 4.6. 1 Crimmigration 4.7 Education 4.8 Science and Engineering 4.9 Lobbying 5 Public opinion 5.1 Religious responses 6 Legal issues 6.1 Laws concerning immigration and naturalization 6.2 Asylum for refugees 6.3 Miscellaneous documented immigration 6.4 Illegal immigration 6.5 Military immigration 7 Immigration in popular culture 7.1 Immigration in literature 8 Documentary films 9 Legal perspectives 10 Interpretive perspectives 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 Further reading 13.1 Surveys 13.2 Before 1920 13.3 Recent : post 1965 14 External links 14.1 History 14.2 Immigration policy 14.3 Current immigration 14.4 Economic impact History Main article : History of immigration to the United States Immigrants on ocean steamer passing the Statue of Liberty , New York City , 1887 American immigration history can be viewed in four epochs : the colonial period , the mid-19th century , the start of the 20th century , and post-1965 . Each period brought distinct national groups , races and ethnicities to the United States . During the 17th century , approximately 400,000 English people migrated to Colonial America . However only half stayed permanently . From 1700 to 1775 between 400 - 500,000 immigrated . Only 45,000 English supposedly immigrated in the period 1701 to 1775 ( on Butler , Becoming America , The Revolution before 1776 , 2000 , p. 34 - 35 ISBN 0 - 674 - 00091 - 9 ) , a figure questioned as too low ( The Oxford History of the British Empire , The Eighteenth Century , Ed . P.J. Marshall , p. 3 ISBN 0 - 19 - 820563 - 5 the number given is at 80,000 less 29,000 Welsh which seems strange to the author , James Horn ; Duncan also regards this as a `` mystery '' ) not including the 50,000 - 120,000 convicts transported , most of whom were English : the rest , 400 - 450,000 were Scots , Scots - Irish from Ulster , Germans and Swiss , French Huguenots , and involuntarily 350,000 Africans ( Encyclopedia of the Colonial and Revolutionary America , 1996 p. 200 - 202 ISBN 0 - 306 - 80687 - 8 ; Jon Butler , Becoming America , The Revolution before 1776 , 2000 , pp. 16 -- 49 ISBN 0 - 674 - 00091 - 9 ) . Over half of all European immigrants to Colonial America during the 17th and 18th centuries arrived as indentured servants . They numbered 350,000 ( Encyclopedia , p. 202 ) . The European populations of the Middle Colonies of New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania and Delaware were ethnically very mixed , the English constituting only 30 in Pennsylvania , 40 % in New Jersey to 45 % in New York ( numbered22 thousand or 18 % in NY ) ( Duncan . op . cit . p. 10 ) . The mid-19th century saw an influx mainly from northern Europe from the same major ethnic groups as for the Colonial Period but with large numbers of Catholic Irish and Scandinavians added to the mix ; the late 19th and early 20th - century immigrants were mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe , but there were also several million immigrants from Canada ; post-1965 most came from Latin America and Asia . Historians estimate that fewer than 1 million immigrants moved to the United States from Europe between 1600 and 1799 . By comparison , in the first federal census , in 1790 , the population of the United States was enumerated to be 3,929,214 . The 1790 Act limited naturalization to `` free white persons '' ; it was expanded to include blacks in the 1860s and Asians in the 1950s . In the early years of the United States , immigration was fewer than 8,000 people a year , including French refugees from the slave revolt in Haiti . After 1820 , immigration gradually increased . From 1836 to 1914 , over 30 million Europeans migrated to the United States . The death rate on these transatlantic voyages was high , during which one in seven travelers died . In 1875 , the nation passed its first immigration law , the Page Act of 1875 . Immigrants arriving at Ellis Island , 1902 After an initial wave of immigration from China following the California Gold Rush , Congress passed a series of laws culminating in the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 , banning virtually all immigration from China until the law 's repeal in 1943 . In the late 1800s , immigration from other Asian countries , especially to the West Coast , became more common . The peak year of European immigration was in 1907 , when 1,285,349 persons entered the country . By 1910 , 13.5 million immigrants were living in the United States . In 1921 , the Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act , followed by the Immigration Act of 1924 . The 1924 Act was aimed at further restricting immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe , particularly Jews , Italians , and Slavs , who had begun to enter the country in large numbers beginning in the 1890s , and consolidated the prohibition of Asian immigration . Polish immigrants working on the farm , 1909 . The welfare system was practically non-existent before the 1930s and the economic pressures on the poor were giving rise to child labor . Immigration patterns of the 1930s were affected by the Great Depression . In the final prosperous year , 1929 , there were 279,678 immigrants recorded , but in 1933 , only 23,068 moved to the U.S. In the early 1930s , more people emigrated from the United States than to it . The U.S. government sponsored a Mexican Repatriation program which was intended to encourage people to voluntarily move to Mexico , but thousands were deported against their will . Altogether about 400,000 Mexicans were repatriated half of them US citizens . Most of the Jewish refugees fleeing the Nazis and World War II were barred from coming to the United States . In the post-war era , the Justice Department launched Operation Wetback , under which 1,075,168 Mexicans were deported in 1954 . First , our cities will not be flooded with a million immigrants annually . Under the proposed bill , the present level of immigration remains substantially the same ... Secondly , the ethnic mix of this country will not be upset ... Contrary to the charges in some quarters , ( the bill ) will not inundate America with immigrants from any one country or area , or the most populated and deprived nations of Africa and Asia ... In the final analysis , the ethnic pattern of immigration under the proposed measure is not expected to change as sharply as the critics seem to think . -- Ted Kennedy , chief Senate sponsor of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 . The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 , also known as the Hart - Cellar Act , abolished the system of national - origin quotas . By equalizing immigration policies , the act resulted in new immigration from non-European nations , which changed the ethnic make - up of the United States . In 1970 , 60 % of immigrants were from Europe ; this decreased to 15 % by 2000 . In 1990 , George H.W. Bush signed the Immigration Act of 1990 , which increased legal immigration to the United States by 40 % . In 1991 , Bush signed the Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act 1991 , allowing foreign service members who had serve 12 or more years in the US Armed Forces to qualify for permanent residency and , in some cases , citizenship . In November 1994 , California voters passed Proposition 187 amending the state constitution , denying state financial aid to illegal immigrants . The federal courts voided this change , ruling that it violated the federal constitution . Appointed by Bill Clinton , the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform recommended reducing legal immigration from about 800,000 people per year to approximately 550,000 . While an influx of new residents from different cultures presents some challenges , `` the United States has always been energized by its immigrant populations , '' said President Bill Clinton in 1998 . `` America has constantly drawn strength and spirit from wave after wave of immigrants ( ... ) They have proved to be the most restless , the most adventurous , the most innovative , the most industrious of people . '' Boston Chinatown , Massachusetts , 2008 . In 2001 , President George W. Bush discussed an accord with Mexican President Vincente Fox . Possible accord was derailed by the September 11 attacks . From 2005 to 2013 , the US Congress discussed various ways of controlling immigration . The Senate and House were unable to reach an agreement . Nearly 14 million immigrants entered the United States from 2000 to 2010 , and over one million persons were naturalized as U.S. citizens in 2008 . The per - country limit applies the same maximum on the number of visas to all countries regardless of their population and has therefore had the effect of significantly restricting immigration of persons born in populous nations such as Mexico , China , India , and the Philippines -- the leading countries of origin for legally admitted immigrants to the United States in 2013 ; nevertheless , China , India , and Mexico were the leading countries of origin for immigrants overall to the United States in 2013 , regardless of legal status , according to a U.S. Census Bureau study . As of 2009 , 66 % of legal immigrants were admitted on the basis of family ties , along with 13 % admitted for their employment skills and 17 % for humanitarian reasons . Nearly 8 million people immigrated to the United States from 2000 to 2005 ; 3.7 million of them entered without papers . In 1986 president Ronald Reagan signed immigration reform that gave amnesty to 3 million undocumented immigrants in the country . Hispanic immigrants suffered job losses during the late - 2000s recession , but since the recession 's end in June 2009 , immigrants posted a net gain of 656,000 jobs . Over 1 million immigrants were granted legal residence in 2011 . For those who enter the US illegally across the Mexico -- United States border and elsewhere , migration is difficult , expensive and dangerous . Virtually all undocumented immigrants have no avenues for legal entry to the United States due to the restrictive legal limits on green cards , and lack of immigrant visas for low - skilled workers . Participants in debates on immigration in the early twenty - first century called for increasing enforcement of existing laws governing illegal immigration to the United States , building a barrier along some or all of the 2,000 - mile ( 3,200 km ) Mexico - U.S. border , or creating a new guest worker program . Through much of 2006 the country and Congress was immersed in a debate about these proposals . As of April 2010 few of these proposals had become law , though a partial border fence had been approved and subsequently canceled . In January 2017 , U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order temporarily suspending entry to the United States by nationals of certain Muslim - majority countries . It was replaced by another executive order in March 2017 and by a presidential proclamation in September 2017 , with various changes to the list of countries and exemptions . The orders were temporarily suspended by federal courts but later allowed to proceed by the Supreme Court , pending a definite ruling on their legality . Another executive order called for the immediate construction of a wall across the U.S. -- Mexico border , the hiring of 5,000 new border patrol agents and 10,000 new immigration officers , and federal funding penalties for sanctuary cities . Persons obtaining legal permanent resident status by fiscal year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year 1890 455,302 1910 1,041,570 1930 241,700 1950 249,187 1970 373,326 1990 1,535,872 1,042,625 1895 258,536 1915 326,700 1935 34,956 1955 237,790 385,378 1995 720,177 2015 1,051,031 1900 448,572 1920 430,001 1940 70,756 1960 265,398 1980 524,295 2000 841,002 1905 1,026,499 1925 294,314 1945 38,119 1965 296,697 1985 568,149 2005 1,122,257 Decade Average per year 1890 - 99 369,100 1900 - 09 745,100 1910 - 19 634,400 1920 - 29 429,600 1930 -- 39 69,900 1940 -- 49 85,700 1950 -- 59 249,900 1960 -- 69 321,400 1970 -- 79 424,800 1980 -- 89 624,400 1990 -- 99 977,500 2000 -- 09 1,029,900 2010 -- 16 1,054,000 Contemporary immigration Naturalization ceremony , Salem , Massachusetts , 2007 Until the 1930s most legal immigrants were male . By the 1990s women accounted for just over half of all legal immigrants . Contemporary immigrants tend to be younger than the native population of the United States , with people between the ages of 15 and 34 substantially overrepresented . Immigrants are also more likely to be married and less likely to be divorced than native - born Americans of the same age . Paterson , New Jersey , within the New York City Metropolitan Area , is becoming an increasingly popular destination for Muslim immigrants . Immigrants are likely to move to and live in areas populated by people with similar backgrounds . This phenomenon has held true throughout the history of immigration to the United States . Seven out of ten immigrants surveyed by Public Agenda in 2009 said they intended to make the U.S. their permanent home , and 71 % said if they could do it over again they would still come to the US . In the same study , 76 % of immigrants say the government has become stricter on enforcing immigration laws since the September 11 , 2001 attacks ( `` 9 / 11 '' ) , and 24 % report that they personally have experienced some or a great deal of discrimination . Public attitudes about immigration in the U.S. were heavily influenced in the aftermath of the 9 / 11 attacks . After the attacks , 52 % of Americans believed that immigration was a good thing overall for the U.S. , down from 62 % the year before , according to a 2009 Gallup poll . A 2008 Public Agenda survey found that half of Americans said tighter controls on immigration would do `` a great deal '' to enhance U.S. national security . Harvard political scientist and historian Samuel P. Huntington argued in his 2004 book Who Are We ? The Challenges to America 's National Identity that a potential future consequence of continuing massive immigration from Latin America , especially Mexico , could lead to the bifurcation of the United States . The estimated population of illegal Mexican immigrants in the US fell from approximately 7 million in 2007 to 6.1 million in 2011 Commentators link the reversal of the immigration trend to the economic downturn that started in 2008 and which meant fewer available jobs , and to the introduction of tough immigration laws in many states . According to the Pew Hispanic Center the net immigration of Mexican born persons had stagnated in 2010 , and tended toward going into negative figures . More than 80 cities in the United States , including Washington D.C. , New York City , Los Angeles , Chicago , San Francisco , San Diego , San Jose , Salt Lake City , Phoenix , Dallas , Fort Worth , Houston , Detroit , Jersey City , Minneapolis , Denver , Baltimore , Seattle , Portland , Oregon and Portland , Maine , have sanctuary policies , which vary locally . Ethnicity See also : United States immigration statistics Inflow of New Legal Permanent Residents by continent in 2016 : Americas ( 42.8 % ) Asia ( 39.1 % ) Africa ( 9.6 % ) Europe ( 7.9 % ) Australia and Oceania ( 0.5 % ) Unknown ( 0.1 % ) Inflow of New Legal Permanent Residents by region , in 2013 , 2014 and 2015 Region 2014 % of total 2015 % of total 2016 % of total % in 2016 Americas 398,069 39.16 % 438,435 41.71 % 506,901 42.83 % 15.6 % Asia 430,508 42.35 % 419,297 39.89 % 462,299 39.06 % 10.3 % Africa 98,413 9.68 % 101,415 9.65 % 113,426 9.58 % 11.8 % Europe 83,266 8.19 % 85,803 8.16 % 93,567 7.90 % 9.0 % Australia and Oceania 5,122 0.50 % 5,404 0.51 % 5,588 0.47 % 3.4 % Unknown 1,150 0.11 % 677 0.06 % 1,724 0.14 % 154.6 % Total 1,016,518 100 % 1,051,031 100 % 1,183,505 100 % 12.6 % Source : US Department of Homeland Security , Office of Immigration Statistics Top 10 sending countries in 2015 and 2016 Country 2015 2016 1 . Mexico 158,619 174,534 2 . China 74,558 81,772 3 . Cuba 54,396 66,516 4 . India 64,116 64,687 5 . Dominican Rep . 50,610 61,161 6 . Philippines 56,478 53,287 7 . Vietnam 30,832 41,451 8 . Haiti 16,967 23,584 9 . El Salvador 19,487 23,449 10 . Jamaica 17,642 23,350 Total 1,051,031 1,183,505 Demography Extent and destinations Little Italy in New York , ca. 1900 Crowd at the Philippine Independence Day Parade in New York City Year Number of foreign - born Percent foreign - born 1850 2,244,602 9.7 1860 4,138,697 13.2 1870 5,567,229 14.4 1880 6,679,943 13.3 1890 9,249,547 14.8 1900 10,341,276 13.6 1910 13,515,886 14.7 1920 13,920,692 13.2 1930 14,204,149 11.6 1940 11,594,896 8.8 1950 10,347,395 6.9 1960 9,738,091 5.4 1970 9,619,302 4.7 1980 14,079,906 6.2 1990 19,767,316 7.9 2000 31,107,889 11.1 39,956,000 12.9 2015 43,290,000 13.4 The United States admitted more legal immigrants from 1991 to 2000 , between ten and eleven million , than in any previous decade . In the most recent decade , the ten million legal immigrants that settled in the U.S. represent an annual growth of only about 0.3 % as the U.S. population grew from 249 million to 281 million . By comparison , the highest previous decade was the 1900s , when 8.8 million people arrived , increasing the total U.S. population by one percent every year . Specifically , `` nearly 15 % of Americans were foreign - born in 1910 , while in 1999 , only about 10 % were foreign - born . '' By 1970 , immigrants accounted for 4.7 percent of the US population and rising to 6.2 percent in 1980 , with an estimated 12.5 percent in 2009 . As of 2010 , 25 % of US residents under age 18 were first - or second - generation immigrants . Eight percent of all babies born in the U.S. in 2008 belonged to illegal immigrant parents , according to a recent analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data by the Pew Hispanic Center . Legal immigration to the U.S. increased from 250,000 in the 1930s , to 2.5 million in the 1950s , to 4.5 million in the 1970s , and to 7.3 million in the 1980s , before resting at about 10 million in the 1990s . Since 2000 , legal immigrants to the United States number approximately 1,000,000 per year , of whom about 600,000 are Change of Status who already are in the U.S. Legal immigrants to the United States now are at their highest level ever , at just over 37,000,000 legal immigrants . Illegal immigration may be as high as 1,500,000 per year with a net of at least 700,000 illegal immigrants arriving every year . Immigration led to a 57.4 % increase in foreign born population from 1990 to 2000 . While immigration has increased drastically over the last century , the foreign born share of the population is , at 13.4 , only somewhat below what it was at its peak in 1910 at 14.7 % . A number of factors may be attributed to the decrease in the representation of foreign born residents in the United States . Most significant has been the change in the composition of immigrants ; prior to 1890 , 82 % of immigrants came from North and Western Europe . From 1891 to 1920 , that number dropped to 25 % , with a rise in immigrants from East , Central , and South Europe , summing up to 64 % . Animosity towards these different and foreign immigrants rose in the United States , resulting in much legislation to limit immigration . Contemporary immigrants settle predominantly in seven states , California , New York , Florida , Texas , Pennsylvania , New Jersey and Illinois , comprising about 44 % of the U.S. population as a whole . The combined total immigrant population of these seven states was 70 % of the total foreign - born population in 2000 . If current birth rate and immigration rates were to remain unchanged for another 70 to 80 years , the U.S. population would double to nearly 600 million . In fact , this growth would constitute a slowing trend in US population , which grew by 3.7 times between 1900 and 2000 . In 1900 , when the U.S. population was 76 million , there were an estimated 500,000 Hispanics . The Census Bureau projects that by 2050 , one - quarter of the population will be of Hispanic descent . This demographic shift is largely fueled by immigration from Latin America . Origin Foreign - born population of the United States in 2016 , by country of birth . > 10,000,000 1,000,000 -- 3,000,000 300,000 -- 1,000,000 100,000 -- 300,000 30,000 -- 100,000 < 30,000 United States and its territories Immigrants to the United States ( 2012 -- 2016 ) per thousand inhabitants of each country of origin ( 2012 ) . > 10.0 3.0 -- 10.0 1.0 -- 3.0 0.3 -- 1.0 0.1 -- 0.3 < 0.1 United States and its territories Foreign - born population of the United States in 2016 and number of immigrants between 1986 and 2016 , by country of birth Country of birth Population ( 2016 ) Immigrants ( 1986 -- 2016 ) Total foreign - born 43,738,901 30,393,223 Mexico 11,573,680 6,154,006 India 2,434,524 1,598,201 China 2,122,951 1,703,930 Philippines 1,941,665 1,695,162 El Salvador 1,387,022 757,247 Vietnam 1,352,760 1,085,652 Cuba 1,271,618 866,495 Dominican Republic 1,085,321 1,102,386 South Korea 1,041,727 691,668 Guatemala 935,707 398,373 Canada 783,206 445,048 Jamaica 736,303 587,164 Colombia 704,587 573,798 United Kingdom 696,896 433,528 Haiti 668,223 612,838 Honduras 651,059 217,955 Germany 563,985 215,089 Ecuador 439,123 285,715 Peru 427,445 364,871 Poland 424,928 383,673 Brazil 409,595 260,974 Russia 397,236 322,431 Iran 386,073 409,476 Pakistan 382,852 416,473 Taiwan 373,943 289,966 Japan 355,156 194,969 Ukraine 347,759 340,566 Italy 335,763 83,002 Nigeria 306,874 280,089 Venezuela 290,224 181,329 Guyana 266,368 238,473 Thailand 253,585 202,494 Ethiopia 244,924 252,548 Nicaragua 243,024 204,447 Trinidad and Tobago 242,661 173,095 Bangladesh 234,640 274,201 Iraq 221,587 222,615 Hong Kong 212,253 165,776 Argentina 189,126 115,072 Laos 183,894 113,742 Egypt 181,677 199,656 Portugal 176,638 57,511 France 175,250 106,433 Ghana 171,428 161,061 Romania 161,629 154,838 Cambodia 152,415 116,386 Myanmar 142,494 144,374 Israel 142,078 122,477 Greece 135,484 42,677 Kenya 129,670 116,774 Nepal 129,450 110,021 Lebanon 128,608 125,541 Ireland 125,840 111,183 Turkey 120,745 102,063 Spain 105,975 53,558 South Africa 104,889 81,227 Bosnia and Herzegovina 101,638 132,705 Saudi Arabia 99,849 30,908 Syria 96,694 84,410 Panama 94,958 62,039 Afghanistan 94,726 93,044 Indonesia 94,453 70,577 Chile 93,647 61,184 Australia 93,179 68,125 Albania 93,033 101,471 Somalia 93,020 117,687 Armenia 90,946 74,341 Liberia 88,090 89,255 Costa Rica 85,133 55,983 Jordan 81,930 123,477 Morocco 80,384 91,860 Netherlands 79,902 40,082 Bolivia 79,461 59,188 Malaysia 78,459 57,959 Bulgaria 70,800 79,951 Slovakia N / A 14,298 Czech Republic N / A 7,484 Uzbekistan 62,713 86,567 Belarus 62,514 66,361 Hungary 62,296 35,556 Yemen 61,680 74,933 Sri Lanka 55,049 43,558 Barbados 54,374 27,005 Cameroon 49,430 55,688 Belize 48,918 34,196 Sweden 48,294 35,547 Austria 44,943 14,686 Cape Verde 44,519 37,720 Fiji 43,406 38,654 Eritrea 43,010 28,695 Moldova 42,403 49,455 Uruguay 42,181 28,410 Croatia 39,747 21,080 Sudan 39,346 62,949 Switzerland 38,144 25,587 Sierra Leone 38,101 48,036 Serbia 37,654 5,606 Kuwait 36,659 29,637 Grenada 36,056 23,574 Belgium 35,406 19,443 Denmark 33,715 17,467 Lithuania 33,640 30,205 Bahamas 33,163 22,447 Kazakhstan 32,017 33,662 Dominica 31,220 13,665 New Zealand 31,054 27,074 Bhutan N / A 54,123 Democratic Republic of the Congo N / A 36,535 Azerbaijan N / A 30,968 Jump up ^ Mainland China only . Jump up ^ Including North Korea . Jump up ^ Including North Korea before 2009 . Jump up ^ Including Crown dependencies . Jump up ^ Including 677 immigrants recorded separately as born in Northern Ireland . Jump up ^ Including 596 immigrants from East Germany . ^ Jump up to : In addition , there were 195,309 immigrants recorded as born in the Soviet Union . Jump up ^ Including the Gaza Strip . Jump up ^ Metropolitan France only . Jump up ^ Excluding the Golan Heights and the Palestinian territories . ^ Jump up to : In addition , there were 86,683 immigrants recorded as born in Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro . Jump up ^ Including the Golan Heights . Jump up ^ Excluding Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands . Jump up ^ Including the West Bank . Jump up ^ Excluding Western Sahara . Jump up ^ European Netherlands only . ^ Jump up to : There were 65,982 people recorded as born in Czechoslovakia , the Czech Republic and Slovakia combined . ^ Jump up to : In addition , there were 22,708 immigrants recorded as born in Czechoslovakia . Jump up ^ Including 822 immigrants from South Yemen . Jump up ^ Excluding Greenland . Jump up ^ Excluding the Cook Islands and Niue . Effects of immigration Demographics A U.S. naturalization ceremony at the Kennedy Space Center , 2010 . The Census Bureau estimates the US population will grow from 317 million in 2014 to 417 million in 2060 with immigration , when nearly 20 % will be foreign born . A 2015 report from the Pew Research Center projects that by 2065 , non-Hispanic whites will account for 46 % of the population , down from the 2005 figure of 67 % . Non-Hispanic whites made up 85 % of the population in 1960 . It also foresees the Hispanic population rising from 17 % in 2014 to 29 % by 2060 . The Asian population is expected to nearly double in 2060 . Overall , the Pew Report predicts the population of the United States will rise from 296 million in 2005 to 441 million in 2065 , but only to 338 million with no immigration . In 35 of the country 's 50 largest cities , non-Hispanic whites were at the last census or are predicted to be in the minority . In California , non-Hispanic whites slipped from 80 % of the state 's population in 1970 to 42 % in 2001 and 39 % in 2013 . Immigrant segregation declined in the first half of the 20th century , but has been rising over the past few decades . This has caused questioning of the correctness of describing the United States as a melting pot . One explanation is that groups with lower socioeconomic status concentrate in more densely populated area that have access to public transit while groups with higher socioeconomic status move to suburban areas . Another is that some recent immigrant groups are more culturally and linguistically different from earlier groups and prefer to live together due to factors such as communication costs . Another explanation for increased segregation is white flight . Place of birth for the foreign - born population in the United States Top ten countries 2015 2000 1990 Mexico 11,643,298 11,711,103 9,177,487 4,298,014 China 2,676,697 2,166,526 1,518,652 921,070 India 2,389,639 1,780,322 1,022,552 450,406 Philippines 1,982,369 1,777,588 1,369,070 912,674 El Salvador 1,352,357 1,214,049 817,336 465,433 Vietnam 1,300,515 1,240,542 988,174 543,262 Cuba 1,210,674 1,104,679 872,716 736,971 Dominican Republic 1,063,239 879,187 687,677 347,858 South Korea 1,060,019 1,100,422 864,125 568,397 Guatemala 927,593 830,824 480,665 225,739 All of Latin America 21,224,087 16,086,974 8,407,837 All Immigrants 43,289,646 39,955,854 31,107,889 19,767,316 Source : 1990 , 2000 and 2010 decennial Census and 2015 American Community Survey Economic Mexican immigrants march for more rights in Northern California 's largest city , San Jose ( 2006 ) . A survey of leading economists shows a consensus behind the view that high - skilled immigration makes the average American better off . A survey of the same economists also shows strong support behind the notion that low - skilled immigration makes the average American better off . According to David Card , Christian Dustmann , and Ian Preston , `` most existing studies of the economic impacts of immigration suggest these impacts are small , and on average benefit the native population '' . In a survey of the existing literature , Örn B Bodvarsson and Hendrik Van den Berg write , `` a comparison of the evidence from all the studies ... makes it clear that , with very few exceptions , there is no strong statistical support for the view held by many members of the public , namely that immigration has an adverse effect on native - born workers in the destination country . '' Overall Economic prosperity Whereas the impact on the average native tends to be small and positive , studies show more mixed results for low - skilled natives , but whether the effects are positive or negative , they tend to be small either way . Immigrants may often do types of work that natives are largely unwilling to do , contributing to greater economic prosperity for the economy as a whole : for instance , Mexican migrant workers taking up manual farm work in the United States has close to zero effect on native employment in that occupation , which means that the effect of Mexican workers on U.S. employment outside farm work was therefore most likely positive , since they raised overall economic productivity . Research indicates that immigrants are more likely to work in risky jobs than U.S. - born workers , partly due to differences in average characteristics , such as immigrants ' lower English language ability and educational attainment . Further , some studies indicate that higher ethnic concentration in metropolitan areas is positively related to the probability of self - employment of immigrants . Research also suggests that diversity has a net positive effect on productivity and economic prosperity . A study by Nathan Nunn , Nancy Qian and Sandra Sequeira found that the Age of Mass Migration ( 1850 -- 1920 ) has had substantially beneficial long - term effects on U.S. economic prosperity : `` locations with more historical immigration today have higher incomes , less poverty , less unemployment , higher rates of urbanization , and greater educational attainment . The long - run effects appear to arise from the persistence of sizeable short - run benefits , including earlier and more intensive industrialization , increased agricultural productivity , and more innovation . '' The authors also find that the immigration had short - term benefits : `` that there is no evidence that these long - run benefits come at short - run costs . In fact , immigration immediately led to economic benefits that took the form of higher incomes , higher productivity , more innovation , and more industrialization . '' Research also finds that migration leads to greater trade in goods and services . Using 130 years of data on historical migrations to the United States , one study finds `` that a doubling of the number of residents with ancestry from a given foreign country relative to the mean increases by 4.2 percentage points the probability that at least one local firm invests in that country , and increases by 31 % the number of employees at domestic recipients of FDI from that country . The size of these effects increases with the ethnic diversity of the local population , the geographic distance to the origin country , and the ethno - linguistic fractionalization of the origin country . '' Some research suggests that immigration can offset some of the adverse effects of automation on native labor outcomes in the United States . By increasing overall demand , immigrants could push natives out of low - skilled manual labor into better paying occupations . A 2018 study in the American Economic Review found that the Bracero program ( which allowed almost half a million Mexican workers to do seasonal farm labor in the United States ) did not have any adverse impact on the labor market outcomes of American - born farm workers . Fiscal effects A 2011 literature review of the economic impacts of immigration found that the net fiscal impact of migrants varies across studies but that the most credible analyses typically find small and positive fiscal effects on average . According to the authors , `` the net social impact of an immigrant over his or her lifetime depends substantially and in predictable ways on the immigrant 's age at arrival , education , reason for migration , and similar '' . A 2016 report by the National Academies of Sciences , Engineering , and Medicine concluded that over a 75 - year time horizon , `` the fiscal impacts of immigrants are generally positive at the federal level and generally negative at the state and local level . '' The reason for the costs to state and local governments is that the cost of educating the immigrants ' children falls on state and local governments . According to a 2007 literature review by the Congressional Budget Office , `` Over the past two decades , most efforts to estimate the fiscal impact of immigration in the United States have concluded that , in aggregate and over the long term , tax revenues of all types generated by immigrants -- both legal and unauthorized -- exceed the cost of the services they use . '' According to James Smith , a senior economist at Santa Monica - based RAND Corporation and lead author of the United States National Research Council 's study `` The New Americans : Economic , Demographic , and Fiscal Effects of Immigration '' , immigrants contribute as much as $10 billion to the U.S. economy each year . The NRC report found that although immigrants , especially those from Latin America , caused a net loss in terms of taxes paid versus social services received , immigration can provide an overall gain to the domestic economy due to an increase in pay for higher - skilled workers , lower prices for goods and services produced by immigrant labor , and more efficiency and lower wages for some owners of capital . The report also notes that although immigrant workers compete with domestic workers for low - skilled jobs , some immigrants specialize in activities that otherwise would not exist in an area , and thus can be beneficial for all domestic residents . Immigration and foreign labor documentation fees increased over 80 % in 2007 , with over 90 % of funding for USCIS derived from immigration application fees , creating many USCIS jobs involving immigration to US , such as immigration interview officials , finger print processor , Department of Homeland Security , etc . Inequality Overall immigration has not had much effect on native wage inequality but low - skill immigration has been linked to greater income inequality in the native population . Impact of undocumented immigrants Main article : Economic impact of illegal immigrants in the United States Research on the economic effects of undocumented immigrants is scant but existing peer - reviewed studies suggest that the effects are positive for the native population and public coffers . A 2015 study shows that `` increasing deportation rates and tightening border control weakens low - skilled labor markets , increasing unemployment of native low - skilled workers . Legalization , instead , decreases the unemployment rate of low - skilled natives and increases income per native . '' Studies show that legalization of undocumented immigrants would boost the U.S. economy ; a 2013 study found that granting legal status to undocumented immigrants would raise their incomes by a quarter ( increasing U.S. GDP by approximately $1.4 trillion over a ten - year period ) , and 2016 study found that `` legalization would increase the economic contribution of the unauthorized population by about 20 % , to 3.6 % of private - sector GDP . '' A 2007 literature by the Congressional Budget Office found that estimating the fiscal effects of undocumented immigrants has proven difficult : `` currently available estimates have significant limitations ; therefore , using them to determine an aggregate effect across all states would be difficult and prone to considerable error '' . The impact of undocumented immigrants differs on federal levels than state and local levels , with research suggesting modest fiscal costs at the state and local levels but with substantial fiscal gains at the federal level . In 2009 , a study by the Cato Institute , a free market think tank , found that legalization of low - skilled illegal resident workers in the US would result in a net increase in US GDP of $180 billion over ten years . The Cato Institute study did not examine the impact on per capita income for most Americans . Jason Riley notes that because of progressive income taxation , in which the top 1 % of earners pay 37 % of federal income taxes ( even though they actually pay a lower tax percentage based on their income ) , 60 % of Americans collect more in government services than they pay in , which also reflects on immigrants . In any event , the typical immigrant and his children will pay a net $80,000 more in their lifetime than they collect in government services according to the NAS . Legal immigration policy is set to maximize net taxation . Illegal immigrants even after an amnesty tend to be recipients of more services than they pay in taxes . In 2010 , an econometrics study by a Rutgers economist found that immigration helped increase bilateral trade when the incoming people were connected via networks to their country of origin , particularly boosting trade of final goods as opposed to intermediate goods , but that the trade benefit weakened when the immigrants became assimilated into American culture . According to NPR in 2005 , about 3 % of illegal immigrants were working in agriculture . The H - 2A visa allows U.S. employers to bring foreign nationals to the United States to fill temporary agricultural jobs . The passing of tough immigration laws in several states from around 2009 provides a number of practical case studies . The state of Georgia passed immigration law HB 87 in 2011 ; this led , according to the coalition of top Kansas businesses , to 50 % of its agricultural produce being left to rot in the fields , at a cost to the state of more than $400 million . Overall losses caused by the act were $1 billion ; it was estimated that the figure would become over $20 billion if all the estimated 325,000 unauthorized workers left Georgia . The cost to Alabama of its crackdown in June 2011 has been estimated at almost $11 billion , with up to 80,000 unauthorized immigrant workers leaving the state . Impact of refugees Studies of refugees ' impact on native welfare are scant but the existing literature shows a positive fiscal impact and mixed results ( negative , positive and no significant effects ) on native welfare . A 2017 paper by Evans and Fitzgerald found that refugees to the United States pay `` $21,000 more in taxes than they receive in benefits over their first 20 years in the U.S. '' An internal study by the Department of Health and Human Services under the Trump administration , which was suppressed and not shown to the public , found that refugees to the United States brought in $63 billion more in government revenues than they cost the government . According to labor economist Giovanni Peri , the existing literature suggests that there are no economic reasons why the American labor market could not easily absorb 100,000 Syrian refugees in a year . Refugees integrate more slowly into host countries ' labor markets than labor migrants , in part due to the loss and depreciation of human capital and credentials during the asylum procedure . Garment factories in Manhattan 's Chinatown Innovation and Entrepreneurship According to one survey of the existing economic literature , `` much of the existing research points towards positive net contributions by immigrant entrepreneurs . '' Areas where immigrant are more prevalent in the United States have substantially more innovation ( as measured by patenting and citations ) . Immigrants to the United States create businesses at higher rates than natives . According to a 2018 paper , `` first - generation immigrants create about 25 % of new firms in the United States , but this share exceeds 40 % in some states . '' Another 2018 paper links H - 1B visa holders to innovation . Immigrants have been linked to greater invention and innovation in the US . According to one report , `` immigrants have started more than half ( 44 of 87 ) of America 's startup companies valued at $1 billion or more and are key members of management or product development teams in over 70 percent ( 62 of 87 ) of these companies . '' Foreign doctoral students are a major source of innovation in the American economy . In the United States , immigrant workers hold a disproportionate share of jobs in science , technology , engineering , and math ( STEM ) : `` In 2013 , foreign - born workers accounted for 19.2 percent of STEM workers with a bachelor 's degree , 40.7 percent of those with a master 's degree , and more than half -- 54.5 percent -- of those with a Ph. D . '' The Kauffman Foundation 's index of entrepreneurial activity is nearly 40 % higher for immigrants than for natives . Immigrants were involved in the founding of many prominent American high - tech companies , such as Google , Yahoo , YouTube , Sun Microsystems , and eBay . Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century . Bangladeshi immigrant Fazlur Rahman Khan was responsible for the engineering design of Sears Tower ( now Willis Tower ) , the tallest building in the world until 1998 . Social Discrimination Irish immigration was opposed in the 1850s by the nativist Know Nothing movement , originating in New York in 1843 . It was engendered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by Irish Catholic immigrants . On March 14 , 1891 , a lynch mob stormed a local jail and lynched several Italians following the acquittal of several Sicilian immigrants alleged to be involved in the murder of New Orleans police chief David Hennessy . The Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act in 1921 , followed by the Immigration Act of 1924 . The Immigration Act of 1924 was aimed at limiting immigration overall , and making sure that the nationalities of new arrivals matched the overall national profile . Business A 2014 meta - analysis of racial discrimination in product markets found extensive evidence of minority applicants being quoted higher prices for products . A 1995 study found that car dealers `` quoted significantly lower prices to white males than to black or female test buyers using identical , scripted bargaining strategies . '' A 2013 study found that eBay sellers of iPods received 21 percent more offers if a white hand held the iPod in the photo than a black hand . Criminal Justice system Research suggests that police practices , such as racial profiling , over-policing in areas populated by minorities and in - group bias may result in disproportionately high numbers of racial minorities among crime suspects . Research also suggests that there may be possible discrimination by the judicial system , which contributes to a higher number of convictions for racial minorities . A 2012 study found that `` ( i ) juries formed from all - white jury pools convict black defendants significantly ( 16 percentage points ) more often than white defendants , and ( ii ) this gap in conviction rates is entirely eliminated when the jury pool includes at least one black member . '' Research has found evidence of in - group bias , where `` black ( white ) juveniles who are randomly assigned to black ( white ) judges are more likely to get incarcerated ( as opposed to being placed on probation ) , and they receive longer sentences . '' In - group bias has also been observed when it comes to traffic citations , as black and white cops are more likely to cite out - groups . Education A 2015 study using correspondence tests `` found that when considering requests from prospective students seeking mentoring in the future , faculty were significantly more responsive to White males than to all other categories of students , collectively , particularly in higher - paying disciplines and private institutions . '' Through affirmative action , there is reason to believe that elite colleges favor minority applicants . Housing A 2014 meta - analysis found extensive evidence of racial discrimination in the American housing market . Minority applicants for housing needed to make many more enquiries to view properties . Geographical steering of African - Americans in US housing remained significant . A 2003 study finds `` evidence that agents interpret an initial housing request as an indication of a customer 's preferences , but also are more likely to withhold a house from all customers when it is in an integrated suburban neighborhood ( redlining ) . Moreover , agents ' marketing efforts increase with asking price for white , but not for black , customers ; blacks are more likely than whites to see houses in suburban , integrated areas ( steering ) ; and the houses agents show are more likely to deviate from the initial request when the customer is black than when the customer is white . These three findings are consistent with the possibility that agents act upon the belief that some types of transactions are relatively unlikely for black customers ( statistical discrimination ) . '' A report by the federal Department of Housing and Urban Development where the department sent African - Americans and whites to look at apartments found that African - Americans were shown fewer apartments to rent and houses for sale . Labor market Several meta - analyses find extensive evidence of ethnic and racial discrimination in hiring in the American labor market . A 2016 meta - analysis of 738 correspondence tests -- tests where identical CVs for stereotypically black and white names were sent to employers -- in 43 separate studies conducted in OECD countries between 1990 and 2015 finds that there is extensive racial discrimination in hiring decisions in Europe and North - America . These correspondence tests showed that equivalent minority candidates need to send around 50 % more applications to be invited for an interview than majority candidates . A study that examine the job applications of actual people provided with identical résumés and similar interview training showed that African - American applicants with no criminal record were offered jobs at a rate as low as white applicants who had criminal records . Discrimination between minority groups Racist thinking among and between minority groups does occur ; examples of this are conflicts between blacks and Korean immigrants , notably in the 1992 Los Angeles Riots , and between African Americans and non-white Latino immigrants . There has been a long running racial tension between African American and Mexican prison gangs , as well as significant riots in California prisons where they have targeted each other , for ethnic reasons . There have been reports of racially motivated attacks against African Americans who have moved into neighborhoods occupied mostly by people of Mexican origin , and vice versa . There has also been an increase in violence between non-Hispanic whites and Latino immigrants , and between African immigrants and African Americans . Assimilation A 2018 study in the American Sociological Review found that within racial groups , most immigrants to the United States had fully assimilated within a span of 20 years . Immigrants arriving in the United States after 1994 assimilate more rapidly than immigrants who arrived in previous periods . Measuring assimilation can be difficult due to `` ethnic attrition '' , which refers to when ancestors of migrants cease to self - identify with the nationality or ethnicity of their ancestors . This means that successful cases of assimilation will be underestimated . Research shows that ethnic attrition is sizable in Hispanic and Asian immigrant groups in the United States . By taking account of ethnic attrition , the assimilation rate of Hispanics in the United States improves significantly . A 2016 paper challenges the view that cultural differences are necessarily an obstacle to long - run economic performance of migrants . It finds that `` first generation migrants seem to be less likely to success the more culturally distant they are , but this effect vanishes as time spent in the USA increases . '' Religious diversity Immigration from South Asia and elsewhere has contributed to enlarging the religious composition of the United States . Islam in the United States is growing mainly due to immigration . Hinduism in the United States , Buddhism in the United States , and Sikhism in the United States are other examples . Whereas non-Christians together constitute only 4 % of the U.S. population , they made up 20 % of the 2003 cohort of new immigrants . Since 1992 , an estimated 1.7 million Muslims , approximately 1 million Hindus , and approximately 1 million Buddhists have immigrated legally to the United States . Conversely , non-religious are underrepresented in the immigrant populations . Although `` other '' non-Christian religions are also slightly more common among immigrants than among U.S. adults -- 1.9 % compared with 1.0 % -- those professing no religion are slightly under - represented among new immigrants . Whereas 12 % of immigrants said they had no religion , the figure was 15 % for adult Americans . This lack of representation for non-religious could be related to stigmas around atheists and agnostics or could relate to the need for identity when entering a new country . Labor unions Main article : Immigration policies of American labor unions The American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) , a coalition of labor unions formed in the 1880s , vigorously opposed unrestricted immigration from Europe for moral , cultural , and racial reasons . The issue unified the workers who feared that an influx of new workers would flood the labor market and lower wages . Nativism was not a factor because upwards of half the union members were themselves immigrants or the sons of immigrants from Ireland , Germany and Britain . However , nativism was a factor when the AFL even more strenuously opposed all immigration from Asia because it represented ( to its Euro - American members ) an alien culture that could not be assimilated into American society . The AFL intensified its opposition after 1906 and was instrumental in passing immigration restriction bills from the 1890s to the 1920s , such as the 1921 Emergency Quota Act and the Immigration Act of 1924 , and seeing that they were strictly enforced . Mink ( 1986 ) concludes that the link between the AFL and the Democratic Party rested in part on immigration issues , noting the large corporations , which supported the Republicans , wanted more immigration to augment their labor force . United Farm Workers during Cesar Chavez tenure was committed to restricting immigration . Chavez and Dolores Huerta , cofounder and president of the UFW , fought the Bracero Program that existed from 1942 to 1964 . Their opposition stemmed from their belief that the program undermined U.S. workers and exploited the migrant workers . Since the Bracero Program ensured a constant supply of cheap immigrant labor for growers , immigrants could not protest any infringement of their rights , lest they be fired and replaced . Their efforts contributed to Congress ending the Bracero Program in 1964 . In 1973 , the UFW was one of the first labor unions to oppose proposed employer sanctions that would have prohibited hiring illegal immigrants . On a few occasions , concerns that illegal immigrant labor would undermine UFW strike campaigns led to a number of controversial events , which the UFW describes as anti-strikebreaking events , but which have also been interpreted as being anti-immigrant . In 1973 , Chavez and members of the UFW marched through the Imperial and Coachella Valleys to the border of Mexico to protest growers ' use of illegal immigrants as strikebreakers . Joining him on the march were Reverend Ralph Abernathy and U.S. Senator Walter Mondale . In its early years , the UFW and Chavez went so far as to report illegal immigrants who served as strikebreaking replacement workers ( as well as those who refused to unionize ) to the Immigration and Naturalization Service . In 1973 , the United Farm Workers set up a `` wet line '' along the United States - Mexico border to prevent Mexican immigrants from entering the United States illegally and potentially undermining the UFW 's unionization efforts . During one such event , in which Chavez was not involved , some UFW members , under the guidance of Chavez 's cousin Manuel , physically attacked the strikebreakers after peaceful attempts to persuade them not to cross the border failed . Political See also : Immigration reform and Nativism ( politics ) Immigrant rights march in downtown Los Angeles , California on May Day , 2006 . A Boston Globe article attributed Barack Obama 's win in the 2008 U.S. Presidential election to a marked reduction over the preceding decades in the percentage of whites in the American electorate , attributing this demographic change to the Immigration Act of 1965 . The article quoted Simon Rosenberg , president and founder of the New Democrat Network , as having said that the Act is `` the most important piece of legislation that no one 's ever heard of , '' and that it `` set America on a very different demographic course than the previous 300 years . '' Immigrants differ on their political views ; however , the Democratic Party is considered to be in a far stronger position among immigrants overall . Research shows that religious affiliation can also significantly impact both their social values and voting patterns of immigrants , as well as the broader American population . Hispanic evangelicals , for example , are more strongly conservative than non-Hispanic evangelicals . This trend is often similar for Hispanics or others strongly identifying with the Catholic Church , a religion that strongly opposes abortion and gay marriage . A rally in Chicago , part of the Great American Boycott and 2006 U.S. immigration reform protests , on May 1 , 2006 . The key interests groups that lobby on immigration are religious , ethnic and business groups , together with some liberals and some conservative public policy organizations . Both the pro - and anti - groups affect policy . Studies have suggested that some special interest group lobby for less immigration for their own group and more immigration for other groups since they see effects of immigration , such as increased labor competition , as detrimental when affecting their own group but beneficial when affecting other groups . A 2011 paper found that both pro - and anti-immigration special interest groups play a role in migration policy . `` Barriers to migration are lower in sectors in which business lobbies incur larger lobbying expenditures and higher in sectors where labor unions are more important . '' A 2011 study examining the voting of US representatives on migration policy suggests that `` representatives from more skilled labor abundant districts are more likely to support an open immigration policy towards the unskilled , whereas the opposite is true for representatives from more unskilled labor abundant districts . '' After the 2010 election , Gary Segura of Latino Decisions stated that Hispanic voters influenced the outcome and `` may have saved the Senate for Democrats '' . Several ethnic lobbies support immigration reforms that would allow illegal immigrants that have succeeded in entering to gain citizenship . They may also lobby for special arrangements for their own group . The Chairman for the Irish Lobby for Immigration Reform has stated that `` the Irish Lobby will push for any special arrangement it can get -- ' as will every other ethnic group in the country . ' '' The irredentist and ethnic separatist movements for Reconquista and Aztlán see immigration from Mexico as strengthening their cause . The book Ethnic Lobbies and US Foreign Policy ( 2009 ) states that several ethnic special interest groups are involved in pro-immigration lobbying . Ethnic lobbies also influence foreign policy . The authors write that `` Increasingly , ethnic tensions surface in electoral races , with House , Senate , and gubernatorial contests serving as proxy battlegrounds for antagonistic ethnoracial groups and communities . In addition , ethnic politics affect party politics as well , as groups compete for relative political power within a party '' . However , the authors argue that currently ethnic interest groups , in general , do not have too much power in foreign policy and can balance other special interest groups . In a 2012 news story , Reuters reported , `` Strong support from Hispanics , the fastest - growing demographic in the United States , helped tip President Barack Obama 's fortunes as he secured a second term in the White House , according to Election Day polling . '' Lately , there is talk among several Republican leaders , such as governors Bobby Jindal and Susana Martinez , of taking a new , friendlier approach to immigration . Former US Secretary of Commerce Carlos Gutierrez is promoting the creation of Republicans for Immigration Reform . Bernie Sanders opposes guest worker programs and is also skeptical about skilled immigrant ( H - 1B ) visas , saying , `` Last year , the top 10 employers of H - 1B guest workers were all offshore outsourcing companies . These firms are responsible for shipping large numbers of American information technology jobs to India and other countries . '' In an interview with Vox he stated his opposition to an open borders immigration policy , describing it as : ... a right - wing proposal , which says essentially there is no United States ... you 're doing away with the concept of a nation - state . What right - wing people in this country would love is an open - border policy . Bring in all kinds of people , work for $2 or $3 an hour , that would be great for them . I do n't believe in that . I think we have to raise wages in this country , I think we have to do everything we can to create millions of jobs . April 2018 , Trump calls for National Guard at the border to secure the ongoing attempts at a border wall along the United States - Mexico border . According to the LAtimes , `` Defense Secretary James N. Mattis has signed an order to send up to 4,000 National Guard troops to the U.S. - Mexico border but barred them from interacting with migrants detained by the Border Patrol in most circumstances '' . The caravan of migrants from Central America have reached the United States to seek asylum . The last of the caravan have arrived and are processing as of May 4 , 2018 . Remarks by Attorney General Sessions have expressed hesitation with asylum seekers . Sessions has stated , `` The system is being gamed , there 's no doubt about it '' . This statement implied asylum seekers were attempting to immigrate to the United States for work or various other reasons rather than seeking refuge . Health The issue of the health of immigrants and the associated cost to the public has been largely discussed . On average , per capita health care spending is lower for immigrants than it is for native - born Americans . The non-emergency use of emergency rooms ostensibly indicates an incapacity to pay , yet some studies allege disproportionately lower access to unpaid health care by immigrants . For this and other reasons , there have been various disputes about how much immigration is costing the United States public health system . University of Maryland economist and Cato Institute scholar Julian Lincoln Simon concluded in 1995 that while immigrants probably pay more into the health system than they take out , this is not the case for elderly immigrants and refugees , who are more dependent on public services for survival . Immigration itself may impact women 's health . A 2017 study found that Latino women suffer higher rates of intimate partner violence ( IPV ) than native US women . Migration may worsen IPV rates and outcomes . Migration itself may not cause IPV , but it may make it more difficult for women to get help . According to Kim et al. , the IPV is usually the result of unequal family structures rather than the process of migration . Immigration from areas of high incidences of disease is thought to have fueled the resurgence of tuberculosis ( TB ) , chagas , and hepatitis in areas of low incidence . According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) , TB cases among foreign - born individuals remain disproportionately high , at nearly nine times the rate of U.S. - born persons . To reduce the risk of diseases in low - incidence areas , the main countermeasure has been the screening of immigrants on arrival . HIV / AIDS entered the United States in around 1969 , likely through a single infected immigrant from Haiti . Conversely , many new HIV infections in Mexico can be traced back to the United States . People infected with HIV were banned from entering the United States in 1987 by executive order , but the 1993 statute supporting the ban was lifted in 2009 . The executive branch is expected to administratively remove HIV from the list of infectious diseases barring immigration , but immigrants generally would need to show that they would not be a burden on public welfare . Researchers have also found what is known as the `` healthy immigrant effect '' , in which immigrants in general tend to be healthier than individuals born in the U.S. Immigrants are more likely than native - born Americans to have a medical visit labeled uncompensated care . Crime There is no empirical evidence that either legal or illegal immigration increases crime in the United States . In fact , a majority of studies in the U.S. have found lower crime rates among immigrants than among non-immigrants , and that higher concentrations of immigrants are associated with lower crime rates . Explanations proposed to account for this relationship have included ethnic enclaves , self - selection , and the hypothesis that immigrants revitalize communities to which they emigrate . Some research even suggests that increases in immigration may partly explain the reduction in the U.S. crime rate . A 2005 study showed that immigration to large U.S. metropolitan areas does not increase , and in some cases decreases , crime rates there . A 2009 study found that recent immigration was not associated with homicide in Austin , Texas . The low crime rates of immigrants to the United States despite having lower levels of education , lower levels of income and residing in urban areas ( factors that should lead to higher crime rates ) may be due to lower rates of antisocial behavior among immigrants . A 2015 study found that Mexican immigration to the United States was associated with an increase in aggravated assaults and a decrease in property crimes . A 2016 study finds no link between immigrant populations and violent crime , although there is a small but significant association between undocumented immigrants and drug - related crime . A 2018 study found that undocumented immigration to the United States did not increase violent crime . Research finds that Secure Communities , an immigration enforcement program which led to a quarter of a million of detentions ( when the study was published ; November 2014 ) , had no observable impact on the crime rate . A 2015 study found that the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act , which legalized almost 3 million immigrants , led to `` decreases in crime of 3 -- 5 percent , primarily due to decline in property crimes , equivalent to 120,000 - 180,000 fewer violent and property crimes committed each year due to legalization '' . According to one study , sanctuary cities -- which adopt policies designed to not prosecute people solely for being an illegal immigrant -- have no statistically meaningful effect on crime . One of the first political analyses in the U.S. of the relationship between immigration and crime was performed in the beginning of the 20th century by the Dillingham Commission , which found a relationship especially for immigrants from non-Northern European countries , resulting in the sweeping 1920s immigration reduction acts , including the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 , which favored immigration from northern and western Europe . Recent research is skeptical of the conclusion drawn by the Dillingham Commission . One study finds that `` major government commissions on immigration and crime in the early twentieth century relied on evidence that suffered from aggregation bias and the absence of accurate population data , which led them to present partial and sometimes misleading views of the immigrant - native criminality comparison . With improved data and methods , we find that in 1904 , prison commitment rates for more serious crimes were quite similar by nativity for all ages except ages 18 and 19 , for which the commitment rate for immigrants was higher than for the native - born . By 1930 , immigrants were less likely than natives to be committed to prisons at all ages 20 and older , but this advantage disappears when one looks at commitments for violent offenses . '' For the early twentieth century , one study found that immigrants had `` quite similar '' imprisonment rates for major crimes as natives in 1904 but lower for major crimes ( except violent offenses ; the rate was similar ) in 1930 . Contemporary commissions used dubious data and interpreted it in questionable ways . Research suggests that police practices , such as racial profiling , over-policing in areas populated by minorities and in - group bias may result in disproportionately high numbers of immigrants among crime suspects . Research also suggests that there may be possible discrimination by the judicial system , which contributes to a higher number of convictions for immigrants . Crimmigration Crimmigration has emerged as a field in which critical immigration scholars conceptualize the current immigration law enforcement system . Crimmigration is broadly defined as the convergence of the criminal justice system and immigration enforcement , where immigration law enforcement has adopted the `` criminal '' law enforcement approach . This frames undocumented immigrants as `` criminal '' deviants and security risks . Crime and migration control have become completely intertwined , so much so that both undocumented and documented individuals suspected of being a noncitizen may be targeted . Using a `` crimmigration '' point of thought , César Cuauhtémoc García Hernández explains the criminalization of undocumented immigrants began in the aftermath of the civil rights movement . Michelle Alexander explores how the U.S. criminal justice system is made of `` colorblind '' policies and law enforcement practices that have shaped the mass incarceration of people of color into an era of `` The New Jim Crow '' As Alexander and García Hernández state , overt racism and racist laws became culturally scorned , and covert racism became the norm . This new form of racism focuses on penalizing criminal activity and promoting `` neutral '' rhetoric . `` Crimmigration '' recognizes how laws and policies throughout different states contribute to the convergence of criminal law enforcement and immigration law . For example , states are implementing a variety of immigration related criminal offenses that are punishable by imprisonment . California , Oregon , and Wyoming criminalize the use of fraudulent immigration or citizenship documents . Arizona allows judges to confine witnesses in certain `` criminal '' cases if they are suspected of being in the U.S. without documentation . The most common violations of immigration law on the federal level are unauthorized entry ( a federal misdemeanor ) and unauthorized reentry ( a federal felony ) . These `` offenses '' deemed as `` crimes '' under immigration law set the tone of `` crimmigration '' and for what García Hernández refers to as the `` removal pipeline '' of immigrants . Some scholars focus on the organization of `` crimmigration '' as it relates to the mass removal of certain immigrants . Jennifer Chacón finds that immigration law enforcement is being decentralized . Customs and Border Patrol ( CBP ) , Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) , and the Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) are the central law enforcement agencies in control of enforcing immigration law . However , other federal , state and local law enforcement agencies , such as sheriff 's offices , municipal police departments , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , and the Drug and Enforcement Agency ( DEA ) , aid in immigrant removal . In 1996 , Congress expanded power to state and local law enforcement agencies to enforce federal immigration law . These agencies keep people locked up in jails or prison when they receive an `` immigration detainer '' from ICE , and therefore aid in interior enforcement . In addition , some agencies participate in the State Criminal Alien Assistance Program ( `` SCAAP '' ) , which gives these agencies financial incentives to cooperate with ICE in identifying immigrants in their custody . These are direct example of how `` crimmigration '' works within the U.S. immigration system . With immigration enforcement reaching all levels of enforcement agencies , the Immigration Industrial Complex ( which is similar to the Prison Industrial Complex ) and concept of `` crimmigration '' thrives . Education Scientific laboratories and startup internet opportunities have been a powerful American magnet . By 2000 , 23 % of scientists with a PhD in the U.S. were immigrants , including 40 % of those in engineering and computers . Roughly a third of the United State 's college and universities graduate students in STEM fields are foreign nationals -- in some states it is well over half of their graduate students . On Ash Wednesday , March 5 , 2014 , the presidents of 28 Catholic and Jesuit colleges and universities , joined the `` Fast for Families '' movement . The `` Fast for Families '' movement reignited the immigration debate in the fall of 2013 when the movement 's leaders , supported by many members of Congress and the President , fasted for twenty - two days on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. A study on public schools in California found that white enrollment declined in response to increases in the number of Spanish - speaking Limited English Proficient and Hispanic students . This white flight was greater for schools with relatively larger proportions of Spanish - speaking Limited English Proficient . A North Carolina study found that the presence of Latin American children in schools had no significant negative effects on peers , but that students with limited English skills had slight negative effects on peers . Science and engineering Immigrant Fazlur Khan is known for making some very important advancements in skyscraper engineering . Sculpture honoring Khan at the Willis Tower . In the United States of America , a significant proportion of scientists and engineers are foreign - born , as well as students in science and engineering programs . However , this is not unique to the US since foreigners make up significant amounts of scientists and engineers in other countries . As of 2011 , 28 % of graduate students in science , engineering , and health are foreign . The number of science and engineering ( S&E ) bachelor 's degrees has risen steadily over the past 15 years , reaching a new peak of about half a million in 2009 . Since 2000 , foreign born students in the United States have consistently earned a small share ( 3 % - 4 % ) of S&E degrees at the bachelor 's level . Foreign students make up a much higher proportion of S&E master 's degree recipients than of bachelor 's or associate degree recipients . In 2009 , foreign students earned 27 % of S&E master 's degrees and 33 % in doctorate degrees . Significant numbers of foreign born students in science and engineering are not unique to America since foreign students now account for nearly 60 % of graduate students in mathematics , computer sciences , and engineering globally . In Switzerland and the United Kingdom , more than 40 % of doctoral students are foreign . A number of other countries , including New Zealand , Austria , Australia , Belgium , Canada , and the United States , have relatively high percentages ( more than 20 % ) of doctoral students who are foreign . Foreign student enrollment in the United Kingdom has been increasing . In 2008 , foreign students made up 47 % of all graduate students studying S&E in the United Kingdom ( an increase from 32 % in 1998 ) . Top destinations for international students include the United Kingdom ( 12 % ) , Germany ( 9 % ) , and France ( 9 % ) . Together with the U.S. , these countries receive more than half of all internationally mobile students worldwide . Although the United States continues to attract the largest number and fraction of foreign students worldwide , its share of foreign students has decreased in recent years . 55 % of Ph. D. students in engineering in the United States are foreign born ( 2004 ) . Between 1980 and 2000 , the percentage of Ph. D. scientists and engineers employed in the United States who were born abroad has increased from 24 % to 37 % . 45 % of Ph. D. physicists working in the United States are foreign born in 2004 . 80 % of total post-doctoral chemical and materials engineering in the United States are foreign - born ( 1988 ) . At the undergraduate level , US - born engineering students constitute upwards of 90 - 95 % of the student population ( most foreign born candidates for engineering graduate schools are trained in their home countries ) . However , the pool of BS engineering graduates with US citizenship is much larger than the number who apply to engineering graduate schools . The proportion of foreign - born engineers among assistant professors younger than 35 years has increased from 10 % in 1972 to 50 % - 55 % in 1983 - 1985 , illustrating a dramatic increase on US dependence on foreign - born students in the US college system . The increase in non-citizen assistant professors of engineering is the result of the fact that , in recent years , foreign - born engineers received close to 50 percent of newly awarded engineering doctorates ( naturalized citizens accounted for about 4 percent ) and , furthermore , they entered academe in disproportionately large numbers . 33 % of all U.S. Ph. D.s in science and engineering are now awarded to foreign born graduate students as of 2004 . In 1982 , foreign - born engineers constituted about 3.6 % of all engineers employed in the United States , 13.9 % of which were naturalized ; and foreign - born Phds in Engineering constituted 15 % and 20 % were naturalized . In 1985 , foreign - born Phds represented almost 33 % of the engineering post-doctorate researchers in US universities . Foreign - born Phd engineers often accept postdoctoral position because other employment is unavailable until green card is obtained . A system that further incentivising replacement of US - citizens in the upper echelons of academic and private sector engineering firms due to higher educational attainment relative to native - born engineer who for the most part do train beyond undergraduate level . In recent years , The number of applicants for faculty openings at research universities have increased dramatically . Numbers of 50 to 200 applications for a single faculty opening have become typical , yet even with such high numbers of applicants have yielded a foreign - born component in excess of 50 % . 60 % of the top science students and 65 percent of the top math students in the United States are the children of immigrants . In addition , foreign - born high school students make up 50 percent of the 2004 U.S. Math Olympiad 's top scorers , 38 percent of the U.S. Physics Team , and 25 percent of the Intel Science Talent Search finalists -- the United States ' most prestigious awards for young scientists and mathematicians . Among 1985 foreign - born engineering doctorate holders , about 40 % expected to work in the United States after graduating . An additional 17 percent planned to stay on as post-doctorates , and most of these are likely to remain permanently in the United States . Those , almost 60 % of foreign - born engineering doctorate holders are likely to become part of the US engineering labor force within a few years after graduating . The other approximately 40 % of foreign born engineering Phds mostly likely find employment working for Multinational corporations outside of the US . In the 2004 Intel Science Talent Search , more children ( 18 ) have parents who entered the country on H - 1B ( professional ) visas than parents born in the United States ( 16 ) . To place this finding in perspective , note that new H - 1B visa holders each year represent less than 0.04 percent of the U.S. population . Foreign born faculty now accounts for over 50 % of faculty in engineering ( 1994 ) . 27 out the 87 ( more than 30 % ) American Nobel Prize winners in Medicine and Physiology between 1901 and 2005 were born outside the US 1993 Median Salaries of U.S. Recipients of Ph. D.s in Science and Engineering : Foreign - Born vs. Native - Born : Years Since Earning Degree Foreign - Born Native - Born 1 -- 5 years $44,400 $40,000 6 -- 10 years $55,400 $49,200 11 -- 15 years $64,000 $56,000 16 -- 20 years $64,000 $56,000 21 years $70,200 $68,000 Lobbying Major American corporations spent $345 million lobbying for just three pro-immigration bills between 2006 and 2008 . The two most prominent groups lobbying for more restrictive immigration policies for the United States are NumbersUSA and the Federation for American Immigration Reform ( FAIR ) ; additionally , the Center for Immigration Studies think tank produces policy analysis supportive of a more restrictive stance . Public opinion The ambivalent feeling of Americans toward immigrants is shown by a positive attitude toward groups that have been visible for a century or more , and much more negative attitude toward recent arrivals . For example , a 1982 national poll by the Roper Center at the University of Connecticut showed respondents a card listing a number of groups and asked , `` Thinking both of what they have contributed to this country and have gotten from this country , for each one tell me whether you think , on balance , they 've been a good or a bad thing for this country , '' which produced the results shown in the table . `` By high margins , Americans are telling pollsters it was a very good thing that Poles , Italians , and Jews immigrated to America . Once again , it 's the newcomers who are viewed with suspicion . This time , it 's the Mexicans , the Filipinos , and the people from the Caribbean who make Americans nervous . '' In a 2002 study , which took place soon after the September 11 attacks , 55 % of Americans favored decreasing legal immigration , 27 % favored keeping it at the same level , and 15 % favored increasing it . In 2006 , the immigration - reduction advocacy think tank the Center for Immigration Studies released a poll that found that 68 % of Americans think U.S. immigration levels are too high , and just 2 % said they are too low . They also found that 70 % said they are less likely to vote for candidates that favor increasing legal immigration . In 2004 , 55 % of Americans believed legal immigration should remain at the current level or increased and 41 % said it should be decreased . The less contact a native - born American has with immigrants , the more likely one would have a negative view of immigrants . One of the most important factors regarding public opinion about immigration is the level of unemployment ; anti-immigrant sentiment is where unemployment is highest , and vice versa . Surveys indicate that the U.S. public consistently makes a sharp distinction between legal and illegal immigrants , and generally views those perceived as `` playing by the rules '' with more sympathy than immigrants that have entered the country illegally . According to a Gallup poll in July 2015 , immigration is the fourth most important problem facing the United States and seven percent of Americans said it was the most important problem facing America today . In March 2015 , another Gallup poll provided insight into American public opinion on immigration ; the poll revealed that 39 % of people worried about immigration `` a great deal . '' A January poll showed that only 33 % of Americans were satisfied with the current state of immigration in America . As an issue that is very important to Americans , polling reveals change in sentiment over time and diverse opinions regarding how to handle immigration . Before 2012 , majority of Americans supported securing United States borders compared to dealing with illegal immigrants in the United States . In 2013 , that trend has reversed and 55 % of people polled by Gallup revealed that they would choose `` developing a plan to deal with immigrants who are currently in the U.S. illegally . '' Changes regarding border control are consistent across party lines , with Republicans saying that `` securing U.S. borders to halt flow of illegal immigrants '' is extremely important decreasing from 68 % in 2011 to 56 % in 2014 . Meanwhile , Democrats who chose extremely important shifted from 42 % in 2011 to 31 % in 2014 . In July 2013 , 87 % of Americans said they would vote in support of a law that would `` allow immigrants already in the country to become U.S. citizens if they meet certain requirements including paying taxes , having a criminal background check and learning English . '' However , in the same survey , 83 % also said they would support the tightening of U.S. border security . Donald Trump 's campaign for Presidency focused on a rhetoric of reducing illegal immigration and toughening border security . In July 2015 , 48 % of Americans thought that Donald Trump would do a poor job of handling immigration problems . In November 2016 , 55 % of Trump 's voters thought that he would do the right thing in regards to illegal immigration . In general , Trump supporters are not united upon how to handle immigration . In December 2016 , Trump voters were polled and 60 % said that `` undocumented immigrants in the U.S. who meet certain requirements should be allowed to stay legally . '' American opinion regarding how immigrants affect the country and how the government should respond to illegal immigration have changed over time . In 2006 , out of all U.S. adults surveyed , 28 % declared that they believed the growing number of immigrants helped American workers and 55 % believed that it hurt American workers . In 2016 , those views had changed , with 42 % believing that they helped and 45 % believing that they hurt . The PRRI 2015 American Values Atlas showed that between 46 % and 53 % of Americans believed that `` the growing number of newcomers from other countries ... strengthens American society . '' In the same year , 57 % and 66 % of Americans chose that the U.S. should `` allow ( immigrants living in the U.S. illegally ) a way to become citizens provided they meet certain requirements . '' In February 2017 , the American Enterprise Institute released a report on recent surveys about immigration issues . In July 2016 , 63 % of Americans favored the temporary bans of immigrants from areas with high levels of terrorism and 53 % said the U.S. should allow fewer refugees to enter the country . In November 2016 , 55 % of Americans were opposed to building a border wall with Mexico . Since 1994 , Pew Research center has tracked a change from 63 % of Americans saying that immigrants are a burden on the country to 27 % . Religious responses Religious figures in the United States have put forth their views on the topic of immigration as informed by their religious traditions . Catholicism -- In 2018 , Catholic leaders stated that asylum - limiting laws proposed by the Trump administration were immoral . Some bishops considered imposing sanctions ( known as `` canonical penalties '' ) on church members who have participated in enforcing such policies . Judaism -- American Jewish rabbis from various denominations have stated that their understanding of Judaism is that immigrants and refugees should be welcomed , and even assisted . The exception would be if there is significant economic hardship or security issues faced by the host country or community , in which case immigration may be limited , discouraged or even prohibited altogether . Some liberal denominations place greater emphasis on the welcoming of immigrants while Conservative , Orthodox and Independent rabbis also weigh economic and security concerns . Some provide moral arguments for both the right of country to enforce immigration standards as well as for providing some sort of amnesty for illegal migrants . Legal issues Laws concerning immigration and naturalization A U.S. green card , a document confirming permanent resident status for eligible immigrants , including refugees , political asylum seekers , family - sponsored migrants , employment - based workers and diversity immigrants ( DV ) . See also : Illegal immigration to the United States and Guest Worker Program Laws concerning immigration and naturalization include : the Immigration Act of 1990 ( IMMACT ) , which limits the annual number of immigrants to 700,000 . It emphasizes that family reunification is the main immigration criterion , in addition to employment - related immigration . the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act ( AEDPA ) the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act ( IIRIRA ) AEDPA and IIRARA exemplify many categories of criminal activity for which immigrants , including green card holders , can be deported and have imposed mandatory detention for certain types of cases . Asylum for refugees Main article : Asylum in the United States The U.S. offered to resettle 60,000 Bhutanese refugees of ethnic Nepalese descent . In contrast to economic migrants , who generally do not gain legal admission , refugees , as defined by international law , can gain legal status through a process of seeking and receiving asylum , either by being designated a refugee while abroad , or by physically entering the United States and requesting asylum status thereafter . A specified number of legally defined refugees , who either apply for asylum overseas or after arriving in the U.S. , are admitted annually . Refugees compose about one - tenth of the total annual immigration to the United States , though some large refugee populations are very prominent . In the year 2014 , the number of asylum seekers accepted into the U.S. was about 120,000 . This compared with about 31,000 in the UK and 13,500 in Canada . Japan accepted just 41 refugees for resettlement in 2007 . Since 1975 , more than 1.3 million refugees from Asia have been resettled in the United States . Since 2000 the main refugee - sending regions have been Somalia , Liberia , Sudan , and Ethiopia . The ceiling for refugee resettlement for fiscal year 2008 was 80,000 refugees . The United States expected to admit a minimum of 17,000 Iraqi refugees during fiscal year 2009 . The U.S. has resettled more than 42,000 Bhutanese refugees from Nepal since 2008 . In fiscal year 2008 , the Office of Refugee Resettlement ( ORR ) appropriated over $655 million for long - term services provided to refugees after their arrival in the US . The Obama administration has kept to about the same level . A common problem in the current system for asylum seekers is the lack of resources . Asylum offices in the United States receive more applications for asylum than they can process every month and every year . These continuous applications pile onto the backlog . Miscellaneous documented immigration In removal proceedings in front of an immigration judge , cancellation of removal is a form of relief that is available for certain long - time residents of the United States . It allows a person being faced with the threat of removal to obtain permanent residence if that person has been physically present in the U.S. for at least ten years , has had good moral character during that period , has not been convicted of certain crimes , and can show that removal would result in exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to his or her U.S. citizen or permanent resident spouse , children , or parent . This form of relief is only available when a person is served with a Notice to Appear to appear in the proceedings in the court . Members of Congress may submit private bills granting residency to specific named individuals . A special committee vets the requests , which require extensive documentation . The Central Intelligence Agency has the statutory authority to admit up to one hundred people a year outside of normal immigration procedures , and to provide for their settlement and support . The program is called `` PL110 '' , named after the legislation that created the agency , Public Law 110 , the Central Intelligence Agency Act . Illegal immigration Main articles : Illegal immigration to the United States and Illegal immigrant population of the United States The illegal immigrant population of the United States is estimated to be between 11 and 12 million . The population of unauthorized immigrants peaked in 2007 and has declined since that time . The majority of the U.S. unauthorized immigrants are from Mexico , but `` their numbers ( and share of the total ) have been declining '' and as of 2016 Mexicans no longer make up a clear majority of unauthorized immigrants , as they did in the past . Unauthorized immigrants made up about 5 % of the total U.S. civilian labor force in 2014 . By the 2010s , an increasing share of U.S. unauthorized immigrants were long - term residents ; in 2015 , 66 % of adult unauthorized residents had lived in the country for at least ten years , while only 14 % had lived in the U.S. for less than five years . In June 2012 , President Obama issued a memorandum instructing officers of the federal government to defer deporting young undocumented immigrants who were brought to the U.S. as children as part of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals ( DACA ) program . Under the program , eligible recipients who applied and were granted DACA status were granted a two - year deferral from deportation and temporary eligibility to work legally in the country . Among other criteria , in order to be eligible a youth applicant must ( 1 ) be between age 15 and 31 ; ( 2 ) have come to the United States before the age of 16 ; ( 3 ) have lived in the U.S. continuously for at least five years ; ( 4 ) be a current student , or have earned a high school diploma or equivalent , or have received an honorable discharge from the U.S. armed services ; and ( 5 ) must not `` have not been convicted of a felony , significant misdemeanor , or three or more misdemeanors , and do not otherwise pose a threat to public safety or national security . '' The Migration Policy Institution estimated that as of 2016 , about 1.3 million unauthorized young adults ages 15 and older were `` immediately eligible for DACA '' ; of this eligible population , 63 % had applied as of March 2016 . Children of legal migrants wo n't qualify as Dreamers under DACA protection because they entered the country legally . This is highlighted as the biggest contradiction in US immigration policy by many advocates of legal immigrants . In 2014 , President Obama announced a set of executive actions , the Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents . Under this program , `` unauthorized immigrants who are parents of U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents ( LPRs ) would qualify for deferred action for three years if they meet certain other requirements . '' A February 2016 Migration Policy Institute / Urban Institute report found that ( about 3.6 million people were potentially eligible for DAPA and `` more than 10 million people live in households with at least one potentially DAPA - eligible adult , including some 4.3 million children under age 18 - an estimated 85 percent of whom are U.S. citizens . '' The report also found that `` the potentially DAPA eligible are well settled with strong U.S. roots , with 69 percent having lived in the United States ten years or more , and 25 percent at least 20 years . '' Although not without precedent under prior presidents , President Obama 's authority to create DAPA and expand DACA were challenged in the federal courts by Texas and 25 other states . In November 2015 , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit , in a 2 - 1 decision in United States v. Texas , upheld a preliminary injunction blocking the programs from going forward . The case was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court , which in June 2016 deadlocked 4 - 4 , thus affirming the ruling of the Fifth Circuit but setting no nationally binding precedent . Military immigration On November 15 , 2013 , the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services announced that they would be issuing a new policy memorandum called `` parole in place . '' Parole in place would offer green cards to immigrant parents , spouses and children of active military duty personnel . Prior to this law relatives of military personnel -- excluding husbands and wives -- were forced to leave the United States and apply for green cards in their home countries . The law allows for family members to avoid the possible ten - year bar from the United States and remain in the United States while applying for lawful permanent residence . The parole status , given in one year terms , will be subject to the family member being `` absent a criminal conviction or other serious adverse factors . '' Military children born in foreign countries are considered American from birth assuming both parents were American citizens at the time of birth . Children born to American citizens will have to process Conciliary Reports of Birth Abroad . This report of birth abroad is the equivalent of a birth certificate and the child will use the report in place of a Birth Certificate for documentation . However , children born in foreign countries to United States servicemembers before they have gained citizenship will still be forced to apply for their own citizenship or participate in programs similar to those mentioned above . Immigration in popular culture A cartoon in Puck from 1888 attacked businessmen for welcoming large numbers of low paid immigrants , leaving the American men unemployed . The history of immigration to the United States is the history of the country itself , and the journey from beyond the sea is an element found in American folklore , appearing over and over again in everything from The Godfather to Gangs of New York to `` The Song of Myself '' to Neil Diamond 's `` America '' to the animated feature An American Tail . From the 1880s to the 1910s , vaudeville dominated the popular image of immigrants , with very popular caricature portrayals of ethnic groups . The specific features of these caricatures became widely accepted as accurate portrayals . In The Melting Pot ( 1908 ) , playwright Israel Zangwill ( 1864 -- 1926 ) explored issues that dominated Progressive Era debates about immigration policies . Zangwill 's theme of the positive benefits of the American melting pot resonated widely in popular culture and literary and academic circles in the 20th century ; his cultural symbolism -- in which he situated immigration issues -- likewise informed American cultural imagining of immigrants for decades , as exemplified by Hollywood films . The popular culture 's image of ethnic celebrities often includes stereotypes about immigrant groups . For example , Frank Sinatra 's public image as a superstar contained important elements of the American Dream while simultaneously incorporating stereotypes about Italian Americans that were based in nativist and Progressive responses to immigration . The process of assimilation has been a common theme of popular culture . For example , `` lace - curtain Irish '' refers to middle - class Irish Americans desiring assimilation into mainstream society in counterpoint to the older , more raffish `` shanty Irish '' . The occasional malapropisms and left - footed social blunders of these upward mobiles were gleefully lampooned in vaudeville , popular song , and the comic strips of the day such as Bringing Up Father , starring Maggie and Jiggs , which ran in daily newspapers for 87 years ( 1913 to 2000 ) . In The Departed ( 2006 ) , Staff Sergeant Dignam regularly points out the dichotomy between the lace curtain Irish lifestyle Billy Costigan enjoyed with his mother , and the shanty Irish lifestyle of Costigan 's father . In recent years the popular culture has paid special attention to Mexican immigration and the film Spanglish ( 2004 ) tells of a friendship of a Mexican housemaid ( Paz Vega ) and her boss played by Adam Sandler . Immigration in literature Maggie and Jiggs from Bringing Up Father ( January 7 , 1940 ) . Novelists and writers have captured much of the color and challenge in their immigrant lives through their writings . Regarding Irish women in the 19th century , there were numerous novels and short stories by Harvey O'Higgins , Peter McCorry , Bernard O'Reilly and Sarah Orne Jewett that emphasize emancipation from Old World controls , new opportunities and expansiveness of the immigrant experience . On the other hand , Hladnik studies three popular novels of the late 19th century that warned Slovenes not to immigrate to the dangerous new world of the United States . Jewish American writer Anzia Yezierska wrote her novel Bread Givers ( 1925 ) to explore such themes as Russian - Jewish immigration in the early 20th century , the tension between Old and New World Yiddish culture , and women 's experience of immigration . A well established author Yezierska focused on the Jewish struggle to escape the ghetto and enter middle - and upper - class America . In the novel , the heroine , Sara Smolinsky , escape from New York City 's `` down - town ghetto '' by breaking tradition . She quits her job at the family store and soon becomes engaged to a rich real - estate magnate . She graduates college and takes a high - prestige job teaching public school . Finally Sara restores her broken links to family and religion . The Swedish author Vilhelm Moberg in the mid-20th century wrote a series of four novels describing one Swedish family 's migration from Småland to Minnesota in the late 19th century , a destiny shared by almost one million people . The author emphasizes the authenticity of the experiences as depicted ( although he did change names ) . These novels have been translated into English ( The Emigrants , 1951 , Unto a Good Land , 1954 , The Settlers , 1961 , The Last Letter Home , 1961 ) . The musical Kristina från Duvemåla by ex-ABBA members Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson is based on this story . The Immigrant is a musical by Steven Alper , Sarah Knapp , and Mark Harelik . The show is based on the story of Harelik 's grandparents , Matleh and Haskell Harelik , who traveled to Galveston , Texas in 1909 . Documentary films Play media Film about historical immigration to America from ca . 1970 In their documentary How Democracy Works Now : Twelve Stories , filmmakers Shari Robertson and Michael Camerini examine the American political system through the lens of immigration reform from 2001 to 2007 . Since the debut of the first five films , the series has become an important resource for advocates , policy - makers and educators . That film series premiered nearly a decade after the filmmakers ' landmark documentary film Well - Founded Fear which provided a behind - the - scenes look at the process for seeking asylum in the United States . That film still marks the only time that a film - crew was privy to the private proceedings at the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) , where individual asylum officers ponder the often life - or - death fate of immigrants seeking asylum . Legal Perspectives University of North Carolina law professor Hiroshi Motomura has identified three approaches the United States has taken to the legal status of immigrants in his book Americans in Waiting : The Lost Story of Immigration and Citizenship in the United States . The first , dominant in the 19th century , treated immigrants as in transition ; in other words , as prospective citizens . As soon as people declared their intention to become citizens , they received multiple low - cost benefits , including the eligibility for free homesteads in the Homestead Act of 1869 , and in many states , the right to vote . The goal was to make the country more attractive , so large numbers of farmers and skilled craftsmen would settle new lands . By the 1880s , a second approach took over , treating newcomers as `` immigrants by contract '' . An implicit deal existed where immigrants who were literate and could earn their own living were permitted in restricted numbers . Once in the United States , they would have limited legal rights , but were not allowed to vote until they became citizens , and would not be eligible for the New Deal government benefits available in the 1930s . The third and more recent policy is `` immigration by affiliation '' , which Motomura argues is the treatment which depends on how deeply rooted people have become in the country . An immigrant who applies for citizenship as soon as permitted , has a long history of working in the United States , and has significant family ties , is more deeply affiliated and can expect better treatment . Interpretive Perspectives The Statue of Liberty was a common sight to many immigrants who entered the United States through Ellis Island The American Dream is the belief that through hard work and determination , any United States immigrant can achieve a better life , usually in terms of financial prosperity and enhanced personal freedom of choice . According to historians , the rapid economic and industrial expansion of the U.S. is not simply a function of being a resource rich , hard working , and inventive country , but the belief that anybody could get a share of the country 's wealth if he or she was willing to work hard . This dream has been a major factor in attracting immigrants to the United States . See also Demographics of the United States Emigration from the United States European colonization of the Americas History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States How Democracy Works Now : Twelve Stories Illegal immigration to the United States Inequality within immigrant families ( United States ) Nativism ( politics ) , opposition to immigration Opposition to immigration United States immigration statistics Immigrant benefits urban legend , a hoax regarding benefits comparison Footnotes Jump up ^ `` United Nations Population Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs '' . www.un.org . 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Ottaviano , Gianmarco I.P. ; Peri , Giovanni ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` Rethinking the Effect of Immigration on Wages '' . Journal of the European Economic Association . 10 ( 1 ) : 152 -- 97 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1542 - 4774.2011. 01052. x . ISSN 1542 - 4774 . Battisti , Michele ; Felbermayr , Gabriel ; Peri , Giovanni ; Poutvaara , Panu ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Immigration , Search , and Redistribution : A Quantitative Assessment of Native Welfare '' . NBER Working Paper No. 20131 . doi : 10.3386 / w20131 . Card , David ( 2005 ) . `` Is the New Immigration Really So Bad ? '' . Economic Journal . 115 ( 506 ) : F300 -- F323 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0297.2005. 01037. x . Dustmann , Christian ; Glitz , Albrecht ; Frattini , Tommaso ( September 21 , 2008 ) . `` The labour market impact of immigration '' . Oxford Review of Economic Policy . 24 ( 3 ) : 477 -- 94 . doi : 10.1093 / oxrep / grn024 . ISSN 0266 - 903X . 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Anderson , `` Introduction to Vilhelm Moberg 's ' Why I Wrote the Novel about Swedish Emigrants ' '' , Swedish - American Historical Quarterly , July 2008 , Vol. 59 # 3 pp. 137 -- 44 Jump up ^ Roger McKnight , `` Vilhelm Moberg , the Emigrant Novels , and their Changing Readers , '' Swedish - American Historical Quarterly , July 1998 , Vol. 49 Issue 3 , pp. 245 -- 56 Jump up ^ `` A Note From the Bookwriter '' Archived July 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Immigrant Jump up ^ in Current Affairs , Film ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` Immigrationprof Blog : Acclaimed Political Documentary Series ' How Democracy Works Now ' Announces Washington D.C. Screenings '' . Lawprofessors.typepad.com . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hiroshi Motomura . Americans in Waiting : The Lost Story of Immigration and Citizenship in the United States ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Gabor S. Boritt , Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream ( 1994 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Elizabeth Baigent , `` Swedish immigrants in McKeesport , Pennsylvania : Did the Great American Dream come true ? '' Journal of Historical Geography , April 2000 , Vol. 26 Issue 2 , pp. 239 -- 72 Jump up ^ Jim Cullen , The American Dream : A Short History of an Idea that Shaped a Nation. 2004 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517325 - 2 . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` aei.org '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . Further reading Surveys. Anbinder , Tyler . City of Dreams : The 400 - Year Epic History of Immigrant New York ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2016 ) . 766 pp . Archdeacon , Thomas J. Becoming American : An Ethnic History ( 1984 ) Bankston , Carl L. III and Danielle Antoinette Hidalgo , eds . Immigration in U.S. History Salem Press , ( 2006 ) Barkan , Elliott Robert , ed. ( 2001 ) . Making it in America : A Sourcebook on Eminent Ethnic Americans . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781576070987 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) short scholarly biographies With bibliographies ; 448 pp . Bodnar , John . The Transplanted : A History of Immigrants in Urban America Indiana University Press , ( 1985 ) Daniels , Roger . Asian America : Chinese and Japanese in the United States since 1850 University of Washington Press , ( 1988 ) Daniels , Roger . Coming to America 2nd ed. ( 2005 ) Daniels , Roger . Guarding the Golden Door : American Immigration Policy and Immigrants since 1882 ( 2005 ) Diner , Hasia . The Jews of the United States , 1654 to 2000 ( 2004 ) Dinnerstein , Leonard , and David M. Reimers . Ethnic Americans : a history of immigration ( 1999 ) online Gerber , David A. American Immigration : A Very Short Introduction ( 2011 ) . Gjerde , Jon , ed . Major Problems in American Immigration and Ethnic History ( 1998 ) . Glazier , Michael , ed . The Encyclopedia of the Irish in America ( 1999 ) . Jones , Maldwyn A. American immigration ( 1960 ) online Joselit , Jenna Weissman . Immigration and American religion ( 2001 ) online Parker , Kunal M. Making Foreigners : Immigration and Citizenship Law in America , 1600 -- 2000 . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2015 . Sowell , Thomas . Ethnic America : A History ( 1981 ) . Thernstrom , Stephan , ed . Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( 1980 ) . Before 1920 Alexander , June Granatir . Daily Life in Immigrant America , 1870 -- 1920 : How the Second Great Wave of Immigrants Made Their Way in America ( Chicago : Ivan R. Dee , 2007 . xvi , 332 pp . ) Berthoff , Rowland Tappan . British Immigrants in Industrial America , 1790 -- 1950 ( 1953 ) . Briggs , John . An Italian Passage : Immigrants to Three American Cities , 1890 -- 1930 Yale University Press , ( 1978 ) Diner , Hasia . Hungering for America : Italian , Irish , and Jewish Foodways in the Age of Migration ( 2003 ) Dudley , William , ed . Illegal immigration : opposing viewpoints ( 2002 ) online Eltis , David ; Coerced and Free Migration : Global Perspectives ( 2002 ) emphasis on migration to Americas before 1800 Greene , Victor R. A Singing Ambivalence : American Immigrants Between Old World and New , 1830 -- 1930 ( 2004 ) , coving musical traditions Isaac Aaronovich Hourwich . Immigration and Labor : The Economic Aspects of European Immigration to the United States ( 1912 ) ( full text online ) Joseph , Samuel ; Jewish Immigration to the United States from 1881 to 1910 Columbia University Press , ( 1914 ) Kulikoff , Allan ; From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers ( 2000 ) , details on colonial immigration Meagher , Timothy J. The Columbia Guide to Irish American History . ( 2005 ) Miller , Kerby M. Emigrants and Exiles ( 1985 ) , influential scholarly interpretation of Irish immigration Motomura , Hiroshi . Americans in Waiting : The Lost Story of Immigration and Citizenship in the United States ( 2006 ) , legal history Pochmann , Henry A. and Arthur R. Schultz ; German Culture in America , 1600 -- 1900 : Philosophical and Literary Influences ( 1957 ) Waters , Tony . Crime and Immigrant Youth Sage Publications ( 1999 ) , a sociological analysis . U.S. Immigration Commission , Abstracts of Reports , 2 vols. ( 1911 ) ; the full 42 - volume report is summarized ( with additional information ) in Jeremiah W. Jenks and W. Jett Lauck , The Immigrant Problem ( 1912 ; 6th ed. 1926 ) Wittke , Carl . We Who Built America : The Saga of the Immigrant ( 1939 ) , covers all major groups Yans - McLaughlin , Virginia ed . Immigration Reconsidered : History , Sociology , and Politics Oxford University Press . ( 1990 ) Recent : Post 1965 Beasley , Vanessa B. ed . Who Belongs in America ? : Presidents , Rhetoric , And Immigration ( 2006 ) Bogen , Elizabeth . Immigration in New York ( 1987 ) Bommes , Michael and Andrew Geddes . Immigration and Welfare : Challenging the Borders of the Welfare State ( 2000 ) Borjas , George J. ed . Issues in the Economics of Immigration ( National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report ) ( 2000 ) . Borjas , George . Friends or Strangers ( 1990 ) Borjas , George J ( 2002 ) . `` Welfare Reform and Immigrant Participation in Welfare Programs '' . International Migration Review . 36 ( 4 ) : 1093 -- 1123 . Briggs , Vernon M. , Jr . Immigration Policy and the America Labor Force . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1984 . Briggs , Vernon M. , Jr . Mass Immigration and the National Interest ( 1992 ) Cooper , Mark A. Moving to the United States of America and Immigration. 2008 . Egendorf , Laura K. , ed . Illegal immigration : an opposing viewpoints guide ( 2007 ) online Fawcett , James T. , and Benjamin V. Carino . Pacific Bridges : The New Immigration from Asia and the Pacific Islands . New York : Center for Migration Studies , 1987 . Foner , Nancy . In A New Land : A Comparative View Of Immigration ( 2005 ) Garland , Libby . After They Closed the Gate : Jewish Illegal Immigration to the United States , 1921 -- 1965 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2014 . Levinson , David and Melvin Ember , eds . American Immigrant Cultures 2 vol ( 1997 ) . Lowe , Lisa . Immigrant Acts : On Asian American Cultural Politics ( 1996 ) Meier , Matt S. and Gutierrez , Margo , eds . The Mexican American Experience : An Encyclopedia ( 2003 ) ( ISBN 0 - 313 - 31643 - 0 ) Mohl , Raymond A. `` Latinization in the Heart of Dixie : Hispanics in Late - twentieth - century Alabama '' Alabama Review 2002 55 ( 4 ) : 243 -- 74 . ISSN 0002 - 4341 Portes , Alejandro , and Robert L. Bach . Latin Journey : Cuban and Mexican Immigrants in the United States . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , 1985 . Portes , Alejandro , and József Böröcz . `` Contemporary Immigration : Theoretical Perspectives on Its Determinants and Modes of Incorporation . '' International Migration Review 23 ( 1989 ) : 606 -- 30 . Portes , Alejandro , and Rubén Rumbaut . Immigrant America . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , 1990 . Reimers , David . Still the Golden Door : The Third World Comes to America . New York : Columbia University Press , ( 1985 ) . Smith , James P. , and Barry Edmonston , eds . The Immigration Debate : Studies on the Economic , Demographic , and Fiscal Effects of Immigration ( 1998 ) , online version Waters , Tony . Crime and Immigrant Youth Thousand Oaks : Sage 1999 . Zhou , Min and Carl L. Bankston III . Growing Up American : How Vietnamese Children Adapt to Life in the United States Russell Sage Foundation . ( 1998 ) Borjas , George J. Heaven 's Door : Immigration Policy and the American Economy . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1999 . xvii , 263 pp. ISBN 0 - 691 - 05966 - 7 Lamm , Richard D. , and Gary Imhoff . The Immigration Time Bomb : the Fragmenting of America , in series , Truman Talley Books . First ed . New York : E.P. Dutton , 1985 . xiii , 271 pp. ISBN 0 - 525 - 24337 - 2 External links History Immigrant Servants Database Asian - Nation : Early Asian Immigration to the U.S. Irish Catholic Immigration to America Scotch - Irish Immigration to Colonial America Immigration Archives of Historical Documents , Articles , and Immigrants Maurer , Elizabeth . `` New Beginnings : Immigrant Women and the American Experience '' . National Women 's History Museum . 2014 . Immigration policy Immigration policy reports from the Brookings Institution Immigration policy reports from the Urban Institute Permanent Legal Immigration to the United States : Policy Overview Congressional Research Service ( May 2018 ) A Primer on U.S. Immigration Policy Congressional Research Service ( November 2017 ) Current immigration U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Cornell University 's Legal Information Institute : Immigration Yearbook of Immigration Statistics -- United States Department of Homeland Security , Office of Immigration Statistics 2004 , 2005 editions available . `` Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States : January 2005 '' M. Hoefer , N. Rytina , C. Campbell ( 2006 ) `` Population Estimates ( August ) . U.S. Department of Homeland Security , Office of Immigration Statistics . Economic impact Abramitzky , Ran ; Boustan , Leah ( 2017 ) . `` Immigration in American Economic History '' . Journal of Economic Literature. 55 ( 4 ) : 1311 -- 1345 . doi : 10.1257 / jel. 20151189 . Immigration to the United States and related topics Relevant colonial era , United States and international laws Colonial era Nationality law in the American Colonies Plantation Act 1740 18th century Naturalization Act 1790 / 1795 / 1798 19th century Naturalization Law 1802 Civil Rights Act of 1866 14th Amendment ( 1868 ) Naturalization Act 1870 Page Act ( 1875 ) Immigration Act of 1882 Chinese Exclusion ( 1882 ) Scott Act ( 1888 ) Immigration Act of 1891 Geary Act ( 1892 ) 1900 -- 1949 Naturalization Act 1906 Gentlemen 's Agreement ( 1907 ) Immigration Act of 1907 Immigration Act 1917 ( Asian Barred Zone ) Emergency Quota Act ( 1921 ) Cable Act ( 1922 ) Immigration Act 1924 Tydings -- McDuffie Act ( 1934 ) Filipino Repatriation Act ( 1935 ) Nationality Act of 1940 Bracero Program ( 1942 -- 1964 ) Magnuson Act ( 1943 ) War Brides Act ( 1945 ) Luce -- Celler Act ( 1946 ) 1950 -- 1999 UN Refugee Convention ( 1951 ) Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 / 1965 Refugee Act ( 1980 ) Immigration Reform and Control Act ( 1986 ) American Homecoming Act ( 1989 ) Immigration Act 1990 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act ( IIRIRA ) ( 1996 ) Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act ( NACARA ) ( 1997 ) American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act ( ACWIA ) ( 1998 ) 21st century American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act ( AC21 ) ( 2000 ) Legal Immigration Family Equity Act ( LIFE Act ) ( 2000 ) H - 1B Visa Reform Act ( 2004 ) REAL ID Act ( 2005 ) Secure Fence Act ( 2006 ) DACA ( 2012 ) Executive Order 13769 ( 2017 ) Executive Order 13780 ( 2017 ) Visas and policies Visa policy Permanent residence Visa Waiver Program Temporary protected status Asylum Green Card Lottery Central American Minors US - VISIT Security Advisory Opinion E-Verify Section 287 ( g ) National Origins Formula Trump administration family separation policy Government organizations Department of Homeland Security Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Border Patrol U.S. Customs and Border Protection Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) Board of Immigration Appeals Office of Refugee Resettlement Supreme Court cases United States v. 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which country in latin america sends the largest number of legal immigrants to the united states
[ "\n\n\nCountry\n\n2015\n\n2016\n\n\n1. Mexico\n\n158,619\n\n174,534\n\n\n2. China\n\n74,558\n\n81,772\n\n\n3. Cuba\n\n54,396\n\n66,516\n\n\n4. India\n\n64,116\n\n64,687\n\n\n5. Dominican Rep.\n\n50,610\n\n61,161\n\n\n6. Philippines\n\n56,478\n\n53,287\n\n\n7. Vietnam\n\n30,832\n\n41,451\n\n\n8. Haiti\n\n16,967\n\n23,584\n\n\n9. El Salvador\n\n19,487\n\n23,449\n\n\n10. Jamaica\n\n17,642\n\n23,350\n\n\nTotal\n\n1,051,031\n\n1,183,505\n" ]
[ "Mexico" ]
-7746412316094080282
List of Modern Family characters
List of Modern family characters - wikipedia List of Modern family characters Jump to : navigation , search Modern Family , an American TV comedy series , revolves around three families that are interrelated through Jay Pritchett , his son Mitchell Pritchett , and his daughter Claire Dunphy . The families meet for family functions , around the neighborhood , and cross-family bonding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 The Dunphy family 2.1 Phil Dunphy 2.1. 1 Critical reception 2.1. 2 Accolades 2.1. 3 Other appearances 2.2 Claire Dunphy 2.2. 1 Critical reception 2.2. 2 Accolades 2.3 Haley Dunphy 2.3. 1 Accolades 2.4 Alex Dunphy 2.5 Luke Dunphy 3 The Pritchett - Delgado family 3.1 Jay Pritchett 3.1. 1 Accolades 3.2 Gloria Pritchett 3.2. 1 Accolades 3.3 Manny Delgado 3.4 Joe Pritchett 3.5 Stella 4 The Tucker - Pritchett family 4.1 Mitchell Pritchett ( Mitch ) 4.1. 1 Critical reception 4.1. 2 Accolades 4.2 Cameron Tucker ( Cam ) 4.2. 1 Critical reception 4.2. 2 Accolades 4.3 Lily Tucker - Pritchett 4.4 Larry 5 Other family members 5.1 DeDe Williams 5.2 Frank Dunphy 5.3 Javier Delgado 5.4 Barb Tucker 5.5 Donnie Pritchett 5.6 Merle Tucker 5.7 Pilar 5.8 Sonia 5.9 Pam Tucker 6 Other characters 6.1 Introduced in season 1 6.1. 1 Dylan Marshall 6.1. 2 Sal 6.2 Introduced in season 2 6.2. 1 Pepper Saltzman 6.2. 2 Bethenny 6.2. 3 Longines 6.2. 4 Crispin 6.2. 5 Walt Kleezak 6.3 Introduced in season 3 6.3. 1 Ethan 6.4 Introduced in season 4 6.4. 1 Gil Thorpe 6.5 Introduced in season 5 6.5. 1 Andy Bailey 6.5. 2 Rhonda 6.6 Introduced in season 6 6.6. 1 Earl Chambers 6.6. 2 Ronnie LaFontaine 6.6. 3 Amber LaFontaine 6.6. 4 Ronnie LaFontaine Jr . 6.6. 5 Tammy LaFontaine 6.6. 6 Beth 6.6. 7 Sanjay Patel 7 Special guest stars 7.1 Season 1 7.2 Season 2 7.3 Season 3 7.4 Season 4 7.5 Season 5 7.6 Season 6 7.7 Season 7 7.8 Season 8 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Cast ( edit ) Actor Character Season 5 6 7 8 Ed O'Neill Jay Pritchett Main Sofía Vergara Gloria Pritchett Main Julie Bowen Claire Dunphy Main Ty Burrell Phil Dunphy Main Jesse Tyler Ferguson Mitchell Pritchett Main Eric Stonestreet Cameron Tucker Main Sarah Hyland Haley Dunphy Main Ariel Winter Alex Dunphy Main Nolan Gould Luke Dunphy Main Rico Rodriguez Manny Delgado Main Aubrey Anderson - Emmons Lily Tucker - Pritchett Recurring Main Jeremy Maguire Joe Pritchett Recurring Main The Dunphy family ( edit ) Phil Dunphy ( edit ) Phil Dunphy First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Ty Burrell Information Gender Male Occupation Real Estate Agent Family Frank Dunphy ( father ) Grace Dunphy ( mother ; deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Claire Dunphy ( 1993 -- present ) Children Haley Dunphy ( daughter ) Alex Dunphy ( daughter ) Luke Dunphy ( son ) Relatives Jay Pritchett ( father - in - law ) DeDe Pritchett ( mother - in - law ) Mitchell Pritchett ( brother - in - law ) Gloria Pritchett ( stepmother - in - law ) Manny Delgado ( stepbrother - in - law ) Joe Pritchett ( half - brother - in - law ) Cameron Tucker ( brother - in - law ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive niece by marriage ) Philip Harold `` Phil '' Dunphy ( Ty Burrell ) is Claire 's husband of 20 years who sees himself as the `` cool dad . '' He dotes on his wife Claire and constantly tries to find ways to bond with his three kids . He is seen as very competitive , one example being his nature of always beating his son at basketball . He has a very juvenile attitude , and is referred to by Claire as the `` kid ( she 's ) married to . '' He uses a parenting method that he calls `` peerenting '' , which is a combination of talking like a peer but acting like a parent . Phil is a real estate agent who is very confident in his work , once saying `` I could sell a fur coat to an Eskimo . '' Phil has a severe case of coulrophobia , which is first revealed when despite Mitchell 's objection , Cameron comes to Luke 's party dressed as a clown . This may stem from Phil 's having found a dead clown in the woods when he was a child . Phil appears to love home repair yet never seems to get around to any of the jobs requested by Claire . Throughout season 1 , his ongoing project is fixing the step . He at times shows a sort of crush - like affection for Gloria . He says , however , he `` would never stray from Claire , '' although Gloria did kiss him during a `` kisscam '' segment at a basketball game in the final episode of season 1 , `` Family Portrait '' . He is also staring at her when she does something that makes Phil think she is sexy . In college , he was a cheerleader at Fresno State and his birthday is on April 3 . Phil seems oblivious as to what he says by miscalculating ( if at all ) the consequences of his expressions , such as `` Phil Dunphy is no straight guy '' ( when he is referring to not being a straight man ) or `` If you ai n't white , you ai n't right '' ( referring to the color of a team that he was playing on ) . He is often looking for approval from Jay because Jay generally does not openly show approval of anyone , often causing Phil to fear for his approval in Jay 's eyes . Phil is always reminding Jay of when he fixed his wireless printer , trying to show Jay that he can be manly . In the season 3 episode `` Dude Ranch '' , Phil shows considerable skill both on horseback and with a shotgun . In moments of acute adversity or shock in which most people would curse or swear , Phil utters humorous exclamations : references to food such as , `` Sweet Potato Fries ! '' or `` Chicken in a basket ! '' , etc. or he might make a historical reference such as `` John Philip Sousa ! '' . It is revealed in `` Tableau Vivant '' that Phil had once tried to break up with Claire but did n't have the courage to do so . A running gag in the show has Phil is running up the stairs ( often when carrying an object ) and tripping on a loose step , which causes him to quickly and hastily say : `` Gotta fix that step ! '' Critical reception ( edit ) Ty Burrell had received many positive reviews for his performance . Hank Stuever from the Washington Post wrote , `` A standout performance from Ty Burrell 's new twist on the doofus - dad stereotype . '' Paige Wiser , a reporter for the Chicago Sun Times , wrote , `` Ty Burrell is a genius as a dad who stays hip by keeping up with the numbers from High School Musical . '' Robert Canning of IGN in a review of the season loved Ty Burrell 's performance of Phil Dunphy and named him one of two characters that stood out to him saying `` actor Ty Burrell owned this part , and his well - intended faux pas throughout the season were stellar . '' Accolades ( edit ) In 2010 , Ty Burrell received a nomination for the Television Critics Association Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy , winning in 2011 . In 2011 and 2014 , Burrell won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series , also receiving nominations in 2010 , 2012 , and 2013 . In 2012 , Burrell won the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series . In 2014 , Burrell won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series , receiving nominations in 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 and 2016 . In 2010 and 2011 , Burrell was nominated for the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries , or Television Film . Other appearances ( edit ) On May 4 , 2016 , Phil appeared in the first commercials for the National Association of Realtors telling about his `` Phil 's - osophies '' . Arnold Worldwide executive creative director Sean McBride said Phil was written as a Realtor on his show and `` embodies many of the attributes that are important in a Realtor : He 's honest , he 's helpful , he 's sincere . '' Claire Dunphy ( edit ) Claire Dunphy First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Julie Bowen Information Gender Female Occupation President of Prichett Closets and Blinds . Family Jay Pritchett ( father ) DeDe Pritchett ( mother ) Mitchell Pritchett ( brother ) Gloria Pritchett ( stepmother ) Manny Delgado ( stepbrother ) Joe Pritchett ( half - brother ) Spouse ( s ) Phil Dunphy ( 1993 -- present ) Children Haley Dunphy ( daughter ) Alex Dunphy ( daughter ) Luke Dunphy ( son ) Relatives Mr. Pritchett ( paternal grandfather ; deceased ) Mrs. Pritchett ( paternal grandmother ; deceased ) Lucas Williams ( maternal grandfather ; deceased ) Mrs. Williams ( maternal grandmother ; deceased ) Donnie Pritchett ( paternal uncle ) Becky Pritchett ( paternal aunt ) BeBe Williams ( maternal aunt ) CeCe Williams ( maternal aunt ) Frank Dunphy ( father - in - law ) Grace Dunphy ( mother - in - law ; deceased ) Cameron Tucker ( brother - in - law ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive niece ) Michael Pritchett ( first cousin ) Melanie Pritchett ( first cousin , once removed ) Claire Melinda Dunphy ( Julie Bowen ) , née Pritchett , is the wife of Phil Dunphy , the daughter of Jay , Mitchell 's older sister , Gloria 's step - daughter , Manny 's step - sister , Joe 's half - sister and the helicopter soccer mom of the Dunphy family and its three very different kids . She was once a wild child who made a lot of mistakes over the years , and she is fearful that her children could make the same mistakes , especially her oldest daughter , Haley . She is often exhausted from stress created by her family but is still a loving mother . When it comes to her kids she has difficulty controlling Haley 's independence and irresponsibility , Alex 's manipulative nature , and Luke 's lack of common sense . She also gets annoyed with her husband , Phil , constantly . Claire is very competitive especially in her obsession of being right , much like her husband , and has a brittle personality that causes her to get angry , paranoid , and freak out easily . She is very strict about a clean house . She is seen as an experienced parent by Cameron and Mitchell , so she is called upon for her parenting advice . She enjoys running and reading . She is also very attached to Halloween and describes it as her `` crazy lady holiday '' . In the episode `` Open House of Horrors '' it is revealed that the neighbors are frightened of Claire 's very graphic and realistic decorations around the house . Claire is also the most active family member when organizing family get - togethers . When a former co-worker ( Minnie Driver ) visits , it is revealed that Claire had a successful job in hospitality management but left her job and married Phil a few months after she became pregnant with Haley . She shows resentment towards the abandonment of her working career due to seeing the success of one of her former peers , but later realizes her family is more important . Claire is a perfectionist ; according to Phil , `` when everybody else sees something beautiful , all she sees is the teeny - tiny flaw . '' She is also terrible at giving gifts . As her husband Phil once bought her a bracelet for their anniversary , she made him coupons for five free hugs . Her step - brother is Manny Delgado . Claire received another sibling through Jay 's second wife Gloria -- Fulgencio `` Joe '' . She often despises the attention that Gloria gets for her voluptuous figure , and was thrilled to learn that Gloria was pregnant because of all the weight that Gloria would be gaining . Critical reception ( edit ) Julie Bowen 's performance was praised by Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly who said , `` Bowen 's Claire could have been a blank blonde cipher . Far from it : Bowen 's wide array of silent gazes at the camera , her slow - burns at her clan 's bad behavior , and her ability to freak out without seeming nutso crazy makes her an essential , stand - out part of TV 's best freshman ensemble cast . '' Accolades ( edit ) In 2011 and 2012 , Julie Bowen won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series , receiving nominations in 2010 and 2013 . In 2012 , Bowen won the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series . She has also been nominated twice for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series in 2012 and 2014 . In 2009 , Bowen was nominated for the Satellite Award for Best Actress in a Television Series -- Musical or Comedy , and then for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries , or Television Film in 2010 . Haley Dunphy ( edit ) Haley Dunphy First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Sarah Hyland Information Gender Female Occupation Fashion Designer at Gavin Sinclair Family Phil Dunphy ( father ) Claire Dunphy ( mother ) Alex Dunphy ( sister ) Luke Dunphy ( brother ) Significant other ( s ) Dylan Marshall ( Ex-boyfriend ) Andy Bailey ( Ex-Boyfriend ) Rainer Shine ( Brief Fiance ) Relatives Frank Dunphy ( paternal grandfather ) Grace Dunphy ( paternal grandmother ; deceased ) Jay Pritchett ( maternal grandfather ) DeDe Pritchett ( maternal grandmother ) MItchell Pritchett ( maternal uncle ) Cameron Tucker ( maternal uncle by marriage ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive maternal cousin ) Gloria Pritchett ( maternal step - grandmother ) Joe Pritchett ( maternal half - uncle ) Michael Pritchett ( first cousin , once removed ) Melanie Pritchett ( second cousin ) Haley Gwendolyn Dunphy ( Sarah Hyland ) is the eldest daughter of Claire and Phil , who is portrayed as the stereotypical teenager . Haley was born on December 10 , 1993 . At the start of the series Haley is a high school sophomore , ( we discover in episode 1.14 that Claire was four months pregnant with Haley when she married Phil ) . Haley is depicted as being a bit of a flirt , who focuses more on social status than studies . She is a little naive , especially when it comes to arguing with her parents . However , she is at times surprisingly cunning , such as when she carves a cell phone out of soap to win a contest to see who can go the longest without using technology . Haley is embarrassed by her dad , especially when he tries to be friends with her boyfriend Dylan ( to whom she lost her virginity , as revealed in season 3 ) . She is concerned about her popularity at school , as well as her social and sexual life , which contributes to her being embarrassed by her parents . Haley contemplated moving in with Dylan before learning that she got into college in the final episode of the third season . After a run - in with the law on campus in Season 4 , she is expelled from college and moves back into the Dunphy home . She begins a fashion blog and goes to community college to study business and photography , eventually showing her photos in an exhibit at which she sells them . In season 6 , she gets a job working for fashion designer Gavin Sinclair as his assistant , doing some of her own design work . Throughout season 6 , Haley develops feelings for Andy ( Jay and Gloria 's hired nanny ) and they begin hanging out often . In the episode `` White Christmas '' Andy and Haley begin a relationship . At the end of season 7 , Andy is offered a job in his hometown in Utah and initially turns it down , but Haley encourages him to pursue it , insisting that they will figure out a way to be together . As they say goodbye at the airport , she admits that Andy is the first man she has ever really loved . As of `` Weathering Heights '' , she is dating weatherman Rainer Shine . Although they broke up later in the season after he proposed and they both realized they were n't ready . Accolades ( edit ) In 2013 , Sarah Hyland was nominated for the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series . Alex Dunphy ( edit ) Alex Dunphy First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Ariel Winter Information Gender Female Occupation Student Family Phil Dunphy ( father ) Claire Dunphy ( mother ) Haley Dunphy ( sister ) Luke Dunphy ( brother ) Significant other ( s ) Sanjay Patel ( ex-boyfriend ) Ben ( boyfriend ) Relatives Frank Dunphy ( paternal grandfather ) Grace Dunphy ( paternal grandmother ; deceased ) Jay Pritchett ( maternal grandfather ) DeDe Pritchett ( maternal grandmother ) MItchell Pritchett ( maternal uncle ) Cameron Tucker ( maternal uncle by marriage ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive maternal cousin ) Gloria Pritchett ( maternal step - grandmother ) Joe Pritchett ( maternal half - uncle ) Michael Pritchett ( first cousin , once removed ) Melanie Pritchett ( second cousin ) Alexandra Anastasia `` Alex '' Dunphy ( Ariel Winter ) begins as the 13 - year - old daughter of Claire and Phil and turns 17 in season five . Characteristically nerdy but still cute nonetheless , Alex is the most intelligent of the three siblings and a polar opposite of Haley . She is very bright and cares much more about her studies than friends / social life and boys . As the middle child to a shallow big sister and a goofy younger brother , she enjoys messing with them . Often taking advantage of their naïveté by fooling them into believing unrealistic things , she at one time convinced Haley and Luke that they could charge electronics by rubbing the battery on their heads ( Haley ) and putting it in their mouths ( Luke ) . She also convinced Luke that he was actually Phil 's old girlfriend son and that Jay was dying . Alex , as a stereotypical precocious kid , displays a sense of superiority because of her intelligence constantly putting her accomplishments on display and demanding recognition for them . An overachiever , she plays the cello and practices lacrosse ; she chose to play the cello because she would have a better chance at being in a university orchestra than if she played the violin as cellos are more in demand . While she has sometimes felt isolated from her peers ( once sadly telling her parents `` I have no friends '' ) , she has a group of nerdy `` fans '' at school who idolize her . Haley sincerely tells her at one point she is smart and attractive in a successful effort to get Alex to give a light - hearted graduation speech instead of a harsh one ( it worked well enough that Alex was invited to a post-ceremony party by her classmates ) . At the beginning of Season 3 , she was in a long - distance relationship with a boy she met in Wyoming . Later in the season she went to her prom with a classmate who everyone but himself knows is gay . It was established in the episode `` Tableau Vivant '' that Alex is a light sleeper , as she was surprisingly energetic when staying awake nearly a whole night thinking about her upcoming art project . It was revealed in the episode `` Heart Broken '' that Alex faints every time she sees blood . In the second episode of season 5 onwards she started wearing new glasses . In season 6 , Alex is currently seeking for the best college to enroll in and have a thought about getting away from her family for a while . While Alex was not accepted into Harvard , she was accepted into Caltech , where she has been attending since the start of season 7 . She had to leave for a bit due to getting Mono . She was seen to be dating Sanjay Patel until he broke up with her in `` The Closet Case '' . Luke Dunphy ( edit ) Luke Dunphy First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Nolan Gould Information Gender Male Occupation Student Family Phil Dunphy ( father ) Claire Dunphy ( mother ) Haley Dunphy ( sister ) Alex Dunphy ( sister ) Relatives Frank Dunphy ( paternal grandfather ) Grace Dunphy ( paternal grandmother ; deceased ) Jay Pritchett ( maternal grandfather ) DeDe Pritchett ( maternal grandmother ) MItchell Pritchett ( maternal uncle ) Cameron Tucker ( maternal uncle by marriage ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive maternal cousin ) Gloria Pritchett ( maternal step - grandmother ) Joe Pritchett ( maternal half - uncle ) Michael Pritchett ( first cousin , once removed ) Melanie Pritchett ( second cousin ) Lucas Philip `` Luke '' Dunphy ( Nolan Gould ) is Claire and Phil 's rambunctious son , who is often doing his own thing . He was named after his great - grandfather , Lucas ( DeDe 's father ) . At times , he can be a troublemaker , once shooting his sister with a toy gun and getting into a fight with Manny at school . Luke is playful , very innocent and does not always understand the repercussions of his actions , like most children ; he once announced at a family gathering that his mom thought her dad 's new wife was a `` gold digger '' , although he had misheard it as `` coal digger '' . Luke is also thought to be a bit vacuous because of many questionable actions , such as getting his head stuck in the banister and jumping on the trampoline wearing only underwear and a box on his head . Both parents agree that they `` dropped the ball '' in regard to raising Luke ; Phil once tells Claire that he considers Luke to be their dumbest child ( although he conceded to Claire 's assertion that Haley was , in fact , dumber than Luke ) . A psychologist who evaluated him said his type of behavior was normal for someone with above - average intelligence ; afterwards , Phil and Claire accidentally left a wandering Luke behind when they left the psychologist 's office , but they ended up being impressed by how calmly he made his way back home ( in a limo ) and decided he would do just fine in life . Subsequent events have borne this out , as he only got into one college he applied to ( and did so because Phil gave up some magic secrets to his former rival - turned - Dean of Admissions ) but has become a well - paid social fixture at Jay 's country club and shows he can use his connections to help his family . He is frequently seen playing a Nintendo 3DS . Throughout the series , he is often seen playing with Manny . Often , they do not just play , but develop plans , plots , and ploys . Being that Luke 's birthday is November 28 , it usually coincides with Thanksgiving . The Pritchett - Delgado family ( edit ) Jay Pritchett ( edit ) Jay Pritchett First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Ed O'Neill Information Gender Male Occupation Retired Business Owner Family Mr. Pritchett ( father ) Mrs. Pritchett ( mother ) Donnie Pritchett ( brother ) Becky Pritchett ( sister ) Spouse ( s ) DeDe Pritchett ( 1968 -- 2003 ) Gloria Pritchett ( 2009 -- present ) Children Claire Dunphy ( daughter ) Mitchell Pritchett ( son ) Manny Delgado ( stepson ) Joe Pritchett ( son ) Relatives Joe ( uncle ) Irene Pritchett ( sister - in - law ) Michael Pritchett ( nephew ) Melanie Pritchett ( great - niece ) Lucas Williams ( ex-father - in - law ; deceased ) Mrs. Williams ( ex-mother - in - law ; deceased ) BeBe Williams ( ex-sister - in - law ) CeCe Williams ( ex-sister - in - law ) Fulgencio Ramirez ( father - in - law ; deceased ) Pilar Ramirez ( mother - in - law ) Sonia Ramirez ( sister - in - law ) 2 unnamed brothers - in - law Phil Dunphy ( son - in - law ) Cameron Tucker ( son - in - law ) Haley Dunphy ( granddaughter ) Alex Dunphy ( granddaughter ) Luke Dunphy ( grandson ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive granddaughter ) Jay Francis Pritchett ( Ed O'Neill ) is the father of Claire , Mitchell , and Joe ; husband of Gloria ; maternal grandfather of Luke , Alex , and Haley ; adoptive grandfather of Lily ; father - in - law of Phil and Cam ; and stepfather of Manny . He is the owner of a closet company and is presumably the wealthiest family member as well occasionally the chieftain of the family in many situations . Jay has a dry and sarcastic sense of humor . Like his son and daughter , Jay is generally more realistic , mild - mannered , and sensible than his partner , Gloria , who is unashamed of the fact Jay is many years her senior . A recurring plot involves Jay 's relationship with his son Mitchell , which became more complicated due to Jay 's reaction to Mitchell 's sexual orientation . Humor and plot points are also derived from Jay 's relationship with his son - in - law Phil ; Jay often mistreats and antagonizes him despite Phil 's constant attempts to gain Jay 's approval . Nevertheless , Jay thinks very highly of Phil , despite their differences , and said so in Season 3 Jay has several masculine character attributes including fondness for sports and model airplanes . Jay is shown also to occasionally be compassionate , showing affection for members of the extended family particularly to Manny , his stepson ; their relationship seems to become more positive as the series progresses , eventually becoming a typical father - son relationship . In the finale of the third season it is revealed that Gloria is pregnant , but Jay does not know yet . In the first episode of the fourth season , Gloria tells Jay and he tells her that it 's the greatest news he has heard . The baby was male , which relieved Jay because it says in the episode `` Snip '' that he was afraid of having a girl . Jay is a dog - lover . He sometimes goes overboard in treating his dog Stella as his favorite member of the family much to Gloria 's chagrin , and Jay was extremely happy when he realized that Joe was not allergic to Stella , but to Gloria 's face cream , in the episode `` Rash Decisions '' . Jay is farsighted ( hyperopia ) . Jay evidently served in the U.S. Navy during the Vietnam War . His birthday is April 1 , as shown in the episode `` Grill , Interrupted '' . Accolades ( edit ) Ed O'Neill has been consecutively nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 . In 2011 , he was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series and Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series . Gloria Pritchett ( edit ) Gloria Pritchett First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Sofía Vergara Information Gender Female Occupation Hairdresser ( formerly ) Taxi driver ( formerly ) Housewife Family Fulgencio Ramírez ( father ; deceased ) Pilar Ramírez ( mother ) Sonia Ramírez ( sister ) 2 unnamed brothers Spouse ( s ) Javier Delgado ( 1995 -- 2006 ) Jay Pritchett ( 2009 -- present ) Children Manny Delgado ( son ) Claire Dunphy ( stepdaughter ) Mitchell Pritchett ( stepson ) Joe Pritchett ( son ) Relatives Ana - Maria Rosa de la Emaculada Jiménez Morales ( grandmother ) Carlos ( uncle ) Aurelio ( cousin ) Armando ( cousin ) Phil Dunphy ( stepson - in - law ) Cameron Tucker ( stepson - in - law ) Haley Dunphy ( step - granddaughter ) Alex Dunphy ( step - granddaughter ) Luke Dunphy ( step - grandson ) Lily Tucker Pritchett ( adoptive step - granddaughter ) Mr. Pritchett ( father - in - law ; deceased ) Mrs. Pritchett ( mother - in - law ; deceased ) Donnie Pritchett ( brother - in - law ) Becky Pritchett ( sister - in - law ) Michael Pritchett ( nephew by marriage ) Melanie Pritchett ( great - niece by marriage ) Religion Roman Catholic Nationality Colombian Gloria Maria Ramírez - Pritchett ( Sofía Vergara ) , formerly Delgado and née Ramírez , is Jay 's second wife and mother to Manny and Joe . She is from Barranquilla , a city in Colombia ( as is Sofía Vergara herself ) . She is a very loving wife and mother . At first , the family ( specifically Claire ) does not accept her because of her age difference to Jay . In the episode Coal Digger , Luke calls her a coal digger which is mocking when Claire called her a gold digger . The most frequent running gag involving the character is her mispronunciation of common English words and phrases , and Vergara confirmed that many of these mispronunciations are improvised . Gloria often supports Manny when Jay tries to tell him to be less sensitive or hide his cultural background . However , she does occasionally display some odd parenting techniques . For example , when Manny was first born , she had wanted a daughter , and therefore for the first year of his life dressed him like one and told all her friends he was a girl . She later told Manny ( after he found the pictures of himself like this ) that the child in question was his `` twin sister who died at the age of one . '' In the sixth episode of Season One , she chastizes Jay for forcing Manny to remove his poncho for school . When they get to the school to return the poncho and realize that Manny has a plan to play folk music to his classmates with his pan flute ( which was inside the poncho ) , Gloria tells Jay to break the flute , saying in her interview that `` the poncho by itself is fine . The poncho , plus the flute , plus the stupid dance ? My son will die a virgin . '' Gloria is a horrible driver , though she is oblivious to this . She often does things like put her breasts on Phil 's face by accident . She is also very comfortable with death ( on one occasion killing and beheading a rat with a shovel right before she left for church and leaving the head `` as a warning to the other rats '' ) , on account of a couple of her relatives being butchers . She is an excellent markswoman , often just using one hand and never misses a shot , even saying to Manny that she could 've unbuttoned his shirt if she wanted to with her gun ( formerly Manny 's BB gun ) . She has a very high tolerance for spicy food , and has perhaps the strongest religious views of any member of the family . She loves her family and spends a lot of time with Lily because of her fixation in having a daughter . Mitchell and Cameron asked her and Jay to become guardians of Lily if anything were to happen to them . Gloria has something of a shady past . Doubts have also been raised as to her income : her only mentioned employment was as a hairdresser ( and later as a taxi driver ) , and Claire , Jay 's daughter , originally labeled Gloria as a `` gold - digger '' for marrying her wealthy father . It seems likely that Jay is her major source of income . However , in the Season 5 episode `` A Hard Jay 's Night '' , the hairshop where she used to work is shown , and it is clarified that Jay is indeed her current major source of income . In the final episode of Season 3 , it was revealed that she is pregnant . Her newest son Fulgencio a.k.a. Joe was born in the Season 4 episode `` Party Crasher '' . In the episode `` Fifteen Percent '' she reveals that she comes from a neighborhood of prostitutes after she said her neighborhood had a saying that `` Love is just around the corner '' . The Hispanic American character of Gloria was based on the character of Angela in the 1991 Jim Jarmusch film Night on Earth , played by American actress Rosie Perez . In season 6 Gloria officially became an American citizen . Accolades ( edit ) Sofía Vergara has been nominated four times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries , or Television Film . In 2011 , Vergara was nominated for the Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries , or Television Film and Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series . She was also nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series in 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 . Manny Delgado ( edit ) Manny Delgado First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Rico Rodriguez Information Gender Male Occupation Student Family Javier Delgado ( father ) Gloria Pritchett ( mother ) Jay Pritchett ( stepfather ) Claire Dunphy ( stepsister ) Mitchell Pritchett ( stepbrother ) Joe Pritchett ( half - brother ) Relatives Fulgencio Ramirez ( maternal grandfather ; deceased ) Pilar Ramirez ( maternal grandmother ) Sonia Ramirez ( maternal aunt ) 2 unnamed maternal uncles Phil Dunphy ( stepbrother - in - law ) Cameron Tucker ( stepbrother - in - law ) Haley Dunphy ( step - niece ) Alex Dunphy ( step - niece ) Luke Dunphy ( step - nephew ) Lily Tucker Pritchett ( adoptive step - niece ) Mr. Pritchett ( step - grandfather ) Mrs. Pritchett ( step - grandmother ) Donnie Pritchett ( step - uncle ) Becky Pritchett ( step - aunt ) BeBe Pritchett ( step - aunt ) CeCe Pritchett ( step - aunt ) Nationality Colombian - American Manuel Alberto `` Manny '' Delgado ( Rico Rodriguez ) , Gloria 's son from her first marriage to Javier , is very outgoing and not the least bit self - conscious , although he has become somewhat self - conscious in Season 5 . He is very intelligent , probably second after Alex , but much in a street smart way . He is also mature and intuitive for his age and is often shown doing adult - like things , such as having conversations with Claire about her marriage and kids , and drinking coffee . He even engaged in stock market business and briefly considered following in his biological father 's footsteps by becoming a professional gambler . Manny has inherited his mother 's passion for life ( although he is terrified of butterflies ) , though Gloria has also said , `` Manny is passionate , just like his father . '' This causes Manny to be very romantic . Manny is not afraid to take chances , leading him to ask out older girls , and develops a crush on his step - niece Haley , to whom he gave flowers on `` Pilot '' an even kissed in `` Three Turkeys '' . He idolizes his absentee father , often speaking about him in a positive light , even after being repeatedly disappointed by his father 's broken promises . He plays for a football team , fences , and is a skilled chess player . He is often seen wearing or intending to wear his `` burgundy dinner jacket . '' Manny was in the fifth grade in Season 1 and is in the ninth grade in Season 5 . Manny and his step - nephew Luke are good friends who each admire the strengths of the other although they spend a lot of scheming against / fighting with each other as well . Joe Pritchett ( edit ) Joe Pritchett First appearance `` Party Crasher '' 4x12 , January 16 , 2013 Portrayed by Rebecca and Sierra Mark ( uncredited ) ( season 4 ) Pierce Wallace ( season 5 - 6 ) Jeremy Maguire ( season 7 - ) Information Gender Male Family Jay Pritchett ( father ) Gloria Pritchett ( mother ) Claire Dunphy ( half - sister ) Mitchell Pritchett ( half - brother ) Manny Delgado ( half - brother ) Relatives Mr. Pritchett ( paternal grandfather ) Mrs. Pritchett ( paternal grandmother ) Fulgencio Ramirez ( maternal grandfather ; deceased ) Pilar Ramirez ( maternal grandmother ) Donnie Pritchett ( paternal uncle ) Becky Pritchett ( paternal aunt ) Sonia Ramirez ( maternal aunt ) 2 unnamed maternal uncles Phil Dunphy ( half - brother - in - law ) Cameron Tucker ( half - brother - in - law ) Haley Dunphy ( half - niece ) Alex Dunphy ( half - niece ) Luke Dunphy ( half - nephew ) Lily Tucker Pritchett ( adoptive half - niece ) Michael Pritchett ( first cousin ) Melanie Pritchett ( first cousin , once removed ) Fulgencio Joseph `` Joe '' Pritchett is Gloria and Jay 's son . Gloria announced she was pregnant with him in the final episode of season 3 , his existence was revealed to the rest of the cast in the first episode of season 4 , and he was born in `` Party Crasher '' . Joe 's christening took place in `` Fulgencio '' . In the Season 5 episode `` Spring - a-Ding - Fling '' , he begins walking . In episode `` Larry 's Wife '' Gloria calls over the priest believing that there is evil in Joe . The priest does a blessing on Joe but leaves when Joe pick - pocketed the priest 's wallet . Gloria returns the wallet and apologizes . Later in the Season 5 episode `` And One to Grow On '' , it is Joe 's birthday and Jay wants to reuse birthday decorations from Manny 's birthday party the day before but Gloria refuses . In episode `` Queer Eyes , Full Hearts '' , Manny 's Spanish teacher teaches Joe to swim . Stella ( edit ) Stella Pritchett First appearance `` Good Cop Bad Dog '' 2x22 , May 11 , 2011 Portrayed by Brigitte Information Species Canis lupus familiaris ( French Bulldog ) Gender Female Occupation Pritchett family 's pet Stella ( Brigitte ) is the French bulldog of the Pritchett family , introduced in the second season . She was the dog of a man named Guillermo ( Lin - Manuel Miranda ) , an inventor , but when Jay convinced him to abandon his idea and return to school , Guillermo gave Stella to the family . She is very problematic , and often destroys things , mostly Gloria 's belongings . However , Jay has a great affection for her ( letting her sleep in his bed and feeding her from the dinner table ) , which infuriates Gloria because Jay seems to pay more love and attention to the dog than his own wife . The Tucker - Pritchett family ( edit ) Mitchell Pritchett ( Mitch ) ( edit ) Mitchell Pritchett First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Jesse Tyler Ferguson Information Gender Male Occupation Lawyer Family Jay Pritchett ( father ) DeDe Pritchett ( mother ) Claire Dunphy ( sister ) Gloria Pritchett ( stepmother ) Manny Delgado ( stepbrother ) Joe Pritchett ( half - brother ) Spouse ( s ) Cameron Tucker ( 2014 -- present ) Children Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive daughter ) Relatives Mr. Pritchett ( paternal grandfather ) Mrs. Pritchett ( paternal grandmother ) Lucas Williams ( maternal grandfather ) Mrs. Williams ( maternal grandmother ) Donnie Pritchett ( paternal uncle ) Becky Pritchett ( paternal aunt ) BeBe Williams ( maternal aunt ) CeCe Williams ( maternal aunt ) Phil Dunphy ( brother - in - law ) Haley Dunphy ( niece ) Alex Dunphy ( niece ) Luke Dunphy ( nephew ) Merle Tucker ( father - in - law ) Barb Tucker ( mother - in - law ) Pam Tucker ( sister - in - law ) 2 other unnamed Tucker siblings - in - law Michael Pritchett ( first cousin ) Pete ( cousin ) Mitchell Vincent Pritchett ( Jesse Tyler Ferguson ) , also referred to as Mitch , is Jay 's son ; Claire 's younger brother , Manny 's step - brother , Joe 's half - brother , Luke , Alex and Haley 's uncle ; one of Lily 's fathers ; and partner of eight years to Cameron . He is a low - key , mild - mannered person , but has many sensitive qualities . At most times he is the exact opposite of Cameron which usually causes disagreements . Cameron acts as a counterbalance to Mitchell 's uptight , worrying ways . Because of his mild - mannered , uptight nature , he is sometimes embarrassed by Cameron 's flamboyance . He is uncomfortable with public displays of affection , as well as invasion of his personal space . He is an overprotective and cautious father . He is shown to be a capable lawyer , even representing an entire building full of people one - by - one with no prior notice . A recurring theme on the show is Mitchell 's relationship with his father , which was strained by the revelation of Mitchell 's homosexuality . Mitchell is a musical theater fan and enjoyed ice skating as a kid , though he later admitted that he liked working with his sister as a team more than the ice skating itself . Although he fancies himself as a handyman , everybody is afraid of him around tools . From his degrees hanging in his office , it is apparent that Mitchell attended undergrad at Cornell University and law school at Columbia University . Critical reception ( edit ) TV.com has named Mitchell and Cameron one of the `` Five Best TV Dads , '' saying , `` Cam and Mitchell adopted baby Lily from Vietnam way back in Modern Family 's pilot episode , and have been inadvertently Americanizing her ever since . '' Accolades ( edit ) Jesse Tyler Ferguson has been nominated five times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series . Cameron Tucker ( Cam ) ( edit ) Cameron Tucker First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Eric Stonestreet Information Gender Male Occupation Clown Christmas Caroler Music teacher Middle school music teacher History teacher High School Football Coach & Physical Education Teacher Family Merle Tucker ( father ) Barb Tucker ( mother ) Pameron Tucker ( sister ) Sam Tucker ( brother ) Tam Tucker ( sister ) Spouse ( s ) Mitchell Pritchett ( 2014 -- present ) Children Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive daughter ) Relatives unnamed maternal grandmother Jay Pritchett ( father - in - law ) DeDe Pritchett ( mother - in - law ) Gloria Pritchett ( stepmother - in - law ) Claire Dunphy ( sister - in - law ) Phil Dunphy ( brother - in - law ) Haley Dunphy ( niece ) Alex Dunphy ( niece ) Luke Dunphy ( nephew ) Manny Delgado ( stepbrother - in - law ) Joe Pritchett ( half - brother - in - law ) Nationality American Cameron Scott `` Cam '' Tucker ( Eric Stonestreet ) , also referred to as Cam , is Mitchell 's husband of eight years , and one of Lily 's fathers , who has a very big dramatic personality . He frequently behaves like a drama queen . His bubbly outgoing personality contrasts to Mitchell 's uptight manner , which causes them to have opposing character traits . Cameron was born on February 29 , 1972 and grew up on a farm in Missouri . He was a starting center for the University of Illinois football team ( which he and Jay bond over , much to Mitchell 's envy ) and is a very big sports fan . Because of this , he is physically quite imposing , and capable of scaring off anyone who threatens Mitchell . Cameron also fosters many unusual hobbies such as collecting antique fountain pens , being adept in Japanese flower arrangement , and is a classically trained Auguste clown named Fizbo . Cameron prides himself in shooting home films , not movies , and takes that role very seriously . Currently , he acts as a stay - at - home dad to Lily , though it is mentioned that he had taught music prior to this . Cameron is also an experienced rock drummer and as a result was brought in at the last minute to play in Dylan 's band when they needed a replacement percussionist . It is also mentioned that Cameron was considerably thinner and in better shape when he first started dating Mitchell . For the first few episodes , his relationship with Mitchell was somewhat strained ( as they disagreed on almost everything and showed very different parenting techniques ) . But in more recent episodes the relationship is much happier . Cameron and Mitchell met at one of Pepper Saltzman 's `` legendary '' soirees , where during a game of charades , Cameron immediately knew the answer , `` Casablanca , '' based on a subtle gesture Mitchell made with his hands . Common interests , like art , led them to form a relationship . Mitchell is impressed by Cameron 's quirks , such as speaking French ( to which Cameron replies , `` un peu , '' or `` a little '' ) . Cameron is also said to be a fan of the movie The Wizard of Oz in the episode `` Leap Day '' when Mitchell plans him a surprise birthday party . During season 4 , Cameron goes back to work as a music teacher at Luke and Manny 's school . In season 5 , his music teacher job is eliminated , but he becomes the freshman football coach and physical education teacher . In season 6 , he is promoted to varsity coach and his undefeated record and open homosexuality earned him a story on the local TV news . Critical reception ( edit ) Eric Stonestreet has received positive reviews for his characters . In a review of the first season , Robert Canning of IGN named Cameron Tucker the best character of the season saying , `` Cameron 's many talents and passions revealed over the course of this first year became an ever - building running gag . But it will be hard to top the sheer joy that was ' Fizbo ' . '' He also called Fizbo , the episode and the clown , the highlight of the season . The reception of Cameron and Mitchell has led to the idea of a spin - off of the two titled Mitchell and Cam . Accolades ( edit ) In 2010 , Eric Stonestreet was nominated for the Television Critics Association Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy . Stonestreet has won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series twice in 2010 and 2012 . He was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries , or Television Film in 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 , along with receiving nominations for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series in 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 . In 2011 , along with Ed O'Neill and Ty Burrell , Stonestreet was nominated for the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series . Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( edit ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Jaden Hiller and Ella Hiller ( seasons 1 - 2 ) Aubrey Anderson - Emmons ( season 3 -- present ) Information Gender Female Occupation Student Family Mitchell Pritchett ( adoptive father ) Cameron Tucker ( adoptive father ) Relatives Jay Pritchett ( adoptive grandfather ) DeDe Pritchett ( adoptive grandmother ) Gloria Pritchett ( adoptive step - grandmother ) Manny Delgado ( adoptive step - uncle ) Joe Pritchett ( adoptive half - uncle ) Merle Tucker ( adoptive grandfather ) Barb Tucker ( adoptive grandmother ) Pam Tucker ( adoptive aunt ) 2 unnamed adoptive aunt ( s ) / uncle ( s ) Claire Pritchett Dunphy ( adoptive aunt ) Phil Dunphy ( adoptive uncle by marriage ) Haley Dunphy ( adoptive cousin ) Alex Dunphy ( adoptive cousin ) Luke Dunphy ( adoptive cousin ) unnamed male adoptive cousin ( via Cameron ) Michael Pritchett ( adoptive first cousin , once removed ) Melanie Pritchett ( adoptive second cousin ) Nationality Vietnamese - American Lillian Elizabeth `` Lily '' Tucker - Pritchett ( Aubrey Anderson - Emmons ) is the adopted Vietnamese daughter of Cameron and Mitchell . She is named after the adopted daughter of Charlotte from the HBO series Sex and the City , and Cam 's pig `` Aunt Lily '' . When she was introduced to the family , they accepted her with open arms , although Mitchell originally wanted to wait to tell them about her . She is at times doing activities with both of her fathers but remains with Cam at home while Mitchell works . Cameron often dresses her up as famous people , such as Diana Ross , Olivia Newton - John , Madonna , and Stevie Wonder for the purpose of taking photographs . Cameron and Mitchell practiced the Ferber method on Lily when she was a baby , but Cameron usually could n't resist catering to her during the night , sometimes even watching movies such as Scarface , which Cam claims she likes possibly because of the bright colors , particularly the club shooting scene . Lily did not speak for the first two seasons and was portrayed by twins Ella Hiller and Jaden Hiller . For season three , the twins `` retired '' , their mother claiming they did not enjoy acting . The role was recast to Aubrey Anderson - Emmons , who is older , and has a speaking role . Since she has been able to speak , Lily has displayed a penchant for precocious sarcasm and theatricality , which can be attributed to the influence from each of her fathers . She was born February 19 , 2008 . Larry ( edit ) Larry First appearance `` Bringing Up Baby '' 4x01 , September 26 , 2012 Information Gender Male Occupation Lily 's pet Tomcat Larry is the pet cat of Lily , Cameron , and Mitchell . They adopted him after Cameron and Mitchell failed to adopt a second child . Other family members ( edit ) Actor Character Season 5 6 7 8 Reid Ewing Dylan Marshall Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Shelley Long DeDe Williams Guest Guest Guest Fred Willard Frank Dunphy Recurring Recurring Guest Recurring Benjamin Bratt Javier Delgado Guest Recurring Guest Guest Guest Elizabeth Banks Sal Guest Guest Recurring Guest Guest Brigitte Stella Recurring Kevin Daniels Longinus Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Nathan Lane Pepper Saltzman Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Phillip Baker Hall Walt Kleezak Guest Recurring Celia Weston Barb Tucker Guest Recurring Guest David Cross Duane Bailey Recurring Barry Corbin Merle Tucker Guest Recurring Rob Riggle Gil Thorpe Recurring Guest Guest Adam DeVine Andy Bailey Recurring Christian Barillas Ronaldo Recurring Guest Dana Powell Pam Tucker Recurring Guest Recurring Arden Belle Rhonda Recurring Laura Ashley Samuels Beth Recurring Brooke Sorenson Tammy LaFontaine Recurring Guest Aubree Young Sydney Barrow Recurring Guest Steve Zahn Ronnie Recurring Andrea Anders Amber LaFontaine Recurring Suraj Partha Sanjay Patel Guest Recurring Jon Polito Earl Chambers Guest Recurring Joe Mande Ben Guest Recurring DeDe Williams ( edit ) DeDe Williams First appearance `` The Incident '' 1x04 , October 14 , 2009 Last appearance `` Sarge & Pea '' 8x11 , January 11 , 2017 Portrayed by Shelley Long Information Gender Female Family Lucas Williams ( father ; deceased ) Mrs. Williams ( mother ; deceased ) BeBe Williams ( sister ) CeCe Williams ( sister ) Spouse ( s ) Jay Pritchett ( 1968 -- 2003 ) Significant other ( s ) Chaz Robbie Sullivan Carl Children Claire Dunphy ( daughter ) Mitchell Pritchett ( son ) Relatives Mr. Pritchett ( ex-father - in - law ) Mrs. Pritchett ( ex-mother - in - law ) Donnie Pritchett ( ex-brother - in - law ) Becky Pritchett ( ex-sister - in - law ) DeDe Williams ( Shelley Long ) ( formerly Pritchett ) is Mitchell and Claire 's mother and Jay 's ex-wife . It has been implied that she may be mentally ill due to her somewhat manipulative and sometimes aggressive ways . It is implied that she was initially more accepting of Mitchell 's sexual orientation than Jay was when he first came out . She often uses her close relationship with Mitchell to get him to do things he does not want to do . Jay wanted to divorce her after a spectacular fight they had while their kids were still in school ( he taped over an episode of Dallas to record an NFL game that , ironically , featured the Dallas Cowboys ) but was inspired by an animatronic Abraham Lincoln exhibit at Disneyland to stick things out until Claire and Mitchell reached adulthood . She is still bitter over Jay 's remarriage to Gloria and even attempted to ruin their wedding , which she convinced Mitchell to talk Jay and Gloria into inviting her to ; she got drunk and made rude and inappropriate toasts and eventually had to be dragged out of the reception , in the process ruining the wedding cake . She is very aggressive towards Gloria , often trying to physically attack her . DeDe is also passive aggressive toward Cameron about his weight , and is often critical of Claire , especially her appearance . She also seems to be very good friends with Manny as they write letters to each other talking about their personal issues . DeDe is also a famous author and poet . A running gag throughout the series is that DeDe 's arrival is always forewarned by bad omens , ( birds crashing into the window or peaceful scenarios spontaneously turning chaotic ) . Her antagonistic and aggressive relationship to Gloria surprisingly changes in the episode `` Arrested . '' When DeDe sees that Gloria is pregnant , she finds it so fantastic that her ex-husband is going to be a father again at his age . It also seemed to have fixed her uterus which she claimed was telescopic and they both bonded over Jay - bashing when DeDe tells Gloria that she was always the one having to change diapers , clean spit - up and getting baby equipment . Gloria was sympathetic explaining that it makes sense to why DeDe became so crazy to which DeDe answered `` Right ? '' . Frank Dunphy ( edit ) Frank Dunphy First appearance `` Undeck the Halls '' 1x10 , December 9 , 2009 Portrayed by Fred Willard Information Gender Male Spouse ( s ) Grace Dunphy ( ? - 2013 ; her death ) Children Phil Dunphy ( son ) Relatives Claire Dunphy ( daughter - in - law ) Haley Dunphy ( granddaughter ) Alex Dunphy ( granddaughter ) Luke Dunphy ( grandson ) Francis Allen `` Frank '' Dunphy ( Fred Willard ) is Phil 's father and Haley , Alex , and Luke 's paternal grandfather . On Christmas , the family shared a webcam chat with him . Frank returns in `` Travels with Scout '' when he travels cross country without Phil 's mother and shows up with a dog that he says she has allergies to . He ends up taking the dog back with him . Frank is kind of a polar opposite of Jay 's ( Claire 's father ) grumpiness and dry manner , as he is seen being laid back , funny and cool most of the time . This is clearly mentioned by Claire in `` Closet , You 'll Love it ! '' when most family members refer to Jay as ' Grump - pa ' while Frank is referred to as ' Fun - pa ' . His attitude is a near carbon copy of Phil 's personality . At the end of season 4 , it is revealed that Frank 's wife ( Phil 's mother ) had died . In season 8 , Frank starts dating Lorraine , Phil 's childhood babysitter and crush . Later , he proposes to her and in episode 19 , they get married . In 2010 , Fred Willard was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series . Javier Delgado ( edit ) Javier Delgado First appearance `` Up All Night '' 1x11 , January 6 , 2010 Portrayed by Benjamin Bratt Information Gender Male Spouse ( s ) Gloria Delgado - Pritchett ( 1995 - 2006 ) Significant other ( s ) Trish ( fiancée ) Children Manny Delgado ( son ) Relatives Fulgencio Ramirez ( ex-father - in - law ; deceased ) Pilar Ramirez ( ex-mother - in - law ) Sonia Ramirez ( ex-sister - in - law ) 2 unnamed ex-brothers - in - law Nationality Colombian Javier Delgado ( Benjamin Bratt ) is Manny 's biological father and Gloria 's ex-husband . He and Gloria were divorced ; in the pilot , Gloria says all they did was `` fight and make love , '' at one point leading them to fall out of a window . Manny looks up to him , but Javier always lets him down , while Jay is left downcast by the reminders that Manny has another dad . He is oddly gifted when it comes to betting on horse racing . In the episode `` Flip Flop , '' he has a girlfriend named Trish ( Paget Brewster ) and almost marries her . Javier was formerly a Triple - A baseball player and played alongside such baseball greats as Sammy Sosa and Mark McGwire . He has many connections to matadors and baseball players . He and Jay became close , but in the end Javier lets Jay down just as he does Manny . Barb Tucker ( edit ) Barb Tucker First appearance `` Mother Tucker '' 2x09 , November 24 , 2010 Portrayed by Celia Weston Information Gender Female Family unnamed mother Spouse ( s ) Merle Tucker ( ? - present ) Children Cameron Tucker ( son ) Pam Tucker ( daughter ) 2 other unnamed children Relatives Mitchell Pritchett ( son - in - law ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive granddaughter ) unnamed grandson Barb Tucker ( Celia Weston ) is Cameron 's mother . She first appeared in the episode `` Mother Tucker . '' In that episode , she visits Cameron and Mitchell . While Cameron earnestly declares that his mother is wonderful , Mitchell is less sure because she has a habit of touching Mitchell inappropriately . When Mitchell finally tells Cameron about this , Barb happens to walk in on them and hears his complaints . Later , she apologizes to Mitchell . Unfortunately , she does this while he is in the bathtub . In `` The Wedding , Part 1 '' and `` The Wedding , Part 2 '' , she attends her son 's wedding to Mitchell and almost ends it with Merle , but Jay and Gloria manage to reconcile the two . Donnie Pritchett ( edit ) Donnie Pritchett First appearance `` The Musical Man '' 2x19 , April 13 , 2011 Portrayed by Jonathan Banks Information Gender Male Family Mr. Pritchett ( father ; deceased ) Mrs. Pritchett ( mother ; deceased ) Jay Pritchett ( brother ) Becky Pritchett ( sister ) Spouse ( s ) Irene Pritchett ( ? - present ) Children Michael Pritchett ( son ) Possibly more children Relatives Melanie Pritchett ( granddaughter ) Possibly more grandchildren Claire Dunphy ( niece ) Mitchell Pritchett ( nephew ) Joe Pritchett ( nephew ) Haley Dunphy ( great - niece ) Alex Dunphy ( great - niece ) Luke Dunphy ( great - nephew ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive great - niece ) Phil Dunphy ( nephew - in - law ) Cameron Tucker ( nephew - in - law ) DeDe Pritchett ( ex-sister - in - law ) Gloria Pritchett ( sister - in - law ) Manny Delgado ( step - nephew ) Donnie Pritchett ( Jonathan Banks ) is Jay 's brother . He first appeared in the episode `` The Musical Man '' where he visits Jay and they soon start bickering and later Jay finds out he 's suffering from cancer . He attends Luke and Manny 's musical and there he and Jay share an emotional moment together . Merle Tucker ( edit ) Merle Tucker Barry Corbin ( right ) First appearance `` The Last Walt '' 3x20 , April 18 , 2012 Portrayed by Barry Corbin Information Gender Male Spouse ( s ) Barb Tucker ( ? - present ) Children Cameron Tucker ( son ) Pam Tucker ( daughter ) 2 other unnamed children Relatives Mitchell Pritchett ( son - in - law ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive granddaughter ) unnamed grandson Merle Tucker ( Barry Corbin ) is Cameron 's father . He first appeared in the episode `` The Last Walt . '' In that episode , he visits Cameron and Mitchell . Later in the episode , it is revealed that Jay ( Mitchell 's father ) and Merle dislike each other . Cameron and Mitchell each believe that their father is the stronger of the two . It is made known that Merle wishes that the man his son lives with was , `` A little bit of a woman . '' Jay and Merle overcome their differences and bond while fixing the bed frame that Cameron had purchased and attempted to put together . In `` The Wedding , Part 1 '' and `` The Wedding , Part 2 '' , he attends his son 's wedding to Mitchell and almost ends it with Barb , but Jay and Gloria manage to reconcile the two . Pilar ( edit ) Pilar First appearance `` Fulgencio '' 4x13 , January 23 , 2013 Portrayed by Elizabeth Peña Information Gender Female Family Umberto ( father ) Ana - Maria Rosa de la Immaculada Jimenez Morales ( possible mother ) Carlos ( brother or brother - in - law ) Spouse ( s ) Fulgencio Ramirez ( ? - ? ; his death ) Children Gloria Pritchett ( daughter ) Sonia Ramirez ( daughter ) 2 unnamed sons Relatives Aurelio ( nephew ) Armando ( nephew ) Javier Delgado ( ex-son - in - law ) Jay Pritchett ( son - in - law ) Manny Delgado ( grandson ) Joe Pritchett ( grandson ) Claire Dunphy ( step - granddaughter ) Mitchell Pritchett ( step - grandson ) Phil Dunphy ( step - grandson - in - law ) Cameron Tucker ( step - grandson - in - law ) Haley Dunphy ( step - great - granddaughter ) Alex Dunphy ( step - great - granddaughter ) Luke Dunphy ( step - great - grandson ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive step - great - granddaughter ) Nationality Colombian Pilar ( Elizabeth Peña ) is Gloria 's mother . She first appeared in the episode `` Fulgencio . '' In that episode , she and her other daughter Sonia visit Jay and Gloria shortly after their son Joe is born . She reveals that she never liked Jay and wants to name Joe after her husband and father ( Fulgencio Umberto ) . In `` The Old Man & the Tree '' , she visits her daughter for Christmas and appears to treat Claire more as a daughter than Gloria after taking a liking to Claire . Sonia ( edit ) Sonia First appearance `` Fulgencio '' 4x13 , January 23 , 2013 Portrayed by Stephanie Beatriz Information Gender Female Family Fulgencio Ramirez ( father ; deceased ) Pilar Ramirez ( mother ) Gloria Pritchett ( sister ) 2 unnamed brothers Relatives Manny Delgado ( nephew ) Joe Pritchett ( nephew ) Javier Delgado ( ex-brother - in - law ) Jay Pritchett ( brother - in - law ) Claire Dunphy ( step - niece ) Mitchell Pritchett ( step - nephew ) Phil Dunphy ( step - nephew - in - law ) Cameron Tucker ( step - nephew - in - law ) Haley Dunphy ( step - great - niece ) Alex Dunphy ( step - great - niece ) Luke Dunphy ( step - great - nephiew ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive step - great - niece ) Nationality Colombian Sonia ( Stephanie Beatriz ) is Gloria 's sister . She first appeared in the episode `` Fulgencio . '' In that episode , she and her mother Pilar visit Jay and Gloria shortly after their son Joe is born . She appears to be wanting to get out of Colombia after a flood occurred there and later at Joe 's christening , she and Gloria get into a fight over how Jay originally liked Sonia , not Gloria . She returns in `` Valentine 's Day 4 : Twisted Sister '' , she visits her sister and her family and tries to make a move on Jay , because she is still infatuated with him . She then tries to get Gloria out of the picture and when Jay tells Gloria , she does n't believe him . Jay goes to his room to apologize to Sonia and then she tries to make a move on him there , only to be heard via a baby monitor and then Gloria enters and realizes Jay was right and the sisters resume fighting over him . Pam Tucker ( edit ) Pam Tucker First appearance `` Farm Strong '' 5x04 , October 9 , 2013 Portrayed by Dana Powell Information Gender Female Family Merle Tucker ( father ) Barb Tucker ( mother ) Cameron Tucker ( brother ) 2 unnamed Tucker siblings Significant other ( s ) Bo Johnson ( fiancé ) Relatives Mitchell Pritchett ( brother - in - law ) Lily Tucker - Pritchett ( adoptive niece ) Pameron Jessica `` Pam '' Tucker ( Dana Powell ) is Cameron 's older sister . In `` Farm Strong '' , she comes for a visit from the farm and Mitchell and Cameron are afraid to tell her that they are getting married because they do not want to hurt her feelings of her still being single and because Cameron claims that Pam is very sensitive . Lily is the one who finally tells her . Pam seems extremely happy with the news and shares her own news with them ; she is engaged to Cameron 's first crush , Bo Johnson . Cameron gets really upset hearing that and Pam tells him that no one in the family wanted to tell him because he is too sensitive and they were protecting him , something that contradicts Cameron 's earlier assertion and makes Cameron even more upset . When the whole family gathers at Jay and Gloria 's house , Cameron wants to prove that he is not that sensitive as Pam accuses him to be and asks everyone to tell him things they were hiding from him because they were trying to protect him . Everyone says their part and Cameron , as much as he tries not to break down in tears , after hearing Lily admitting that she pretends to fall asleep when he reads to her so he can leave her alone , breaks down in tears and finishes locking himself in the bathroom . Mitchell and Pam go to comfort him , and Pam tells him that he may have difficulty with bad news , but everyone always wants to share good news with him because he would always appreciate it . In `` The Wedding ( Part 1 ) '' and `` The Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' , she has small cameos at Mitchell and Cameron 's wedding . In `` Frank 's wedding '' , she comes to visit and auditions for a modeling job . By the end of the episode , it is revealed that she is looking for jobs , so that she can better take care of herself , as she is revealed to be pregnant , which is hidden by her body and weight . She goes into labor at the house and has her baby . Other characters ( edit ) Introduced in season 1 ( edit ) Dylan Marshall ( edit ) Dylan Marshall First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , September 23 , 2009 Portrayed by Reid Ewing Information Gender Male Occupation Musician , cowboy ( formerly ) , Disneyland employee ( formerly ) , limo driver ( formerly ) , sign spinner ( formerly ) , T - shirt designer Family Mr. Marshall ( father ) Mrs. Marshall ( mother ) Unnamed sibling ( s ) Unnamed nephew Significant other ( s ) Haley Dunphy ( on - off girlfriend ) Dylan Marshall ( Reid Ewing ) , sometimes called `` D - Money '' by Phil , is Haley 's on - and - off boyfriend , a senior in high school who plays guitar and sings in a band and has no plans for college . He is often put into awkward situations by Phil , who wishes for the two to be friends . He has diverse interests that are often surprising , such as his love of old western films . He also sometimes reveals a sort - of attraction to Claire , when he gives her a rose on Valentine 's Day , saying that `` every mom should look as tasty as you when they 're old . '' He also had a dream involving a ( suggested ) sexual encounter involving himself , Haley , and Claire . Claire strongly dislikes him , to the point of trying to introduce other boys to Haley just so that they break up or do n't get back together . He loves the confidence Haley gets from being part of such a loving family and does not mind hanging around during family get togethers . He wrote a song for Haley , `` In the Moonlight ( Do Me ) '' , and performed it for her extended family . The song was about sex and most of the family were surprised by the suggestive lyrics , but it became stuck in all of their heads the next day . He is also a hockey player and finds inspiration for his music from Bob Dylan , Sum 41 , Blink - 182 , and New Kids on the Block . Dylan temporarily leaves the cast to work on a ranch after Haley rejects his marriage proposal in the first episode of season three , `` Dude Ranch '' . In the episode `` Virgin Territory '' , Alex reveals that Haley had lost her virginity to Dylan before they broke up ; she told Claire three months earlier , but not Phil . In the episode `` Disneyland , '' Dylan reveals he lost his job on the ranch and moved back to California , taking a job at Disneyland as a Dapper Dan . He and Haley get back together to Claire 's dismay and to Phil 's delight . In the season Finale , `` Baby on Board , '' Haley discovers she was accepted to college . She and Dylan maintain their relationship , and Dylan lives with the Dunphys for a few months . In Season 4 , Dylan is invited to move in with Cam and Mitch after his work as a limo driver led him to their Valentine 's Day party ( some of their friends invited Dylan to stay for the party , and Cam offered him at some point to stay at their house ) , but he ends up getting fired and , while Cam and Mitch separately tell him he can stick around , Lily angrily tells him he is n't welcome there and yells at him until he leaves the house . Sal ( edit ) Sal First appearance `` Great Expectations '' 1x08 , November 18 , 2009 Portrayed by Elizabeth Banks Information Gender Female Family Tony ( ex-husband ) Sammy ( son ) Significant other ( s ) Eddie ( boyfriend ) Sal ( Elizabeth Banks ) is Mitch and Cameron 's wild , partying , boozy friend from their younger years in the 90s . In the episode `` Great Expectations '' she becomes very jealous of the attention Lily had been getting and threatens to kill her multiple times . In the episode `` Best Men '' , she gets married and enlists Cam and Mitch to be the best men at the wedding . However , in the episode , `` The Wedding ( Part 1 ) '' she tells them that she got divorced and she is obviously pregnant . Sal had declared herself the officiator of the wedding while Cam and Mitch were trying to have intervention about her drinking . In `` The Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' Sal 's water breaks in the middle of the ( first ) ceremony . She convinces her new boyfriend of four months ( who believes he is the father ) that when a baby comes so early , sometimes it is black . It eventually transpires ( in `` Fight or Flight '' ) that Sal 's baby is white and she is raising the baby alone , having presumably split from the man she was seeing at the time of Mitch and Cameron 's wedding . When Mitch , Cam , Pepper and friends throw her a baby shower , she is seen to be far more mature and responsible , due to the birth of her baby , despite everyone fearing the worst when she disappears in the middle of the party . Introduced in season 2 ( edit ) Pepper Saltzman ( edit ) Pepper Saltzman First appearance `` Earthquake '' 2x03 , October 6 , 2010 Portrayed by Nathan Lane Information Gender Male Occupation Wedding planner Family Chaim Saltzman ( father ) Kyle Saltzman ( son ) Sherman `` Pepper '' Saltzman ( Nathan Lane ) is one of Mitchell and Cameron 's gay friends . Although he was referred to in the pilot episode and several times thereafter throughout the first season , Pepper first appeared on camera in the second season . In `` Earthquake '' , both Mitch and Cam hate going to Pepper 's yearly party and they decide to try and skip it this time . Since an earthquake happened , they say that Mitch has a sprained ankle and that stuff is broken all over the house as an excuse . Really though , none of their stuff had got broken in the earthquake , but Pepper invited himself over to their house to help . Not long after Pepper comes in , he starts to feel bad because Mitch told him that he does not want to go to the parties because he gets jealous because of Pepper and Cam . He helps plan Mitchell and Cam 's wedding . In `` Boys ' Night '' , he hangs out with Mitch , Cam , Longines , Crispin and Jay on their `` boys ' night out '' . In `` Fight or Flight '' , he Mitch , Cam , Ronaldo , and Longines organize a belated baby shower for Sal . In `` I Do n't Know How She Does It '' , he mentions his first name , Sherman , saying he has not used that name since he left Lubbock , Texas , decades ago . Bethenny ( edit ) Bethenny First appearance `` Dance Dance Revelation '' 2x10 , December 8 , 2010 Portrayed by Artemis Pebdani Information Gender Female Occupation Unknown Relatives Ethan ( nephew ) Bethenny ( Artemis Pebdani ) is a friend of Claire Dunphy 's . In `` Dance Dance Revelation '' , she helps Claire , Gloria , and other mothers organize Luke and Manny 's middle school dance . In `` Go Bullfrogs ! '' , she is seen along with Holly and her friend at Holly 's house when Claire comes to give Luke his retainer . In `` Disneyland '' , it is revealed that she has a nephew , Ethan , whom Claire invites to go to Disneyland with the rest of the family because she wants her daughter Haley to fall for him . Longines ( edit ) Longines First appearance `` Dance Dance Revelation '' 2x10 , December 8 , 2010 Portrayed by Kevin Daniels Information Gender Male Occupation Cologne Salesman at the Mall Owner of a Clothing Store Longines ( Kevin Daniels ) is a close , gay friend of Mitchell Pritchett and Cameron Tucker 's . Although he was first mentioned in the `` Pilot '' , he made his first on - screen appearance in `` Dance Dance Revelation '' . He sprays Phil with cologne on the face , and Phil , who is very upset , grabs the cologne bottle and goes off on Longines with about a dozen good spritzes to the face , even chasing him around the store . In `` Boys ' Night '' , he hangs out with Mitch , Cam , Pepper , Crispin , and Jay on their `` boys ' night out '' . In `` Go Bullfrogs ! '' , he invites Mitch and Cam to a boutique opening and they go along with Claire , as she needs a fun night out . Mitch and Cam soon leave the place leaving Claire with a man called Julian . Mitch and Cam believe that Julian is Longines ' date , but Longines tells them via Mitch 's cellphone that he 's not his date , he 's his trainer , and he 's also straight . In `` Snip '' , after Mitch starts thinking that Cam has to search for a new job , Longines says that he has a vacant at his clothing store , and asks Cam if he wants the job . He finally accepts it , but a friend of Longines ' , Jeoux , calls out Mitch and Longines ' devious plan of giving the job to Cam and he walks out very upset . In `` The Wedding ( Part 1 ) '' and `` The Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' , he attends Mitch and Cam 's wedding . In `` Fight or Flight '' , he , Mitch , Cam , Pepper , and Ronaldo organize a belated baby shower for Sal . Crispin ( edit ) Crispin First appearance `` Boys ' Night '' 2x18 , March 23 , 2011 Portrayed by Craig Zimmerman Information Gender Male Occupation Unknown Crispin is one of Mitchell and Cameron 's gay friends . He has appeared in the episodes Treehouse and Boys ' Night . In Boy 's Night it was mentioned he has a thing for older men and was temporarily infatuated with Jay . In `` Fulgencio '' , he has a boyfriend Brett . Walt Kleezak ( edit ) Walt Kleezak First appearance `` Boys ' Night '' 2x18 , March 23 , 2011 Last appearance `` Election Day '' 3x19 April 11 , 2012 Portrayed by Philip Baker Hall Information Gender Male Occupation Retired fireman Spouse ( s ) Mrs. Kleezak ( ? - ? ) Children unnamed daughter Walt Kleezak ( Philip Baker Hall ) was Phil and Claire 's next door neighbour . He first appeared in the episode `` Boys ' Night '' , where Luke goes over to his house to retrieve their ball which had flown into his yard . Phil and Claire find out and are not pleased with Luke because they feel that Walt is not very nice . They then go over to his house to interrogate him and he snaps at them and tells them to keep Luke . The next morning , Luke reprimands Walt for not being nice to his parents and they could not hang out . Walt then makes things up by generously giving Claire and Phil onions from his garden and tells them that he used to be a fireman , so he never hurts kids and he becomes friends with the Dunphys through his friendship with Luke . In `` Lifetime Supply '' , he comes over to the Dunphy house with Luke to play video games and upon entering tells Gloria to win a war some time and then they ( Americans ) would start talking like her . He then plays with Luke and beats him , due to Phil constantly staring at Luke . Phil asks Walt if he thinks about death and Walt replies that he 's 85 and death is his roommate . He then leaves to go change his oxygen tank . In `` Election Day '' , he comes to attend Claire 's election vote as Phil was given the task of driving 50 senior citizens to the polls to vote for Claire , but only managed to bring Walt and he kept needing things : his glasses , a new oxygen tank , food and to take his pills . This results in the polls closing and Phil gets only one extra vote for Claire instead of fifty . In `` The Last Walt '' , it was revealed that Walt died from a heart attack . Luke decided he want to inherit Walt 's television which he does . It was also revealed that Walt had a daughter whom he became estranged from and he had never fixed his estrangement from her . Introduced in season 3 ( edit ) Ethan ( edit ) Ethan First appearance `` Disneyland '' 3x22 , May 9 , 2012 Portrayed by Matt Prokop Information Gender Male Occupation Student Significant other ( s ) Haley Dunphy ( crush ) Alex Dunphy ( possible crush ) Relatives Bethenny ( aunt ) Ethan is the nephew of Bethenny , Claire Dunphy 's friend , whom Claire invites to go to Disneyland with the family in `` Disneyland '' . Claire invites him because she wants Haley to fall for him and completely get over Dylan , who had moved to Wyoming in `` Dude Ranch '' . Haley , adamant that she was n't going to babysit him , quickly changes her opinion after meeting him , much to Claire 's delight . Much to Claire 's chagrin , Dylan shows up at Disneyland completely unannounced . He rushes off after running into them , and Haley realizes that she still likes Dylan . So she ditches Ethan , leaving Alex with Ethan , another thing that Claire did not like . Ethan has a lot in common with Alex , possibly developing a crush on her . After seeing Dylan as a ' Dapper Dan ' , Haley ditches Dylan and begins talking to Ethan again , bumping Alex out the way . After some time , Dylan meets up with Ethan and Haley again in his Little John costume declaring his love for Haley . Ethan and Dylan get into a minor scuffle . At the end of the day , Haley eventually dumps Ethan , Ethan leaves with some friends he ran into , and Haley and Dylan get back together . Introduced in season 4 ( edit ) Gil Thorpe ( edit ) Gil Thorpe First appearance `` Flip Flop '' 4x20 , April 10 , 2013 Portrayed by Rob Riggle Information Gender Male Occupation Real Estate Agent Family Gunther Thorpe ( father ) Mrs. Thorpe ( mother ) Spouse ( s ) Mrs. Thorpe ( ? - present ) Children unnamed son unnamed daughter Gil Thorpe ( Rob Riggle ) is Southern California 's most successful real estate agent and nemesis / arch - rival of Phil Dunphy . Phil is often seen on camera lamenting over constantly coming second to Gil in many real estate competitions . He is mentioned indirectly in `` Not in My House , '' `` Diamond in the Rough '' and `` Strangers on a Treadmill . '' He appears for the first time in character in the episode `` Flip Flop '' , as he attempts to strike a deal for his buyer through Phil on the home renovated by Claire and Cam . He makes his second appearance on the show in the episode `` Career Day '' , where he shows up for Career Day in Luke and Manny 's class during Phil 's presentation . Seeing Claire 's visible frustration at being a housewife , he offers her a position on his real estate team . He is known for his energetic , lively , and harassing personality as well as his tendency to use his own name in replacement of words in conversation ( e.g. `` Thorpedoed , '' `` Gil Pickles '' ) . In the `` Career Day '' episode Gil mentioned he played quarterback at Texas Tech . It is revealed his daughter is a student in Luke and Manny 's class . In `` The Feud , '' he returns , beating Phil at a real estate contest , but Luke wrestles against Thorpe 's son . Luke ends up losing to Gil 's son in the wrestling match . Introduced in season 5 ( edit ) Andy Bailey ( edit ) Andy Bailey First appearance `` The Help '' 5x06 , October 23 , 2013 Portrayed by Adam DeVine Information Gender Male Occupation Manny AKA male nanny , assistant Realtor Family Mr. Bailey ( father ; deceased ) Mrs. Bailey ( mother ) Significant other ( s ) Beth ( ex-fiancée ) Haley Dunphy ( ex-Girlfriend ) Andy Bailey ( Adam DeVine ) is the Pritchetts ' nanny for Joe . He is extremely friendly and cordial and refuses to use any sort of `` bad language . '' Gloria took an immediate liking to Andy upon meeting him , but Jay disapproved of his overly nice nature , saying `` He 's a weird man . He 's like Phil only I have to pay for him . '' He often butts heads with Haley as she is rude and breaks rules , and she makes fun of him for his overly amiable nature . He talks about his long - time girlfriend who is in the Coast Guard in Utah , but she breaks up with him in `` The Wedding ( Part 1 ) '' . Haley discovers that she has been keeping Andy `` on the hook '' for the last 7 years as they have been on - again off - again and she does not treat Andy the way he treats her . His father died of cancer when he was 14 , as explained in `` The Help '' . Haley begins to appreciate Andy 's demeanor and treatment of women in `` Other People 's Children '' and tries to perhaps start a relationship with him in the episodes `` The Wedding ( Part 1 ) '' and `` The Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' . However , Alex convinces Haley that she is not that into him and she stops her pursuit as Andy was ready to jump into it . Afterwards , Andy drives away , perhaps to his flight to see his ex-girlfriend . Andy also becomes a quick friend to the Dunphy family . In the Season 6 episode `` The Cold '' , Andy and Haley discuss their relationship . They agree that it 's better they stay friends , however Haley gets upset when Andy claims that if they had kissed she would n't be able to get over him . To try to prove him wrong , Haley kisses him . Andy is unaffected by this but Haley has a smitten look afterwards . In the episode `` Queer Eyes , Full Hearts '' , Haley helps Andy get a job as Phil 's assistant and Andy helps her prepare for an interview with a fashion designer . During the episode they seem completely platonic and it is also revealed that Andy is back together with Beth . In `` Rash Decisions '' , Luke becomes distant from Phil and Andy becomes his right - hand man . In the episode `` Connection Lost '' , Claire assumes by mistake that Haley and Andy had gotten married . In `` Closet ? You 'll Love It ! '' , Andy ends up at the hospital due to appendicitis which had Haley worried enough to visit him but arrived to him a bit too groggy with the drugs the doctors had given him , leading her to tell his sleeping form that he had a shot with her , unbeknownst to Haley that he had heard everything she said . Andy decides to talk to her about her hospital visit in `` Grill , Interrupted '' , but Haley 's new boyfriend interrupts them before Andy could bring it up . At the end of the episode , Haley mentions to Andy that she was n't looking for a serious relationship at the moment , which appeared to disappoint him . In the Season 6 finale `` American Skyper '' , Andy reveals to Phil that he already had the engagement ring that he had been saving up for , but is hesitant to propose to Beth because he 's still confused about the feelings he has for someone else . Phil advises him to propose to Beth , but later finds out that Andy had feeling 's for Haley , who was also in love with Andy . The episode ends with Phil attempting to tell Andy and Haley that they loved each other , but failing to do so , as Andy leaves the house to propose to Beth at a beach he liked . As of `` White Christmas '' in Season 7 Andy and Haley are in a relationship . In season 8 , he and Haley broke up because of a long distance relationship . Rhonda ( edit ) Rhonda First appearance `` iSpy '' 5x14 , February 5 , 2014 Portrayed by Arden Belle Information Gender Female Occupation Student Rhonda is a friend of Luke and Manny . In `` iSpy '' , she , Luke , Manny and some other friends of theirs ( mostly boys ) make a movie about zombies . In `` Spring - a-Ding - Fling '' , Luke has a date with Rhonda for the spring dance in their High School . Claire wants to help him to score with her , so she helps Rhonda to dress more like a girl and be beautiful , as she always wears very dirty and manly clothes . Luke is not really happy with that because he preferred her the way she was and asks Claire to `` fix '' her . However , the two are later seen dancing together , so he may really like the new Rhonda . Introduced in season 6 ( edit ) Earl Chambers ( edit ) Earl Chambers First appearance `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor '' 6x05 , October 22 , 2014 Portrayed by Jon Polito ( Season 6 - Season 7 ) Robert Costanzo ( Season 8 - ) Information Gender Male Occupation Owner of closet company Family Mr. Chambers ( son ) Mrs. Chambers ( daughter - n - law ) Spouse ( s ) Mrs. Chambers ( wife ) Relatives Sophie Chambers ( granddaughter ) Earl Chambers ( Jon Polito , then Robert Costanzo ) is Jay 's former best friend and longtime enemy . Many years before the events of `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor , '' Earl and Jay worked together . They had formed their closet company , Closet - fornia , and the business became successful . One day , Jay came into work and Earl 's desk had been cleared out . He had badmouthed Jay to half their rolodex , and Jay had to start all over . In the present , it turns out Manny met Earl 's granddaughter Sophie in his theater group and she is now his new girlfriend . This makes Jay mad when , after showing a new idea of his for work , he finds out that his rival is her grandfather . Gloria organizes a dinner for the two men so they can work things out , but they soon start disputing again . Earl is also angered to hear that his granddaughter is groping his rival 's stepson . Earl goes to Jay and Gloria 's house because he thinks the rivalry between him and Jay is getting way out of control , and wants to do something to work it out . Manny then enters and introduces himself ; Earl asks if this is `` the stud who 's been groping ( his ) Sophie , '' and Manny tries to assure him that there 's nothing untoward between Manny and Sophie . Earl laughs and tells Manny he `` believes '' him ( maybe , maybe not ) . Earl sees the box that Jay had shown earlier to Manny , Gloria , and Sophie , and Earl says he thinks he 'll call it the Sock ' n Roll , takes the box and leaves . Jay shouts at him `` The hell you are ! '' Earl reappears in `` The Closet Case '' where Mitchell has been called to work for him in a consultant job . Earl tricks Mitchell into thinking that Earl wants to bury the hatchet with Jay . A van pulls up in front of Jay 's house and Jay sees what has happened . That night , Jay and Mitchell break into Earl 's office and Earl catches them ; Mitchell is disgusted at Earl for tricking him . Earl and Jay start fighting again and later in Jay 's car , Mitchell returns his father 's old rolodex to him . This gesture makes Jay very happy ; Mitchell snuck it out of Earl 's office while he and Jay had their ten - minute fight . Earl reappears in `` The Cover - Up '' where it turns out that he is leaving horrible comments on Jay 's new webshow . Jay and Manny track Earl down to his house and , with help from Alex , find out that he 's the one doing it . After a brief fight , Earl suggests that he and Jay could make their collective show , to which Jay refuses . Earl decides to make his own show instead , and deactivates comments -- much to Jay 's wrath -- so Jay wo n't be able to troll him back . Earl briefly reappears in `` Halloween 4 : The Revenge of Rod Skyhook '' ( now played by Robert Costanzo , because Jon Polito died ) , dressed as the Devil . He fights with Jay , who is dressed as Jesus and who asked Manny to steal a picture from Earl 's mansion . The two start fighting until Jay looks at his reflection in the mirror and gives up on trying to take the picture . Ronnie LaFontaine ( edit ) Ronnie LaFontaine First appearance `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor '' 6x05 , October 22 , 2014 Portrayed by Steve Zahn Information Gender Male Occupation Medical Marijuana Vendor Spouse ( s ) Amber LaFontaine ( wife ) Children Ronnie LaFontaine Jr. ( son ) Tammy LaFontaine ( daughter ) Ronnie LaFontaine ( Steve Zahn ) is a man who moves next door to the Dunphys with his wife , Amber and their children , Ronnie Jr . And Tammy . He and his wife both turn out to be loud and obnoxious and the Dunphys dislike them . Their rivalry soon ends in `` Knock ' Em Down '' when they share a mutual dislike of a pornographic statue in their neighborhood and they soon go out to dinner and we find out that the Dunphys and the LaFontaines have many things in common and later that same night they are drinking wine together in their neighborhood . Amber LaFontaine ( edit ) Amber LaFontaine First appearance `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor '' 6x05 , October 22 , 2014 Portrayed by Andrea Anders Information Gender Female Occupation Unknown Spouse ( s ) Ronnie LaFontaine ( husband ) Children Ronnie LaFontaine Jr. ( son ) Tammy LaFontaine ( daughter ) Amber LaFontaine ( Andrea Anders ) is a woman who moves next door to the Dunphys with her husband , Ronnie and their children , Ronnie Jr . And Tammy . She and her husband both turn out to be loud and obnoxious and the Dunphys dislike them . Their rivalry went from their first meeting until the episode `` Knock ' Em Down '' when they share a mutual dislike of a pornographic statue in their neighborhood and they soon go out to dinner and we find out that the Dunphys and the LaFontaines have many things in common and later that same night they are drinking wine together in their neighborhood . Ronnie LaFontaine Jr ( edit ) Ronniee LaFontaine Jr . First appearance `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor '' 6x05 , October 22 , 2014 Portrayed by Finneas O'Connell Information Gender Male Occupation Student Family Ronnie LaFontaine ( father ) Amber LaFontaine ( mother ) Tammy LaFontaine ( sister ) Ronnie LaFontaine ( Finneas O'Connell ) is the son of Ronnie and Amber LaFontaine and the brother of Tammy LaFontaine . They move in next door to the Dunphys . He likes to play music , plays a drum kit and is currently studying in New York . Tammy LaFontaine ( edit ) Tammy LaFontaine First appearance `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor '' 6x05 , October 22 , 2014 Portrayed by Brooke Sorenson Information Gender Female Occupation Student Family Ronnie LaFontaine ( father ) Amber LaFontaine ( mother ) Ronnie LaFontaine Jr. ( brother ) Tammy LaFontaine ( Brooke Sorenson ) is the daughter of Ronnie and Amber LaFontaine and the sister of Ronnie LaFontaine Jr . In `` The Big Guns '' , Luke develops a crush on Tammy ; every time he tries to flirt with her , however , she insults him and blows him off . In the end of the episode , Luke passes Tammy without even glancing at her and pretends he no longer cares about her , which bothers Tammy enough that she wants him to come back and talk to her , and it turns out Alex gave Luke this advice . Beth ( edit ) Beth First appearance `` Closet ? You 'll Love It ! '' 6x17 , March 4 , 2015 Portrayed by Laura Ashley Samuels Information Gender Female Occupation U.S. Coast Guard Family unnamed mother Significant other ( s ) Andy Bailey ( ex-fiancé ) Beth ( Laura Ashley Samuels ) is Andy 's ex-fiancée . She was first seen in Closet ? You 'll Love It ! where she visited Andy in hospital . She reappeared in `` American Skyper '' where she seems to have been responsible for setting Haley 's hair on fire and was last seen in Summer Lovin where she makes a cameo and she and Andy walk in the park and he proposes to her and she accepts ... thus , they become engaged and are being watched by Haley and Claire . She reappeared in `` The More You Ignore Me '' where she and Andy meet Haley and Dylan at the movies and in `` White Christmas '' she comes to the cabin where the family is with Andy and she admits to him that she has been cheating on him behind his back and it looks like they end things . Sanjay Patel ( edit ) Sanjay Patel First appearance `` Patriot Games '' 6x17 , May 6 , 2015 Portrayed by Suraj Partha Information Gender Male Occupation Student Family Vish Patel ( father ) Nina Patel ( mother ) Significant other ( s ) Alex Dunphy ( ex-girlfriend ) Sanjay Patel ( Suraj Partha ) is Alex 's former academic rival and ex-boyfriend . While they had still been at school , Alex and Sanjay had been competing against each other nonstop . Sanjay had only been mentioned in `` Our Children , Ourselves '' , `` See You Next Fall '' , `` Career Day '' , `` Under Pressure '' , `` Sleeper '' , and `` Integrity '' . He eventually made his first appearance in `` Patriot Games '' where he and Alex were tied in first position and only did n't have gym grades completed . Principal Brown organized a race for the two and the one who did fours laps first wins . Sanjay goes to Alex 's house and tells her that he likes her and that she is the reason he can attend Stanford University because she was always pushing him to study more and become better . But when the race happens , Sanjay forfeits it to prove to Alex that he was telling the truth and the two of them end up in a passionate kiss in front of their parents , much to their delight except Sanjay 's mother , Nina . Sanjay and Alex are eventually named co-valedictorians of 2015 . Sanjay reappears in `` Summer Lovin ' '' and he and Alex are now dating . They go up to Alex 's room after he asks her to test him on the periodic table and later they would break up when Sanjay leaves for school , but in the end they decide against it . However , in `` The Closet Case '' , Alex reveals that Sanjay broke up with her because he is seeing someone new . Special guest stars ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Shelley Long as DeDe Williams Edward Norton as Izzy LaFontaine Margo Harshman as Jungle Tanya Chazz Palminteri as Shorty Kristen Schaal as Whitney Minnie Driver as Valerie David Brenner as himself Judy Greer as Denise Bruce Altman as Mr. Jennings Justin Kirk as Charlie Bingham Kobe Bryant as himself Fred Willard as Frank Dunphy Stoney Jackson as Referee Mo Collins as Denise Kaitlyn Dever as Bianca Eric Lange as Coach Stupak Brandy Ledford as Desiree Elizabeth Banks as Sal Season 2 ( edit ) Nathan Lane as Pepper Saltzman Kevin Daniels as Longines Ki Hong Lee as clerk Craig Zimmerman as Crispin Danny Trejo as Gus Artemis Pebdani as Bethenny Jami Gertz as Laura James Marsden as Barry Stephnie Weir as Mrs. Hoffman Mary Lynn Rajskub as Tracy Rachael Harris as Amelia Jeremy Rowley as Broderick Matt Dillon as Robbie Sullivan Philip Baker Hall as Walt Kleezak Jonathan Banks as Donnie Pritchett Lauren Cohan as Receptionist Matt Besser as Jerry Norman Lloyd as Donald Kate Reinders as Princess Lin - Manuel Miranda as Guillermo Rob Huebel as Glen Whipple Celia Weston as Barb Tucker Season 3 ( edit ) Tim Blake Nelson as Hank Gilles Marini as Juilian David Cross as Duane Bailey Samm Levine as Josh Phil Hendrie as Booker Bell Jennifer Tilly as Darlene Leslie Mann as Katie Kevin Hart as Andre Don Lake as Dr. Sendroff Greg Kinnear as Tad Bobby Cannavale as Lewis Ellen Barkin as Mitzi Roth Barry Corbin as Merle Tucker Matt Prokop as Ethan Beth Grant as Maxine Ernie Hudson as Miles Josh Gad as Kenneth Marc Vann as Stan Zoe Jarman as Lindsay Season 4 ( edit ) Nathan Lane as Pepper Saltzman Michaela Watkins as Susan Wendi McLendon - Covey as Pam Matthew Broderick as Dave Paul Scheer as Paul Billy Dee Williams as himself Lainie Kazan as Eleanor Jason Mantzoukas as Kenny Elizabeth Peña as Pilar Stephanie Beatriz as Sonia David Faustino as Tater Maxwell Caulfield as Professor Cooke Margaret Easley as Rachel Maribeth Monroe as Maggie Richard Riehle as Norman Justine Bateman as Angela Paget Brewster as Trish Rob Riggle as Gil Thorpe Anders Holm as Zack Season 5 ( edit ) Nathan Lane as Pepper Saltzman Andrew Daly as Principal Brown Amy Yasbeck as Lorraine Diane Farr as Diane Peri Gilpin as Jeannie Jordan Peele as Derrick Jane Krakowski as Dr. Donna Duncan Jesse Eisenberg as Asher John Benjamin Hickey as Dr. Clark John Heard as Gunther Thorpe Aisha Tyler as Wendy Will Sasso as Senor Kaplan Dylan Riley Snyder as Neal Patton Oswalt as Ducky Fred Armisen as Langham Stephen Merchant as Leslie Higgins Rhys Darby as Fergus Steve Hytner as sales clerk Ann Guilbert as Grandmother Tucker Elizabeth Banks as Sal Season 6 ( edit ) Sam Lloyd as Lester Steve Zahn as Ronnie Andrea Anders as Amber Tyne Daly as Mrs. Plank Jon Polito as Earl Chambers Michael Urie as Gavin Sinclair Nigella Lawson as herself Kristen Johnston as Brenda Aya Cash as Vanessa Roger Bart as Anders Stephanie Beatriz as Sonia Penn Jillette as Edward Legrand Natasha Leggero as Dana Oliver Platt as Martin Sherman Horatio Sanz as Armando Robbie Amell as Chase Season 7 ( edit ) Adam DeVine as Andy Bailey Vicki Lewis as Erica Catherine O'Hara as Debra Radcliffe Andrea Martin as Fig Ray Liotta as himself Barbra Streisand as herself Keegan - Michael Key as Tom Delaney Christine Lakin as Lisa Delaney June Squibb as Auntie Alice Steve Agee as Tommy Adam Arkin as Reece Illeana Douglas as Janet Season 8 ( edit ) Martin Short as Merv Schechter Jackson Millarker as Tom Winston Duke as Dwight Nathan Fillon as Rainer Shine Shannon Cochran as Nancy Decker Sam Horrigan as Nick Joely Fisher as Maggie Braithwaite Vanessa Bayer as Marjorie Cole Doman as Damien Kelsey Grammer as Keifth Victor Garber as Charles Dumont Faith Prince as Lorraine Lauren Bowles as Ana Peyton Manning as Coach Gary Niecy Nash as Joan DeAndre Jordan as himself Charles Barkley as himself Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In an episode from the second season that aired in 2011 , Claire and Mitchell recalled a childhood incident that occurred twenty years prior , and later said that their parents divorced `` twelve years later '' . With this information , twenty years prior to 2011 is 1991 , and twelve years after that is 2003 . In the third season , Jay comments that he and DeDe were married for thirty - five years . Jump up ^ Portrayed by Jaden Hiller and Ella Hiller Jump up ^ Portrayed by Pierce Wallace References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Phil ( Ty Burrell ) Bio -- Modern Family -- ABC.com '' . Abc.go.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Game Changer '' Jump up ^ `` Strangers on a Treadmill '' Jump up ^ `` Manny Get Your Gun '' Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( December 20 , 2009 ) . `` The best and worst of 2009 : TV '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Paige Wiser ( December 30 , 2009 ) . `` It never got better than when Dexter met his match '' . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Canning , Robert ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` Modern Family : Season 1 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Gianatasio , David ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` The National Association of Realtors Finds Its Perfect Pitchman in Modern Family Dad '' . Adweek . ^ Jump up to : `` Claire ( Julie Bowen ) Bio -- Modern Family -- ABC.com '' . ABC.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Moon Landing '' . Modern Family . Season 1 . Episode 14 . Los Angeles , California . 2010 - 02 - 03 . ABC . Jump up ^ Ken Tucker ( December 24 , 2009 ) . `` Help me pick TV 's best supporting actors of 2009 : From ' Chuck , ' ' The Office , ' ' Southland , ' and more ! '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Haley ( Sarah Hyland ) Bio -- Modern Family -- ABC.com '' . Abc.go.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Haley 's 21st Birthday ^ Jump up to : `` Alex ( Ariel Winter ) Bio -- Modern Family -- ABC.com '' . Abc.go.com . September 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luke ( Nolan Gould ) Bio -- Modern Family -- ABC.com '' . Abc.go.com . September 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Twitter Jump up ^ Fizbo Jump up ^ `` Nominations Announced for the 17th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gloria ( Sofia Vergara ) Bio -- Modern Family -- ABC.com '' . Abc.go.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Rochelle ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Up close and personal with Sofia Vergara '' . hindustantimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . Vergara is also one of the few actors who get to improvise with the writers ' permission . `` I was worried in the beginning , thinking ' How will they know how a Latin woman thinks ? ' But now they even write my mispronunciations . The script will say ( Gloria says something in Spanish ) and then I 'll just say whatever I think is funny . '' Jump up ^ `` Yo Soy Boricua Pa'que Tu Lo Sepas ! ( 2006 ) '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Manny ( Rico Rodriguez ) Bio -- Modern Family -- ABC.com '' . Abc.go.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ ' Modern Family ' Season 7 Recast : Jeremy Maguire Cast as Joe TVLine Jump up ^ `` Good Cop Bad Dog '' ^ Jump up to : `` The Old Wagon '' Modern Family TV Review The A.V. Club ^ Jump up to : `` Mitchell ( Jesse Tyler Ferguson ) Bio -- Modern Family -- ABC.com '' . Abc.go.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Our Top 5 New TV Dads '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Family in Times Sq . Interesting way to fingld out Cameron 's last name is `` Tucker '' `` . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cameron ( Eric Stonestreet ) Bio -- Modern Family -- ABC.com '' . Abc.go.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jon ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' is a ' Cosby ' celebre '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ The Television Critics Association Announces 2010 TCA Awards Nominees Television Critics Association Archived June 8 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Aubrey Anderson - Emmons Joins Modern Family as the New Lily '' . People.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Willard Due For `` Big '' ' Modern Family ' Encore `` . Xfinity TV . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` Jesse Tyler Ferguson : Drunk Twittering is the new drunk dialing ! '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Family : Up All Night Episode Recap on '' . Tv.com . January 20 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Knolle , Sharon ( Feb 26 , 2015 ) . `` 6 Easter Eggs in the `` Connection Lost '' Episode `` . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Leung , Jason ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` The Top 5 Haley & Andy Moments '' . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Leung , Jason ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` SEASON 6 FINALE : Haley & Andy 's Star - Crossed Cliffhanger '' . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Broderick Books ' Modern Family ' and More Casting News '' . The Huffington Post . September 21 , 2012 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Terry , Joshua ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Will Feature Transgender Child Actor '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Scores Peyton Manning for Guest Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Modern Family characters on IMDb List of Modern Family characters at TV.com `` List of Modern Family Episodes '' . TVGuide . Bringing `` The Office '' Home With You Review Fix ( hide ) Modern Family Awards and nominations Characters Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Bicycle Thief '' `` Come Fly with Me '' `` The Incident '' `` Coal Digger '' `` Run for Your Wife '' `` En Garde '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Fizbo '' `` Undeck the Halls '' `` Up All Night '' `` Not in My House '' `` Fifteen Percent '' `` Moon Landing '' `` My Funky Valentine '' `` Fears '' `` Truth Be Told '' `` Starry Night '' `` Game Changer '' `` Benched '' `` Travels with Scout '' `` Airport 2010 '' `` Hawaii '' `` Family Portrait '' Season 2 `` The Old Wagon '' `` The Kiss '' `` Earthquake '' `` Strangers on a Treadmill '' `` Unplugged '' `` Halloween '' `` Chirp '' `` Manny Get Your Gun '' `` Mother Tucker '' `` Dance Dance Revelation '' `` Slow Down Your Neighbors '' `` Our Children , Ourselves '' `` Caught in the Act '' `` Bixby 's Back '' `` Princess Party '' `` Regrets Only '' `` Two Monkeys and a Panda '' `` Boys ' Night '' `` The Musical Man '' `` Someone to Watch Over Lily '' `` Mother 's Day '' `` Good Cop Bad Dog '' `` See You Next Fall '' `` The One That Got Away '' Season 3 `` Dude Ranch '' `` When Good Kids Go Bad '' `` Phil on Wire '' `` Door to Door '' `` Hit and Run '' `` Go Bullfrogs ! '' `` Treehouse '' `` After the Fire '' `` Punkin Chunkin '' `` Express Christmas '' `` Lifetime Supply '' `` Egg Drop '' `` Little Bo Bleep '' `` Me ? Jealous ? '' `` Aunt Mommy '' `` Virgin Territory '' `` Leap Day '' `` Send Out the Clowns '' `` Election Day '' `` The Last Walt '' `` Planes , Trains and Cars '' `` Disneyland '' `` Tableau Vivant '' `` Baby on Board '' Season 4 `` Bringing Up Baby '' `` Schooled '' `` Snip '' `` The Butler 's Escape '' `` Open House of Horrors '' `` Yard Sale '' `` Arrested '' `` Mistery Date '' `` When a Tree Falls '' `` Diamond in the Rough '' `` New Year 's Eve '' `` Party Crasher '' `` Fulgencio '' `` A Slight at the Opera '' `` Heart Broken '' `` Bad Hair Day '' `` Best Men '' `` The Wow Factor '' `` The Future Dunphys '' `` Flip Flop '' `` Career Day '' `` My Hero '' `` Games People Play '' `` Goodnight Gracie '' Season 5 `` Suddenly , Last Summer '' `` First Days '' `` Larry 's Wife '' `` Farm Strong '' `` The Late Show '' `` The Help '' `` A Fair to Remember '' `` ClosetCon ' 13 '' `` The Big Game '' `` The Old Man & the Tree '' `` And One to Grow On '' `` Under Pressure '' `` Three Dinners '' `` iSpy '' `` The Feud '' `` Spring - a-Ding - Fling '' `` Other People 's Children '' `` Las Vegas '' `` A Hard Jay 's Night '' `` Australia '' `` Sleeper '' `` Message Received '' `` The Wedding ( Part 1 ) '' `` The Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' Season 6 `` The Long Honeymoon '' `` Do Not Push '' `` The Cold '' `` Marco Polo '' `` Wo n't You Be Our Neighbor '' `` Halloween 3 : AwesomeLand '' `` Queer Eyes , Full Hearts '' `` Three Turkeys '' `` Strangers in the Night '' `` Haley 's 21st Birthday '' `` The Day We Almost Died '' `` The Big Guns '' `` Rash Decisions '' `` Valentine 's Day 4 : Twisted Sister '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Connection Lost '' `` Closet ? You 'll Love It ! '' `` Spring Break '' `` Grill , Interrupted '' `` Knock ' Em Down '' `` Integrity '' `` Patriot Games '' `` Crying Out Loud '' `` American Skyper '' Season 7 `` Summer Lovin ' '' `` The Day Alex Left for College '' `` The Closet Case '' `` The Verdict '' `` Playdates '' `` Spread Your Wings '' `` Clean for a Day '' Season 8 `` A Tale of Three Cities '' `` A Stereotypical Day '' `` Blindsided '' `` Weathering Heights '' `` Halloween IV : Revenge of Rod Skyhook '' `` Grab It '' `` Thanksgiving Jamboree '' `` The Alliance '' `` Do You Believe in Magic '' Adaptations Familia moderna Haft Sang Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Modern_Family_characters&oldid=803529250 '' Categories : Modern Family Lists of American sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français עברית Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 01 : 54 . 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who is haley's boyfriend on modern family
[ "\n\nHaley Dunphy\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\n\"Pilot\"\n1x01, September 23, 2009\n\n\nPortrayed by\nSarah Hyland\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nGender\nFemale\n\n\nOccupation\nFashion Designer at Gavin Sinclair\n\n\nFamily\nPhil Dunphy (father)\nClaire Dunphy (mother)\nAlex Dunphy (sister)\nLuke Dunphy (brother)\n\n\nSignificant other(s)\nDylan Marshall (Ex-boyfriend)\nAndy Bailey (Ex-Boyfriend)\nRainer Shine (Brief Fiance)\n\n\nRelatives\nFrank Dunphy (paternal grandfather)\nGrace Dunphy (paternal grandmother; deceased)\nJay Pritchett (maternal grandfather)\nDeDe Pritchett (maternal grandmother)\nMItchell Pritchett (maternal uncle)\nCameron Tucker (maternal uncle by marriage)\nLily Tucker-Pritchett (adoptive maternal cousin)\nGloria Pritchett (maternal step-grandmother)\nJoe Pritchett (maternal half-uncle)\nMichael Pritchett (first cousin, once removed)\nMelanie Pritchett (second cousin)\n\n", "\n\nHaley Dunphy\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\n\"Pilot\"\n1x01, September 23, 2009\n\n\nPortrayed by\nSarah Hyland\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nGender\nFemale\n\n\nOccupation\nFashion Designer at Gavin Sinclair\n\n\nFamily\nPhil Dunphy (father)\nClaire Dunphy (mother)\nAlex Dunphy (sister)\nLuke Dunphy (brother)\n\n\nSignificant other(s)\nDylan Marshall (Ex-boyfriend)\nAndy Bailey (Ex-Boyfriend)\nRainer Shine (Brief Fiance)\n\n\nRelatives\nFrank Dunphy (paternal grandfather)\nGrace Dunphy (paternal grandmother; deceased)\nJay Pritchett (maternal grandfather)\nDeDe Pritchett (maternal grandmother)\nMItchell Pritchett (maternal uncle)\nCameron Tucker (maternal uncle by marriage)\nLily Tucker-Pritchett (adoptive maternal cousin)\nGloria Pritchett (maternal step-grandmother)\nJoe Pritchett (maternal half-uncle)\nMichael Pritchett (first cousin, once removed)\nMelanie Pritchett (second cousin)\n\n", "\n\nHaley Dunphy\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\n\"Pilot\"\n1x01, September 23, 2009\n\n\nPortrayed by\nSarah Hyland\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nGender\nFemale\n\n\nOccupation\nFashion Designer at Gavin Sinclair\n\n\nFamily\nPhil Dunphy (father)\nClaire Dunphy (mother)\nAlex Dunphy (sister)\nLuke Dunphy (brother)\n\n\nSignificant other(s)\nDylan Marshall (Ex-boyfriend)\nAndy Bailey (Ex-Boyfriend)\nRainer Shine (Brief Fiance)\n\n\nRelatives\nFrank Dunphy (paternal grandfather)\nGrace Dunphy (paternal grandmother; deceased)\nJay Pritchett (maternal grandfather)\nDeDe Pritchett (maternal grandmother)\nMItchell Pritchett (maternal uncle)\nCameron Tucker (maternal uncle by marriage)\nLily Tucker-Pritchett (adoptive maternal cousin)\nGloria Pritchett (maternal step-grandmother)\nJoe Pritchett (maternal half-uncle)\nMichael Pritchett (first cousin, once removed)\nMelanie Pritchett (second cousin)\n\n" ]
[ "Dylan Marshall", "Andy Bailey", "Rainer Shine" ]
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Food Network Star
Food Network Star - Wikipedia Food Network Star For the most recent season of the series , see Food Network Star ( season 14 ) . This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2015 ) Food Network Star Genre Food reality television Judges Marc Summers , Bobby Flay , Giada De Laurentiis , Alton Brown Country of origin United States No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 75 Production Production location ( s ) New York , New York Burbank , California Running time 40 -- 120 minutes Production company ( s ) CBS EYEtoo Productions ( Seasons 1 - 8 ) Triage Entertainment ( Seasons 9 - present ) Release Original network Food Network Original release June 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 05 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Party Line with The Hearty Boys Guy 's Big Bite Diners , Drive - Ins and Dives Ultimate Recipe Showdown Guy Off the Hook The Gourmet Next Door Big Daddy 's House Will Work for Food Ten Dollar Dinners Kid in a Candy Store Kelsey 's Essentials Aarti Party Outrageous Food United Tastes of America Sandwich King $24 in 24 Southern at Heart BBQ Blitz Kitchen Sink External links Website Food Network Star is a reality television series that premiered June 5 , 2005 . It was produced by CBS EYEtoo Productions for seasons 1 -- 8 and by Triage Entertainment for subsequent seasons . It airs on the Food Network in the United States . Prior to season seven , the series was known as The Next Food Network Star . Contents 1 Season one 1.1 Summary 1.2 Contestants 2 Season two 2.1 Summary 2.2 Contestants 3 Season three 3.1 Summary 3.2 Contestants 4 Season four 4.1 Summary 4.2 Contestants 5 Season five 5.1 Summary 5.2 Contestants 6 Season six 6.1 Summary 6.2 Contestants 7 Season seven 7.1 Summary 7.2 Contestants 8 Season eight 8.1 Summary 8.2 Coaches 8.3 Contestants 9 Season nine 9.1 Summary 9.2 Contestants 10 Season ten 10.1 Contestants 11 Season eleven 11.1 Contestants 12 Season twelve 12.1 Contestants 13 Season thirteen 13.1 Contestants 14 Season fourteen 14.1 Contestants 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links Season one ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first season of The Next Food Network Star series was taped in February 2005 , and was composed of five episodes in June 2005 . Chicago area caterers Dan Smith and Steve McDonagh emerged as the winners , and went on to host a show called Party Line with Dan & Steve , now titled Party Line with The Hearty Boys , which premiered on September 18 , 2005 . The runner - up , Deborah Fewell , was chosen to host a special on food at beaches , Surf N Turf , which aired in June 2006 . Michael Thomas was the recurring chef on The Tyra Banks Show . Susannah Locketti made an appearance on The Tony Danza Show , and is also an on - air chef for Publix grocery stores in the southern United States . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Place Dan Smith & Steve McDonagh 42 and 40 Bellmore , NY and Wayne , NJ Winners Deborah Fewell 32 Los Angeles Runner - up Hans Rueffert 32 Jasper , GA 3rd Susannah Locketti 33 Plymouth , MA 4th Eric Warren 52 Los Angeles 5th Michael Thomas 36 Venice , CA 6th Harmony Marceau 30 New York City , NY 7th Brook Harlan 24 Columbia , MO 8th Season two ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The second season of The Next Food Network Star series was taped in December 2005 and began airing in March 2006 . Guy Fieri was announced as the winner on April 23 , 2006 , beating Reggie Southerland . Fieri has achieved considerable success at Food Network since his victory , and is still regularly on air as of July 2018 . Guy 's Big Bite premiered in June 2006 and was picked up for a second season in 2008 and remains in production . Originally intended as a one - hour special , Fieri 's second series , Diners , Drive - Ins and Dives , premiered April 23 , 2007 . He went on to the series , Ultimate Recipe Showdown , premiering February 17 , 2008 , and Guy Off The Hook on September 14 , 2008 . He has also started a new successful show called Guy 's Grocery Games . Fourth - place contestant Nathan Lyon began hosting his own series , A Lyon In the Kitchen , on the Discovery Health Channel in March 2007 . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Culinary P.O.V. Eliminated Guy Fieri 38 Ferndale , CA `` Off the Hook '' California Cuisine Winner Reggie Southerland 39 Los Angeles Modern Soul Food Runner - up Carissa Seward 33 San Diego , CA Simple Food for Entertaining Week 6 Nathan Lyon 35 Los Angeles Healthy and Seasonal Food Week 5 Andrew Schumacher 26 Brooklyn , NY Cooking Techniques Week 4 Evette Rodriguez 35 Port St. Lucie , FL Latin Cuisine Week 3 Elizabeth Raynor 32 Sausalito , CA Simple Mediterranean Cuisine Week 2 Jess Dang 24 Menlo Park , CA Asian Cuisine Week 1 Season three ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) The third season began on June 3 , 2007 , and the winner was announced on Sunday , July 22 . In season 3 , judges sent 1 or 2 contestants home weekly . Once the field was down to 2 final contestants , the viewers picked the winner . Marc Summers ( host of the first 2 seasons ) only returned for this season 's finale . Bobby Flay would host subsequent season finales . During the season , the contestants lived in a shared house in New York City . The contestants ' challenges included cooking concession food for an NBA game ( with guest Darryl Dawkins ) to a mini version of Food Network 's Iron Chef America ( with guest judges Bobby Flay and Cat Cora ) . The Selection Committee consisted of Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson along with one guest . Guest judges included Alton Brown , Giada De Laurentiis , Duff Goldman , season two winner Guy Fieri , and Robert Irvine . Paula Deen and Rachael Ray participated in contestant challenges , and Bobby Flay also played a role in the guidance and selection process . Amy Finley was chosen by America as The Next Food Network Star on July 22 , 2007 . Her new show The Gourmet Next Door premiered on October 14 , 2007 and ran for six episodes . Finley later declined to continue with the series , citing relocation to France for family reasons . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Eliminated Amy Finley 33 San Diego , CA Stay - at - Home Mom Winner Rory Schepisi 31 Vega , TX Restaurateur Runner - Up Joshua Adam `` JAG '' Garcia 25 Havelock , NC Chef - de-Cuisine Withdrew Paul McCullough 36 Los Angeles Caterer Week 6 Adrien Sharp 29 Jackson , MI Local Cooking Show Host Week 5 Michael Salmon 53 Brooklyn , NY Director of Operations for Macy 's Week 4 Tommy Grella , Jr . 34 Methuen , MA Self - Taught Chef Week 3 Colombe Jacobsen - Derstine 29 New York , NY Former Child Actress Week 3 Nikki Shaw 38 Oakland , CA Caterer Week 2 Patrick Rolfe 33 Seattle , WA Chef Week 1 Vivien Cunha 40 Hermosa Beach , CA Caterer Week 1 ^ Note 1 : Amy Finley was eliminated Week 7 , and the original finalists were Rory Schepisi and Joshua `` JAG '' Garcia . After the final elimination episode was aired , evidence came to light that JAG had lied about both his culinary training and his military service , representing both as more extensive than they actually were . Food Network allowed him to withdraw from the competition and reinstated Amy Finley , who was voted The Next Food Network Star . Season four ( edit ) Main article : The Next Food Network Star ( season 4 ) Summary ( edit ) Season four of The Next Food Network Star premiered on Sunday , June 1 , 2008 . Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson are joined by Bobby Flay as the selection committee for this season . Each new episode aired on Sundays at 10 : 00 PM EDT . For this season , the viewers no longer received the chance to vote for the winner ; producers instead made the final decision . This led to an error by FoodNetwork.com , which briefly posted the winning moment video on their website three days before the finale aired . The winner for the fourth season was Aaron McCargo Jr . His winning show idea , Big Daddy 's House , first aired August 3 , 2008 . Finalist Adam Gertler was hired to host a Food Network show called Will Work for Food , which debuted on January 19 , 2009 and was cancelled after one season . He hosted the Food Network show Kid in a Candy Store , which aired two seasons . Kelsey Nixon co-hosted a web show on food2.com ( a Food Network sister site aka Cooking Channel ) and also appeared in the premiere of Chefs vs. City in 2009 . In 2010 , Gertler and Nixon became co-hosts of The Next Food Network Star After Party , a half - hour recap / interview show following that night 's episode of Star , on Cooking Channel . Nixon stars in Kelsey 's Essentials , a program on kitchen and cooking basics for The Cooking Channel that ran November , 2010 - 2013 . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Eliminated Aaron McCargo Jr . 36 Camden , NJ Chef Winner Adam Gertler 30 Philadelphia , PA Food Server Runner - Up Lisa Garza 32 Dallas , TX Restaurateur / Designer Runner - Up Kelsey Nixon 23 North Ogden , UT Assistant Culinary Director Week 7 Shane Lyons 20 Colorado Springs , CO Private Chef and actor Week 6 Jennifer Cochrane 32 Woonsocket , RI Chef Week 5 Nipa Bhatt 35 Victoria , MN Marketing Manager Week 4 Jeffrey Vaden 43 White Plains , NY Food Service Management Week 3 Kevin Roberts 39 San Diego , CA Radio Talk Show Host / Restaurant Owner / Author Week 2 Cory Kahaney 45 New York , NY Stand - up Comedian Week 1 Season five ( edit ) Main article : The Next Food Network Star ( season 5 ) Summary ( edit ) Season five of The Next Food Network Star premiered on June 7 , 2009 . Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson were joined by Bobby Flay as the Selection Committee for this season , which was filmed early 2009 in New York , New York and Miami , Florida . Melissa D'Arabian was declared the winner on August 2 , 2009 with the title for her show being Ten Dollar Dinners . Her show premiered on August 9 , 2009. ( 1 ) On August 17 , 2009 , Food Network announced Jeffrey Saad would return in a series of online videos based on his pilot , now called `` The Spice Smuggler . '' The program premiered with four 4 - 1 / 2 minute videos featuring one spice and a recipe incorporating it . Saad was named the national representative for the American Egg Board . In November , 2010 , Saad debuted in a new show for The Cooking Channel titled United Tastes of America , which explores multiple aspects of traditional American food . Finalist Debbie Lee has carried her `` Seoul to Soul '' concept to the streets of L.A. , opening a lunch truck , Ahn - Joo , featuring a range of Korean food . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Culinary P.O.V. Eliminated Melissa d'Arabian 40 Keller , TX Stay - At - Home Mom `` Kitchen Survival Guide '' Winner Jeffrey Saad 42 Los Angeles , California Restaurateur / Food Consultant / Recipe Developer / Chef `` Ingredient Smuggler '' Runner - Up Debbie Lee 39 West Hollywood , California Restaurant Consultant `` From Seoul to Soul '' Week 8 Jamika Pessoa 30 Atlanta , Georgia Personal Chef / Businesswoman Caribbean Cuisine Week 7 Michael Proietti 28 City Island , NY Executive Chef `` Global A Go - Go '' Week 6 Katie Cavuto 30 Philadelphia , PA Personal Chef & Dietician Healthy and Green Cuisine Week 5 Teddy Folkman 33 Alexandria , VA Restaurant Owner / Executive Chef `` Gourmet Bar Food '' Week 4 Eddie Gilbert 30 Los Angeles Apprentice Chef `` Modernized Traditional Food '' Week 3 Brett August 33 New York , New York Executive Sous Chef Italian - American Cuisine Week 2 Jen Isham 30 Orlando , FL Sales Manager `` Housewife 2.0 '' Week 1 Season six ( edit ) Main article : The Next Food Network Star ( season 6 ) Summary ( edit ) The sixth season of the series premiered on Sunday , June 6 , 2010 . Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson were again joined by Bobby Flay as judges ; in addition , Giada De Laurentiis served as an on - set mentor . On July 17 , 2010 , a post-competition recap and discussion show premiered on The Cooking Channel . Shows were filmed in Los Angeles , California and New York , New York . On August 15 , 2010 , Aarti Sequeira was declared the winner , and her new show Aarti Party premiered on Sunday , August 22 , 2010 and features American style cuisine with unique Indian flair . Season 2 of Aarti Party premiered that December . The Food Network also signed runner - up Tom Pizzica to host a new show called Outrageous Food , which premiered in November 2010 . The last new episodes of Aarti Party aired in mid-2013 . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Culinary P.O.V. Eliminated Aarti Sequeira 31 Los Angeles , California Food Blogger `` Aarti Paarti '' Winner Herb Mesa 41 Atlanta , Georgia Personal Trainer / Personal Chef `` Cooking Con Sabor '' Runner - Up Tom Pizzica 32 San Francisco , CA Unemployed Chef `` Big Chef '' Runner - Up Aria Kagan 30 Hollywood , FL Private Chef `` Family Style '' Week 9 Brad Sorenson 25 Austin , Texas Professional Chef `` Pro '' / `` Culinary Quest '' Week 8 Serena Palumbo 31 New York , New York Attorney `` Serena 's Trattoria '' Week 7 Brianna Jenkins 30 Atlanta , Georgia Caterer `` Sexy and Fabulous Flavors '' Week 6 Paul Young 32 Chicago , IL Waiter `` Blue - Collar Dollar '' Week 5 Darrell `` DAS '' Smith 28 Los Angeles High School Culinary Teacher `` Food is the Life of the Party '' Week 4 Dzintra Dzenis 44 Austin , TX Private Cooking Instructor Week 3 Doreen Fang 38 Los Angeles Caterer / Cooking Instructor `` Simply Complex '' Week 2 Alexis Hernandez 40 Clarksville , IN Part - time food Writer Week 1 Season seven ( edit ) Main article : Food Network Star ( season 7 ) Summary ( edit ) For the seventh season , the reality television series was renamed , after the first episode , Food Network Star , dropping the word `` Next '' . It premiered Sunday , June 5 , 2011 . Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson were joined again by Bobby Flay and Giada De Laurentiis as the judges for this season . The series was filmed in Los Angeles , California and New York , New York . Season seven winner Jeff Mauro 's show `` Sandwich King '' premiered on Sunday , August 21 , 2011 . In spring 2013 , Jeff hosted $24 in 24 , a show in which he went to several cities and ate an entire day 's worth of meals on 24 dollars . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Culinary P.O.V. Eliminated Jeff Mauro 32 Chicago , IL Corporate Chef `` Sandwich King '' Winner Susie Jimenez 31 Carbondale , CO Catering Company Owner `` Spice It Up '' Runner - Up Vic `` Vegas '' Moea 36 Brooklyn , NY Executive Chef `` Mama 's Boy '' Week 11 Mary Beth Albright 38 Washington , DC Food Writer and Blogger `` Sunday Supper '' Week 10 Whitney Chen 28 New York , NY Chef `` Four Star Flair '' Week 9 Jyll Everman 31 Glendora , CA Caterer `` Jyllicious Bites '' Week 8 Penny Davidi 39 Los Angeles Restaurant Owner `` Stilettos in the Kitchen '' / `` Middle Eastern Mama '' Week 7 Chris Nirschel 28 Hoboken , NJ Sous Chef `` On the Line '' Week 7 Orchid Paulmeier 38 Bluffton , SC Restaurant Owner `` Asian Persuasion '' Week 6 Justin Davis 31 Minneapolis , MN Food Blogger `` The Flavor Factory '' Week 5 Justin Balmes 32 Marietta , GA Fishmonger / Butcher `` Kitchen Workshop '' Week 4 Alicia Sanchez 33 New York , NY Young Adult Culinary Teacher `` Alicia 's Guilty Pleasures '' Week 3 Katy Clark 34 Long Beach , CA Food and Fitness Company Operator `` Simply Fabulous '' Week 2 Juba Kali 29 New Orleans , LA Research Chef `` Cuisine Made Simply '' Week 2 Howie Drummond 40 Highlands Ranch , CO Radio Host `` Basic and Delicious '' Week 1 Season eight ( edit ) Main article : Food Network Star ( season 8 ) Summary ( edit ) Season 8 started May 13 , 2012 . For season 8 , the format changed , with the contestants divided into three five - member teams , each coached by a Food Network host , either Bobby Flay , Alton Brown , or Giada De Laurentiis . Coaches worked with the teams as they prepared for and completed their tasks . The winner 's coach would also be the producer of the winner 's show . Each week , a winning team was selected , and one member of the teams that did not win was up for elimination in a new feature called Producers ' Challenge . Each challenge was hosted by current Food Network personalities . The final winner was decided by an audience vote cast on foodnetwork.com between July 15 -- 17 , 2012 and the winner was announced on July 22 , 2012 . The winner was Justin Warner , who hosted a one - hour special on The Food Network , but did not have a series produced . He has become a blogger on foodnetwork.com , makes appearances at Food Network events , and is an active Twitter presence . Coaches ( edit ) Alton Brown -- host of Good Eats , Iron Chef America , The Next Iron Chef , and Cutthroat Kitchen . Bobby Flay -- host of Grill It ! with Bobby Flay , Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay . Co-host of season 3 of Worst Cooks in America and Iron Chef on Iron Chef America Giada De Laurentiis -- host of Everyday Italian , Giada at Home and Giada in Italy . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Culinary P.O.V. Team Eliminated Justin Warner 27 Brooklyn , NY Chef and Restaurant Owner `` Rebel with a Culinary Cause '' Team Alton Winner Michele Ragussis 42 Brooklyn , NY Executive Chef `` My New England '' Team Bobby Runner - Up Yvan Lemoine 30 New York City Bartender and Cook for the French Consulate `` Family Style '' Team Giada Runner - Up Martie Duncan 50 Birmingham , AL Blogger and Party Planner `` Martie with the Party '' Team Alton Runner - Up Philip `` Ippy '' Aiona 23 Kamuela , HI Executive Chef `` Voyage to Paradise '' Team Giada Week 10 Nikki Martin 31 West Hollywood , CA Private Chef , Food and Beverage Consultant `` The Grill Next Door '' Team Bobby Week 10 Martita Jara 35 San Diego , CA Self - Taught Chef `` Martita 's Mesa '' Team Giada Week 9 Malcolm Mitchell 41 Washington , DC Private Chef `` Simple and Soulful '' Team Bobby Week 8 Emily Ellyn 29 Orlando , FL College Student `` Cooking Retro Rad '' Team Alton Week 7 Linkie Marais 28 North Attleborough , MA Cake Baker `` Dessert Queen '' Team Giada Week 6 Judson Allen 30 Chicago , IL Catering Company Owner `` Weight Loss Journey '' Team Alton Week 5 Eric Lee 44 Petaluma , CA Winery Executive Chef `` Handcrafted in Wine Country '' Team Bobby Week 4 Josh Lyons 42 Jupiter , FL Restaurant Consultant and Sushi Chef `` Wok and Roll '' Team Giada Week 3 Kara Sigle 31 Chicago , IL Catering Company Owner `` Nostalgic Cooking with a Twist '' Team Bobby Week 2 Cristie Schoen 35 New Orleans , LA Caterer `` Healthy and Delicious '' Team Alton Week 1 Season Nine ( edit ) Main article : Food Network Star ( season 9 ) Summary ( edit ) Season 9 started on June 2 , 2013 . For season 9 , Alton Brown , Bobby Flay , and Giada De Laurentiis mentored and judged twelve Food Network Star competitors , although the contestants were not divided into teams as in season 8 . Many of this season 's contestants had previously appeared on other Food Network shows . The winner was Damaris Phillips , decided by an audience vote cast on foodnetwork.com and announced live on August 11 , 2013 . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Culinary P.O.V. Eliminated Damaris Phillips 31 Louisville , KY Culinary Teacher `` Modern Southern Food '' Winner Rodney Henry 47 Baltimore , MD Pie Shop Owner `` Pie Style '' Runner - up Russell Jackson 49 San Francisco , CA Underground Chef `` Seven Culinary Sins '' Runner - up Stacey Poon - Kinney 34 San Diego , CA Restaurant Owner `` Vintage with a Modern Twist '' Week 10 Nikki Dinki 29 New York , NY Food Blogger / Online Host `` Semi-Vegetarian '' / `` Meat on the Side '' Week 9 Connie `` Lovely '' Jackson 27 Los Angeles Caterer `` Party on a Plate '' Week 4 & Week 8 ( Winner of Star Salvation ) Chad Rosenthal 37 Ambler , PA Restaurant Owner `` Jewish BBQ Guy '' Week 7 Chris Hodgson 26 Cleveland , OH Chef / Restaurateur `` Compassion for Food '' Week 6 Viet Pham 33 Salt Lake City , UT Chef / Restaurant Owner `` The American Dream '' Week 5 Danushka Lysek 37 New York , NY Private Chef / Model `` Your Private Chef '' Week 3 Andres Guillama 26 Waynesville , NC Childhood Obesity Prevention Coach `` Teaching Men to Cook '' Week 2 Daniela Perez - Reyes 28 Haleiwa , HI Bartender / Caterer `` Peruvian Princess '' Week 1 Season ten ( edit ) Main article : Food Network Star ( season 10 ) The winner was Lenny McNab , decided by an audience vote cast on foodnetwork.com and announced live on August 10 , 2014 . It is the last season to date where the finale aired live -- all subsequent season finales would be filmed months in advance prior to airing . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Culinary P.O.V. Eliminated Lenny McNab 42 De Beque , CO Executive Chef Gourmet Cowboy Winner Luca Della Casa 38 San Antonio , TX ( Originally from Turin , Italy ) Restaurateur Luca 's Feast Episode 2 ( Winner of Star Salvation ) Runner - up Nicole Gaffney 29 Atlantic City , New Jersey Private Chef Coastal Cuisine Runner - up Sarah Penrod 30 League City , TX Private Chef Devoted to Date Night / Texas Cuisine Episode 10 Loreal Gavin 26 Indianapolis , IN Butcher Butcher Babe Episode 9 Emma Frisch 30 Ithaca , NY Farmer Farm - to - Table Episode 8 Chris Kyler 32 Stafford , VA Caterer elevating classics Episode 7 Reuben Ruiz 27 Miami , FL Restaurant Owner Flavors of Miami Episode 6 Christopher Lynch 39 New Orleans , LA Executive Chef New Orleans Inspired Episode 5 Aryen Moore - Alston 31 Memphis , TN Home Cook International Cuisine Made Easy Episode 4 Kenny Lao 36 New York , NY Food Truck Chef Fast - Casual Episode 3 Donna Sonkin Shaw 42 New York , NY Nutritionist Healthy Comfort Food Episode 1 Season eleven ( edit ) Main article : Food Network Star ( season 11 ) Beginning with this season , Alton Brown no longer appeared as a judge . The winner was Eddie Jackson . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Culinary P.O.V. Eliminated Eddie Jackson 34 Houston , TX Food Truck Owner Caribbean Winner Jay Ducote 33 Baton Rouge , LA Radio Host Louisiana Runner up Dominick `` Dom '' Tesoriero 31 Staten Island , NY Food Truck Owner Italian Week 8 ( Winner of Star Salvation ; returned for semi-final ) Runner up Arnold Myint 38 Nashville , TN Restaurant Owner Effortless Home Entertainment Week 10 Alex McCoy 31 Washington , D.C. Chef , Restaurant Owner Fusion Sandwiches Week 9 Michelle Karam 39 Santa Barbara , CA Food Blogger Mediterranean Week 7 ( Withdrew ) Emilia Cirker 36 Reston , VA Culinary Instructor Spice Class Week 6 Rue Rusike 26 Brooklyn , NY Private Chef South African Week 5 Rosa Graziano 38 Los Angeles Food Truck Owner Southern Italian Week 4 Sita Lewis 47 New York , NY Culinary Instructor Italian Soul Week 3 Matthew Grunwald 22 Scottsdale , AZ Restaurant Chef Hashtag Week 2 Christina Fitzgerald 29 St. Louis , MO Executive Chef Around The World Week 1 Season twelve ( edit ) Main article : Food Network Star ( season 12 ) Martita Jara originally competed in the eighth season of the series ; she returned after winning the pre-season competition Comeback Kitchen . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Eliminated Tregaye Fraser 31 Atlanta , Georgia Caterer Winner Jernard Wells 37 Executive chef Runner - up Damiano Carrara 30 Moorpark , California Pastry chef Yaku Moton - Spruill 33 San Francisco , California Basketball player , sous chef Week 4 / Week 10 Ana Quincoces 49 Coral Gables , Florida Cookbook writer , attorney Week 9 Erin Campbell 24 Woodbury , Minnesota Baker Week 8 Joy Thompson 40 Thomasville , North Carolina Baker , restaurateur Week 7 Rob Burmeister 45 Staten Island , New York School lunch administrator Week 6 Monterey Salka 26 Nashville , Tennessee Caterer Week 5 Martita Jara 39 San Diego , California Home cook Week 3 Aaron Crumbaugh 36 Spokane , Washington Caterer Week 2 Melissa Pfeister 34 Los Angeles , California Basketball player Havird Usry 28 Augusta , Georgia Restaurateur Week 1 Season thirteen ( edit ) Main article : Food Network Star ( season 13 ) Matthew Grunwald originally competed in season 11 . He returned for a second chance after winning the Comeback Kitchen competition . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Hometown Occupation Eliminated Jason Smith 39 Grayson , Kentucky Cafeteria manager Winner Rusty Hamlin 42 Atlanta , Georgia Executive chef Runner - up Cory Bahr 40 Monroe , Louisiana Chef Matthew Grunwald 24 Scottsdale , Arizona Restaurant chef Week 10 Amy Pottinger 32 Honolulu , Hawaii Food blogger Week 9 David Rose 35 Atlanta , Georgia Caterer Week 7 Addie Gundry 30 Lake Forest , Illinois Cookbook author ; chef Week 6 Caodan Tran 29 Dallas , Texas Personal chef Week 5 Trace Barnett 27 Brilliant , Alabama Food blogger Week 4 Suzanne Lossia 42 Detroit , Michigan Personal chef Week 3 Toya Boudy 34 New Orleans , Louisiana Week 2 Nancy Manlove 65 Texas City , Texas Chef Blake Baldwin 30 Flemington , New Jersey Marketing manager ; home cook Week 1 Season fourteen ( edit ) Main article : Food Network Star ( season 14 ) Contestants ( edit ) Amy Pottinger originally competed in season 13 . She returned for a second chance after winning the Comeback Kitchen competition , along with Adam Gertler , who originally competed in season four . Palak Patel also competed on Beat Bobby Flay , where she defeated him in the Chicken Curry episode . Name Age Hometown Occupation Eliminated Christian Petroni 34 Port Chester , New York Chef Winner Jess Tom Princeton , New Jersey Food Novelist Manny Washington 30 Orlando , Florida Firehouse cook Runner - up Amy Pottinger 33 Honolulu , Hawaii Food Blogger Week 8 Palak Patel 38 New York , New York Personal chef Week 7 Katie Dixon 35 Hattiesburg , Mississippi Private chef Week 6 Harrison Bader 26 Los Angeles , California Personal chef Week 4 Adam Gertler 40 Chef , TV Personality , Actor , Podcaster Rebekah Lingenfelser 34 Savannah , Georgia Marketing and Public Relations director Week 3 Samone Lett 46 Sanford , Florida Personal chef and caterer Week 2 Jason Goldstein 40 New York , New York Chiropractor ; culinary teacher Week 1 Chris Valdes 26 Miami , Florida Caterer Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yaku Moton - Spruill returned to the competition in Week 10 of season 12 after winning Star Salvation , but was again eliminated midway through the latter episode . Jump up ^ Cory Bahr returned to the competition in Week 10 of season 13 after winning Star Salvation . Jump up ^ Tom won Star Salvation in Week 8 of season 14 to be reinstated in the competition . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Food Network Star Episodes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Finale : Food Network Star : Food Network , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 Jump up ^ `` A Lyon In the Kitchen '' . Discovery Health Channel . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Food Network Star Episodes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Corey ( 2007 - 06 - 19 ) . `` TV chef spiced up credentials '' . Havelock News . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , C. Mark ( 2007 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Food Network contestant cooked up details about Marine service '' . Army Times . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Rick ( 2008 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Web Site Snafu Reveals Winner Of ' Next Food Network Star ' '' . AllYourTV.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network Star Episodes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` PR-USA.net '' . PR-USA.net . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Show Tracker '' . Los Angeles Times . August 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Star '' . Food Network . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network Star Episodes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Show Tracker '' . Los Angeles Times . August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://allyourtv.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1565:next-food-network-star-runner-up-tom-pizzica-gets-his-own-show&catid=1:latest-news Jump up ^ `` Food Network Star Episodes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network Star Episodes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Why New England - Chef on a Pier . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot Green Lights '' . Food Network Star . July 15 , 2012 . Food Network . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Roster Of Hopefuls Vie For Culinary Stardom In Season Nine Of Primetime Competition Series Food Network Star '' . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt ( 2013 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Food Network Star Season 9 Begins June 2nd '' . Food Network Gossip . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network Star Episodes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network Star Episodes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Matt ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Food Network Gossip : Food Network Star Alumni Return For Season 12 Of Food Network Star In ' Comeback Kitchen ' '' . Food Network Gossip . Blogger . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Food Network Star , Season 13 Finalists '' . foodnetwork.com . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Food Network Star , Season 14 Finalists '' . foodnetwork.com . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Food Network Star on IMDb Food Network Star at TV.com Food Network Star Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Winners ( series ) Dan Smith & Steve McDonagh Party Line with the Hearty Boys Guy Fieri Guy 's Big Bite Amy Finley Aaron McCargo Jr . Big Daddy 's House Melissa d'Arabian Ten Dollar Dinners Aarti Sequeira Aarti Party Jeff Mauro Justin Warner Rebel Eats Damaris Phillips Southern at Heart Lenny McNab Eddie Jackson BBQ Blitz Tregaye Fraser Jason Smith Best Baker in America Christian Petroni & Jess Tom Other contestants Nathan Lyon Colombe Jacobsen Adam Gertler Kelsey Nixon Shane Lyons Cory Kahaney Jeffrey Saad Michele Ragussis Martie Duncan Nikki Martin Cristie Schoen Stacey Poon - Kinney Nikki Dinki Damiano Carrara Spin - off Food Network Star Kids Food Network original programming Current Barefoot Contessa ( since 2002 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( since 2014 ) Best Baker in America ( since 2017 ) Cake Wars ( since 2015 ) Chopped ( since 2009 ) Chopped After Hours ( since 2015 ) Dessert Games ( since 2017 ) Food Network Star ( since 2005 ) Girl Meets Farm ( since 2018 ) The Great Food Truck Race ( since 2010 ) Guy 's Grocery Games ( since 2013 ) Halloween Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Halloween Wars ( since 2011 ) Holiday Baking Championship ( since 2014 ) Iron Chef America ( since 2005 ) Iron Chef Gauntlet ( since 2017 ) Kids Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) The Kitchen ( since 2014 ) The Pioneer Woman ( since 2011 ) Spring Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Trisha 's Southern Kitchen ( since 2012 ) Valerie 's Home Cooking ( since 2015 ) Worst Cooks in America ( since 2010 ) Former 1990s debuts Cooking Live ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Emeril Live ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Essence of Emeril ( 1994 -- 2007 ) Good Eats ( 1999 -- 2012 ) How to Boil Water ( 1993 -- 2000 ) 2000s debuts 30 Minute Meals ( 2001 -- 2012 ) $40 a Day ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 5 Ingredient Fix ( 2009 -- 2011 ) A Cook 's Tour ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Ace of Cakes ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Ask Aida ( 2008 -- 2009 ) BBQ with Bobby Flay ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Behind the Bash ( 2006 ) Big Daddy 's House ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Boy Meets Grill ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Chocolate with Jacques Torres ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Cupcake Wars ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Dinner : Impossible ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Everyday Italian ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Feasting on Asphalt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Food 911 ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Food Network Challenge ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Giada at Home ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Giada 's Weekend Getaways ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Glutton for Punishment ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Guy 's Big Bite ( 2006 -- 2016 ) Ham on the Street ( 2006 ) How 'd That Get on My Plate ? ( 2008 ) The Next Iron Chef ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Party Line with the Hearty Boys ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Paula 's Best Dishes ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Paula 's Home Cooking ( 2002 -- 2012 ) Private Chefs of Beverly Hills ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Rachael Ray 's Tasty Travels ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Road Tasted ( 2006 -- 2008 ) The Secret Life of ... ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Sara 's Secrets ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Sugar Rush ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Ten Dollar Dinners ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Tyler 's Ultimate ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Ultimate Recipe Showdown ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Unwrapped ( 2001 -- 2011 ) What Would Brian Boitano Make ? ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Will Work for Food ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts 24 Hour Restaurant Battle ( 2010 -- 2011 ) $24 in 24 ( 2012 ) Aarti Party ( 2010 -- 2011 ) America 's Best Cook ( 2014 ) The Best Thing I Ever Made ( 2011 -- 2013 ) BBQ Blitz ( 2015 ) Brunch @ Bobby 's ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Chef Wanted with Anne Burrell ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Chopped Junior ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Clash of the Grandmas ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Cutthroat Kitchen ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Dessert First with Anne Thornton ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Food Network Star Kids ( 2016 ) Guilty Pleasures ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Heat Seekers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) I Hart Food ( 2017 ) Iron Chef Showdown ( 2017 ) Kid in a Candy Store ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Kids BBQ Championship ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Kitchen Casino ( 2014 ) Kitchen Sink ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Mystery Diners ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Patricia Heaton Parties ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Express ( 2013 ) Restaurant : Impossible ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Restaurant Stakeout ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Rewrapped ( 2014 ) Southern at Heart ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Sweet Genius ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Top 5 Restaurants ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Worst Bakers in America ( 2016 ) Pilots and specials The Big Waste ( 2012 ) Kids Halloween Baking Championship ( 2016 ) Rebel Eats ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_Network_Star&oldid=853936419 '' Categories : 2005 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series English - language television programs Food Network series Food Network Star Television series by CBS Television Studios Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from June 2014 TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 22 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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who won this season's food network star
[ "\n\n\nName\n\nAge\n\nHometown\n\nOccupation\n\nEliminated\n\n\nChristian Petroni\n34\nPort Chester, New York\nChef\nWinner\n\n\nJess Tom\nPrinceton, New Jersey\nFood Novelist[C]\n\n\nManny Washington\n30\nOrlando, Florida\nFirehouse cook\nRunner-up\n\n\nAmy Pottinger\n33\nHonolulu, Hawaii\nFood Blogger\nWeek 8\n\n\nPalak Patel\n38\nNew York, New York\nPersonal chef\nWeek 7\n\n\nKatie Dixon\n35\nHattiesburg, Mississippi\nPrivate chef\nWeek 6\n\n\nHarrison Bader\n26\nLos Angeles, California\nPersonal chef\nWeek 4\n\n\nAdam Gertler\n40\nChef, TV Personality, Actor, Podcaster\n\n\nRebekah Lingenfelser\n34\nSavannah, Georgia\nMarketing and Public Relations director\nWeek 3\n\n\nSamone Lett\n46\nSanford, Florida\nPersonal chef and caterer\nWeek 2\n\n\nJason Goldstein\n40\nNew York, New York\nChiropractor; culinary teacher\nWeek 1\n\n\nChris Valdes\n26\nMiami, Florida\nCaterer\n\n", "\n\n\nName\n\nAge\n\nHometown\n\nOccupation\n\nEliminated\n\n\nChristian Petroni\n34\nPort Chester, New York\nChef\nWinner\n\n\nJess Tom\nPrinceton, New Jersey\nFood Novelist[C]\n\n\nManny Washington\n30\nOrlando, Florida\nFirehouse cook\nRunner-up\n\n\nAmy Pottinger\n33\nHonolulu, Hawaii\nFood Blogger\nWeek 8\n\n\nPalak Patel\n38\nNew York, New York\nPersonal chef\nWeek 7\n\n\nKatie Dixon\n35\nHattiesburg, Mississippi\nPrivate chef\nWeek 6\n\n\nHarrison Bader\n26\nLos Angeles, California\nPersonal chef\nWeek 4\n\n\nAdam Gertler\n40\nChef, TV Personality, Actor, Podcaster\n\n\nRebekah Lingenfelser\n34\nSavannah, Georgia\nMarketing and Public Relations director\nWeek 3\n\n\nSamone Lett\n46\nSanford, Florida\nPersonal chef and caterer\nWeek 2\n\n\nJason Goldstein\n40\nNew York, New York\nChiropractor; culinary teacher\nWeek 1\n\n\nChris Valdes\n26\nMiami, Florida\nCaterer\n\n" ]
[ "Christian Petroni", "Jess Tom" ]
-4553098567418286055
Joel Kinnaman
Joel Kinnaman - wikipedia Joel Kinnaman Jump to : navigation , search Joel Kinnaman Kinnaman in 2014 Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman ( 1979 - 11 - 25 ) 25 November 1979 ( age 37 ) Stockholm , Sweden Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1990 -- present Spouse ( s ) Cleo Wattenström Relatives Melinda Kinnaman ( half - sister ) Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman ( born 25 November 1979 ) is a Swedish American actor , best known in Sweden for playing the lead role in the Swedish film Easy Money , a role that earned him a Guldbagge Award in the `` Best Actor '' category , and also for his roles as Frank Wagner in the Johan Falk film series and Governor Will Conway in the U.S. version of House of Cards . He starred as detective Stephen Holder on AMC 's The Killing , and played Alex Murphy in the 2014 RoboCop remake , and Rick Flag in the film adaptation of Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) , based on the DC Comics anti-hero team of the same name . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 Awards and nominations 5.1 Film 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Kinnaman was born and raised in Stockholm . His mother , Bitte , a therapist , is a Swedish citizen . His father , Steve Kinnaman ( originally David Kinnaman ) , is an American who was drafted during the Vietnam War and deserted the military from his base in Bangkok . Kinnaman has both Swedish and American citizenship , because of his father 's American nationality . Kinnaman 's father , whose family was from the American Midwest , is of English , German , Irish , and Scottish descent , while Kinnaman 's mother is Ukrainian Jewish descent . He has five sisters , one of whom is actress Melinda Kinnaman ( his half - sister ) . During his childhood , Kinnaman learned two languages as he `` spoke English with my dad and Swedish with my mom . '' Kinnaman spent a year in Texas as a high school exchange student . Career ( edit ) Kinnaman at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con to promote Suicide Squad He originally started his career as a child actor in 1990 , in the soap opera Storstad . His older sister was dating one of the show 's directors , and he asked Joel to try out for a role . After portraying Felix Lundström in 22 episodes , he stepped away from acting . Kinnaman restarted his acting career in 2002 , taking part in a thriller called The Invisible and enrolling in the Swedish Academic School of Drama in Malmö , where actors such as Michael Nyqvist have studied . He graduated in 2007 , and afterwards attracted the attention of Swedish media in a stage adaptation of Crime and Punishment . Kinnaman then went on to star in nine Swedish movies in 14 months . He made his breakthrough in the 2009 film I skuggan av värmen and his success continued with a role in six films of the Johan Falk film series . He was then cast in the film Easy Money ( released January 2010 ) , which brought him attention in Sweden and the rest of the world . Looking to expand his acting career , Kinnaman hired an agent in the United States , the same agent that represents Johnny Depp . It was announced in the spring of 2010 that he would be making his international film debut in the thriller The Darkest Hour , which began filming in Moscow in June 2010 and was released in December 2011 . Beginning in April 2011 , Kinnaman had a starring role as Detective Stephen Holder in the AMC television series The Killing . Kinnaman was one of the contenders for the lead roles in Thor ( 2011 ) and Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) . He told the newspaper Östran that he `` was really close to getting the lead role in Mad Max 4 . It was between me and two others , and the one who got the role was Tom Hardy . ( The director ) was very pleased ( with my performance ) -- but they needed someone who seemed older . '' Regarding Thor , he has stated that `` they wanted someone with a Scandinavian touch . There were only five candidates left in the end , but unfortunately I could n't fly over ( to the United States ) and do test shoots with Natalie Portman , because it would interfere with the filming of Easy Money . '' Although Kinnaman has said that he is eager to work and become recognized in America , he added that `` I absolutely do n't feel that I have to take any role that I can get just because it is the United States . I 'm looking for something interesting , I 'm still young in my artistry , and I must dare to do things even when there 's a risk for failure '' . Kinnaman reunited with Easy Money director Daniel Espinosa in his Hollywood debut , 2012 's Safe House . On 3 March 2012 , it was confirmed that Kinnaman would play the lead role of Alex James Murphy / Robocop in the 2014 remake of 1987 's RoboCop . The film was released in February 2014 . In 2015 , he appeared in the drama Knight of Cups and starred in the thrillers Run All Night and Child 44 . Kinnaman next played Rick Flag Jr. in the Warner Bros. and DC Comics adaptation of Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) , directed by David Ayer . In 2016 , Kinnaman also starred in the independent drama - thriller film Edge of Winter . He plays Elliot Baker , a father of two who takes his children on a shooting trip that goes horribly wrong . The film was released on demand on 27 July , and in select theatres on 12 August . Joel has also been cast as the main protagonist in Netflix 's Altered Carbon , an adaption to Richard K. Morgan 's hardboiled cyberpunk science fiction novel of the same name . Netflix has ordered a 10 - episode season one . Kinnaman will portray Takeshi Kovacs , a native of the planet Harlan 's World . Kovacs is of Japanese and Eastern - European descent , and was a teenage gang member before enlisting in the military . After leaving the Envoy Corps , an elite military force , Kovacs returned to criminal life and became a mercenary , and was eventually imprisoned , his cortical `` stack '' stored without a body for decades at a time as punishment before being paroled or hired out to work high - risk situations . Personal life ( edit ) In mid-2014 , Kinnaman began dating Swedish tattoo artist Cleo Wattenström . In April 2016 , Kinnaman revealed he and Wattenström are married . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2002 Den osynlige Kalle 2003 Hannah med H Andreas 2005 Storm The Bartender 2005 Tjenare kungen Dickan 2006 Vinnarskallar Gurra 2007 Arn -- The Knight Templar Sverker Karlsson 2008 Arn -- The Kingdom at Road 's End Sverker Karlsson 2009 In Your Veins Erik 2009 183 dagar Byron 2009 Johan Falk - Gruppen för särskilda insatser Frank Wagner Nominated -- Guldbagge Award for the Best Supporting Actor 2009 Johan Falk - Vapenbröder Frank Wagner 2009 Johan Falk - National Target Frank Wagner 2009 Johan Falk - Leo Gaut Frank Wagner 2009 Johan Falk - Operation Näktergal Frank Wagner 2009 Johan Falk - De fredlösa Frank Wagner 2009 Simon & Malou Stefan Easy Money Johan `` JW '' Westlund Guldbagge Award for the Best Actor 2011 The Darkest Hour Skyler 2011 The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Christer Malm 2012 Safe House Keller 2012 Lola Versus Luke 2012 Easy Money II : Hard to Kill Johan `` JW '' Westlund 2012 Johan Falk -- Spelets regler Frank Wagner 2012 Johan Falk -- De 107 patrioterna Frank Wagner 2012 Johan Falk -- Alla råns moder Frank Wagner 2012 Johan Falk -- Organizatsija Karayan Frank Wagner 2012 Johan Falk -- Barninfiltratören Frank Wagner 2013 Johan Falk -- Kodnamn Lisa Frank Wagner 2013 Easy Money III : Life Deluxe Johan `` JW '' Westlund 2014 RoboCop Alex Murphy / RoboCop 2015 Knight of Cups Errol 2015 Run All Night Mike Conlon 2015 Child 44 Wasilij Nikitin 2016 Suicide Squad Rick Flag 2016 Edge of Winter Elliot Baker Television Year Title Role Notes Storstad Felix Lundström Swedish TV series ; credited as Joel Nordström 2008 Andra Avenyn Gustav Swedish TV series 2011 -- 2014 The Killing Stephen Holder U.S. TV series Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television 2016 -- present House of Cards Governor Will Conway Main Role 2017 Altered Carbon Takeshi Kovacs Upcoming series Awards and nominations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Award Notes 2011 Guldbagge Awards Best Actor - Easy Money 2012 Saturn Award Nominated - Best Supporting Actor on Television - The Killing References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Joel Kinnaman '' ( in Swedish ) . The Swedish Film Database ( Swedish Film Institute ) . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Rehlin , Gunnar ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman klar för Hollywoodfilm '' . Helsingborgs Dagblad . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hägred , Per ( 19 January 2010 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman : ' Min revisor är i chocktillstånd ' '' . Expressen . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Suicide Squad ' Update : ' RoboCop 's Joel Kinnaman Cast as Rick Flagg '' . 13 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rochlinfer , Margy ( 7 February 2014 ) . `` Emotions Churning Under Armor : Joel Kinnaman Jumps From ' The Killing ' to ' RoboCop ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Helen ( 6 February 2014 ) . `` Robocop Joel Kinnaman 's Mom Tried to Send Him to Therapy for Walking Like a Robot '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Yglesias , Matthew . `` Joel Kinnaman from The Killing : An Interview '' . Slate . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Tweet Lina Wennersten 08 - 13 59 36 [email protected] . `` Kroppslig kamp Kultur SvD '' ( in Swedish ) . Svd.se . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Eichel , Larry ( 9 December 1990 ) . `` Home Swede Home : Why Some Vietnam Dodgers Have n't Returned '' . The Seattle Times . David Kinnaman , as Steve was known for the first half of his life ... Jump up ^ Ventre , Michael ( 16 June 2011 ) . `` Killing actors all hiding secrets '' . Variety . Jump up ^ https://archive.is/20120913141051/www.thedaily.com/page/2012/04/02/040212-gossip-tv-joel-kinnaman-1-2 Jump up ^ `` Joel Kinnaman regerar i `` Arn '' - Film '' ( in Swedish ) . www.arbetarbladet.se . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` RoboCop 's Jewish ! '' . ^ Jump up to : Andersson , Jan - Olov ( 22 August 2009 ) . `` -- Jag fick sparka ihjäl Skarsgård '' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Albiniak , Paige . `` In for the kill '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` -- Jag ville slå honom '' . aftonbladet.se . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gradvall.se . `` Gradvall.se -- Artiklar Intervjuer Essäer 1979 - 2016 '' . gradvall.se . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Helmerson , Erik ( 11 January 2010 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman nära roll i Mad Max 4 '' . Östran . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zac Efron to play drug smuggler in thriller '' . Reuters. 15 April 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Holmqvist , Emilia ( 22 March 2010 ) . `` Kinnaman ska få oss att springa '' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( 14 April 2010 ) . `` AMC adds four actors to Killing pilot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( 16 March 2009 ) . `` Natalie Portman Joining Thor ? '' . IGN . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jen . `` Joel Kinnaman Talks Easy Money , His Marty Scorsese - Style Relationship With Daniel Espinosa & The Future Of The Dragon Tattoo Films '' . IndieWire . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 13 February 2015 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman eyed for Rick Flagg role in Suicide Squad '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Edge of Winter actor Joel Kinnaman says ' toughest shoot ' was filming in a freezing Sudbury lake '' . The Hamilton Spectator. 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman to star in Netflix 's Altered Carbon series ; Miguel Sapochnik directs '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Här myser Kinnaman med svenska Cleo , 22 '' . Aftonbladet. 9 August 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cleo Wattenström , Joel Kinnaman 's Wife : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy . 29 May 2017 . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bacardi , Francesca ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Surprise ! Joel Kinnaman and Cleo Wattenström Are Married '' . Eonline.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gugliemi , Jodi ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman Reveals He Secretly Married Cleo Wattenström '' . People.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` De kan vinna en Guldbagge '' . Dagens Nyheter. 8 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( 29 February 2012 ) . `` Saturn Award Nominations Announced ; Hugo and Harry Potter Lead with 10 Nominations Each '' . Collider . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . External links ( edit ) Joel Kinnaman on IMDb Joel Kinnaman on Facebook Joel Kinnaman on Twitter Joel Kinnaman on Instagram ( hide ) Guldbagge Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role 1963 -- 1990 Keve Hjelm ( 1963 / 64 ) Jarl Kulle ( 1964 / 65 ) Thommy Berggren ( 1965 / 66 ) Per Oscarsson ( 1966 / 67 ) Halvar Björk ( 1967 / 68 ) Roland Hedlund ( 1968 / 69 ) Carl - Gustaf Lindstedt ( 1969 / 70 ) Eddie Axberg ( 1971 / 72 ) Gösta Ekman ( 1972 / 73 ) Allan Edwall ( 1973 / 74 ) Göran Stangertz ( 1974 / 75 ) Toivo Pawlo ( 1975 / 76 ) Håkan Serner ( 1976 / 77 ) Anders Lönnbro ( 1977 / 78 ) Anders Åberg ( 1978 / 79 ) Peter Lindgren ( 1979 / 80 ) Ingvar Hirdwall ( 1980 / 81 ) Stellan Skarsgård ( 1981 / 82 ) Jarl Kulle ( 1982 / 83 ) Sven Wollter ( 1984 ) Anton Glanzelius ( 1985 ) Erland Josephson ( 1986 ) Max von Sydow ( 1987 ) Tomas Bolme ( 1988 ) Stellan Skarsgård ( 1989 ) Börje Ahlstedt ( 1990 ) 1991 -- present Lasse Åberg ( 1991 ) Rolf Lassgård ( 1992 ) Sven Lindberg ( 1993 ) Sven - Bertil Taube ( 1994 ) Loa Falkman ( 1995 ) Max von Sydow ( 1996 ) Göran Stangertz ( 1997 ) Krister Henriksson ( 1998 ) Björn Kjellman ( 1999 ) Kjell Bergqvist ( 2000 ) Sven Wollter ( 2001 ) Michael Nyqvist ( 2002 ) Jonas Karlsson ( 2003 ) Robert Gustafsson ( 2004 ) Krister Henriksson ( 2005 ) Gustaf Skarsgård ( 2006 ) Michael Segerström ( 2007 ) Mikael Persbrandt ( 2008 ) Claes Ljungmark ( 2009 ) Joel Kinnaman ( 2010 ) Sven - Bertil Taube ( 2011 ) Johannes Brost ( 2012 ) Mikael Persbrandt ( 2013 ) Sverrir Gudnason ( 2014 ) Rolf Lassgård ( 2015 ) Anders Mossling ( 2016 ) VIAF : 207335285 ISNI : 0000 0001 4006 500X GND : 1021087246 SUDOC : 15556465X BNF : cb16613955q ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kinnaman&oldid=802907058 '' Categories : 1979 births 20th - century American male actors 20th - century Swedish male actors 21st - century American male actors 21st - century Swedish male actors Swedish emigrants to the United States American male film actors American male television actors American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American people of Scottish descent American people of Swedish - Jewish descent American people of Ukrainian - Jewish descent Best Actor Guldbagge Award winners Jewish American male actors Living people Male actors from Stockholm Swedish Jews Swedish male film actors Swedish male television actors Swedish people of American descent Swedish people of English descent Swedish people of German descent Swedish people of Irish descent Swedish people of Scottish descent Swedish people of Ukrainian descent Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from April 2011 Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 06 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is the actor that plays holder in the killing
[ "Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman (born 25 November 1979[1]) is a Swedish American actor,[1] best known in Sweden for playing the lead role in the Swedish film Easy Money,[2][3] a role that earned him a Guldbagge Award in the \"Best Actor\" category, and also for his roles as Frank Wagner in the Johan Falk film series and Governor Will Conway in the U.S. version of House of Cards. He starred as detective Stephen Holder on AMC's The Killing, and played Alex Murphy in the 2014 RoboCop remake, and Rick Flag in the film adaptation of Suicide Squad (2016), based on the DC Comics anti-hero team of the same name.[4]" ]
[ "Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman" ]
7190350603860855164
Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Thailand
Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Thailand - wikipedia Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Thailand Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : some anecdotes included in this article should probably be removed Please help improve this article if you can . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Map showing the provinces of Thailand affected Thailand was one of the countries that was hit by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami . Due to proximity of the Andaman coasts of Thailand situated just about 500 km east of the earthquake epicentre , the tsunami took just 2 hours to reach and strike the western coastline of the country . The Thai government reported 4,812 confirmed deaths , 8,457 injuries , and 4,499 missing after the country was hit by a tsunami caused by the Indian Ocean earthquake on the 26 of December 2004 . The first location where the tsunami was noticed was on the Similan Islands , a famous diving site located about 70 km from Phang Nga town in Pha Nga province or 13 km from central Khao Lak . The sea around these islands when the tsunami struck was reported to have strong currents and divers underwater felt as though they were in a washing machine . Some flooding also occurred inland , though no casualties were reported . The popular tourist resort of Phuket was badly hit . Some 250 people were reported dead , including tourists . The tsunami struck the west coast of Phuket island , flooding and causing damage to almost all the major beaches such as Patong , Karon , Kamala , and Kata beach . The smaller but increasingly popular resort area of Khao Lak some 80 km north of Phuket was hit far worse with 3,950 confirmed deaths , however , the death toll in Khao Lak may have exceeded 4,500 . The severity of the situation in Khao Lak is probably explained by the fact , that unlike the high - rise hotels of Phuket , the village of Khao Lak only had low built bungalows instead of high - rise concrete hotels . There was no warning of the first wave so people had no idea it was coming . These days , Thailand is better prepared for tsunamis as they are 2 hours away from being hit again if there is a new tsunami . Khao Lak also has an extensive area of flatland only a few meters above the sea level , on which most bungalows were situated . Khao Lak experienced the highest run - up of any tsunami wave height of any location outside Sumatra . Due to the topography of the seabed , coastline and reefs offshore , the tsunami waves piled on top of themselves and in doing so , create the infamous ' disappearing sea effect ' which enticed many tourists to their deaths . This effect is also known as the tsunami drawback . Bhumi Jensen , grandson of Bhumibol Adulyadej ( HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej ) was among those killed in Khao Lak . Hundreds of holiday tourists on the Phi Phi Islands were washed out to sea . Tuk - tuk drivers were quick to offer assistance , driving victims to hospitals , higher grounds and away from the surging waters . The nearby Ko Lanta Yai , however , was n't afflicted as badly . At some places in Phuket and Phang Nga provinces , elephants were used to move and lift heavy wreckage to search for victims and to clear roads . These included six male Indian elephants which had previously been used in making the movie Alexander . On a beach in Thailand , a man was leading an elephant to entertain tourists , when the tsunami came . The elephant 's natural instinct to flee the sea saved the life of a young girl who was upon his back . Official figures as of 7 January 2005 Province Thai deaths Foreign deaths Total deaths Thai injured Foreign injured Total injured Missing Krabi 288 188 476 808 568 1,376 890 Phang Nga 1,950 2,213 4,163 4,344 1,253 5,597 2,113 Phuket 154 105 259 591 520 1,111 700 Ranong 167 169 215 31 246 12 Satun 6 0 6 15 0 15 0 Trang 92 20 112 Total 2,568 2,510 5,078 6,065 2,392 8,457 3,716 Source : Bangkok Post . The `` total deaths '' and `` total injured '' categories include dead and injured persons whose nationality is not given or has not been established . The number of `` foreign injured '' has been reduced by evacuations of foreign nationals . Thai sources acknowledge that the great majority of those listed as `` missing '' are in fact dead , and that a large majority of these are foreigners . An article in the Bangkok Post on 10 January suggested that some of the figures in this table may be seriously misleading . According to this article , the estimated number of deaths among Thai nationals has been reduced from about 2,500 to about 1,800 , and the estimated number of deaths among foreigners has been reduced from 2,500 to 1,300 . The number of deaths whose nationality has not been established has risen correspondingly , from less than 200 to about 2,100 . This is due to increasing doubts about the reliability of the classification on the basis of visual identification of badly decomposed bodies into `` Thai '' and `` foreign '' categories . All bodies of unknown origin will now be DNA tested to determine their ethnic origin . Impact ( edit ) Approximate maximum of tsunami waters at Kata Noi Beach , Phuket , Thailand ( 3rd tsunami wave ) . Regular sea level at Kata Noi beach . The economic impact of the tsunami on Thailand was considerable , though not as great as in poorer countries such as Indonesia or Sri Lanka . Thailand of mild econism has a liberalised , flexible and robust economy , which has shown powers of rapid recuperation after previous setbacks . The sectors most badly damaged have been tourism and fishing . The beach resorts along the Andaman Sea coast have been extensively damaged . Many Thai - owned hotels and other small businesses have been ruined , and the Thai government provided large amounts of capital to enable the recovery of the private sector . Infrastructure in general was , predictably , severely damaged , though much has been gleaned from surveying the aftermath . Reinforced concrete power poles are normally the standard in countries with high seismic risk . Addition of the tsunami 's waves and associated debris demonstrated their weakness to shearing at the base . There were revelations about the height of these poles , too -- the ( up to ) 10 meter waves submerged the shorter , older poles . And high - density polyethylene piping was found to perform exceptionally well : as roads crumbled , the subterranean flexible pipelines formed new contours and rarely separated . The confidence of European tourists in travelling to places such as Phuket also took some time to recover , which is one reason why Thailand has strongly backed the installed tsunami warning system . Thousands of Thais dependent on tourism - related industries have lost their jobs , not just in the south but also in the poorest part of Thailand , Isan in the north - east , where many workers in the tourism industry come from . By 12 January some of the affected resorts in the south had re-opened , and the Thai government had begun an advertising campaign to bring visitors back to the area as quickly as possible , though everyone knew it would be quite a while before Thailand was in a state of normalcy , professionals guessed around ten years . The fishing industry has been damaged by the extensive destruction of fishing boats and tackle , which individual fishing families could n't afford to replace , particularly since many have lost their homes as well . According to one report , more than 500 fishing boats and ten trawlers have been destroyed , as well as many piers and fish - processing facilities . Again , grants or loans from the government have been essential to enable the industry to re-equip itself . A further problem was the public aversion in Thailand to eating locally caught fish , for fear that the fish have fed on human dead bodies which were swept out to sea by the tsunami . Thais found this possibility offensive both on health grounds and for religious reasons . Fish product distributors refused to buy fish and crustaceans from Andaman Sea ports , and preferred to buy from Gulf of Thailand ports or even from Malaysia or Vietnam , so that they could assure consumers that there was no possibility of such contamination . As a result , even those fishing families who were able to fish were unable to sell their catch . The Director - General of the World Health Organisation , Dr Lee Jong - Wook , went on Thai television to say that he was eating fish every day . In the long run the tsunami disaster has brought considerable benefits to Thailand , especially the southern tourist areas . European governments have pledged large sums of money to rebuild infrastructure and to fund new schools and orphanages for the Thai communities affected , as a gesture of thanks for the assistance given to their citizens by the Thai people . The destruction of many second - rate structures along the beaches have provided opportunities to rebuild popular tourist areas such as Patong Beach at Phuket in a more aesthetically and environmentally suitable way . Thailand held legislative elections on 6 February , and the tsunami disaster has been drawn into the election campaign . Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra has accused the former Democratic Party of Thailand government of Chuan Leekpai of ignoring warnings in 1998 of the possible risk of a tsunami affecting Thailand . His allegations have been supported by the former head of the Meteorological Department , Smith Tumsaroch . Democratic Party politicians said that Smith has failed to produce any evidence for his warnings at the time , and accused Thaksin of politicising the tsunami tragedy . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2005 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2005 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Carl Strand , John Masek , ed. ( 2007 ) . Sumata - Andaman Islands Earthquake and Tsunami of December 26 , 2004 . ISBN 9780784409510 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Photos before the destruction of Koh Phi Phi Island Regional humanitarian situation due to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami India Indonesia Malaysia Maldives Myanmar Somalia Sri Lanka Thailand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effect_of_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_on_Thailand&oldid=833745559 '' Categories : Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami by country 2004 in Thailand Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from June 2014 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from June 2014 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from June 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 06 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the boxing day tsunami hit thailand
[ "Thailand was one of the countries that was hit by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. Due to proximity of the Andaman coasts of Thailand situated just about 500 km east of the earthquake epicentre, the tsunami took just 2 hours to reach and strike the western coastline of the country. The Thai government reported 4,812[1] confirmed deaths, 8,457[1] injuries, and 4,499[1] missing after the country was hit by a tsunami caused by the Indian Ocean earthquake on the 26 of December 2004." ]
[ "2004" ]
-2304953703131794006
Hemkosh
Hemkosh - wikipedia Hemkosh This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hemkosh Author Hemchandra Barua Country India Language Assamese Subject Dictionary Publisher Hemkosh Printers Publication date 1900 Media type Print ( Hardcover and Paperback ) Hemkosh ( Assamese : হেমকোষ , IPA : ( hɛmkʊx ) ) is the first etymological dictionary of the Assamese language based on Sanskrit spellings , compiled by Hemchandra Barua . It was first published in 1900 under the supervision of Capt . P.R. Gordon , ISC and Hemchandra Goswami , 33 years after the publication of Bronson 's dictionary . It contained about 22,346 words . This dictionary still published by Hemkosh Printers is considered to be the `` standard '' reference of the Assamese language . Hemkosh is the second dictionary of Assamese language . The first Assamese dictionary was compiled by Dr. Miles Bronson , an American Baptist Missionary . His dictionary , published in 1867 at the American Baptist Mission Press , Sibsagar , is out of print . Bronson 's work did not pretend to be an etymological dictionary but contained a very considerable collection of words from the people themselves without recording derivations . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : RCILTS , IIT Guwahati An English - Assamese - Bodo Trilingual Dictionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemkosh&oldid=839114429 '' Categories : Assamese language Books from Assam Assamese - language books Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Books with missing cover Articles containing Assamese - language text Talk About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা हिन्दी Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 10 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who compiled and published assamese dictionary in 1867
[ "Hemkosh is the second dictionary of Assamese language. The first Assamese dictionary was compiled by Dr. Miles Bronson, an American Baptist Missionary. His dictionary, published in 1867 at the American Baptist Mission Press, Sibsagar, is out of print. Bronson’s work did not pretend to be an etymological dictionary but contained a very considerable collection of words from the people themselves without recording derivations.[1]\n" ]
[ "Dr. Miles Bronson" ]
3858606806341555997
Growing Up Hip Hop
Growing Up Hip Hop - wikipedia Growing Up Hip Hop Jump to : navigation , search Growing Up Hip Hop Genre Reality television Starring Romeo Miller Angela Simmons Kristinia DeBarge Boogie Dash Egypt Criss TJ Mizell Vanessa Simmons Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 22 Production Executive producer ( s ) Suzanne Gladstone Oji Singletary Mark Herwick Tara Long Master P Romeo Miller Angela Simmons Datari Turner Mala Chapple Running time 42 to 44 minutes Release Original network WE tv Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release January 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta External links Website www.wetv.com/shows/growing-up-hip-hop # home Growing Up Hip Hop is the original installment of the Growing Up Hip Hop reality television franchise on WE tv . The series premiered on January 7 , 2016 , and chronicles the lives of the children of hip hop legends . Its success has led to the creation of a spin - off Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta . On May 25 , 2017 , WE tv announced the show 's return for a third season , which premiered on July 20 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.1. 1 Current 1.1. 2 Former 1.2 Supporting 1.2. 1 Current 1.2. 2 Former 2 Series overview 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 4 References Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Cast member Seasons Romeo Miller Main Angela Simmons Main Kristinia DeBarge Main Boogie Dash Main Egypt Criss Main TJ Mizell Main Supporting Vanessa Simmons Supporting Main Current ( edit ) Romeo Miller Son of Master P and brother of Cymphonique Miller . Miller 's career began with the release of his debut studio Lil ' Romeo at the age of 11 , which led to other opportunities including his own Nickelodeon sitcom , Romeo ! , running from 2003 to 2006 . Miller appeared on Dancing with the Stars during its twelfth season . In 2016 , Miller appeared on Empire during its third season as Gram . The series chronicles his business ventures with his father . Angela Simmons Daughter of Rev Run of Run -- D.M.C. and sister of Vanessa Simmons . Simmons first gained public attention when she appeared with her family on the reality TV series Run 's House . She has made a name for herself by making a clothing line . The third season chronicles her struggles of connecting with her family after becoming a mother . Kristinia DeBarge Daughter of James DeBarge of DeBarge . DeBarge followed in her family 's footsteps and went into music . DeBarge 's debut single Goodbye released in 2009 , went platinum and released an album Exposed along with it . DeBarge has continued to make music over the years . She has the desire to find out if she has a half - sister whose mother would be Janet Jackson beginning in the second season . The third season chronicles her desire to put out music , but faces rumors about sleeping with her producer . Damon `` Boogie '' Dash Son of Damon Dash . The second and third seasons showcase his struggle with drinking alcohol and hiding DUIs . Egypt Criss Daughter of Pepa of Salt - n - Pepa and Treach of Naughty by Nature . Criss has the desire to create a name for herself musically . Vanessa Simmons ( Season 3 -- present ) ( supporting cast member in seasons 1 -- 2 ) Daughter of Rev Run of Run -- D.M.C. and sister of Angela Simmons . Simmons first gained public attention when she appeared with her family on the reality TV series Run 's House . In the third season , she struggles to become closer to Angela . Former ( edit ) TJ Mizell ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) ( supporting cast member in season 3 ) Son of Jam Master Jay of Run -- D.M.C. . Supporting ( edit ) Cast member Seasons Master P Supporting Pepa Supporting Damon Dash Supporting Rev Run Supporting Briana Latrise Supporting Andre King Supporting Tahira `` Tee Tee '' Francis Supporting Bow Wow Supporting Current ( edit ) Master P Father of Romeo Miller . Master P is a rapper from New Orleans who is best known for his singles `` Mr. Ice Cream Man '' and `` Make ' Em Say Uhh ! '' . Master P supports Romeo throughout the series , while also clashing with him when it comes to business deals . Pepa Mother of Egypt Criss . Pepa is a part of the female rap trio Salt - n - Pepa . Pepa serves as a support system for Egypt and looks out for her well - being . They clash about Egypt singing career plan throughout the series . Damon Dash Father of Boogie Dash . Damon is one of the founders of Roc - A-Fella Records Damon makes sure his son stays on the right path Briana Latrise ( Season 2 -- present ) Daughter of Kendu Isaacs . In the second season , Briana deals with an abusive relationship . The third season chronicles the fallout from the breakup of her father and Mary J. Blige . Tahira `` Tee Tee '' Francis ( Season 3 -- present ) Niece of Pepa . In the third season , Tee Tee goes to LA to watch over Egypt as Pepa goes on tour again , however , she becomes involved in a lot of drama . Bow Wow ( Season 3 -- present ) Angela 's friend . In the third season , Bow Wow tries to rekindle his friendship with Angela . Bow Wow is also a main cast member on Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta . Former ( edit ) Rev Run ( Season 1 ) Father of Angela and Vanessa Simmons . Rev Run was apart of the hip hop group Run -- D.M.C.. Rev Run helps Angela with her stalker situation in the first season . Andre King ( Season 2 ) Brother of Swizz Beatz . The second season showcased King coming out to his friends and family . Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 6 January 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 10 October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) December 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 22 ) 10 July 20 , 2017 September 21 , 2017 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) `` The Master Plan '' January 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) 0.84 `` The Struggle Is Real '' January 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) 0.60 `` Run to Miami '' January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) 0.71 `` O Romeo , Romeo '' January 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 28 ) 0.61 5 5 `` Master Player '' February 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 04 ) 0.60 6 6 `` Master of My Fate '' February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 0.65 Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 7 `` Blinged Up , Throne Down '' October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) N / A 8 `` Boogie Down '' October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) N / A 9 `` Run in the Oven '' October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) N / A 10 `` Immaculate Deception '' November 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 23 ) N / A 11 5 `` Only God and Janet Would Know '' November 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) N / A 12 6 `` Busta Crime '' November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) N / A 13 7 `` Straight Trippin ' '' December 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) N / A 14 8 `` Denial Ai n't Just a River in Egypt '' December 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 08 ) N / A 15 9 `` Lie to Fly '' December 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 15 ) N / A 16 10 `` Empire State of Mind '' December 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 22 ) N / A Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 17 `` Cash Me in New Orleans '' July 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) N / A 18 `` Bad and Boogie '' July 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) N / A 19 `` Bad to the Throne '' August 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) N / A 20 `` Gossip Girl '' August 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) N / A 21 5 `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) N / A 22 6 `` Let 's Talk About Pep '' August 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) N / A 23 7 `` Treacherous Waters '' August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) TBD 24 8 `` Count Your Blessings '' September 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 07 ) TBD 25 9 `` Spilling the Tee Tee '' September 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) TBD 26 10 `` Sticks and Bones and Broken Thrones '' September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Adonis - Growing Up Hip Hop , Kristinia DeBarge '' . Empire BBK. 2017 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Growing_Up_Hip_Hop&oldid=801819019 '' Categories : American reality television series 2010s American television series 2016 American television series debuts Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 01 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is tee tee on growing up hip hop
[ "\nNiece of Pepa. In the third season, Tee Tee goes to LA to watch over Egypt as Pepa goes on tour again, however, she becomes involved in a lot of drama.\n" ]
[ "Niece of Pepa" ]
-6607007734190886628
Union Public Service Commission
Union Public Service Commission - Wikipedia Union Public Service Commission Union Public Service Commission संघ लोक सेवा आयोग Emblem of India Commission overview Formed October 1 , 1926 ( 1926 - 10 - 01 ) Preceding agencies Federal Public Service Commission Public Service Commission Jurisdiction Republic of India Headquarters Dholpur House , Shahjahan Road , New Delhi 28 ° 36 ′ 29 '' N 77 ° 13 ′ 37 '' E  /  28.6080 ° N 77.2269 ° E  / 28.6080 ; 77.2269 Coordinates : 28 ° 36 ′ 29 '' N 77 ° 13 ′ 37 '' E  /  28.6080 ° N 77.2269 ° E  / 28.6080 ; 77.2269 Commission executive Arvind Saxena , Chairman Prof. Dr. Pradeep Kumar Joshi , Member Bhim Sain Bassi , Member Air Marshal A.S. Bhonsle ( Retd . ) , Member Sujata Mehta , Member Dr. Manoj Soni , Member Smita Nagraj , Member Ms. M. Sathiyavathy , Member Website upsc.gov.in The Union Public Service Commission ( UPSC ; Hindi : संघ लोक सेवा आयोग ) is India 's premier central recruiting agency . It is responsible for appointments to and examinations for All India services and group A & group B of Central services . While Department of Personnel and Training is the central personnel agency in India . The agency 's charter is granted by Part XIV of the Constitution of India , titled as Services Under the Union and the States . The commission is mandated by the Constitution for appointments to the services of the Union and All India Services . It is also required to be consulted by the Government in matters relating to the appointment , transfer , promotion and disciplinary matters . The commission reports directly to the President and can advise the Government through him . Although , such advice is not binding on the Government . Being a constitutional authority , UPSC is amongst the few institutions which function with both autonomy and freedom , along with the country 's higher judiciary and lately the Election Commission . The commission is headquartered at Dholpur House , in New Delhi and functions through its own secretariat . Arvind Saxena is its current Chairman of UPSC . Established on 1 October 1926 as Public Service Commission , it was later reconstituted as Federal Public Service Commission by the Government of India Act , 1935 ; only to be renamed as today 's Union Public Service Commission after the independence . Contents 1 History 2 Constitutional status 2.1 Appointment 2.2 Removal and suspension 2.3 Functions 2.3. 1 Expenses 2.3. 2 Extension of functions 2.4 Reporting 3 Organisational structure 3.1 Secretariat 3.2 Present members 3.3 List of all chairman 4 References History ( edit ) The Royal Commission on the superior Civil Services in India was set up under the chairmanship of Lord Lee of Fareham by the British Government in 1923 . With equal numbers of Indian and British members , the commission submitted its report in 1924 , recommending setting up of a Public Service Commission . The Lee Commission proposed that 40 % of future entrants should be British , 40 % Indians directly recruited , and 20 % Indians promoted from the provincial services . This led to the establishment of the first Public Service Commission on 1 October 1926 under the chairmanship of Sir Ross Barker . A mere limited advisory function was granted to the Public Service Commission and the leaders of the freedom movement continually stressed on this aspect , which then resulted in the setting up of a Federal Public Service Commission under the Government of India Act , 1935 . The Federal Public Service Commission became the Union Public Service Commission after independence . It was given a constitutional status with under of Constitution of India on 26 January 1950 . Constitutional status ( edit ) See also : Part XIV of the Constitution of India Articles 315 to 323 of Part XIV of the constitution , titled as Services Under the Union and the States , provide for a Public Service Commission for the Union and for each state . Accordingly , as per Art . 315 , at Union level , Union Public Service Commission is envisaged by it . UPSC is amongst the few institutions which function with both autonomy and freedom , along with the country 's higher judiciary and lately the Election Commission . Appointment ( edit ) As per Art . 316 , the Chairman and other members of Union Public Service Commission shall be appointed by the President . In case the office of the Chairman becomes vacant his duties shall be performed by one of the other members of the Commission as the President may appoint for the purpose . Also , nearly half of the members of the Commission shall be persons who at the dates of their respective appointments have held office for at least ten years either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State . A member of a Union Public Service Commission shall hold office for a term of six years from the date on which he enters upon his office or until he attains the age of sixty - five years , whichever is earlier . Under Art 318 , the President is empowered to determine number of members of the Commission and their conditions of service . Further , he can make provision with respect to the number of members of the staff of the Commission and their conditions of service too . Also , conditions of service can not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment . As per Art 319 , a person who holds office as Chairman shall , on the expiration of his term of office , be ineligible for re-appointment to that office . But , a member other than the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission shall be eligible for appointment as the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission , or as the Chairman of a State Public Service Commission , but not for any other employment either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State . Also , the Chairman of a State Public Service Commission shall be eligible for appointment as the Chairman or any other member of the Union Public Service Commission . Removal and suspension ( edit ) As per Art . 317 , the Chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission shall only be removed from his office by order of the President on the ground of `` misbehaviour '' after the Supreme Court , on reference being made to it by the President , has , on inquiry reported that the Chairman or such other member ought to be removed . The President may suspend the Chairman or other member of the Commission until report of the Supreme Court is received . The President may also remove the Chairman or any other member of the commission if he / she : is adjudged an insolvent ; or engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office ; or is , in the opinion of the President , unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body . If the Chairman or any other member can not hold an office of profit or otherwise he shall be deemed to be guilty of misbehaviour . Functions ( edit ) As per Art . 320 , it shall be the duty of the Union Public Service Commissions to conduct examinations for appointments to the services of the Union . It shall also assist two or more States , if requested so , in framing and operating schemes of joint recruitment for any services . The Union Public Service Commission shall be consulted : on all matters relating to methods of recruitment to civil services and for civil posts making appointments to civil services and posts making promotions and transfers from one service to another the suitability of candidates for such appointments , promotions or transfers on all disciplinary matters against a civil servant serving in a civil capacity , including memorials or petitions relating to such matters . on any claim by or in respect of a person who is serving or has served in a civil capacity , that any costs incurred by him in defending legal proceedings instituted against him in respect of acts done or purporting to be done in the execution of his duty should be paid out of the Consolidated Fund of India . on any claim for the award of a pension in respect of injuries sustained by a person while serving in a civil capacity , and any question as to the amount of such award . It shall be the duty of a Union Public Service Commission to advise on any matter referred to them ; provided that the President has not made any regulations specifying the matters in which it shall not be necessary for Union Public Service Commission to be consulted . Expenses ( edit ) As per Art . 322 , the expenses of the Union Public Service Commission , including any salaries , allowances and pensions payable to or in respect of the members or staff of the Commission , shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India . Extension of functions ( edit ) As per Art . 321 , an Act made by Parliament may provide for the exercise of additional functions by the Union Public Service Commission w.r.t . services of the Union . Reporting ( edit ) As per Art . 323 , it shall be the duty of the Union Commission to annually present a report to the President of the work done by the Commission . On receipt of such report , the President shall present a copy before each House of Parliament ; together with a memorandum , if any , explaining the reasons where the advice of the Commission was not accepted by him . Organisational structure ( edit ) The Commission consists of a chairman and other members appointed by The President of India . Usually , the Commission consists of 9 to 11 members including the chairman . Every member holds office for a term of six years or until he attains the age of sixty - five years , whichever is earlier . The terms and conditions of service of chairman and members of the Commission are governed by the Union Public Service Commission ( Members ) Regulations , 1969 . The chairman and any other member of the Commission can submit his resignation at any time to the President of India . He may be removed from his office by the President of India on the ground of misbehaviour ( only if an inquiry of such misbehaviour is made and upheld by Supreme Court ) or if he is adjudged insolvent , or engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office , or in the opinion of the President unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body . Secretariat ( edit ) The Commission is serviced by a Secretariat headed by a Secretary with four Additional Secretaries , a number of Joint Secretaries , Deputy Secretaries and other supporting staff . The secretariat , for administrative purpose , is further divided into divisions , each undertaking a specific responsibility : Administration : Administers the Secretariat as well as looks after personal matters of Chairman / Members and other Officers / Staff of the Commission . All India Services : Recruitment to All India Services is done either by direct recruitment ( through Competitive Examinations ) or by promotion from the State Service . The AIS Branch handles the promotions of State Service officers to the IAS , IPS and IFS . It also handles policy matters relating to All India Services and amendments in the ' Promotion Regulations ' of respective services . Appointments : It carry out appointments to central services based on Promotion ( based on proposals from various Ministries / Departments / Union Territories and from certain local bodies ) and by the means of Deputation and Absorption . Examination : It carries out merit - based selection and recommendation of candidates , through various examinations , to Group A and Group B Services of the Government of India . General : Primarily deals with day - to - day housekeeping works for Commission , like , arrangements and facilitation for conduction of Examinations by the UPSC , printing Annual Report etc . Recruitment : This branch carries out Direct Recruitment ( out of the 3 possible mechanisms of : ' direct recruitment ' , ' recruitment by promotion ' and ' recruitment by transfer and permanent absorption ' ) by selection to all Group ` A ' and certain Group ` B ' posts of the services of the Union ( including some Union Territories ) . These recruitment are done either by selection ( interview ) or through competitive examination . Recruitment Rules : The Commission is mandated under Art . 320 of the Constitution of India , read along the UPSC ( Exemption from Consultation ) Regulations , 1958 , to advise on framing and amending of Recruitment and Service Rules for various Group A and Group B posts in the Government of India , and certain autonomous organizations like EPFO , ESIC , DJB , NDMC & Municipal Corporations ( s ) of Delhi . This Branch carries out this responsibility by facilitating the Ministries / Departments / UT Administrations / Autonomous Organisations in this regard . Services I : Handles disciplinary cases received from various Ministries / Departments and State Governments for advice of the Commission , as required under Article 320 ( 3 ) ( c ) . Services II : Handles all other cases that ' Services I ' branch does n't . It compiles the Annual Report . Also , it coordinates visits of foreign delegations , correspondence with foreign countries and hosting of international events concerning Public Service Commissions , including the SAARC Member States . Present members ( edit ) The commission has 8 members including the Chairman , who are : Arvind Saxena ( Chairman ) Prof. Dr. Pradeep Kumar Joshi Bhim Sain Bassi Air Marshal A.S. Bhonsle ( Retd . ) Sujata Mehta Dr. Manoj Soni Smita Nagaraj M. Sathiyavathy List of all chairman ( edit ) Following is the list of Chairmen of UPSC : List of UPSC Chairmen ( since inception ) hide Chairman Term Background From To Sir Ross Barker October 1926 August 1932 Sir David Petrie August 1932 1936 Sir Eyre Gorden 1937 1942 Sir F.W. Robertson 1942 1947 H.K. Kripalani April 1947 January 1949 R.N. Banerjee January 1949 May 1955 N. Govindarajan May 1955 December 1955 V.S. Hejmadi December 1955 December 1961 B.N. Jha December 1961 February 1967 K.R. Damle April 1967 March 1971 R.C.S. Sarkar May 1971 February 1973 Academician , West Bengal Civil Services Officer A.R. Kidwai February 1973 February 1979 M.L. Shahare February 1979 February 1985 H.K.L. Capoor February 1985 March 1990 J.P. Gupta March 1990 June 1992 R.M. Bathew ( Kharbuli ) September 1992 August 1996 S.J.S. Chhatwal August 1996 September 1996 J.M. Qureshi September 1996 December 1998 Lt. Gen. Surinder Nath December 1998 June 2002 P.C. Hota June 2002 September 2003 Mata Prasad September 2003 January 2005 Indian Administrative Service of 1962 Batch S.R. Hashim January 2005 April 2006 D.P. Agrawal August 2008 August 2014 Academician Rajni Razdan August 2014 November 2014 Indian Administrative Service Officer of 1973 Batch , Haryana cadre Deepak Gupta November 2014 September 2016 Indian Administrative Service Officer of 1974 Batch , Jharkhand cadre Alka Sirohi September 21 , 2016 January 3 , 2017 Indian Administrative Service Officer of 1974 Batch , Madhya Pradesh cadre David R. Syiemlieh January 4 , 2017 January 21 , 2018 Academician and former Vice-Chancellor of the Rajiv Gandhi University , Itanagar Vinay Mittal January 22 , 2018 June 19 , 2018 Former Chairman of the Railway Board and Indian Railway Traffic Service Officer of 1975 Batch Arvind Saxena June 20 , 2018 till date Indian Postal Service Officer of 1978 Batch and an Officer of the Research and Analysis Wing References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://web.archive.org/web/20180621075148/http://upsc.gov.in/about-us/commission ^ Jump up to : http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=166927 ^ Jump up to : http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=174018 Jump up ^ `` UPSC Functions '' . www.upsc.gov.in . ^ Jump up to : `` Constitutional Provisions '' . www.upsc.gov.in . ^ Jump up to : `` PART XIV : SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES '' ( PDF ) . lawmin.nic.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : J.S. Verma ( 11 April 2009 ) . `` Incredible CBI '' . Indian Express . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Administration and legal foundation '' . vle.du.ac.in . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Perspective '' . www.upsc.gov.in . ^ Jump up to : `` Lee Commission Indian history '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Citizen 's Charter of UPSC '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Union Public Service Commission ( U.P.S.C ) - History , Functions , Powers - Important India '' . Important India . 2013 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . November 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 April 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` The members of the Union Public Service Commission '' . UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notification_39019_05_96_Estt ( B ) '' ( PDF ) . document.ccis.nic.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Secretariat '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` UPSC Divisions '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Administration Division Introduction '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` All India Service Branch Introduction '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Appointments : Introduction '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Examinations : Introduction '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` General : Introduction '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Recruitment : Introduction '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Recruitment Rules : Introduction '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` List of Former Chairmen and Members of the Commission - upsc '' . U.P.S.C . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajni Razdan to take oath as UPSC Chairman on August 16 '' . The Hindu . 14 August 2014 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108838 Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/deepak-gupta-made-upsc-chairman/ Jump up ^ http://www.babusofindia.com/2011/10/no-full-fledged-secretaries-for-i-and-b.html Jump up ^ http://www.babusofindia.com/2010/11/alka-sirohi-1974-batch-madhya-pradesh.html Jump up ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/A-Madhya-Pradesh-cadre-IAS-officer-Alka-Sirohi-assumes-office-as-Member-Union-Public-Service-Commission-UPSC-Before-taking-over-her-new-charge-Sirohi-officer-of-1974-batch-served-as-Secretary-Department-of-Personnel-Training-ministry-of-personnel-/articleshow/11364725.cms Jump up ^ http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jan/04/academician-david-r-syiemlieh-appointed-interim-upsc-chairman-1556038.html Jump up ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Aapsu-upset-over-Rajiv-Gandhi-University-vice-chancellor-departure/articleshow/14507992.cms Jump up ^ http://www.babusofindia.com/2013/08/know-your-upsc-member-and-ex-railway.html Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20180621075352/http://upsc.gov.in/about-us/commission/sh-arvind-saxena Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_Public_Service_Commission&oldid=854119062 '' Categories : Union Public Service Commission Hidden categories : Use Indian English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from January 2016 Articles containing Hindi - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 02 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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who appoints the chairman of union public service commission in india
[ "As per Art. 316, the Chairman and other members of Union Public Service Commission shall be appointed by the President. In case the office of the Chairman becomes vacant his duties shall be performed by one of the other members of the Commission as the President may appoint for the purpose.[13]\n" ]
[ "the President" ]
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North America
North America - Wikipedia North America `` North American '' redirects here . For other uses , see North American ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Northern America . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) North America Area 24,709,000 km ( 9,540,000 sq mi ) ( 3rd ) Population 579,024,000 ( 2016 ; 4th ) Population density 22.9 / km ( 59.3 / sq mi ) GDP ( nominal ) $22.2 trillion ( 2017 ; 2nd ) GDP ( PPP ) $23.7 trillion ( 2017 ; 3rd ) GDP per capita $45,560 ( 2017 ; 2nd ) Demonym North American Countries 23 sovereign states Dependencies 23 non-sovereign territories Languages English , Spanish , French , and many others Time zones UTC - 10 to UTC Largest cities List of urban areas : New York City Mexico City Los Angeles Chicago Boston Toronto Dallas -- Fort Worth San Francisco Houston Miami Philadelphia North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere ; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas . It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean , and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea . North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers ( 9,540,000 square miles ) , about 16.5 % of the earth 's land area and about 4.8 % of its total surface . North America is the third largest continent by area , following Asia and Africa , and the fourth by population after Asia , Africa , and Europe . In 2013 , its population was estimated at nearly 579 million people in 23 independent states , or about 7.5 % of the world 's population , if nearby islands ( most notably the Caribbean ) are included . North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period , via crossing the Bering land bridge approximately 40,000 to 17,000 years ago . The so - called Paleo - Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago ( the beginning of the Archaic or Meso - Indian period ) . The Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries . The Pre-Columbian era ended in 1492 , and the transatlantic migrations -- the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period . Present - day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kinds of interactions between European colonists , indigenous peoples , African slaves and their descendants . European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south . Because of the history of colonialism , most North Americans speak English , Spanish or French and societies and states commonly reflect Western traditions . Contents 1 Name 2 Extent 2.1 Regions 2.2 Countries , territories , and dependencies 3 History 3.1 Geologic history 3.2 Pre-Columbian 3.3 Colonial period 4 Geography 5 Geology 5.1 Canadian geology 5.2 United States geology 5.3 Central American geology 6 Climate 7 Ecology 8 Demographics 8.1 Languages 8.2 Religions 8.3 Populace 9 Economy 9.1 Transport 9.2 Communications 10 Culture 10.1 Sports 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Name Map of North America , from 1621 The Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann . Vespucci , who explored South America between 1497 and 1502 , was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies , but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans . In 1507 , Waldseemüller produced a world map , in which he placed the word `` America '' on the continent of South America , in the middle of what is today Brazil . He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio : ... ab Americo inventore ... quasi Americi terram sive Americam ( from Americus the discoverer ... as if it were the land of Americus , thus America ) . For Waldseemüller , no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer . He used the Latinized version of Vespucci 's name ( Americus Vespucius ) , but in its feminine form `` America '' , following the examples of `` Europa '' , `` Asia '' and `` Africa '' . Later , other mapmakers extended the name America to the northern continent , In 1538 , Gerard Mercator used America on his map of the world for all the Western Hemisphere . Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty and so a derivation from `` Amerigo Vespucci '' could be problematic . Ricardo Palma ( 1949 ) proposed a derivation from the `` Amerrique '' mountains of Central America -- Vespucci was the first to discover South America and the Amerrique mountains of Central America , which connected his discoveries to those of Christopher Columbus . Alfred E. Hudd proposed a theory in 1908 that the continents are named after a Welsh merchant named Richard Amerike from Bristol , who is believed to have financed John Cabot 's voyage of discovery from England to Newfoundland in 1497 . A minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of ' Amairick ' . Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language . Extent The term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context . In Canadian English , North America may be used to refer to the United States and Canada together . Alternatively , usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico ( as in the North American Free Trade Agreement ) , as well as offshore islands . The UN geoscheme for `` North America '' separates Mexico from the United States and Canada , placing it instead within its designated `` Central America '' region , while also treating the islands of the Caribbean separately from the US / Canada definition -- the UN 's `` North America '' definition still includes the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland together with the US / Canada continental definition , with both insular entities being tectonically on the North American plate . In France , Italy , Portugal , Spain , Romania , Greece , and the countries of Latin America , the cognates of North America usually designate a subcontinent of the Americas comprising Canada , the United States , and Mexico , and often Greenland , Saint Pierre et Miquelon , and Bermuda . North America has been historically referred to by other names . Spanish North America ( New Spain ) was often referred to as Northern America , and this was the first official name given to Mexico . Regions See also : List of regions of Canada and List of regions of the United States Geographically the North American continent has many regions and subregions . These include cultural , economic , and geographic regions . Economic regions included those formed by trade blocs , such as the North American Trade Agreement bloc and Central American Trade Agreement . Linguistically and culturally , the continent could be divided into Anglo - America and Latin America . Anglo - America includes most of Northern America , Belize , and Caribbean islands with English - speaking populations ( though sub-national entities , such as Louisiana and Quebec , have large Francophone populations ; in Quebec , French is an official language along with English ) . The southern North American continent is composed of two regions . These are Central America and the Caribbean . The north of the continent maintains recognized regions as well . In contrast to the common definition of `` North America '' , which encompasses the whole continent , the term `` North America '' is sometimes used to refer only to Mexico , Canada , the United States , and Greenland . The term Northern America refers to the northern-most countries and territories of North America : the United States , Bermuda , St. Pierre and Miquelon , Canada and Greenland . Although the term does not refer to a unified region , Middle America -- not to be confused with the Midwestern United States -- groups the regions of Mexico , Central America , and the Caribbean . The largest countries of the continent , Canada and the United States , also contain well - defined and recognized regions . In the case of Canada these are ( from east to west ) Atlantic Canada , Central Canada , Canadian Prairies , the British Columbia Coast , and Northern Canada . These regions also contain many subregions . In the case of the United States -- and in accordance with the US Census Bureau definitions -- these regions are : New England , Mid-Atlantic , South Atlantic States , East North Central States , West North Central States , East South Central States , West South Central States , Mountain States , and Pacific States . Regions shared between both nations included the Great Lakes Region . Megalopolises have formed between both nations in the case of the Pacific Northwest and the Great Lakes Megaregion . Countries , territories , and dependencies Main article : List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America Flag Country or territory Area ( km ) Population ( 2016 est . ) Population density ( per km ) Capital Anguilla ( United Kingdom ) 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 14,764 164.8 The Valley Antigua and Barbuda 7002442000000000000 ♠ 442 100,963 199.1 St. John 's Aruba ( Netherlands ) 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 104,822 594.4 Oranjestad The Bahamas 7004139430000000000 ♠ 13,943 391,232 24.5 Nassau Barbados 7002430000000000000 ♠ 430 284,996 595.3 Bridgetown Belize 7004229660000000000 ♠ 22,966 366,954 13.4 Belmopan Bermuda ( United Kingdom ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 61,666 1203.7 Hamilton Bonaire ( Netherlands ) 7002294000000000000 ♠ 294 7004120930000000000 ♠ 12,093 41.1 Kralendijk British Virgin Islands ( United Kingdom ) 7002151000000000000 ♠ 151 30,661 152.3 Road Town Canada 7006998467000000000 ♠ 9,984,670 36,289,822 3.4 Ottawa Cayman Islands ( United Kingdom ) 7002264000000000000 ♠ 264 60,765 212.1 George Town Clipperton Island ( France ) 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0.0 -- Costa Rica 7004511000000000000 ♠ 51,100 4,857,274 89.6 San José Cuba 7005109886000000000 ♠ 109,886 11,475,982 102.0 Havana Curaçao ( Netherlands ) 7002444000000000000 ♠ 444 159,371 317.1 Willemstad Dominica 7002751000000000000 ♠ 751 73,543 89.2 Roseau Dominican Republic 7004486710000000000 ♠ 48,671 10,648,791 207.3 Santo Domingo El Salvador 7004210410000000000 ♠ 21,041 6,344,722 293.0 San Salvador Federal Dependencies of Venezuela ( Venezuela ) 7002342000000000000 ♠ 342 Gran Roque Greenland ( Denmark ) 7006216608600000000 ♠ 2,166,086 56,412 0.026 Nuuk Grenada 7002344000000000000 ♠ 344 107,317 302.3 St. George 's Guadeloupe ( France ) 7003162800000000000 ♠ 1,628 449,975 246.7 Basse - Terre Guatemala 7005108889000000000 ♠ 108,889 16,582,469 128.8 Guatemala City Haiti 7004277500000000000 ♠ 27,750 10,847,334 361.5 Port - au - Prince Honduras 7005112492000000000 ♠ 112,492 9,112,867 66.4 Tegucigalpa Jamaica 7004109910000000000 ♠ 10,991 2,881,355 247.4 Kingston Martinique ( France ) 7003112800000000000 ♠ 1,128 385,103 352.6 Fort - de-France Mexico 7006196437500000000 ♠ 1,964,375 127,540,423 57.1 Mexico City Montserrat ( United Kingdom ) 7002102000000000000 ♠ 102 5,152 58.8 Plymouth ( Brades ) Navassa Island ( United States ) 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0.0 Nicaragua 7005130373000000000 ♠ 130,373 6,149,928 44.1 Managua Nueva Esparta ( Venezuela ) 7003115100000000000 ♠ 1,151 La Asunción Panama 7004754170000000000 ♠ 75,417 4,034,119 45.8 Panama City Puerto Rico ( United States ) 7003887000000000000 ♠ 8,870 3,667,903 448.9 San Juan Saba ( Netherlands ) 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7003153700000000000 ♠ 1,537 118.2 The Bottom San Andrés and Providencia ( Colombia ) 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 7004777010000000000 ♠ 77,701 1468.59 San Andrés Saint Barthélemy ( France ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7003744800000000000 ♠ 7,448 354.7 Gustavia Saint Kitts and Nevis 7002261000000000000 ♠ 261 54,821 199.2 Basseterre Saint Lucia 7002539000000000000 ♠ 539 178,015 319.1 Castries Saint Martin ( France ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 7004298200000000000 ♠ 29,820 552.2 Marigot Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( France ) 7002242000000000000 ♠ 242 6,305 24.8 Saint - Pierre Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7002389000000000000 ♠ 389 109,643 280.2 Kingstown Sint Eustatius ( Netherlands ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7003273900000000000 ♠ 2,739 130.4 Oranjestad Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 39,537 1176.7 Philipsburg Trinidad and Tobago 7003513000000000000 ♠ 5,130 1,364,962 261.0 Port of Spain Turks and Caicos Islands ( United Kingdom ) 7002948000000000000 ♠ 948 34,900 34.8 Cockburn Town United States 7006962909100000000 ♠ 9,629,091 322,179,605 32.7 Washington , D.C. United States Virgin Islands ( United States ) 7002347000000000000 ♠ 347 104,913 317.0 Charlotte Amalie Total 7007245009950000000 ♠ 24,500,995 7008541720440000000 ♠ 541,720,440 22.9 History Main article : History of North America Geologic history Principal hydrological divides of Canada , the United States and Mexico Laurentia is an ancient craton which forms the geologic core of North America ; it formed between 1.5 and 1.0 billion years ago during the Proterozoic eon . The Canadian Shield is the largest exposure of this craton . From the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic eras , North America was joined with the other modern - day continents as part of the supercontinent Pangaea , with Eurasia to its east . One of the results of the formation of Pangaea was the Appalachian Mountains , which formed some 480 million years ago , making it among the oldest mountain ranges in the world . When Pangaea began to rift around 200 million years ago , North America became part of Laurasia , before it separated from Eurasia as its own continent during the mid-Cretaceous period . The Rockies and other western mountain ranges began forming around this time from a period of mountain building called the Laramide orogeny , between 80 and 55 million years ago . The formation of the Isthmus of Panama that connected the continent to South America arguably occurred approximately 12 to 15 million years ago , and the Great Lakes ( as well as many other northern freshwater lakes and rivers ) were carved by receding glaciers about 10,000 years ago . North America is the source of much of what humanity knows about geologic time periods . The geographic area that would later become the United States has been the source of more varieties of dinosaurs than any other modern country . According to paleontologist Peter Dodson , this is primarily due to stratigraphy , climate and geography , human resources , and history . Much of the Mesozoic Era is represented by exposed outcrops in the many arid regions of the continent . The most significant Late Jurassic dinosaur - bearing fossil deposit in North America is the Morrison Formation of the western United States . Pre-Columbian The El Castillo pyramid , at Chichén Itzá , Mexico The indigenous peoples of North America have many creation myths by which they assert that they have been present on the land since its creation . The specifics of Paleo - Indian migration to and throughout the Americas , including the exact dates and routes traveled , are subject to ongoing research and discussion . The traditional theory has been that these early migrants moved into the Beringia land bridge between eastern Siberia and present - day Alaska around 25,000 to 11,000 years ago . The few agreements achieved to date are the origin from Central Asia , with widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the last glacial period , or more specifically what is known as the late glacial maximum , around 13,000 years before present . Some genetic research indicated secondary waves of migration occurred after the initial Paleo - Indian colonization , but prior to modern Inuit , Inupiat and Yupik expansions . Before contact with Europeans , the natives of North America were divided into many different polities , from small bands of a few families to large empires . They lived in several `` culture areas '' , which roughly correspond to geographic and biological zones and give a good indication of the main lifeway or occupation of the people who lived there ( e.g. , the bison hunters of the Great Plains , or the farmers of Mesoamerica ) . Native groups can also be classified by their language family ( e.g. , Athapascan or Uto - Aztecan ) . Peoples with similar languages did not always share the same material culture , nor were they always allies . Anthropologists think that the Inuit people of the high Arctic came to North America much later than other native groups , as evidenced by the disappearance of Dorset culture artifacts from the archaeological record , and their replacement by the Thule people . During the thousands of years of native habitation on the continent , cultures changed and shifted . One of the oldest cultures yet found is the Clovis culture of modern New Mexico . Later cultures include the Mississippian culture and related Mound building cultures , found in the Mississippi river valley and the Pueblo culture of what is now the Four Corners . The more southern cultural groups of North America were responsible for the domestication of many common crops now used around the world , such as tomatoes and squash . Perhaps most importantly they domesticated one of the world 's major staples , maize ( corn ) . The earliest verifiable instance of pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact by any European culture with the landmasses that geologically constitute the `` mainland '' of modern North America has been dated to the end of the 10th century CE -- this site , situated at the northernmost extent of the island named Newfoundland , is known as L'Anse aux Meadows , where unmistakable evidence of Norse settlement was uncovered in the early 1960s . As a result of the development of agriculture in the south , many important cultural advances were made there . For example , the Maya civilization developed a writing system , built huge pyramids and temples , had a complex calendar , and developed the concept of zero around 400 CE , a few hundred years after the Mesopotamians . The Mayan culture was still present in southern Mexico and Guatemala when the Spanish explorers arrived , but political dominance in the area had shifted to the Aztec Empire whose capital city Tenochtitlan was located further north in the Valley of Mexico . The Aztecs were conquered in 1521 by Hernán Cortés . Colonial period Benjamin West 's The Death of General Wolfe ( 1771 ) depicting the Battle of the Plains of Abraham Main article : European colonization of the Americas Further information : Timeline of the European colonization of North America , British America , French America , Viceroyalty of New Spain , and Russian colonization of the Americas During the Age of Discovery , Europeans explored and staked claims to various parts of North America . Upon their arrival in the `` New World '' , the Native American population declined substantially , because of violent conflicts with the invaders and the introduction of European diseases to which the Native Americans lacked immunity . Native culture changed drastically and their affiliation with political and cultural groups also changed . Several linguistic groups died out , and others changed quite quickly . The names and cultures that Europeans recorded were not necessarily the same as the names they had used a few generations before , or the ones in use today . Britain , Spain , and France took over extensive territories in North America -- and fought over them . In the late 18th century and beginning of the 19th , independence movements that sprung up across the continent , led to the creation of the modern countries in the area . The 13 British colonies on the North Atlantic coast declared independence in 1776 , becoming the United States of America . Canada was formed from the unification of northern territories controlled by Britain and France . New Spain , a territory that stretched from modern - day southern US to Central America , declared independence in 1810 , becoming the First Mexican Empire . In 1823 the former Captaincy General of Guatemala , then part of the Mexican Empire , became the first independent state in Central America , officially changing its name to the United Provinces of Central America . Geography Main article : Geography of North America Satellite imagery of North America North America occupies the northern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the New World , the Western Hemisphere , the Americas , or simply America ( which , less commonly , is considered by some as a single continent with North America a subcontinent ) . North America 's only land connection to South America is at the Isthmus of Panama . The continent is delimited on the southeast by most geographers at the Darién watershed along the Colombia - Panama border , placing all of Panama within North America . Alternatively , some geologists physiographically locate its southern limit at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , Mexico , with Central America extending southeastward to South America from this point . The Caribbean islands , or West Indies , are considered part of North America . The continental coastline is long and irregular . The Gulf of Mexico is the largest body of water indenting the continent , followed by Hudson Bay . Others include the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Gulf of California . Before the Central American isthmus formed , the region had been underwater . The islands of the West Indies delineate a submerged former land bridge , which had connected North and South America via what are now Florida and Venezuela . There are numerous islands off the continent 's coasts ; principally , the Arctic Archipelago , the Bahamas , Turks & Caicos , the Greater and Lesser Antilles , the Aleutian Islands ( some of which are in the Eastern Hemisphere proper ) , the Alexander Archipelago , the many thousand islands of the British Columbia Coast , and Newfoundland . Greenland , a self - governing Danish island , and the world 's largest , is on the same tectonic plate ( the North American Plate ) and is part of North America geographically . In a geologic sense , Bermuda is not part of the Americas , but an oceanic island which was formed on the fissure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge over 100 million years ago . The nearest landmass to it is Cape Hatteras , North Carolina . However , Bermuda is often thought of as part of North America , especially given its historical , political and cultural ties to Virginia and other parts of the continent . Moraine Lake in Banff National Park The vast majority of North America is on the North American Plate . Parts of western Mexico , including Baja California , and of California , including the cities of San Diego , Los Angeles , and Santa Cruz , lie on the eastern edge of the Pacific Plate , with the two plates meeting along the San Andreas fault . The southernmost portion of the continent and much of the West Indies lie on the Caribbean Plate , whereas the Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates border the North American Plate on its western frontier . The continent can be divided into four great regions ( each of which contains many subregions ) : the Great Plains stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian Arctic ; the geologically young , mountainous west , including the Rocky Mountains , the Great Basin , California and Alaska ; the raised but relatively flat plateau of the Canadian Shield in the northeast ; and the varied eastern region , which includes the Appalachian Mountains , the coastal plain along the Atlantic seaboard , and the Florida peninsula . Mexico , with its long plateaus and cordilleras , falls largely in the western region , although the eastern coastal plain does extend south along the Gulf . The western mountains are split in the middle into the main range of the Rockies and the coast ranges in California , Oregon , Washington , and British Columbia , with the Great Basin -- a lower area containing smaller ranges and low - lying deserts -- in between . The highest peak is Denali in Alaska . The United States Geographical Survey ( USGS ) states that the geographic center of North America is `` 6 miles ( 10 km ) west of Balta , Pierce County , North Dakota '' at about 48 ° 10 ′ N 100 ° 10 ′ W  /  48.167 ° N 100.167 ° W  / 48.167 ; - 100.167 , about 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) from Rugby , North Dakota . The USGS further states that `` No marked or monumented point has been established by any government agency as the geographic center of either the 50 States , the conterminous United States , or the North American continent . '' Nonetheless , there is a 4.6 - metre ( 15 ft ) field stone obelisk in Rugby claiming to mark the center . The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is located 1,650 km ( 1,030 mi ) from the nearest coastline , between Allen and Kyle , South Dakota at 43 ° 22 ′ N 101 ° 58 ′ W  /  43.36 ° N 101.97 ° W  / 43.36 ; - 101.97  ( Pole of Inaccessibility North America ) . Geology Main article : Geology of North America Geologic Map of North America published by USGS Sedimentary , volcanic , plutonic , and metamorphic rock types of North America Canadian geology Geologically , Canada is one of the oldest regions in the world , with more than half of the region consisting of precambrian rocks that have been above sea level since the beginning of the Palaeozoic era . Canada 's mineral resources are diverse and extensive . Across the Canadian Shield and in the north there are large iron , nickel , zinc , copper , gold , lead , molybdenum , and uranium reserves . Large diamond concentrations have been recently developed in the Arctic , making Canada one of the world 's largest producers . Throughout the Shield there are many mining towns extracting these minerals . The largest , and best known , is Sudbury , Ontario . Sudbury is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the Shield since there is significant evidence that the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact crater . The nearby , but less known Temagami Magnetic Anomaly has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin . Its magnetic anomalies are very similar to the Sudbury Basin , and so it could be a second metal - rich impact crater . The Shield is also covered by vast boreal forests that support an important logging industry . United States geology The lower 48 US states can be divided into roughly five physiographic provinces : The American cordillera The Canadian Shield Northern portion of the upper midwestern United States . The stable platform The coastal plain The Appalachian orogenic belt The geology of Alaska is typical of that of the cordillera , while the major islands of Hawaii consist of Neogene volcanics erupted over a hot spot . North America bedrock and terrain North American cratons and basement rocks Central American geology Central America rests in the Caribbean Plate . Central America is geologically active with volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occurring from time to time . In 1976 Guatemala was hit by a major earthquake , killing 23,000 people ; Managua , the capital of Nicaragua , was devastated by earthquakes in 1931 and 1972 , the last one killing about 5,000 people ; three earthquakes devastated El Salvador , one in 1986 and two in 2001 ; one earthquake devastated northern and central Costa Rica in 2009 , killing at least 34 people ; in Honduras a powerful earthquake killed seven people in 2009 . Volcanic eruptions are common in the region . In 1968 the Arenal Volcano , in Costa Rica , erupted and killed 87 people . Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lavas have made it possible to sustain dense populations in the agriculturally productive highland areas . Central America has many mountain ranges ; the longest are the Sierra Madre de Chiapas , the Cordillera Isabelia , and the Cordillera de Talamanca . Between the mountain ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for the people ; in fact , most of the population of Honduras , Costa Rica , and Guatemala live in valleys . Valleys are also suitable for the production of coffee , beans , and other crops . Climate North America map of Köppen climate classification North America is a very large continent which surpasses the Arctic Circle , and the Tropic of Cancer . Greenland , along with the Canadian Shield , is tundra with average temperatures ranging from 10 to 20 ° C ( 50 to 68 ° F ) , but central Greenland is composed of a very large ice sheet . This tundra radiates throughout Canada , but its border ends near the Rocky Mountains ( but still contains Alaska ) and at the end of the Canadian Shield , near the Great Lakes . Climate west of the Cascades is described as being a temperate weather with average precipitation 20 inches ( 510 mm ) . Climate in coastal California is described to be Mediterranean , with average temperatures in cities like San Francisco ranging from 57 to 70 ° F ( 14 to 21 ° C ) over the course of the year . Stretching from the East Coast to eastern North Dakota , and stretching down to Kansas , is the continental - humid climate featuring intense seasons , with a large amount of annual precipitation , with places like New York City averaging 50 inches ( 1,300 mm ) . Starting at the southern border of the continental - humid climate and stretching to the Gulf of Mexico ( whilst encompassing the eastern half of Texas ) is the subtropical climate . This area has the wettest cities in the contiguous U.S. with annual precipitation reaching 67 inches ( 1,700 mm ) in Mobile , Alabama . Stretching from the borders of the continental humid and subtropical climates , and going west to the Cascades Sierra Nevada , south to the southern tip of durango , north to the border with tundra climate , the steppe / desert climate is the driest climate in the U.S. Ecology This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) See also : List of endangered plants in North America Notable North American fauna include the bison , black bear , prairie dog , turkey , pronghorn , raccoon , coyote and monarch butterfly . Notable plants that were domesticated in North America include tobacco , maize , squash , tomato , sunflower , blueberry , avocado , cotton , chile pepper and vanilla . Demographics Further information : Demographics of the United States , Demographics of Canada , and Demographics of Mexico Non-native nations ' control and claims over North America c. 1750 -- 2008 Native languages of the US , Canada and Greenland Economically , Canada and the United States are the wealthiest and most developed nations in the continent , followed by Mexico , a newly industrialized country . The countries of Central America and the Caribbean are at various levels of economic and human development . For example , small Caribbean island - nations , such as Barbados , Trinidad and Tobago , and Antigua and Barbuda , have a higher GDP ( PPP ) per capita than Mexico due to their smaller populations . Panama and Costa Rica have a significantly higher Human Development Index and GDP than the rest of the Central American nations . Additionally , despite Greenland 's vast resources in oil and minerals , much of them remain untapped , and the island is economically dependent on fishing , tourism , and subsidies from Denmark . Nevertheless , the island is highly developed . Demographically , North America is ethnically diverse . Its three main groups are Caucasians , Mestizos and Blacks . There is a significant minority of Indigenous Americans and Asians among other less numerous groups . Languages Main article : Languages of North America Languages spoken in the Americas The dominant languages in North America are English , Spanish , and French . Danish is prevalent in Greenland alongside Greenlandic , and Dutch is spoken side by side local languages in the Dutch Caribbean . The term Anglo - America is used to refer to the anglophone countries of the Americas : namely Canada ( where English and French are co-official ) and the United States , but also sometimes Belize and parts of the tropics , especially the Commonwealth Caribbean . Latin America refers to the other areas of the Americas ( generally south of the United States ) where the Romance languages , derived from Latin , of Spanish and Portuguese ( but French speaking countries are not usually included ) predominate : the other republics of Central America ( but not always Belize ) , part of the Caribbean ( not the Dutch - , English - , or French - speaking areas ) , Mexico , and most of South America ( except Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana ( France ) , and the Falkland Islands ( UK ) ) . The French language has historically played a significant role in North America and now retains a distinctive presence in some regions . Canada is officially bilingual . French is the official language of the Province of Quebec , where 95 % of the people speak it as either their first or second language , and it is co-official with English in the Province of New Brunswick . Other French - speaking locales include the Province of Ontario ( the official language is English , but there are an estimated 600,000 Franco - Ontarians ) , the Province of Manitoba ( co-official as de jure with English ) , the French West Indies and Saint - Pierre et Miquelon , as well as the US state of Louisiana , where French is also an official language . Haiti is included with this group based on historical association but Haitians speak both Creole and French . Similarly , French and French Antillean Creole is spoken in Saint Lucia and the Commonwealth of Dominica alongside English . Religions Main article : Religion in North America See also : Religions of the world Washington National Cathedral , in Washington , D.C. . The United States has the most people in the world identifying as Christian . Christianity is the largest religion in the United States , Canada and Mexico . According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey , 77 % of the population considered themselves Christians . Christianity also is the predominant religion in the 23 dependent territories in North America . The United States has the largest Christian population in the world , with nearly 247 million Christians ( 70 % ) , although other countries have higher percentages of Christians among their populations . Mexico has the world 's second largest number of Catholics , surpassed only by Brazil . A 2015 study estimates about 493,000 Christian believers from a Muslim background in North America , most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism . According to the same study religiously unaffiliated ( include agnostic and atheist ) make up about 17 % of the population of Canada and the United States . No religion make up about 24 % of the United States population , and 24 % of Canada total population . Canada , the United States and Mexico host communities of both Jews ( 6 million or about 1.8 % ) , Buddhists ( 3.8 million or 1.1 % ) and Muslims ( 3.4 million or 1.0 % ) . The biggest number of Jewish individuals can be found in the United States ( 5.4 million ) , Canada ( 375,000 ) and Mexico ( 67,476 ) . The United States host the largest Muslim population in North America with 2.7 million or 0.9 % , While Canada host about one million Muslim or 3.2 % of the population . While in Mexico there were 3,700 Muslims in the country . In 2012 , U-T San Diego estimated U.S. practitioners of Buddhism at 1.2 million people , of whom 40 % are living in Southern California . The predominant religion in Central America is Christianity ( 96 % ) . Beginning with the Spanish colonization of Central America in the 16th century , Roman Catholicism became the most popular religion in the region until the first half of the 20th century . Since the 1960s , there has been an increase in other Christian groups , particularly Protestantism , as well as other religious organizations , and individuals identifying themselves as having no religion . Also Christianity is the predominant religion in the Caribbean ( 85 % ) . Other religious groups in the region are Hinduism , Islam , Rastafari ( in Jamaica ) , and Afro - American religions such as Santería and Vodou . Populace North American cities Mexico City Los Angeles Toronto Chicago New York City See also : List of North American countries by population , List of North American cities by population , and List of North American metropolitan areas by population The most populous country in North America is the United States with 318.4 million persons . The second largest country is Mexico with a population of 112,322,757 . Canada is the third most populous country with 32,623,490 . The majority of Caribbean island - nations have national populations under a million , though Cuba , Dominican Republic , Haiti , Puerto Rico ( a territory of the United States ) , Jamaica , and Trinidad and Tobago each have populations higher than a million . Greenland has a small population of 55,984 for its massive size ( 2,166,000 km2 or 836,300 mi2 ) , and therefore , it has the world 's lowest population density at 0.026 pop. / km2 ( 0.067 pop. / mi2 ) . While the United States , Canada , and Mexico maintain the largest populations , large city populations are not restricted to those nations . There are also large cities in the Caribbean . The largest cities in North America , by far , are Mexico City and New York . These cities are the only cities on the continent to exceed eight million , and two of three in the Americas . Next in size are Los Angeles , Toronto , Chicago , Havana , Santo Domingo , and Montreal . Cities in the sunbelt regions of the United States , such as those in Southern California and Houston , Phoenix , Miami , Atlanta , and Las Vegas , are experiencing rapid growth . These causes included warm temperatures , retirement of Baby Boomers , large industry , and the influx of immigrants . Cities near the United States border , particularly in Mexico , are also experiencing large amounts of growth . Most notable is Tijuana , a city bordering San Diego that receives immigrants from all over Latin America and parts of Europe and Asia . Yet as cities grow in these warmer regions of North America , they are increasingly forced to deal with the major issue of water shortages . Eight of the top ten metropolitan areas are located in the United States . These metropolitan areas all have a population of above 5.5 million and include the New York City metropolitan area , Los Angeles metropolitan area , Chicago metropolitan area , and the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . Whilst the majority of the largest metropolitan areas are within the United States , Mexico is host to the largest metropolitan area by population in North America : Greater Mexico City . Canada also breaks into the top ten largest metropolitan areas with the Toronto metropolitan area having six million people . The proximity of cities to each other on the Canada -- United States border and Mexico -- United States border has led to the rise of international metropolitan areas . These urban agglomerations are observed at their largest and most productive in Detroit -- Windsor and San Diego -- Tijuana and experience large commercial , economic , and cultural activity . The metropolitan areas are responsible for millions of dollars of trade dependent on international freight . In Detroit - Windsor the Border Transportation Partnership study in 2004 concluded US $13 billion was dependent on the Detroit -- Windsor international border crossing while in San Diego - Tijuana freight at the Otay Mesa Port of Entry was valued at US $20 billion . North America has also been witness to the growth of megapolitan areas . In the United States exists eleven megaregions that transcend international borders and comprise Canadian and Mexican metropolitan regions . These are the Arizona Sun Corridor , Cascadia , Florida , Front Range , Great Lakes Megaregion , Gulf Coast Megaregion , Northeast , Northern California , Piedmont Atlantic , Southern California , and the Texas Triangle . Canada and Mexico are also the home of megaregions . These include the Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor , Golden Horseshoe -- both of which are considered part of the Great Lakes Megaregion -- and megalopolis of Central Mexico . Traditionally the largest megaregion has been considered the Boston - Washington , D.C. Corridor , or the Northeast , as the region is one massive contiguous area . Yet megaregion criterion have allowed the Great Lakes Megalopolis to maintain status as the most populated region , being home to 53,768,125 people in 2000 . The top ten largest North American metropolitan areas by population as of 2013 , based on national census numbers from the United States and census estimates from Canada and Mexico . Metro Area Population Area Country Mexico City 21,163,226 7,346 km ( 2,836 sq mi ) Mexico New York City 19,949,502 17,405 km ( 6,720 sq mi ) United States Los Angeles 13,131,431 12,562 km ( 4,850 sq mi ) United States Chicago 9,537,289 24,814 km ( 9,581 sq mi ) United States Dallas -- Fort Worth 6,810,913 24,059 km ( 9,289 sq mi ) United States Houston 6,313,158 26,061 km ( 10,062 sq mi ) United States Toronto 6,054,191 5,906 km ( 2,280 sq mi ) Canada Philadelphia 6,034,678 13,256 km ( 5,118 sq mi ) United States Washington , D.C. 5,949,859 14,412 km ( 5,565 sq mi ) United States Miami 5,828,191 15,896 km ( 6,137 sq mi ) United States 2011 Census figures . Economy Main article : Economy of North America See also : List of North American countries by GDP ( nominal ) and List of North American countries by GDP ( PPP ) Rank Country GDP ( PPP , peak year ) millions of USD Peak year United States 20,412,870 2018 Mexico 2,571,680 2018 Canada 1,847,081 2018 Cuba 254,865 2015 5 Dominican Republic 186,048 2018 6 Guatemala 145,514 2018 7 Puerto Rico 130,578 2014 8 Panama 112,204 2018 9 Costa Rica 88,844 2018 10 El Salvador 59,626 2018 Rank Country GDP ( nominal , peak year ) millions of USD Peak year United States 20,412,870 2018 Canada 1,842,627 2013 Mexico 1,314,390 2014 Puerto Rico 105,035 2016 5 Cuba 87,133 2015 6 Guatemala 82,356 2018 7 Dominican Republic 80,413 2018 8 Panama 66,711 2018 9 Costa Rica 61,287 2018 10 El Salvador 29,407 2018 North America 's GDP per capita was evaluated in October 2016 by the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) to be $41,830 , making it the richest continent in the world , followed by Oceania . Canada , Mexico , and the United States have significant and multifaceted economic systems . The United States has the largest economy of all three countries and in the world . In 2016 , the U.S. had an estimated per capita gross domestic product ( PPP ) of $57,466 according to the World Bank , and is the most technologically developed economy of the three . The United States ' services sector comprises 77 % of the country 's GDP ( estimated in 2010 ) , industry comprises 22 % and agriculture comprises 1.2 % . The U.S. economy is also the fastest growing economy in North America and the Americas as a whole , with the highest GDP per capita in the Americas as well . Canada shows significant growth in the sectors of services , mining and manufacturing . Canada 's per capita GDP ( PPP ) was estimated at $44,656 and it had the 11th largest GDP ( nominal ) in 2014 . Canada 's services sector comprises 78 % of the country 's GDP ( estimated in 2010 ) , industry comprises 20 % and agriculture comprises 2 % . Mexico has a per capita GDP ( PPP ) of $16,111 and as of 2014 is the 15th largest GDP ( nominal ) in the world . Being a newly industrialized country , Mexico maintains both modern and outdated industrial and agricultural facilities and operations . Its main sources of income are oil , industrial exports , manufactured goods , electronics , heavy industry , automobiles , construction , food , banking and financial services . The North American economy is well defined and structured in three main economic areas . These areas are the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , Caribbean Community and Common Market ( CARICOM ) , and the Central American Common Market ( CACM ) . Of these trade blocs , the United States takes part in two . In addition to the larger trade blocs there is the Canada - Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement among numerous other free trade relations , often between the larger , more developed countries and Central American and Caribbean countries . The North America Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) forms one of the four largest trade blocs in the world . Its implementation in 1994 was designed for economic homogenization with hopes of eliminating barriers of trade and foreign investment between Canada , the United States and Mexico . While Canada and the United States already conducted the largest bilateral trade relationship -- and to present day still do -- in the world and Canada -- United States trade relations already allowed trade without national taxes and tariffs , NAFTA allowed Mexico to experience a similar duty - free trade . The free trade agreement allowed for the elimination of tariffs that had previously been in place on United States - Mexico trade . Trade volume has steadily increased annually and in 2010 , surface trade between the three NAFTA nations reached an all - time historical increase of 24.3 % or US $791 billion . The NAFTA trade bloc GDP ( PPP ) is the world 's largest with US $17.617 trillion . This is in part attributed to the fact that the economy of the United States is the world 's largest national economy ; the country had a nominal GDP of approximately $14.7 trillion in 2010 . The countries of NAFTA are also some of each other 's largest trade partners . The United States is the largest trade partner of Canada and Mexico ; while Canada and Mexico are each other 's third largest trade partners . The Caribbean trade bloc -- CARICOM -- came into agreement in 1973 when it was signed by 15 Caribbean nations . As of 2000 , CARICOM trade volume was US $96 billion . CARICOM also allowed for the creation of a common passport for associated nations . In the past decade the trade bloc focused largely on Free Trade Agreements and under the CARICOM Office of Trade Negotiations ( OTN ) free trade agreements have been signed into effect . Integration of Central American economies occurred under the signing of the Central American Common Market agreement in 1961 ; this was the first attempt to engage the nations of this area into stronger financial cooperation . Recent implementation of the Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) has left the future of the CACM unclear . The Central American Free Trade Agreement was signed by five Central American countries , the Dominican Republic , and the United States . The focal point of CAFTA is to create a free trade area similar to that of NAFTA . In addition to the United States , Canada also has relations in Central American trade blocs . Currently under proposal , the Canada -- Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CA4 ) would operate much the same as CAFTA with the United States does . These nations also take part in inter-continental trade blocs . Mexico takes a part in the G3 Free Trade Agreement with Colombia and Venezuela and has a trade agreement with the EU . The United States has proposed and maintained trade agreements under the Transatlantic Free Trade Area between itself and the European Union ; the US - Middle East Free Trade Area between numerous Middle Eastern nations and itself ; and the Trans - Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership between Southeast Asian nations , Australia , and New Zealand . Transport Main article : Transportation in North America The full Pan American Highway ( including South America ) , from Prudhoe Bay , Alaska to Ushuaia , Argentina The Pan-American Highway route in the Americas is the portion of a network of roads nearly 48,000 km ( 30,000 mi ) in length which travels through the mainland nations . No definitive length of the Pan-American Highway exists because the US and Canadian governments have never officially defined any specific routes as being part of the Pan-American Highway , and Mexico officially has many branches connecting to the US border . However , the total length of the portion from Mexico to the northern extremity of the highway is roughly 26,000 km ( 16,000 mi ) . 2006 map of the North American Class I railroad network The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was built in the 1860s , linking the railroad network of the eastern US with California on the Pacific coast . Finished on 10 May 1869 at the famous golden spike event at Promontory Summit , Utah , it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West , catalyzing the transition from the wagon trains of previous decades to a modern transportation system . Although an accomplishment , it achieved the status of first transcontinental railroad by connecting myriad eastern US railroads to the Pacific and was not the largest single railroad system in the world . The Canadian Grand Trunk Railway ( GTR ) had , by 1867 , already accumulated more than 2,055 km ( 1,277 mi ) of track by connecting Ontario with the Canadian Atlantic provinces west as far as Port Huron , Michigan , through Sarnia , Ontario . Communications A shared telephone system known as the North American Numbering Plan ( NANP ) is an integrated telephone numbering plan of 24 countries and territories : the United States and its territories , Canada , Bermuda , and 17 Caribbean nations . Culture Canada and the United States were both former British colonies . There is frequent cultural interplay between the United States and English - speaking Canada . Greenland shares some cultural ties with the indigenous people of Canada but is considered Nordic and has strong Danish ties due to centuries of colonization by Denmark . Spanish - speaking North America shares a common past as former Spanish colonies . In Mexico and the Central American countries where civilizations like the Maya developed , indigenous people preserve traditions across modern boundaries . Central American and Spanish - speaking Caribbean nations have historically had more in common due to geographical proximity . Northern Mexico , particularly in the cities of Monterrey , Tijuana , Ciudad Juárez , and Mexicali , is strongly influenced by the culture and way of life of the United States . Of the aforementioned cities , Monterrey has been regarded as the most Americanized city in Mexico . Immigration to the United States and Canada remains a significant attribute of many nations close to the southern border of the US . The Anglophone Caribbean states have witnessed the decline of the British Empire and its influence on the region , and its replacement by the economic influence of Northern America . In the Anglophone Caribbean . This is partly due to the relatively small populations of the English - speaking Caribbean countries , and also because many of them now have more people living abroad than those remaining at home . Northern Mexico , the Western United States and Alberta , Canada share a cowboy culture . Sports Canada , Mexico and the US submitted a joint bid to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The following table shows the most prominent sports leagues in North America , in order of average revenue . League Sport Primary country Founded Teams Revenue US $ ( bn ) Average Attendance National Football League ( NFL ) American football United States 1920 32 $9.0 7004676040000000000 ♠ 67,604 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Baseball United States Canada 1869 30 $8.0 7004304580000000000 ♠ 30,458 National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Basketball United States Canada 1946 30 $5.0 7004173470000000000 ♠ 17,347 National Hockey League ( NHL ) Ice hockey United States Canada 1917 31 $3.3 7004177200000000000 ♠ 17,720 Liga MX Football ( soccer ) Mexico 1943 18 $0.6 7004255570000000000 ♠ 25,557 Major League Soccer ( MLS ) Football ( soccer ) United States Canada 20 $0.5 7004215740000000000 ♠ 21,574 Jump up ^ MLS plans to expand to 21 teams in 2017 , and to 24 teams by 2020 . See also Main article : Outline of North America Flags of North America List of cities in North America Table manners in North America North America portal Geography portal Notes Jump up ^ This North American density figure is based on a total land area of 23,090,542 km only , considerably less than the total combined land and water area of 24,709,000 km . ^ Jump up to : Depending on definitions , Aruba , Bonaire , Curaçao , Panama , and Trinidad and Tobago have territory in either or both of North and South America . Jump up ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea , the Bahamas are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean , although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean . Jump up ^ Because of ongoing activity of the Soufriere Hills volcano beginning in July 1995 , much of Plymouth was destroyed and government offices were relocated to Brades . Plymouth remains the de jure capital . Jump up ^ Panama is generally considered a North American country , though some authorities divide it at the Panama Canal . Figures listed here are for the entire country . Jump up ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea , the Turks and Caicos Islands are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean , although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean . Jump up ^ Includes the states of Hawaii and Alaska which are both separated from the US mainland , with Hawaii is distant from the North American landmass in the Pacific Ocean and therefore more commonly associated with the other territories of Oceania while Alaska is located between Asia ( Russia ) and Canada . References ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( October 2016 ) . `` List of North American countries by GDP per capita '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . Archived from the original on 24 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Demographia.com '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` North America '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Map And Details Of All 7 Continents '' . worldatlas.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . In some parts of the world students are taught that there are only six continents , as they combine North America and South America into one continent called the Americas . Jump up ^ `` North America Land Forms and Statistics '' . World Atlas.com . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` North America Fast Facts '' . World Atlas.com . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amerigo Vespucci '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles George , ed. ( 1907 ) . The Cosmographiæ Introductio of Martin Waldseemüller in Facsimile . Translated by Edward Burke and Mario E. Cosenza , introduction by Joseph Fischer and Franz von Wieser . New York : The United States Catholic Historical Society . p. 9 . Latin : `` Quarta pars per Americum Vesputium ( ut in sequentibus audietur ) inventa est , quam non video , cur quis jure vetet , ab Americo inventore sagacis ingenii viro Amerigen quasi Americi terram sive Americam dicendam , cum et Europa et Asia a mulieribus sua sortita sint nomina . '' ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Cohen . `` The Naming of America : Fragments We 've Shored Against Ourselves '' . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , John ; Mitchinson , John ( 2006 ) . The Book of General Ignorance . Harmony Books . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 39491 - 0 . New countries or continents were never named after a person 's first name , but always after the second ... Jump up ^ Burchfield , R.W. , ed. ( 2004 ) . `` '' America `` '' . Fowler 's Modern English Usage . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861021 - 1 . the term ' North America ' is mostly used to mean the United States and Canada together . Countries to the south of the United States are described as being in Central America ( Mexico , Nicaragua , etc . ) or South America ( Brazil , Argentina , etc . ) . See also : McArthur , Tom ( 1992 ) . `` North American '' . The Oxford Companion to the English Language . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 707 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214183 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook -- North America '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countries in North America -- Country Reports '' . Country Reports . Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` North America : World of Earth Science '' . eNotes Inc . Archived from the original on 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` North American Region '' . The Trilateral Commission . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` SPP Background '' . CommerceConnect.gov . Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America . Archived from the original on 18 June 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ecoregions of North America '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's the difference between North , Latin , Central , Middle , South , Spanish and Anglo America ? '' . About.com . Jump up ^ `` Norteamérica '' ( North America ) ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . In Ibero - America , North America is considered a subcontinent containing Canada , the United States , Mexico , Greenland , Bermuda and Saint - Pierre and Miquelon . Jump up ^ `` Six or Seven Continents on Earth '' . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . `` In Europe and other parts of the world , many students are taught of six continents , where North and South America are combined to form a single continent of America . Thus , these six continents are Africa , America , Antarctica , Asia , Australia , and Europe . '' Jump up ^ `` Continents '' . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . `` six - continent model ( used mostly in France , Italy , Portugal , Spain , Romania , Greece , and Latin America ) groups together North America + South America into the single continent America . '' Jump up ^ `` AMÉRIQUE '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America '' ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acta Solemne de la Declaración de Independencia de la América Septentrional '' ( Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America ) . Archivos de la Independencia ( in Spanish ) . Archivo General de la Nación . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Central America . Encarta Encyclopedia . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Caribbean '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Alan ; Schaffer , Jonathan ( May 2004 ) . Geopolitics of oil and natural gas . Economic Perspectives . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Definition of major areas and regions '' . United Nations . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Composition of macro geographical ( continental ) regions , geographical sub-regions , and selected economic and other groupings '' . UN Statistics Division . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . ( French ) Jump up ^ `` Chapter 5 , Middle America '' . University of Minnesota . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Middle America ( region , Mesoamerica ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Unless otherwise noted , land area figures are taken from `` Demographic Yearbook -- Table 3 : Population by sex , rate of population increase , surface area and density '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Statistics Division . 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Population estimates are taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics Netherlands Antilles . `` Statistical information : Population '' . Government of the Netherlands Antilles . Archived from the original on 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Land area figures taken from `` The World Factbook : 2010 edition '' . Government of the United States , Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : These population estimates are for 2010 , and are taken from `` The World Factbook : 2010 edition '' . Government of the United States , Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Dalziel , I.W.D. ( 1992 ) . `` On the organization of American Plates in the Neoproterozoic and the breakout of Laurentia '' . GSA Today . 2 ( 11 ) : 237 -- 241 . Jump up ^ Merali , Zeeya ; Skinner , Brian J. Visualizing Earth Science . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 41847 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Land Bridge Linking Americas Rose Earlier Than Thought '' . LiveScience.com . ^ Jump up to : Dodson , Peter ( 1997 ) . `` American Dinosaurs '' . In Currie , Phillip J. ; Padian , Kevin . Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs . Academic Press . pp. 10 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Weishampel , David B. ( 2004 ) . Weishampel , David B. ; Dodson , Peter ; Halszka , Osmólska , eds . Dinosaur distribution ( Late Jurassic , North America ) . The Dinosauria . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 543 -- 545 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24209 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jeremiah Curtin ( 2014 ) . Creation Myths of Primitive America . Jazzybee Verlag . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8496 - 4454 - 3 . Jump up ^ Phillip M. White ( 2006 ) . 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Luganda Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Māori მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем Коми Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Romani Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली ГӀалгӀай Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 209 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 19 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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is usa in south america or north america
[ "The term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context. In Canadian English, North America may be used to refer to the United States and Canada together.[11] Alternatively, usage sometimes includes Greenland[12][13][14] and Mexico (as in the North American Free Trade Agreement),[13][15][16][17][18] as well as offshore islands. The UN geoscheme for \"North America\" separates Mexico from the United States and Canada, placing it instead within its designated \"Central America\" region, while also treating the islands of the Caribbean separately from the US/Canada definition—the UN's \"North America\" definition still includes the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland together with the US/Canada continental definition, with both insular entities being tectonically on the North American plate.\n" ]
[ "North America" ]
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List of large aircraft
List of large aircraft - wikipedia List of large aircraft Jump to : navigation , search A size comparison of four of the largest aircraft . This is a list of large aircraft . The US Federal Aviation Administration defines a large aircraft as any aircraft with a certificated maximum takeoff weight of more than 12,500 lb ( 5,700 kg ) The European Aviation Safety Agency ( EASA ) defines a large aircraft as either `` an aeroplane with a maximum take - off mass of more than 5,700 kilograms ( 12,600 pounds ) or a multi-engined helicopter . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Fixed - wing 1.1 Civilian 1.2 Military 1.3 Experimental and prototypes 1.4 Projects 2 Helicopters and rotary - wing aircraft 3 Airships 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Citations 5.2 Sources 6 External links Fixed - wing ( edit ) Civilian ( edit ) Wingspan comparison of the Stratolaunch carrier with other large airplanes In Service Aircraft First flight Note Antonov An - 225 Mriya 19881221 ! 21 December 1988 Generally acknowledged as the largest airplane in the world , the single Antonov An - 225 is the world 's heaviest aircraft ever ( maximum takeoff weight greater than 640 tons ) and the largest heavier - than - air aircraft ( in length and wingspan ) ever entering operational service . Airbus A380 - 800 20050427 ! 27 April 2005 The largest passenger aircraft ever made . Capable of carrying 850 passengers Airbus A340 - 600 20010423 ! 23 April 2001 The A340 - 600 has been in production since 2001 , with a length of 75.30 m , the longest commercial aircraft , until surpassed by the Boeing 747 - 8 . Antonov An - 124 19820000 ! 26 December 1982 Was the largest mass - produced aircraft in the world until the Airbus A380 was produced . Remains the world 's largest military aircraft currently in service . Antonov An - 22 19650227 ! 27 February 1965 World 's largest turboprop - powered airplane Boeing 747 - 8 20100208 ! 8 February 2010 ( F variant ) Lengthened version of 747 with increased wingspan . World 's longest passenger aircraft at 76.4 m ( 0.9 m / 3 ft longer than Airbus A340 ) capacity of 650 passengers . Boeing 747 19690209 ! 9 February 1969 Highest - capacity passenger aircraft until surpassed by Airbus A380 Boeing 747 `` Dreamlifter '' 20060909 ! 9 September 2006 747 with enlarged fuselage for transporting Boeing 787 Dreamliner sub-assemblies ( 1,800 cubic metres ( 65,000 cu ft ) ) Tupolev Maksim Gorki 19340519 ! 19 May 1934 Physically the largest aircraft , and heaviest land - based aircraft of the 1930s era ( 63 meter / 206.7 ft wingspan , 53 tonne MTOW ) , required eight 900 hp Mikulin V12 engines for flight Dornier Do X 19290712 ! 12 July 1929 Largest successful flying boat and heaviest aircraft in the world from 1929 until 1942 when the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress first flew . Antonov An - 2 19470831 ! 31 August 1947 Largest mass - produced single - engine biplane . Military ( edit ) Aircraft First flight Note Blohm & Voss BV 238 19440311 ! 11 March 1944 Very large flying boat . The largest aircraft in the world 1944 to 1945 when the single one was destroyed . The even heavier Convair B - 36 first flew in 1946 . Heaviest aircraft built during World War II , and largest aircraft produced by any of the Axis powers in World War II Douglas XB - 19 19410627 ! 27 June 1941 This experimental aircraft was the largest US bomber until 1946 when the Northrop YB - 35 flew . Boeing B - 29 Superfortress 19420921 ! 21 September 1942 Largest aircraft in the world from 1942 to 1943 when the even heavier Junkers Ju - 390 first flew . It was one of the largest bombers used during World War II Convair B - 36 Peacemaker 19460808 ! 8 August 1946 Largest aircraft in the world 1946 to 1947 when the even heavier Hughes H - 4 Hercules first flew . First intercontinental strategic bomber , longest wingspan for a combat aircraft Convair XC - 99 19471123 ! 23 November 1947 Developed from B - 36 , single prototype was the largest piston - engined land - based transport aircraft ever built Kawanishi H8K 19410100 ! January 1941 Largest World War II aircraft produced by Japan in any quantity ( 167 built ) Linke - Hofmann R. II 19190000 ! 1919 Largest aircraft ever to fly with only one propeller , used largest airplane propeller ever used . Lockheed C - 5 Galaxy 19680630 ! 30 June 1968 Largest USAF strategic airlifter and one of the largest military aircraft in the world Martin JRM Mars 19410000 ! 1941 Largest flying boat to enter production ( 7 built ) Messerschmitt Me 323 `` Gigant '' 19410000 ! 1941 Biggest land - based cargo airplane during World War II Myasishchev VM - T 19810000 ! 1981 Derivative of the M - 4 as outsized cargo aircraft Tupolev Tu - 160 19811218 ! 18 December 1981 Heaviest combat aircraft , largest supersonic aircraft and largest swept - wing aircraft ever built . Zeppelin - Staaken R.VI 19160000 ! Circa 1916 Largest aircraft to see regular squadron service ( in 1917 ) in World War I Experimental and prototypes ( edit ) Aircraft First flight Note Bristol Brabazon 4 September 1949 A giant luxurious airliner in which each passenger was given the space of the interior of a small car . There was no commercial interest and only the prototype flew . Dassault Balzac 18 October 1962 Experimental VTOL jet . MTOW 29,630 lb . Douglas X-3 Stiletto 15 October 1952 Supersonic research aircraft . Gross weight 22,100 lb . Ekranoplan KM 16 October 1966 The ekranoplan had wingspan of 37.6 m , length - 92 m , maximum takeoff weight - 544 tons . Until An - 225 it was the largest aircraft in the world . Unit KM was tested at the Caspian Sea for 15 years until 1980 . In 1980 , pilot error caused a crash without human casualties . The vehicle was too heavy to be recovered from its watery wrecksite . Hughes H - 4 Hercules 1947 , 2 November Largest aircraft in the world 1947 to 1952 when the even heavier Boeing B - 52 Stratofortress first flew . World 's largest flying boat , and largest wingspan of any aircraft . Only one was ever built and it performed only one short test flight . Commonly known as the `` Spruce Goose '' . Junkers Ju 390 1943 , 20 October Largest aircraft in the world 1943 to 1944 when the even heavier Blohm & Voss BV 238 first flew . Selected and further developed as the Junkers firm 's entry for the Amerika Bomber design contract . North American XB - 70 Valkyrie 21 September 1964 Prototype Mach 3 strategic bomber . Maximum takeoff weight 542,000 lb ( 246 tonnes ) . Stratolaunch 2019 ( Planned ) Stratolaunch is an aircraft currently under construction in Mojave , CA . With a wingspan of 385 ft ( 117 m ) , it will be the world 's largest aircraft by wingspan and the largest all - composite aircraft ever built . It is designed as an aerial launch platform , capable of lifting orbital launch vehicles weighing up to 550,000 lb ( 250 t ) to an altitude of 45,000 ft ( 14,000 m ) . A nearly - complete aircraft was first shown on 1 June 2017 . Projects ( edit ) Aircraft Design or Conception Note Airbus A380 - 900 2006 development Announced in 2006 as a derivative of the Airbus A380 - 800 . World 's highest - capacity passenger aircraft in history . In May 2010 , Airbus announced that A380 - 900 development was postponed , until production of the A380 - 800 has stabilised . Beriev Be-2500 1980s proposal Would be the largest aircraft ever , if built ; development started in the 1980s Boeing New Large Airplane 1990s proposal Planned as a replacement for the 747 , to be powered by the same engines used on the 777 . Project canceled in the 1990s due to the airline industry 's lack of interest for very large aircraft . Boeing Pelican 1990s proposal Concept only for ground effect transport Boeing 2707 SST 1960s design . A mockup was built but no prototype . Planned as an answer to the Anglo - French Concorde supersonic transport ( SST ) . At 306 feet ( 93 m ) long it would have been one of the longest airframes ever flown . Problems with the weight of the swing - wing mechanism and air friction heating in Mach 3 flight provoked a drastic redesign , by which time airline interest in SSTs was dropping because of environmental concerns . There was also political opposition to funding private industry . The U.S. Congress cut government funding in 1971 and airlines began canceling orders . McDonnell Douglas MD - 12 1990 proposal Proposed passenger aircraft , Designed to compete with the 747 , project canceled in mid-1990s Sukhoi KR - 860 1990s proposal KR - 860 ( Kryl'ya Rossii or `` Wings of Russia '' ) early named as SKD - 717 is super large transport aircraft with weights about 650 tonnes ( Antonov An - 225 weight is 600 tonnes ) , payload about 300 tonnes ( An - 225 payload is 250 tonnes ) and 860 to 1000 passengers , a proposed Double decker wide - body superjumbo jet by Russian aerospace company Sukhoi . Conroy Virtus Proposed 140 - metre wingspan aircraft capable of carrying Space Shuttle orbiter , or boosters , or Shuttle main tank `` Victory Bomber '' 1940 / 41 Proposed 50 - ton 52 - metre wingspan design by Barnes Wallis able to carry a ten - ton earthquake bomb ( of his own design ) and drop it from 14,000 m on strategic targets in Germany . Rejected by RAF due to lack of usefulness for other types of missions and unlikely to be completed before end of war . Skylon Proposed 345 - tonne reusable spaceplane Helicopters and rotary - wing aircraft ( edit ) Aeroflot Mil V - 12 at Groningen Airport in May 1971 . Aircraft First flight Note Mil Mi - 26 1977 , 14 December Heaviest ( 56 tonnes ) , largest and most powerful helicopter in production ever . Hughes XH - 17 1952 Prototype heavy - lift helicopter with the largest rotor ( 129 ft ) flown V - 22 Osprey 1989 , 19 March One of the largest ( 27 tonnes ) VTOL aircraft and the first operational tiltrotor Mil Mi - 10 1960 , 15 June Heavy - lift `` skycrane '' developed from Mi - 6 , 114 ft rotor , 43 tonne MTOW Mil V - 12 or Mi - 12 1968 , 10 July Largest helicopter ever built ; not put into production . 2 × 114 ft rotors , 105 tonnes MTOW . Sikorsky Sea King Many variants . Typ . MTOW 20,500 lb . Sikorsky CH - 53E Super Stallion 1981 At 33 tonnes , largest helicopter in service with the US armed forces Fairey Rotodyne 1957 Largest compound gyroplane , 40 passenger capacity short haul airliner experiment Jump up ^ For designs that never flew the year of design or conception is used instead . Airships ( edit ) Hindenburg airship compared with the largest fixed - wing aircraft . Aircraft First flight Note HM Airship R100 1929 , 16 December 220 m , 146,000 m HM Airship R101 1929 , 14 October 236 m , 156,000 m R102 Planned Also known as ' Project H ' , planned 240,000 m airship . Cancelled along with possible 270,000 m R103 USS Akron 1931 , 8 August 239 m , 180,000 m US Navy airship and largest helium - filled airship . USS Macon 1933 , 23 June Sister ship to Akron LZ 129 Hindenburg 1936 , 4 April 245 m , 200,000 m Largest volume aircraft ever flown , but only 215t . LZ130 Graf Zeppelin 1938 , 14 September Sister ship to LZ 129 Hindenburg U.S. Navy ZPG - 3W 1958 , July Largest - ever United States Navy non-rigid airship , 1,011,000 cubic feet ( 23,648 cubic meters ) envelope volume . Hybrid Air Vehicles HAV 304 Airlander 10 2016 , 17 August Largest - ever non-rigid airship / aircraft to fly , 38,000 m3 ( 1,300,000 cu ft ) envelope volume . Longest heavier than air aircraft at 92m . See also ( edit ) Wide - body aircraft References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schoolcraft , Don , FAA Definitions begining ( sic ) with the letter L. , Aviation Safety Bureau Jump up ^ EASA Regulation -- Amendment of Implementing Rule 2042 / 2003 , Version 1 ( PDF ) . 13 January 2012 . p. 4 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaplan 2005 , p. 140 - 149 . Jump up ^ `` Commercial Airplanes - 747 - Boeing 747 - 8 Intercontinental and 747 - 8 Freighter '' . Boeing . Archived from the original on 1 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kaplan 2005 , p. 124 - 130 . Jump up ^ Kaplan 2005 , p. 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kaplan 2005 , p. 56 - 57 . Jump up ^ Kaplan 2005 , p. 82 - 83 . Jump up ^ Kaplan 2005 , p. 115 - 121 . Jump up ^ Miller , J. ; The X-Planes , Speciality Press ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ `` Stratolaunch '' . stratolaunch.com . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A380 - 900 and freighter both on ' back - burner ' : Enders '' . Flight International . 20 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Buttler , Tony . Secret Projects : British Fighters and Bombers 1935 - 1950 Midland Publishing , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 85780 - 179 - 2 . Sources ( edit ) Jarrett , Philip ( 2008 ) , The Colour Encyclopedia of Incredible Aeroplanes , Dorling Kindersley , ISBN 978 - 1405335980 Kaplan , Philip ( 2005 ) , Big Wings , Pen & Sword Aviation , ISBN 978 - 1844151783 Layton , Julia ( 2011 ) , What 's the world 's largest airplane ? , How Stuff Works Malone , Robert ( 2007 ) , The World 's Biggest Planes , Forbes Patterson , Thom ( 2013 ) , Stalking world 's biggest planes makes for photos that say ' wow ' , CNN Robinson , Douglas ( 1973 ) , Giants in the Sky , University of Washington Press , ISBN 978 - 0295952499 Ruffin , Steven ( 2005 ) , `` Goliaths of the Air '' , Aviation 's Most Wanted , Potomac , pp. 62 -- 67 , ISBN 978 - 1574886740 External links ( edit ) Top 50 Largest Aircraft at Global Aircraft Largest Plane in the World at Aerospaceweb Lists of aircraft ( hide ) By name pre-1914 0 - Ah Ai - Am An - Az B - Be Bf - Bo Br - Bz C - Ca Cd - Cn Co-Cz La - Lh Li - Lz Q U V X Y Z Gliders List of human - powered aircraft List of unmanned aerial vehicles Civil aircraft By characteristic Type Aerobatic Bush planes Electric aircraft Flying wings Gliders Human - powered Prone - pilot Rocket - powered Seaplanes and amphibious aircraft STOL Supersonic Trimotors Triplanes Unmanned VTOL Fuselage Double - deck Narrow - body Wide - body Weight Size Maximum takeoff weight Light aircraft very light jets Large aircraft Manufacturer Airbus Antonov Boeing Bombardier Douglas / McDonnell Douglas Embraer Ilyushin Tupolev Engine number Trijets Trimotors Twinjets Range Jet airliners Regional airliners Use Light transport Racers Regional airliner regional jet Research Early flying machines Experimental X-planes Rotor - powered Rotorcraft utility Tiltrotors Executive Private Business jets Light - sport aircraft Roadable aircraft ( hide ) Other lists By date and usage By tail number Most - produced Military aircraft Role AEW Attack Bomber Torpedo Carrier - based Fighter Maritime patrol Submarine - borne Tanker Nation Afghanistan Albania Argentina Australia Bangladesh Belize Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Finland France Germany Greece India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Malaysia Morocco New Zealand Norway Pakistan Philippines Portugal Romania Russia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States Era WWI Entente WWI Central Powers Interwar World War II World War II jets Aviation lists General Aircraft manufacturers Aircraft engines manufacturers Airlines Defunct airlines Helicopter airlines Airports Aerobatic teams Civil authorities Gliders Museums Navigation and Transport Acts Registration prefixes Jet airliners Rotorcraft manufacturers Timeline Military Air forces Experimental Missiles Unmanned Weapons Accidents / incidents Commercial airliners by location Fatalities by death toll General aviation Military By registration Records Airspeed Altitude Distance Endurance Firsts Large Most - produced aircraft Most - produced rotorcraft Aviation portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_large_aircraft&oldid=801090690 '' Categories : Lists of aircraft Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Português Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 16 : 19 . About Wikipedia
which one is the biggest airplane in the world
[ "\nAntonov An-225 Mriya\n19881221 !21 December 1988\nGenerally acknowledged as the largest airplane in the world, the single Antonov An-225 is the world's heaviest aircraft ever (maximum takeoff weight greater than 640 tons) and the largest heavier-than-air aircraft (in length and wingspan) ever entering operational service.\n" ]
[ "Antonov An-225" ]
-1134847560464595310
Avengers: Infinity War
Avengers : Infinity War - wikipedia Avengers : Infinity War `` Infinity War '' redirects here . For the 1992 comic book storyline , see The Infinity War . 2018 superhero film produced by Marvel Studios Avengers : Infinity War Theatrical release poster Directed by Anthony Russo Joe Russo Produced by Kevin Feige Screenplay by Christopher Markus Stephen McFeely Based on The Avengers by Stan Lee Jack Kirby Starring Robert Downey Jr . Chris Hemsworth Mark Ruffalo Chris Evans Scarlett Johansson Benedict Cumberbatch Don Cheadle Tom Holland Chadwick Boseman Paul Bettany Elizabeth Olsen Anthony Mackie Sebastian Stan Danai Gurira Letitia Wright Dave Bautista Zoe Saldana Josh Brolin Chris Pratt Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Trent Opaloch Edited by Jeffrey Ford Matthew Schmidt Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) ( United States ) Running time 149 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $316 -- 400 million Box office $2.042 billion Avengers : Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2012 's The Avengers and 2015 's Avengers : Age of Ultron , and the nineteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Anthony and Joe Russo , written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely , and features an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Hemsworth , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Evans , Scarlett Johansson , Benedict Cumberbatch , Don Cheadle , Tom Holland , Chadwick Boseman , Paul Bettany , Elizabeth Olsen , Anthony Mackie , Sebastian Stan , Danai Gurira , Letitia Wright , Dave Bautista , Zoe Saldana , Josh Brolin , and Chris Pratt . In the film , the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy attempt to stop Thanos from amassing the all - powerful Infinity Stones . The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 1 . The Russo brothers came on board to direct in April 2015 and by May , Markus and McFeely had signed on to write the script for the film , which drew inspiration from Jim Starlin 's 1991 The Infinity Gauntlet comic and Jonathan Hickman 's 2013 Infinity comic . In 2016 , Marvel shortened the title to Avengers : Infinity War . Filming began in January 2017 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , with a large cast consisting mostly of actors reprising their roles from previous MCU films . The production lasted until July 2017 , shooting back - to - back with an untitled direct sequel . Additional filming took place in Scotland , England , the Downtown Atlanta area , and New York City . With an estimated budget in the range of $316 -- 400 million , it is one of the most expensive films ever made . Avengers : Infinity War held its world premiere on April 23 , 2018 in Los Angeles and was released in the United States on April 27 , 2018 , in 2D , Real D 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D . The film received praise for the performances of the cast ( particularly Brolin 's ) and the emotional weight of the story , as well as the visual effects and action sequences . It became the fourth film and the first superhero film to gross over $2 billion worldwide , breaking numerous records and becoming the highest - grossing film of 2018 to date . The currently untitled sequel is set to be released on May 3 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 Pre-sale ticket records 6.1. 2 United States and Canada 6.1. 3 Other territories 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot Having acquired the Power Stone from the planet Xandar , Thanos and his lieutenants -- Ebony Maw , Cull Obsidian , Proxima Midnight , and Corvus Glaive -- intercept a spaceship carrying the last survivors of Asgard . As they extract the Space Stone from the Tesseract , Thanos subdues Thor , overpowers Hulk , and kills Loki . Heimdall sends Hulk to Earth using the Bifröst before being killed . Thanos departs with his lieutenants and obliterates the ship . Hulk crash - lands at the Sanctum Sanctorum in New York City , reverting to Bruce Banner . He warns Stephen Strange and Wong about Thanos ' plan to kill half of all life in the universe ; in response , Strange recruits Tony Stark . Maw and Obsidian arrive to retrieve the Time Stone from Strange , drawing the attention of Peter Parker . Maw captures Strange , but fails to take the Time Stone due to an enchantment . Stark and Parker pursue Maw 's spaceship , Banner contacts Steve Rogers , and Wong stays behind to guard the Sanctum . In Scotland , Midnight and Glaive ambush Wanda Maximoff and Vision in order to retrieve the Mind Stone in Vision 's forehead . Rogers , Natasha Romanoff , and Sam Wilson rescue them and take shelter with James Rhodes and Banner at the Avengers Compound . Vision offers to sacrifice himself by having Maximoff destroy the Mind Stone to keep Thanos from retrieving it . Rogers suggests they travel to Wakanda , which he believes has the resources to remove the stone without destroying Vision . The Guardians of the Galaxy respond to a distress call from the Asgardian ship and rescue Thor , who surmises Thanos seeks the Reality Stone , which is in the possession of the Collector on Knowhere . Rocket and Groot accompany Thor to Nidavellir , where they and Eitri create a battle - axe capable of killing Thanos . On Knowhere , Peter Quill , Gamora , Drax , and Mantis find Thanos with the Reality Stone already in his possession . Thanos kidnaps Gamora , his adoptive daughter , who reveals the location of the Soul Stone to save her captive adoptive sister Nebula from torture . Thanos and Gamora travel to Vormir , where Red Skull , keeper of the Soul Stone , informs him the stone can only be retrieved by sacrificing someone he loves . Thanos reluctantly kills Gamora , earning the stone . Nebula escapes captivity and asks the remaining Guardians to meet her on Thanos ' destroyed homeworld , Titan . Stark and Parker kill Maw and rescue Strange . Landing on Titan , they meet Quill , Drax , and Mantis . The group forms a plan to remove Thanos ' Infinity Gauntlet after Strange uses the Time Stone to view millions of possible futures , seeing only one in which Thanos loses . Thanos arrives , justifying his plans as necessary to ensure the survival of a universe threatened by overpopulation . The group subdues him until Nebula deduces that Thanos has killed Gamora . Enraged , Quill attacks him , allowing Thanos to break the group 's hold and overpower them . Stark is seriously wounded by Thanos , but is spared after Strange surrenders the Time Stone to Thanos . In Wakanda , Rogers reunites with Bucky Barnes before Thanos ' army invades . The Avengers , alongside T'Challa and the Wakandan forces , mount a defense while Shuri works to extract the Mind Stone from Vision . Banner , unable to transform into the Hulk , fights in Stark 's Hulkbuster armor . Thor , Rocket , and Groot arrive to reinforce the Avengers ; Midnight , Obsidian , and Glaive are killed and their army is routed . Thanos arrives and despite Maximoff 's attempt to destroy the Mind Stone , removes it from Vision , killing him . Thor severely wounds Thanos , but Thanos activates the completed Infinity Gauntlet and teleports away . Half of all life across the universe disintegrates , including Barnes , T'Challa , Groot , Maximoff , Wilson , Mantis , Drax , Quill , Strange , and Parker , as well as Maria Hill and Nick Fury ; the latter is able to transmit a distress signal first . Stark and Nebula remain on Titan while Banner , M'Baku , Okoye , Rhodes , Rocket , Rogers , Romanoff , and Thor are left on the Wakandan battlefield . Meanwhile , Thanos watches a sunrise on another planet . Cast Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man : The leader and benefactor of the Avengers , who is a self - described genius , billionaire , playboy , and philanthropist with electromechanical suits of armor of his own making . Co-director Joe Russo explained that Stark `` senses this greater threat approaching , so he is doing everything in his power to keep the Earth safe '' . Downey added that Stark would have smaller goals than in previous films , with the idea of him as a tinkerer continued from Iron Man 3 , although this was not reflected in the final film . Chris Hemsworth as Thor : An Avenger and the king of Asgard , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Joe Russo stated that Thor 's storyline picks up after the events of Thor : Ragnarok , which finds him in a `` very profound ... very interesting place '' with `` real emotional motivation '' . At the recommendation of Hemsworth , writers Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely consulted Thor : Ragnarok director Taika Waititi and screenwriter Eric Pearson to help carry over the comedic and tragic elements of the re-toned Thor from that film . Thor now wields a mystical axe known as Stormbreaker , after the destruction of his hammer Mjolnir in Ragnarok . Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk : An Avenger and a genius scientist who , because of exposure to gamma radiation , transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated . Banner spends the film trying to reintegrate with the Avengers , and also tries to `` impress upon everybody how dangerous Thanos is '' . This continues a story arc for the character that was established in Thor : Ragnarok and concludes in the Infinity War sequel , with the difference between Hulk and Banner `` starting to blur a little bit '' . Ruffalo described Hulk in Infinity War as having the mental capacity of a five - year - old . Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America : A fugitive superhero and leader of a faction of Avengers . A World War II veteran , he was enhanced to the peak of human physicality by an experimental serum and frozen in suspended animation before waking up in the modern world . Joe Russo said after the events of Captain America : Civil War , Rogers struggles with the conflict between his responsibility to himself and his responsibility to others . The character embodies the `` spirit '' of his comic alternate identity Nomad in the film , and receives new vibranium gauntlets from Shuri to replace his traditional shield . Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow : A highly trained spy , a member of Rogers ' faction of Avengers , and a former agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Johansson said that Romanoff 's situation in the aftermath of the events of Captain America : Civil War has been `` a dark time . I would n't say that my character has been particularly hopeful , but I think she 's hardened even more than she probably was before . '' Benedict Cumberbatch as Dr. Stephen Strange : A former neurosurgeon who , after a car accident that led to a journey of healing , discovered the hidden world of magic and alternate dimensions , and became a Master of the Mystic Arts . Markus and McFeely described Strange as `` ( ending ) up being the reasonable adult in the room '' with the `` widest perspective available '' due to the film 's stakes . Aaron Lazar served as Cumberbatch 's stand - in until the latter completed filming on The Current War . At that point , Cumberbatch re-shot scenes where his face needed to be seen . Julian `` JayFunk '' Daniels once again assisted Cumberbatch with his finger - tutting movements . Don Cheadle as James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes / War Machine : A Colonel in the U.S. Air Force who operates the War Machine armor and is an Avenger . Following his paralysis during the events of Civil War , Rhodes is given an apparatus by Stark to walk again , although he is reluctant to don his War Machine armor and rejoin the Avengers due to his injury . Cheadle believed that Rhodes is `` negotiating this reunion and his rejoining this team '' . He also explained that Rhodes ' relationship with Stark `` deepened '' from his accident , saying , `` I think Tony feels somewhat responsible and culpable in a way . But again , he 's always had my back in a way that only he could really have . '' Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man : A teenager and Stark 's protegé who received spider - like abilities after being bitten by a genetically - modified spider . Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther : The king of the African nation of Wakanda , who gained his enhanced strength by ingesting the Heart - Shaped Herb . Paul Bettany as Vision : An android and Avenger created using the artificial intelligence J.A.R.V.I.S. , Ultron , and the Mind Stone . Anthony Russo called Vision `` a living MacGuffin . Obviously , that raises the stakes because Vision 's life is in danger , and his life is in conflict with Thanos ' goals , so something 's got to give . '' Elizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch : A member of Rogers ' faction of Avengers , who can harness magic and engage in hypnosis and telekinesis . Anthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon : A member of Rogers ' faction of Avengers and former pararescueman trained by the military in aerial combat , using a specially designed wing pack . Mackie noted that Wilson has a grudge with other heroes like Iron Man and Black Panther after the events of Civil War . Sebastian Stan as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier : An enhanced assassin and Rogers ' ally and best friend , who reemerged brainwashed after being thought killed in action during World War II . Barnes , who formerly went by Winter Soldier , is given the name White Wolf by the people of Wakanda , who helped remove his Hydra programming . Tom Hiddleston as Loki : Thor 's adoptive brother , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Idris Elba as Heimdall : The all - seeing , all - hearing Asgardian former sentry of the Bifröst Bridge , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Peter Dinklage as Eitri : King of the Dwarves of Nidavellir , and weaponsmith , based on the Norse mythological dwarf of the same name . Benedict Wong as Wong : One of the Masters of the Mystic Arts , tasked with protecting some of Kamar - Taj 's most valuable relics and books . Pom Klementieff as Mantis : A member of the Guardians of the Galaxy with empathic powers . Karen Gillan as Nebula : An adopted daughter of Thanos who was raised with Gamora as siblings . Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer : A member of the Guardians and warrior in search of vengeance against Thanos for killing his family . At the end of each day of filming , Bautista would have to sit in a sauna to remove his makeup . Zoe Saldana as Gamora : A member of the Guardians , who is an orphan from an alien world and raised by Thanos , seeking redemption for her past crimes . Ariana Greenblatt portrays a young Gamora . Vin Diesel as Groot : A member of the Guardians who is a tree - like humanoid . Executive producer James Gunn explained that Groot is still an adolescent in the film , in the same state of growth seen in one of the post-credit scenes in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Terry Notary provided motion capture for Groot , and said the character is `` coming of age , so you 'll see the teenager find a mentor to look up to and to model himself after '' . Bradley Cooper as Rocket : A member of the Guardians who is a genetically - engineered raccoon - based bounty hunter and mercenary , and is a master of weapons and battle tactics . Sean Gunn was again the stand - in for Rocket during filming , with his acting and expressions serving as motion reference for the character . Gwyneth Paltrow as Pepper Potts : Stark 's fiancée and the CEO of Stark Industries . Downey felt that `` Pepper remains the heart of the ( Iron Man ) story '' , which was not a focal point in some of the preceding films with Stark . Downey continued that `` we wanted to get back to that reality . Not just for them , but let 's really see how that can add to the something - worth - fighting - for of it all . '' Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector : One of the Elders of the Universe , who is an obsessive keeper of the largest collection of interstellar fauna , relics , and species of all manner in the galaxy . Josh Brolin as Thanos : An intergalactic despot from Titan who longs to collect all six of the Infinity Stones in order to impose his will on all of reality , wanting to `` re-balance the universe '' . Producer Kevin Feige added that Thanos believes the universe is becoming over-populated , which led to the destruction of his home moon Titan and is something he vowed not to let happen again , and also said `` you could almost go so far as to say he is the main character of '' the film . McFeely shared this sentiment , describing the film as his `` hero journey '' in addition to being the film 's protagonist , stating , `` Part of that is the things that ( mean ) the most to him . We wanted to show that . It was n't just power ; it was n't just an ideal ; it was people . '' Brolin likened Thanos to `` the Quasimodo of this time '' and the novel Perfume , since Thanos was born deformed and considered a `` freak '' on Titan , while Joe Russo would reference The Godfather for Brolin at times , which Brolin felt helped `` to emotionalize the whole thing '' . Brolin further added that he preferred playing Thanos over Cable in Deadpool 2 because of the amount of work that went into creating the character . Thanos does not wear armor for most of the film , which is symbolic of his growing power as he collects the Infinity Stones . In addition to voicing for the character , Brolin performed motion capture on set . Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star - Lord : The half - human , half - Celestial leader of the Guardians who was abducted from Earth as a child , and raised by a group of alien thieves and smugglers called the Ravagers . Pratt described his role in the film as `` a cameo ... you get to be a little more vibrant ; a little more irreverent ; a little bit more colorful if you want it to be '' . Additionally , several other actors reprise their MCU roles : Danai Gurira as Okoye , the head of the Dora Milaje ; Letitia Wright as T'Challa's sister Shuri ; William Hurt as Thaddeus Ross , the U.S. Secretary of State ; Kerry Condon as the voice of Stark 's A.I. F.R.I.D.A.Y. ; Winston Duke as M'Baku , the leader of Wakanda 's mountain tribe the Jabari ; Florence Kasumba as Ayo , a member of the Dora Milaje ; Jacob Batalon as Parker 's friend Ned ; Isabella Amara as Parker 's classmate Sally ; Tiffany Espensen as Parker 's classmate Cindy ; and Ethan Dizon as Parker 's classmate Tiny . Samuel L. Jackson and Cobie Smulders make uncredited cameos as Nick Fury and Maria Hill , the former director and deputy director of S.H.I.E.L.D , respectively , in the film 's post-credits scene . Thanos ' henchmen , known collectively in the comics as the Black Order and in the film as the `` Children of Thanos '' , include Terry Notary as Cull Obsidian , Tom Vaughan - Lawlor as Ebony Maw , Carrie Coon as Proxima Midnight , and Michael James Shaw as Corvus Glaive . The foursome provided voices and motion - capture performances on set for their characters . As Coon was pregnant during filming , she mainly did facial capture for Proxima Midnight with some motion - capture , with stuntwoman Monique Ganderton standing - in and providing the rest on set . Ross Marquand portrays Johann Schmidt / Red Skull , the `` Stonekeeper '' and former Nazi commander of Hydra during World War II . Marquand replaces Hugo Weaving , who had expressed reluctance to reprise the character from Captain America : The First Avenger . Avengers co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance in the film as Parker 's school bus driver , while screenwriter Stephen McFeely cameos as Secretary Ross 's aide . Kenneth Branagh , the director of Thor , voices an Asgardian distress caller in an uncredited cameo . David Cross was invited to make a cameo appearance as Tobias Fünke , his character from the sitcom Arrested Development , which the Russo brothers had previously worked on ; this was prevented by a scheduling conflict , but Fünke still appears in the film as a specimen in the Collector 's collection , played by an uncredited extra . Jon Favreau was to reprise his role as Happy Hogan , but his scene did not make the theatrical cut of the film . Production Main article : Production of Avengers : Infinity War and the untitled Avengers sequel In October 2014 , Marvel announced a two - part sequel to Avengers : Age of Ultron , titled Avengers : Infinity War . Part 1 was scheduled to be released on May 4 , 2018 , with Part 2 scheduled for May 3 , 2019 . In April 2015 , Marvel announced that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct both parts of Avengers : Infinity War , with back - to - back filming expected to begin in 2016 . The same month , Kevin Feige said that the Infinity War films would be two distinct films `` because they ( have ) such shared elements , it felt appropriate ... to ( subtitle the films ) like that . But I would n't call it one story that 's cut in half . I would say it 's going to be two distinct movies . '' By May 2015 , Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely had signed on to write the screenplays for both parts of the film , which draws inspiration from Jim Starlin 's 1991 `` The Infinity Gauntlet '' comic and Jonathan Hickman 's 2013 `` Infinity '' comic . Anthony Russo added the film was inspired by 1990s heist films , with Thanos `` on a smash - and - grab ( to acquire the Infinity Stones ) , and everybody 's trying to catch up the whole movie '' . In May 2016 , the Russos revealed that they would retitle the two films , to further remove the misconception that they were one large film split in two , with Joe stating , `` The intention is we will change ( the titles ) , we just have n't come up with ( them ) yet . '' That July , Marvel revealed the film 's title would be shortened to simply Avengers : Infinity War . Principal photography began on January 23 , 2017 , under the working title Mary Lou , at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , with Trent Opaloch as director of photography . Infinity War , along with its sequel , were shot using IMAX / Arri 2D cameras , thus marking the first time that a Hollywood feature film was shot entirely with IMAX digital cameras . In early February , Marvel confirmed the involvement of Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man , Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star - Lord , and Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man in the film . Additional filming took place in Scotland beginning in February 2017 . The filming occurred in Edinburgh , Glasgow and the Scottish Highlands , with studio work taking place at Wardpark Studios in Cumbernauld . Filming also began at Durham Cathedral in Durham , England in early May 2017 . In late June 2017 , filming occurred in Downtown Atlanta , as well as Atlanta 's Central Park in early July , before moving to Queens , New York in the middle of the month . Filming concluded on July 14 , 2017 . For the film 's final scene , where Thanos emerges healed in a nipa hut , the filmmakers partnered with Indochina Productions , a studio based in Thailand , to acquire footage of the Banaue Rice Terraces at Ifugao , Philippines . Later in July 2017 , Joe Russo stated there were a couple of unfinished scenes for Infinity War that would be shot `` in the next few months '' . In early March 2018 , Disney moved the release of Infinity War in the United States to April 27 , 2018 , to have it be released the same weekend as some of its international markets . Visual effects for the film were created by Industrial Light & Magic , Framestore , Method Studios , Weta Digital , Double Negative , Cinesite , Digital Domain , Rise , Lola VFX , and Perception . With an estimated budget in the range of $316 -- 400 million , it is one of the most expensive films ever made . Music Main article : Avengers : Infinity War ( soundtrack ) In June 2016 , Alan Silvestri , who composed the score for The Avengers , was revealed to be returning to score both Infinity War and its sequel . Silvestri started to record his score in January 2018 , and concluded in late March . Silvestri felt working on the film `` was a really different experience than anything I 'd done before , especially in regard to the approach and balancing quick shifts in tone '' . Ludwig Göransson 's theme from Black Panther is also used in the film . Hollywood Records and Marvel Music released the soundtrack album digitally on April 27 , 2018 , with a release on physical formats following on May 18 . Two versions were released , a regular and deluxe edition , with the deluxe edition featuring some extended and additional tracks . Release Avengers : Infinity War held its world premiere at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles on April 23 , 2018 , screening also at the adjacent El Capitan Theatre and Grauman 's Chinese Theatre . It was released in most countries worldwide , including the United States , on April 27 , 2018 , with a few debuts beginning as early as April 25 , and was shown in IMAX and 3D on select screens . In the United States , the film opened in 4,474 theaters , 408 of which were IMAX ; this was the widest release for a Disney title ever and the second - widest ever after Despicable Me 3 's 4,529 theaters . Three of AMC Theatres ' locations screened the film for 24 hours straight , with 53 of their locations having showtimes at either 2 am or 3 am to accommodate demand . In India , the film had the biggest release ever for a Hollywood film , opening on nearly 2,000 screens in four languages . The film also screened in 515 4DX theaters in 59 countries . It was originally scheduled to be released on May 4 , 2018 in the United States . The Chinese release of the film , which opened on May 11 , 2018 , was originally scheduled to end on June 10 , 2018 , but was granted a `` rare '' extension of 30 days , to end on July 9 , 2018 . Select footage from the film was screened around various cities during the film 's press tour in early April , ahead of the film 's Los Angeles premiere . The Russos noted that only a limited amount of the film would be shown at these screenings to reduce the chance of spoilers being leaked . Adam Chitwood of Collider commented that this was `` highly unusual as most Marvel movies are screened in their entirety for press about a month before they hit theaters '' . Ahead of the United States release , AMC Theatres in New York City and Orlando , Florida aired an eleven - MCU film marathon beginning on April 25 , leading to a screening of Infinity War . The El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles also had a similar marathon ahead of the film 's release . Marketing From left to right : Kevin Feige , Chris Hemsworth , Tom Hiddleston , Chadwick Boseman and Mark Ruffalo at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con In May 2017 , Robert Downey Jr. and his philanthropic organization Random Act Funding partnered with Omaze to initiate a contest to benefit the organization . A randomly chosen winner from those that donated would receive an Infinity War set visit . A life - sized statue of Thanos , created by Legacy Effects , was on display at D23 Expo 2017 , alongside statues of the Black Order / `` Children of Thanos '' : Corvus Glaive , Proxima Midnight , Ebony Maw , and Cull Obsidian . Additionally , Feige , Joe Russo , Downey , Brolin , Bettany , Olsen , Klementieff , Gillan , Bautista , Cheadle , Mackie , Cumberbatch , Stan , Holland , Boseman , Ruffalo and Hemsworth appeared at D23 Expo to present a clip highlighting the 10 years of MCU films , along with footage from Infinity War . The footage , which was screened exclusively for the panel , received strong audience reaction , with fans `` literally on their feet and jumping as the footage played '' . Julia Alexander of Polygon commented , `` to say that there was quite a bit happening in the trailer would be one hell of an understatement , but that 's not what got me excited about the promises Infinity War may deliver upon . Seeing Spider - Man in the same movie as Iron Man , Thor , Star - Lord and the Scarlet Witch finally feels like Marvel has made the movie it always wanted to -- and the one we 've always wanted to see . For nearly ten years we dreamt of this reality and to see it play across a massive screen ... it was impossible to not feel emotional . '' CinemaBlend 's Eric Eisenberg said the footage left him `` literally shaking '' , with the film looking `` like it could be one of the most epic blockbusters ever created '' , concluding `` the hype ( for the film ) most definitely feels very , very real '' . Haleigh Foutch for Collider said , `` It looks dark and dramatic , and utterly epic . It 's clear Marvel is trying to do something different here ... to pay off a decade 's worth of narrative and world - building . While it 's impossible to tell from two minutes work of footage , it certainly looks like that gamble paid off . '' The D23 footage was also shown at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International . Due to the two convention presentations , Avengers : Infinity War generated over 90,000 new conversations on social media from July 17 to 23 , the third-most during that time period behind Thor : Ragnarok and Justice League , according to comScore and its PreAct service . Infinity War stayed in third the following week , with over 41,000 new social media conversations , behind Ragnarok and It . By the week of October 16 , Infinity War had generated over 679,000 total social media conversations . To promote the release of the film 's first trailer , Marvel released `` a retrospective video looking back at some of its best trailers '' since Iron Man , `` paired with fan reaction videos to those trailers '' . The first trailer for Avengers : Infinity War debuted on Good Morning America on November 29 , 2017 . Josh Spiegel of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` The trailer promises , in many ways , exactly what anyone with a passing familiarity with superhero movies would expect ... '' but `` the most important part of the trailer is how it carefully , deliberately introduces the notion that the Infinity War films are going to function as a passing of the torch , from one set of Avengers to a newer group . '' Scott Mendelson writing , for Forbes , noted that even though the trailer was not much different from the convention footage screened earlier in the year , it was `` damn impressive . Moreover , it uses Nick Fury 's big ' Avengers Initiative ' speech , along with Alan Silvestri 's Avengers theme , to excellent effect . '' Conversely to Mendelson , Alexander commented on the different marketing strategy for the film between the convention footage scenes and the trailer scenes , feeling the `` two could n't be more different '' . She noted how the convention footage ( `` meant to please a crowd running on little sleep and jittery with anticipation '' ) was released between Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Thor : Ragnarok , and `` ( i ) t made sense to use Thor and the Guardians to hype up ( Infinity War ) '' because `` Marvel relied on the anticipation of Thor : Ragnarok and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 's success to excite fans , and footage of older movies set to classic Marvel scores as a way to drive home how this movie is an event in itself . '' Conversely , the trailer ( `` designed to explain what 's about to happen , teasing it out with additional background '' ) heavily featured Black Panther and Wakanda , which Alexander said could not have been done earlier , without the additional marketing for Black Panther that happened after the conventions to provide additional context . Gael Cooper of CNET observed that the trailer was viewed nearly 500,000 times in its first 15 minutes after it was posted on YouTube , but questioned if the trailer broke the site after the view counter appeared to be stuck at 467,331 . The trailer was viewed 230 million times in its first 24 hours , becoming the most viewed trailer in that time period , surpassing the record of It . In January 2018 , Marvel Comics published a two - issue prequel comic titled Avengers : Infinity War Prelude , which serves as a bridge between Captain America : Civil War and Avengers : Infinity War . A commercial for Infinity War aired during Super Bowl LII . The ad generated the most social media buzz out of all the films advertised during the Super Bowl , according to comScore and United Talent Agency ; it was viewed 17.6 million times across YouTube and Facebook . On February 27 , 2018 , Disney and Marvel announced the Marvel : The Universe Unites charity campaign leading to the release of merchandise for the film on March 3 . The week - long event saw stars from the film create social media challenges to provide funds and raise awareness for charities that support children and families impacted by serious illness . If their collective posts reached 1 million likes , Marvel said they would make a $250,000 donation to Starlight Children 's Foundation . Additionally , Disney planned to donate 10 % of sales of all Marvel products purchased at Disney Stores in the United States and online on the weekend of March 3 to the Make - A-Wish Foundation , up to $50,000 . Hasbro donated $1 million worth of cash and products to Give Kids the World Village and Funko made a $1 million toy donation to Starlight . A second trailer was released on March 16 , 2018 , which earned over 1 million views on YouTube in less than three hours after it was released . Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post was not overly enthused about another superhero film having `` special - effects - heavy villains , or the sight of yet another mysterious object hanging over the Manhattan skyline '' , but felt the trailer made her realize `` that I 'm actually looking forward to seeing ( the characters of the MCU ) get to know each other '' . Josh Spiegel of The Hollywood Reporter agreed with Rosenberg about the potential for character interactions , noting the trailer `` suggests that some of these meetings are going to keep up the playful tone of recent MCU movies '' . He continued , `` It is arguably gimmicky to pile up all of the crossover - style introductions or combinations of heroes in a movie like this , like a superpowered version of two well liked TV shows crossing over primarily in the hopes of getting more viewers to pay attention . But the entire Marvel Cinematic Universe is built on a foundation of these heroes existing within the same space , so their eventual meetings have a level of anticipation that exceeds that of watching them face off against Thanos . '' The second trailer was viewed 179 million times in the first 24 hours , the third-most viewed trailer in that time period , behind the first trailer for the film and It , while also becoming the biggest release for a second trailer , surpassing Beauty and the Beast ( 128 million views ) . A week before the film 's release , the Burj Khalifa in Dubai was lit up each night for the film , counting down to its release . Marvel also featured tie - in events across seven of their mobile games to promote the film . In early May 2018 , Marvel and Epic Games announced the `` Infinity Gauntlet Limited Time Mashup '' mode for Fortnite Battle Royale , where players can find the Infinity Gauntlet hidden on the game map and become Thanos with added abilities . The Russo brothers were fans of Fortnite and approached Donald Mustard , the worldwide creative director of Epic Games , about the potential for a crossover between the properties . On November 20 , 2018 , Little , Brown and Company will publish Marvel 's Avengers : Infinity War : Thanos -- Titan Consumed , written by Barry Lyga . Despite not existing within Marvel Studios ' MCU canon , the novel explores the origins of Thanos before the events of the film . Lyga noted he spoke with Marvel Studios to get an `` outline of who Thanos is and what he means to the movies '' , and `` was given great latitude and a free hand ( in some areas of the story ) , while in others I had to tip - toe very carefully through the MCU '' . Additional marketing partners for the film included Coca - Cola , Quicken Loans and their Rocket Mortgage service , the Infiniti QX50 ( which is also featured in the film ) , Ziploc , Go - Gurt , Yoplait , Synchrony Bank , American Airlines , and Stand Up to Cancer . The partners created television commercials `` inspired by or featuring the film 's characters and themes '' , interactive digital initiatives , and robust in - store presences at numerous retailers . Duracell , Unilever , Quaker Oats Company , Chevron , and Samsung ran promotions in smaller markets . Coca - Cola , Ziploc , Go - Gurt , and Yoplait created special packaging in support of the film , with Synchrony implementing a `` Save Like a Hero '' campaign , and Stand Up to Cancer and American Airlines launching a national campaign with a PSA starring Johansson and Hemsworth . In the United Kingdom , OnePlus released an Infinity War edition for one of their smartphones . Deadline Hollywood estimated the media value was $150 million , the largest for any Marvel film , with Coca - Cola contributing an estimated $40 million . Home media Avengers : Infinity War is scheduled to be released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on July 31 , 2018 , and on Ultra HD Blu - ray , Blu - ray , and DVD on August 14 . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes , and a blooper reel . The digital release also features a roundtable discussion between MCU directors the Russos , Jon Favreau , Joss Whedon , James Gunn , Ryan Coogler , Peyton Reed , and Taika Waititi . Reception Box Office Main article : List of box office records set by Avengers : Infinity War As of July 15 , 2018 , Avengers : Infinity War has grossed $676 million in the United States and Canada , and $1.365 billion in other territories , for a worldwide total of $2.041 billion . It is the fourth highest - grossing film of all time , as well as the highest - grossing film of 2018 , the highest - grossing MCU film , and the highest - grossing superhero film . Its worldwide opening weekend of $640.5 million is the biggest of all time , beating The Fate of the Furious ' $541.9 million . It crossed the $1 billion threshold at the worldwide box office in 11 days , becoming the fastest film to reach the milestone , eclipsing Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' record of 12 days . Also in its second weekend , Infinity War passed $13.5 million from 4DX screens , which was the all - time record for the format . On June 12 , 2018 , Avengers : Infinity War passed the $2 billion mark at the worldwide box office , becoming the fourth film to cross that milestone after Avatar , Titanic , and The Force Awakens . Crossing the mark in 48 days was the second fastest to that point , after Avatar 's 47 - day record . With $140 million worldwide from IMAX , the film is the third - largest worldwide in the format , behind Avatar and The Force Awakens , and the largest gross for a Marvel film . In May 2018 , two weeks after its release , Deadline Hollywood deduced the film had already broken even , and estimated its net profit would be around $600 million , accounting for production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses and ancillary revenues from home media . Pre-sale ticket records In December 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Infinity War was the most anticipated film of 2018 . Fandango reported that Infinity War achieved the largest initial 24 - hour ticket pre-sales for a superhero film in just six hours , surpassing the record from Black Panther . Atom Tickets also reported that Infinity War sold more tickets in its first pre-sales day than Black Panther sold in its first month . Within 72 hours , the film generated the biggest amount of pre-sales for any superhero film at AMC Theatres . AMC noted that Infinity War 's advance ticket sales were 257.6 % ahead of Black Panther 's , 751.5 % ahead of Captain America : Civil War , and 1,106.5 % ahead of Avengers : Age of Ultron during the same time frame . Two weeks before its release , Fandango revealed that advance ticket sales for Infinity War were outpacing the last seven MCU films combined in the same timeframe , and had become the company 's top April release . It was also on pace to become the top superhero film , with Fandango 's Erik Davis noting , `` Infinity War has built up such unprecedented anticipation that it 's pacing to break records , the likes of which we have never seen before for a superhero movie . '' A week before the film released , The Wall Street Journal noted the film had sold more than $50 million worth of advance tickets , behind only Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) and Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) , with Fandango reporting that more than 2,500 showtimes had sold out . On Atom Tickets , Infinity War had the most pre-sale volume , selling 7 % higher than The Last Jedi and 250 % higher than Black Panther at the same point in their sales . Atom also reported that ticket sales for Infinity War were doubling daily the week of its release , the fastest rate of increase the service has seen for any MCU title . United States and Canada Avengers : Infinity War earned $106.7 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada ( including $39 million from Thursday night previews ) , for an opening weekend total of $258.2 million . The Thursday night preview earning was the best for an MCU film ( beating Avengers : Age of Ultron 's $27.6 million ) and the fourth - best of all time , behind The Force Awakens ( $57 million ) , The Last Jedi ( $45 million ) and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $43.5 million ) . Fandango reported that $14 million of the $39 million came from ticket pre-sales from the company . The opening day gross was the second - best ever , behind The Force Awakens ' $119.1 million , its Saturday gross of $83 million was the best - ever Saturday gross , beating Jurassic World 's $69.6 million , and its Sunday gross of $69.2 million was the best - ever , beating The Force Awakens ' $60.5 million . The total weekend gross became highest - grossing opening weekend of all time , beating The Force Awakens ' $248 million . IMAX contributed $22.5 million to the opening weekend gross , which was the best opening for a Marvel film in the format and the third - biggest opening , behind The Force Awakens ( $30 million ) and The Last Jedi ( $24.7 million ) . AMC reported that the film had the highest Friday and Saturday box office gross for a single title in the company 's history , while Fandango reported that approximately $84 million worth of tickets were sold through the service , approximately 30 % , which was the largest share of the weekend box office for any film in the company 's history . Avengers : Infinity War earned an additional $25 million the Monday after its opening weekend , which was the highest grossing Monday in April , beating Furious 7 ( $14 million ) , and the second - best Monday gross for an MCU film , after Black Panther ( $40.1 million ) . The next day , it earned $23.5 million , which was the highest grossing Tuesday for an MCU film , beating Black Panther ( $20.8 million ) , and the highest grossing Tuesday in May , beating The Avengers ( $17.6 million ) . It also tied The Force Awakens for the fastest to reach $300 million at five days . The film remained number one in its second weekend , earning $115.5 million , which was the second - best second weekend ever after The Force Awakens ( $149.2 million ) . Infinity War also surpassed $400 million in the weekend , doing so in nine days , becoming the second fastest film to reach that mark , again after The Force Awakens 's eight days . In its third weekend , Infinity War remained number one at the box office , and became the second - fastest film to surpass $500 million , doing so in 15 days ( behind The Force Awakens 's 10 days ) . The weekend also saw its total domestic IMAX gross become $48.1 million , which was the highest for any MCU film . The film 's fourth weekend saw it come in second , behind Deadpool 2 , and in its fifth it finished third behind Solo : A Star Wars Story and Deadpool 2 . By May 23 , Infinity War surpassed $600 million , becoming the second - fastest film to do so in 26 days , after The Force Awakens ( 12 days ) . It remained in the top ten through its ninth weekend . It is the fourth highest - grossing film of all time , and the second highest - grossing superhero film . The film is projected to gross $650 -- 675 million for its total final domestic gross . Other territories Outside the United States and Canada , the film earned $382.7 million from 52 markets , opening number one in all , and became the number two opening internationally , behind The Fate of the Furious ( $444.2 million ) . IMAX contributed $18.5 million , which was the best opening outside of the US , Canada , and China , surpassing The Force Awakens ( $17.5 million ) . All - time opening weekend records were set in South Korea ( $39.2 million ) , Mexico ( $25.4 million ) , Brazil ( $19.1 million ) , India ( for a Western release , $18.6 million ) , the Philippines ( $12.5 million ) , Thailand ( $10 million ) , Indonesia ( $9.6 million ) , Malaysia , Hong Kong , Vietnam , Central America , Peru , Chile , Ecuador , Venezuela , Bolivia , South Africa , Turkey , the United Arab Emirates , and West Africa , with many also setting opening day records . Australia opened with $6.7 million , which was the second biggest opening day of all time , behind The Force Awakens ; it went on to have the second - highest opening weekend ever , with $23.2 million . France 's opening day gross of $3.9 million was the highest ever for the month of April and the largest ever for an MCU film , while the same amount in Italy was the third - highest opening day and biggest superhero and Disney opening ever . France went on to earn $17.7 million , the biggest superhero opening in the market . Denmark , Finland , Norway , Portugal , and Sweden had the best opening for a superhero film . The United Kingdom earned $8.9 million , which was the biggest MCU opening day and third highest opening day for a Disney film ; it would go on to earn $41.4 million for the weekend , which was the third - highest of all time and the second - highest Disney opening . The United Kingdom also had the highest grossing Saturday ever . Argentina had the second highest opening day of all time , while Germany had the best superhero film opening day of all time , ultimately earning $14.7 million , which was the best superhero opening ever . Austria , Bosnia and Herzegovina , the Czech Republic , Estonia , Greece , Hungary , the Middle East , Poland , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Ukraine also broke superhero film records . Japan had the second - biggest opening for an MCU film with $9 million . Avengers : Infinity War remained number one in its 54 markets in its second weekend . The $4.9 million opening day in Russia was the biggest of all time . Infinity War was also the first film in Russia to sell more than 1 million tickets in a single day , and went on to gross $17.6 million in the market , a new opening weekend record . IMAX contributed $2.2 million in the market , which was also an opening weekend record . In its third weekend , the film remained number one in a majority of its markets . Infinity War opened in China to $200 million ( RMB 1.266 billion ) , which was the second highest opening weekend in local currency behind The Fate of the Furious ( $184 million and RMB 1.352 million ) . IMAX contributed $20.5 million , which was the third - largest opening in China . Infinity War also broke China 's pre-sale record of 400 million yuan ( $63 million ) . In India , Infinity War became the first Hollywood film to earn over ₹ 2 billion net ( $29.7 million ) , and also became the highest grossing MCU film in the United Kingdom . In its sixth weekend , the film became the highest grossing MCU film in Japan with $33 million . The film became the highest grossing release ever in Brazil , Indonesia , the Philippines , Central America , Bolivia , Venezuela , Latin America as a region , Mexico , Chile , Ecuador , Peru , Malaysia , Singapore , India ( for a Western release ) , Vietnam , Indonesia , Thailand ( for a Western release ) , and Mongolia , the second - highest in the Asia - Pacific region ( for a Western release ) , Hong Kong , and South Korea ( for a Western release ) and the third - highest in China ( for a Western release ) . It is also the highest - grossing superhero film in Belgium , Bosnia , Bulgaria , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Hungary , Macedonia , the Netherlands , Poland , Romania , Serbia , Slovakia , Switzerland , the United Arab Emirates , Ukraine , and the United Kingdom . As of June 17 , 2018 , the film 's top markets are China ( $373.4 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $95.7 million ) , and South Korea ( $92.8 million ) . The film is the third highest - grossing film of all time in territories outside the United States and Canada . Critical response Josh Brolin 's performance as Thanos was praised by many critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 83 % approval rating based on 338 reviews , and an average rating of 7.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Avengers : Infinity War ably juggles a dizzying array of MCU heroes in the fight against their gravest threat yet , and the result is a thrilling , emotionally resonant blockbuster that ( mostly ) realizes its gargantuan ambitions . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the film a score of 68 out of 100 , based on 53 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 87 % overall positive score and a 68 % `` definite recommend '' . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter praised the writers ' and directors ' ability to balance the large cast of characters , saying , `` ... writers Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely and directors Anthony and Joe Russo , under the supervision of Marvel Films maestro Kevin Feige , acknowledge the traffic jam of egos and play it for laughs '' . Owen Gleiberman of Variety concurred , stating , `` Infinity War is a brashly entertaining jamboree , structured to show off each hero or heroine and give them just enough to do , and to update their mythologies without making it all feel like homework . '' Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers said the film is `` too much of a good thing '' and wrote , `` The Russo brothers have clearly never learned the concept that less is more . They 've used the premise of an Avengers reunion to put on a fireworks explosion of action and laughs that wo n't quit . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times called it Marvel 's `` biggest and most ambitious movie yet '' , but concluded `` it 's certainly not the best . However , there 's plenty of action , humor and heart -- and some genuinely effective dramatic moments . '' Roeper went on to praise the film 's cast and Josh Brolin in particular , whom he called `` the film 's most interesting performance '' . Gleiberman called Brolin 's motion capture performance `` supremely effective '' and said , `` Brolin infuses Thanos with his slit - eyed manipulative glower , so that the evil in this movie never feels less than personal . '' McCarthy wrote , `` Brolin 's calm , considered reading of the character bestows this conquering beast with an unexpectedly resonant emotional dimension , making him much more than a thick stick figure of a supervillain . '' McCarthy also praised the film 's action sequences , saying `` Infinity War brims with tensely spectacular combat sequences , even if the question of who 's going to win each one has that extravagantly arbitrary could - Mighty - Mouse - beat - up - Superman ? quality . '' Gleiberman called the scale of the action , `` astonishing '' , and Travers wrote , `` Avengers : Infinity War leaves viewers up in the air , feeling exhilarated and cheated at the same time , aching for a closure that never comes ... at least not yet . '' Josh Spiegel , also of The Hollywood Reporter , said the film takes `` a cue from the ending of The Empire Strikes Back in its super-sized finale ; this is the equivalent of Han Solo frozen in the carbonite , on steroids . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times criticized the film 's reliance on other films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , saying , `` Considered on its own , as a single , nearly 2 - hour - 40 - minute movie , Avengers : Infinity War makes very little sense '' , but conceded that it `` was never meant to be viewed or judged in isolation '' . Richard Brody of The New Yorker agreed , stating , `` The insubstantiality of the film is n't due to the infinite yet flimsy malleability of C.G.I. gimmickry but , instead , to the dispersion of its drama throughout the many cinematic installations set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time said , `` ( It ) is n't really a beginning , but more of a middle or an end with a new piece of yarn attached . You need to have seen and internalized every one of the previous 18 Marvel Cinematic Universe movies to fully get it . '' Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times called it a `` brisk , propulsive , occasionally rousing and borderline - gutsy continuation of a saga that finally and sensibly seems to be drawing to a close '' , but called its ultimate bid for catharsis `` unsuccessful '' , saying , `` Not even the threat of universal annihilation , it seems , will keep this assembly line from chugging ahead with its signature polished , mechanized efficiency . '' Scott also criticized the action sequences , calling them `` tedious and predictable '' and writing , `` The noisy , bloated spectacles of combat were surely the most expensive parts of the movie , but the money seems less like an imaginative tool than a substitute for genuine imagination . '' Likewise , Zacharek said , `` There 's no pacing in Avengers : Infinity War . It 's all sensation and no pulse . Everything is big , all of the time . '' Accolades Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2018 Golden Trailer Awards Best Action `` Millions '' ( Mocean ) Nominated Best Teaser `` Balance '' ( Mocean ) Nominated Best Original Score `` Millions '' ( Mocean ) Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Movie Avengers : Infinity War Nominated Best Villain Josh Brolin Nominated Best Fight Scarlett Johansson , Danai Gurira , Elizabeth Olsen vs. Carrie Coon Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Action Movie Avengers : Infinity War Pending Choice Action Movie Actor Chris Evans Pending Robert Downey Jr . Pending Tom Holland Pending Choice Action Movie Actress Elizabeth Olsen Pending Scarlett Johansson Pending Zoe Saldana Pending Choice Movie Villian Josh Brolin Pending Choice Hissy Fit Mark Ruffalo Pending Sequel Main article : Untitled Avengers film An untitled sequel is scheduled to be released on May 3 , 2019 , with the Russos returning to direct , and Markus and McFeely once again writing the screenplay . Notes Jump up ^ Identified off - screen to be a message to Carol Danvers / Captain Marvel . References Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War : ' The Russo Brothers on Action , Tone , and Movies That Influenced the MCU Sequel '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Zalben , Alex ; Horowitz , Josh ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Movie Future : Here 's Everything You Need To Know Through ... Phase 4 ? '' . MTV . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Mark ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely to Write Marvel 's 2 - Part ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Event '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Russo Brothers Reveal Marvel Comic Influences on ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Russo Brothers Confirm : ' Avengers : Infinity War 1 And 2 ' Will Be Retitled '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Surprise : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Wo n't Be Split Into 2 Movies '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Joseph ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War And Sequel Set To Begin Filming Monday '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Working Title Revealed '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Doctor Strange IMAX Preview Teases a Marvel Cinematic Multiverse '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cabin , Chris ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Directors on Landing Spider - Man , ' Infinity War ' Shooting Schedule '' . Collider . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Avengers : Infinity War ' to be Shot Entirely With Imax / Arri 2D Camera '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Donohoe , Graeme ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` New £ 400m Marvel blockbuster Avengers : Infinity War to be shot in Glasgow and Edinburgh '' . Daily Record . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beers , Roy ( February 26 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel - lous new film hit for Cumbernauld '' . Cumbernauld News . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Love , Nicola ( March 25 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers in Edinburgh : Why Scotland is n't just filming location for Marvel blockbuster -- it 's a plot point '' . Daily Record . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connor , Rachel ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Durham Cathedral transformed for filming of Marvel 's Avenger : Infinity War '' . The Northern Echo . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Returns to NYC ... Sort Of '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Charles ( July 9 , 2017 ) . `` More ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Set Pics Show Doctor Strange and Scott Lang Coming Together '' . MCU Exchange . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 -- via Just Jared . Jump up ^ Dumaraog , Ana ( July 9 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Is Filming In Queens Next Week '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War has wrapped filming '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , that ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Scene is in PH '' . ABS - CBN News . April 26 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Collider Videos ( July 24 , 2017 ) . Avengers : Infinity War Will Be the Longest MCU Movie Yet , Says Director Joe Russo . YouTube . Event occurs at 0 : 28 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2018 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War release date moves up a week '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Release Date Moves Up One Week to April '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Russel ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars special effects firm Industrial Light & Magic expands with move to Holborn '' . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man -- Homecoming : Dominik Zimmerle -- VFX Supervisor -- Trixter '' . Art of VFX . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' and ' Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ' Visual Effects Houses Method and Iloura Join Forces '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War '' . Art of VFX . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2018 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War is the second most expensive film ever made '' . The Daily Telegraph . April 20 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Avengers Composer Alan Silvestri To Return For Infinity War '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Alan Silvestri Receives Icon Honor at BMI Film , TV and Visual Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burton , Byron ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Composer Alan Silvestri on Its Touching Final Moments '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2018 . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burton , Byron ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Composer Had Tough Time With One Scene in Particular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter. April 26 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Parker , Ryan ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Robert Downey Jr . Celebrates Lack of Egos at ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Premiere '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Films To Show on Imax Through 2019 With New Distribution Deal '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Release Date Moves to December 2019 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' All - Time Opening Record Even Higher With $258 M+ Domestic , $640 M+ WW -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pillai , Sreedhar ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War expected to release in 2000 screens in India , unprecedented for any Hollywood film '' . Firstpost . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Infinity War ' Is Second - Fastest Pic To $400 M With Second - Best 2nd Weekend Ever , Now Back At $115 M+ -- Monday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Surges To $1.164 B Global & # 5 Superhero Movie Ever WW ; $713 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Secures Rare China Release Extension As It Nears $2 B WW '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2018 . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Russo Brothers Ask Fans Not to Spoil ' Infinity War ' ; Say the True Plot Is a Secret '' . Collider . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shanley , Patrick ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` AMC Theaters Will Host 12 - Film Marvel Marathon Ahead of ' Infinity War ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` RDJ Offers Avengers : Infinity War Set Visit '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War 's Thanos Fully Revealed in D23 Expo Photo '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' -- Blockbuster First Trailer Brings D23 to Its Feet '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Julia ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War 's first trailer proves the Marvel we 've dreamt of for a decade is real '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Avengers : Infinity War Debuts Footage At D23 , And We Are Still Shaking '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` We Saw the First ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Footage and It Is Nuts '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burton , Bonnie ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con 2017 : ' Black Panther , ' ' Infinity War ' blew us away at the Marvel panel '' . CNET . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Leads Social Media Buzz Thanks to Comic - Con '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Tops Social Media Buzz for Second Consecutive Week '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Creates Thunderous Buzz on Social Media Ahead of Debut '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Teases ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Trailer With 10 - Year Retrospective '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Explosive First Trailer Arrives '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Josh ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Begins a Sad Goodbye for Marvel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Trailer Teases An Epic MCU Finale '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War trailer is different from earlier SDCC footage -- and much better '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael Fashingbauer ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' trailer explodes with action '' . CNET . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Captain America 's ' Infinity War ' Beard Was Most Popular Part of Trailer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Prelude Comic Reveals Updated Logo '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Movie Ads : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Big Winner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Markus , Tucker Chet ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel Universe Unites For Children 's Charities '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pallotta , Frank ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' trailer assembles Marvel 's mightiest heroes '' . CNN . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` The ' Avengers : Infinity War ' trailer reminds me why I like Marvel movies '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Josh ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` The Most Exciting Promise of ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` New ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Trailer Nabs Third - Biggest Debut Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dubai 's Burj Khalifa starts countdown for ' Avengers : Infinity War ' release '' . Khaleej Times . April 22 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` This Week in Marvel Games : Thanos Descends Upon Marvel Games With ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Event '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Thanos is coming to Fortnite for epic Avengers : Infinity War crossover '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` Thanos Is Getting a Book ( Corrected ) '' . io9 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Will Be Marvel 's Biggest Promo Campaign Yet '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Blu - ray , 4K , and Digital - HD Details Confirmed ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2018 . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Sets Fox Record With $176 M Overseas Bow ; ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops $1.81 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Soars to $2 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2018 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Infinity War ' Is Now Second - Fastest To Half Billion ; ' Life of the Party ' No Pizzazz With $18 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Crosses $1 B in Record Time '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops $2 Billion Worldwide '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2018 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Stalls With $68 M Overseas Bow ; What Clipped The Falcon 's Wings ? -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Crushes $200 M China Bow To Cross $1 B Overseas ; # 5 WW Release Ever On $1.6 B+ -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Fans pick ' Avengers , ' ' Black Panther ' as 2018 's most - anticipated films in Fandango poll '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Breaks a Pre-Sales Record in Just Six Hours '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Infinity War Shatters Black Panther 's Advance Ticket Sales Record '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Beating ' Black Panther ' to Set New Presales Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' on Track for Heroic Opening '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Posts April Monday Record With $25 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Ties ' Force Awakens ' As Fastest Title To $300 M , Will Make Another $100 M+ This Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Swinging in As Second - Best Opening For R - Rated Pic With $125 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` Why Is ' Solo ' Flying So Low at the B.O. ? Memorial Day Opening Now At $103 M -- Monday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Nabs 2nd - Best Tuesday For R - Rated Pic ; ' Infinity War ' 2nd - Fastest To $600 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Hits Asteroid With $29 M+ ; ' Action Point ' Condemned To $2 M+ : Post-Memorial Day Blues at the B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ocean 's 8 ' Steals Franchise Record With $41.5 M Opening -- Final Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Incredibles 2 ' Record $183 M Beats ' Captain America : Civil War ' Opening & Lifetime Totals Of ' Cars 3 ' , ' A Bug 's Life ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' With $150 M Reps Uni 's 2nd Highest Opening Ever -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2018 . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War 's Record Global Bow Rockets To $641 M ; Overseas Open Lifts To $383 M -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Crushes $179 M In 3 Days Overseas ; Record Global Bow In Sight '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Weekend Actuals : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Snaps Domestic ( $257.7 M ) & Global ( $640.4 M ) Opening Records In Historic Debut '' . BoxOffice . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Lights Up $900 M+ At Global Box Office On Way To $1 B Speed Record '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ZX , ZX ( May 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' pockets 800 mln yuan on 2nd day in China '' . Xinhua News Agency . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2018 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bhowal , Tiasa ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Box Office Collection Day 12 -- First Hollywood Film To Make Over 200 Crore In India '' . NDTV . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Rockets To China 's 3rd Biggest Opening Day ; Swings Past ' Jungle Book ' As India 's Top Hollywood Pic '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Scruffy With $115 M Overseas To Date ; ' Deadpool 2 ' Retakes # 1 & Nears $600 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $370 M Overseas ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Powers $52 M Early Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War Reviews : It 's Both Amazing and Exhausting '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 27 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Todd ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Review : All - Star Marvel Team - Up Is Superhero Pile - Up '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' unites Stark and Star - Lord in a massive Marvel mashup '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Josh ( April 28 , 2018 ) . `` Why ' Avengers : Infinity War ' May Feel Unsatisfying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2018 . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , A.O. ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' : It 's Marvel 's Universe . We Just Live in It '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brody , Richard ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War , ' Reviewed : The Latest Marvel Movie Is a Two - and - a-Half - Hour Ad for All the Previous Marvel Movies '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zacharek , Stephanie ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Checks All the Boxes . That 's Exactly What 's Wrong With It '' . Time . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' : a rousing Marvel mash - up , or a truly epic tease ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Trailer Award Nominations : ' The Shape Of Water ' , ' Hitman 's Bodyguard ' Top List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2018 . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jess ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : Avengers : Infinity War , Black Panther and Riverdale Among Top Nominees '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : ' Black Panther ' , ' Solo ' , ' Riverdale ' Lead Nominations -- List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Avengers : Infinity War Wikimedia Commons has media related to Avengers : Infinity War . 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what is the beginning of avengers infinity war
[ "Avengers: Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2012's The Avengers and 2015's Avengers: Age of Ultron, and the nineteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is directed by Anthony and Joe Russo, written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, and features an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr., Chris Hemsworth, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Evans, Scarlett Johansson, Benedict Cumberbatch, Don Cheadle, Tom Holland, Chadwick Boseman, Paul Bettany, Elizabeth Olsen, Anthony Mackie, Sebastian Stan, Danai Gurira, Letitia Wright, Dave Bautista, Zoe Saldana, Josh Brolin, and Chris Pratt. In the film, the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy attempt to stop Thanos from amassing the all-powerful Infinity Stones.\n" ]
[ "Avengers: Age of Ultron" ]
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Ruby Tuesday (song)
Ruby Tuesday ( song ) - wikipedia Ruby Tuesday ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Ruby Tuesday '' 7 - inch single picture sleeve Single by The Rolling Stones A-side `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' ( double A-side ) Released 13 January 1967 Recorded 8 November -- 3 December 1966 , London Genre Baroque pop Length 3 : 16 Label Decca / ABKCO ( UK ) London ( North America ) Songwriter ( s ) Jagger / Richards Producer ( s ) Andrew Loog Oldham The Rolling Stones singles chronology `` Have You Seen Your Mother , Baby , Standing in the Shadow ? '' ( 1966 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1967 ) `` We Love You / Dandelion '' ( 1967 ) `` Have You Seen Your Mother , Baby , Standing in the Shadow ? '' ( 1966 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1967 ) `` We Love You / Dandelion '' ( 1967 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' is a song recorded by the Rolling Stones in 1966 , released in January 1967 . The song , coupled with `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' , was a number - one hit in the United States and reached number three in the United Kingdom . The song was included in the American version of Between the Buttons ( in the UK , singles were often excluded from studio albums ) . Rolling Stone magazine ranked the song number 310 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The song title was the source of the restaurant chain of the same name . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music and inspiration 2 Release 3 Personnel 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications 5 Notable cover versions 6 Animated film 7 References Music and inspiration ( edit ) Multi-instrumentalist Brian Jones played recorder , and the double bass was played jointly by bassist Bill Wyman ( pressing the strings against the fingerboard ) and Keith Richards ( bowing the strings ) . According to Keith Richards in a 1971 Rolling Stone interview , he wrote the song in a Los Angeles hotel room in early 1966 about a groupie he knew ; he has also stated that it was about Linda Keith , his girlfriend in the mid-1960s . The song 's lyrics concern an apparently free - spirited woman , with Jagger singing : `` Who could hang a name on you ? When you change with every new day Still I 'm gon na miss you . '' `` That 's a wonderful song , '' Mick Jagger told Jann Wenner in 1995 . `` It 's just a nice melody , really . And a lovely lyric . Neither of which I wrote , but I always enjoy singing it . '' Bill Wyman states in Rolling with the Stones that the lyrics were completely written by Keith Richards with help from Brian Jones on the musical composition . However , Marianne Faithfull recalls it differently ; according to her , Brian Jones presented an early version of this melody to the rest of the Rolling Stones . According to Victor Bockris , Richards came up with the basic track and the words and finished the song with Jones in the studio . From Richards 's autobiography , Life , the song was written about his girlfriend Linda Keith . Linda had taken up with Jimi Hendrix , and had got involved with drugs . She left Richards , and he tried to get her back . He eventually went to her parents and told them she was going down a dark path . Linda 's father went to New York City to collect her , and by order of court she was grounded . Richards reports that Linda regarded this as a betrayal , and they did not speak again for many years . According to Richards 's autobiography , Linda Keith survived , brought up a family , and now lives in New Orleans . Release ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' was released as the B - side to `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' on 13 January 1967 . Due to the controversial nature of the A-side's lyrics , `` Ruby Tuesday '' earned more airplay and ended up charting higher in both the UK and the US . The song topped the American Billboard Hot 100 chart , while reaching number 3 in the UK 's Record Retailer chart , although `` Let 's Spend The Night Together '' was listed instead . `` Ruby Tuesday '' was included on the US version of the 1967 album Between the Buttons , while being left out of the British edition , as was common practice with singles in the UK at that time . That summer , the song appeared on the US compilation album Flowers . Due to its success , the song became a staple of the band 's compilations , being included on Through the Past , Darkly ( Big Hits Vol. 2 ) ( 1969 ) , Hot Rocks 1964 -- 1971 ( 1971 ) , Rolled Gold ( 1975 ) , and 30 Greatest Hits ( 1977 ) , and , in monophonic , on Singles Collection : The London Years ( 1989 ) . The 2002 ABKCO reissues of the song -- including on reissued albums and a new compilation , Forty Licks -- have a remastering error ; a vocal overdub is missing in the chorus . This was subsequently remedied , and the versions on 2007 's Rolled Gold+ , 2012 's GRRR ! , and the 2013 iTunes remasters contain the overdub . A concert rendition of the song from the Rolling Stones ' Steel Wheels / Urban Jungle Tour was released on the band 's 1991 concert album Flashpoint . A July 2013 live performance is featured on Sweet Summer Sun : Hyde Park Live . Personnel ( edit ) Mick Jagger -- lead vocals , backing vocals , tambourine Keith Richards -- double bass ( bowing strings ) , 12 string acoustic guitar , backing vocals Brian Jones -- recorder , piano Bill Wyman -- double bass ( fingers on fingerboard ) , bass guitar Charlie Watts - drums Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position Australia Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 UK US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Rank Canada 5 US Billboard Hot 100 24 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Notable cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1967 : Richard Anthony recorded a French version called `` fille sauvage '' 1967 : Rotary Connection 's rendition , with Minnie Riperton on vocals , appeared on their album Rotary Connection . 1969 : Oliver released a version of the song on his album Good Morning Starshine . 1970 : Melanie Safka released a version of the song on her album Candles in the Rain ; her version was a UK Top Ten hit that year . It also reached # 7 in New Zealand , the only version of the song to chart there . She recorded a second cover version on her 1978 album Ballroom Streets . 1979 : Pozo - Seco Singers featuring Don Williams released a version of the song on their album Spend Some Time With Me . 1984 : Nazareth released a version of the song on their album The Catch . 1989 : Julian Lennon released a version of the song on the compilation album entitled The Wonder Years : Music from the Emmy Award - Winning Show & Its Era , a soundtrack for The Wonder Years TV series . 1989 : `` Weird Al '' Yankovic recorded this song and 11 other Rolling Stones songs in his polka medley , `` The Hot Rocks Polka '' . 1993 : Rod Stewart recorded a version of the song that was included on his 1993 compilation album Lead Vocalist . 1994 : Marianne Faithfull released a version of the song on the album Symphonic Music of The Rolling Stones by the London Symphony Orchestra . 1996 : Dick Gaughan recorded a version on his solo album Sail On . 1999 : DJ Miko released a Eurodance cover of the song as a single . 1999 : Franco Battiato released a version of the song on his album Fleurs and it was prominently featured in the 2006 film Children of Men . 2002 : The Corrs recorded a version of the song with Ronnie Wood on their album VH1 Live in Dublin and also included it on their 2006 greatest hits album Dreams : The Ultimate Corrs Collection . 2002 : Gotthard released a version of the song on their album One Life One Soul . 2007 : Sylvie Vartan released a version of the song on her album Nouvelle Vague . 2007 : Declan Galbraith released a cover version of the song in his third album You and Me . 2011 : Scorpions released a version of the song on their album Comeblack . 2011 : Yanokami released a version of the song on their album Tohku wa Chikai . 2016 : Shawn Colvin and Steve Earle recorded a version for their collaborative duets album Colvin & Earle . A snippet of the song is often sung by Bono along with `` Sympathy for the Devil '' during performances of `` Bad '' at U2 concerts . An example of this is in the U2 documentary / concert footage film Rattle and Hum from 1988 . Katey Sagal , who portrays Gemma Teller Morrow on the FX drama Sons of Anarchy , recorded a cover of the song for the show 's second EP , Shelter . Lacey Brown covered the song during the ninth season of American Idol during The Rolling Stones theme week . Her full - length recording of the song was available for purchase as `` Ruby Tuesday ( American Idol Studio Version ) - Single '' on the iTunes Store during the season 's run . Carter The Unstoppable Sex Machine make significant reference to the song in their 1991 single `` After The Watershed '' . Crosby , Stills , & Nash performed a cover of `` Ruby Tuesday '' on 31 August 2010 , during their performance at the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts ( The original Woodstock site in Sullivan County , New York ) . Mick Jagger performed it with Win Butler and Regine Chassagne of Arcade Fire in a medley with `` She 's a Rainbow '' on the 19 May 2012 episode of Saturday Night Live as longtime cast member Kristen Wiig bid farewell to the show . Darby Walker , performed this song on Season 11 of The Voice , coached by Miley Cyrus . 2016 : Shawn Colvin & Steve Earl recorded a version of the song on their album , Colvin And Earle . Animated film ( edit ) In September 2006 , Jagger will co-produce an animated movie based on the song with EuropaCorp and directed by Paul and Gaetan Brizzi . In January 2008 , Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais will write the film . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Steve Smith : Wyman and Taylor join the Rolling Stones onstage ; Coldplay takes a break '' . Archived from the original on 3 December 2012 . Retrieved 7 May 2016 ... Pasadena Star - News . 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenfield , Robert ( 19 August 1971 ) . `` The Rolling Stone Interview : Keith Richards '' . Rolling Stone . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ McPherson , Ian . `` Track Talk : Ruby Tuesday '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Show 46 - Sergeant Pepper at the Summit : The very best of a very good year . ( Part 2 ) : UNT Digital Library '' . Digital.library.unt.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Wenner , Jann S. ( 14 December 1995 ) . `` Jagger Remembers '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Jones '' , Mojo Magazine , July 1999 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Bockris , Keith Richards , 1993 , p. 93 - 94 Jump up ^ Life ( 2010 ) , Keith Richards , pp. 186 -- 187 Jump up ^ `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' at AllMusic Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 April 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 10044 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Ruby Tuesday '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 2 / 25 / 67 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1967 / Top 100 Songs of 1967 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Rolling Stones -- Ruby Tuesday '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Joe Viglione . `` Good Morning Starshine - Oliver Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mathew , Leslie . `` The Wonder Years : Music From the Emmy Award - Winning Show & Its Era - Original Tv Soundtrack : Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sail On - Dick Gaughan 's Discography '' . Dickgaughan.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Sean . `` Mick Jagger To Co-Produce Animated Film Ruby Tuesday '' . filmjunk.com . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodrigo Perez . `` ' Across The Universe ' Writers At It Again : Animated ' Ruby Tuesday ' Film To Feature Rolling Stones Tunes '' . theplaylist . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Preceded by `` Kind of a Drag '' by The Buckinghams Billboard Hot 100 number one single 4 March 1967 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' by The Supremes The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger Keith Richards Charlie Watts Ronnie Wood Brian Jones Ian Stewart Mick Taylor Bill Wyman Mick Avory Tony Chapman Ricky Fenson Colin Golding Carlo Little Dick Taylor Video releases Let 's Spend the Night Together ( 1983 ) Stones at the Max ( 1992 ) The Rolling Stones : Voodoo Lounge Live ( 1995 ) The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus ( 1996 ) Bridges to Babylon Tour ' 97 -- 98 ( 1998 ) Four Flicks ( 2003 ) The Biggest Bang ( 2007 ) Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rolling Stones ( 2010 ) Some Girls : Live in Texas ' 78 ( 2011 ) Sweet Summer Sun : Live in Hyde Park ( 2013 ) The Rolling Stones : Havana Moon ( 2016 ) Documentaries The Stones in the Park ( 1969 ) Gimme Shelter ( 1970 ) Cocksucker Blues ( 1972 ) Video Rewind ( 1984 ) 25 × 5 : the Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones ( 1989 ) Shine a Light ( 2008 ) Stones in Exile ( 2010 ) Crossfire Hurricane ( 2012 ) Olé Olé Olé ! : A Trip Across Latin America ( 2017 ) Tours British Tour 1963 1964 tours 1965 tours 1966 tours European Tour 1967 American Tour 1969 European Tour 1970 UK Tour 1971 American Tour 1972 Pacific Tour 1973 European Tour 1973 Tour of the Americas ' 75 Tour of Europe ' 76 US Tour 1978 American Tour 1981 European Tour 1982 Steel Wheels / Urban Jungle Tour Voodoo Lounge Tour Bridges to Babylon Tour No Security Tour Licks Tour A Bigger Bang 50 & Counting 14 On Fire Zip Code Tour América Latina Olé Tour 2016 Fall 2016 US Tour No Filter Tour Associated places Redlands Stargroves Nellcôte The Wick Downe House The Mick Jagger Centre Related Discography Songs The Rolling Stones concerts Jagger / Richards Nanker Phelge Rolling Stones Records Promotone The Stones in the Park Altamont Free Concert Rolling Stones Mobile Studio The Rolling Stones : An Illustrated Record The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus Andrew Loog Oldham Allen Klein Peter Meaden John Pasche Instruments played Book Category Portal The Rolling Stones discography Decca ( UK ) and London ( US ) singles `` Come On '' `` I Wanna Be Your Man '' / `` Stoned '' `` Not Fade Away '' / `` Little by Little '' `` It 's All Over Now '' `` Tell Me '' / `` I Just Want to Make Love to You '' `` Time Is on My Side '' `` Little Red Rooster '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` The Last Time '' / `` Play with Fire '' `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' / `` The Spider and the Fly '' `` Get Off of My Cloud '' / `` I 'm Free '' `` As Tears Go By '' `` 19th Nervous Breakdown '' / `` As Tears Go By '' `` Paint It Black '' / `` Stupid Girl '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' / `` Lady Jane '' `` Have You Seen Your Mother , Baby , Standing in the Shadow ? '' `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' / `` Ruby Tuesday '' `` We Love You '' / `` Dandelion '' `` In Another Land '' `` She 's a Rainbow '' / `` 2000 Light Years from Home '' `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' `` Street Fighting Man '' / `` No Expectations '' `` Honky Tonk Women '' / `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' Rolling Stones / Atlantic singles `` Brown Sugar '' / `` Bitch '' / `` Let It Rock '' `` Wild Horses '' / `` Sway '' `` Tumbling Dice '' / `` Sweet Black Angel '' `` Happy '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` Angie '' / `` Silver Train '' `` Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo ( Heartbreaker ) '' / `` Dancing with Mr. D '' `` It 's Only Rock ' n Roll ( But I Like It ) '' `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' / `` Dance Little Sister '' `` Fool to Cry '' `` Hot Stuff '' Rolling Stones `` Miss You '' / `` Far Away Eyes '' `` Beast of Burden '' / `` When the Whip Comes Down '' `` Respectable '' / `` When the Whip Comes Down '' `` Shattered '' `` Emotional Rescue '' `` She 's So Cold '' / `` Send It to Me '' `` Start Me Up '' `` Waiting on a Friend '' / `` Little T&A '' `` Hang Fire '' / `` Neighbours '' `` Going to a Go - Go '' ( live ) / `` Beast of Burden '' ( live ) `` Time Is on My Side '' ( live ) / `` Twenty Flight Rock '' ( live ) `` Undercover of the Night '' `` She Was Hot '' `` Too Much Blood '' `` Harlem Shuffle '' `` One Hit ( To the Body ) '' `` Mixed Emotions '' `` Rock and a Hard Place '' `` Almost Hear You Sigh '' `` Highwire '' / `` 2000 Light Years from Home '' ( live ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( live ) / `` Play with Fire '' ( live ) `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' ( live ) / `` Tumbling Dice '' ( live ) Virgin singles `` Love Is Strong '' `` You Got Me Rocking '' `` Out of Tears '' `` I Go Wild '' `` Like a Rolling Stone '' ( live ) / `` Black Limousine '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` Wild Horses '' ( live ) / `` Live with Me '' ( live ) / `` Tumbling Dice '' ( live ) `` Anybody Seen My Baby ? '' `` Saint of Me '' / `` Gimme Shelter '' ( live ) `` Out of Control '' `` Do n't Stop '' / `` Miss You '' ( remix ) `` Streets of Love '' / `` Rough Justice '' `` Rain Fall Down '' `` Biggest Mistake '' / `` Before They Make Me Run '' ( live ) Universal singles `` Plundered My Soul '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` No Spare Parts '' / `` Before They Make Me Run '' `` Doom and Gloom '' `` One More Shot '' Other countries `` Let It Bleed '' / `` You Got the Silver '' ( London Japan ) `` Rocks Off '' / `` Sweet Virginia '' ( Japan ) `` Star Star '' / `` Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo ( Heartbreaker ) '' ( France , Germany ) Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruby_Tuesday_(song)&oldid=809453638 '' Categories : 1967 singles Baroque pop songs Songs written by Jagger / Richards Song recordings produced by Andrew Loog Oldham The Rolling Stones songs Buddah Records singles Decca Records singles London Records singles Oliver ( singer ) songs Melanie Safka songs Nazareth ( band ) songs Scorpions ( band ) songs Julian Lennon songs Rod Stewart songs Marianne Faithfull songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany 1967 songs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2014 Use British English from August 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for United States Articles needing additional references from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano ქართული 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 05 : 32 . 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who was the original singer of ruby tuesday
[ "\"Ruby Tuesday\" is a song recorded by the Rolling Stones in 1966, released in January 1967. The song, coupled with \"Let's Spend the Night Together\", was a number-one hit in the United States and reached number three in the United Kingdom. The song was included in the American version of Between the Buttons (in the UK, singles were often excluded from studio albums)." ]
[ "the Rolling Stones" ]
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List of the highest major summits of the United States
List of the highest major summits of the United States - wikipedia List of the highest major summits of the United States Jump to : navigation , search Further information : List of mountain peaks of the United States See also : List of the most prominent summits of the United States and List of the most isolated major summits of the United States Denali in Alaska is the highest mountain peak of the United States and North America . Denali is the third most topographically prominent and third most topographically isolated summit on Earth after Mount Everest and Aconcagua . The following sortable table comprises the 200 highest mountain peaks of the United States with at least 500 meters ( 1640 feet ) of topographic prominence . The summit of a mountain or hill may be measured in three principal ways : The topographic elevation of a summit measures the height of the summit above a geodetic sea level . The topographic prominence of a summit is a measure of how high the summit rises above its surroundings . The topographic isolation ( or radius of dominance ) of a summit measures how far the summit lies from its nearest point of equal elevation . In the United States , only Denali exceeds 6000 meters ( 19,685 feet ) elevation . Four major summits exceed 5000 meters ( 16,404 feet ) , nine exceed 4500 meters ( 14,764 feet ) , 104 exceed 4000 meters ( 13,123 feet ) , 220 exceed 3500 meters ( 11,483 feet ) , and 302 major summits exceed 3000 meters ( 9843 feet ) elevation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Highest major summits 2 Gallery 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Highest major summits ( edit ) Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX See also : List of the major 4000 - meter summits of the United States , List of the major 3000 - meter summits of the United States , and List of United States fourteeners Of these 200 highest major summits of the United States , 88 are located in Colorado , 49 in Alaska , 22 in California , 14 in Wyoming , eight in New Mexico , five in Utah , four in Nevada , three in Montana , two in Washington , two in Hawai ʻi , two in Idaho , and one in Arizona . Five of these peaks lie on the international border between Alaska and Yukon , and two lie on the international border between Alaska and British Columbia . The ten highest major summits of the United States are all located in Alaska . The 200 highest summits of the United States with at least 500 meters of topographic prominence Rank Mountain Peak State Mountain Range Elevation Prominence Isolation Location Denali Alaska Alaska Range 7003619050000000000 ♠ 20,310 ft 6190.5 m 7003614050000000000 ♠ 20,146 ft 6141 m 7006745024000000000 ♠ 4,629 mi 7,450 km 63 ° 04 ′ 08 '' N 151 ° 00 ′ 23 '' W  /  63.0690 ° N 151.0063 ° W  / 63.0690 ; - 151.0063  ( Denali ) Mount Saint Elias Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003548900000000000 ♠ 18,009 ft 5489 m 7003342900000000000 ♠ 11,250 ft 3429 m 7004412500000000000 ♠ 25.6 mi 41.3 km 60 ° 17 ′ 34 '' N 140 ° 55 ′ 51 '' W  /  60.2927 ° N 140.9307 ° W  / 60.2927 ; - 140.9307  ( Mount Saint Elias ) Mount Foraker Alaska Alaska Range 7003530353100000000 ♠ 17,400 ft 5304 m 7003220980400000000 ♠ 7,250 ft 2210 m 7004229600000000000 ♠ 14.27 mi 23.0 km 62 ° 57 ′ 37 '' N 151 ° 23 ′ 59 '' W  /  62.9604 ° N 151.3998 ° W  / 62.9604 ; - 151.3998  ( Mount Foraker ) Mount Bona Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003504445000000000 ♠ 16,550 ft 5044 m 7003210312399999999 ♠ 6,900 ft 2103 m 7004800400000000000 ♠ 49.7 mi 80.0 km 61 ° 23 ′ 08 '' N 141 ° 44 ′ 58 '' W  /  61.3856 ° N 141.7495 ° W  / 61.3856 ; - 141.7495  ( Mount Bona ) 5 Mount Blackburn Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003499568200000000 ♠ 16,390 ft 4996 m 7003354787900000000 ♠ 11,640 ft 3548 m 7004976400000000000 ♠ 60.7 mi 97.6 km 61 ° 43 ′ 50 '' N 143 ° 24 ′ 11 '' W  /  61.7305 ° N 143.4031 ° W  / 61.7305 ; - 143.4031  ( Mount Blackburn ) 6 Mount Sanford Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003494904700099999 ♠ 16,237 ft 4949 m 7003234300200000000 ♠ 7,687 ft 2343 m 7004647900000000000 ♠ 40.3 mi 64.8 km 62 ° 12 ′ 48 '' N 144 ° 07 ′ 45 '' W  /  62.2132 ° N 144.1292 ° W  / 62.2132 ; - 144.1292  ( Mount Sanford ) 7 Mount Fairweather ( Fairweather Mountain ) Alaska British Columbia Saint Elias Mountains 7003467100000000000 ♠ 15,325 ft 4671 m 7003396100000000000 ♠ 12,995 ft 3961 m 7005200280000000000 ♠ 124.4 mi 200 km 58 ° 54 ′ 23 '' N 137 ° 31 ′ 35 '' W  /  58.9064 ° N 137.5265 ° W  / 58.9064 ; - 137.5265  ( Mount Fairweather ) 8 Mount Hubbard Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003455700000000000 ♠ 14,951 ft 4557 m 7003245700000000000 ♠ 8,061 ft 2457 m 7004343500000000000 ♠ 21.3 mi 34.4 km 60 ° 19 ′ 10 '' N 139 ° 04 ′ 21 '' W  /  60.3194 ° N 139.0726 ° W  / 60.3194 ; - 139.0726  ( Mount Hubbard ) 9 Mount Bear Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003452049800099999 ♠ 14,831 ft 4520 m 7003154049800000000 ♠ 5,054 ft 1540 m 7004324200000000000 ♠ 20.1 mi 32.4 km 61 ° 17 ′ 00 '' N 141 ° 08 ′ 36 '' W  /  61.2834 ° N 141.1433 ° W  / 61.2834 ; - 141.1433  ( Mount Bear ) 10 Mount Hunter Alaska Alaska Range 7003444185900000000 ♠ 14,573 ft 4442 m 7003141823700000000 ♠ 4,653 ft 1418 m 7004110700000000000 ♠ 6.88 mi 11.07 km 62 ° 57 ′ 01 '' N 151 ° 05 ′ 29 '' W  /  62.9504 ° N 151.0915 ° W  / 62.9504 ; - 151.0915  ( Mount Hunter ) 11 Mount Whitney California Sierra Nevada 7003442100000000000 ♠ 14,505 ft 4421.0 m 7003307239000000000 ♠ 10,080 ft 3072 m 7006264947000000000 ♠ 1,646 mi 2,649 km 36 ° 34 ′ 43 '' N 118 ° 17 ′ 31 '' W  /  36.5786 ° N 118.2920 ° W  / 36.5786 ; - 118.2920  ( Mount Whitney ) 12 Mount Alverstone ( Boundary Point 180 ) Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003441960900000000 ♠ 14,500 ft 4420 m 7002594361000000000 ♠ 1,950 ft 594 m 7003362000000000000 ♠ 2.25 mi 3.62 km 60 ° 21 ′ 06 '' N 139 ° 04 ′ 30 '' W  /  60.3518 ° N 139.0749 ° W  / 60.3518 ; - 139.0749  ( Mount Alverstone ) 13 University Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003441046500000000 ♠ 14,470 ft 4410 m 7002978410000000000 ♠ 3,210 ft 978 m 7003597000000000000 ♠ 3.71 mi 5.97 km 61 ° 19 ′ 38 '' N 141 ° 47 ′ 12 '' W  /  61.3272 ° N 141.7867 ° W  / 61.3272 ; - 141.7867  ( University Peak ) 14 Mount Elbert Colorado Sawatch Range 7003440120000000000 ♠ 14,440 ft 4401.2 m 7003277155200000000 ♠ 9,093 ft 2772 m 7006107915000000000 ♠ 671 mi 1,079 km 39 ° 07 ′ 04 '' N 106 ° 26 ′ 43 '' W  /  39.1178 ° N 106.4454 ° W  / 39.1178 ; - 106.4454  ( Mount Elbert ) 15 Mount Massive Colorado Sawatch Range 7003439761700000000 ♠ 14,428 ft 4398 m 7002597714000000000 ♠ 1,961 ft 598 m 7003814000000000000 ♠ 5.06 mi 8.14 km 39 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 33 '' W  /  39.1875 ° N 106.4757 ° W  / 39.1875 ; - 106.4757  ( Mount Massive ) 16 Mount Harvard Colorado Sawatch Range 7003439560000000000 ♠ 14,421 ft 4395.6 m 7002719328999900000 ♠ 2,360 ft 719 m 7004240100000000000 ♠ 14.92 mi 24.0 km 38 ° 55 ′ 28 '' N 106 ° 19 ′ 15 '' W  /  38.9244 ° N 106.3207 ° W  / 38.9244 ; - 106.3207  ( Mount Harvard ) 17 Mount Rainier Washington Cascade Range 7003439439600000000 ♠ 14,417 ft 4394 m 7003402641600000000 ♠ 13,210 ft 4026 m 7006117672000000000 ♠ 731 mi 1,177 km 46 ° 51 ′ 10 '' N 121 ° 45 ′ 37 '' W  /  46.8529 ° N 121.7604 ° W  / 46.8529 ; - 121.7604  ( Mount Rainier ) 18 Mount Williamson California Sierra Nevada 7003438270600000000 ♠ 14,379 ft 4383 m 7002510706000000000 ♠ 1,676 ft 511 m 7003870000000000000 ♠ 5.41 mi 8.70 km 36 ° 39 ′ 21 '' N 118 ° 18 ′ 40 '' W  /  36.6559 ° N 118.3111 ° W  / 36.6559 ; - 118.3111  ( Mount Williamson ) 19 Blanca Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003437412000000000 ♠ 14,351 ft 4374 m 7003162336800000000 ♠ 5,326 ft 1623 m 7005166360000000000 ♠ 103.4 mi 166.4 km 37 ° 34 ′ 39 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 08 '' W  /  37.5775 ° N 105.4856 ° W  / 37.5775 ; - 105.4856  ( Blanca Peak ) 20 La Plata Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 7003437160500099999 ♠ 14,343 ft 4372 m 7002559614000000000 ♠ 1,836 ft 560 m 7004101100000000000 ♠ 6.28 mi 10.11 km 39 ° 01 ′ 46 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 22 '' W  /  39.0294 ° N 106.4729 ° W  / 39.0294 ; - 106.4729  ( La Plata Peak ) 21 Uncompahgre Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003436500000000000 ♠ 14,321 ft 4365.0 m 7003130363200000000 ♠ 4,277 ft 1304 m 7005136810000000000 ♠ 85.0 mi 136.8 km 38 ° 04 ′ 18 '' N 107 ° 27 ′ 44 '' W  /  38.0717 ° N 107.4621 ° W  / 38.0717 ; - 107.4621  ( Uncompahgre Peak ) 22 Crestone Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Range 7003435857200000000 ♠ 14,300 ft 4359 m 7003138805900000000 ♠ 4,554 ft 1388 m 7004440400000000000 ♠ 27.4 mi 44.0 km 37 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 35 ′ 08 '' W  /  37.9669 ° N 105.5855 ° W  / 37.9669 ; - 105.5855  ( Crestone Peak ) 23 Mount Lincoln Colorado Mosquito Range 7003435650000000000 ♠ 14,293 ft 4356.5 m 7003117714000000000 ♠ 3,862 ft 1177 m 7004362200000000000 ♠ 22.5 mi 36.2 km 39 ° 21 ′ 05 '' N 106 ° 06 ′ 42 '' W  /  39.3515 ° N 106.1116 ° W  / 39.3515 ; - 106.1116  ( Mount Lincoln ) 24 Castle Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 7003435220000000000 ♠ 14,279 ft 4352.2 m 7002720852999900000 ♠ 2,365 ft 721 m 7004335700000000000 ♠ 20.9 mi 33.6 km 39 ° 00 ′ 35 '' N 106 ° 51 ′ 41 '' W  /  39.0097 ° N 106.8614 ° W  / 39.0097 ; - 106.8614  ( Castle Peak ) 25 Grays Peak Colorado Front Range 7003435200000000000 ♠ 14,278 ft 4352 m 7002844298000000000 ♠ 2,770 ft 844 m 7004402400000000000 ♠ 25.0 mi 40.2 km 39 ° 38 ′ 02 '' N 105 ° 49 ′ 03 '' W  /  39.6339 ° N 105.8176 ° W  / 39.6339 ; - 105.8176  ( Grays Peak ) 26 Mount Antero Colorado Sawatch Range 7003435140000099999 ♠ 14,276 ft 4351.4 m 7002762916000000000 ♠ 2,503 ft 763 m 7004284400000000000 ♠ 17.67 mi 28.4 km 38 ° 40 ′ 27 '' N 106 ° 14 ′ 46 '' W  /  38.6741 ° N 106.2462 ° W  / 38.6741 ; - 106.2462  ( Mount Antero ) 27 Mount Evans Colorado Front Range 7003434979800000000 ♠ 14,271 ft 4350 m 7002844269000000000 ♠ 2,770 ft 844 m 7004157600000000000 ♠ 9.79 mi 15.76 km 39 ° 35 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 38 '' W  /  39.5883 ° N 105.6438 ° W  / 39.5883 ; - 105.6438  ( Mount Evans ) 28 Longs Peak Colorado Front Range 7003434600000000000 ♠ 14,259 ft 4346 m 7002896114000000000 ♠ 2,940 ft 896 m 7004701800000000000 ♠ 43.6 mi 70.2 km 40 ° 15 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 36 ′ 54 '' W  /  40.2550 ° N 105.6151 ° W  / 40.2550 ; - 105.6151  ( Longs Peak ) 29 Mount Wilson Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003434408900000000 ♠ 14,252 ft 4344 m 7003122651800000000 ♠ 4,024 ft 1227 m 7004531300000000000 ♠ 33.0 mi 53.1 km 37 ° 50 ′ 21 '' N 107 ° 59 ′ 30 '' W  /  37.8391 ° N 107.9916 ° W  / 37.8391 ; - 107.9916  ( Mount Wilson ) 30 White Mountain Peak California White Mountains 7003434400000000000 ♠ 14,252 ft 4344.0 m 7003219334500099999 ♠ 7,196 ft 2193 m 7005108550000000000 ♠ 67.4 mi 108.6 km 37 ° 38 ′ 03 '' N 118 ° 15 ′ 21 '' W  /  37.6341 ° N 118.2557 ° W  / 37.6341 ; - 118.2557  ( White Mountain Peak ) 31 North Palisade California Sierra Nevada 7003434283000000000 ♠ 14,248 ft 4343 m 7002882093000000000 ♠ 2,894 ft 882 m 7004517600000000000 ♠ 32.2 mi 51.8 km 37 ° 05 ′ 39 '' N 118 ° 30 ′ 52 '' W  /  37.0943 ° N 118.5145 ° W  / 37.0943 ; - 118.5145  ( North Palisade ) 32 Mount Princeton Colorado Sawatch Range 7003432930000000000 ♠ 14,204 ft 4329.3 m 7002663551000000000 ♠ 2,177 ft 664 m 7003836000000000000 ♠ 5.19 mi 8.36 km 38 ° 44 ′ 57 '' N 106 ° 14 ′ 33 '' W  /  38.7492 ° N 106.2424 ° W  / 38.7492 ; - 106.2424  ( Mount Princeton ) 33 Mount Yale Colorado Sawatch Range 7003432820000000000 ♠ 14,200 ft 4328.2 m 7002577902000000000 ♠ 1,896 ft 578 m 7003893000000000000 ♠ 5.55 mi 8.93 km 38 ° 50 ′ 39 '' N 106 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W  /  38.8442 ° N 106.3138 ° W  / 38.8442 ; - 106.3138  ( Mount Yale ) 34 Mount Shasta California Cascade Range 7003432180000000000 ♠ 14,179 ft 4321.8 m 7003297851200000000 ♠ 9,772 ft 2979 m 7005538680000000000 ♠ 335 mi 539 km 41 ° 24 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 42 '' W  /  41.4092 ° N 122.1949 ° W  / 41.4092 ; - 122.1949  ( Mount Shasta ) 35 Maroon Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 7003431700000000000 ♠ 14,163 ft 4317.0 m 7002712014000000000 ♠ 2,336 ft 712 m 7004129700000000000 ♠ 8.06 mi 12.97 km 39 ° 04 ′ 15 '' N 106 ° 59 ′ 20 '' W  /  39.0708 ° N 106.9890 ° W  / 39.0708 ; - 106.9890  ( Maroon Peak ) 36 Mount Wrangell Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003431689100099999 ♠ 14,163 ft 4317 m 7003171084600000000 ♠ 5,613 ft 1711 m 7004238100000000000 ♠ 14.79 mi 23.8 km 62 ° 00 ′ 21 '' N 144 ° 01 ′ 07 '' W  /  62.0059 ° N 144.0187 ° W  / 62.0059 ; - 144.0187  ( Mount Wrangell ) 37 Mount Sneffels Colorado Sneffels Range 7003431540000099999 ♠ 14,158 ft 4315.4 m 7002929642000000000 ♠ 3,050 ft 930 m 7004252800000000000 ♠ 15.71 mi 25.3 km 38 ° 00 ′ 14 '' N 107 ° 47 ′ 32 '' W  /  38.0038 ° N 107.7923 ° W  / 38.0038 ; - 107.7923  ( Mount Sneffels ) 38 Capitol Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 7003430882400099999 ♠ 14,137 ft 4309 m 7002533401000099999 ♠ 1,750 ft 533 m 7004119800000000000 ♠ 7.44 mi 11.98 km 39 ° 09 ′ 01 '' N 107 ° 04 ′ 58 '' W  /  39.1503 ° N 107.0829 ° W  / 39.1503 ; - 107.0829  ( Capitol Peak ) 39 Pikes Peak Colorado Front Range 7003430231000000000 ♠ 14,115 ft 4302.31 m 7003168554700000000 ♠ 5,530 ft 1686 m 7004975600000000000 ♠ 60.6 mi 97.6 km 38 ° 50 ′ 26 '' N 105 ° 02 ′ 39 '' W  /  38.8405 ° N 105.0442 ° W  / 38.8405 ; - 105.0442  ( Pikes Peak ) 40 Windom Peak Colorado Needle Mountains 7003429551100000000 ♠ 14,093 ft 4296 m 7002666599000000000 ♠ 2,187 ft 667 m 7004424000000000000 ♠ 26.3 mi 42.4 km 37 ° 37 ′ 16 '' N 107 ° 35 ′ 31 '' W  /  37.6212 ° N 107.5919 ° W  / 37.6212 ; - 107.5919  ( Windom Peak ) 41 Mount Augusta Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003428854500000000 ♠ 14,070 ft 4289 m 7003154900000000000 ♠ 5,082 ft 1549 m 7004231900000000000 ♠ 14.41 mi 23.2 km 60 ° 18 ′ 27 '' N 140 ° 27 ′ 30 '' W  /  60.3074 ° N 140.4584 ° W  / 60.3074 ; - 140.4584  ( Mount Augusta ) 42 Handies Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003428480000000000 ♠ 14,058 ft 4284.8 m 7002581559999900000 ♠ 1,908 ft 582 m 7004180000000000000 ♠ 11.18 mi 18.00 km 37 ° 54 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 30 ′ 16 '' W  /  37.9130 ° N 107.5044 ° W  / 37.9130 ; - 107.5044  ( Handies Peak ) 43 Culebra Peak Colorado Culebra Range 7003428327400000000 ♠ 14,053 ft 4283 m 7003147127300000000 ♠ 4,827 ft 1471 m 7004569400000000000 ♠ 35.4 mi 56.9 km 37 ° 07 ′ 21 '' N 105 ° 11 ′ 09 '' W  /  37.1224 ° N 105.1858 ° W  / 37.1224 ; - 105.1858  ( Culebra Peak ) 44 San Luis Peak Colorado La Garita Mountains 7003427380000000000 ♠ 14,022 ft 4273.8 m 7002948844000000000 ♠ 3,113 ft 949 m 7004433700000000000 ♠ 26.9 mi 43.4 km 37 ° 59 ′ 12 '' N 106 ° 55 ′ 53 '' W  /  37.9868 ° N 106.9313 ° W  / 37.9868 ; - 106.9313  ( San Luis Peak ) 45 Mount of the Holy Cross Colorado Sawatch Range 7003427051000000000 ♠ 14,011 ft 4270.5 m 7002644034000000000 ♠ 2,113 ft 644 m 7004296300000000000 ♠ 18.41 mi 29.6 km 39 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 54 '' W  /  39.4668 ° N 106.4817 ° W  / 39.4668 ; - 106.4817  ( Mount of the Holy Cross ) 46 Grizzly Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 7003426560000000000 ♠ 13,995 ft 4265.6 m 7002587655999900000 ♠ 1,928 ft 588 m 7004108900000000000 ♠ 6.77 mi 10.89 km 39 ° 02 ′ 33 '' N 106 ° 35 ′ 51 '' W  /  39.0425 ° N 106.5976 ° W  / 39.0425 ; - 106.5976  ( Grizzly Peak ) 47 Mount Humphreys California Sierra Nevada 7003426478300000000 ♠ 13,992 ft 4265 m 7002781203999900000 ♠ 2,563 ft 781 m 7004236700000000000 ♠ 14.71 mi 23.7 km 37 ° 16 ′ 14 '' N 118 ° 40 ′ 23 '' W  /  37.2705 ° N 118.6730 ° W  / 37.2705 ; - 118.6730  ( Mount Humphreys ) 48 Mount Keith California Sierra Nevada 7003426168800000000 ♠ 13,982 ft 4262 m 7002590000000000000 ♠ 1,936 ft 590 m 7003497000000000000 ♠ 3.09 mi 4.97 km 36 ° 42 ′ 00 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 37 '' W  /  36.7001 ° N 118.3436 ° W  / 36.7001 ; - 118.3436  ( Mount Keith ) 49 Mount Ouray Colorado Sawatch Range 7003425549999999999 ♠ 13,961 ft 4255.4 m 7002810465000000000 ♠ 2,659 ft 810 m 7004218600000000000 ♠ 13.58 mi 21.9 km 38 ° 25 ′ 22 '' N 106 ° 13 ′ 29 '' W  /  38.4227 ° N 106.2247 ° W  / 38.4227 ; - 106.2247  ( Mount Ouray ) 50 Vermilion Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003423672700000000 ♠ 13,900 ft 4237 m 7002641605000000000 ♠ 2,105 ft 642 m 7004146000000000000 ♠ 9.07 mi 14.60 km 37 ° 47 ′ 57 '' N 107 ° 49 ′ 43 '' W  /  37.7993 ° N 107.8285 ° W  / 37.7993 ; - 107.8285  ( Vermilion Peak ) 51 Atna Peaks Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003422453600000000 ♠ 13,860 ft 4225 m 7002673609000000000 ♠ 2,210 ft 674 m 7003586000000000000 ♠ 3.64 mi 5.86 km 61 ° 44 ′ 58 '' N 143 ° 14 ′ 29 '' W  /  61.7495 ° N 143.2414 ° W  / 61.7495 ; - 143.2414  ( Atna Peaks ) 52 Regal Mountain Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003421996400000000 ♠ 13,845 ft 4220 m 7003133959900000000 ♠ 4,395 ft 1340 m 7004197200000000000 ♠ 12.25 mi 19.72 km 61 ° 44 ′ 38 '' N 142 ° 52 ′ 03 '' W  /  61.7438 ° N 142.8675 ° W  / 61.7438 ; - 142.8675  ( Regal Mountain ) 53 Mount Darwin California Sierra Nevada 7003421758299999999 ♠ 13,837 ft 4218 m 7002576378000000000 ♠ 1,891 ft 576 m 7004114800000000000 ♠ 7.13 mi 11.48 km 37 ° 10 ′ 01 '' N 118 ° 40 ′ 20 '' W  /  37.1669 ° N 118.6721 ° W  / 37.1669 ; - 118.6721  ( Mount Darwin ) 54 Mount Hayes Alaska Alaska Range 7003421600200000000 ♠ 13,832 ft 4216 m 7003350734100000000 ♠ 11,507 ft 3507 m 7005202000000000000 ♠ 125.5 mi 202 km 63 ° 37 ′ 13 '' N 146 ° 43 ′ 04 '' W  /  63.6203 ° N 146.7178 ° W  / 63.6203 ; - 146.7178  ( Mount Hayes ) 55 Mount Silverheels Colorado Front Range 7003421500000000000 ♠ 13,829 ft 4215.0 m 7002695860000000000 ♠ 2,283 ft 696 m 7003882000000000000 ♠ 5.48 mi 8.82 km 39 ° 20 ′ 22 '' N 106 ° 00 ′ 19 '' W  /  39.3394 ° N 106.0054 ° W  / 39.3394 ; - 106.0054  ( Mount Silverheels ) 56 Rio Grande Pyramid Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003421449999999999 ♠ 13,827 ft 4214.4 m 7002573330000000000 ♠ 1,881 ft 573 m 7004173100000000000 ♠ 10.76 mi 17.31 km 37 ° 40 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 23 ′ 33 '' W  /  37.6797 ° N 107.3924 ° W  / 37.6797 ; - 107.3924  ( Rio Grande Pyramid ) 57 Gannett Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003420910000000000 ♠ 13,809 ft 4209.1 m 7003215676900099999 ♠ 7,076 ft 2157 m 7005467280000000000 ♠ 290 mi 467 km 43 ° 11 ′ 03 '' N 109 ° 39 ′ 15 '' W  /  43.1842 ° N 109.6542 ° W  / 43.1842 ; - 109.6542  ( Gannett Peak ) 58 Mount Kaweah California Sierra Nevada 7003420851000000000 ♠ 13,807 ft 4209 m 7002617831000000000 ♠ 2,027 ft 618 m 7004172700000000000 ♠ 10.73 mi 17.27 km 36 ° 31 ′ 34 '' N 118 ° 28 ′ 43 '' W  /  36.5261 ° N 118.4785 ° W  / 36.5261 ; - 118.4785  ( Mount Kaweah ) 59 Mauna Kea Hawaii Island of Hawai ʻi 7003420730000000000 ♠ 13,803 ft 4207.3 m 7003420730000000000 ♠ 13,803 ft 4207 m 7006394700000000000 ♠ 2,453 mi 3,947 km 19 ° 49 ′ 15 '' N 155 ° 28 ′ 05 '' W  /  19.8207 ° N 155.4681 ° W  / 19.8207 ; - 155.4681  ( Mauna Kea ) 60 Grand Teton Wyoming Teton Range 7003419870000000000 ♠ 13,775 ft 4198.7 m 7003199492000000000 ♠ 6,545 ft 1995 m 7005111610000000000 ♠ 69.4 mi 111.6 km 43 ° 44 ′ 28 '' N 110 ° 48 ′ 09 '' W  /  43.7412 ° N 110.8024 ° W  / 43.7412 ; - 110.8024  ( Grand Teton ) 61 Mount Cook Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003419405700000000 ♠ 13,760 ft 4194 m 7003235001300000000 ♠ 7,710 ft 2350 m 7004234000000000000 ♠ 14.54 mi 23.4 km 60 ° 10 ′ 54 '' N 139 ° 58 ′ 52 '' W  /  60.1816 ° N 139.9811 ° W  / 60.1816 ; - 139.9811  ( Mount Cook ) 62 Mount Morgan California Sierra Nevada 7003419349999999999 ♠ 13,758 ft 4193.4 m 7002807112000000000 ♠ 2,648 ft 807 m 7004158700000000000 ♠ 9.86 mi 15.87 km 37 ° 24 ′ 19 '' N 118 ° 43 ′ 58 '' W  /  37.4053 ° N 118.7329 ° W  / 37.4053 ; - 118.7329  ( Mount Morgan ) 63 Mount Gabb California Sierra Nevada 7003419022300000000 ♠ 13,747 ft 4190 m 7002792785999900000 ♠ 2,601 ft 793 m 7003689000000000000 ♠ 4.28 mi 6.89 km 37 ° 22 ′ 37 '' N 118 ° 48 ′ 09 '' W  /  37.3769 ° N 118.8025 ° W  / 37.3769 ; - 118.8025  ( Mount Gabb ) 64 Bald Mountain Colorado Front Range 7003417281400000000 ♠ 13,690 ft 4173 m 7002639776000000000 ♠ 2,099 ft 640 m 7004120900000000000 ♠ 7.51 mi 12.09 km 39 ° 26 ′ 41 '' N 105 ° 58 ′ 14 '' W  /  39.4448 ° N 105.9705 ° W  / 39.4448 ; - 105.9705  ( Bald Mountain ) 65 Mount Oso Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003417266799999999 ♠ 13,690 ft 4173 m 7002507188000000000 ♠ 1,664 ft 507 m 7003871000000000000 ♠ 5.41 mi 8.71 km 37 ° 36 ′ 25 '' N 107 ° 29 ′ 37 '' W  /  37.6070 ° N 107.4936 ° W  / 37.6070 ; - 107.4936  ( Mount Oso ) 66 Mauna Loa Hawaii Island of Hawai ʻi 7003416936800000000 ♠ 13,679 ft 4169 m 7003216378000000000 ♠ 7,099 ft 2164 m 7004408300000000000 ♠ 25.4 mi 40.8 km 19 ° 28 ′ 32 '' N 155 ° 36 ′ 19 '' W  /  19.4756 ° N 155.6054 ° W  / 19.4756 ; - 155.6054  ( Mauna Loa ) 67 Mount Jackson Colorado Sawatch Range 7003416850000000000 ♠ 13,676 ft 4168.5 m 7002551689000099999 ♠ 1,810 ft 552 m 7003516000000000000 ♠ 3.21 mi 5.16 km 39 ° 29 ′ 07 '' N 106 ° 32 ′ 12 '' W  /  39.4853 ° N 106.5367 ° W  / 39.4853 ; - 106.5367  ( Mount Jackson ) 68 Mount Tom California Sierra Nevada 7003416251700000000 ♠ 13,657 ft 4163 m 7002607163000000000 ♠ 1,992 ft 607 m 7003767000000000000 ♠ 4.77 mi 7.67 km 37 ° 22 ′ 34 '' N 119 ° 10 ′ 44 '' W  /  37.3762 ° N 119.1789 ° W  / 37.3762 ; - 119.1789  ( Mount Tom ) 69 Bard Peak Colorado Front Range 7003415949200000000 ♠ 13,647 ft 4159 m 7002518466000000000 ♠ 1,701 ft 518 m 7003874000000000000 ♠ 5.43 mi 8.74 km 39 ° 43 ′ 13 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 16 '' W  /  39.7204 ° N 105.8044 ° W  / 39.7204 ; - 105.8044  ( Bard Peak ) 70 West Spanish Peak Colorado Spanish Peaks 7003415468099999999 ♠ 13,631 ft 4155 m 7003112349500099999 ♠ 3,686 ft 1123 m 7004319800000000000 ♠ 19.87 mi 32.0 km 37 ° 22 ′ 32 '' N 104 ° 59 ′ 36 '' W  /  37.3756 ° N 104.9934 ° W  / 37.3756 ; - 104.9934  ( West Spanish Peak ) 71 Mount Powell Colorado Gore Range 7003414096299900000 ♠ 13,586 ft 4141 m 7002914402000000000 ♠ 3,000 ft 914 m 7004346000000000000 ♠ 21.5 mi 34.6 km 39 ° 45 ′ 36 '' N 106 ° 20 ′ 27 '' W  /  39.7601 ° N 106.3407 ° W  / 39.7601 ; - 106.3407  ( Mount Powell ) 72 Hagues Peak Colorado Mummy Range 7003413700000000000 ♠ 13,573 ft 4137 m 7002737617000000000 ♠ 2,420 ft 738 m 7004252600000000000 ♠ 15.70 mi 25.3 km 40 ° 29 ′ 04 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 47 '' W  /  40.4845 ° N 105.6464 ° W  / 40.4845 ; - 105.6464  ( Hagues Peak ) 73 Mount Dubois California White Mountains 7003413467000000000 ♠ 13,565 ft 4135 m 7002712929000000000 ♠ 2,339 ft 713 m 7004155000000000000 ♠ 9.63 mi 15.50 km 37 ° 47 ′ 00 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 36 '' W  /  37.7834 ° N 118.3432 ° W  / 37.7834 ; - 118.3432  ( Mount Dubois ) 74 Tower Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003413245399900000 ♠ 13,558 ft 4132 m 7002503531000000000 ♠ 1,652 ft 504 m 7003786000000000000 ♠ 4.88 mi 7.86 km 37 ° 51 ′ 26 '' N 107 ° 37 ′ 23 '' W  /  37.8573 ° N 107.6230 ° W  / 37.8573 ; - 107.6230  ( Tower Mountain ) 75 Treasure Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 7003412535099999999 ♠ 13,535 ft 4125 m 7002861976000000000 ♠ 2,828 ft 862 m 7004111300000000000 ♠ 6.92 mi 11.13 km 39 ° 01 ′ 28 '' N 107 ° 07 ′ 22 '' W  /  39.0244 ° N 107.1228 ° W  / 39.0244 ; - 107.1228  ( Treasure Mountain ) 76 Kings Peak Utah Uinta Mountains 7003412514999999999 ♠ 13,534 ft 4125 m 7003193792200000000 ♠ 6,358 ft 1938 m 7005268040000000000 ♠ 166.6 mi 268 km 40 ° 46 ′ 35 '' N 110 ° 22 ′ 22 '' W  /  40.7763 ° N 110.3729 ° W  / 40.7763 ; - 110.3729  ( Kings Peak ) 77 North Arapaho Peak Colorado Front Range 7003411718099999999 ♠ 13,508 ft 4117 m 7002507493000000000 ♠ 1,665 ft 507 m 7004247500000000000 ♠ 15.38 mi 24.8 km 40 ° 01 ′ 35 '' N 105 ° 39 ′ 01 '' W  /  40.0265 ° N 105.6504 ° W  / 40.0265 ; - 105.6504  ( North Arapaho Peak ) 78 Mount Pinchot California Sierra Nevada 7003411478899900000 ♠ 13,500 ft 4115 m 7002643000000000000 ♠ 2,110 ft 643 m 7003758000000000000 ♠ 4.71 mi 7.58 km 36 ° 56 ′ 50 '' N 118 ° 24 ′ 19 '' W  /  36.9473 ° N 118.4054 ° W  / 36.9473 ; - 118.4054  ( Mount Pinchot ) 79 Mount Natazhat Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003409499600000000 ♠ 13,435 ft 4095 m 7003182423200000000 ♠ 5,985 ft 1824 m 7004249300000000000 ♠ 15.49 mi 24.9 km 61 ° 31 ′ 18 '' N 141 ° 06 ′ 11 '' W  /  61.5217 ° N 141.1030 ° W  / 61.5217 ; - 141.1030  ( Mount Natazhat ) 80 Mount Jarvis Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003409072900000000 ♠ 13,421 ft 4091 m 7003145420400000000 ♠ 4,771 ft 1454 m 7004179500000000000 ♠ 11.15 mi 17.95 km 62 ° 01 ′ 24 '' N 143 ° 37 ′ 11 '' W  /  62.0234 ° N 143.6198 ° W  / 62.0234 ; - 143.6198  ( Mount Jarvis ) 81 Parry Peak Colorado Front Range 7003408334800000000 ♠ 13,397 ft 4083 m 7002524256999999999 ♠ 1,720 ft 524 m 7004152200000000000 ♠ 9.46 mi 15.22 km 39 ° 50 ′ 17 '' N 105 ° 42 ′ 48 '' W  /  39.8381 ° N 105.7132 ° W  / 39.8381 ; - 105.7132  ( Parry Peak ) 82 Bill Williams Peak Colorado Williams Mountains 7003408088600000000 ♠ 13,389 ft 4081 m 7002512675000099999 ♠ 1,682 ft 513 m 7003600000000000000 ♠ 3.73 mi 6.00 km 39 ° 10 ′ 50 '' N 106 ° 36 ′ 37 '' W  /  39.1806 ° N 106.6102 ° W  / 39.1806 ; - 106.6102  ( Bill Williams Peak ) 83 Sultan Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003407622400000000 ♠ 13,373 ft 4076 m 7002569368000000000 ♠ 1,868 ft 569 m 7003739000000000000 ♠ 4.59 mi 7.39 km 37 ° 47 ′ 09 '' N 107 ° 42 ′ 14 '' W  /  37.7859 ° N 107.7038 ° W  / 37.7859 ; - 107.7038  ( Sultan Mountain ) 84 Mount Herard Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003406768000000000 ♠ 13,345 ft 4068 m 7002621793000000000 ♠ 2,040 ft 622 m 7003745000000000000 ♠ 4.63 mi 7.45 km 37 ° 50 ′ 57 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 42 '' W  /  37.8492 ° N 105.4949 ° W  / 37.8492 ; - 105.4949  ( Mount Herard ) 85 West Buffalo Peak Colorado Mosquito Range 7003406360700000000 ♠ 13,332 ft 4064 m 7002605333999900000 ♠ 1,986 ft 605 m 7004154600000000000 ♠ 9.61 mi 15.46 km 38 ° 59 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 07 ′ 30 '' W  /  38.9917 ° N 106.1249 ° W  / 38.9917 ; - 106.1249  ( West Buffalo Peak ) 86 Tressider Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003405842000000000 ♠ 13,315 ft 4058 m 7002507493000000000 ♠ 1,665 ft 507 m 7003534000000000000 ♠ 3.32 mi 5.34 km 61 ° 21 ′ 32 '' N 141 ° 39 ′ 59 '' W  /  61.3590 ° N 141.6664 ° W  / 61.3590 ; - 141.6664  ( Tressider Peak ) 87 Summit Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003405620000000000 ♠ 13,308 ft 4056.2 m 7002841250000000000 ♠ 2,760 ft 841 m 7004636600000000000 ♠ 39.6 mi 63.7 km 37 ° 21 ′ 02 '' N 106 ° 41 ′ 48 '' W  /  37.3506 ° N 106.6968 ° W  / 37.3506 ; - 106.6968  ( Summit Peak ) 88 Middle Peak Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003405565700000000 ♠ 13,306 ft 4056 m 7002597418000000000 ♠ 1,960 ft 597 m 7003769000000000000 ♠ 4.78 mi 7.69 km 37 ° 51 ′ 13 '' N 108 ° 06 ′ 30 '' W  /  37.8536 ° N 108.1082 ° W  / 37.8536 ; - 108.1082  ( Middle Peak ) 89 Antora Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 7003404628200000000 ♠ 13,275 ft 4046 m 7002734265000000000 ♠ 2,409 ft 734 m 7004108600000000000 ♠ 6.75 mi 10.86 km 38 ° 19 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 13 ′ 05 '' W  /  38.3250 ° N 106.2180 ° W  / 38.3250 ; - 106.2180  ( Antora Peak ) 90 Henry Mountain Colorado Sawatch Range 7003404186400000000 ♠ 13,261 ft 4042 m 7002510236000000000 ♠ 1,674 ft 510 m 7004176100000000000 ♠ 10.94 mi 17.61 km 38 ° 41 ′ 08 '' N 106 ° 37 ′ 16 '' W  /  38.6856 ° N 106.6211 ° W  / 38.6856 ; - 106.6211  ( Henry Mountain ) 91 Hesperus Mountain Colorado La Plata Mountains 7003403477200000000 ♠ 13,237 ft 4035 m 7002869291000000000 ♠ 2,852 ft 869 m 7004394700000000000 ♠ 24.5 mi 39.5 km 37 ° 26 ′ 42 '' N 108 ° 05 ′ 20 '' W  /  37.4451 ° N 108.0890 ° W  / 37.4451 ; - 108.0890  ( Hesperus Mountain ) 92 Mount Silverthrone Alaska Alaska Range 7003402946400000000 ♠ 13,220 ft 4029 m 7002987554000000000 ♠ 3,240 ft 988 m 7004127200000000000 ♠ 7.90 mi 12.72 km 63 ° 06 ′ 57 '' N 150 ° 40 ′ 32 '' W  /  63.1157 ° N 150.6755 ° W  / 63.1157 ; - 150.6755  ( Mount Silverthrone ) 93 Jacque Peak Colorado Gore Range 7003402675800000000 ♠ 13,211 ft 4027 m 7002629413000000000 ♠ 2,065 ft 629 m 7003728000000000000 ♠ 4.52 mi 7.28 km 39 ° 27 ′ 18 '' N 106 ° 11 ′ 49 '' W  /  39.4549 ° N 106.1970 ° W  / 39.4549 ; - 106.1970  ( Jacque Peak ) 94 Bennett Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003402606400000000 ♠ 13,209 ft 4026 m 7002531267000000000 ♠ 1,743 ft 531 m 7004274900000000000 ♠ 17.08 mi 27.5 km 37 ° 29 ′ 00 '' N 106 ° 26 ′ 03 '' W  /  37.4833 ° N 106.4343 ° W  / 37.4833 ; - 106.4343  ( Bennett Peak ) 95 Wind River Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003402240000000000 ♠ 13,197 ft 4022.4 m 7002783947000000000 ♠ 2,572 ft 784 m 7004565600000000000 ♠ 35.1 mi 56.6 km 42 ° 42 ′ 31 '' N 109 ° 07 ′ 42 '' W  /  42.7085 ° N 109.1284 ° W  / 42.7085 ; - 109.1284  ( Wind River Peak ) 96 Conejos Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003401700000000000 ♠ 13,179 ft 4017.0 m 7002582779000000000 ♠ 1,912 ft 583 m 7004131200000000000 ♠ 8.15 mi 13.12 km 37 ° 17 ′ 19 '' N 106 ° 34 ′ 15 '' W  /  37.2887 ° N 106.5709 ° W  / 37.2887 ; - 106.5709  ( Conejos Peak ) 97 Mount Marcus Baker Alaska Chugach Mountains 7003401605300000000 ♠ 13,176 ft 4016 m 7003327691100000000 ♠ 10,751 ft 3277 m 7005203300000000000 ♠ 126.3 mi 203 km 61 ° 26 ′ 15 '' N 147 ° 45 ′ 09 '' W  /  61.4374 ° N 147.7525 ° W  / 61.4374 ; - 147.7525  ( Mount Marcus Baker ) 98 Cloud Peak Wyoming Bighorn Mountains 7003401330000000000 ♠ 13,167 ft 4013.3 m 7003215707400000000 ♠ 7,077 ft 2157 m 7005233380000000000 ♠ 145.0 mi 233 km 44 ° 22 ′ 56 '' N 107 ° 10 ′ 26 '' W  /  44.3821 ° N 107.1739 ° W  / 44.3821 ; - 107.1739  ( Cloud Peak ) Wheeler Peak New Mexico Taos Mountains 7003401330000000000 ♠ 13,167 ft 4013.3 m 7003103906500000000 ♠ 3,409 ft 1039 m 7004595700000000000 ♠ 37.0 mi 59.6 km 36 ° 33 ′ 25 '' N 105 ° 25 ′ 01 '' W  /  36.5569 ° N 105.4169 ° W  / 36.5569 ; - 105.4169  ( Wheeler Peak ) 100 Francs Peak Wyoming Absaroka Range 7003401230000000000 ♠ 13,164 ft 4012.3 m 7003123627100000000 ♠ 4,056 ft 1236 m 7004760200000000000 ♠ 47.2 mi 76.0 km 43 ° 57 ′ 41 '' N 109 ° 20 ′ 21 '' W  /  43.9613 ° N 109.3392 ° W  / 43.9613 ; - 109.3392  ( Francs Peak ) 101 Twilight Peak Colorado Needle Mountains 7003401210300000000 ♠ 13,163 ft 4012 m 7002712624000000000 ♠ 2,338 ft 713 m 7003786000000000000 ♠ 4.88 mi 7.86 km 37 ° 39 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 43 ′ 37 '' W  /  37.6630 ° N 107.7270 ° W  / 37.6630 ; - 107.7270  ( Twilight Peak ) 102 South River Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003400940000000000 ♠ 13,154 ft 4009.4 m 7002746152000000000 ♠ 2,448 ft 746 m 7004339900000000000 ♠ 21.1 mi 34.0 km 37 ° 34 ′ 27 '' N 106 ° 58 ′ 53 '' W  /  37.5741 ° N 106.9815 ° W  / 37.5741 ; - 106.9815  ( South River Peak ) 103 Mount Ritter California Sierra Nevada 7003400778000000000 ♠ 13,149 ft 4008 m 7003121600000000000 ♠ 3,990 ft 1216 m 7004354300000000000 ♠ 22.0 mi 35.4 km 37 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 119 ° 11 ′ 59 '' W  /  37.6891 ° N 119.1996 ° W  / 37.6891 ; - 119.1996  ( Mount Ritter ) 104 Red Slate Mountain California Sierra Nevada 7003400179100000000 ♠ 13,129 ft 4002 m 7002528981000000000 ♠ 1,736 ft 529 m 7004133800000000000 ♠ 8.31 mi 13.38 km 37 ° 30 ′ 27 '' N 118 ° 52 ′ 09 '' W  /  37.5075 ° N 118.8693 ° W  / 37.5075 ; - 118.8693  ( Red Slate Mountain ) 105 Mount Lyell ( California ) California Sierra Nevada 7003399890000000000 ♠ 13,120 ft 3998.9 m 7002587000000000000 ♠ 1,926 ft 587 m 7003846000000000000 ♠ 5.26 mi 8.46 km 37 ° 44 ′ 22 '' N 119 ° 16 ′ 18 '' W  /  37.7394 ° N 119.2716 ° W  / 37.7394 ; - 119.2716  ( Mount Lyell ) 106 Bushnell Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003399580000000000 ♠ 13,110 ft 3995.8 m 7002733045000000000 ♠ 2,405 ft 733 m 7004178200000000000 ♠ 11.07 mi 17.82 km 38 ° 20 ′ 28 '' N 105 ° 53 ′ 21 '' W  /  38.3412 ° N 105.8892 ° W  / 38.3412 ; - 105.8892  ( Bushnell Peak ) 107 Truchas Peak New Mexico Santa Fe Mountains 7003399520000000000 ♠ 13,108 ft 3995.2 m 7003121950700000000 ♠ 4,001 ft 1220 m 7004681500000000000 ♠ 42.3 mi 68.2 km 35 ° 57 ′ 45 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 42 '' W  /  35.9625 ° N 105.6450 ° W  / 35.9625 ; - 105.6450  ( Truchas Peak ) 108 Wheeler Peak Nevada Snake Range 7003398230000000000 ♠ 13,065 ft 3982.3 m 7003230673100000000 ♠ 7,568 ft 2307 m 7005373020000000000 ♠ 232 mi 373 km 38 ° 59 ′ 09 '' N 114 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W  /  38.9858 ° N 114.3139 ° W  / 38.9858 ; - 114.3139  ( Wheeler Peak ) 109 Mount Dana California Sierra Nevada 7003398148700000000 ♠ 13,063 ft 3981.5 m 7002742799000000000 ♠ 2,437 ft 743 m 7004183500000000000 ♠ 11.40 mi 18.35 km 37 ° 54 ′ 00 '' N 119 ° 13 ′ 16 '' W  /  37.8999 ° N 119.2211 ° W  / 37.8999 ; - 119.2211  ( Mount Dana ) 110 West Elk Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003397520000000000 ♠ 13,042 ft 3975.2 m 7002943358000000000 ♠ 3,095 ft 943 m 7004221800000000000 ♠ 13.78 mi 22.2 km 38 ° 43 ′ 04 '' N 107 ° 11 ′ 58 '' W  /  38.7179 ° N 107.1994 ° W  / 38.7179 ; - 107.1994  ( West Elk Peak ) 111 Mount Moffit Alaska Alaska Range 7003396850400000000 ♠ 13,020 ft 3969 m 7003121005800000000 ♠ 3,970 ft 1210 m 7004164100000000000 ♠ 10.20 mi 16.41 km 63 ° 34 ′ 06 '' N 146 ° 23 ′ 54 '' W  /  63.5683 ° N 146.3982 ° W  / 63.5683 ; - 146.3982  ( Mount Moffit ) 112 Mount Centennial ( Peak 13010 ) Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003396727000000000 ♠ 13,016 ft 3967 m 7002545593000099999 ♠ 1,790 ft 546 m 7003461000000000000 ♠ 2.86 mi 4.61 km 37 ° 36 ′ 22 '' N 107 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W  /  37.6062 ° N 107.2446 ° W  / 37.6062 ; - 107.2446  ( Mount Centennial ) 113 Clark Peak Colorado Medicine Bow Mountains 7003394840000000000 ♠ 12,954 ft 3948.4 m 7002844602000000000 ♠ 2,771 ft 845 m 7004264000000000000 ♠ 16.40 mi 26.4 km 40 ° 36 ′ 24 '' N 105 ° 55 ′ 48 '' W  /  40.6068 ° N 105.9300 ° W  / 40.6068 ; - 105.9300  ( Clark Peak ) 114 Mount Richthofen Colorado Never Summer Mountains 7003394577800000000 ♠ 12,945 ft 3946 m 7002816866000000000 ♠ 2,680 ft 817 m 7004155400000000000 ♠ 9.66 mi 15.54 km 40 ° 28 ′ 10 '' N 105 ° 53 ′ 40 '' W  /  40.4695 ° N 105.8945 ° W  / 40.4695 ; - 105.8945  ( Mount Richthofen ) 115 Mount Root Alaska British Columbia Saint Elias Mountains 7003392800000000000 ♠ 12,887 ft 3928 m 7002908000000000000 ♠ 2,979 ft 908 m 7003879000000000000 ♠ 5.46 mi 8.79 km 58 ° 59 ′ 07 '' N 137 ° 30 ′ 00 '' W  /  58.9854 ° N 137.5001 ° W  / 58.9854 ; - 137.5001  ( Mount Root ) 116 Lizard Head Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003391582100000000 ♠ 12,847 ft 3916 m 7002579731000000000 ♠ 1,902 ft 580 m 7004104000000000000 ♠ 6.46 mi 10.40 km 42 ° 47 ′ 24 '' N 109 ° 11 ′ 52 '' W  /  42.7901 ° N 109.1978 ° W  / 42.7901 ; - 109.1978  ( Lizard Head Peak ) 117 Granite Peak Montana Beartooth Mountains 7003390350000000000 ♠ 12,807 ft 3903.5 m 7003145664200000000 ♠ 4,779 ft 1457 m 7005138450000000000 ♠ 86.0 mi 138.5 km 45 ° 09 ′ 48 '' N 109 ° 48 ′ 27 '' W  /  45.1634 ° N 109.8075 ° W  / 45.1634 ; - 109.8075  ( Granite Peak ) 118 Mount Crosson Alaska Alaska Range 7003390144800000000 ♠ 12,800 ft 3901 m 7002502921000000000 ♠ 1,650 ft 503 m 7003822000000000000 ♠ 5.11 mi 8.22 km 63 ° 00 ′ 29 '' N 151 ° 16 ′ 35 '' W  /  63.0081 ° N 151.2763 ° W  / 63.0081 ; - 151.2763  ( Mount Crosson ) 119 Venado Peak New Mexico Taos Mountains 7003388298100000000 ♠ 12,739 ft 3883 m 7002905563000000000 ♠ 2,971 ft 906 m 7004189900000000000 ♠ 11.80 mi 18.99 km 36 ° 47 ′ 30 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 36 '' W  /  36.7917 ° N 105.4933 ° W  / 36.7917 ; - 105.4933  ( Venado Peak ) 120 Chair Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 7003387910000000000 ♠ 12,727 ft 3879.1 m 7002750114000000000 ♠ 2,461 ft 750 m 7004143000000000000 ♠ 8.89 mi 14.30 km 39 ° 03 ′ 29 '' N 107 ° 16 ′ 56 '' W  /  39.0581 ° N 107.2822 ° W  / 39.0581 ; - 107.2822  ( Chair Mountain ) 121 Mount Peale Utah La Sal Mountains 7003387900000000000 ♠ 12,726 ft 3879 m 7003188397300000000 ♠ 6,181 ft 1884 m 7005117140000000000 ♠ 72.8 mi 117.1 km 38 ° 26 ′ 19 '' N 109 ° 13 ′ 45 '' W  /  38.4385 ° N 109.2292 ° W  / 38.4385 ; - 109.2292  ( Mount Peale ) 122 Mount Crillon Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003387889300000000 ♠ 12,726 ft 3879 m 7003218724900099999 ♠ 7,176 ft 2187 m 7004314100000000000 ♠ 19.52 mi 31.4 km 58 ° 39 ′ 45 '' N 137 ° 10 ′ 16 '' W  /  58.6625 ° N 137.1712 ° W  / 58.6625 ; - 137.1712  ( Mount Crillon ) 123 Mount Gunnison Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003387870000000000 ♠ 12,725 ft 3878.7 m 7003107868900000000 ♠ 3,539 ft 1079 m 7004190500000000000 ♠ 11.84 mi 19.05 km 38 ° 48 ′ 44 '' N 107 ° 22 ′ 57 '' W  /  38.8121 ° N 107.3826 ° W  / 38.8121 ; - 107.3826  ( Mount Gunnison ) 124 East Spanish Peak Colorado Spanish Peaks 7003386715800000000 ♠ 12,688 ft 3867 m 7002726340000000000 ♠ 2,383 ft 726 m 7003678000000000000 ♠ 4.21 mi 6.78 km 37 ° 23 ′ 36 '' N 104 ° 55 ′ 12 '' W  /  37.3934 ° N 104.9201 ° W  / 37.3934 ; - 104.9201  ( East Spanish Peak ) 125 Borah Peak Idaho Lost River Range 7003386120000000000 ♠ 12,668 ft 3861.2 m 7003182940000000000 ♠ 6,002 ft 1829 m 7005242620000000000 ♠ 150.8 mi 243 km 44 ° 08 ′ 15 '' N 113 ° 46 ′ 52 '' W  /  44.1374 ° N 113.7811 ° W  / 44.1374 ; - 113.7811  ( Borah Peak ) 126 Mount Wood Montana Absaroka Range 7003386029200000000 ♠ 12,665 ft 3860 m 7002877826000000000 ♠ 2,880 ft 878 m 7004120400000000000 ♠ 7.48 mi 12.04 km 45 ° 16 ′ 30 '' N 109 ° 48 ′ 28 '' W  /  45.2749 ° N 109.8078 ° W  / 45.2749 ; - 109.8078  ( Mount Wood ) 127 Mount Gunnar Naslund Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003385816600000000 ♠ 12,658 ft 3858 m 7002642520000000000 ♠ 2,108 ft 643 m 7004110400000000000 ♠ 6.86 mi 11.04 km 61 ° 13 ′ 42 '' N 141 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W  /  61.2282 ° N 141.3140 ° W  / 61.2282 ; - 141.3140  ( Mount Gunnar Naslund ) 128 Mount Conness California Sierra Nevada 7003385550000000000 ♠ 12,649 ft 3855.5 m 7002807722000000000 ♠ 2,650 ft 808 m 7004115500000000000 ♠ 7.18 mi 11.55 km 37 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 19 ′ 17 '' W  /  37.9670 ° N 119.3213 ° W  / 37.9670 ; - 119.3213  ( Mount Conness ) 129 Humphreys Peak Arizona San Francisco Peaks 7003385189100000000 ♠ 12,637 ft 3852 m 7003184069100000000 ♠ 6,039 ft 1841 m 7005395660000000000 ♠ 246 mi 396 km 35 ° 20 ′ 47 '' N 111 ° 40 ′ 41 '' W  /  35.3464 ° N 111.6780 ° W  / 35.3464 ; - 111.6780  ( Humphreys Peak ) 130 Santa Fe Baldy New Mexico Santa Fe Mountains 7003385010000000000 ♠ 12,632 ft 3850.1 m 7002610211000000000 ♠ 2,002 ft 610 m 7004176900000000000 ♠ 10.99 mi 17.69 km 35 ° 49 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 45 ′ 29 '' W  /  35.8322 ° N 105.7581 ° W  / 35.8322 ; - 105.7581  ( Santa Fe Baldy ) 131 Gothic Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 7003385004400000000 ♠ 12,631 ft 3850 m 7002501397000000000 ♠ 1,645 ft 501 m 7003439000000000000 ♠ 2.73 mi 4.39 km 38 ° 57 ′ 22 '' N 107 ° 00 ′ 39 '' W  /  38.9562 ° N 107.0107 ° W  / 38.9562 ; - 107.0107  ( Gothic Mountain ) 132 Castle Mountain Montana Absaroka Range 7003384610000000000 ♠ 12,618 ft 3846.1 m 7002814427000000000 ♠ 2,672 ft 814 m 7004156700000000000 ♠ 9.74 mi 15.67 km 45 ° 05 ′ 56 '' N 109 ° 37 ′ 50 '' W  /  45.0989 ° N 109.6305 ° W  / 45.0989 ; - 109.6305  ( Castle Mountain ) Lone Cone Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003384610000000000 ♠ 12,618 ft 3846.1 m 7002692812000000000 ♠ 2,273 ft 693 m 7004135200000000000 ♠ 8.40 mi 13.52 km 37 ° 53 ′ 17 '' N 108 ° 15 ′ 20 '' W  /  37.8880 ° N 108.2556 ° W  / 37.8880 ; - 108.2556  ( Lone Cone ) 134 Mount Moran Wyoming Teton Range 7003384350000000000 ♠ 12,610 ft 3843.5 m 7002806198000000000 ♠ 2,645 ft 806 m 7003994000000000000 ♠ 6.18 mi 9.94 km 43 ° 50 ′ 06 '' N 110 ° 46 ′ 35 '' W  /  43.8350 ° N 110.7765 ° W  / 43.8350 ; - 110.7765  ( Mount Moran ) 135 Tlingit Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003384231600000000 ♠ 12,606 ft 3842 m 7002611429999900000 ♠ 2,006 ft 611 m 7003363000000000000 ♠ 2.26 mi 3.63 km 58 ° 53 ′ 35 '' N 137 ° 23 ′ 38 '' W  /  58.8931 ° N 137.3938 ° W  / 58.8931 ; - 137.3938  ( Tlingit Peak ) 136 Little Costilla Peak New Mexico Culebra Range 7003383680000000000 ♠ 12,588 ft 3836.8 m 7002744933000000000 ♠ 2,444 ft 745 m 7004124800000000000 ♠ 7.75 mi 12.48 km 36 ° 50 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 13 ′ 22 '' W  /  36.8335 ° N 105.2229 ° W  / 36.8335 ; - 105.2229  ( Little Costilla Peak ) 137 Mount Carpe Alaska Alaska Range 7003382524800000000 ♠ 12,550 ft 3825 m 7002548641000099999 ♠ 1,800 ft 549 m 7003660000000000000 ♠ 4.10 mi 6.60 km 63 ° 09 ′ 08 '' N 150 ° 51 ′ 42 '' W  /  63.1521 ° N 150.8616 ° W  / 63.1521 ; - 150.8616  ( Mount Carpe ) 138 Needham Mountain California Sierra Nevada 7003382380200000000 ♠ 12,545 ft 3824 m 7002560833000000000 ♠ 1,840 ft 561 m 7003954000000000000 ♠ 5.93 mi 9.54 km 36 ° 27 ′ 16 '' N 118 ° 32 ′ 14 '' W  /  36.4545 ° N 118.5373 ° W  / 36.4545 ; - 118.5373  ( Needham Mountain ) 139 Graham Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003382110000000000 ♠ 12,536 ft 3821.1 m 7002777546000000000 ♠ 2,551 ft 778 m 7004139000000000000 ♠ 8.64 mi 13.90 km 37 ° 29 ′ 50 '' N 107 ° 22 ′ 34 '' W  /  37.4972 ° N 107.3761 ° W  / 37.4972 ; - 107.3761  ( Graham Peak ) 140 Whetstone Mountain Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003381810000000000 ♠ 12,527 ft 3818.1 m 7002748590000000000 ♠ 2,456 ft 749 m 7004151100000000000 ♠ 9.39 mi 15.11 km 38 ° 49 ′ 20 '' N 106 ° 58 ′ 48 '' W  /  38.8223 ° N 106.9799 ° W  / 38.8223 ; - 106.9799  ( Whetstone Mountain ) 141 Kahiltna Dome Alaska Alaska Range 7003381762800000000 ♠ 12,525 ft 3818 m 7002662941000000000 ♠ 2,175 ft 663 m 7003555000000000000 ♠ 3.45 mi 5.55 km 63 ° 03 ′ 18 '' N 151 ° 14 ′ 22 '' W  /  63.0550 ° N 151.2394 ° W  / 63.0550 ; - 151.2394  ( Kahiltna Dome ) 142 Mount Thor Alaska Chugach Mountains 7003381640800000000 ♠ 12,521 ft 3816 m 7002997003000000000 ♠ 3,271 ft 997 m 7004327700000000000 ♠ 20.4 mi 32.8 km 61 ° 29 ′ 07 '' N 147 ° 08 ′ 46 '' W  /  61.4854 ° N 147.1460 ° W  / 61.4854 ; - 147.1460  ( Mount Thor ) 143 Mount Watson Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003380909300000000 ♠ 12,497 ft 3809 m 7002589000000000000 ♠ 1,932 ft 589 m 7003405000000000000 ♠ 2.52 mi 4.05 km 59 ° 00 ′ 32 '' N 137 ° 33 ′ 15 '' W  /  59.0088 ° N 137.5541 ° W  / 59.0088 ; - 137.5541  ( Mount Watson ) 144 Atlantic Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003380848100000000 ♠ 12,495 ft 3808 m 7002655321000000000 ♠ 2,150 ft 655 m 7004146000000000000 ♠ 9.07 mi 14.60 km 42 ° 36 ′ 59 '' N 109 ° 00 ′ 05 '' W  /  42.6165 ° N 109.0013 ° W  / 42.6165 ; - 109.0013  ( Atlantic Peak ) 145 Specimen Mountain Colorado Front Range 7003380826900000000 ♠ 12,494 ft 3808 m 7002527610000000000 ♠ 1,731 ft 528 m 7003756000000000000 ♠ 4.70 mi 7.56 km 40 ° 26 ′ 42 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 29 '' W  /  40.4449 ° N 105.8081 ° W  / 40.4449 ; - 105.8081  ( Specimen Mountain ) 146 Baldy Mountain New Mexico Cimarron Range 7003379330000000000 ♠ 12,445 ft 3793.3 m 7002823266000000000 ♠ 2,701 ft 823 m 7004182400000000000 ♠ 11.33 mi 18.24 km 36 ° 37 ′ 48 '' N 105 ° 12 ′ 48 '' W  /  36.6299 ° N 105.2134 ° W  / 36.6299 ; - 105.2134  ( Baldy Mountain ) 147 East Beckwith Mountain Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003379210000000000 ♠ 12,441 ft 3792.1 m 7002759563000000000 ♠ 2,492 ft 760 m 7004100500000000000 ♠ 6.24 mi 10.05 km 38 ° 50 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 13 ′ 24 '' W  /  38.8464 ° N 107.2233 ° W  / 38.8464 ; - 107.2233  ( East Beckwith Mountain ) 148 Knobby Crest Colorado Kenosha Mountains 7003378996200000000 ♠ 12,434 ft 3790 m 7002536144000000000 ♠ 1,759 ft 536 m 7004133100000000000 ♠ 8.27 mi 13.31 km 39 ° 22 ′ 05 '' N 105 ° 36 ′ 18 '' W  /  39.3681 ° N 105.6050 ° W  / 39.3681 ; - 105.6050  ( Knobby Crest ) 149 Bison Peak Colorado Tarryall Mountains 7003378940000000000 ♠ 12,432 ft 3789.4 m 7002747066000000000 ♠ 2,451 ft 747 m 7004293400000000000 ♠ 18.23 mi 29.3 km 39 ° 14 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 52 '' W  /  39.2384 ° N 105.4978 ° W  / 39.2384 ; - 105.4978  ( Bison Peak ) 150 Anthracite Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003377780000000000 ♠ 12,394 ft 3777.8 m 7002647701000000000 ♠ 2,125 ft 648 m 7003768000000000000 ♠ 4.77 mi 7.68 km 38 ° 48 ′ 52 '' N 107 ° 08 ′ 40 '' W  /  38.8145 ° N 107.1445 ° W  / 38.8145 ; - 107.1445  ( Anthracite Peak ) 151 Matchless Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 7003377628700000000 ♠ 12,389 ft 3776 m 7002537363000000000 ♠ 1,763 ft 537 m 7004126700000000000 ♠ 7.87 mi 12.67 km 38 ° 50 ′ 02 '' N 106 ° 38 ′ 42 '' W  /  38.8340 ° N 106.6451 ° W  / 38.8340 ; - 106.6451  ( Matchless Mountain ) 152 Flat Top Mountain Colorado Flat Tops 7003376770000000000 ♠ 12,361 ft 3767.7 m 7003123566200000000 ♠ 4,054 ft 1236 m 7004656200000000000 ♠ 40.8 mi 65.6 km 40 ° 00 ′ 53 '' N 107 ° 05 ′ 00 '' W  /  40.0147 ° N 107.0833 ° W  / 40.0147 ; - 107.0833  ( Flat Top Mountain ) 153 Mount Nystrom Wyoming Wind River Range 7003376750000000000 ♠ 12,361 ft 3767.5 m 7002553518000000000 ♠ 1,816 ft 554 m 7003792000000000000 ♠ 4.92 mi 7.92 km 42 ° 38 ′ 30 '' N 109 ° 05 ′ 38 '' W  /  42.6418 ° N 109.0939 ° W  / 42.6418 ; - 109.0939  ( Mount Nystrom ) 154 Moby Dick ( Alaska ) Alaska Alaska Range 7003376733600000000 ♠ 12,360 ft 3767 m 7002886970000000000 ♠ 2,910 ft 887 m 7003770000000000000 ♠ 4.78 mi 7.70 km 63 ° 33 ′ 22 '' N 146 ° 36 ′ 09 '' W  /  63.5561 ° N 146.6026 ° W  / 63.5561 ; - 146.6026  ( Moby Dick ) 155 Greenhorn Mountain Colorado Wet Mountains 7003376500000000000 ♠ 12,352 ft 3765.0 m 7003115123200000000 ♠ 3,777 ft 1151 m 7004406200000000000 ♠ 25.2 mi 40.6 km 37 ° 52 ′ 53 '' N 105 ° 00 ′ 48 '' W  /  37.8815 ° N 105.0133 ° W  / 37.8815 ; - 105.0133  ( Greenhorn Mountain ) 156 Elliott Mountain Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003376294900000000 ♠ 12,346 ft 3763 m 7002682753000000000 ♠ 2,240 ft 683 m 7003826000000000000 ♠ 5.13 mi 8.26 km 37 ° 44 ′ 04 '' N 108 ° 03 ′ 29 '' W  /  37.7344 ° N 108.0580 ° W  / 37.7344 ; - 108.0580  ( Elliott Mountain ) 157 Mount Deborah Alaska Alaska Range 7003376093500000000 ♠ 12,339 ft 3761 m 7003158161000000000 ♠ 5,189 ft 1582 m 7004258800000000000 ♠ 16.08 mi 25.9 km 63 ° 38 ′ 16 '' N 147 ° 14 ′ 18 '' W  /  63.6377 ° N 147.2384 ° W  / 63.6377 ; - 147.2384  ( Mount Deborah ) 158 Twin Peaks California Sierra Nevada 7003375777500000000 ♠ 12,329 ft 3758 m 7002653188000000000 ♠ 2,143 ft 653 m 7003770000000000000 ♠ 4.78 mi 7.70 km 38 ° 05 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 21 ′ 32 '' W  /  38.0836 ° N 119.3588 ° W  / 38.0836 ; - 119.3588  ( Twin Peaks ) 159 Carter Mountain Wyoming Absaroka Range 7003375640000000000 ♠ 12,324 ft 3756.4 m 7002517856000000000 ♠ 1,699 ft 518 m 7004268400000000000 ♠ 16.68 mi 26.8 km 44 ° 11 ′ 50 '' N 109 ° 24 ′ 40 '' W  /  44.1972 ° N 109.4112 ° W  / 44.1972 ; - 109.4112  ( Carter Mountain ) 160 Parkview Mountain Colorado Rabbit Ears Range 7003374940000000000 ♠ 12,301 ft 3749.4 m 7002815646000000000 ♠ 2,676 ft 816 m 7004150700000000000 ♠ 9.36 mi 15.07 km 40 ° 19 ′ 49 '' N 106 ° 08 ′ 11 '' W  /  40.3303 ° N 106.1363 ° W  / 40.3303 ; - 106.1363  ( Parkview Mountain ) 161 Cornwall Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003374619000000000 ♠ 12,291 ft 3746 m 7002531572000000000 ♠ 1,744 ft 532 m 7003837000000000000 ♠ 5.20 mi 8.37 km 37 ° 22 ′ 52 '' N 106 ° 29 ′ 31 '' W  /  37.3811 ° N 106.4920 ° W  / 37.3811 ; - 106.4920  ( Cornwall Mountain ) 162 Mount Adams Washington Cascade Range 7003374340000000000 ♠ 12,281 ft 3743.4 m 7003247985800000000 ♠ 8,136 ft 2480 m 7004736300000000000 ♠ 45.8 mi 73.6 km 46 ° 12 ′ 09 '' N 121 ° 29 ′ 27 '' W  /  46.2024 ° N 121.4909 ° W  / 46.2024 ; - 121.4909  ( Mount Adams ) 163 Trout Peak Wyoming Absaroka Range 7003373370000000000 ♠ 12,250 ft 3733.7 m 7003112898100000000 ♠ 3,704 ft 1129 m 7004457400000000000 ♠ 28.4 mi 45.7 km 44 ° 36 ′ 04 '' N 109 ° 31 ′ 31 '' W  /  44.6012 ° N 109.5253 ° W  / 44.6012 ; - 109.5253  ( Trout Peak ) 164 Mount Huntington Alaska Alaska Range 7003373075900000000 ♠ 12,240 ft 3731 m 7002880874000000000 ♠ 2,890 ft 881 m 7003624000000000000 ♠ 3.88 mi 6.24 km 62 ° 58 ′ 04 '' N 150 ° 53 ′ 59 '' W  /  62.9677 ° N 150.8996 ° W  / 62.9677 ; - 150.8996  ( Mount Huntington ) 165 Mount Huxley Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003372344400000000 ♠ 12,216 ft 3723 m 7002629718000000000 ♠ 2,066 ft 630 m 7003884000000000000 ♠ 5.49 mi 8.84 km 60 ° 19 ′ 40 '' N 141 ° 09 ′ 19 '' W  /  60.3279 ° N 141.1554 ° W  / 60.3279 ; - 141.1554  ( Mount Huxley ) 166 Diamond Peak Idaho Lemhi Range 7003371930000000000 ♠ 12,202 ft 3719.3 m 7003164196100000000 ♠ 5,387 ft 1642 m 7004511800000000000 ♠ 31.8 mi 51.2 km 44 ° 08 ′ 29 '' N 113 ° 04 ′ 58 '' W  /  44.1414 ° N 113.0827 ° W  / 44.1414 ; - 113.0827  ( Diamond Peak ) 167 Mount Jordan Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003371551900000000 ♠ 12,190 ft 3716 m 7002713232999900000 ♠ 2,340 ft 713 m 7004114000000000000 ♠ 7.08 mi 11.40 km 61 ° 23 ′ 55 '' N 141 ° 28 ′ 12 '' W  /  61.3987 ° N 141.4700 ° W  / 61.3987 ; - 141.4700  ( Mount Jordan ) 168 Mount Zirkel Colorado Park Range 7003371410300000000 ♠ 12,185 ft 3714 m 7003105765799999999 ♠ 3,470 ft 1058 m 7004606000000000000 ♠ 37.7 mi 60.6 km 40 ° 49 ′ 53 '' N 106 ° 39 ′ 47 '' W  /  40.8313 ° N 106.6631 ° W  / 40.8313 ; - 106.6631  ( Mount Zirkel ) 169 Delano Peak Utah Tushar Mountains 7003371070000000000 ♠ 12,174 ft 3710.7 m 7003143530600000000 ♠ 4,709 ft 1435 m 7005180480000000000 ♠ 112.1 mi 180.5 km 38 ° 22 ′ 09 '' N 112 ° 22 ′ 17 '' W  /  38.3692 ° N 112.3714 ° W  / 38.3692 ; - 112.3714  ( Delano Peak ) 170 Mount Salisbury Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003370942300000000 ♠ 12,170 ft 3709 m 7003122529800000000 ♠ 4,020 ft 1225 m 7003490000000000000 ♠ 3.04 mi 4.90 km 58 ° 51 ′ 02 '' N 137 ° 22 ′ 19 '' W  /  58.8505 ° N 137.3719 ° W  / 58.8505 ; - 137.3719  ( Mount Salisbury ) 171 Crested Butte Colorado Elk Mountains 7003370892500000000 ♠ 12,168 ft 3709 m 7002786995000000000 ♠ 2,582 ft 787 m 7003749000000000000 ♠ 4.65 mi 7.49 km 38 ° 53 ′ 01 '' N 106 ° 56 ′ 37 '' W  /  38.8835 ° N 106.9436 ° W  / 38.8835 ; - 106.9436  ( Crested Butte ) 172 Younts Peak Wyoming Absaroka Range 7003370830000000000 ♠ 12,166 ft 3708.3 m 7002683058000000000 ♠ 2,241 ft 683 m 7004204400000000000 ♠ 12.70 mi 20.4 km 43 ° 58 ′ 55 '' N 109 ° 51 ′ 59 '' W  /  43.9820 ° N 109.8665 ° W  / 43.9820 ; - 109.8665  ( Younts Peak ) 173 Sawtooth Mountain Colorado La Garita Mountains 7003370420000000000 ♠ 12,153 ft 3704.2 m 7002587351000000000 ♠ 1,927 ft 587 m 7004269200000000000 ♠ 16.73 mi 26.9 km 38 ° 16 ′ 26 '' N 106 ° 52 ′ 01 '' W  /  38.2740 ° N 106.8670 ° W  / 38.2740 ; - 106.8670  ( Sawtooth Mountain ) 174 Olancha Peak California Sierra Nevada 7003369780000000000 ♠ 12,132 ft 3697.8 m 7002945796000000000 ♠ 3,103 ft 946 m 7004238900000000000 ♠ 14.84 mi 23.9 km 36 ° 15 ′ 55 '' N 118 ° 07 ′ 06 '' W  /  36.2652 ° N 118.1182 ° W  / 36.2652 ; - 118.1182  ( Olancha Peak ) 175 Mount Mather Alaska Alaska Range 7003369509800000000 ♠ 12,123 ft 3695 m 7002875692000000000 ♠ 2,873 ft 876 m 7004149200000000000 ♠ 9.27 mi 14.92 km 63 ° 11 ′ 41 '' N 150 ° 26 ′ 10 '' W  /  63.1946 ° N 150.4362 ° W  / 63.1946 ; - 150.4362  ( Mount Mather ) 176 Park Cone Colorado Sawatch Range 7003368996000000000 ♠ 12,106 ft 3690 m 7002621793000000000 ♠ 2,040 ft 622 m 7003553000000000000 ♠ 3.44 mi 5.53 km 38 ° 47 ′ 48 '' N 106 ° 36 ′ 10 '' W  /  38.7967 ° N 106.6028 ° W  / 38.7967 ; - 106.6028  ( Park Cone ) 177 Ibapah Peak Utah Deep Creek Range 7003368564200000000 ♠ 12,092 ft 3686 m 7003160538500000000 ♠ 5,267 ft 1605 m 7004984500000000000 ♠ 61.2 mi 98.5 km 39 ° 49 ′ 42 '' N 113 ° 55 ′ 12 '' W  /  39.8282 ° N 113.9200 ° W  / 39.8282 ; - 113.9200  ( Ibapah Peak ) 178 Carbon Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003368430000000000 ♠ 12,088 ft 3684.3 m 7002664160999900000 ♠ 2,179 ft 664 m 7003631000000000000 ♠ 3.92 mi 6.31 km 38 ° 47 ′ 39 '' N 107 ° 02 ′ 35 '' W  /  38.7943 ° N 107.0431 ° W  / 38.7943 ; - 107.0431  ( Carbon Peak ) 179 Glover Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003367963800000000 ♠ 12,072 ft 3680 m 7002520000000000000 ♠ 1,706 ft 520 m 7003400000000000000 ♠ 2.49 mi 4.00 km 43 ° 09 ′ 32 '' N 109 ° 45 ′ 56 '' W  /  43.1589 ° N 109.7656 ° W  / 43.1589 ; - 109.7656  ( Glover Peak ) 180 Mount Moriah Nevada Snake Range 7003367960000000000 ♠ 12,072 ft 3679.6 m 7003149611400000000 ♠ 4,909 ft 1496 m 7004327200000000000 ♠ 20.3 mi 32.7 km 39 ° 16 ′ 24 '' N 114 ° 11 ′ 56 '' W  /  39.2732 ° N 114.1988 ° W  / 39.2732 ; - 114.1988  ( Mount Moriah ) 181 Mount Guero Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003367540000000000 ♠ 12,058 ft 3675.4 m 7002741275000000000 ♠ 2,432 ft 741 m 7004102700000000000 ♠ 6.38 mi 10.27 km 38 ° 43 ′ 11 '' N 107 ° 23 ′ 10 '' W  /  38.7196 ° N 107.3861 ° W  / 38.7196 ; - 107.3861  ( Mount Guero ) 182 Siris Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003367284700000000 ♠ 12,050 ft 3673 m 7002792482000000000 ♠ 2,600 ft 792 m 7004258300000000000 ♠ 16.05 mi 25.8 km 60 ° 44 ′ 02 '' N 141 ° 00 ′ 50 '' W  /  60.7340 ° N 141.0138 ° W  / 60.7340 ; - 141.0138  ( Siris Peak ) 183 Red Table Mountain Colorado Sawatch Range 7003367070000000000 ♠ 12,043 ft 3670.7 m 7002614783000000000 ♠ 2,017 ft 615 m 7004126800000000000 ♠ 7.88 mi 12.68 km 39 ° 25 ′ 05 '' N 106 ° 46 ′ 16 '' W  /  39.4181 ° N 106.7712 ° W  / 39.4181 ; - 106.7712  ( Red Table Mountain ) 184 Chalk Benchmark Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003366930000000000 ♠ 12,038 ft 3669.3 m 7002600761999900000 ♠ 1,971 ft 601 m 7004116800000000000 ♠ 7.26 mi 11.68 km 37 ° 08 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 45 ′ 00 '' W  /  37.1418 ° N 106.7500 ° W  / 37.1418 ; - 106.7500  ( Chalk Benchmark ) 185 Medicine Bow Peak Wyoming Medicine Bow Mountains 7003366240000000000 ♠ 12,016 ft 3662.4 m 7002988468000000000 ♠ 3,243 ft 988 m 7004653600000000000 ♠ 40.6 mi 65.4 km 41 ° 21 ′ 37 '' N 106 ° 19 ′ 03 '' W  /  41.3603 ° N 106.3176 ° W  / 41.3603 ; - 106.3176  ( Medicine Bow Peak ) 186 Mount Witherspoon Alaska Chugach Mountains 7003366126500000000 ♠ 12,012 ft 3661 m 7002658979000000000 ♠ 2,162 ft 659 m 7003963000000000000 ♠ 5.98 mi 9.63 km 61 ° 23 ′ 43 '' N 147 ° 12 ′ 04 '' W  /  61.3954 ° N 147.2010 ° W  / 61.3954 ; - 147.2010  ( Mount Witherspoon ) 187 Mount Zwischen Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003366091700000000 ♠ 12,011 ft 3661 m 7002690678000000000 ♠ 2,266 ft 691 m 7003714000000000000 ♠ 4.44 mi 7.14 km 37 ° 47 ′ 29 '' N 105 ° 27 ′ 19 '' W  /  37.7913 ° N 105.4554 ° W  / 37.7913 ; - 105.4554  ( Mount Zwischen ) 188 Mount Drum Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003366065500000000 ♠ 12,010 ft 3661 m 7003206045200000000 ♠ 6,760 ft 2060 m 7004285400000000000 ♠ 17.73 mi 28.5 km 62 ° 06 ′ 57 '' N 144 ° 38 ′ 22 '' W  /  62.1159 ° N 144.6394 ° W  / 62.1159 ; - 144.6394  ( Mount Drum ) 189 Little Cone Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003365400000000000 ♠ 11,988 ft 3654.0 m 7002560833000000000 ♠ 1,840 ft 561 m 7003835000000000000 ♠ 5.19 mi 8.35 km 37 ° 55 ′ 39 '' N 108 ° 05 ′ 27 '' W  /  37.9275 ° N 108.0908 ° W  / 37.9275 ; - 108.0908  ( Little Cone ) 190 Sierra Blanca Peak New Mexico Sacramento Mountains 7003365180000000000 ♠ 11,981 ft 3651.8 m 7003169255800000000 ♠ 5,553 ft 1693 m 7005266670000000000 ♠ 165.7 mi 267 km 33 ° 22 ′ 27 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 31 '' W  /  33.3743 ° N 105.8087 ° W  / 33.3743 ; - 105.8087  ( Sierra Blanca Peak ) 191 Mount Hope Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003364236700000000 ♠ 11,950 ft 3642 m 7002609601000000000 ♠ 2,000 ft 610 m 7003425000000000000 ♠ 2.64 mi 4.25 km 60 ° 42 ′ 14 '' N 141 ° 03 ′ 41 '' W  /  60.7039 ° N 141.0614 ° W  / 60.7039 ; - 141.0614  ( Mount Hope ) 192 Mount Jefferson Nevada Toquima Range 7003364129000000000 ♠ 11,946 ft 3641 m 7003178948400000000 ♠ 5,871 ft 1789 m 7005158710000000000 ♠ 98.6 mi 158.7 km 38 ° 45 ′ 07 '' N 116 ° 55 ′ 36 '' W  /  38.7519 ° N 116.9267 ° W  / 38.7519 ; - 116.9267  ( Mount Jefferson ) 193 Hess Mountain Alaska Alaska Range 7003363931900000000 ♠ 11,940 ft 3639 m 7002758953999900000 ♠ 2,490 ft 759 m 7003447000000000000 ♠ 2.78 mi 4.47 km 63 ° 38 ′ 18 '' N 147 ° 08 ′ 54 '' W  /  63.6382 ° N 147.1482 ° W  / 63.6382 ; - 147.1482  ( Hess Mountain ) Mount Brooks Alaska Alaska Range 7003363931900000000 ♠ 11,940 ft 3639 m 7002545593000099999 ♠ 1,790 ft 546 m 7003809000000000000 ♠ 5.03 mi 8.09 km 63 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 150 ° 38 ′ 52 '' W  /  63.1875 ° N 150.6479 ° W  / 63.1875 ; - 150.6479  ( Mount Brooks ) 195 Cerro Vista New Mexico Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003363830000000000 ♠ 11,937 ft 3638.3 m 7002767793000000000 ♠ 2,519 ft 768 m 7004228300000000000 ♠ 14.19 mi 22.8 km 36 ° 14 ′ 07 '' N 105 ° 24 ′ 39 '' W  /  36.2353 ° N 105.4108 ° W  / 36.2353 ; - 105.4108  ( Cerro Vista ) 196 Mount Nebo Utah Wasatch Range 7003363705700000000 ♠ 11,933 ft 3637 m 7003167884200000000 ♠ 5,508 ft 1679 m 7005121620000000000 ♠ 75.6 mi 121.6 km 39 ° 49 ′ 19 '' N 111 ° 45 ′ 37 '' W  /  39.8219 ° N 111.7603 ° W  / 39.8219 ; - 111.7603  ( Mount Nebo ) 197 The Grand Parapet Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003363627100000000 ♠ 11,930 ft 3636 m 7002664465000000000 ♠ 2,180 ft 664 m 7003847000000000000 ♠ 5.26 mi 8.47 km 61 ° 24 ′ 37 '' N 142 ° 01 ′ 36 '' W  /  61.4103 ° N 142.0266 ° W  / 61.4103 ; - 142.0266  ( The Grand Parapet ) 198 Lituya Mountain Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003363444200000000 ♠ 11,924 ft 3634 m 7003111983700000000 ♠ 3,674 ft 1120 m 7003627000000000000 ♠ 3.90 mi 6.27 km 58 ° 48 ′ 19 '' N 137 ° 26 ′ 12 '' W  /  58.8054 ° N 137.4367 ° W  / 58.8054 ; - 137.4367  ( Lituya Mountain ) Haydon Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003363444200000000 ♠ 11,924 ft 3634 m 7002510236000000000 ♠ 1,674 ft 510 m 7003478000000000000 ♠ 2.97 mi 4.78 km 60 ° 15 ′ 38 '' N 140 ° 59 ′ 17 '' W  /  60.2606 ° N 140.9881 ° W  / 60.2606 ; - 140.9881  ( Haydon Peak ) 200 Charleston Peak ( Mount Charleston ) Nevada Spring Mountains 7003363200000000000 ♠ 11,916 ft 3632.0 m 7003251700000000000 ♠ 8,258 ft 2517 m 7005217500000000000 ♠ 135.1 mi 218 km 36 ° 16 ′ 18 '' N 115 ° 41 ′ 44 '' W  /  36.2716 ° N 115.6956 ° W  / 36.2716 ; - 115.6956  ( Charleston Peak ) Gallery ( edit ) 1 . Denali in Alaska is the highest summit of the United States and all of North America . 2 . Mount Saint Elias is the second highest summit of both Canada and the United States . 3 . Mount Foraker is the second highest major summit of the Alaska Range . 4 . Mount Bona in Alaska is the highest volcano in the United States . 5 . Mount Blackburn in Alaska is the highest summit of the Wrangell Mountains . 6 . Mount Sanford in Alaska is the third highest volcano in the United States . 7 . Mount Fairweather lies on the Alaska - British Columbia international border . 10 . Mount Hunter is the third highest major summit of the Alaska Range . 11 . Mount Whitney highest summit of the Sierra Nevada and California . 14 . Mount Elbert is the highest summit of Colorado and the Rocky Mountains . 17 . Mount Rainier is the highest summit of Washington and the Cascade Range . 25 . Grays Peak in Colorado is the highest point on the Continental Divide in North America . 34 . Mount Shasta in California is the highest summit of the southern Cascade Range . 39 . Pikes Peak in Colorado was the inspiration for America the Beautiful . 54 . Mount Hayes is the highest summit of the eastern Alaska Range . 57 . Gannett Peak is the highest summit of the Wind River Range and Wyoming . 59 . Mauna Kea on the Island of Hawai ʻi is the tallest mountain on Earth as measured from base to summit . 60 . Grand Teton in Wyoming is the highest summit of the Teton Range . 66 . Mauna Loa on the Island of Hawai ʻi is the most voluminous mountain on Earth . 76 . Kings Peak is the highest summit of the Uinta Range and Utah . 97 . Mount Marcus Baker is the highest summit of the Chugach Mountains of Alaska . 98 . Wheeler Peak is the highest summit of New Mexico . 102 . Volcán Tacaná is the highest summit of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas of Chiapas and Guatemala . 108 . Wheeler Peak in Nevada is the highest summit of the Snake Range . 117 . Granite Peak is the highest summit of the Beartooth Range and Montana . 125 . Borah Peak is the highest summit of the Lost River Range and Idaho . 129 . Humphreys Peak is the highest summit of the San Francisco Peaks and Arizona . See also ( edit ) Geography portal North America portal United States portal Mountains portal Volcanoes portal List of mountain peaks of North America List of mountain peaks of Greenland List of mountain peaks of Canada List of mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains List of mountain peaks of the United States List of the highest major summits of the United States List of the major 4000 - meter summits of the United States List of the major 3000 - meter summits of the United States List of United States fourteeners List of the most prominent summits of the United States List of the ultra-prominent summits of the United States List of the most isolated major summits of the United States List of the major 100 - kilometer summits of the United States List of mountain peaks of Alaska List of mountain peaks of California List of mountain peaks of Colorado List of mountain peaks of Hawai ʻi List of mountain peaks of México List of mountain peaks of Central America List of mountain peaks of the Caribbean United States of America Geography of the United States Geology of the United States Category : Mountains of the United States commons : Category : Mountains of the United States Physical geography Topography Topographic elevation Topographic prominence Topographic isolation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ This article defines a significant summit as a summit with at least 100 meters ( 328.1 feet ) of topographic prominence , and a major summit as a summit with at least 500 meters ( 1640 feet ) of topographic prominence . All summits in this article have at least 500 meters of topographic prominence . An ultra-prominent summit is a summit with at least 1500 meters ( 4921 feet ) of topographic prominence . Jump up ^ All elevations in the 48 states of the contiguous United States include an elevation adjustment from the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 ( NGVD 29 ) to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 ( NAVD 88 ) . For further information , please see this United States National Geodetic Survey note . ^ Jump up to : If the elevation or prominence of a summit is calculated as a range of values , the arithmetic mean is shown . Jump up ^ The topographic prominence of a summit is the topographic elevation difference between the summit and its highest or key col to a higher summit . The summit may be near its key col or quite far away . The key col for Denali in Alaska is the Isthmus of Rivas in Nicaragua , 7642 kilometers ( 4749 miles ) away . Jump up ^ The topographic isolation of a summit is the great - circle distance to its nearest point of equal elevation . Jump up ^ The summit of Denali is the highest point of the Alaska Range , the State of Alaska , the United States of America , and greater North America . Denali is the third most topographically prominent and third most topographically isolated summit on Earth after Mount Everest and Aconcagua . Jump up ^ `` Denali '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denali '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Saint Elias is the second highest major summit of both Canada and the United States . Jump up ^ `` Mount Saint Elias '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Saint Elias '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Foraker is the westernmost 5000 - meter ( 16,404 - foot ) summit of Alaska , the United States , and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Mount Foraker '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Foraker '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Bona is the highest point of the northwest Saint Elias Mountains . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bona '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bona '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Blackburn is the highest point of the Wrangell Mountains . Jump up ^ `` MT BLACKBURN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station UV4136 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Blackburn '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Blackburn '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sanford '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sanford '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Fairweather lies on the international border between Alaska and British Columbia . The peak is the highest point of the Canadian Province of British Columbia and the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in both Canada and the United States . Jump up ^ `` Mount Fairweather '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Fairweather '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hubbard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hubbard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bear '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bear '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hunter '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hunter '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Whitney is the highest point of the Sierra Nevada , the State of California , and the contiguous United States . Jump up ^ Mount Whitney is the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in United States . Jump up ^ `` WHITNEY '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GT1811 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Whitney '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Whitney '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BOUNDARY POINT 180 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station UV3032 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Alverstone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Alverstone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Elbert is the highest point of the U.S. State of Colorado , the Rocky Mountains of North America , and the entire Mississippi River drainage basin . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT ELBERT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0637 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Elbert '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Elbert '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Massive is the second highest major summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT MASSIVE CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0640 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Massive includes an adjustment of + 2.087 m ( + 6.85 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Massive '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Massive '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Harvard is the highest point of the Collegiate Peaks . Jump up ^ Mount Harvard is the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` HARVARD '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0879 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Harvard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Harvard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Rainier is the highest point of the Cascade Range and the U.S. State of Washington . Mount Rainier is the most prominent summit in the contiguous United States and the fourth most prominent in North America . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Rainier includes an adjustment of + 1.914 m ( + 6.28 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Rainier '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Rainier '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Williamson includes an adjustment of + 1.807 m ( + 5.93 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Williamson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Williamson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Blanca Peak is the highest point of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and the entire Rio Grande drainage basin . Jump up ^ Blanca Peak is the southernmost ultra-prominent summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Blanca Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.755 m ( + 5.76 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Blanca Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blanca Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of La Plata Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.983 m ( + 6.51 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` La Plata Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La Plata Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Uncompahgre Peak is the highest point of the San Juan Mountains and the entire Gulf of California drainage basin . Jump up ^ Uncompahgre Peak is the westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` UNCOMPAHGRE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0798 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uncompahgre Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uncompahgre Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Crestone Peak is the highest point of the Crestones . Jump up ^ The elevation of Crestone Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.76 m ( + 5.77 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Crestone Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crestone Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Lincoln is the highest point of the Mosquito Range and the entire Missouri River drainage basin . Jump up ^ Mount Lincoln is the northernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` MT LINCOLN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0627 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lincoln '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lincoln '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Castle Peak is the highest point of the Elk Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CASTLE PK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0659 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Grays Peak is the highest point of the Front Range and the Continental Divide in North America . Jump up ^ Grays Peak is the northernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GRAYS PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KK2036 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grays Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grays Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Antero is the highest point of the southern Sawatch Range . Jump up ^ `` MT ANTERO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0883 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Antero '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Antero '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EVANS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KK2030 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit elevation of Mount Evans includes a vertical offset of + 1.798 m ( + 5.9 ft ) from the station benchmark . Jump up ^ `` Mount Evans '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Evans '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Longs Peak is the highest point of the northern Front Range . Jump up ^ Longs Peak is the northernmost 14,000 - foot ( 4267 - meter ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` LONGS PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1346 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Longs Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Longs Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Wilson is the highest point of the San Miguel Mountains . Jump up ^ Mount Wilson is the westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Wilson includes an adjustment of + 1.899 m ( + 6.23 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wilson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wilson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of White Mountain Peak is the highest point of the White Mountains . Jump up ^ `` WHITE MOUNTAIN PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2559 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White Mountain Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White Mountain Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of North Palisade is the highest point of the Palisades . Jump up ^ `` NORTH PALISADE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2629 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of North Palisade includes an adjustment of + 1.867 m ( + 6.13 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` North Palisade '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Palisade '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PRINCETON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0886 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Princeton '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Princeton '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YALE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0889 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Yale '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Yale '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Shasta is the highest point of the southern Cascade Range . Jump up ^ `` MT SHASTA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station MX1016 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MAROON PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0805 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wrangell '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wrangell '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Sneffels is the highest point of the Sneffels Range . Jump up ^ `` SNEFFLES '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0826 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sneffels '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sneffels '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CAPITOL PK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0688 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Capitol Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.991 m ( + 6.53 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Pikes Peak is the easternmost 14,000 - foot ( 4267 - meter ) summit and ultra-prominent summit of the Rocky Mountains . Pikes Peak was the inspiration for the lyrics of America the Beautiful . Jump up ^ `` PIKES PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JK1242 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pikes Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pikes Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Windom Peak is the highest point of the Needle Mountains . Jump up ^ Mount Eolus may be higher than Windom Peak . Jump up ^ The elevation of Windom Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.785 m ( + 5.86 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Windom Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Windom Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Augusta '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Augusta '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HANDIES '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0635 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Handies Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Handies Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Culebra Peak is the highest point of the Culebra Range . Jump up ^ Culebra Peak is the southernmost 14,000 - foot ( 4267 - meter ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Culebra Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.740 m ( + 5.71 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Culebra Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Culebra Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of San Luis Peak is the highest point of the La Garita Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SAN LUIS PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0570 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Luis Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Luis Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount of the Holy Cross is the highest point of the northern Sawatch Range . Jump up ^ `` MT HOLY CROSS ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0649 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit elevation of Mount of the Holy Cross includes a vertical offset of + 0.610 m ( + 2.0 ft ) from the station benchmark . Jump up ^ `` Mount of the Holy Cross '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount of the Holy Cross '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GRIZZLY '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0800 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzly Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzly Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT HUMPHREYS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2626 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Humphreys includes an adjustment of + 1.842 m ( + 6.04 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Humphreys '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Humphreys '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT KEITH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GT1807 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Keith includes an adjustment of + 1.795 m ( + 5.89 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Keith '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Keith '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Ouray is the highest point of the far southern Sawatch Range . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT OURAY RESET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0672 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ouray '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ouray '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Vermilion Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.827 m ( + 5.99 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Vermilion Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vermilion Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atna Peaks '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atna Peaks '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` REGAL MOUNTAIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station UV4133 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regal Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regal Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT DARWIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2631 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Darwin includes an adjustment of + 1.886 m ( + 6.19 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Darwin '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Darwin '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Hayes is the highest point of the Hayes Range . Jump up ^ Mount Hayes is the northernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of Alaska , the United States , and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hayes '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hayes '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SILVERHEELS ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0629 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverheels '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverheels '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PYRAMID '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0589 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Grande Pyramid '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Grande Pyramid '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Gannett Peak is the highest point of the Wind River Range , the U.S. State of Wyoming , and the central Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ Gannett Peak is the northernmost and westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GANNETT PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OW0356 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gannett Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gannett Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Kaweah is the highest point of the Great Western Divide . Jump up ^ Mount Kaweah is the southernmost summit of its elevation in United States . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Kaweah includes an adjustment of + 1.652 m ( + 5.42 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Kaweah '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Kaweah '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mauna Kea is the highest point of the Island of Hawai ʻi , the U.S. State of Hawai ʻi , and all islands of the Pacific Ocean . Jump up ^ Mauna Kea is the tallest mountain on Earth as measured from base to summit . The shield volcano sits on the ocean floor at a depth of 5998 meters ( 19,678 feet ) for a total height of 10,205.3 meters ( 33,482 feet ) . Jump up ^ `` SUMMIT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station TU2314 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Kea '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Kea '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Grand Teton is the highest point of the Teton Range . Jump up ^ Grand Teton is the northernmost and westernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GRAND TETON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OX0838 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Teton '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Teton '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Cook '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Cook '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MORGAN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2627 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Morgan '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Morgan '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Gabb includes an adjustment of + 1.958 m ( + 6.42 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gabb '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gabb '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bald Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.922 m ( + 6.31 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Oso includes an adjustment of + 1.776 m ( + 5.83 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Oso '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Oso '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mauna Loa is the southernmost and westernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of Hawai ʻi and the United States . Jump up ^ The shield volcano Mauna Loa is the most voluminous mountain on Earth with an estimated volume of 74,000 km3 ( 17,800 cubic miles ) , or enough material to fill the Grand Canyon more than 18 times . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Loa '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Loa '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT JACKSON ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0650 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jackson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jackson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT TOM LOOKOUT TOWER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2770 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Tom includes an adjustment of + 1.379 m ( + 4.52 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tom '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tom '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bard Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.707 m ( + 5.60 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bard Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bard Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ West Spanish Peak is the easternmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains and the United States . Jump up ^ The elevation of West Spanish Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.468 m ( + 4.82 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` West Spanish Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Spanish Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Powell is the highest point of the Gore Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Powell includes an adjustment of + 1.771 m ( + 5.81 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Powell '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Powell '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Hagues Peak is the highest point of the Mummy Range . Jump up ^ `` HAGUE RM '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1350 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hagues Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hagues Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Dubois includes an adjustment of + 1.879 m ( + 6.16 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dubois '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dubois '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Tower Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.796 m ( + 5.89 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Treasure Mountain includes an adjustment of + 2.008 m ( + 6.59 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Kings Peak is the highest point of the Uinta Mountains , the U.S. State of Utah , and the western Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Kings Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.807 m ( + 5.93 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of North Arapaho Peak is the highest point of the Indian Peaks . Jump up ^ `` NORTH ARAPAHOE PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1357 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of North Arapaho Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.763 m ( + 5.78 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` North Arapaho Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Arapaho Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Pinchot includes an adjustment of + 1.810 m ( + 5.94 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Pinchot '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Pinchot '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Natazhat '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Natazhat '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jarvis '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jarvis '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Parry Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.763 m ( + 5.78 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Parry Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parry Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Bill Williams Peak is the highest point of the Williams Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bill Williams Peak includes an adjustment of + 2.044 m ( + 6.71 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Williams Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Williams Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Sultan Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.649 m ( + 5.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Sultan Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sultan Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Herard includes an adjustment of + 1.640 m ( + 5.38 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Herard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Herard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BUFFALO WEST PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0653 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of West Buffalo Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.834 m ( + 6.02 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` West Buffalo Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Buffalo Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tressider Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tressider Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Summit Peak is the highest point of the southern San Juan Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SUMMIT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0503 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summit Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summit Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Dolores Peak may be higher than Middle Peak . Jump up ^ The elevation of Middle Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.809 m ( + 5.94 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Middle Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Middle Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Antora Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.883 m ( + 6.18 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Antora Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Antora Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Henry Mountain includes an adjustment of + 2.037 m ( + 6.68 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Hesperus Mountain is the highest point of the La Plata Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Hesperus Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.650 m ( + 5.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Hesperus Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hesperus Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverthrone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverthrone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Jacque Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.866 m ( + 6.12 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Jacque Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jacque Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bennett Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.782 m ( + 5.85 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bennett Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bennett Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Wind River Peak is the highest point of the southern Wind River Range . Jump up ^ `` WIND '' . Datasheet for NGS Station NS0274 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wind River Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wind River Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CONEJOS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0502 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Conejos Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Conejos Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Marcus Baker is the highest point of the Chugach Mountains . Jump up ^ `` Mount Marcus Baker '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Marcus Baker '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Cloud Peak is the highest point of the Bighorn Mountains . Jump up ^ Cloud Peak is the northernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CLOUD PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PW0524 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Wheeler Peak is the highest point of the Taos Mountains and the U.S. State of New Mexico . Jump up ^ Wheeler Peak is the southernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` WHEELER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0779 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Francs Peak is the highest point of the Absaroka Range . Jump up ^ `` FRANCS PK 2 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OW0325 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Francs Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Francs Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Twilight Peak is the highest point of the West Needle Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Twilight Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.537 m ( + 5.04 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` S RIVER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0558 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South River Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South River Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Ritter is the highest point of the Ritter Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Ritter includes an adjustment of + 1.786 m ( + 5.86 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ritter '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ritter '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RED SLATE MOUNTAIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2690 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Red Slate Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.893 m ( + 6.21 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Red Slate Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LYELL 2 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2884 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lyell ( California ) '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lyell ( California ) '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TWIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JK1305 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bushnell Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bushnell Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Truchas Peak is the highest point of the Santa Fe Mountains . Jump up ^ Truchas Peak is the southernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` TRUCHAS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station FN0666 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Truchas Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Truchas Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Wheeler Peak is the highest point of the Snake Range . Jump up ^ `` WHEELER PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JP0339 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT DANA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2738 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dana '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dana '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of West Elk Peak is the highest point of the West Elk Mountains . Jump up ^ `` WEST ELK D '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0755 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Elk Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Elk Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moffit '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moffit '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Centennial includes an adjustment of + 1.814 m ( + 5.95 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Centennial '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Clark Peak is the highest point of the Medicine Bow Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CLARK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1388 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clark Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clark Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Richthofen is the highest point of the Never Summer Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Richthofen includes an adjustment of + 1.658 m ( + 5.44 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Richthofen '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Richthofen '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Root '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Root '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Lizard Head Peak is the highest point of the Cirque of the Towers . Jump up ^ The elevation of Lizard Head Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.572 m ( + 5.16 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Lizard Head Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lizard Head Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Granite Peak is the highest point of the Beartooth Mountains and the U.S. State of Montana . Jump up ^ `` GRANITE PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station QW0616 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Granite Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Granite Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crosson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crosson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Venado Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.650 m ( + 5.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Venado Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Venado Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHAIR D '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0696 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chair Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chair Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Peale is the highest point of the La Sal Mountains and the Colorado Plateau . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT PEALE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JM0496 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Peale '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Peale '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crillon '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crillon '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GUNNISON D '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0762 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gunnison '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gunnison '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ East Spanish Peak is the easternmost 3000 - meter ( 9843 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains and the United States . Jump up ^ `` EAST SPANISH PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HK0488 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of East Spanish Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.372 m ( + 4.50 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` East Spanish Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Spanish Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Borah Peak is the highest point of the Lost River Range and the U.S. State of Idaho . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY RESET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PZ0770 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Borah Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Borah Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Wood is the highest point of the Granite Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Wood includes an adjustment of + 1.516 m ( + 4.97 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wood '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wood '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gunnar Naslund '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT CONNESS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2743 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Conness '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Conness '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Humphreys Peak is the highest point of the San Francisco Peaks and the U.S. State of Arizona . Jump up ^ The elevation of Humphreys Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.345 m ( + 4.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Humphreys Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Humphreys Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Santa Fe Baldy is the southernmost 3000 - meter ( 9843 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SANTA FE BALDY '' . Datasheet for NGS Station FN0726 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe Baldy '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe Baldy '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Gothic Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.936 m ( + 6.35 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Gothic Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gothic Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PLATEAU '' . Datasheet for NGS Station QW0613 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LONE CONE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HM0489 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Cone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Cone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT MORAN ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OX0854 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moran '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moran '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tlingit Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tlingit Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CUERVO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0770 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Costilla Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Costilla Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Carpe '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Carpe '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Needham Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.602 m ( + 5.26 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Needham Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Needham Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GRAHAM '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0620 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Graham Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Graham Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WHETSTONE MTN CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0732 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whetstone Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whetstone Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kahiltna Dome '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kahiltna Dome '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Thor '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Thor '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Watson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Watson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Atlantic Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.521 m ( + 4.99 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Specimen Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.614 m ( + 5.30 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Specimen Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Specimen Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Baldy Mountain is the highest point of the Cimarron Range . Jump up ^ `` BALDY MTN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0775 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baldy Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baldy Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EAST BECKWITH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0741 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Beckwith Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Beckwith Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Knobby Crest is the highest point of the Kenosha Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Knobby Crest includes an adjustment of + 1.595 m ( + 5.23 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Knobby Crest '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Bison Peak is the highest point of the Tarryall Mountains . Jump up ^ `` BISON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KK1966 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bison Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bison Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ANTHRACITE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0739 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthracite Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthracite Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Matchless Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.941 m ( + 6.37 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Matchless Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matchless Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Flat Top Mountain is the highest point of the Flat Tops . Jump up ^ `` FLATTOP '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LM0694 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flat Top Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flat Top Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT NYSTROM '' . Datasheet for NGS Station NS0271 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nystrom '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nystrom '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moby Dick ( Alaska ) '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moby Dick ( Alaska ) '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Greenhorn Mountain is the highest point of the Wet Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GREENHORN MTN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HK0512 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greenhorn Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greenhorn Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Elliott Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.709 m ( + 5.61 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Elliott Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Deborah is the northernmost summit of its elevation in Alaska , the United States , and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Mount Deborah '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Deborah '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Twin Peaks includes an adjustment of + 1.717 m ( + 5.63 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Peaks '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Peaks '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CARTER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PX0432 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Parkview Mountain is the highest point of the Rabbit Ears Range . Jump up ^ `` PARKVIEW MOUNTAIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LM0574 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parkview Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parkview Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Cornwall Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.715 m ( + 5.63 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Cornwall Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cornwall Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT ADAMS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station SB1004 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Adams '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Adams '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Trout Peak is the highest point of the central Absaroka Range . Jump up ^ `` TROUT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PX0457 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trout Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trout Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Huntington '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Huntington '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Huxley '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Huxley '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Diamond Peak is the highest point of the Lemhi Range . Jump up ^ `` DIAMOND RESET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PZ0750 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jordan '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jordan '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Zirkel is the highest point of the Park Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Zirkel includes an adjustment of + 1.632 m ( + 5.35 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Zirkel '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Zirkel '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Delano Peak is the highest point of the Tushar Mountains . Jump up ^ `` DELANO PEAK M 5 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JO0502 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Delano Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Delano Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Salisbury '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Salisbury '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Crested Butte includes an adjustment of + 1.940 m ( + 6.36 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Crested Butte '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crested Butte '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YOUNTS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OW0379 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Younts Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Younts Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAWTOOTH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0697 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sawtooth Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sawtooth Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Olancha Peak is the highest point of the southern Sierra Nevada . Jump up ^ `` OLANCHA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GT1820 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olancha Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olancha Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Mather '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Mather '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Park Cone includes an adjustment of + 1.873 m ( + 6.15 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Park Cone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Park Cone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Ibapah Peak is the highest point of the Deep Creek Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Ibapah Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.517 m ( + 4.98 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Ibapah Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ibapah Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CARBON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0738 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Glover Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.609 m ( + 5.28 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Glover Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT MORIAH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KP0314 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moriah '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moriah '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT GUERO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0894 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Guero '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Guero '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Siris Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RUEDI '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0811 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Table Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Table Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHALK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0510 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chalk Benchmark '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Medicine Bow Peak is the highest point of the Snowy Range . Jump up ^ `` MEDICINE BOW '' . Datasheet for NGS Station MP0546 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Medicine Bow Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Medicine Bow Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Witherspoon '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Witherspoon '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Zwischen includes an adjustment of + 1.481 m ( + 4.86 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Zwischen '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Zwischen '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Drum '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Drum '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LITTLE CONE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HM0486 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Cone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Cone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Sierra Blanca Peak is the highest point of the Sacramento Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SIERRA BLANCA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station DR1010 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Blanca Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Blanca Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hope '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hope '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Jefferson is the highest point of the Toquima Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Jefferson includes an adjustment of + 1.666 m ( + 5.47 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jefferson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jefferson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hess Mountain is the northernmost 3000 - meter ( 9843 - foot ) summit of Alaska and the United States . Jump up ^ `` Hess Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hess Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT BROOKS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station TT6450 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Brooks '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Brooks '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Cerro Vista is the highest point of the southern Sangre de Cristo Range . Jump up ^ `` CERRO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0798 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cerro Vista '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cerro Vista '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Nebo is the highest point of the Wasatch Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Nebo includes an adjustment of + 1.395 m ( + 4.58 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nebo '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nebo '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Parapet '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Parapet '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lituya Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lituya Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haydon Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haydon Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Charleston Peak is the highest point of the Spring Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CHARLESTON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GR1965 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charleston Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charleston Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMountains of the United Statesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) Geographic Names Information System @ USGS United States National Geodetic Survey ( NGS ) Geodetic Glossary @ NGS NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 online elevation converter @ NGS Survey Marks and Datasheets @ NGS Bivouac.com Peakbagger.com Peaklist.org Peakware.com Summitpost.org United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island The 104 highest major summits of the United States of America Denali Mount Saint Elias Mount Foraker Mount Bona Mount Blackburn Mount Sanford Mount Fairweather Mount Hubbard Mount Bear Mount Hunter Mount Whitney Mount Alverstone University Peak Mount Elbert Mount Massive Mount Harvard Mount Rainier Mount Williamson Blanca Peak La Plata Peak Uncompahgre Peak Crestone Peak Mount Lincoln Castle Peak Grays Peak Mount Antero Mount Evans Longs Peak Mount Wilson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Princeton Mount Yale Mount Shasta Maroon Peak Mount Wrangell Mount Sneffels Capitol Peak Pikes Peak Windom Peak / Mount Eolus Mount Augusta Handies Peak Culebra Peak San Luis Peak Mount of the Holy Cross Grizzly Peak Mount Humphreys Mount Keith Mount Ouray Vermilion Peak Atna Peaks Regal Mountain Mount Darwin Mount Hayes Mount Silverheels Rio Grande Pyramid Gannett Peak Mount Kaweah Mauna Kea Grand Teton Mount Cook Mount Morgan Mount Gabb Bald Mountain Mount Oso Mauna Loa Mount Jackson Mount Tom Bard Peak West Spanish Peak Mount Powell Hagues Peak Mount Dubois Tower Mountain Treasure Mountain Kings Peak North Arapaho Peak Mount Pinchot Mount Natazhat Mount Jarvis Parry Peak Bill Williams Peak Sultan Mountain Mount Herard West Buffalo Peak Tressider Peak Summit Peak Middle Peak / Dolores Peak Antora Peak Henry Mountain Hesperus Mountain Mount Silverthrone Jacque Peak Bennett Peak Wind River Peak Conejos Peak Mount Marcus Baker Cloud Peak Wheeler Peak Francs Peak Twilight Peak South River Peak Mount Ritter Red Slate Mountain The 126 most prominent summits of the United States of America Denali Mauna Kea Mount Rainier Mount Fairweather Mount Blackburn Mount Hayes Mount Saint Elias Mount Marcus Baker Mount Whitney Haleakalā Mount Shasta Shishaldin Volcano Redoubt Volcano Mount Elbert Mount Baker Mount Torbert San Jacinto Peak San Gorgonio Mountain Charleston Peak Pavlof Volcano Mount Veniaminof Mount Adams Mount Hubbard Mount Isto Iliamna Volcano Mount Olympus Mount Cook Mount Hood Mount Sanford Mount Tom White Wheeler Peak Glacier Peak Mount Kimball Mount Griggs Mount Foraker White Mountain Peak Mount Crillon Mauna Loa Cloud Peak Gannett Peak Mount Vsevidof Mount Hesperus Mount Bona Mount Drum Mount Chiginagak Grand Teton Sacajawea Peak Mount Neacola Kings Peak Mount Graham Mount Douglas Mount San Antonio Kichatna Spire De Long Peak Telescope Peak Mount Peale Pogromni Volcano Dewey Peak Mount Washington Mount Igikpak Snow Tower Mount Mitchell Truuli Peak Humphreys Peak Borah Peak Mount Natazhat Hanagita Peak Tanaga Volcano Makushin Volcano Sovereign Mountain Mount Jefferson ( Nevada ) Mount Ellen Isanotski Peaks Deseret Peak Mount Jefferson ( Oregon ) Isthmus Peak Frosty Peak Pilot Peak Crazy Peak Great Sitkin Volcano Pu ʻu Kukui Mount Cleveland ( Alaska ) McDonald Peak Mount Wrangell South Sister Devils Paw Mount Seattle Sierra Blanca Peak Pikes Peak Mount Russell Mount Nebo Snowshoe Peak North Schell Peak Hayford Peak Mount Foresta Star Peak Veniaminof Peak Flat Top Mountain Bearhole Peak Mount Steller Mount Stuart Blanca Peak Mount Miller Carlisle Volcano Mount Timpanogos Bashful Peak Ibapah Peak Mount Cleveland ( Montana ) Kawaikini Tetlin Peak Arc Dome Lassen Peak Mount Deborah Necons Peak Abercrombie Mountain Mount Lemmon Gareloi Volcano Chiricahua Peak Stony Peak Mount Eddy Mount Augusta Copper Peak Mount Bear Korovin Volcano Miller Peak Kamakou The 107 most isolated major summits of the United States of America Denali Mauna Kea Mount Whitney Mount Mitchell Mount Washington Mount Rainier Mount Elbert Shishaldin Volcano Tanaga Volcano Mount Isto Signal Hill Mount Shasta Gannett Peak Mount Osborn Mount Igikpak Humphreys Peak Wheeler Peak Mount Vsevidof Mount Veniaminof Kawaikini Dillingham HP Hall Island HP Spruce Knob Kings Peak Sierra Blanca Peak San Gorgonio Mountain Katahdin Peak 4030 Tooth Benchmark Mount Baldy Borah Peak Cloud Peak Black Elk Peak Slide Mountain Mount Griggs Charleston Peak Junipero Serra Peak Mount Baker Mount Marcy Mount Hayes Mount Marcus Baker Sacajawea Peak Steens Mountain Mount Fairweather Delano Peak Mount Olympus Black Mountain Blanca Peak Mount Tozi Mount Cleveland Mount Jefferson Mount Torbert Mount Chiginagak Hualapai Peak Baldy Peak Ruby Dome Pavlof Volcano Truuli Peak South Baldy Great Sitkin Volcano Eagle Peak Mount Taylor Accomplishment Peak Granite Peak Kiska Volcano Korovin Volcano Uncompahgre Peak Devils Paw Ka ʻala Koniag Peak Cache Peak Makushin Volcano Snowshoe Peak Mount Pinos Granite Peak Mount Graham West Butte Guadalupe Peak Veniaminof Peak McDonald Peak Hilgard Peak Haleakalā Mount Nebo Tweedy Mountain Blackburn Hills Buldir Volcano Mount Peale Mount Tom White Cinnabar Mountain Mount McLoughlin Lassen Peak Clingmans Dome Kaibab Plateau HP Anvil Peak Grand Teton Star Peak Laramie Peak White Mountain Peak Miller Peak Kusilvak HP Copernicus Peak Sugarloaf Mountain Chiricahua Peak Mount Harper Mount Angayukaqsraq Mount Prindle Bearpaw Baldy Mountain peaks of the United States of America States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Coordinates : 63 ° 04 ′ 08 '' N 151 ° 00 ′ 23 '' W  /  63.0690 ° N 151.0063 ° W  / 63.0690 ; - 151.0063  ( Denali ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_highest_major_summits_of_the_United_States&oldid=835715802 '' Categories : Mountains of the United States Lists of mountains of the United States United States geography - related lists Lists of landforms of the United States United States - related lists Lists of mountains by country Lists of mountains by elevation Hidden categories : Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 10 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what is the highest peak in the us
[ "\nThe 200 highest summits of the United States with at least 500 meters of topographic prominence\n\n\nRank\nMountain Peak\nState\nMountain Range\nElevation\nProminence\nIsolation\nLocation\n\n\n1\nDenali[6][7][8]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003619050000000000♠20,310 ft\n6190.5 m\n7003614050000000000♠20,146 ft\n6141 m\n7006745024000000000♠4,629 mi\n7,450 km\n63°04′08″N 151°00′23″W / 63.0690°N 151.0063°W / 63.0690; -151.0063 (Denali)\n\n\n2\nMount Saint Elias[9][10][11]\n Alaska\n Yukon\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003548900000000000♠18,009 ft\n5489 m\n7003342900000000000♠11,250 ft\n3429 m\n7004412500000000000♠25.6 mi\n41.3 km\n60°17′34″N 140°55′51″W / 60.2927°N 140.9307°W / 60.2927; -140.9307 (Mount Saint Elias)\n\n\n3\nMount Foraker[12][13][14]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003530353100000000♠17,400 ft\n5304 m\n7003220980400000000♠7,250 ft\n2210 m\n7004229600000000000♠14.27 mi\n23.0 km\n62°57′37″N 151°23′59″W / 62.9604°N 151.3998°W / 62.9604; -151.3998 (Mount Foraker)\n\n\n4\nMount Bona[15][16][17]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003504445000000000♠16,550 ft\n5044 m\n7003210312399999999♠6,900 ft\n2103 m\n7004800400000000000♠49.7 mi\n80.0 km\n61°23′08″N 141°44′58″W / 61.3856°N 141.7495°W / 61.3856; -141.7495 (Mount Bona)\n\n\n5\nMount Blackburn[18][19][20][21]\n Alaska\nWrangell Mountains\n7003499568200000000♠16,390 ft\n4996 m\n7003354787900000000♠11,640 ft\n3548 m\n7004976400000000000♠60.7 mi\n97.6 km\n61°43′50″N 143°24′11″W / 61.7305°N 143.4031°W / 61.7305; -143.4031 (Mount Blackburn)\n\n\n6\nMount Sanford[22][23]\n Alaska\nWrangell Mountains\n7003494904700099999♠16,237 ft\n4949 m\n7003234300200000000♠7,687 ft\n2343 m\n7004647900000000000♠40.3 mi\n64.8 km\n62°12′48″N 144°07′45″W / 62.2132°N 144.1292°W / 62.2132; -144.1292 (Mount Sanford)\n\n\n7\nMount Fairweather[24][25][26]\n(Fairweather Mountain)\n Alaska\n British Columbia\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003467100000000000♠15,325 ft\n4671 m\n7003396100000000000♠12,995 ft\n3961 m\n7005200280000000000♠124.4 mi\n200 km\n58°54′23″N 137°31′35″W / 58.9064°N 137.5265°W / 58.9064; -137.5265 (Mount Fairweather)\n\n\n8\nMount Hubbard[27][28]\n Alaska\n Yukon\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003455700000000000♠14,951 ft\n4557 m\n7003245700000000000♠8,061 ft\n2457 m\n7004343500000000000♠21.3 mi\n34.4 km\n60°19′10″N 139°04′21″W / 60.3194°N 139.0726°W / 60.3194; -139.0726 (Mount Hubbard)\n\n\n9\nMount Bear[29][30]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003452049800099999♠14,831 ft\n4520 m\n7003154049800000000♠5,054 ft\n1540 m\n7004324200000000000♠20.1 mi\n32.4 km\n61°17′00″N 141°08′36″W / 61.2834°N 141.1433°W / 61.2834; -141.1433 (Mount Bear)\n\n\n10\nMount Hunter[31][32]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003444185900000000♠14,573 ft\n4442 m\n7003141823700000000♠4,653 ft\n1418 m\n7004110700000000000♠6.88 mi\n11.07 km\n62°57′01″N 151°05′29″W / 62.9504°N 151.0915°W / 62.9504; -151.0915 (Mount Hunter)\n\n\n11\nMount Whitney[33][34][35][36][37]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003442100000000000♠14,505 ft\n4421.0 m\n7003307239000000000♠10,080 ft\n3072 m\n7006264947000000000♠1,646 mi\n2,649 km\n36°34′43″N 118°17′31″W / 36.5786°N 118.2920°W / 36.5786; -118.2920 (Mount Whitney)\n\n\n12\nMount Alverstone[38][39][40]\n(Boundary Point 180)\n Alaska\n Yukon\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003441960900000000♠14,500 ft\n4420 m\n7002594361000000000♠1,950 ft\n594 m\n7003362000000000000♠2.25 mi\n3.62 km\n60°21′06″N 139°04′30″W / 60.3518°N 139.0749°W / 60.3518; -139.0749 (Mount Alverstone)\n\n\n13\nUniversity Peak[41][42]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003441046500000000♠14,470 ft\n4410 m\n7002978410000000000♠3,210 ft\n978 m\n7003597000000000000♠3.71 mi\n5.97 km\n61°19′38″N 141°47′12″W / 61.3272°N 141.7867°W / 61.3272; -141.7867 (University Peak)\n\n\n14\nMount Elbert[43][44][45][46]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003440120000000000♠14,440 ft\n4401.2 m\n7003277155200000000♠9,093 ft\n2772 m\n7006107915000000000♠671 mi\n1,079 km\n39°07′04″N 106°26′43″W / 39.1178°N 106.4454°W / 39.1178; -106.4454 (Mount Elbert)\n\n\n15\nMount Massive[47][48][49][50][51]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003439761700000000♠14,428 ft\n4398 m\n7002597714000000000♠1,961 ft\n598 m\n7003814000000000000♠5.06 mi\n8.14 km\n39°11′15″N 106°28′33″W / 39.1875°N 106.4757°W / 39.1875; -106.4757 (Mount Massive)\n\n\n16\nMount Harvard[52][53][54][55][56]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003439560000000000♠14,421 ft\n4395.6 m\n7002719328999900000♠2,360 ft\n719 m\n7004240100000000000♠14.92 mi\n24.0 km\n38°55′28″N 106°19′15″W / 38.9244°N 106.3207°W / 38.9244; -106.3207 (Mount Harvard)\n\n\n17\nMount Rainier[57][58][59][60]\n Washington\nCascade Range\n7003439439600000000♠14,417 ft\n4394 m\n7003402641600000000♠13,210 ft\n4026 m\n7006117672000000000♠731 mi\n1,177 km\n46°51′10″N 121°45′37″W / 46.8529°N 121.7604°W / 46.8529; -121.7604 (Mount Rainier)\n\n\n18\nMount Williamson[61][62][63]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003438270600000000♠14,379 ft\n4383 m\n7002510706000000000♠1,676 ft\n511 m\n7003870000000000000♠5.41 mi\n8.70 km\n36°39′21″N 118°18′40″W / 36.6559°N 118.3111°W / 36.6559; -118.3111 (Mount Williamson)\n\n\n19\nBlanca Peak[64][65][66][67][68]\n Colorado\nSangre de Cristo Mountains\n7003437412000000000♠14,351 ft\n4374 m\n7003162336800000000♠5,326 ft\n1623 m\n7005166360000000000♠103.4 mi\n166.4 km\n37°34′39″N 105°29′08″W / 37.5775°N 105.4856°W / 37.5775; -105.4856 (Blanca Peak)\n\n\n20\nLa Plata Peak[69][70][71]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003437160500099999♠14,343 ft\n4372 m\n7002559614000000000♠1,836 ft\n560 m\n7004101100000000000♠6.28 mi\n10.11 km\n39°01′46″N 106°28′22″W / 39.0294°N 106.4729°W / 39.0294; -106.4729 (La Plata Peak)\n\n\n21\nUncompahgre Peak[72][73][74][75][76]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003436500000000000♠14,321 ft\n4365.0 m\n7003130363200000000♠4,277 ft\n1304 m\n7005136810000000000♠85.0 mi\n136.8 km\n38°04′18″N 107°27′44″W / 38.0717°N 107.4621°W / 38.0717; -107.4621 (Uncompahgre Peak)\n\n\n22\nCrestone Peak[77][78][79][80]\n Colorado\nSangre de Cristo Range\n7003435857200000000♠14,300 ft\n4359 m\n7003138805900000000♠4,554 ft\n1388 m\n7004440400000000000♠27.4 mi\n44.0 km\n37°58′01″N 105°35′08″W / 37.9669°N 105.5855°W / 37.9669; -105.5855 (Crestone Peak)\n\n\n23\nMount Lincoln[81][82][83][84][85]\n Colorado\nMosquito Range\n7003435650000000000♠14,293 ft\n4356.5 m\n7003117714000000000♠3,862 ft\n1177 m\n7004362200000000000♠22.5 mi\n36.2 km\n39°21′05″N 106°06′42″W / 39.3515°N 106.1116°W / 39.3515; -106.1116 (Mount Lincoln)\n\n\n24\nCastle Peak[86][87][88][89]\n Colorado\nElk Mountains\n7003435220000000000♠14,279 ft\n4352.2 m\n7002720852999900000♠2,365 ft\n721 m\n7004335700000000000♠20.9 mi\n33.6 km\n39°00′35″N 106°51′41″W / 39.0097°N 106.8614°W / 39.0097; -106.8614 (Castle Peak)\n\n\n25\nGrays Peak[90][91][92][93][94]\n Colorado\nFront Range\n7003435200000000000♠14,278 ft\n4352 m\n7002844298000000000♠2,770 ft\n844 m\n7004402400000000000♠25.0 mi\n40.2 km\n39°38′02″N 105°49′03″W / 39.6339°N 105.8176°W / 39.6339; -105.8176 (Grays Peak)\n\n\n26\nMount Antero[95][96][97][98]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003435140000099999♠14,276 ft\n4351.4 m\n7002762916000000000♠2,503 ft\n763 m\n7004284400000000000♠17.67 mi\n28.4 km\n38°40′27″N 106°14′46″W / 38.6741°N 106.2462°W / 38.6741; -106.2462 (Mount Antero)\n\n\n27\nMount Evans[99][100][101][102]\n Colorado\nFront Range\n7003434979800000000♠14,271 ft\n4350 m\n7002844269000000000♠2,770 ft\n844 m\n7004157600000000000♠9.79 mi\n15.76 km\n39°35′18″N 105°38′38″W / 39.5883°N 105.6438°W / 39.5883; -105.6438 (Mount Evans)\n\n\n28\nLongs Peak[103][104][105][106][107]\n Colorado\nFront Range\n7003434600000000000♠14,259 ft\n4346 m\n7002896114000000000♠2,940 ft\n896 m\n7004701800000000000♠43.6 mi\n70.2 km\n40°15′18″N 105°36′54″W / 40.2550°N 105.6151°W / 40.2550; -105.6151 (Longs Peak)\n\n\n29\nMount Wilson[108][109][110][111][112]\n Colorado\nSan Miguel Mountains\n7003434408900000000♠14,252 ft\n4344 m\n7003122651800000000♠4,024 ft\n1227 m\n7004531300000000000♠33.0 mi\n53.1 km\n37°50′21″N 107°59′30″W / 37.8391°N 107.9916°W / 37.8391; -107.9916 (Mount Wilson)\n\n\n30\nWhite Mountain Peak[113][114][115][116]\n California\nWhite Mountains\n7003434400000000000♠14,252 ft\n4344.0 m\n7003219334500099999♠7,196 ft\n2193 m\n7005108550000000000♠67.4 mi\n108.6 km\n37°38′03″N 118°15′21″W / 37.6341°N 118.2557°W / 37.6341; -118.2557 (White Mountain Peak)\n\n\n31\nNorth Palisade[117][118][119][120][121]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003434283000000000♠14,248 ft\n4343 m\n7002882093000000000♠2,894 ft\n882 m\n7004517600000000000♠32.2 mi\n51.8 km\n37°05′39″N 118°30′52″W / 37.0943°N 118.5145°W / 37.0943; -118.5145 (North Palisade)\n\n\n32\nMount Princeton[122][123][124]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003432930000000000♠14,204 ft\n4329.3 m\n7002663551000000000♠2,177 ft\n664 m\n7003836000000000000♠5.19 mi\n8.36 km\n38°44′57″N 106°14′33″W / 38.7492°N 106.2424°W / 38.7492; -106.2424 (Mount Princeton)\n\n\n33\nMount Yale[125][126][127]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003432820000000000♠14,200 ft\n4328.2 m\n7002577902000000000♠1,896 ft\n578 m\n7003893000000000000♠5.55 mi\n8.93 km\n38°50′39″N 106°18′50″W / 38.8442°N 106.3138°W / 38.8442; -106.3138 (Mount Yale)\n\n\n34\nMount Shasta[128][129][130][131]\n California\nCascade Range\n7003432180000000000♠14,179 ft\n4321.8 m\n7003297851200000000♠9,772 ft\n2979 m\n7005538680000000000♠335 mi\n539 km\n41°24′33″N 122°11′42″W / 41.4092°N 122.1949°W / 41.4092; -122.1949 (Mount Shasta)\n\n\n35\nMaroon Peak[132][133][134]\n Colorado\nElk Mountains\n7003431700000000000♠14,163 ft\n4317.0 m\n7002712014000000000♠2,336 ft\n712 m\n7004129700000000000♠8.06 mi\n12.97 km\n39°04′15″N 106°59′20″W / 39.0708°N 106.9890°W / 39.0708; -106.9890 (Maroon Peak)\n\n\n36\nMount Wrangell[135][136]\n Alaska\nWrangell Mountains\n7003431689100099999♠14,163 ft\n4317 m\n7003171084600000000♠5,613 ft\n1711 m\n7004238100000000000♠14.79 mi\n23.8 km\n62°00′21″N 144°01′07″W / 62.0059°N 144.0187°W / 62.0059; -144.0187 (Mount Wrangell)\n\n\n37\nMount Sneffels[137][138][139][140]\n Colorado\nSneffels Range\n7003431540000099999♠14,158 ft\n4315.4 m\n7002929642000000000♠3,050 ft\n930 m\n7004252800000000000♠15.71 mi\n25.3 km\n38°00′14″N 107°47′32″W / 38.0038°N 107.7923°W / 38.0038; -107.7923 (Mount Sneffels)\n\n\n38\nCapitol Peak[141][142][143][144]\n Colorado\nElk Mountains\n7003430882400099999♠14,137 ft\n4309 m\n7002533401000099999♠1,750 ft\n533 m\n7004119800000000000♠7.44 mi\n11.98 km\n39°09′01″N 107°04′58″W / 39.1503°N 107.0829°W / 39.1503; -107.0829 (Capitol Peak)\n\n\n39\nPikes Peak[145][146][147][148]\n Colorado\nFront Range\n7003430231000000000♠14,115 ft\n4302.31 m\n7003168554700000000♠5,530 ft\n1686 m\n7004975600000000000♠60.6 mi\n97.6 km\n38°50′26″N 105°02′39″W / 38.8405°N 105.0442°W / 38.8405; -105.0442 (Pikes Peak)\n\n\n40\nWindom Peak[149][150][151][152][153]\n Colorado\nNeedle Mountains\n7003429551100000000♠14,093 ft\n4296 m\n7002666599000000000♠2,187 ft\n667 m\n7004424000000000000♠26.3 mi\n42.4 km\n37°37′16″N 107°35′31″W / 37.6212°N 107.5919°W / 37.6212; -107.5919 (Windom Peak)\n\n\n41\nMount Augusta[154][155]\n Alaska\n Yukon\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003428854500000000♠14,070 ft\n4289 m\n7003154900000000000♠5,082 ft\n1549 m\n7004231900000000000♠14.41 mi\n23.2 km\n60°18′27″N 140°27′30″W / 60.3074°N 140.4584°W / 60.3074; -140.4584 (Mount Augusta)\n\n\n42\nHandies Peak[156][157][158]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003428480000000000♠14,058 ft\n4284.8 m\n7002581559999900000♠1,908 ft\n582 m\n7004180000000000000♠11.18 mi\n18.00 km\n37°54′47″N 107°30′16″W / 37.9130°N 107.5044°W / 37.9130; -107.5044 (Handies Peak)\n\n\n43\nCulebra Peak[159][160][161][162][163]\n Colorado\nCulebra Range\n7003428327400000000♠14,053 ft\n4283 m\n7003147127300000000♠4,827 ft\n1471 m\n7004569400000000000♠35.4 mi\n56.9 km\n37°07′21″N 105°11′09″W / 37.1224°N 105.1858°W / 37.1224; -105.1858 (Culebra Peak)\n\n\n44\nSan Luis Peak[164][165][166][167]\n Colorado\nLa Garita Mountains\n7003427380000000000♠14,022 ft\n4273.8 m\n7002948844000000000♠3,113 ft\n949 m\n7004433700000000000♠26.9 mi\n43.4 km\n37°59′12″N 106°55′53″W / 37.9868°N 106.9313°W / 37.9868; -106.9313 (San Luis Peak)\n\n\n45\nMount of the Holy Cross[168][169][170][171][172]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003427051000000000♠14,011 ft\n4270.5 m\n7002644034000000000♠2,113 ft\n644 m\n7004296300000000000♠18.41 mi\n29.6 km\n39°28′00″N 106°28′54″W / 39.4668°N 106.4817°W / 39.4668; -106.4817 (Mount of the Holy Cross)\n\n\n46\nGrizzly Peak[173][174][175]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003426560000000000♠13,995 ft\n4265.6 m\n7002587655999900000♠1,928 ft\n588 m\n7004108900000000000♠6.77 mi\n10.89 km\n39°02′33″N 106°35′51″W / 39.0425°N 106.5976°W / 39.0425; -106.5976 (Grizzly Peak)\n\n\n47\nMount Humphreys[176][177][178][179]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003426478300000000♠13,992 ft\n4265 m\n7002781203999900000♠2,563 ft\n781 m\n7004236700000000000♠14.71 mi\n23.7 km\n37°16′14″N 118°40′23″W / 37.2705°N 118.6730°W / 37.2705; -118.6730 (Mount Humphreys)\n\n\n48\nMount Keith[180][181][182][183]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003426168800000000♠13,982 ft\n4262 m\n7002590000000000000♠1,936 ft\n590 m\n7003497000000000000♠3.09 mi\n4.97 km\n36°42′00″N 118°20′37″W / 36.7001°N 118.3436°W / 36.7001; -118.3436 (Mount Keith)\n\n\n49\nMount Ouray[184][185][186][187]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003425549999999999♠13,961 ft\n4255.4 m\n7002810465000000000♠2,659 ft\n810 m\n7004218600000000000♠13.58 mi\n21.9 km\n38°25′22″N 106°13′29″W / 38.4227°N 106.2247°W / 38.4227; -106.2247 (Mount Ouray)\n\n\n50\nVermilion Peak[188][189][190]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003423672700000000♠13,900 ft\n4237 m\n7002641605000000000♠2,105 ft\n642 m\n7004146000000000000♠9.07 mi\n14.60 km\n37°47′57″N 107°49′43″W / 37.7993°N 107.8285°W / 37.7993; -107.8285 (Vermilion Peak)\n\n\n51\nAtna Peaks[191][192]\n Alaska\nWrangell Mountains\n7003422453600000000♠13,860 ft\n4225 m\n7002673609000000000♠2,210 ft\n674 m\n7003586000000000000♠3.64 mi\n5.86 km\n61°44′58″N 143°14′29″W / 61.7495°N 143.2414°W / 61.7495; -143.2414 (Atna Peaks)\n\n\n52\nRegal Mountain[193][194][195]\n Alaska\nWrangell Mountains\n7003421996400000000♠13,845 ft\n4220 m\n7003133959900000000♠4,395 ft\n1340 m\n7004197200000000000♠12.25 mi\n19.72 km\n61°44′38″N 142°52′03″W / 61.7438°N 142.8675°W / 61.7438; -142.8675 (Regal Mountain)\n\n\n53\nMount Darwin[196][197][198][199]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003421758299999999♠13,837 ft\n4218 m\n7002576378000000000♠1,891 ft\n576 m\n7004114800000000000♠7.13 mi\n11.48 km\n37°10′01″N 118°40′20″W / 37.1669°N 118.6721°W / 37.1669; -118.6721 (Mount Darwin)\n\n\n54\nMount Hayes[200][201][202][203]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003421600200000000♠13,832 ft\n4216 m\n7003350734100000000♠11,507 ft\n3507 m\n7005202000000000000♠125.5 mi\n202 km\n63°37′13″N 146°43′04″W / 63.6203°N 146.7178°W / 63.6203; -146.7178 (Mount Hayes)\n\n\n55\nMount Silverheels[204][205][206]\n Colorado\nFront Range\n7003421500000000000♠13,829 ft\n4215.0 m\n7002695860000000000♠2,283 ft\n696 m\n7003882000000000000♠5.48 mi\n8.82 km\n39°20′22″N 106°00′19″W / 39.3394°N 106.0054°W / 39.3394; -106.0054 (Mount Silverheels)\n\n\n56\nRio Grande Pyramid[207][208][209]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003421449999999999♠13,827 ft\n4214.4 m\n7002573330000000000♠1,881 ft\n573 m\n7004173100000000000♠10.76 mi\n17.31 km\n37°40′47″N 107°23′33″W / 37.6797°N 107.3924°W / 37.6797; -107.3924 (Rio Grande Pyramid)\n\n\n57\nGannett Peak[210][211][212][213][214]\n Wyoming\nWind River Range\n7003420910000000000♠13,809 ft\n4209.1 m\n7003215676900099999♠7,076 ft\n2157 m\n7005467280000000000♠290 mi\n467 km\n43°11′03″N 109°39′15″W / 43.1842°N 109.6542°W / 43.1842; -109.6542 (Gannett Peak)\n\n\n58\nMount Kaweah[215][216][217][218][219]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003420851000000000♠13,807 ft\n4209 m\n7002617831000000000♠2,027 ft\n618 m\n7004172700000000000♠10.73 mi\n17.27 km\n36°31′34″N 118°28′43″W / 36.5261°N 118.4785°W / 36.5261; -118.4785 (Mount Kaweah)\n\n\n59\nMauna Kea[220][221][222][223][224]\n Hawaii\nIsland of Hawaiʻi\n7003420730000000000♠13,803 ft\n4207.3 m\n7003420730000000000♠13,803 ft\n4207 m\n7006394700000000000♠2,453 mi\n3,947 km\n19°49′15″N 155°28′05″W / 19.8207°N 155.4681°W / 19.8207; -155.4681 (Mauna Kea)\n\n\n60\nGrand Teton[225][226][227][228][229]\n Wyoming\nTeton Range\n7003419870000000000♠13,775 ft\n4198.7 m\n7003199492000000000♠6,545 ft\n1995 m\n7005111610000000000♠69.4 mi\n111.6 km\n43°44′28″N 110°48′09″W / 43.7412°N 110.8024°W / 43.7412; -110.8024 (Grand Teton)\n\n\n61\nMount Cook[230][231]\n Alaska\n Yukon\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003419405700000000♠13,760 ft\n4194 m\n7003235001300000000♠7,710 ft\n2350 m\n7004234000000000000♠14.54 mi\n23.4 km\n60°10′54″N 139°58′52″W / 60.1816°N 139.9811°W / 60.1816; -139.9811 (Mount Cook)\n\n\n62\nMount Morgan[232][233][234]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003419349999999999♠13,758 ft\n4193.4 m\n7002807112000000000♠2,648 ft\n807 m\n7004158700000000000♠9.86 mi\n15.87 km\n37°24′19″N 118°43′58″W / 37.4053°N 118.7329°W / 37.4053; -118.7329 (Mount Morgan)\n\n\n63\nMount Gabb[235][236][237]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003419022300000000♠13,747 ft\n4190 m\n7002792785999900000♠2,601 ft\n793 m\n7003689000000000000♠4.28 mi\n6.89 km\n37°22′37″N 118°48′09″W / 37.3769°N 118.8025°W / 37.3769; -118.8025 (Mount Gabb)\n\n\n64\nBald Mountain[238][239][240]\n Colorado\nFront Range\n7003417281400000000♠13,690 ft\n4173 m\n7002639776000000000♠2,099 ft\n640 m\n7004120900000000000♠7.51 mi\n12.09 km\n39°26′41″N 105°58′14″W / 39.4448°N 105.9705°W / 39.4448; -105.9705 (Bald Mountain)\n\n\n65\nMount Oso[241][242][243]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003417266799999999♠13,690 ft\n4173 m\n7002507188000000000♠1,664 ft\n507 m\n7003871000000000000♠5.41 mi\n8.71 km\n37°36′25″N 107°29′37″W / 37.6070°N 107.4936°W / 37.6070; -107.4936 (Mount Oso)\n\n\n66\nMauna Loa[244][245][246][247]\n Hawaii\nIsland of Hawaiʻi\n7003416936800000000♠13,679 ft\n4169 m\n7003216378000000000♠7,099 ft\n2164 m\n7004408300000000000♠25.4 mi\n40.8 km\n19°28′32″N 155°36′19″W / 19.4756°N 155.6054°W / 19.4756; -155.6054 (Mauna Loa)\n\n\n67\nMount Jackson[248][249][250]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003416850000000000♠13,676 ft\n4168.5 m\n7002551689000099999♠1,810 ft\n552 m\n7003516000000000000♠3.21 mi\n5.16 km\n39°29′07″N 106°32′12″W / 39.4853°N 106.5367°W / 39.4853; -106.5367 (Mount Jackson)\n\n\n68\nMount Tom[251][252][253][254]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003416251700000000♠13,657 ft\n4163 m\n7002607163000000000♠1,992 ft\n607 m\n7003767000000000000♠4.77 mi\n7.67 km\n37°22′34″N 119°10′44″W / 37.3762°N 119.1789°W / 37.3762; -119.1789 (Mount Tom)\n\n\n69\nBard Peak[255][256][257]\n Colorado\nFront Range\n7003415949200000000♠13,647 ft\n4159 m\n7002518466000000000♠1,701 ft\n518 m\n7003874000000000000♠5.43 mi\n8.74 km\n39°43′13″N 105°48′16″W / 39.7204°N 105.8044°W / 39.7204; -105.8044 (Bard Peak)\n\n\n70\nWest Spanish Peak[258][259][260][261]\n Colorado\nSpanish Peaks\n7003415468099999999♠13,631 ft\n4155 m\n7003112349500099999♠3,686 ft\n1123 m\n7004319800000000000♠19.87 mi\n32.0 km\n37°22′32″N 104°59′36″W / 37.3756°N 104.9934°W / 37.3756; -104.9934 (West Spanish Peak)\n\n\n71\nMount Powell[262][263][264][265]\n Colorado\nGore Range\n7003414096299900000♠13,586 ft\n4141 m\n7002914402000000000♠3,000 ft\n914 m\n7004346000000000000♠21.5 mi\n34.6 km\n39°45′36″N 106°20′27″W / 39.7601°N 106.3407°W / 39.7601; -106.3407 (Mount Powell)\n\n\n72\nHagues Peak[266][267][268][269]\n Colorado\nMummy Range\n7003413700000000000♠13,573 ft\n4137 m\n7002737617000000000♠2,420 ft\n738 m\n7004252600000000000♠15.70 mi\n25.3 km\n40°29′04″N 105°38′47″W / 40.4845°N 105.6464°W / 40.4845; -105.6464 (Hagues Peak)\n\n\n73\nMount Dubois[270][271][272]\n California\nWhite Mountains\n7003413467000000000♠13,565 ft\n4135 m\n7002712929000000000♠2,339 ft\n713 m\n7004155000000000000♠9.63 mi\n15.50 km\n37°47′00″N 118°20′36″W / 37.7834°N 118.3432°W / 37.7834; -118.3432 (Mount Dubois)\n\n\n74\nTower Mountain[273][274][275]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003413245399900000♠13,558 ft\n4132 m\n7002503531000000000♠1,652 ft\n504 m\n7003786000000000000♠4.88 mi\n7.86 km\n37°51′26″N 107°37′23″W / 37.8573°N 107.6230°W / 37.8573; -107.6230 (Tower Mountain)\n\n\n75\nTreasure Mountain[276][277][278]\n Colorado\nElk Mountains\n7003412535099999999♠13,535 ft\n4125 m\n7002861976000000000♠2,828 ft\n862 m\n7004111300000000000♠6.92 mi\n11.13 km\n39°01′28″N 107°07′22″W / 39.0244°N 107.1228°W / 39.0244; -107.1228 (Treasure Mountain)\n\n\n76\nKings Peak[279][280][281][282]\n Utah\nUinta Mountains\n7003412514999999999♠13,534 ft\n4125 m\n7003193792200000000♠6,358 ft\n1938 m\n7005268040000000000♠166.6 mi\n268 km\n40°46′35″N 110°22′22″W / 40.7763°N 110.3729°W / 40.7763; -110.3729 (Kings Peak)\n\n\n77\nNorth Arapaho Peak[283][284][285][286][287]\n Colorado\nFront Range\n7003411718099999999♠13,508 ft\n4117 m\n7002507493000000000♠1,665 ft\n507 m\n7004247500000000000♠15.38 mi\n24.8 km\n40°01′35″N 105°39′01″W / 40.0265°N 105.6504°W / 40.0265; -105.6504 (North Arapaho Peak)\n\n\n78\nMount Pinchot[288][289][290]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003411478899900000♠13,500 ft\n4115 m\n7002643000000000000♠2,110 ft\n643 m\n7003758000000000000♠4.71 mi\n7.58 km\n36°56′50″N 118°24′19″W / 36.9473°N 118.4054°W / 36.9473; -118.4054 (Mount Pinchot)\n\n\n79\nMount Natazhat[291][292]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003409499600000000♠13,435 ft\n4095 m\n7003182423200000000♠5,985 ft\n1824 m\n7004249300000000000♠15.49 mi\n24.9 km\n61°31′18″N 141°06′11″W / 61.5217°N 141.1030°W / 61.5217; -141.1030 (Mount Natazhat)\n\n\n80\nMount Jarvis[293][294]\n Alaska\nWrangell Mountains\n7003409072900000000♠13,421 ft\n4091 m\n7003145420400000000♠4,771 ft\n1454 m\n7004179500000000000♠11.15 mi\n17.95 km\n62°01′24″N 143°37′11″W / 62.0234°N 143.6198°W / 62.0234; -143.6198 (Mount Jarvis)\n\n\n81\nParry Peak[295][296][297]\n Colorado\nFront Range\n7003408334800000000♠13,397 ft\n4083 m\n7002524256999999999♠1,720 ft\n524 m\n7004152200000000000♠9.46 mi\n15.22 km\n39°50′17″N 105°42′48″W / 39.8381°N 105.7132°W / 39.8381; -105.7132 (Parry Peak)\n\n\n82\nBill Williams Peak[298][299][300][301]\n Colorado\nWilliams Mountains\n7003408088600000000♠13,389 ft\n4081 m\n7002512675000099999♠1,682 ft\n513 m\n7003600000000000000♠3.73 mi\n6.00 km\n39°10′50″N 106°36′37″W / 39.1806°N 106.6102°W / 39.1806; -106.6102 (Bill Williams Peak)\n\n\n83\nSultan Mountain[302][303][304]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003407622400000000♠13,373 ft\n4076 m\n7002569368000000000♠1,868 ft\n569 m\n7003739000000000000♠4.59 mi\n7.39 km\n37°47′09″N 107°42′14″W / 37.7859°N 107.7038°W / 37.7859; -107.7038 (Sultan Mountain)\n\n\n84\nMount Herard[305][306][307]\n Colorado\nSangre de Cristo Mountains\n7003406768000000000♠13,345 ft\n4068 m\n7002621793000000000♠2,040 ft\n622 m\n7003745000000000000♠4.63 mi\n7.45 km\n37°50′57″N 105°29′42″W / 37.8492°N 105.4949°W / 37.8492; -105.4949 (Mount Herard)\n\n\n85\nWest Buffalo Peak[308][309][310][311]\n Colorado\nMosquito Range\n7003406360700000000♠13,332 ft\n4064 m\n7002605333999900000♠1,986 ft\n605 m\n7004154600000000000♠9.61 mi\n15.46 km\n38°59′30″N 106°07′30″W / 38.9917°N 106.1249°W / 38.9917; -106.1249 (West Buffalo Peak)\n\n\n86\nTressider Peak[312][313]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003405842000000000♠13,315 ft\n4058 m\n7002507493000000000♠1,665 ft\n507 m\n7003534000000000000♠3.32 mi\n5.34 km\n61°21′32″N 141°39′59″W / 61.3590°N 141.6664°W / 61.3590; -141.6664 (Tressider Peak)\n\n\n87\nSummit Peak[314][315][316][317]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003405620000000000♠13,308 ft\n4056.2 m\n7002841250000000000♠2,760 ft\n841 m\n7004636600000000000♠39.6 mi\n63.7 km\n37°21′02″N 106°41′48″W / 37.3506°N 106.6968°W / 37.3506; -106.6968 (Summit Peak)\n\n\n88\nMiddle Peak[318][319][320][321]\n Colorado\nSan Miguel Mountains\n7003405565700000000♠13,306 ft\n4056 m\n7002597418000000000♠1,960 ft\n597 m\n7003769000000000000♠4.78 mi\n7.69 km\n37°51′13″N 108°06′30″W / 37.8536°N 108.1082°W / 37.8536; -108.1082 (Middle Peak)\n\n\n89\nAntora Peak[322][323][324]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003404628200000000♠13,275 ft\n4046 m\n7002734265000000000♠2,409 ft\n734 m\n7004108600000000000♠6.75 mi\n10.86 km\n38°19′30″N 106°13′05″W / 38.3250°N 106.2180°W / 38.3250; -106.2180 (Antora Peak)\n\n\n90\nHenry Mountain[325][326][327]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003404186400000000♠13,261 ft\n4042 m\n7002510236000000000♠1,674 ft\n510 m\n7004176100000000000♠10.94 mi\n17.61 km\n38°41′08″N 106°37′16″W / 38.6856°N 106.6211°W / 38.6856; -106.6211 (Henry Mountain)\n\n\n91\nHesperus Mountain[328][329][330][331]\n Colorado\nLa Plata Mountains\n7003403477200000000♠13,237 ft\n4035 m\n7002869291000000000♠2,852 ft\n869 m\n7004394700000000000♠24.5 mi\n39.5 km\n37°26′42″N 108°05′20″W / 37.4451°N 108.0890°W / 37.4451; -108.0890 (Hesperus Mountain)\n\n\n92\nMount Silverthrone[332][333]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003402946400000000♠13,220 ft\n4029 m\n7002987554000000000♠3,240 ft\n988 m\n7004127200000000000♠7.90 mi\n12.72 km\n63°06′57″N 150°40′32″W / 63.1157°N 150.6755°W / 63.1157; -150.6755 (Mount Silverthrone)\n\n\n93\nJacque Peak[334][335][336]\n Colorado\nGore Range\n7003402675800000000♠13,211 ft\n4027 m\n7002629413000000000♠2,065 ft\n629 m\n7003728000000000000♠4.52 mi\n7.28 km\n39°27′18″N 106°11′49″W / 39.4549°N 106.1970°W / 39.4549; -106.1970 (Jacque Peak)\n\n\n94\nBennett Peak[337][338][339]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003402606400000000♠13,209 ft\n4026 m\n7002531267000000000♠1,743 ft\n531 m\n7004274900000000000♠17.08 mi\n27.5 km\n37°29′00″N 106°26′03″W / 37.4833°N 106.4343°W / 37.4833; -106.4343 (Bennett Peak)\n\n\n95\nWind River Peak[340][341][342][343]\n Wyoming\nWind River Range\n7003402240000000000♠13,197 ft\n4022.4 m\n7002783947000000000♠2,572 ft\n784 m\n7004565600000000000♠35.1 mi\n56.6 km\n42°42′31″N 109°07′42″W / 42.7085°N 109.1284°W / 42.7085; -109.1284 (Wind River Peak)\n\n\n96\nConejos Peak[344][345][346]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003401700000000000♠13,179 ft\n4017.0 m\n7002582779000000000♠1,912 ft\n583 m\n7004131200000000000♠8.15 mi\n13.12 km\n37°17′19″N 106°34′15″W / 37.2887°N 106.5709°W / 37.2887; -106.5709 (Conejos Peak)\n\n\n97\nMount Marcus Baker[347][348][349]\n Alaska\nChugach Mountains\n7003401605300000000♠13,176 ft\n4016 m\n7003327691100000000♠10,751 ft\n3277 m\n7005203300000000000♠126.3 mi\n203 km\n61°26′15″N 147°45′09″W / 61.4374°N 147.7525°W / 61.4374; -147.7525 (Mount Marcus Baker)\n\n\n98\nCloud Peak[350][351][352][353][354]\n Wyoming\nBighorn Mountains\n7003401330000000000♠13,167 ft\n4013.3 m\n7003215707400000000♠7,077 ft\n2157 m\n7005233380000000000♠145.0 mi\n233 km\n44°22′56″N 107°10′26″W / 44.3821°N 107.1739°W / 44.3821; -107.1739 (Cloud Peak)\n\n\nWheeler Peak[355][356][357][358][359]\n New Mexico\nTaos Mountains\n7003401330000000000♠13,167 ft\n4013.3 m\n7003103906500000000♠3,409 ft\n1039 m\n7004595700000000000♠37.0 mi\n59.6 km\n36°33′25″N 105°25′01″W / 36.5569°N 105.4169°W / 36.5569; -105.4169 (Wheeler Peak)\n\n\n100\nFrancs Peak[360][361][362][363]\n Wyoming\nAbsaroka Range\n7003401230000000000♠13,164 ft\n4012.3 m\n7003123627100000000♠4,056 ft\n1236 m\n7004760200000000000♠47.2 mi\n76.0 km\n43°57′41″N 109°20′21″W / 43.9613°N 109.3392°W / 43.9613; -109.3392 (Francs Peak)\n\n\n101\nTwilight Peak[364][365][366][367]\n Colorado\nNeedle Mountains\n7003401210300000000♠13,163 ft\n4012 m\n7002712624000000000♠2,338 ft\n713 m\n7003786000000000000♠4.88 mi\n7.86 km\n37°39′47″N 107°43′37″W / 37.6630°N 107.7270°W / 37.6630; -107.7270 (Twilight Peak)\n\n\n102\nSouth River Peak[368][369][370]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003400940000000000♠13,154 ft\n4009.4 m\n7002746152000000000♠2,448 ft\n746 m\n7004339900000000000♠21.1 mi\n34.0 km\n37°34′27″N 106°58′53″W / 37.5741°N 106.9815°W / 37.5741; -106.9815 (South River Peak)\n\n\n103\nMount Ritter[371][372][373][374]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003400778000000000♠13,149 ft\n4008 m\n7003121600000000000♠3,990 ft\n1216 m\n7004354300000000000♠22.0 mi\n35.4 km\n37°41′21″N 119°11′59″W / 37.6891°N 119.1996°W / 37.6891; -119.1996 (Mount Ritter)\n\n\n104\nRed Slate Mountain[375][376][377]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003400179100000000♠13,129 ft\n4002 m\n7002528981000000000♠1,736 ft\n529 m\n7004133800000000000♠8.31 mi\n13.38 km\n37°30′27″N 118°52′09″W / 37.5075°N 118.8693°W / 37.5075; -118.8693 (Red Slate Mountain)\n\n\n105\nMount Lyell (California)[378][379][380]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003399890000000000♠13,120 ft\n3998.9 m\n7002587000000000000♠1,926 ft\n587 m\n7003846000000000000♠5.26 mi\n8.46 km\n37°44′22″N 119°16′18″W / 37.7394°N 119.2716°W / 37.7394; -119.2716 (Mount Lyell)\n\n\n106\nBushnell Peak[381][382][383]\n Colorado\nSangre de Cristo Mountains\n7003399580000000000♠13,110 ft\n3995.8 m\n7002733045000000000♠2,405 ft\n733 m\n7004178200000000000♠11.07 mi\n17.82 km\n38°20′28″N 105°53′21″W / 38.3412°N 105.8892°W / 38.3412; -105.8892 (Bushnell Peak)\n\n\n107\nTruchas Peak[384][385][386][387][388]\n New Mexico\nSanta Fe Mountains\n7003399520000000000♠13,108 ft\n3995.2 m\n7003121950700000000♠4,001 ft\n1220 m\n7004681500000000000♠42.3 mi\n68.2 km\n35°57′45″N 105°38′42″W / 35.9625°N 105.6450°W / 35.9625; -105.6450 (Truchas Peak)\n\n\n108\nWheeler Peak[389][390][391][392]\n Nevada\nSnake Range\n7003398230000000000♠13,065 ft\n3982.3 m\n7003230673100000000♠7,568 ft\n2307 m\n7005373020000000000♠232 mi\n373 km\n38°59′09″N 114°18′50″W / 38.9858°N 114.3139°W / 38.9858; -114.3139 (Wheeler Peak)\n\n\n109\nMount Dana[393][394][395]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003398148700000000♠13,063 ft\n3981.5 m\n7002742799000000000♠2,437 ft\n743 m\n7004183500000000000♠11.40 mi\n18.35 km\n37°54′00″N 119°13′16″W / 37.8999°N 119.2211°W / 37.8999; -119.2211 (Mount Dana)\n\n\n110\nWest Elk Peak[396][397][398][399]\n Colorado\nWest Elk Mountains\n7003397520000000000♠13,042 ft\n3975.2 m\n7002943358000000000♠3,095 ft\n943 m\n7004221800000000000♠13.78 mi\n22.2 km\n38°43′04″N 107°11′58″W / 38.7179°N 107.1994°W / 38.7179; -107.1994 (West Elk Peak)\n\n\n111\nMount Moffit[400][401]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003396850400000000♠13,020 ft\n3969 m\n7003121005800000000♠3,970 ft\n1210 m\n7004164100000000000♠10.20 mi\n16.41 km\n63°34′06″N 146°23′54″W / 63.5683°N 146.3982°W / 63.5683; -146.3982 (Mount Moffit)\n\n\n112\nMount Centennial[402][403]\n(Peak 13010)\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003396727000000000♠13,016 ft\n3967 m\n7002545593000099999♠1,790 ft\n546 m\n7003461000000000000♠2.86 mi\n4.61 km\n37°36′22″N 107°14′41″W / 37.6062°N 107.2446°W / 37.6062; -107.2446 (Mount Centennial)\n\n\n113\nClark Peak[404][405][406][407]\n Colorado\nMedicine Bow Mountains\n7003394840000000000♠12,954 ft\n3948.4 m\n7002844602000000000♠2,771 ft\n845 m\n7004264000000000000♠16.40 mi\n26.4 km\n40°36′24″N 105°55′48″W / 40.6068°N 105.9300°W / 40.6068; -105.9300 (Clark Peak)\n\n\n114\nMount Richthofen[408][409][410][411]\n Colorado\nNever Summer Mountains\n7003394577800000000♠12,945 ft\n3946 m\n7002816866000000000♠2,680 ft\n817 m\n7004155400000000000♠9.66 mi\n15.54 km\n40°28′10″N 105°53′40″W / 40.4695°N 105.8945°W / 40.4695; -105.8945 (Mount Richthofen)\n\n\n115\nMount Root[412][413]\n Alaska\n British Columbia\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003392800000000000♠12,887 ft\n3928 m\n7002908000000000000♠2,979 ft\n908 m\n7003879000000000000♠5.46 mi\n8.79 km\n58°59′07″N 137°30′00″W / 58.9854°N 137.5001°W / 58.9854; -137.5001 (Mount Root)\n\n\n116\nLizard Head Peak[414][415][416][417]\n Wyoming\nWind River Range\n7003391582100000000♠12,847 ft\n3916 m\n7002579731000000000♠1,902 ft\n580 m\n7004104000000000000♠6.46 mi\n10.40 km\n42°47′24″N 109°11′52″W / 42.7901°N 109.1978°W / 42.7901; -109.1978 (Lizard Head Peak)\n\n\n117\nGranite Peak[418][419][420][421]\n Montana\nBeartooth Mountains\n7003390350000000000♠12,807 ft\n3903.5 m\n7003145664200000000♠4,779 ft\n1457 m\n7005138450000000000♠86.0 mi\n138.5 km\n45°09′48″N 109°48′27″W / 45.1634°N 109.8075°W / 45.1634; -109.8075 (Granite Peak)\n\n\n118\nMount Crosson[422][423]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003390144800000000♠12,800 ft\n3901 m\n7002502921000000000♠1,650 ft\n503 m\n7003822000000000000♠5.11 mi\n8.22 km\n63°00′29″N 151°16′35″W / 63.0081°N 151.2763°W / 63.0081; -151.2763 (Mount Crosson)\n\n\n119\nVenado Peak[424][425][426]\n New Mexico\nTaos Mountains\n7003388298100000000♠12,739 ft\n3883 m\n7002905563000000000♠2,971 ft\n906 m\n7004189900000000000♠11.80 mi\n18.99 km\n36°47′30″N 105°29′36″W / 36.7917°N 105.4933°W / 36.7917; -105.4933 (Venado Peak)\n\n\n120\nChair Mountain[427][428][429]\n Colorado\nElk Mountains\n7003387910000000000♠12,727 ft\n3879.1 m\n7002750114000000000♠2,461 ft\n750 m\n7004143000000000000♠8.89 mi\n14.30 km\n39°03′29″N 107°16′56″W / 39.0581°N 107.2822°W / 39.0581; -107.2822 (Chair Mountain)\n\n\n121\nMount Peale[430][431][432][433]\n Utah\nLa Sal Mountains\n7003387900000000000♠12,726 ft\n3879 m\n7003188397300000000♠6,181 ft\n1884 m\n7005117140000000000♠72.8 mi\n117.1 km\n38°26′19″N 109°13′45″W / 38.4385°N 109.2292°W / 38.4385; -109.2292 (Mount Peale)\n\n\n122\nMount Crillon[434][435]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003387889300000000♠12,726 ft\n3879 m\n7003218724900099999♠7,176 ft\n2187 m\n7004314100000000000♠19.52 mi\n31.4 km\n58°39′45″N 137°10′16″W / 58.6625°N 137.1712°W / 58.6625; -137.1712 (Mount Crillon)\n\n\n123\nMount Gunnison[436][437][438]\n Colorado\nWest Elk Mountains\n7003387870000000000♠12,725 ft\n3878.7 m\n7003107868900000000♠3,539 ft\n1079 m\n7004190500000000000♠11.84 mi\n19.05 km\n38°48′44″N 107°22′57″W / 38.8121°N 107.3826°W / 38.8121; -107.3826 (Mount Gunnison)\n\n\n124\nEast Spanish Peak[439][440][441][442][443]\n Colorado\nSpanish Peaks\n7003386715800000000♠12,688 ft\n3867 m\n7002726340000000000♠2,383 ft\n726 m\n7003678000000000000♠4.21 mi\n6.78 km\n37°23′36″N 104°55′12″W / 37.3934°N 104.9201°W / 37.3934; -104.9201 (East Spanish Peak)\n\n\n125\nBorah Peak[444][445][446][447]\n Idaho\nLost River Range\n7003386120000000000♠12,668 ft\n3861.2 m\n7003182940000000000♠6,002 ft\n1829 m\n7005242620000000000♠150.8 mi\n243 km\n44°08′15″N 113°46′52″W / 44.1374°N 113.7811°W / 44.1374; -113.7811 (Borah Peak)\n\n\n126\nMount Wood[448][449][450][451]\n Montana\nAbsaroka Range\n7003386029200000000♠12,665 ft\n3860 m\n7002877826000000000♠2,880 ft\n878 m\n7004120400000000000♠7.48 mi\n12.04 km\n45°16′30″N 109°48′28″W / 45.2749°N 109.8078°W / 45.2749; -109.8078 (Mount Wood)\n\n\n127\nMount Gunnar Naslund[452]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003385816600000000♠12,658 ft\n3858 m\n7002642520000000000♠2,108 ft\n643 m\n7004110400000000000♠6.86 mi\n11.04 km\n61°13′42″N 141°18′50″W / 61.2282°N 141.3140°W / 61.2282; -141.3140 (Mount Gunnar Naslund)\n\n\n128\nMount Conness[453][454][455]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003385550000000000♠12,649 ft\n3855.5 m\n7002807722000000000♠2,650 ft\n808 m\n7004115500000000000♠7.18 mi\n11.55 km\n37°58′01″N 119°19′17″W / 37.9670°N 119.3213°W / 37.9670; -119.3213 (Mount Conness)\n\n\n129\nHumphreys Peak[456][457][458][459]\n Arizona\nSan Francisco Peaks\n7003385189100000000♠12,637 ft\n3852 m\n7003184069100000000♠6,039 ft\n1841 m\n7005395660000000000♠246 mi\n396 km\n35°20′47″N 111°40′41″W / 35.3464°N 111.6780°W / 35.3464; -111.6780 (Humphreys Peak)\n\n\n130\nSanta Fe Baldy[460][461][462][463]\n New Mexico\nSanta Fe Mountains\n7003385010000000000♠12,632 ft\n3850.1 m\n7002610211000000000♠2,002 ft\n610 m\n7004176900000000000♠10.99 mi\n17.69 km\n35°49′56″N 105°45′29″W / 35.8322°N 105.7581°W / 35.8322; -105.7581 (Santa Fe Baldy)\n\n\n131\nGothic Mountain[464][465][466]\n Colorado\nElk Mountains\n7003385004400000000♠12,631 ft\n3850 m\n7002501397000000000♠1,645 ft\n501 m\n7003439000000000000♠2.73 mi\n4.39 km\n38°57′22″N 107°00′39″W / 38.9562°N 107.0107°W / 38.9562; -107.0107 (Gothic Mountain)\n\n\n132\nCastle Mountain[467][468][469]\n Montana\nAbsaroka Range\n7003384610000000000♠12,618 ft\n3846.1 m\n7002814427000000000♠2,672 ft\n814 m\n7004156700000000000♠9.74 mi\n15.67 km\n45°05′56″N 109°37′50″W / 45.0989°N 109.6305°W / 45.0989; -109.6305 (Castle Mountain)\n\n\nLone Cone[470][471][472]\n Colorado\nSan Miguel Mountains\n7003384610000000000♠12,618 ft\n3846.1 m\n7002692812000000000♠2,273 ft\n693 m\n7004135200000000000♠8.40 mi\n13.52 km\n37°53′17″N 108°15′20″W / 37.8880°N 108.2556°W / 37.8880; -108.2556 (Lone Cone)\n\n\n134\nMount Moran[473][474][475]\n Wyoming\nTeton Range\n7003384350000000000♠12,610 ft\n3843.5 m\n7002806198000000000♠2,645 ft\n806 m\n7003994000000000000♠6.18 mi\n9.94 km\n43°50′06″N 110°46′35″W / 43.8350°N 110.7765°W / 43.8350; -110.7765 (Mount Moran)\n\n\n135\nTlingit Peak[476][477]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003384231600000000♠12,606 ft\n3842 m\n7002611429999900000♠2,006 ft\n611 m\n7003363000000000000♠2.26 mi\n3.63 km\n58°53′35″N 137°23′38″W / 58.8931°N 137.3938°W / 58.8931; -137.3938 (Tlingit Peak)\n\n\n136\nLittle Costilla Peak[478][479][480]\n New Mexico\nCulebra Range\n7003383680000000000♠12,588 ft\n3836.8 m\n7002744933000000000♠2,444 ft\n745 m\n7004124800000000000♠7.75 mi\n12.48 km\n36°50′01″N 105°13′22″W / 36.8335°N 105.2229°W / 36.8335; -105.2229 (Little Costilla Peak)\n\n\n137\nMount Carpe[481][482]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003382524800000000♠12,550 ft\n3825 m\n7002548641000099999♠1,800 ft\n549 m\n7003660000000000000♠4.10 mi\n6.60 km\n63°09′08″N 150°51′42″W / 63.1521°N 150.8616°W / 63.1521; -150.8616 (Mount Carpe)\n\n\n138\nNeedham Mountain[483][484][485]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003382380200000000♠12,545 ft\n3824 m\n7002560833000000000♠1,840 ft\n561 m\n7003954000000000000♠5.93 mi\n9.54 km\n36°27′16″N 118°32′14″W / 36.4545°N 118.5373°W / 36.4545; -118.5373 (Needham Mountain)\n\n\n139\nGraham Peak[486][487][488]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003382110000000000♠12,536 ft\n3821.1 m\n7002777546000000000♠2,551 ft\n778 m\n7004139000000000000♠8.64 mi\n13.90 km\n37°29′50″N 107°22′34″W / 37.4972°N 107.3761°W / 37.4972; -107.3761 (Graham Peak)\n\n\n140\nWhetstone Mountain[489][490][491]\n Colorado\nWest Elk Mountains\n7003381810000000000♠12,527 ft\n3818.1 m\n7002748590000000000♠2,456 ft\n749 m\n7004151100000000000♠9.39 mi\n15.11 km\n38°49′20″N 106°58′48″W / 38.8223°N 106.9799°W / 38.8223; -106.9799 (Whetstone Mountain)\n\n\n141\nKahiltna Dome[492][493]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003381762800000000♠12,525 ft\n3818 m\n7002662941000000000♠2,175 ft\n663 m\n7003555000000000000♠3.45 mi\n5.55 km\n63°03′18″N 151°14′22″W / 63.0550°N 151.2394°W / 63.0550; -151.2394 (Kahiltna Dome)\n\n\n142\nMount Thor[494][495]\n Alaska\nChugach Mountains\n7003381640800000000♠12,521 ft\n3816 m\n7002997003000000000♠3,271 ft\n997 m\n7004327700000000000♠20.4 mi\n32.8 km\n61°29′07″N 147°08′46″W / 61.4854°N 147.1460°W / 61.4854; -147.1460 (Mount Thor)\n\n\n143\nMount Watson[496][497]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003380909300000000♠12,497 ft\n3809 m\n7002589000000000000♠1,932 ft\n589 m\n7003405000000000000♠2.52 mi\n4.05 km\n59°00′32″N 137°33′15″W / 59.0088°N 137.5541°W / 59.0088; -137.5541 (Mount Watson)\n\n\n144\nAtlantic Peak[498][499][500]\n Wyoming\nWind River Range\n7003380848100000000♠12,495 ft\n3808 m\n7002655321000000000♠2,150 ft\n655 m\n7004146000000000000♠9.07 mi\n14.60 km\n42°36′59″N 109°00′05″W / 42.6165°N 109.0013°W / 42.6165; -109.0013 (Atlantic Peak)\n\n\n145\nSpecimen Mountain[501][502][503]\n Colorado\nFront Range\n7003380826900000000♠12,494 ft\n3808 m\n7002527610000000000♠1,731 ft\n528 m\n7003756000000000000♠4.70 mi\n7.56 km\n40°26′42″N 105°48′29″W / 40.4449°N 105.8081°W / 40.4449; -105.8081 (Specimen Mountain)\n\n\n146\nBaldy Mountain[504][505][506][507]\n New Mexico\nCimarron Range\n7003379330000000000♠12,445 ft\n3793.3 m\n7002823266000000000♠2,701 ft\n823 m\n7004182400000000000♠11.33 mi\n18.24 km\n36°37′48″N 105°12′48″W / 36.6299°N 105.2134°W / 36.6299; -105.2134 (Baldy Mountain)\n\n\n147\nEast Beckwith Mountain[508][509][510]\n Colorado\nWest Elk Mountains\n7003379210000000000♠12,441 ft\n3792.1 m\n7002759563000000000♠2,492 ft\n760 m\n7004100500000000000♠6.24 mi\n10.05 km\n38°50′47″N 107°13′24″W / 38.8464°N 107.2233°W / 38.8464; -107.2233 (East Beckwith Mountain)\n\n\n148\nKnobby Crest[511][512][513]\n Colorado\nKenosha Mountains\n7003378996200000000♠12,434 ft\n3790 m\n7002536144000000000♠1,759 ft\n536 m\n7004133100000000000♠8.27 mi\n13.31 km\n39°22′05″N 105°36′18″W / 39.3681°N 105.6050°W / 39.3681; -105.6050 (Knobby Crest)\n\n\n149\nBison Peak[514][515][516][517]\n Colorado\nTarryall Mountains\n7003378940000000000♠12,432 ft\n3789.4 m\n7002747066000000000♠2,451 ft\n747 m\n7004293400000000000♠18.23 mi\n29.3 km\n39°14′18″N 105°29′52″W / 39.2384°N 105.4978°W / 39.2384; -105.4978 (Bison Peak)\n\n\n150\nAnthracite Peak[518][519][520]\n Colorado\nWest Elk Mountains\n7003377780000000000♠12,394 ft\n3777.8 m\n7002647701000000000♠2,125 ft\n648 m\n7003768000000000000♠4.77 mi\n7.68 km\n38°48′52″N 107°08′40″W / 38.8145°N 107.1445°W / 38.8145; -107.1445 (Anthracite Peak)\n\n\n151\nMatchless Mountain[521][522][523]\n Colorado\nElk Mountains\n7003377628700000000♠12,389 ft\n3776 m\n7002537363000000000♠1,763 ft\n537 m\n7004126700000000000♠7.87 mi\n12.67 km\n38°50′02″N 106°38′42″W / 38.8340°N 106.6451°W / 38.8340; -106.6451 (Matchless Mountain)\n\n\n152\nFlat Top Mountain[524][525][526][527]\n Colorado\nFlat Tops\n7003376770000000000♠12,361 ft\n3767.7 m\n7003123566200000000♠4,054 ft\n1236 m\n7004656200000000000♠40.8 mi\n65.6 km\n40°00′53″N 107°05′00″W / 40.0147°N 107.0833°W / 40.0147; -107.0833 (Flat Top Mountain)\n\n\n153\nMount Nystrom[528][529][530]\n Wyoming\nWind River Range\n7003376750000000000♠12,361 ft\n3767.5 m\n7002553518000000000♠1,816 ft\n554 m\n7003792000000000000♠4.92 mi\n7.92 km\n42°38′30″N 109°05′38″W / 42.6418°N 109.0939°W / 42.6418; -109.0939 (Mount Nystrom)\n\n\n154\nMoby Dick (Alaska)[531][532]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003376733600000000♠12,360 ft\n3767 m\n7002886970000000000♠2,910 ft\n887 m\n7003770000000000000♠4.78 mi\n7.70 km\n63°33′22″N 146°36′09″W / 63.5561°N 146.6026°W / 63.5561; -146.6026 (Moby Dick)\n\n\n155\nGreenhorn Mountain[533][534][535][536]\n Colorado\nWet Mountains\n7003376500000000000♠12,352 ft\n3765.0 m\n7003115123200000000♠3,777 ft\n1151 m\n7004406200000000000♠25.2 mi\n40.6 km\n37°52′53″N 105°00′48″W / 37.8815°N 105.0133°W / 37.8815; -105.0133 (Greenhorn Mountain)\n\n\n156\nElliott Mountain[537][538]\n Colorado\nSan Miguel Mountains\n7003376294900000000♠12,346 ft\n3763 m\n7002682753000000000♠2,240 ft\n683 m\n7003826000000000000♠5.13 mi\n8.26 km\n37°44′04″N 108°03′29″W / 37.7344°N 108.0580°W / 37.7344; -108.0580 (Elliott Mountain)\n\n\n157\nMount Deborah[539][540][541]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003376093500000000♠12,339 ft\n3761 m\n7003158161000000000♠5,189 ft\n1582 m\n7004258800000000000♠16.08 mi\n25.9 km\n63°38′16″N 147°14′18″W / 63.6377°N 147.2384°W / 63.6377; -147.2384 (Mount Deborah)\n\n\n158\nTwin Peaks[542][543][544]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003375777500000000♠12,329 ft\n3758 m\n7002653188000000000♠2,143 ft\n653 m\n7003770000000000000♠4.78 mi\n7.70 km\n38°05′01″N 119°21′32″W / 38.0836°N 119.3588°W / 38.0836; -119.3588 (Twin Peaks)\n\n\n159\nCarter Mountain[545][546][547]\n Wyoming\nAbsaroka Range\n7003375640000000000♠12,324 ft\n3756.4 m\n7002517856000000000♠1,699 ft\n518 m\n7004268400000000000♠16.68 mi\n26.8 km\n44°11′50″N 109°24′40″W / 44.1972°N 109.4112°W / 44.1972; -109.4112 (Carter Mountain)\n\n\n160\nParkview Mountain[548][549][550][551]\n Colorado\nRabbit Ears Range\n7003374940000000000♠12,301 ft\n3749.4 m\n7002815646000000000♠2,676 ft\n816 m\n7004150700000000000♠9.36 mi\n15.07 km\n40°19′49″N 106°08′11″W / 40.3303°N 106.1363°W / 40.3303; -106.1363 (Parkview Mountain)\n\n\n161\nCornwall Mountain[552][553][554]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003374619000000000♠12,291 ft\n3746 m\n7002531572000000000♠1,744 ft\n532 m\n7003837000000000000♠5.20 mi\n8.37 km\n37°22′52″N 106°29′31″W / 37.3811°N 106.4920°W / 37.3811; -106.4920 (Cornwall Mountain)\n\n\n162\nMount Adams[555][556][557]\n Washington\nCascade Range\n7003374340000000000♠12,281 ft\n3743.4 m\n7003247985800000000♠8,136 ft\n2480 m\n7004736300000000000♠45.8 mi\n73.6 km\n46°12′09″N 121°29′27″W / 46.2024°N 121.4909°W / 46.2024; -121.4909 (Mount Adams)\n\n\n163\nTrout Peak[558][559][560][561]\n Wyoming\nAbsaroka Range\n7003373370000000000♠12,250 ft\n3733.7 m\n7003112898100000000♠3,704 ft\n1129 m\n7004457400000000000♠28.4 mi\n45.7 km\n44°36′04″N 109°31′31″W / 44.6012°N 109.5253°W / 44.6012; -109.5253 (Trout Peak)\n\n\n164\nMount Huntington[562][563]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003373075900000000♠12,240 ft\n3731 m\n7002880874000000000♠2,890 ft\n881 m\n7003624000000000000♠3.88 mi\n6.24 km\n62°58′04″N 150°53′59″W / 62.9677°N 150.8996°W / 62.9677; -150.8996 (Mount Huntington)\n\n\n165\nMount Huxley[564][565]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003372344400000000♠12,216 ft\n3723 m\n7002629718000000000♠2,066 ft\n630 m\n7003884000000000000♠5.49 mi\n8.84 km\n60°19′40″N 141°09′19″W / 60.3279°N 141.1554°W / 60.3279; -141.1554 (Mount Huxley)\n\n\n166\nDiamond Peak[566][567][568][569]\n Idaho\nLemhi Range\n7003371930000000000♠12,202 ft\n3719.3 m\n7003164196100000000♠5,387 ft\n1642 m\n7004511800000000000♠31.8 mi\n51.2 km\n44°08′29″N 113°04′58″W / 44.1414°N 113.0827°W / 44.1414; -113.0827 (Diamond Peak)\n\n\n167\nMount Jordan[570][571]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003371551900000000♠12,190 ft\n3716 m\n7002713232999900000♠2,340 ft\n713 m\n7004114000000000000♠7.08 mi\n11.40 km\n61°23′55″N 141°28′12″W / 61.3987°N 141.4700°W / 61.3987; -141.4700 (Mount Jordan)\n\n\n168\nMount Zirkel[572][573][574][575]\n Colorado\nPark Range\n7003371410300000000♠12,185 ft\n3714 m\n7003105765799999999♠3,470 ft\n1058 m\n7004606000000000000♠37.7 mi\n60.6 km\n40°49′53″N 106°39′47″W / 40.8313°N 106.6631°W / 40.8313; -106.6631 (Mount Zirkel)\n\n\n169\nDelano Peak[576][577][578][579]\n Utah\nTushar Mountains\n7003371070000000000♠12,174 ft\n3710.7 m\n7003143530600000000♠4,709 ft\n1435 m\n7005180480000000000♠112.1 mi\n180.5 km\n38°22′09″N 112°22′17″W / 38.3692°N 112.3714°W / 38.3692; -112.3714 (Delano Peak)\n\n\n170\nMount Salisbury[580][581]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003370942300000000♠12,170 ft\n3709 m\n7003122529800000000♠4,020 ft\n1225 m\n7003490000000000000♠3.04 mi\n4.90 km\n58°51′02″N 137°22′19″W / 58.8505°N 137.3719°W / 58.8505; -137.3719 (Mount Salisbury)\n\n\n171\nCrested Butte[582][583][584]\n Colorado\nElk Mountains\n7003370892500000000♠12,168 ft\n3709 m\n7002786995000000000♠2,582 ft\n787 m\n7003749000000000000♠4.65 mi\n7.49 km\n38°53′01″N 106°56′37″W / 38.8835°N 106.9436°W / 38.8835; -106.9436 (Crested Butte)\n\n\n172\nYounts Peak[585][586][587]\n Wyoming\nAbsaroka Range\n7003370830000000000♠12,166 ft\n3708.3 m\n7002683058000000000♠2,241 ft\n683 m\n7004204400000000000♠12.70 mi\n20.4 km\n43°58′55″N 109°51′59″W / 43.9820°N 109.8665°W / 43.9820; -109.8665 (Younts Peak)\n\n\n173\nSawtooth Mountain[588][589][590]\n Colorado\nLa Garita Mountains\n7003370420000000000♠12,153 ft\n3704.2 m\n7002587351000000000♠1,927 ft\n587 m\n7004269200000000000♠16.73 mi\n26.9 km\n38°16′26″N 106°52′01″W / 38.2740°N 106.8670°W / 38.2740; -106.8670 (Sawtooth Mountain)\n\n\n174\nOlancha Peak[591][592][593][594]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003369780000000000♠12,132 ft\n3697.8 m\n7002945796000000000♠3,103 ft\n946 m\n7004238900000000000♠14.84 mi\n23.9 km\n36°15′55″N 118°07′06″W / 36.2652°N 118.1182°W / 36.2652; -118.1182 (Olancha Peak)\n\n\n175\nMount Mather[595][596]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003369509800000000♠12,123 ft\n3695 m\n7002875692000000000♠2,873 ft\n876 m\n7004149200000000000♠9.27 mi\n14.92 km\n63°11′41″N 150°26′10″W / 63.1946°N 150.4362°W / 63.1946; -150.4362 (Mount Mather)\n\n\n176\nPark Cone[597][598][599]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003368996000000000♠12,106 ft\n3690 m\n7002621793000000000♠2,040 ft\n622 m\n7003553000000000000♠3.44 mi\n5.53 km\n38°47′48″N 106°36′10″W / 38.7967°N 106.6028°W / 38.7967; -106.6028 (Park Cone)\n\n\n177\nIbapah Peak[600][601][602][603]\n Utah\nDeep Creek Range\n7003368564200000000♠12,092 ft\n3686 m\n7003160538500000000♠5,267 ft\n1605 m\n7004984500000000000♠61.2 mi\n98.5 km\n39°49′42″N 113°55′12″W / 39.8282°N 113.9200°W / 39.8282; -113.9200 (Ibapah Peak)\n\n\n178\nCarbon Peak[604][605][606]\n Colorado\nWest Elk Mountains\n7003368430000000000♠12,088 ft\n3684.3 m\n7002664160999900000♠2,179 ft\n664 m\n7003631000000000000♠3.92 mi\n6.31 km\n38°47′39″N 107°02′35″W / 38.7943°N 107.0431°W / 38.7943; -107.0431 (Carbon Peak)\n\n\n179\nGlover Peak[607][608]\n Wyoming\nWind River Range\n7003367963800000000♠12,072 ft\n3680 m\n7002520000000000000♠1,706 ft\n520 m\n7003400000000000000♠2.49 mi\n4.00 km\n43°09′32″N 109°45′56″W / 43.1589°N 109.7656°W / 43.1589; -109.7656 (Glover Peak)\n\n\n180\nMount Moriah[609][610][611]\n Nevada\nSnake Range\n7003367960000000000♠12,072 ft\n3679.6 m\n7003149611400000000♠4,909 ft\n1496 m\n7004327200000000000♠20.3 mi\n32.7 km\n39°16′24″N 114°11′56″W / 39.2732°N 114.1988°W / 39.2732; -114.1988 (Mount Moriah)\n\n\n181\nMount Guero[612][613][614]\n Colorado\nWest Elk Mountains\n7003367540000000000♠12,058 ft\n3675.4 m\n7002741275000000000♠2,432 ft\n741 m\n7004102700000000000♠6.38 mi\n10.27 km\n38°43′11″N 107°23′10″W / 38.7196°N 107.3861°W / 38.7196; -107.3861 (Mount Guero)\n\n\n182\nSiris Peak[615]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003367284700000000♠12,050 ft\n3673 m\n7002792482000000000♠2,600 ft\n792 m\n7004258300000000000♠16.05 mi\n25.8 km\n60°44′02″N 141°00′50″W / 60.7340°N 141.0138°W / 60.7340; -141.0138 (Siris Peak)\n\n\n183\nRed Table Mountain[616][617][618]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003367070000000000♠12,043 ft\n3670.7 m\n7002614783000000000♠2,017 ft\n615 m\n7004126800000000000♠7.88 mi\n12.68 km\n39°25′05″N 106°46′16″W / 39.4181°N 106.7712°W / 39.4181; -106.7712 (Red Table Mountain)\n\n\n184\nChalk Benchmark[619][620]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003366930000000000♠12,038 ft\n3669.3 m\n7002600761999900000♠1,971 ft\n601 m\n7004116800000000000♠7.26 mi\n11.68 km\n37°08′30″N 106°45′00″W / 37.1418°N 106.7500°W / 37.1418; -106.7500 (Chalk Benchmark)\n\n\n185\nMedicine Bow Peak[621][622][623][624]\n Wyoming\nMedicine Bow Mountains\n7003366240000000000♠12,016 ft\n3662.4 m\n7002988468000000000♠3,243 ft\n988 m\n7004653600000000000♠40.6 mi\n65.4 km\n41°21′37″N 106°19′03″W / 41.3603°N 106.3176°W / 41.3603; -106.3176 (Medicine Bow Peak)\n\n\n186\nMount Witherspoon[625][626]\n Alaska\nChugach Mountains\n7003366126500000000♠12,012 ft\n3661 m\n7002658979000000000♠2,162 ft\n659 m\n7003963000000000000♠5.98 mi\n9.63 km\n61°23′43″N 147°12′04″W / 61.3954°N 147.2010°W / 61.3954; -147.2010 (Mount Witherspoon)\n\n\n187\nMount Zwischen[627][628][629]\n Colorado\nSangre de Cristo Mountains\n7003366091700000000♠12,011 ft\n3661 m\n7002690678000000000♠2,266 ft\n691 m\n7003714000000000000♠4.44 mi\n7.14 km\n37°47′29″N 105°27′19″W / 37.7913°N 105.4554°W / 37.7913; -105.4554 (Mount Zwischen)\n\n\n188\nMount Drum[630][631]\n Alaska\nWrangell Mountains\n7003366065500000000♠12,010 ft\n3661 m\n7003206045200000000♠6,760 ft\n2060 m\n7004285400000000000♠17.73 mi\n28.5 km\n62°06′57″N 144°38′22″W / 62.1159°N 144.6394°W / 62.1159; -144.6394 (Mount Drum)\n\n\n189\nLittle Cone[632][633][634]\n Colorado\nSan Miguel Mountains\n7003365400000000000♠11,988 ft\n3654.0 m\n7002560833000000000♠1,840 ft\n561 m\n7003835000000000000♠5.19 mi\n8.35 km\n37°55′39″N 108°05′27″W / 37.9275°N 108.0908°W / 37.9275; -108.0908 (Little Cone)\n\n\n190\nSierra Blanca Peak[635][636][637][638]\n New Mexico\nSacramento Mountains\n7003365180000000000♠11,981 ft\n3651.8 m\n7003169255800000000♠5,553 ft\n1693 m\n7005266670000000000♠165.7 mi\n267 km\n33°22′27″N 105°48′31″W / 33.3743°N 105.8087°W / 33.3743; -105.8087 (Sierra Blanca Peak)\n\n\n191\nMount Hope[639][640]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003364236700000000♠11,950 ft\n3642 m\n7002609601000000000♠2,000 ft\n610 m\n7003425000000000000♠2.64 mi\n4.25 km\n60°42′14″N 141°03′41″W / 60.7039°N 141.0614°W / 60.7039; -141.0614 (Mount Hope)\n\n\n192\nMount Jefferson[641][642][643][644]\n Nevada\nToquima Range\n7003364129000000000♠11,946 ft\n3641 m\n7003178948400000000♠5,871 ft\n1789 m\n7005158710000000000♠98.6 mi\n158.7 km\n38°45′07″N 116°55′36″W / 38.7519°N 116.9267°W / 38.7519; -116.9267 (Mount Jefferson)\n\n\n193\nHess Mountain[645][646][647]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003363931900000000♠11,940 ft\n3639 m\n7002758953999900000♠2,490 ft\n759 m\n7003447000000000000♠2.78 mi\n4.47 km\n63°38′18″N 147°08′54″W / 63.6382°N 147.1482°W / 63.6382; -147.1482 (Hess Mountain)\n\n\nMount Brooks[648][649][650]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003363931900000000♠11,940 ft\n3639 m\n7002545593000099999♠1,790 ft\n546 m\n7003809000000000000♠5.03 mi\n8.09 km\n63°11′15″N 150°38′52″W / 63.1875°N 150.6479°W / 63.1875; -150.6479 (Mount Brooks)\n\n\n195\nCerro Vista[651][652][653][654]\n New Mexico\nSangre de Cristo Mountains\n7003363830000000000♠11,937 ft\n3638.3 m\n7002767793000000000♠2,519 ft\n768 m\n7004228300000000000♠14.19 mi\n22.8 km\n36°14′07″N 105°24′39″W / 36.2353°N 105.4108°W / 36.2353; -105.4108 (Cerro Vista)\n\n\n196\nMount Nebo[655][656][657][658]\n Utah\nWasatch Range\n7003363705700000000♠11,933 ft\n3637 m\n7003167884200000000♠5,508 ft\n1679 m\n7005121620000000000♠75.6 mi\n121.6 km\n39°49′19″N 111°45′37″W / 39.8219°N 111.7603°W / 39.8219; -111.7603 (Mount Nebo)\n\n\n197\nThe Grand Parapet[659][660]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003363627100000000♠11,930 ft\n3636 m\n7002664465000000000♠2,180 ft\n664 m\n7003847000000000000♠5.26 mi\n8.47 km\n61°24′37″N 142°01′36″W / 61.4103°N 142.0266°W / 61.4103; -142.0266 (The Grand Parapet)\n\n\n198\nLituya Mountain[661][662]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003363444200000000♠11,924 ft\n3634 m\n7003111983700000000♠3,674 ft\n1120 m\n7003627000000000000♠3.90 mi\n6.27 km\n58°48′19″N 137°26′12″W / 58.8054°N 137.4367°W / 58.8054; -137.4367 (Lituya Mountain)\n\n\nHaydon Peak[663][664]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003363444200000000♠11,924 ft\n3634 m\n7002510236000000000♠1,674 ft\n510 m\n7003478000000000000♠2.97 mi\n4.78 km\n60°15′38″N 140°59′17″W / 60.2606°N 140.9881°W / 60.2606; -140.9881 (Haydon Peak)\n\n\n200\nCharleston Peak[665][666][667][668]\n(Mount Charleston)\n Nevada\nSpring Mountains\n7003363200000000000♠11,916 ft\n3632.0 m\n7003251700000000000♠8,258 ft\n2517 m\n7005217500000000000♠135.1 mi\n218 km\n36°16′18″N 115°41′44″W / 36.2716°N 115.6956°W / 36.2716; -115.6956 (Charleston Peak)\n\n" ]
[ "Denali" ]
8114470692189930536
List of Kung Fu Panda characters
List of Kung Fu Panda characters - wikipedia List of Kung Fu Panda characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2015 ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Master Shifu and the Furious 5 The following is a list of characters from the DreamWorks animated film media franchise Kung Fu Panda , with their shorts and specials Secrets of the Furious Five , Kung Fu Panda Holiday , Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters , and Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Scroll , as well as the video games and TV show Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . The world of Kung Fu Panda is a fantasized version of ancient China as typically depicted in the wuxia film genre populated by anthropomorphized Asian animals where the martial arts can have magical qualities on top of extraordinary physical prowess for those sufficiently skilled . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Master Po Ping 1.2 Master Shifu 1.3 Grand Master Oogway 1.4 Furious Five 1.4. 1 Master Tigress 1.4. 2 Master Viper 1.4. 3 Master Monkey 1.4. 4 Master Mantis 1.4. 5 Master Crane 2 List of Kung Fu Masters 2.1 Masters ' Council of Gongmen City 2.1. 1 Master Thundering Rhino 2.1. 2 Master Storming Ox 2.1. 3 Master Croc 2.1. 4 Master Boar 2.2 Master Antelope 2.3 Master Bull 2.4 Master Frog 2.5 Master Golden Takin 2.6 Master Leopard 2.7 Master Dog 2.8 Master Wolf 2.9 Grand Twin Weasels 2.10 Master Flying Rhino 2.11 Great Master Viper 2.12 Master Eagle 2.13 Master Rhino 2.14 Master Sheep 2.15 Master Bear 2.16 Master Chicken 2.17 Master Dolphin 2.18 Master Badger Twins 2.19 Master Gorilla 2.20 Master Porcupine 2.21 Master Chao 2.22 Master Yao 2.23 Mr. Yeung 2.24 Mrs. Gow 2.25 Master Shengqi 2.26 Master Kweng 2.27 Master Mugan 2.28 Master Lun 2.29 Master Elephant 2.30 Master Snow Leopard 2.31 Master Rooster 3 Enemies 3.1 Tai Lung 3.2 Lord Shen 3.2. 1 Lord Shen 's Wolf Army 3.2. 1.1 Wolf Boss 3.2. 2 Lord Shen 's Gorilla Army 3.3 Kai the Collector 3.3. 1 Jombies 3.4 Wu Sisters 3.4. 1 Su Wu 3.4. 2 Wing Wu 3.4. 3 Wan Wu 3.5 Boar 3.6 Kuo 3.7 Qinchu 3.8 The Five Elements Imposters 3.8. 1 Earth 3.8. 2 Fire 3.8. 3 Water 3.8. 4 Metal 3.8. 5 Wood 3.9 Chairman Qing 3.10 Lei Kung the Thunderer 3.11 Crocodile Army 3.11. 1 General Rong 3.12 Scorpion 3.13 Croc Bandits 3.13. 1 Fung 3.13. 2 Gah - ri 3.13. 3 Irwin 3.13. 4 Wall Eye 3.13. 5 Lidong 3.14 Qidan Clan 3.14. 1 Temutai 3.14. 2 Jing Mei 3.14. 3 Bataar 3.14. 4 Chunlun 3.15 Taotie 3.15. 1 Bian Zao 3.16 Jong Sung Jai Kai Chow 3.16. 1 Jong 's Son 3.16. 2 Grim 3.17 Tong Fo 3.18 Fenghuang 3.19 Master Junjie 3.19. 1 Junjie 's Furious Five 3.20 Hundun 3.21 Bao ( Legends of Awesomeness ) 3.21. 1 Lao 3.21. 2 Tsao 3.22 Su 3.23 Wu Kong 3.24 Meng Tao 3.25 General Tsin 3.26 Undertaker 3.27 Ke - Pa 3.28 Master Ding 3.29 Lin Kuei 3.29. 1 Heilang 3.30 Pai Mei 3.31 Mei Ling ( villain ) 3.32 Kira Kozu 3.33 Fu - Xi 3.34 Sanzu 3.35 Lao Shu 3.35. 1 Ju - Long 3.36 Madame Zhou 3.37 Alien Rice Weevils 3.37. 1 Supervisor Hong 4 List of supporting characters 4.1 Mr. Ping 4.2 Li Shan 4.3 Mei Mei 4.4 Dim 4.5 Sum 4.6 Bao ( Kung Fu Panda 3 ) 4.7 Lei Lei 4.8 Grandma Panda 4.9 Shirong 4.10 Zeng 4.11 Vachir 4.12 Mei Ling 4.13 Wo Hop 4.14 Soothsayer 4.15 Peng 4.16 Song 4.17 Constable Hu 4.18 Yijiro 5 Video game characters 5.1 Blackhoof Boar Clan 5.2 Vultures 5.3 Imperial Golden Croc Gang 5.3. 1 Queen Crocodile 5.3. 2 Crocodile Sergeant 5.4 Great Gorilla 5.5 Lang Shadow Army 5.6 Wu Sisters 5.7 Rat Boss 5.8 Great General Ox 5.8. 1 Yak 5.9 Baboon Boss 5.10 Gorilla Boss 5.11 Zhou Dan 6 References Main characters ( edit ) Master Po Ping ( edit ) Main article : Po ( Kung Fu Panda ) Master Po Ping Kung Fu Panda character Voiced by Jack Black ( films , TV specials ) Liam Knight ( young ) Mick Wingert ( TV series , video games ) Eric Loomis ( Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors ) Information Species Giant panda Combat Style Improvised and Panda Kung Fu Family Li Shan ( biological father ) Mr. Ping ( adoptive father ) Age 30 or 20s Master Po Ping ( Chinese for `` Precious Peace '' ) , born Lotus Shan , is the titular protagonist of the Kung Fu Panda franchise . He is a fast - talking giant panda who was improbably chosen as the Dragon Warrior , champion of the Valley of Peace in the first movie . Although highly doubted as such , the giant panda proved himself worthy as a formidable warrior in unexpected ways . The adoptive son of Mr. Ping , a goose who owns a noodle restaurant , Po is one of Shifu 's students , the prophesied Dragon Warrior , the Warrior of Black and White and the True Master of Chi . In the first film , Po is shown to be living with his adoptive father Mr. Ping and working at his noodle restaurant , dreaming of a life as a celebrated kung fu master . However , because of his excessive weight ( although , for a giant panda , Po is actually at a very healthy weight ) and work fueling a crippling self - loathing , he can not achieve this dream . However , to his surprise , he is chosen to be the legendary Dragon Warrior seemingly by accident : When having arrived late to the Dragon Warrior 's selection ceremony , his attempts to get over the palace walls to see the event results in him conspicuously crashing into the midst of the masters and being picked as the new Dragon Warrior just as Master Oogway is about to make his selection . As it is , Oogway 's selection of him is doubted by all until Po defeats Tai Lung . He is capable of impressive feats when motivated by food ( which Shifu uses to train him afterwards ) . In the second film , Po is shown to have had a traumatic childhood , having to have been separated from his biological father , Li Shan during a giant panda genocide committed by Lord Shen , who found it necessary to avert the prophecy about his future tyranny being stopped by a `` warrior of black and white '' and killed Po 's mother while she was saving her son . This is why , at first , he seemed unable to achieve inner peace . However , after being told by the Soothsayer that it is n't the past that shapes the person , he realizes he has led a happy and fulfilling life , despite his tragic upbringing . Po is often flustered and clumsy , but generally laid back and easy going . He has shown that he dislikes himself for his weight . This is shown when he splits into good and bad Po , where good Po says that he thinks he is slightly chubby . While he seems childish , overenthusiastic , and mildly dim - witted at times , he has a deep appreciation of the martial arts in all its aspects and can genuinely be a brave , intelligent panda . As a result , Po is a formidable warrior who is not only capable of teaching the discipline 's philosophical and physical elements , but is also able to learn traditional techniques quickly with the right instruction while developing powerful innovations . In Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness , Po is shown to be defending the Valley of Peace from villains of different kind , with assistance from Shifu and the Furious Five . All the while , Po learns lessons and more about the history of Kung Fu , as well as meeting famous Kung Fu masters like him . In the third film , Shifu leaves the role of teaching to Po , much to his shock . Po 's first lesson ends up with the Furious Five getting injured . Afterwards , he goes to the Memorial Garden , where he finds out Shifu set him up to fail . Master Shifu ( edit ) Master Shifu Kung Fu Panda character Voiced by Dustin Hoffman ( films , TV specials ) Fred Tatasciore ( video games , TV series ) Information Species Red panda Combat Style Red Panda Kung Fu Family Shirong ( father ) Tai Lung ( adoptive son ) Tigress ( adoptive daughter ) Master Shifu ( Chinese for `` Master '' ) is a wise and swift - moving red panda Kung Fu Master who resides in the Jade Palace as its headmaster , known to have trained Po and the Furious Five in Kung Fu , as well as Tai Lung . Before the franchise , Shifu was used throughout his childhood as a shill by his father , Shirong , an incorrigible con artist and master thief who he accompanied to other villages to sell fake amulets . Eventually , Shirong left him at the Jade Palace , promising to return in five minutes . Shifu waited until nightfall , but his father never showed up . So , Oogway took custody of the abandoned cub and trained him at the Jade Palace a member of the original Furious Five , nicknamed `` Sea Food '' . Shirong eventually visited his son every ten years , but each visit always turned out to be a trick , and the deed he made emotionally scarred Shifu from those points onward . In the first film , Shifu is quite often shown to be angered , frustrated , despairing or worried , at first for an unknown reason . However , it is later revealed that Tai Lung is Shifu 's adoptive son , whom he had trained , loved , and raised as if he were his own . As Tigress says , `` Shifu loved Tai Lung like he had never loved anyone before . Or since . '' This extends to Po who was dubbed the Dragon Warrior against all logic from Shifu 's point of view . Shifu 's initial hostility to the giant panda fades upon learning his considerable latent talent for the martial arts . After Tai Lung 's defeat , Shifu gains inner peace , knowing that the valley is safe from Tai Lung 's bitterness about being refused the dragon scroll . In the second film , Shifu is now much more relaxed and is therefore a much better master to Po and The Five than he used to be . However , he loses inner peace after he sees that Po is seemingly killed by one of Lord Shen 's cannons . He does not regain inner peace until after Po gained his and Shen is defeated . In the third film , Shifu retires from active teaching to focus on learning how to use chi , passing on the mantle of instructor to Po . When Po doubts his abilities , Shifu is the one to comfort him and give him advice , like Oogway did , and along with the Furious Five meets Po 's father , Li Shan . When kung fu masters have their chi taken and are turned into jade soldiers by the spirit warrior Kai , Shifu sends Crane and Mantis to investigate and find his hideout . When Kai attacks the Jade Palace , Shifu , Monkey , Viper , and Tigress try to fight , but are defeated , with Shifu watching in horror as Kai destroys the Jade Palace and Oogway 's statue . Shifu is then turned into a jade soldier and utilized against the pandas when Kai attacks their village . He is returned to normal when Po destroys Kai in the Spirit Realm and celebrates with him and the other pandas afterwards . He has a strict sensible personality that makes Po dislike him when they meet , but he is kind and warm spirited . He is shown to be good with children , having adopted two : Tai Lung and Tigress . However , Shifu 's care was flawed considering Tai Lung grew to become an arrogant warrior under his instruction who went on a destructive rampage when Oogway denied him the status of Dragon Warrior , and Tigress felt too often unloved by her embittered adopted father who wanted to prevent her from sharing Tai Lung 's fate . He learns to nurture his students as the films go on . Shifu knows the nerve strike , although he is never shown to use it and he also knows how to heal the aftermath of a nerve strike . In Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness , Shifu is the Master of the Jade Palace while training Po and the Furious Five . It is revealed that he has several old rivals who are villains throughout the series . In `` Croc You Like a Hurricane , '' Shifu posed as Jia in order to train the Croc Bandits and later the Furious Five in order to get Po to see what it means to be trained . It is also revealed in the episode `` The Maltese Mantis '' that Shifu , like Po , has a childish side to his demeanor and keeps several action figures of his favorite Kung Fu masters , and also like Po , is not above playing with them . In Kung Fu Panda : Battle Or Destiny , Shifu is the master of a brand new Jade Palace while training Po 's Panda Family from the Panda Village . Shifu is the only Master Po will risk anything for . Grand Master Oogway ( edit ) Grand Master Oogway Kung Fu Panda character First appearance Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Last appearance Kung Fu Panda 3 Voiced by Randall Duk Kim ( film and TV series ) Greg Baldwin ( video game ) Information Species Galápagos tortoise Combat style Shaolinquan and T'ai chi ch'uan Age Nearly 1,000 years old Grand Master Oogway ( Chinese for `` Tortoise '' ) was an elderly tortoise known to have been the previous senior headmaster of the Jade Palace and the founder of Kung Fu itself . Not much is revealed about Grand Master Oogway 's past life , although in one of the Kung Fu Panda Legends of Awesomeness episodes it is revealed that the Jade Palace was built to honor him . However , it is implied that he was probably full of questions as a youth , which led to his departure from his home in the Galápagos Islands on a journey of discovery almost a thousand years ago , traveling all around the world and visiting every country until he arrived in China . Oogway stood on a hill overlooking the land that would later become known as the Valley of Peace and knew that he had found the place he would call home for the rest of his life . In the first film , Oogway is shown to be highly venerated for his wisdom , knowledge and experience , and considered a sage . It is also apparent that he seemed to be reckoned as a god in the art of Kung Fu , as he was greatly respected by Shifu , the Furious Five , Po , the entire Valley of Peace , and all of China . He is wise and possesses considerable physical skill . He is the only one that Tai Lung could not defeat , instantly paralyzing him . His selection of Po as the Dragon Warrior was strongly doubted by all , especially Po himself , but he stood by his decision , which proved to be the correct one . After convincing Shifu to train Po , Oogway ascended to the Spirit Realm in the midst of dozens of peach blossom petals floating away in the cold night breeze as he disappeared . Among all the proverbs he recites , his most recurring is `` There are no accidents . '' In the second film , Oogway makes a cameo taking in place of the moon boy in the DreamWorks logo , and during a flashback wherein Po recounts all the major happenings of his life , including the day he was chosen as the Dragon Warrior . In the accompanying film Secrets of the Masters , it is revealed that Oogway was responsible for uniting the masters Thundering Rhino , Storming Ox , and Croc for the first time . After observing the trio as dishonorable streetfighters and learning of the return of the evil Wu Sisters , Oogway led them on a quest to defeat the villains , leading to the trio 's reformation and their part in forming the Masters Council . In the third film , it is revealed that 500 years ago , Oogway was once best friends and brothers - in - arms with a powerful general named Kai . When Oogway was badly wounded in an ambush , Kai carried him to a hidden Panda village where the pandas healed him through use of chi , later teaching him to use it as well . However , Kai wanted this power all to himself and tried to take the chi of the pandas , forcing Oogway to confront him . After a long and fierce battle , Oogway banished Kai to the Spirit Realm . Sometime after Oogway ascended there , Kai challenges him to a rematch , defeating him and using his chi to return to the mortal realm . The vengeful Kai then attempts to take the chi from everyone in China . After Kai is destroyed by Po in the Spirit Realm , Oogway reveals that he specifically chose Po as the Dragon Warrior due to his being a descendant of the pandas who helped him long ago in addition to being a worthy successor to carry on his legacy and alerted Li Shan ( Po 's biological father ) that Po was alive . Oogway then tells Po that he is now a master of chi , giving him a jade staff he wielded previously , and tells him that if he wishes he can return to the mortal realm . More of Grand Master Oogway 's past was revealed in Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . It was shown that Grand Master Oogway broke the Valley of Peace 's citizens from Scorpion 's hypnosis , fended off his treacherous student Fenghuang , saved the valley from evil demons and their leader Ke - Pa , chose Shifu to run the Jade Palace instead of Junjie , and imprisoned Master Ding in Mugu Mountain after separating him from his Spirit Orbs . In `` Ghost of Oogway , '' Junjie assumed the form of Oogway to trick Po and the Furious Five into letting their guard down . Shifu later assumed the form of the ghost of Grand Master Oogway to fool Junjie , who had also studied under Oogway in his youth . Following Junjie 's defeat , Shifu stated to Po that he knew Junjie was impersonating Grand Master Oogway because the real Grand Master Oogway never said `` awesome . '' In the episode 's final scene , it was shown that the real ghost of Grand Master Oogway was watching the battle from the peach tree and stated `` awesome '' before ascending back to the heavens . Oogway also battled alongside the previous incarnation of the Furious Five whose membership included Shifu and Fenghuang , an evil owl who betrayed the group and only fled because Oogway proved more than a match for her . Oogway and the five also battled such villains as Master Ding , a corrupt Kung Fu master with great mental powers . In the two part - episode `` Enter the Dragon '' it was revealed that Oogway once battled a horde of demons led by the evil Ke - Pa using the Hero 's Chi , a power granted to only one Kung Fu Master per generation . Oogway managed to seal most of the demons away in a vault but was left powerless against Ke - Pa , until his powers were restored by the Sacred Peach Tree of Heavenly Wisdom . Trapping Ke - Pa in the form of an aged pig , Oogway built the Jade Palace atop the vault containing the other demons to prevent them from escaping in the future . After he passed on , the Hero 's Chi passed to Po , who would later use it to battle the demons again and destroy Ke - Pa permanently . Furious Five ( edit ) The Furious Five are the supporting protagonists of the franchise ; with the exception of Oogway , Shifu , Po , and Tai Lung , the Furious Five are deemed the most skilled warriors in China . The Five were all trained by Shifu , and are homages to the Five Animals Southern styles of Chinese martial arts ( i.e. crane , viper , monkey , mantis , and tiger ) . The Furious Five initially refused to believe that Po was the Dragon Warrior , but later grew to respect his courage and tenacity . When Tai Lung was defeated by Po in single combat , they were convinced enough to bow to the giant panda as a master . Po has become fast friends with the Five and regularly fights alongside them and they have incorporated their group tactics with him to become an even more formidable fighting force . Discussing Po 's new placement with the Furious Five in Kung Fu Panda 2 , Jack Black has regarded Po as the `` technical leader '' of the quintet . However , because he is `` still finding his way '' through his insecurities and clumsiness , the group does n't become the `` Furious Six '' , but rather `` The Furious Five and the Dragon Warrior '' -- with Master Tigress as the `` real '' leader according to Black . In the Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness episode `` Owl Be Back '' , it was revealed that there had been other incarnations of the Furious Five before Tigress , Monkey , Viper , Mantis , and Crane back when Master Oogway was still alive . The preceding line - up consisted of Master Shifu , Fenghuang , Master Rooster , Master Snow Leopard , and Master Elephant . Master Tigress ( edit ) Master Tigress Kung Fu Panda character Voiced by Angelina Jolie ( films , TV specials ) Tara Strong ( young ) Tara Macri ( teenager ) Bobby Holliday ( video games ) Kari Wahlgren ( TV series and Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Scroll ) Information Species South China tiger Combat style Black Tiger Kung Fu Eye colour Fiery orange Gender Female Family Shifu ( adopted father ) Master Tigress is a tiger and also the founder of the Furious Five . Tigress bitterly resented Po when he was chosen to be the Dragon Warrior instead of her , and was the most vocal of the Five in her contempt for the panda even while her comrades grew to respect him . On his first night , she firmly told Po he did n't belong at the Jade Palace , sarcastically proclaiming that he was a disgrace to kung fu , and that he should leave . Though dejected , Po eventually chose to stay and they became best friends and the strongest 2 of the whole group . After the passing of Oogway and news that Tai Lung had escaped prison , Tigress overheard Po protesting to Shifu that he would never be able to defeat Tai Lung . Tigress took it upon herself to intercept the incoming villain , along with the rest of the Five . Tigress managed to counter Tai Lung and best him , matching his prowess , blow - for - blow . However , they were all defeated by Tai Lung 's superior martial skill and nerve attack . At the order of Shifu , Tigress and the rest of the Five evacuated the Valley without question . When Po defeats Tai Lung , Tigress is the first to acknowledge him as a master of kung fu , giving him a smile and bowing to him in respect , with the rest of the Five following suit . In Secrets of the Furious Five , Tigress was revealed to be an orphan living in the Bao Gu Orphanage where she was greatly feared by the other children and the matron due to her destructive temper and strength . Isolated in her room for the safety of the other children , she began to see herself as a monster , as everyone else did . Shifu , at the request of the orphanage , came to teach her to control herself by playing dominoes , which required discipline , grace , and precision . After months of training , Tigress learned to control both her anger and her movements . However , she was still feared by all potential parents who visited the orphanage , and Shifu soon took her in as a foster daughter , giving a small but genuine smile to her as they walked towards Tigress ' new home , the Jade Palace . However , Shifu still carried the emotional scars of previous events , and was strict and distant in her upbringing . An adult Tigress explained that Shifu loved Tai Lung like no other person before or since , including her . In Secrets of the Scroll , It is further revealed that Shifu was very strict in her Kung Fu training , and did not approve of her natural aggression and immense strength emerging during practices . Shifu originally wanted her to become as much like him as possible ; Tigress in turn aspired to have as much control and skill as he did , while at the same time believing she would never be like him , while Oogway agreed with her and believed that Tigress should be encouraged to grow into her own . When Shifu heard news of Boar , a dangerous warrior who had defeated several Kung Fu masters and was spreading terror through China , Tigress wanted to help , but he refused to let her . However , when Shifu fell ill due to a bad batch of food served by Po , Shifu sent Tigress to find four warriors to help fight Boar . However , when she dropped the scroll containing Shifu 's message , she inadvertently mixed it up with a scroll Po had thrown away ; one with a list of things he could aspire to be : a cleaner , comedian , dancer , and doctor . Tigress sought out the ones fitting this description , in this way meeting Crane , Monkey , Viper , and Mantis for the first time and learning from them how to be herself . However , when Shifu saw those she had brought , Shifu told her that she had failed , and ordered the Valley of Peace evacuated . Tigress however , stayed to fight , pretending to be Shifu , and after initially being defeated , found herself aided by Crane , Mantis , Viper and Monkey , who had stayed out of loyalty to their friend . Tigress realized during the fight through their actions and Boar 's words that she was not Shifu and never would be , and unleashed her true power ; together with her companions , Boar was defeated . Upon returning , Shifu ( now fully recovered from his illness ) , admitted that he was proud of her , and despite saying her style of fighting was unfocused and undisciplined , agreed to help her and the others develop their skills , eventually leading to them becoming the Furious Five . Ironically , Tigress ' finding the other members of the future Furious Five was due in part to the actions of Po , and their defeat of Boar in turn inspired his love of Kung Fu and led to his eventual destiny as the Dragon Warrior . In spite of her temperate , stoic , and sarcastic attitude , Tigress is probably the most loyal of the Five , extremely dedicated to the well - being of the Valley of Peace . As the leader of the group , Tigress holds an enormous sense of responsibility , and has no greater ambition than to protect the Valley and perfect her own skills . However , through Po 's single comment in Kung Fu Panda 2 that she 's so hardcore she `` ca n't feel anything '' , Tigress begins to question how others perceive her . She has also become a close friend to Po , and better understands his foibles , fighting closely with the panda and using tandem combat techniques they have developed together , although she can still get easily embarrassed by him . While still direct and commanding , she is also protective of Po , as shown by her efforts to keep him from battling Shen after he freezes in front of the peacock , explaining that she `` ca n't watch ( her ) friend be killed '' . Additionally , she later pushes him out of the way when Shen fires his canon at him a second time . Po reciprocates this closeness to her immediately after that sacrifice with him and all his comrades strewn half - conscious about in the bay ; namely , he swims to her alone and holds her paw in deep concern for her well being . After Po 's single - handed defeat of the peacock , Tigress helps him out of the water before complimenting him for his astounding victory , which Po silently answers with a hug . Tigress also listened to Po about his ' daddy issues ' , as Viper put it , showing that she cares how he is feeling , although she was still sarcastic to him . Tigress also displays a caring personality towards infants . At the end of the original film , when Tai Lung is defeated , she is seen holding a rabbit child and protecting it from the blast 's shockwave . In Kung Fu Panda Holiday Special , she playfully feeds one of the village piglets during the festival . In Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness , it is revealed that Tigress was left at the Bao Gu Orphanage by her parents . It is also shown that she was , at one point , not good with children . Tigress appears to be more stern and irritable throughout the series , and gets agitated with Po more than any of the rest of the Five . Despite this , she is still a dedicated warrior and friend . Po has wanted to be friends with her since he was five , and often tries to encourage his friendship with her . While she is distant , and often violent towards others , she shows a genuine , deep caring for Po and Shifu , expressing joy and relief when they are revealed alive in different episodes , hugging Po and spinning Shifu around , ( though she quickly recovers ) to the intense embarrassment of others nearby . She also shows signs of romantic feelings for the Midnight Stranger ( actually Po , who was secretly defying the kung fu ban in place at the time ) , being sappy and girly , in defiance of her normal surly characteristics . When she discovers that Po is the Midnight Stranger , then she is disappointed and says she is ' going to go throw up ' , to the disappointment and possible offending of Po , who had been excited for her to discover his identity . She has shown deep caring for Shifu , who is her father figure . In ' Kung Fu Day Care ' , she takes care of and teaches kung fu to Zan , a young boy who is actually the Emperor 's nephew , and she realises that Shifu , while being cold towards her , had actually taken some time to look after her and had played checkers with her . Tigress shows often that she was brought up to kung fu , and not normally . For instance , when Po gives an example of a random situation involving a rooster , battle axe and banana , she knows the protocol for it ( ' approach from battle axe side , banana 's a decoy ' ) . She also does n't understand the meaning of relaxation . Tigress actually left the Jade palace at one time , as Po 's antics were annoying her . She also does n't like festivals ( at the Aqueduct festival she said , `` do n't these people ever work '' ) , and through her coldness , in Legends of Awesomeness she is often believed to be a man . Whenever Po hugs her , she freezes up and looks awkward , this feeling spreading throughout the group . In Kung Fu Panda 3 , Master Tigress evades being attacked by Kai in order to warn Po that Kai is coming for the Pandas . Using what she learned from Po and about who she is , Tigress along with Li , Mr. Ping and the pandas are able to use their chi to rescue Po in order for him to defeat Kai once and for all . Master Viper ( edit ) Master Viper Kung Fu Panda character Voiced by Lucy Liu ( films & TV series ) Jessica DiCicco ( young ) Kath Soucie ( video games ) Information Species Green tree viper Combat style Viper Kung Fu Master Viper is a green tree viper with two small lotus flowers on top of her head . Although she has a serious birth defect for her species , being born with barely visible venomous fangs , she compensates with her strength , sinuous nature , beauty , and precision . In defiance of the villainous stereotype of snakes , Viper is the most charming , kind , compassionate and sweetest of the Five as demonstrated with her quickly developing empathy for Po as his indomitable tenacity became obvious and being the only one who did n't mock him in any way . She also acts as the `` mother hen '' of the group , trying to defuse arguments and conflicts between her friends and their differing personalities . In Secrets of the Furious Five , Viper was revealed to be daughter of Great Master Viper , protector of the village where she lived who relied on his venomous fangs to fell his enemies ( referred to by Po , and later on by the Great Master as the awe - inspiring awesomeness of his `` Poison Fang Technique '' ) , and his beautiful wife . The Great Master hoped she would carry on his legacy once she was born , but she was without fangs and never developed them as she grew up , much to the dismay of her father . To make her father feel better , Viper took up ribbon dancing at age six , blossoming into the best dancer in the village . During one Autumn Moon Festival , Viper was too timid to attend the festival and stayed home with her mother . But when her father fought against a gorilla bandit who attacked the village and used venom - proof armor to shatter the Great Master 's poison fangs , Viper , seeing him in trouble , mustered the courage she needed to defeat the gorilla by confusing him with her dancing skills and tying him up with her ribbon . Thus her father 's legacy was secure with his daughter becoming a mighty warrior on her own terms . In Secrets of the Scroll , Viper was asked by Tigress to appear at the Jade Palace ( where she thought she was to be asked to perform for Master Shifu and Oogway ) . However , Shifu , displeased with her not being a warrior , sent her and her companions , Crane , Monkey and Mantis away to safety when Boar threatened the Valley of Peace . However , when Tigress faced Boar , she and the others came to her aid , helping to defeat him . Shifu then offered to help them develop their skills into Kung Fu styles of their own , eventually creating the Furious Five . In Kung Fu Panda Holiday , it is revealed that Viper has sisters whom she loved to cook with during the Winter Feast , but in Secrets of the Furious Five , she is shown as an only child . It may be possible that Viper is merely the firstborn in her family and her sisters could all be younger siblings , though this remains unconfirmed . In Kung Fu Panda 2 , Viper is shown to be the most transparent in her feelings and the most openly compassionate . When the group , hidden inside a Chinese dragon costume , witness the wolves ' brutal treatment of the peasants of Gongmen City , Viper 's face is shown to be openly horrified . She is also shown to be able to pick locks with her tail and in `` Ladies of the Shade , '' she can swallow things for a while . In Kung Fu Panda 3 Viper is among the members of the Jade Palace who meet Po 's father , Li Shan and fight the Jombies ( jade statues possessing the chi of Kung Fu master past and present ) controlled by Kai when he attacks them . Viper herself has her chi taken and is herself turned into a Jombie when Kai attacks and destroys the Jade Palace . She is returned to normal when Po destroys Kai and is later seen celebrating alongside him and the rest of the Furious Five . Master Monkey ( edit ) Master Monkey Kung Fu Panda character Voiced by Jackie Chan ( films , Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors ) Jaycee Chan ( young ) James Sie ( video games and TV series ) Information Species Golden snub - nosed monkey Combat style Monkey Kung Fu Master Monkey is a Golden snub - nosed monkey with a thick Chinese accent who is the friendliest and most approachable of the Five . Monkey was the first of the five to recognize Po 's determination and was at first , the only member of the Furious Five who referred to Po by name . He also seems to harbor the strongest sense of humor within the Five as well , responding most strongly to Po 's sense of comedy . Unlike the others , Master Monkey prefers to use a weapon in combat . He uses a staff , a traditional weapon used in Kung Fu and other martial arts and strongly associated with the legendary Monkey King Sun Wukong . Before he became a kung fu warrior , it is known in the Secrets of the Furious Five that Monkey was the village trickster when he was a teenager , often making people slip on banana peels and / or pantsing them in revenge for an incident in his youth that resulted in him becoming a laughingstock . The townspeople sent many powerful warriors , including rhinoceros guards from Chorh - Gom Prison , to force him out of town dead or alive , but Monkey humiliated each and every one of them ( by swiping their belts off , resulting in their pants falling down ) . Monkey was finally subdued by Master Oogway , who , aside from wearing no pants , also used his shell to hide from Monkey 's attacks . Oogway taught Monkey compassion by saving him from a falling beam , sensing the pain of what caused Monkey 's actions . Instead of making him leave , Oogway convinced him to stay and use his skills for good , which led Monkey to develop into the warrior he is today . In Kung Fu Panda 2 , Monkey continues to provide much of the humor . When they break into the prison to free Master Ox and Master Croc , he offers to stand watch and make crane noises if the guards come into view -- insulting Crane , who asks indignantly when he 's ever made such noises . Monkey is also the first to try to rally the Furious Five after Po seemingly dies and the group is in chains , heading for execution . He turns to Tigress in this time , and seems to look to her for reassurance . In the Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness episode `` Monkey in the Middle , '' it is revealed that Master Monkey has a criminal older brother named Wu Kong who is the self - proclaimed `` King of Thieves . '' He also had a mother who died from shock and grief after seeing her two sons fight . Despite this tragedy , Monkey is shown to be a prankster who is often having fun and joking around with Po , whom he sees as a brother . Master Mantis ( edit ) Master Mantis Kung Fu Panda character Voiced by Seth Rogen ( films ) Max Koch ( young , TV series , and video games ) Brian T. Delaney ( first video game ) Information Species Chinese mantis Combat style Southern Praying Mantis Kung Fu Master Mantis is a Chinese mantis who is the smallest of the Five , but he is obviously the strongest proportional to his size . He resembles the praying mantis from Antz . He can perform such feats as throwing Po and single - handedly holding up a severed rope bridge burdened by most of his comrades and Tai Lung and still have the strength to snap the bridge when needed . He is also a skilled acupuncturist , although his success does depend on the type of body he is working with ; a body like that of Po can sometimes give him problems until he familiarizes himself with the particular anatomy ( one time , he accidentally tweaked Po 's facial nerve , causing the panda to pull a face , which Tigress took as an offensive gesture ) . Pragmatic and open minded with a dry sense of humor , Mantis was the first of the five to develop acceptance and liking of Po as a person , alongside the factor of Po 's girth , declaring size did little to define a warrior and could actually be used as an advantage no matter what style one practices . An unused line from the movie is Mantis saying , `` I 've got to admit , that panda has a lot of heart . And he 's incredibly fun to watch bounce . '' When he was a few years younger ( in Secrets of the Furious Five ) , Mantis was extremely impatient , feeling that the world was too slow for him and he was too fast for the world . On a mission to retrieve wool coats back from the Wool Stealing Crocodile Bandits ( it is unknown if he met Master Croc back then ) , he was captured due to his overconfidence and lack of listening skills when one of the sheep villagers tried to warn him of the bandits ' traps . Mantis was locked in a cage for days and forced to sit and wait for something to happen , and he entered a trance that allowed him to survey the world moving faster than he did . This allowed him to develop the patience needed to devise a plan of escape , playing dead to trick the crocodiles into opening his cage and defeat them . In the sequel , Mantis ' background is further revealed . When the group interrupts Po and Tigress in an effort to give `` emotional support '' , Mantis says wistfully that he never got to know his father , because his mother ate his father 's head . Later , when it seems as if they are about to die , Mantis sighs that he always expected to settle down with `` a nice girl who would later eat my head . '' Mantis is also shown to be able to move at inhuman speeds and break metal with his super strength . In Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness , Mantis has had two relationships , with a caterpillar and a female mantis named Hao Ming , and is shown to be an emotional wreck when he is dumped . This ties in with his remarks in the second film about wanting to settle down . Master Crane ( edit ) Master Crane Kung Fu Panda character Voiced by David Cross ( films , young ) Drew Massey ( video games ) Amir Talai ( TV series ) Information Species Black - necked crane Combat style Fujian White Crane Kung Fu Master Crane is a black - necked crane who is the most patient of the Five and one of the most sarcastic . During combat situations , especially in dangerous locations where fatal falls are possible , Crane will fly around the combat zone , surveying the area as a scout for tactical advantage as well as catching any of his comrades if they do fall . If necessary , he is strong enough to carry all of the Five in the air , but this is very taxing for him . He was the first of the Five to hold a conversation with Po , albeit it being quite awkward . Nonetheless , touched by Po 's dedication and admiration of the Five led Crane to have some respect for Po . In Secrets of the Furious Five , Crane was the janitor at the Lee Da Kung Fu Academy , where everybody looked down upon him including the strict instructor of the academy due to his particularly skinny build . However , the top student Mei Ling saw the skills which Crane used to tidy up the place every night , and convinced Crane to try out for the school . Though his nerve faltered at first , Crane accidentally wandered into the obstacle course when ordered to clean it up for the next batch of students . Demanding eligibility from prospective students and the instructor , Crane quickly found the confidence to surpass it , and passed with flying colors . In Kung Fu Panda 2 , Crane is shown to be the one responsible for carrying Po around . Unlike Tigress , Viper , Monkey , and Mantis , the panda is unable to fall from great heights and land safely on his feet , so Crane basically breaks his fall when needed . He is shown to be insulted when Po and Monkey insinuate that the noise `` Caw - Caw , Kee - Kee , '' are Crane noises , asking when he 's ever made any noises like that , ironically proving he does make these noises when he performs ' Wings of Justice ' during the attempt to blockade Shen 's fleet . When Tigress forces Po to stay behind on the basis that she `` ca n't watch ( her ) friend be killed . '' Crane asks hopefully `` Hey , uh ... maybe you ca n't watch ME be killed ? '' to which she tells him to stop being a wimp . In the end of the film , Crane is shocked with the rest of the Five and Masters Croc and Ox to see Po hugging Tigress , saying `` Do n't ever do that again , please ? '' as he hugs him with the others . Legends of Awesomeness depicts Crane as a somewhat awkward member of the Furious Five given to telling boring stories and prone to various illnesses and allergies . He is also revealed to have a mother who was initially terrified by the idea of him being involved in Kung Fu - he thus grew up practicing it without her knowledge . List of Kung Fu Masters ( edit ) The following Kung Fu Masters were featured or mentioned in Secrets of the Furious Five , Kung Fu Panda Holiday , and any other Kung Fu Panda - related media . Masters ' Council of Gongmen City ( edit ) The Masters ' Council are a group of renowned Kung Fu Masters who are the protectors of the metropolis of Gongmen City . They have governed the city after the parents of Lord Shen had passed on . Master Thundering Rhino ( edit ) Master Thundering Rhino Kung Fu Panda 2 character First appearance Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Last appearance Secrets of the Masters ( 2011 ) Voiced by Victor Garber ( film ) Paul Scheer ( Secrets of the Masters ) Information Species Javan rhinoceros Master Thundering Rhino is shown to be the leader of the Masters ' Council that protects the metropolis of Gongmen City . He is strong , fast , and said to have an `` impenetrable horn defense . '' He wields a battle hammer called the Cloud Hammer and uses it easily . His father is said to be the `` Legendary Master Flying Rhino . '' In his early adventures , he became legendary in his own right by slaying the Ten Thousand Serpents in the Valley of Woe . When he was in Gongmen City , he trained a young Storming Ox in the art of Kung Fu . He later had an encounter with Croc ( who at the time was a member of the Wool Stealing Crocodile Bandits ) and the two of them fought where Master Thundering Rhino spared Croc ( who ended up giving up his criminal ways and sided with Master Thundering Rhino ) . In Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters , Master Thundering Rhino ( alongside Master Storming Ox and Master Croc ) were seen in a street fight in the city of Jinzhou . They were approached by Oogway who gave them the task of stopping the Wu Sisters at Hubei Volcano . During this time , there was a deep seated need of Thundering Rhino to win his father 's respect . Master Thundering Rhino , Master Storming Ox , and Master Croc managed to defeat the Wu Sisters . In the present , it was shown that Master Thundering Rhino used to wield an unnamed staff ( which he used to liberate the village of Wen Shen ) which is now on display in the Hall of Warriors . In Kung Fu Panda 2 , he was first seen training with Master Storming Ox and Master Croc when Lord Shen arrives telling them to leave . Master Thundering Rhino objected to this and he alongside Master Storming Ox and Master Croc ended up fighting Lord Shen . When Master Storming Ox and Master Croc were defeated , Lord Shen 's weapons were broken by Master Thundering Rhino whom he called a show - off . When Thundering Rhino warned him he was no match for Kung Fu , Shen agreed with him before revealing his great cannon weapon as he quoted `` But THIS IS ! '' The first cannonball from the cannon is what killed Master Thundering Rhino off - screen . Master Thundering Rhino 's Cloud Hammer was left mounted in the palace 's center square by Lord Shen as both a warning to anyone who opposes him and as a victory trophy . The Furious Five , Po , and Master Shifu receive word that he is dead and travel to Gongmen City to stop Lord Shen . The hammer warning would be turned into a memorial for Thundering Rhino after Shen 's death . Master Storming Ox ( edit ) Master Storming Ox Kung Fu Panda 2 character Voiced by Dennis Haysbert ( film and Secrets of the Masters ) Phil LaMarr ( video game ) Information Species Ox Master Storming Ox is one of the Masters of Gongmen City and a member of the Masters ' Council . When he was young , he was trained in the art of Kung Fu by Master Thundering Rhino who found him having snuck into the Royal Palace . It was mentioned by Po that he once fought two hundred rat bandits in the rice fields of the Wing Cho province . In Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters , Master Storming Ox ( alongside Master Thundering Rhino and Master Croc ) were seen in a street fight in the city of Jinzhou . They were approached by Grand Master Oogway who gave them the task of stopping the Wu Sisters at Hubei Volcano . Master Thundering Rhino , Master Storming Ox , and Master Croc managed to defeat the Wu Sisters . In the present , it was shown that Master Storming Ox used to wield an unnamed sword ( which he once used to defeat the Macau Marauders ) which is now on display in the Hall of Warriors . In Kung Fu Panda 2 , he was training with Master Thundering Rhino and Master Croc . Lord Shen arrived and told them to leave . The three objected to this and ended up attacking Lord Shen only for Storming Ox and Croc to be defeated . When the Furious Five and Po travel to Gongmen City , they find him and Master Croc still alive and imprisoned in the Gongmen City Jail . However , Master Storming Ox refuses to join them saying that if he does , Lord Shen will use the Weapon on the city and kill everyone and that Kung Fu is dead . He later changes his mind and joins them for the last battle saying that `` their friend ( who later turns out to be Master Shifu ) is very persuasive . '' After Lord Shen 's death at the hands of Po , and with Master Thundering Rhino dead , Master Storming Ox became the new leader of the Masters ' Council , and therefore the new king of Gongmen City . He has his own section in the KFP comic `` Kung Fu Panda : Art of Balance '' chapter `` One Set of Horns . '' In the Kung Fu Panda 2 video game , Master Storming Ox is the one who tells Po about the Komodo dragons that once attacked Gongmen City when one of them is sighted in the sewers . Master Storming Ox is an expert strategist with the ability to pinpoint an enemy 's weakspot . His horns can penetrate anything . He did not appear in Kung Fu Panda 3 but was briefly mentioned . Master Croc ( edit ) Master Croc Kung Fu Panda 2 character Voiced by Jean - Claude Van Damme ( films ) Dave B. Mitchell ( video game ) Tony Leondis ( Secrets of the Masters ) Information Species Saltwater crocodile Master Croc is one of the Masters of Gongmen City and member of the Master 's Council . He is a saltwater crocodile with a spiked metal ball on the tip of his tail and extreme fighting skills both in and out of water . He was once the head of the infamous Wool Stealing Crocodile Bandits of Crocodile Island ( the very same bandits Mantis encountered in his youth ) until he crossed paths with Master Thundering Rhino . After the fight and inspired by the master sparing him , he gave up on being a bandit and eventually came to sit at Thundering Rhino 's side as a member of the Masters ' Council . One of Master Croc 's known heroics is when he had managed to defeat the Badger Bandits . In Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters , Master Croc ( alongside Master Thundering Rhino and Master Storming Ox ) were seen in a street fight in the city of Jinzhou . They were approached by Grand Master Oogway who gave them the task of stopping the Wu Sisters at Hubei Volcano . Master Thundering Rhino , Master Storming Ox , and Master Croc managed to defeat the Wu Sisters . In the present , it was shown that Master Croc used to wear a cape which is now on display in the Hall of Warriors . In Kung Fu Panda 2 , he was training with Master Thundering Rhino and Master Storming Ox . Lord Shen arrived and told them to leave . The three objected to this and ended up attacking Lord Shen only for Storming Ox and Croc to be defeated . He too gives up after being defeated by the Weapon , but unlike Master Storming Ox , who is visibly angry at Po 's insistence that they fight , Croc is more resigned . He is obviously less aggressive than Master Storming Ox , and visibly winces when Tigress rebuffs every single one of Po 's attempts to leave the jail when she tells him to stay behind . He also joins in the final fight after Shifu 's persuading . In Kung Fu Panda 3 , he was one of the masters who are turned to jombies and used against Po Earlier years Croc 's origins are currently unknown . However , it is known that he was once the head of the infamous Wool Stealing Crocodile Bandits of Crocodile Island , a gang of criminals noted to be `` unmatched in their mischief '' and known for their skill in trap - setting . One such trap successfully captured Master Mantis , though the bandits themselves were eventually fooled by his `` staying - still - for - a-really - long - time '' technique. ( 5 ) It is also known that Croc eventually crossed paths with Master Thundering Rhino , whose kung fu was proven superior in their battle on the shores of the Wa Su Li River . Beaten , Croc prepared himself for death , but the fatal blow never came . Thundering Rhino instead asked Croc to use his kung fu skills for doing good . Croc was so moved by Master Rhino 's compassion that he immediately quit his criminal ways . He then traveled across China , following Rhino 's advice to use his kung fu for good by righting wrongs and protecting the weak . Croc gained fame for his victorious deeds during this time . One such victory was his silencing of the Badger Bandits , who insulted Croc by talking about his mother . Eventually he came to sit at Rhino 's side as a member of the Kung Fu Council . Master Boar ( edit ) Master Boar Kung Fu Panda 2 character Information Species Wild boar Combat style Unspecified Master Boar was a Kung Fu Master who was supposed to appear as a member of the Masters ' Council in Kung Fu Panda 2 , but was scrapped . According to modeling supervisor Jason Turner , it was a challenge to animate Master Boar since his fat tends to get in his way when he leans down not unlike the challenges the animators had to face with Po . His design was used for an inmate in the Gongmen Palace 's dungeon with the inmate voiced by Conrad Vernon . Similar boar bandits with his design appeared in Kung Fu Panda Holiday with Conrad Vernon voicing the bandit that said `` Would n't be my choice . '' Master Boar later appeared in Kung Fu Panda : Showdown of Legendary Legends as a playable character . Master antelope ( edit ) Master Antelope Legend of the Legendary Warrior character Information Species Tibetan antelope Combat style Unspecified Master Antelope is a Kung Fu Master who was featured in the digital comic `` Legend of the Legendary Warrior . '' Not much is known about her except for the fact that she took part in a Kung Fu Tournament at the Jade Palace . Master Bull ( edit ) Master Bull Legend of the Legendary Warrior character Information Species Ox Combat style Unspecified Master Bull is a Kung Fu Master who was featured in the digital comic `` Legend of the Legendary Warrior . '' Not much is known about him except for the fact that he took part in a Kung Fu Tournament at the Jade Palace . In the Hall of Warriors , he is shown to have a portrait where he is holding two spiked hammer - like weapons . The caption under the portrait says that he is the `` Master of the Hammering Headache '' technique . Master Bull is also featured in Kung Fu Panda World where he rarely appears at the Sacred Peaks . When the player sits on the rocks in a certain pattern , they can click him and a mini-game will activate where the player has to protect the Valley of Peace from Tai Lung 's henchmen . Master Frog ( edit ) Master Frog Legend of the Legendary Warrior character Information Species Frog Combat style Unspecified Master Frog is a Kung Fu Master who was featured in the digital comic `` Legend of the Legendary Warrior . '' Not much is known about him except for the fact that he took part in a Kung Fu Tournament at the Jade Palace . In the Hall of Warriors , he has his own painting with a caption under the portrait that says `` Beware his Musical Mayhem Attack . '' Master Frog is also featured in Kung Fu Panda World where he is seen in Lily Pad Marsh sitting on the head of Master Monkey 's Statue . When clicked upon , Master Frog will flicker his tongue , jump from the hands of Master Monkey 's statue , leap into the water , and float back up to the statue . Also , in the game , he has a scroll named after himself called `` Master Frog 's Leap . '' Master Golden Takin ( edit ) Master Golden Takin Kung Fu Panda franchise character Information Species Takin Combat style Unspecified Master Golden Takin is a Kung Fu Master . Not much is known about him except for the fact that he was credited as the builder of the 900 - year - old Training Hall and was appointed as the first martial arts instructor by Oogway . Master leopard ( edit ) Master Leopard Legend of the Legendary Warrior character Information Species Leopard Combat style Unspecified Master Leopard is a Kung Fu Master who is briefly featured in the digital comic `` Legend of the Legendary Warrior . '' Not much is known about her or if Master Leopard is her real name or not . Master Dog ( edit ) Master Dog Kung Fu Panda franchise character Information Species Dog Combat style Unspecified Master Dog is a Kung Fu Master who was briefly mentioned . Not much is known about him and it was said that he was granted a set of ninja weapons that were forged by the father of Lady Blossom when it came to rescuing her . Dog 's weapons were seen in the Hall of Warriors as seen in Kung Fu Panda . Master Wolf ( edit ) Master Wolf Legend of the Legendary Warrior character Information Species Tibetan wolf Combat style Unspecified Master Wolf is a Kung Fu Master who was briefly seen in the digital comic `` Legend of the Legendary Warrior . '' Grand twin Weasels ( edit ) Grand Twin Weasels Kung Fu Panda franchise character Information Species Mountain weasels Combat style Unspecified The Grand Twin Weasels are two venerated Kung Fu Masters . Not much is known about them except that they are masters of the ring blades which can cut through stone . When their opponents see their weapons the battle is automatically decided . Their blades are seen in the Hall of Warriors as seen in Kung Fu Panda . Master flying Rhino ( edit ) Master Flying Rhino Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters character Voiced by David Cowgill Information Species Javan rhinoceros Flying Rhino is a Kung Fu Master who is the father and trainer of Thundering Rhino . He once used an armor in a bloody fight against the warriors of the Guangdong Province . Although he triumphed in that battle , his armor still bears the battle scars caused by the butterfly knives used by the lizard assassins that managed to get close to him . There was also a reference that Flying Rhino has also trained Vachir and had recommended him to Oogway to be in charge of Tai Lung 's incarceration at Chorh - Gom Prison as Flying Rhino stated that Vachir was brave enough , strong enough , and ruthless enough for the job . His armor is on display at the Jade Palace as seen in Kung Fu Panda . Great Master Viper ( edit ) Great Master Viper Secrets of the Furious Five character Voiced by James Sie Information Species Green tree viper Combat style Snake Kung Fu Great Master Viper is a Kung Fu Master who is the father of Master Viper and the last known leader of the Viper Clan . Not much is known about Great Master Viper 's past before the birth of his daughter Viper . What is known about him according to Po is that he was the greatest known leader and warrior of the Viper Clan , as well as the sole protector of Viper 's home village , highly dependent on his `` Poison Fang Technique , '' with which he used his venomous fangs to fell his enemies . Given that his venom was deadly enough to fell fifteen gorilla warriors and a mid-sized crocodile ( according to Po ) , he quickly built up his legacy and became greatly feared by his enemies . As is shown in Secrets of the Furious Five , Great Master Viper was shocked when Viper was born without fangs , prompting him to not pay her much attention as she grew up since he thought there was no point teaching her kung fu if she could n't use `` Poison Fang '' . Consequently , Viper instead took up ribbon dancing to cheer her father up . She finally got her chance to prove herself when a ferocious gorilla bandit took the precaution of wearing armour and broke Great Master Viper 's fangs , with Viper then tying the bandit up with her ribbon and saving her father 's life . Master eagle ( edit ) Master Eagle Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters character Information Species Eagle Master Eagle is a Kung Fu Master who was referenced in Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters . Not much is known about him except for the fact that he once owned the Blade of Bao Ding which he used to defeat the Hyenas of Handan as mentioned by Po . His weapon is on display in the Hall of Warriors . Master Rhino ( edit ) Master Rhino Kung Fu Panda Holiday character Voiced by Jonathan Groff Information Species Javan rhinoceros Rhino is a Kung Fu Master who was among the 29 representatives at the Jade Palace 's formal Winter Feast dinner from one of the unnamed Kung Fu schools in China to which he is the master over . Out of the twenty - nine representatives present , he and Master Sheep were the only ones named . It is unknown if he has any relations to Master Flying Rhino or Master Thundering Rhino . Master Sheep ( edit ) Master Sheep Kung Fu Panda Holiday Special character Voiced by None Information Species Black sheep Master Sheep is a Kung Fu Master who was among the 29 representatives at the Jade Palace 's formal Winter Feast dinner from one of the unnamed Kung Fu schools in China to which he is the master over . Out of the 29 representatives present , only he and Master Rhino were the only ones named . Master Bear ( edit ) Master Bear Kung Fu Panda 3 character Voiced by Fred Tatasciore Information Species brown bear Master Bear is a brown bear that appears in Kung Fu Panda 3 . He is among the Kung Fu Masters that are rounded up by the Furious Five to fight Kai . He appears as a playable character in Kung Fu Panda : Showdown of Legendary Legends . Master Chicken ( edit ) Master Chicken Kung Fu Panda 3 character Voiced by Stephen Kearin Information Species chicken Master Chicken is a chicken that appears in Kung Fu Panda 3 . He is among the Kung Fu Masters that are rounded up by the Furious Five to fight Kai . Master dolphin ( edit ) Master Dolphin Kung Fu Panda 3 character Information Species Dolphin Master Dolphin is a dolphin who was referenced in Kung Fu Panda 3 . He was a renowned Kung Fu Master throughout China . His armor is on display in the Hall of Warriors . Master Badger Twins ( edit ) Badger Twins Kung Fu Panda 3 character Information Species Badger The Master Badger Twins are twin deceased badgers that appear in Kung Fu Panda 3 . Their Chi was stolen by Kai to make his Jombies . According to animation supervision and fight choreographer Rodolphe Guenoden , the Badger Twins wield staffs to make up for their small arms not being able to reach their opponents . Master Gorilla ( edit ) Master Gorilla Kung Fu Panda 3 character Information Species Gorilla Master Gorilla is a gorilla that is featured in Kung Fu Panda 3 . Master Gorilla is a famed Kung Fu Master who Kai encountered and stole his chi to make into one of his Jombies . Master Porcupine ( edit ) Master Porcupine Kung Fu Panda 3 character Information Species Porcupine Master Porcupine is a deceased porcupine that appears in Kung Fu Panda 3 . His Chi was stolen by Kai to make his Zombies . Master Chao ( edit ) Master Chao Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by James Sie Information Species Desert monitor Combat style Shaolin Kung fu Master Chao ( Chinese for `` Super '' ) is a desert monitor Kung Fu Master amongst the hierarchy of the Sacred Onyx Council ( one of the most elite in China ) . He appeared in the episode `` Sight for Sore Eyes '' where he and Master Junjie visited Shifu at the Jade Palace to determine his qualifications as Master of the Jade Palace . He , Shifu , and Junjie ended up doing their usual sparring with Po secretly watching under Junjie 's request where Junjie used a Golden Lotus Clap which Shifu and Chao turned away which resulted in Po being blinded . After it was revealed that Po had watched the play after he botched up a group technique , making Shifu undo the effects of the Golden Lotus Clap , Master Chao was displeased that Po disobeyed Shifu 's orders and ended up replacing Shifu with Junjie . When Chao returned to check up on Junjie , he overheard Junjie 's intentions in his talk with Po and caught Junjie in the act . Po and Chao were imprisoned in the same cell as Shifu by Junjie 's Furious Five . After Po freed Shifu and Chao and defeated Junjie , Chao gave Shifu his job back and commended Po for doing the right thing despite the risk , while Junjie and his Furious Five are remanded to Chorh - Gom Prison . In `` Kung Shoes , '' Chao is called to the Jade Palace when Po ( who was wearing special shoes that enhance Kung Fu abilities ) has accomplished the Three Needles move . It turns out that Shifu , the Furious Five , and Chao , knew about the shoes when they started to glow . When the shoes start to go out of control , Chao had to help Shifu and the Furious Five in order to get the shoes off of Po . After the panda got the shoes off and sliced them , the shoes multiplied and possessed everyone present . Po then uses the water to neutralize the shoe 's effects . Shifu thanks Chao for his help as Chao states that this was the first time he has seen anyone perform the Three Needles Move ( even if it was done by anyone wearing sentient shoes ) . Master Yao ( edit ) Master Yao Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Paul Rugg Information Species Blackbuck Combat style Unspecified Master Yao ( Chinese for `` Brilliant '' ) is a blackbuck Kung Fu Master renowned for his outstanding intellect . Shifu idolizes him and commented that Yao is known for being `` the greatest Kung Fu mind this world has ever known . '' He was credited as the first person to unlock the mystery of the Secret Scroll at the age of 5 . At age 6 , he invented pruning and was one of the few people who know how an abacus works . But with a great mind came a great sacrifice . Yao spent a lifetime meditating alone with no contact to the outside world . He has become the keeper of the secrets of Kung Fu . In his mind , Yao holds unimaginable knowledge and the power of the universe . Sometime later , Yao comes out of hiding to visit the Valley of Peace . After years of being cooped in constant meditation and isolated from the rest of the world , Yao was cheerful and glad to experience life again . He gets overly excited at every little thing that surrounds him because of his long cut - off from the world . Po and Shifu had to protect him when Temutai and the Qidan Clan target Yao to learn the secrets of Kung Fu . Even though his physical strengths are weak , he is able to use Kung Fu with his mind . It was with this talent that he was able to free Po and Shifu and knock the entire Qidan Clan unconscious . Mr. Yeung ( edit ) Mr. Yeung Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Toby Huss Information Species Taihu pig Combat style Unspecified Mr. Yeung is an elderly pig who was once a Kung Fu Master that was known back then as `` Yeung the Musical Archer '' and was a companion to Mrs. Gow . His nickname comes from the fact that Mr. Yeung can use his musical instrument as a bow to fire arrows perfectly . He first appeared in the episode `` In With the Old '' where he and Mrs. Gow play mahjong with Mr. Ping . They end up coming to the aid of Po when Temutai and the Qidan Clan plot to steal the Helmet of the Invincible Thunder Kick . Mrs. Gow ( edit ) Mrs. Gow Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Amy Hill Information Species Goat Combat style Unspecified Mrs. Gow is an elderly goat who was once a Kung Fu Master that was known back then as `` Gow of the Hundred Stars '' and was a companion of Mr. Yeung . Her nickname comes from the fact she could throw razor sharp stars into her opponents perfectly . She first appeared in the episode `` In With the Old '' where she and Mr. Yeung play mahjong with Mr. Ping . When Mr. Ping suggests that she and Mr. Yeung help Po save Shifu and defend the Jade Palace , Po dismisses them because of their age , remarking that Mrs. Gow was `` older than rope '' and that Mr. Yeung was even older than she was . However , they end up coming to the aid of Po when Temutai and the Qidan Clan plot to steal the Helmet of the Invincible Thunder Kick . Mrs. Gow used her dental prosthetic and not her stars , but still proved to be a very capable fighter despite her advanced years and reprimands Po by commenting that she is like `` rope , you know , that thing that is very useful . '' Master Shengqi ( edit ) Master Shengqi Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Tim Dadabo Information species Water buffalo Master Shengqi ( Chinese for `` Angry '' ) is a water buffalo Kung Fu Master who resides in Muchang . He used to work for Duke Pingjun until his daughter Xiao Niao tripped and fell into the giant moon cake for Duke Pingjun 's guests . Shengqi intervened before Duke Bingjun could slap her . Duke Bingjun accused Shengqi of assault and had him incarcerated in Chorh - Gom Prison . Shengqi later broke out of Chorh - Gom Prison and had a bounty placed on him . The inhabitants of Muchang are very protective of him when Po takes Constable Hu 's offer to bring him in . When Po finds Shengqi and fights him , Po fights him and does n't believe his side of the story . Po catches up to Shengqi on top of the mountain and fights him again . Po still does n't believe him until he sees half of a necklace that was on the neck of a girl ( who turned out to be Xiao Niao ) that attended the festival . When Po is given the reward from the Rhino Guards , he throws the reward towards the Rhino Guards and gets Shengqi away . Po takes Shengqi to the Valley of Peace where Constable Hu tries to capture Shengqi . Po tells Constable Hu the truth about what happened the day when Shengqi was imprisoned . As Shengqi is reunited with Xiao Niao , Constable Hu tells Po that he will petition the Imperial Magistrate to have Shengqi 's sentence overturned . Master Kweng ( edit ) Master Kweng Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Jim Meskimen Information species Argali Master Kweng ( Chinese for `` Kaunda '' ) is a goat Kung Fu Master who is the CEO of the Kung Fu Express ( a group of messengers trained in Kung Fu ) . He is known for saying `` No unauthorized handling '' when it comes to people that want to handle the message . In `` Shoot the Messenger , '' Po accidentally signs the Dragon Warrior on a scroll Kweng was carrying that was actually a peace treaty between the Gorilla Clan led by Can - Shoo and the Gorilla Clan led by Cheen - Gwan . Po ended up getting the help from Lam and Tigress to get the peace treaty back from Kweng for fear of a war between the Gorilla Clans that can threaten all of China . The fight between Po , Tigress , and Kweng escalated at the Kung Fu Express headquarters where the other members of the Kung Fu Express end up taking part in the battle . When the treaty is finally delivered to Can - Shoo and Cheen - Gwan by Kweng , they were surprised that the Dragon Warrior 's name is on it as they are big fans of Po . Master Mugan ( edit ) Master Mugan Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by April Winchell Information Species Goldfish Master Mugan ( Chinese for `` Wood '' ) is a goldfish Kung Fu Master who resides at the Garnet Palace as its headmaster . She is very strict and greatly dislikes Po as she believes that he is undisciplined and was chosen by a random quirk of fate . She also secretly views her students as little more than possessions for her to do with as she will , as she stated Tigress was never allowed to leave once she joined her , which was further evidenced by the fact that the previous warrior she had trained was forced to train until he was broken physically and spiritually by her . She came to the Jade Palace in `` A Tigress Tale , '' where she wanted to seek a new Kung Fu master to join her at the Garnet Palace , following the failure of her previous warrior Wu Yong . Tigress went with Mugan and showed off her Kung Fu talents and Mugan stated that she was a powerful warrior . When Tigress went to acknowledge the compliment , Mugan stated that it was n't a compliment . She informed Tigress that her focus in Kung Fu was precision , and demonstrated so by jumping out of her fish tank and using the bowls around her Kung Fu dojo to jump and eventually cut Tigress with one of her razor - sharp fins . Tigress was impressed with Mugan 's skills and began her training , but could not seem to impress Mugan , as Mugan was never . When Tigress tried to leave , Mugan refused to let her go and instead imprisoned her and decided to break her , as she had with her previous student . When Po went to the Garnet Palace to see Tigress , Mugan lied to Po that she did not want to see him . Eventually , Po broke into the Garnet Palace and freed Tigress , only for them to be stopped by Mugan . Then Tigress informed Mugan that there was more to life than Kung Fu . Outraged , Mugan attacked Po and Tigress , but was defeated when Po and Wu Yong knocked all the pillars holding her water over , trapping her in the central tank . Afterwards , Mugan was presumably sent to Chorh - Gom Prison . Master Lun ( edit ) Master Lun Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Michael - Leon Wooley Information Species Pug Master Lun ( Chinese for `` Friendship '' ) is a pug Kung Fu Master that appears in Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He utilizes the chi of his instruments to use musical kung fu . Master Elephant ( edit ) Master Elephant Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Nolan North Information Species Indian elephant Master Elephant is an Indian elephant who appears in Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He was a member of the original Furious Five alongside Master Shifu , Fenghuang , Master Snow Leopard , and Master Rooster . Master Elephant appears in person in the episode `` The First Five '' where Po organizes a reunion of the original Furious Five as part of a party that Po throws for Master Shifu . During a mission where Po teams up with the original five ( minus Master Shifu who had refused to take part in the mission ) to retrieve the Sword of Xi'an , a demon that had been beaten by the original five in the past , Master Elephant is possessed by Xi'an . He is eventually freed by both the current and past incarnations of the Furious Five and the sword is destroyed by Fenghuang . Master snow leopard ( edit ) Master Snow Leopard Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Mindy Sterling Information Species Snow leopard Master Snow Leopard is a snow leopard who appears in Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . She was a member of the original Furious Five alongside Master Shifu , Fenghuang , Master Elephant , and Master Rooster . Master Snow Leopard appears in person in the episode `` The First Five '' where Po organizes a reunion of the original Furious Five as part of a party that Po throws for Master Shifu . Master Rooster ( edit ) Rooster Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Eric Bauza Information Species Chicken Master Rooster is a chicken who appears in Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He was a member of the original Furious Five alongside Master Shifu , Fenghuang , Master Elephant , and Master Snow Leopard . Master Rooster appears in person in the episode `` The First Five '' where Po organizes a reunion of the original Furious Five as part of a party that Po throws for Master Shifu . Enemies ( edit ) Tai Lung ( edit ) Tai Lung Kung Fu Panda character First appearance Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Voiced by Ian McShane ( films ) Riley Osborne ( young ) J. Grant Albrecht ( Kung Fu Panda video game ) Pat Fraley ( Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors ) André Sogliuzzo ( TV series ) Information Species Snow leopard Combat style Leopard Kung Fu Age 20 + Tai Lung ( Chinese for `` Great Dragon '' ) was the main antagonist of Kung Fu Panda . He was a muscular snow leopard with supernatural strength . Before the franchise , Tai Lung was the adoptive son and first devoted pupil of Master Shifu , who found him abandoned on the doorstep of the Jade Palace training ground and taught him skills in Kung Fu that he never shared with any other of his students , even the Furious Five . In fact , Tai Lung was the only one ( third to Oogway and Shifu ) to know the Nerve Attack , and believed that he was destined to become the Dragon Warrior , making it his aim in life . However , as Tai Lung 's fighting skills developed , his pride and thirst for power grew overwhelming due to believing that he was to become the Dragon Warrior , thus alerting Grand Master Oogway of darkness in his heart and leading him to refuse Tai Lung the title . Shocked , Tai Lung looked to Shifu for support , but the latter was too reluctant to protest . Embittered and outraged by Shifu and Oogway 's perceived betrayal , Tai Lung 's pride turned into corruption as he rampaged throughout the valley , taking out his rage against the villagers . He then fought his way back to the Jade Palace , seeking to take the Dragon Scroll , the item that was said to grant the chosen Dragon Warrior limitless power , by force . Shifu could not bring himself to harm his adoptive son , whereas Tai Lung felt no such hesitation and smashed aside his mentor and father figure without mercy . However , the leopard was no match for Oogway , who hit him with a lighting fast series of nerve attacks , paralyzing and defeating him . Following his defeat , Tai Lung was sent to Chorh - Gom Prison for his crimes against the valley and kept restrained by a body - device shaped like a turtle shell ( later revealed in the second movie to be similar to the mechanism used by Lord Shen 's men to restrain Po and the Furious Five , called `` Eight - point Acupressure cuffs ; the more you move , the tighter they get '' ) . Despite Tai Lung 's imprisonment , this left a hole in Shifu 's soul due to the fact that the love he gave Tai Lung went to waste , and as a result , he started training the Furious Five with a more harsh and critical manner . Two decades later , on the day Po was chosen the Dragon Warrior , Tai Lung escaped using a feather dropped by Zeng to pick the lock on the body - device , and slaughtered all the guards before sending Zeng ahead with a message . Desperate for the Dragon Scroll , he headed straight back to the Valley , stopping briefly to engage and defeat the Furious Five . By the time he reached the temple , Shifu battled him while Po was supposedly evacuating with the rest of the villagers and the Furious Five . Tai Lung unleashed all his rage and hatred during the battle , and gravely wounded Shifu , who he blamed for his incarceration and failure to become the Dragon Warrior , furiously demanding to know if Shifu was satisfied with turning him into the monster he had become . It was then Shifu told Tai Lung that his pride for him blinded the master to see what his adopted son was becoming , and apologized . Although Tai Lung showed some concern for him , he was still only interested in gaining the Dragon Scroll ( saying `` I do n't want your apology , I want my scroll ! '' ) . When he finally saw that it was missing , he nearly killed Shifu until Po came in and stopped him . Even though Tai Lung scoffed that a fat panda could n't possibly be the Dragon Warrior , Po proved to be an unexpectedly formidable opponent . Po 's considerable cunning , skill and strength , Tai Lung thought , was only possible through the Dragon Scroll . After a protracted battle throughout the village , he finally managed to obtain the Dragon Scroll , but his impatience caused him to not understand its symbolism : the scroll was actually a blank reflective foil , meaning the power had always been buried deep within the person . Po , on the other hand , understood it very well and used the symbolism to counterattack several of Tai Lung 's moves . Tai Lung was ultimately defeated when Po utilized the Wuxi Finger Hold , which the former claimed Shifu did n't teach him . Po agreed , replying that he figured it out on his own ( though Shifu had tried to threateningly use it on Po earlier ) , and vanquished the hateful snow leopard in a brilliant and rippling flash that shook the Valley . In the video game Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors , Tai Lung had survived his encounter with Po and plans his revenge on him by capturing the Furious Five . He is defeated once again . Tai Lung additionally appears at the beginning of the Kung Fu Panda Holiday Special as part of Mr. Ping 's `` Noodle Dream '' where he fights Po . Po states he thought Tai Lung was dead , though this statement is cut short when Tai Lung attacks him . Po ultimately defeats him once again . In Kung Fu Panda 2 , Tai Lung was only seen in Po 's flashback during his demonstration of inner peace . In Kung Fu Panda 3 , Po mentioned that the Wuxi Finger Hold sends the opponent to the Spirit Realm , which indicates that Tai Lung was sent there when he was defeated . At the end of the Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness episode `` The Kung Fu Kid , '' the episode 's twist ending revealed that Tai Lung is the uncle of Peng who is searching for him much to Po 's shock and horror . In `` Master and the Panda , '' Peng learns that Po was responsible for what happened to Tai Lung as Po tries to tell Peng that Tai Lung was evil . When Peng ended up corrupted by the Gung Lu Medallion and started attacking , Po used the Shift Stone to transform into Tai Lung in order to get Peng to remove the medallion . Upon seeing what following his uncle 's path would turn him into , Peng then retired from Kung Fu , not wanting to end up like his uncle . However , in `` Kung Fu Club , '' Peng would be revealed to have returned to the path of Kung Fu , this time seeking to train common people to defend themselves . Tai Lung is shown to be an exceptionally deadly fighter , able to single - handedly defeat a thousand guards in Chorh - Gom Prison , as well as the Furious Five . He is also shown to be very resourceful , for example using a feather to escape his shackles he picked up with his tail and using spears launched at him from crossbows to allow him to escape as well as using them for leverage to achieve upward mobility . He also has a special nerve attack taught to him by Shifu which completely paralyzes the victim . However , Po , being too fat for the strikes to reach the correct points , is resistant to the technique , finding it very ticklish when it was used . Lord Shen ( edit ) Shen Kung Fu Panda 2 character First appearance Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Voiced by Gary Oldman ( film ) Information Species Indian peafowl ( leucistic ) Combat style Cai Li Fo Age 30 + Lord Shen ( Chinese for `` Divinity '' ) was the main antagonist of Kung Fu Panda 2 . He was a leucistic peacock who was disturbed and desperate to regain happiness by conquering all of China . Shen can be described as a Hungry ghost , referring to him having ambitions that can never be satisfied or as the Soothsayer said it ; `` the cup ( Shen ) choose ( s ) to fill has no bottom '' . Before the franchise , Shen was a prince of Gongmen City who became interested in the power of gunpowder , wondering if it and the technology behind fireworks ( which was invented by his family to bring great joy to all China ) could be used for warfare . This obsession worried his loving parents , who asked the Soothsayer what his future held . In response , she foretold that if he ever continued to go too far down this path , he would be stopped by `` a warrior of black - and - white '' . Eavesdropping on this divination , Shen correctly assumed that the warrior would be a panda and decided to take action in an attempt to avert the prophecy , thus leading his wolf guards in a massacre against China 's entire panda population ( in the opening , the Soothsayer says that this only sealed Shen 's fate ; OR in layman 's terms the `` Self - fulfilling prophecy '' ) . Upon becoming satisfied that he achieved his objective , he returned to his family palace filled with pride , but was confronted by his parents , who were horrified by his atrocity and immediately exiled him as punishment . Feeling profoundly wronged for this treatment , the peacock angrily vowed he would return one day to conquer China . Unknown to him , the seeds of his destruction were laid as the apparent sole survivor of his panda massacre ( who turned out to be Po ) was inadvertently transported in a crate of radishes to the Valley of Peace , where he became the Dragon Warrior , and Shen 's parents became so crippled by the pain of having to banish their son that they both died of broken hearts . Over twenty years later , Shen and his wolf minions had finished building a whole arsenal of firework - smoking cannons , raiding villages to supply the refined metal required . When satisfied that he was ready for war , he marched upon Gongmen City with his wolf and gorilla armies and challenged the current regents , the Masters ' Council ( which consisted of Masters Thundering Rhino , Storming Ox and Croc ) , to a duel . Swiftly defeating Storming Ox and Croc , and killing Thundering Rhino with a cannon shot , Shen imprisoned the demoralized remaining masters and seized control of the city , keeping only the Soothsayer in his court for her skills . Shortly afterward , Shen 's wolf army captured Po and the Furious Five trying to break into the city to stop him . Even though Shen already learned that a fat panda survived his genocide , Po seemed a simpleton whose stupidity was found mildly amusing , and did n't know about his past . However , when he tried to kill the warriors with his cannon , they broke free as arranged and destroyed the cannon , mistakenly thinking it was the only one . Taking advantage of Po 's sudden flashback upon seeing his red feather markings , Shen managed to escape to a foundry where he ordered a team of cannoneers to bring down the palace to kill the warriors , before they escaped and later tried to destroy the cannon foundry to stop production . Unfortunately , Po unintentionally interfered with the attempt when he broke in on his own to confront the peacock about his suspicions concerning his involvement with his parents . At that , Shen falsely claimed Po 's parents never loved him , abandoning him to save themselves . With Po distraught , Shen armed a large cannon and seemingly killed Po by blasting him into the river . With that , Shen eventually captured the Furious Five and planned to kill them once his fleet reached open water as a demonstration of his power . However , Po returned to confront him again , having survived the blast and being nursed back to health by the Soothsayer , gaining his inner peace . Now even more formidable , the panda freed his comrades and were joined by their fellow masters , including Storming Ox , Ferocious Croc and Shifu in a furious melee to stop the fleet 's departure . Shen 's increasing rage drove him to fire on his own troops to kill the masters . Eventually , he still managed to blast his opposition with the head cannon and exit the harbor . As it looked like all was lost , Po , using a piece of wreckage as an island , caught the cannonballs fired at him and redirected them at the fleet . Frustrated , Shen ordered that the barrage be maintained , only to find out that he enabled the Dragon Warrior to destroy his forces with his own fired ammunition . Finally , Po was able to destroy Shen 's primary cannon , severely damaging his flagship in the process . He then boarded Shen 's damaged flagship and confronted the worn - out Shen , who was flabbergasted as to how Po could attain such a controlled peace despite his atrocities against him , which he expected would merit revenge . Po told him that he rejected letting his past dominate his present and pleads with the peacock to let go of his past resentments , saying that the only thing that matters now is the path he chooses . Even though Shen agreed of choosing his own path , he refused to let go of his hatred ( saying `` You 're right . Then I choose THIS ! '' ) . He attacked Po until the melee toppled the wreckage of the cannon , causing the heavy weapon to fall on and crush the psychotic peacock , presumably killing him . Despite his reliance of cannons , Shen is also an incredibly deadly fighter with blades , several of which are of different sizes he hides in his feathers . He also wears steel gauntlets with sharpened talons over his real feet and claws which he uses as a weapon , to light fuses and as a source of traction . Shen 's fighting style shares similar qualities with `` Cai Li Fo '' , a Chinese martial art that uses a metal fan for defensive and distraction purposes . These qualities are represented in the movie by Shen 's use of his tail feathers and his agile , circular movements . His defeat is mentioned by a villager in the Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness episode `` Enter The Dragon '' . Shen also made a cameo appearance in Kung Fu Panda 3 during the end of a flashback scene when Li Shan lost his wife . Lord Shen 's Wolf Army ( edit ) This Wolf Army are the servants of Lord Shen . These wolves once served as the Royal Guards of Gongmen City . But the only member of Gongman City 's royal family ever to befriend the wolves was Shen , the heir to Gongmen City 's throne . Shen fed them , played with them , and treated them like family . The pack and their leader eventually swore their allegiance to Shen . Some remnants of Lord Shen 's Wolf Army were seen in the Kung Fu Panda 2 video game where it is being led by another wolf . Wolf Boss ( edit ) Wolf Boss Kung Fu Panda 2 character Voiced by Danny McBride Information Species Tibetan wolf Combat style Wields a war maul Wolf Boss was the secondary antagonist of Kung Fu Panda 2 . He was Shen 's former second - in - command who leads a Wolf Army working for Shen and sees with only one eye ( because in the flashback , his left eye is destroyed by Li Shan , who hits him with a hammer and is seen chasing Po 's mother down in the forest ) . He first spots Po , as well as the one to inform Shen that he is still alive . Later , Po and Wolf Boss are in combat several times at Gongmen City can be interpreted as comic relief . Both Po and the Wolf Boss get hit by the wooden signs while moving forward . He is shown to be rather savage as he attempts to kill him , despite him being an innocent baby at the time . The symbol of Shen on his sleeve , distracts Po during the fight and triggers both Po 's memories of his past and his desire to find out who he is . However , they also allow Boss Wolf an advantage , and while Po is distracted he often runs away or knocks the panda down . Unlike Shen , Wolf Boss is never shown to be completely evil . Despite being a wolf , he seems to be almost puppy - like at times -- talking too much , making Lord Shen angry with his comments and whimpering when his toe is stomped . Also , despite his enmity and conflicts with Po , Wolf Boss does acknowledge him to be a true kung fu warrior , stating to Shen that Po fought ' like a demon ' during their battles in the Valley and Gongmen City . Also , Wolf Boss obviously cares for his pack a lot , sharing a code of honor towards them . During the final battle , Lord Shen orders Wolf Boss to fire the Weapon at Po , but he is hesitant as doing so would kill many of his own pack too . However , Shen does n't care and still orders Wolf Boss to fire the cannon . Outraged at his master 's callous disregard for his pack , Wolf Boss ultimately refuses . Shen responds by quickly throwing five daggers to kill Wolf Boss and fires the Weapon himself . In the early stages of the first sequel , he was originally going to be a crow , but he was scrapped and changed into a wolf instead possibly because he looked too similar to Shen . Lord Shen 's Gorilla Army ( edit ) This Gorilla Army are the tertiary antagonists and servants of Lord Shen and serve as the brute strength of his armies . Kai the Collector ( edit ) Kai Kung Fu Panda 3 character Voiced by J.K. Simmons Information Species Yak Combat Style Supernatural abilities Kai the Collector ( Chinese for `` Victory '' or `` Open '' ) was the main antagonist of Kung Fu Panda 3 . Before the franchise , Kai was a brother - in - arms to Grand Master Oogway , who he fought alongside as fellow general in a great army . One day , Oogway was badly wounded in an ambush made by the enemy army . Kai carried his friend for days looking for help until they reached the Secret Panda Village , where the pandas used their knowledge of chi to heal the injured master . As the pandas taught Oogway how to use chi , Kai plotted to increase his powers with it . He used the pandas ' teachings to develop the power to take chi from others rather than give it . This forced Oogway to fight him off in a battle that `` shook the Earth '' until finally , he banished Kai to the Spirit Realm for all eternity . But Oogway knew that Kai would one day return to the mortal world and seek to collect the chi from every kung fu master and destroy his friend 's legacy . To prevent this , Oogway foretold that only the Dragon Warrior would be sent on such path to become a true master of chi - giving , hoping that the warrior would put a stop to the chi - taking . Five centuries later , Kai had finished collecting the chi of every Kung Fu master who ended up in the Spirit Realm , challenging each to a duel for them . When satisfied that he had enough to overpower his old friend , he challenged Oogway to a rematch and managed to add his chi to his collection . Before giving in to Kai , Oogway warned him that he had set Po on the path to defeat him . Using Oogway 's chi , Kai returned to the Mortal World to hunt down Po and the Furious Five , sending several of his Jombies to find them . When their task was completed , he began hunting down and stealing the chi of every Kung Fu Master in China . This caused Master Shifu to send Crane and Mantis to investigate . With the aid of Masters Bear , Chicken and Croc , the chosen duo confronted Kai in a shipwreck and were defeated when he had their chi . Kai then attacked the Jade Palace for the rest of the Five 's chi and destroyed it along with the Valley of Peace , but Tigress evaded getting her chi taken and escaped upon Shifu 's orders to warn Po that Kai was coming for him . By the time he arrived at the Secret Panda Village , Kai unleashed his Jombies on the pandas while Po fought with him . Since the Wuxi Finger Hold did n't work on Spirit Warriors , Po had to use the move on himself in order to get himself and Kai into the Spirit Realm , where the hateful yak was overloaded with chi , triggering a spiritual explosion and freeing the Kung Fu Masters whose chi he took . Jombies ( edit ) The Jombies are the name given to Kai 's jade minions in Kung Fu Panda 3 . The Jombies are created by from the Chi of the Kung Fu Masters whether they are dead or alive . Kai made the Jombies out of the Chis of Master Porcupine , the Badger Twins , Master Gorilla , Master Boars , Master Croc , Master Bear , Master Chicken , Master Shifu , and most of the Furious Five . Wu Sisters ( edit ) Wu Sisters Secrets of the Masters , Kung Fu Panda : The Game , Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors , Kung Fu Panda from Titan Comics character Information Species Leopard Combat style Unspecified A trio of villainous leopard sisters who work together to terrorize China , steal , and defeat their enemies . In Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters , the trio were at one point imprisoned but managed to escape and set out to unite the various crime families of China in order to conquer the country . This prompted Oogway to form an alliance with unlikely future Kung fu masters Thundering Rhino , Storming Ox , and Croc in order to defeat them . They also appeared in two video games : in Kung Fu Panda : The Game as an enemy team and in Legendary Warriors as minions of Tai Lung . The trio also appear in the series from Titan Comics ; in one story they infiltrate the Jade Palace but are defeated by Po and Tigress . Su Wu ( edit ) The leader of the Wu Sisters , distinguished from her sisters by the lack of a head wrap and mismatched eyes ( one gold and the other cyan , possibly blind ) . Wing Wu ( edit ) Wan Wu ( edit ) Boar ( edit ) Boar Secrets of the Scroll character Information Species Wild Boar Combat Style Unspecified Boar was an enormous anthropomorphic wild boar that appeared in Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Scroll and starred as its main antagonist . Boar was a terrifying Kung Fu warrior that terrorized a vast swathe of China . He attacked many villages and defeated many powerful Kung Fu masters , to the point where he was deemed unstoppable and invincible . When word spread that he intended to defeat Shifu and attack the Valley of Peace , Shifu intended to stop him , but was thwarted from this due to accidentally being poisoned by the food Po had made for him . Tigress faced Boar in his place , masquerading as Shifu . Boar initially gained the upper hand in their fight , as her mimicry of Shifu 's style was no match for Boar , but when Mantis , Crane , Viper and Monkey intervened and came to her aid , Tigress gave up Shifu 's style of Kung Fu to use her own , and the five quickly gained the upper hand against Boar , swiftly defeating him and putting an end to his rampage . Boar was also the catalyst for the formation of the Furious Five , and their defeat of the villain in turn inspired Po 's love of Kung Fu , leading to his eventual destiny as the Dragon Warrior . Kuo ( edit ) Kuo Art of Balance character Information Species Tibetan antelope Combat style Unspecified Kuo ( Chinese for `` Vast '' ) is the main antagonist of the Kung Fu Panda comic `` Art of Balance '' by Ape Entertainment . In the comic , Po first meets Kuo while heading for Mr. Ping 's restaurant , where Kuo then claims to be a big fan of Mr. Ping as well as expressing interest in working in his restaurant . Po and Mr. Ping hire Kuo where he shows great skill with cooking knives . He then ask what the secret is to his recipes , only to be stone - walled by the goose chef . Kuo later on searches through Mr. Ping 's recipes , but is then caught by Mr. Ping himself . Kuo then threatens him with his knives and holds him hostage . When Po returns later that night , he finds his father tied up on the front counter . Po asks Kuo what he 's doing and why , the deranged antelope says that he once owned a restaurant himself but was driven out of business because customers always went to Mr. Ping 's instead of his own ; he then says that he has debts owed to criminals . He blames Mr. Ping for making him a failure , but Po tells him that he is n't a failure but instead lost his balance . Yet instead of regaining his balance , he let his imbalance control his life . Engraged , Kuo then throws numerous knives at Po , but the panda ( remembering his lessons from Master Shifu ) leaps on top of the knives and kicks Kuo in the chest . While Po checks on his father , Kuo tries to flee the scene only to be intercepted by Master Shifu and is knocked out . He is presumably sent to Chorh - Gom Prison afterwards . Qinchu ( edit ) Qinchu Special Delivery character Information Species Tibetan sand fox Combat style Unspecified Qinchu ( Chinese for `` Clear '' ) is the main antagonist of the Kung Fu Panda comic `` Special Delivery . '' Qinchu was presumably the self - elected official of Mount Penglai . In the comic , he confronted Po after the panda stowed away in a mail cart carried by Qinchu 's crow minions . Po found himself in a palace surrounded by similar carts full of undelivered mail , and upon discovering him , Qinchu told the panda he was trespassing . Though Po tried to explain his reasons for being there , the fox would hear none of it , declaring that he had worked hard to create order in the city by keeping outsiders out and residents in . With that , he ordered his crows to throw the panda out , and Po was tossed down Mount Penglai . When he awoke from the painful fall , Po met the former official and his son who had similarly been thrown down Mount Penglai . Po learned about Qinchu 's takeover of the city as well as his goal to find the key to Mount Penglai , which was the reason for the hijacking of so many mail carts , as the key was always passed from one location to another so none could ever know its exact whereabouts . In his quest for a ' paradise ' of order and organization , Qinchu aimed to use the key to lock the gates and isolate the city . After hearing this , Po took action and crashed through the roof of the palace . He faced Qinchu in a showy display , and the fox stood before him unimpressed . After some back - and - forth banter , the two engaged in combat . This resulted in Po kicking Qinchu and throwing him down , where he then trapped the fox in a roll of carpet . He then told Qinchu it was about time he meet his ' public ' , with the palace door opening to reveal many angry citizens of Mount Penglai including the former - official and his son . They took Qinchu and carried him away , resolving to have him thrown down the mountain . The Five Elements Imposters ( edit ) The Five Elements Imposters are the main antagonists of the Kung Fu Panda comic `` It 's Elemental . '' It was foretold that the Five Elements would one day take physical forms and become the ultimate protectors of the world . Five warriors masqueraded as the physical forms of Earth , Fire , Water , Metal , and Wood while using concealed weapons that corresponded with each element . When the charade was discovered by Po , the Furious Five joined Po in fighting these imposters until only Earth was left standing . With the imposters tied up , Po and the Furious Five uncovered how the group had made their `` powers '' using sesame oil and hidden containers . Earth ( edit ) Earth It 's Elemental character Information Species Tigard Combat style Unspecified The warrior that masqueraded as Earth is the leader of the Five Elements Imposters . He was defeated by Master Mantis . With the imposters tied up , Shifu mentioned that the real Earth was the brains of the group as Earth is considered the ultimate element according to the Wu Xing philosophy . Fire ( edit ) Fire It 's Elemental character Information Species Greater flamingo Combat style Unspecified The warrior that masqueraded as Fire is a member of the Five Elements Imposters . He fought with concealed flammable sesame oil . Water ( edit ) Water It 's Elemental character Information Species Crocodile Combat style Unspecified The warrior that masqueraded as Water is a member of the Five Elements Imposters . He fought with concealed water blasters . Metal ( edit ) Metal It 's Elemental character Information Species Gorilla Combat style Unspecified The warrior that masqueraded as Metal is a member of the Five Elements Imposters . He fought with a giant metal sword . Wood ( edit ) Wood It 's Elemental character Information Species Tarantula Combat style Unspecified The warrior that masqueraded as Wood is a member of the Five Elements Imposters . He shot out wooden spikes in battle . Chairman Qing ( edit ) Chairman Qing Kung Fu Panda from Titan Comics character Information Species Crane Combat style Unspecified Chairman Qing ( Chinese for `` Request '' ) is a villainous politician who employed the outlaw Kung Fu Master Lei Kung in his plan to isolate the Valley of Peace from the rest of China . Combat abilities were not seen . Lei Kung the Thunderer ( edit ) Lei Kung the Thunderer Kung Fu Panda from Titan Comics character Information Species Gorilla Combat style Unspecified Lei Kung the Thunderer ( Chinese for `` Retribution God '' ) is an outlaw Kung Fu master who enhanced his abilities with magic derived from elemental forces , allowing him to unleash lightning , thunder , and earthquake - based attacks . Crocodile Army ( edit ) A force of Crocodile villains who operated out of the Swamp of Disillusionment and attempted to put the entire Valley of Peace to sleep using the mystical Mist of Morpheus . General Rong ( edit ) General Rong Kung Fu Panda from Titan Comics character Information Species Crocodile Combat style Unspecified General Rong ( Chinese for `` Glory '' ) is the axe - wielding general of the Crocodile Army , who fought Po and Furious Five when they opposed his army . Scorpion ( edit ) Scorpion Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Lynn Milgrim Information Species Fattail scorpion Combat style Unspecified Scorpion is a villain in Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Long before the franchise , Scorpion was once the Valley of Peace 's best healer , skilled with the expertise of using medical herbs and experimental flowers that grew in the Valley 's rich soil as cures for various sicknesses , such as the use of sun orchards as the cure for river - fever . One day , she stumbled upon a hypnosis potion and injected herself with it , poisoning her body and mind . She had the villagers under her spell until it was broken by Grand Master Oogway . Scorpion was exiled from the Valley of Peace , but stole the last sun orchid ( which can be made into a tea as a cure for river fever ) . Many years later , Scorpion discovers Po and Monkey in her lair looking for the sun orchid in order to cure Tigress ' river fever . She manages to capture Monkey and sting him with her hypnosis potion and then sent him to destroy Po . Upon making it into Scorpion 's lair , Po tries to get in as Scorpion ends up throwing Monkey a sword . Po soon discovers that Monkey is under Scorpion 's control . When Monkey comes into Scorpion 's lair with an apparently defeated Po , Scorpion discovers that Po faked his death and broke her control over Monkey . Scorpion ends up attacking them and tries to sting Monkey until Po grabs her tail . Po and Monkey managed to send Scorpion into the wall tail first , trap Scorpion with their trick sneezes , and claim the sun orchid . In `` Love Stings , '' Scorpion gets Mr. Ping to fall in love with her because it is revealed that she also can cook . However , this is only as part of her revenge on Po and the Valley of Peace . She was using Mr. Ping because he is the person who is responsible for the Moon cakes for the Moon Cake Festival where all the members of the Valley of Peace will eat Moon cakes . Therefore , Scorpion with the help of Mr. Ping who loves her bakes the Moon cakes but she adds poison into them that renders the whole population into a dizzy - like state . However Po ( who practiced with Monkey his own form of dizzy Kung Fu ) is able to battle her and defeat her . After Mr. Ping finds out about the treachery , they split . In `` The Most Dangerous Po , '' Scorpion is among the villains that were hunted by General Tsin and subjected to stiffening Zu Chao Powder . She is later rescued by Po , but escapes upon being repelled by Po . Croc Bandits ( edit ) The Croc Bandits are a group of crocodiles who are the recurring but rather ineffectual antagonists in Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Although their group was never referred to by an official name by its members , Po , Master Shifu , and the Furious Five often referred to them as Croc Bandits . Fung ( edit ) Fung Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by John DiMaggio Information Species Mugger crocodile ( possible ) Combat style Unspecified Fung is the leader of an unnamed group of Crocodile Bandits as seen in Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Fung most often relies on weapons to fight his opponents , but has shown he knows some Kung Fu techniques , mostly in cases of defense . His family apparently makes terracotta warriors as it was once mentioned by Fung that he accidentally got a terracotta soldier glued onto his father 's face with its removal leaving his father with what 's left of his mustache on one side . His signature saying `` Darnit '' is often muttered when he finds himself defeated . In `` Good Croc , Bad Croc , '' Fung saves Po from a pitfall ( which his fellow bandits dug up ) and required a favor from Po later on . When it came to the favor , Po had to meet with Fung alone where Fung mentions that Jong Sung Jai Kai Chow had captured his brother . Po and Fung had to infiltrate Jong 's castle with Po having to pull off a diversion . When Po runs into Fung , he states that he has his brother in a box as both of them flee . When Po returned to the Jade Palace , Master Shifu was waiting with two of Jong 's guards . When Master Shifu hears from Po that he was only helping Fung rescue his brother from Jong , Master Shifu states that Fung does n't have a brother and that the person he helped him abduct was Jong 's son . Fung later meets up with the other bandits where he learns that Po had been apprehended by Jong 's guards . Fung feels remorse for what had happened to Po and decides to return the box containing Jong 's son . Upon Fung entering Jong 's torture room disguised as a water buffalo guard , Fung freed Po and gave Jong his son back . Yet Po and Fung had to escape from Jong 's palace when even Jong 's son wants them severely dealt with . In `` Kung Fu Day Care , '' it was revealed that Fung had a younger but larger cousin named Lidong who assisted him in the Croc Bandit 's plot to capture Prince Zan and steal him back when Prince Zan ends up in the protective custody of Po and Tigress . In `` The Most Dangerous Po , '' Fung is among the villains that were hunted by General Tsin and subjected to stiffening Zu Chao Powder . He is later rescued by Po , but escapes upon being repelled by Po . In `` Enter the Dragon , '' he and his bandits were conscripted into serving the demon Ke - Pa , but not long after were captured by the Furious Five again upon his defeat at the hands of Po . `` Terror Cotta '' would see Fung temporarily give up being a bandit after yet another defeat at Po 's hands and rejoin his father in the craft of making terra cotta warriors . Upon discovering his father 's lost formula for bringing them to life , Fung returned to his bandit path briefly before being bullied by his father into creating an army so that they could conquer China . In the course of the ensuing battle with Po and Fung 's old gang , who were serving as a backup Furious Five , it came out that Fung 's father had lost the formula when he had spent years blaming it on an assistant who never really existed . After his father admitted that his own failures had led to his mistreatment of Fung , Fung realized that he had projected similar frustration on his gang members , who forgave and rejoined him - even though it meant going to prison . In `` Huge , '' Fung and his gang would return and seek to gain greater power through a magical growth potion , only to be halted by a jealous Lidong who was intent on retaining his size advantage over everyone . `` The Break Up '' saw Gah - ri temporarily resign from Fung 's gang due to Fung 's mistreatment of him , but Fung and Po teamed up to try to get Gah - ri back and Gah - ri later realized that he preferred being a bandit - though he wanted Fung to work on his temper . In `` Croc You Like a Hurricane , '' Fung and his bandits had gained such a reputation for ineptitude that even the townspeople did n't take them seriously anymore . They were then approached by the legendary Kung Fu Master Jia - in reality a disguised Shifu - and trained in the art of Kung Fu , which they ended up using to help people out . As part of an effort to get the Furious Five and Po to take training more seriously , the Croc Bandits were revealed to have been trained as the heroes ' replacements . Unfortunately , Fung and his cohorts turned to using their position for their own benefit , and like Po and most of the real five became complacent about keeping up their training to stay in shape . They were thus defeated in a battle with the heroes , and Shifu then revealed the truth behind his ruse . In `` Apocalypse Yao , '' Fung and Gah - ri were part of a group of villains who gathered to bid on Kung Fu secrets stolen from Master Yao by Taotie , but were defeated despite gaining two of the secrets for their own use . Although he and his bandits are crocodiles , it is not made clear which breed they are specifically . They may be mugger crocodiles , because they were once situated in Indo - China ( and the use of `` mugger '' may be a tongue - in - cheek joke due to the fact they are bandits ) . Gah - ri ( edit ) Gah - ri Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Fred Tatasciore Information Species Mugger crocodile Combat style Unspecified Gah - ri is the member of the unnamed group of Crocodile Bandits from Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Fung frequently calls him `` Gary , '' which Gah - ri gently corrects . Gah - ri is shown to be clumsy , apologetic , and often says that he has to go to the bathroom . In combat , Gah - ri is shown to be skilled in wielding various weapons including an axe . In `` The Most Dangerous Po , '' Gah - ri is among the villains that were hunted by General Tsin and subjected to stiffening Zu Chao Powder . He is later rescued by Po , but escapes upon being repelled by Po . Most other episodes feature him in a rather minor role , often frustrating Fung with his good grammar and manners . In `` The Break Up , '' the two get into a fight after Fung once again demonstrates his incompetence as a bandit leader and Gah - ri irritates Fung with his manners , intelligence , and interests unlikely for a bandit . This leads to Gah - ri leaving the Croc Bandits and working at Mr. Ping 's Noodle Shop , where he proves such an asset that Mr. Ping wants to adopt him . Fung and Po then join forces to get him fired - Fung wanting Gah - ri back as his right - hand man and Po wanting the crocodile out of his life - but Gah - ri ends up leaving of his own accord after tricking Constable Hu into thinking that Po and Fung had n't committed an actual crime . His name may possibly be an intentional reference to the crocodile subspecies gharial . Irwin ( edit ) Irwin Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Fred Tatasciore Information Species Mugger crocodile Combat style Unspecified Irwin is the member of the unnamed group of Crocodile Bandits from Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Wall eye ( edit ) Wall Eye Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by John DiMaggio Information Species Mugger crocodile ( possible ) Combat style Unspecified Wall Eye is a member of the unnamed group of Crocodile Bandits from Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He is known for his wall - eye condition , and like the other bandits - besides Fung and Gah - ri - is rather unintelligent . Lidong ( edit ) Lidong Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Jim Cummings Information Species Mugger crocodile Combat stlyle Unspecified Lidong is Fung 's younger cousin . He helped his cousin Fung and his Croc Bandits to capture Prince Zan from Po and the Furious Five for a share they would get from the ransom . He is a giant crocodile and is skilled in Kung Fu where he used his strength in combat against Tigress ( who protected Prince Zan ) . Lidong eventually betrayed Fung and his Croc Bandits because he viewed his cousin and his group as losers . He was defeated by Tigress at the end of the episode . In `` The Midnight Stranger , '' the pig criminals that manipulated Constable Hu into banning Kung Fu enlisted Lidong to fight the Midnight Stranger . When it was discovered that Po was masquerading as the Midnight Stranger , Lidong attacked Po . Lidong and the pig criminals were defeated by Po and Constable Hu . The episode `` Huge '' revealed that Lidong was a runt of a crocodile in his youth and was thus teased and tormented by others until hitting his fairly impressive growth spurt . As such , he is immensely proud of his size , and the idea of anyone surpassing him in this area is enough to enrage him and turn him against the other Croc Bandits . He attacked Mantis after the latter used a magic motion to grow even larger than him , and refused to allow Fung and the other crocodiles to partake of the potion . He instead drank some himself , attacking the village and later battling Mantis after the master consumed even more potion to try and match Lidong in a battle of giants . However , Mantis recognized his folly and drank an antidote that restored him to normal size , and then went down Lidong 's throat to attack him from the inside . He also dumped out the rest of the antidote inside Lidong 's stomach , causing Lidong to shrink down to a fraction of his original size . Qidan Clan ( edit ) The Qidan Clan are a group of water buffalo warriors that have fought Po and the Furious Five on different occasions . They were also known to have fought against the Emperor 's army in the past . Temutai ( edit ) Temutai Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson Information Species Water buffalo Combat style Unspecified Temutai is the Warrior - King of the Qidan Clan . He has claimed to have beaten every Kung Fu Master in the land . Master Tigress mentioned that his Kung Fu was strong enough to rip his opponents in half without even touching them . He has a habit of yelling the last word in each of his sentences . He first appeared in `` The Princess and the Po '' where Po , Master Tigress , and Master Mantis had to bring Princess Mei Li to him in order to achieve peace between the Qidan Clan and Princess Mei Li 's kingdom . Once a princess is given to Temutai , she ends up becoming his servant . When Po did n't want Temutai to get Princess Mei Li , he offered to challenge him to a fight to determine the fate of Princess Mei Li . When none of Po 's moves can faze Temutai , Po gets an idea from Princess Mei Li and uses the same moves that she used on him to take down Temutai . Temutai admitted defeat and ensured peace between Mei Li 's people and the Qidan . As a last act , he had rice balls prepared for Po and the others when they left as per their request . In `` Owl Be Back , '' Po found Temutai and his warriors fighting the Furious Five in the Jade Palace . This time , Po was fast enough to evade Temutai 's attacks . Po manages to use the Thundering Wind Hammer ( previously used by Fenghuang ) to send Temutai flying into the mountainside . Temutai shouted to Po to declare that fight a draw . In `` The Kung Fu Kid , '' Temutai and his Qidan Clan are invited to a Peace Jubilee . Temutai enters his nephew Jing Mei into the children Kung Fu competition where he fights a Kung Fu prodigy named Peng . Temutai was not pleased that his nephew was defeated by Peng . Temutai wants to have Peng to train with the Qidan Clan opposed to Po wanting Peng to train at the Jade Palace . Po 's argument with Temutai ends up disrupting the Peace Jubilee causing Master Shifu to break it up . Temutai gets angered at the fact that Peng wants to train with Po . After Po tells Peng that he is no longer needed , Peng decides to prove himself by destroying Temutai . Peng ends up fighting Temutai until Po arrived where their fight ends up causing the crowd to get out of control . Po manages to break up the fight upon telling Peng the truth . Po then does the ceremonial Tai Chi with Peng and Temutai . In `` My Favorite Yao , '' Temutai and his Qidan troops set out to capture Master Yao to interrogate him for his secrets . The abduction proved easier than anticipated owing to Yao , being impulsively released from his box by Shifu , began to run amok through the village with childish delight at all the sensations he denied himself for 65 years . However , the goat refused to cooperate and found even death threats an entertaining novelty . Eventually , Shifu and Po managed to rescue him with his help of his magic to stun Temutai and his troops into stillness . In the episode `` In With the Old , '' Temutai and his Qidan troops took advantage of the Furious Five 's absence for a training session to invade the Jade Palace and capture Shifu in an inescapable death trap in order to force him to surrender the Helmet of the Invincible Thunder Kick . Shifu refused and Temutai searched the Palace himself . Meanwhile , Po liberated the Palace with the help of Mr. Ping and the elderly but still formidable masters Mrs. Gow and Mr. Yeung . Eventually , Po found Temutai , but was unable to stop him from entering the storage room which had a wide variety of magic helmets . The warriors raced to search for the desired helmet , but Temutai was the one who eventually gained it . However , Po managed to defeat Temutai by tossing the Helmet of Your Own Worst Enemy on top of the Helmet of the Invincible Thunder Kick and Temutai was magically compelled to kick himself out of the Palace and out of the area in defeat . In `` The Most Dangerous Po , '' Temutai is pursued and chased by the minions of General Tsin . Temutai is then subjected to stiffening Zu Chao Powder . He is later rescued by Po , but escapes upon being repelled by Po . In `` Master and the Panda , '' Temutai and the Qidan Clan unearth the Gong Lu Medallion ( which enhances the wearer 's abilities and the person 's dark side ) which grants him more power as he plots to conquer China and the Moon . Temutai then attacks the Jade Palace and takes out Master Shifu and the Furious Five . Po even tries to fight Temutai only to be sent flying out of the Jade Palace . Po returns and fights Temutai in order to get the Gong Lu Medallion off him . Peng joins the fight and removes the Gong Lu Medallion from Temutai . Po and Peng then send Temutai flying out of the Jade Palace . In `` Invitation Only , '' Po fights Temutai and makes him get away upon hearing the gong for lunch . Temutai later plans to crash the banquet of Upper Head District Chief Superior Superintendent Chang . Temutai is told by his Qidan warriors that he was n't invited to the banquet . Temutai learns that Po was n't also invited and plans to crash the banquet . Temutai has his soldiers surround the building where the banquet is being held . Temutai then begins his attack on the banquet and immobilizes the Furious Five and Master Shifu with the bolos thrown by the Qidan warriors . When Po sneaks into the party , he runs into Temutai and attacks the Qidan warriors with Kung Fu , good manners , and etiquette . Po managed to defeat Temutai which impressed Superintendent Chang enough to invite Po to the banquet . In `` Mouth Off , '' Temutai comes to the Valley of Peace and demands that Po apologize to him , but Po is unable to do so on account of paralyzing his own vocal chords . When he finally regains the power of speech and apologies , Temutai is still furious , but is defeated by a new move Po has mastered through his experience with silence . He accepts Po 's apologies and leaves . Jing Mei ( edit ) Jing Mei Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson Information Species Water buffalo Combat style Unspecified Jing Mei is Temutai 's nephew . In `` The Kung Fu Kid , '' Jing Mei was with his uncle and the Qidan Clan when they are invited to a Peace Jubilee . Temutai enters his nephew Jing Mei into the children Kung Fu competition where he fights a Kung Fu prodigy named Peng . Temutai fought Peng and was defeated by him ; this frustrated Temutai , who commented that he should have brought Jing Mei 's sister instead . In `` The Most Dangerous Po , '' Jing Mei is among the villains that were hunted by General Tsin and subjected to stiffening Zu Chao Powder . He is later rescued by Po , but escapes upon being repelled by Po . He shouts a lot , too much . Bataar ( edit ) Bataar Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Max Koch Information Species Water buffalo Combat style Unspecified Bataar is a water buffalo who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Bataar is the son of Temutai , the brother of Chunlun , and the cousin of Jing Mei . Chunlun ( edit ) Chunlun Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Fred Tatasciore Information Species Water buffalo Combat style Unspecified Chunlun is a water buffalo who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Chunlun is the son of Temutai , the brother of Bataar , and the cousin of Jing Mei . Taotie ( edit ) Taotie Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Wallace Shawn Information Species Warthog Combat style Unspecified Taotie ( Chinese for `` Glutton '' ) is a warthog exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He is a mechanic who built the training hall in which the Furious Five train . Taotie and Master Shifu trained in combat together when they were younger up to the point where Master Shifu broke the tip of his left tusk during combat . Shifu , who was a friend of Taotie 's back then , is shown helping him up . After building the training hall ( that did not help him improve in kung fu like he thought it would ) he built a huge machine which included flame - throwers and throwing stars . He had a disagreement with Master Shifu and Grand Master Oogway about having machines surpass Kung Fu . Taotie left and vowed to get revenge on Master Shifu one day . Many years later in the episode `` Sticky Situation , '' Po ended up seeking out Taotie in order to repair the training hall that he accidentally broke . Behind Po 's back , Taotie reassembled the parts of the training hall into a machine that he uses in his revenge plot on Master Shifu . After the Furious Five were defeated , only Master Shifu was left and Po saved him by clogging the gears of Taotie 's machine enough for it to break . Taotie managed to get away . In `` Fluttering Finger Mindslip , '' Taotie discovers that the Furious Five have lost their memory after being exposed to Po 's move . While Po and Master Shifu are away , Taotie took the opportunity to use this to his advantage by having them attack Master Shifu and Po upon their return . When the Furious Five regain their memory , they attacked Taotie though allowing him to get away again . In `` Big Bro Po , '' Taotie uses his new Iron Claws of Doom harness to attack Po and the Furious Five . Taotie 's Iron Claws of Doom fails when Bian Zao fails to lubricate the claws . Taotie is defeated and is taken away to Chorh - Gom Prison leaving Bian Zao alone . Taotie is later visited by Po and Bian Zao who states that his father 's plans take up most of the time together . Taotie convinces Bian Zao to make a bunch of cakes that would help him break out of Chorh - Gom Prison . When Bian Zao is unable to make the visit to Chorh - Gom Prison , Po ends up making the deliveriy to Taotie 's cell not knowing that the final component of the Iron Claws of Doom is in it . With the Iron Claws of Doom rebuilt and lubricated , Taotie escapes from Chorh - Gom Prison . Taotie ends up attacking the Jade Palace stating to Bian Zao that they will do a sporting activity afterwards . After firing the chains at the Furious Five and Master Shifu , Taotie ends up fighting Po . When it came to a stalemate between Po and Taotie , Bian Zao ends up using a flying contraption to pick up Taotie and ends up knocking off the lubrication hose . Both of them managed to get away again as Po claims that he brought Taotie and Bian Zao 's family back together . In `` The Most Dangerous Po , '' Taotie is among the villains that were hunted by General Tsin and subjected to stiffening Zu Chao Powder . He is later rescued by Po , but escapes upon being repelled by Po . In `` Bosom Enemies , '' Taotie uses a knife stand machine to attack Po which ends up failed . Taotie ends up in a nervous breakdown following his defeat and Po accidentally ripping off his pants . Bian Zao later turns to Po to get Taotie back to normal . Taotie ends up seeing the light and Po plans to make Taotie a good guy by having him make crime - fighting gadgets while having some special nunchucks made for Po . When the Furious Five arrive , Taotie ends up showing off the special nunchucks as Po states that Taotie has changed . Taotie commented that his old friend Goatie , his parents , and the Cart Wash Manager turned against him . When the Furious Five leave vowing to come after Taotie if he has n't changed , Po states to Taotie that he can have Taotie make weapons for the Furious Five with Po secretly taking measurements of the Furious Five . Po comments that Taotie can make the best crime - fighting assistant to the Furious Five . After Po leaves upon handing him the measurements of the Furious Five for the weapons needed to fit the Furious Five 's talents , Taotie ends up snapping out of his good side as the measurements to make a machine . The next day , Taotie attacks Po and the Furious Five with the Adapto - Bot ( which can copy the movies of Po , Master Tigress 's claws , Master Monkey 's tail , Master Mantis ' pointed claws , Master Crane 's Flight , and Master Viper 's constructions ) stating that Taotie plays assistant to nobody . Taotie 's Adapto - Bot receives a magnifying glass from Po through Bian Zao and ends up using it to distract the Adapto - Bot while Po uses his nunchucks to throw the Adapto - Bot off balance and then destroys it . Po thanks Taotie for helping him out as he quotes `` What are Friends For . '' Yet Taotie and Bian Zao end up returned to Chorh - Gom Prison as Taotie works on the designs of his next invention to use on Po . In `` The Maltese Mantis , '' Taotie and Bian Zao were attending the Festival of Figurines where they are unpacking the figurines of Taotie 's inventions . Though Bian Zao was very doubtful that people would buy figurines of his father , Taotie was confident that he would make a fortune once the fans saw the power of his figurines ( demonstrated when one of them punched a hole through the table ) . Bian Zao eventually asked his father for some money so he could go and buy something that was n't `` lame . '' Bian Zao would eventually discover the paralyzed Mantis ( who was accidentally paralyzed by Po using the Paralyzing Touch Point ) and became intrigued when he spotted the `` figure 's '' eyes moving ( the only part of Mantis 's body not paralyzed ) . Po and Master Shifu learned from Bian Zao about where they can find Taotie . Po and Master Shifu confronted Taotie who refused to give Mantis up ... especially after Po unwisely revealed that Mantis would become permanently paralyzed in a matter of minutes . Taotie then attempts to make a break for it only for the skirmish between him , Po , and Master Shifu to make it onto the nearest stage . With help from the festival attendees , Po and Master Shifu cornered Taotie who ended up being beaten up by the attendees while Bian Zao gives Master Mantis back to Po and Master Shifu . While Master Shifu undoes the paralysis on Master Mantis , Bian Zao carried his beaten - up father away . Taotie returned in `` A Thousand and Twenty Questions , '' in which he approached Master Yao - albeit grudgingly - after failing time and again to make his Sphere of Unerringly Accurate Acu - Pressure function properly . After doing so , he used the sphere to force Po , Shifu , and all the members of the Furious Five except Tigress act like puppets , but was defeated after Tigress approached Yao for a means of destroying the weapon . In `` Apocalypse Yao , '' he created a machine capable of extracting information from the minds of others and turning it into cookies which , upon consumption , would grant that knowledge to the eater . He and Bian Zao used this to steal Master Yao 's five greatest Kung Fu secrets , which they then endeavored to sell to the highest bidder . Taotie briefly employed one of the secrets himself , but later became repulsed with himself for employing Kung Fu when he had dedicated his life to proving the superiority of technology . Bian Zao ( edit ) Bian Zao Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Simon Helberg Information Species Warthog Combat style Unspecified Bian Zao ( Chinese for `` Invent '' ) is the 13 - year - old son of Taotie , who would reluctantly help his father in his revenge plots on Master Shifu . In `` Big Bro Po , '' Bian Zao ends up staying at the Jade Palace when his father is in Chorh - Gom Prison . Master Shifu ends up appointing Po to watch of Bian Zao despite the suspicions of Bian Zao . Po tries to find common ground with Bian Zao until it came to Po baking with Mr. Ping . Bian Zao stated that he had wished that his father would do something with him that does n't involve destroying the Jade Palace . Bian Zao and Po end up visiting Taotie at Chorh - Gom Prison . Taotie convinces Bian Zao to make a bunch of cakes that would help him break out of Chorh - Gom Prison . Bian Zao secretly goes through with his father 's plans by sneaking the parts of the Iron Claws of Doom into every cake he made . Despite his father 's claims , Bian Zao thinks that his father would not go by his word not to do any other than attack the Jade Palace . Bian Zao ends up confessing to Po about Taotie 's plot . When it came to a stalemate between Po and Taotie , Bian Zao ends up using a flying contraption to pick up Taotie and ends up knocking off the lubrication hose . Both of them managed to get away as Po claims that he brought Taotie and Bian Zao 's family back together . In `` Bosom Enemies , '' Bian Zao assists Taotie into using a knife stand machine to attack Po which ends up failing . Taotie ends up in a nervous breakdown following his defeat and Po accidentally ripping off his pants . Bian Zao later turns to Po to get Taotie back to normal . In `` Apocalypse Yao , '' Bian Zao actually became intrigued by one of his father 's schemes after Taotie invented a machine to steal Master Yao 's secrets and sell them to the highest bidder . Taotie was defeated and most of the secrets returned , but Bian Zao managed to hang onto a move that allowed its user to create lightning . Jong Sung Jai Kai Chow ( edit ) Jong Sung Jai Kai Chow Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Wayne Knight Information Species Takin Jong Sung Jai Kai Chow is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He is the ruler of a portion of land in China in which trespassers are severely dealt with where they `` have their heads boiled with cabbage and their ear lobes stretched around their heads '' as described by one of his warning signs . He has an unnamed son and is served by his guards which are made up of Javan rhinos and water buffalos . Fung tricked Po into helping him break into Jong 's castle so that he can abduct Jong 's son with Fung claiming that he was breaking out his brother . The two of them ran by Jong while on their way out . When Po returned to the Jade Palace , two representatives of Jong 's guards were seen telling Master Shifu that Po had assisted Fung into breaking into Jong 's castle . When Po states that he was just helping Fung save his brother , Master Shifu states that Fung does n't have a brother and the person that he helped Fung abduct was Jong 's son . Master Shifu had to reluctantly let Jong 's Javan rhino guard and water buffalo guard arrest Po and bring him before Jong to face his crimes . At Jong 's palace , Jong was preparing the trespassers penalty while Po is chained to the wall . In the nick of time , Fung in his water buffalo guard disguise returned and gave Jong his son back . Yet even Jong 's son wanted Po and Fung dealt with as Jong has his guards seize them . Po and Fung managed to escape from Jong 's castle . In `` Hall of Lame '' , Po ( who was looking for a trophy for the upcoming Warriors Festival at the time ) comes to the aid of kid named Han when Jong 's men led by Grim have been targeting Han 's doll . When it came to rescuing the doll , Po manages to get the doll despite Han giving him away to the guards . When it came to crossing the bridge , Jong arrived and demanded the doll . Jong had a guard reveal that Han 's father Han Sr. is in a cage that is hanging over the gorge the bridge is over . Jong tries to negotiate with Po for him to hand over the doll in exchange for Han Sr. 's freedom . Jong manages to claim the doll which actually contained a legendary dagger . Po ends up fighting Jong who activates the dagger 's power to attack Po , Han , and Han Sr. with the resulting battle slowly collapsing the bridge . Po claimed the dagger and knocked out Jong with his men getting Jong away from Po . Jong 's son ( edit ) Jong 's Son Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Wayne Knight Information Species Takin Jong 's son is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . As his name suggests , he is the son of Jong yet his real name is n't revealed . Fung tricked Po into thinking that Fung 's brother was captured by Jong so that he can abduct Jong 's son . Po learned this too late when two of Jong 's guards came to arrest Po . When Fung met up with his fellow bandits and learned what happened to Po , he felt remorse and decided to return Jong 's son . Just as Jong was about to invoke the trespassers penalty on Po , Fung arrived in his water buffalo guard disguise and released Jong 's son to him . Despite this Jong 's son still held it against Po and Fung and wanted them dead , only for Po and Fung to escape from Jong 's castle . Grim ( edit ) Grim Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Fred Tatasciore Information Species Water buffalo Grim is a water buffalo who is exclusive to the TV series . He is one of Jong 's henchmen . In `` Hall of Lame , '' Grim was ordered by Jong to obtain a doll that Han has in his possession as the doll contained a mystical dagger . After Po knocked out Jong , Grim helped the rest of Jong 's men get Jong away from Po . Tong Fo ( edit ) Tong Fo Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Jeff Bennett Information Species Loris Tong Fo ( Chinese for `` Pain Buddha '' ) is a loris crime lord exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . His voice appears to have been based on the actor Christopher Walken . He was known for once wielding the Sacred Hammer of Lei Lang and caused mass destruction with it . Tong Fo ended up defeated and was imprisoned in Chorh - Gom Prison . Before Tong Fo was incarcerated , he made a replica of the hammer and hid the real one in Camelback Mountain keeping its whereabouts a secret with the fake copy eventually finding its way at the Jade Palace . Po used the Shift Stone to assume the form of a goat criminal named Sheng in order to infiltrate Chorh - Gom Prison . Po got information from Tong Fo on where the real Sacred Hammer of Lei Lang was located . Tong Fo planned to break out of prison with the help of Fung and his Croc Bandits . Tong Fo learned that Sheng was actually Po in disguise and managed to trap Po in a cell and steal his Shift Stone which he used to disguise himself as a Chorh - Gom Guard and walk out of Chorh - Gom Prison . Arriving at Camelback Mountain , Tong Fo ran into Po as Master Tigress and Master Monkey arrived unaware that Sheng is actually Po in disguise . Tong Fo managed to obtain the Sacred Hammer of Lei Lang as the Croc Bandits arrived . In the ensuing conflict , the Sacred Hammer of Lei Lang was taken by a Croc Bandit that was actually Master Shifu in disguise . Tong Fo and the Croc Bandits were defeated . In `` Father Crime , '' Tong Fo enlisted Fung and his Croc Bandits in a plot to capture Master Shifu . This plot was thwarted by Po , Master Shifu , and Master Shifu 's dad Shirong ; the latter originally worked with Tong Fo to help him capture Po so that Tong Fo would forgive his debt , but later had a change of heart after his own son was taken captive . He would eventually return in `` Mind Over Manners , '' which would expand on his family history : his grandfather Tong Lo once ruled China with the magical ability to read minds , but was driven insane by this talent . Tong Fo attempted to gain the same powers by capturing a lightning bolt with a magical sapphire , only for the sapphire to be destroyed and for Po to gain the powers instead . Tong Fo then attempted to steal the power from Po , but was thwarted and taken to prison . In `` The Goosefather '' Tong Fo learns that many of his minions have left his side to form a new gang under Po 's father , whom Tong Fo initially perceives as a rival , and then a potential partner . Eventually he learns that Po 's father is in fact a simple noodle - shop owner , but is defeated and sent back to prison . He would subsequently return in `` Kung Fu Club , '' where he captured Peng 's girlfriend Lian in order to force Peng to kill Po for him . However , Lian managed to escape , and the Kung Fu Club members teamed up with Po and Shifu to defeat Tong Fo and his minions , with Peng and Po defeating Tong Fo . Fenghuang ( edit ) Fenghuang Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Wendie Malick Information Species Eurasian eagle - owl Fenghuang ( Chinese for `` Phoenix '' ) is a Eurasian eagle - owl exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . She was a member of the original Furious Five alongside Master Shifu , Master Snow Leopard , Master Rooster , and Master Elephant . Fenghuang became the strongest member of the Furious Five through a lot of training and even invented the Thundering Wind Hammer . As a result of being the strongest , she became power - hungry and evil . One day , Fenghuang decided she deserved to rule the Jade Palace instead of Grand Master Oogway , believing herself to be more powerful than him . She challenged Oogway to a fight for the Palace ; Oogway anticipated this and had an owl - shaped cage built for this occasion . After a long and fierce fight , Fenghuang knew that she could not defeat Oogway and fled before she could be captured , taking refuge in the Northern Mountains . Many years later , in `` Owl Be Back , '' Po ended up in the Northern Mountains and ended up caught by Fenghuang when he was falling . When Fenghuang learns that Grand Master Oogway is dead , she flies off to the Jade Palace . Master Shifu and the Furious Five face her , but she easily defeats them . When Po returns , she convinces him to turn evil and orders him to kill Shifu . Po uses a trick knife to fool Fenghuang into thinking that he had actually killed Master Shifu and then placed Fenghuang into the owl - shaped cage . As Fenghuang 's cage is being towed away to Chorh - Gom Prison , she vows to escape and have her revenge on Po . In `` Crane on a Wire , '' Fenghuang crashes Po 's Furious Five auction where she attacks Po and the Furious Five which resulted in Master Crane getting stuck in the wall . When Po discovered that Fenghuang 's talons ca n't shred iron , Po and the other Furious Five were able to use the iron objects to break Fenghuang 's talons . Fenghuang retreated with a broken wing . Upon news that Fenghuang is at the nearby mountains , Po and the Furious Five had to go confront her without Master Crane . Po and four of the Furious Five had a hard time fighting Fenghuang . After some encouragement from Zeng , Master Crane caught up with Po and helped to fight Fenghuang . Master Crane fought with Fenghuang in the sky over the village which ended with Master Crane and Po causing Fenghuang to crash to the ground in defeat . In `` A Stitch in Time , '' Fenghuang finds out about the Shuyong seeds that Po had found and steals some of them in order to learn some time - based moves . Upon managing to steal them and grow her own Shuyong seeds , Fenghuang started going back in time to prevent the birth of Master Shifu and the Furious Five . When she planned to go back in time to prevent Po 's birth , Po grabbed onto Fenghuang with the resulting battle causing the Shuyong seeds to fall and send both of them back to the beginning of time where they find themselves before the Shuyong Tree . Upon the Shuyong Tree judging Po and Fenghuang even after they bested the Shuyong Tree 's guardians , the Shuyong Tree deemed Po worthy of using its fruit and the Shuyong Tree used its powers to send Fenghuang into oblivion . Afterwards , Po restored time to the way it was and burned the Shuyong seeds except for one that he did n't notice . Fenghuag later returned in `` The First Five '' when her former teammates came together for a reunion at Po 's invitation . It is revealed that prior to her departure from the group they defeated the demon Xi'an , but Shifu dropped the demon 's mighty sword into the volcano before they could claim it . When the sword reappears years later , Fenghuang is released from prison - though manacled - by her former teammates to help them recover it in exchange for her freedom . Fenghuang later destroys the sword , and is freed after Po convinces the former Five to honor their agreement . Fenghuang also appears as an enemy in the Tales of Po game and made a cameo in the Titan Comics series . Fenghuang is also the name of a mythical composite Chinese bird creature of the same name that has beautiful singing talents and a varying description . Master Junjie ( edit ) Master Junjie Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Stephen Root Information Species Red fox Fighting Style Shaolin Kung Fu Master Junjie ( Chinese for `` Elite '' ) is a red fox Kung Fu Master exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He is a member of the Sacred Onyx Council alongside Master Chao . He first appeared in `` Sight for Sore Eyes , '' where he and Chao traveled to the Valley of Peace to evaluate Master Shifu 's skills as the master of the Jade Palace . He held a grudge against Shifu when Grand Master Oogway chose Shifu to run the Jade Palace . He also holds a hatred towards Po , believing him to be unworthy of taking the title of Dragon Warrior , despite Po 's success as the Dragon Warrior . Junjie plotted and succeeded into removing Master Shifu from his position by tricking Po into watching him and Shifu spar and use the Golden Lotus Clap , a move that renders the target blind . Junjie then fired the Furious Five and replaced them with a team of snow leopards . Because of this , the Furious Five turned their backs on Po . It was later revealed that Junjie had imprisoned Shifu and later did the same thing to Chao . While his Furious Five fought the actual Furious Five , Master Junjie fought against Master Po and was defeated . Master Shifu and the Furious Five were rehired while Junjie and his henchmen were apprehended to Chorh - Gom - Prison . It can also be implied that Junjie was also ousted from the Sacred Onyx Council for his actions . In `` Ghost of Oogway , '' Master Junjie posed as the ghost of Master Oogway in order to fool Master Po into letting his guard down by doing nothing in combat training and turn him and Shifu against each other . Once Po and Shifu were out of the palace , Junjie used his disguise to enter the Jade Palace and subdued the Furious Five . When Po returned , he found the Furious Five tied up as Junjie sheds his disguise . Junjie then unleashes his henchmen on Po . Things were n't looking good for the panda , but in the nick of time , Master Shifu arrived and fooled Junjie by assuming the form of Grand Master Oogway . While the Furious Five fought Master Junjie 's henchmen , Master Po managed to successfully use the Tae Bow Chow to knock out Master Junjie . Junjie later returned in `` Bride of Po , '' kidnapping the brother of a young goat maiden to force her into a marriage with Po intended to bring an end to Po 's status as the Dragon Warrior so that Junjie could take over the Jade Palace . This plan was thwarted , however , and Po saved both siblings from Junjie and defeated him . In `` Crazy Little Ling Called Love , '' it was revealed that Shifu 's ex-girlfriend Mei Ling attempted to steal from Junjie but was captured , and Junjie threatened to kill her and Shifu unless she stole the Crown of Heaven for him . This was later discovered by Po , who convinced Mei Ling to go along with the plan . After Junjie and his forces were defeated , he and Mei Ling were both sent to prison , the latter to pay her debt to society so that she could eventually be reunited with Shifu . Junjie 's Furious Five ( edit ) List of Kung Fu Panda characters Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Unknown Information Species Snow Leopards Junjie 's Furious Five were a bunch of snow leopards that are trained in Kung Fu by Master Junjie . They serve as Master Junjie 's students and henchmen when he succeeded in removing Master Shifu and the Furious Five from the Jade Palace . It was often speculated that one of its members is a female , but all the leopards appear identical . Even though Junjie 's Furious Five do n't normally speak , the one that does have dialogue in the first appearance was voiced by Toby Huss . Hundun ( edit ) Hundun Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Diedrich Bader Information Species Javan rhinoceros Hundun is a Javan rhinoceros who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He started out as a member of the Anvil of Heaven at Chorh - Gom Prison and was among the Anvil of Heaven members that tried to prevent Tai Lung from escaping Chorh - Gom Prison . When Po had defeated Tai Lung , Chorh - Gom Prison was closed down , leaving Hundun without a job . He lost his home and his wife leading Hundun to pin the blame of this on the Dragon Warrior . When he arrived in the Valley of Peace , he unknowingly befriended Po and learned some Kung Fu moves from him . When he finally learned that Po was the Dragon Warrior , he ended up attacking Po after easily taking down the Furious Five ( Po unknowingly told Hundun of their weaknesses ) . Po manages to fight Hundun in front of everyone and managed to defeat Hundun when the Statue of Po fell on him . Hundun was returned to Chorh - Gom Prison as a prisoner as Hundun vows to have his revenge on Po . In `` Challenge Day , '' Hundun returns having replaced his broken horn with a hollow one containing knock - out arrows and a concealed blade . He takes the opportunity to take part in the Dragon Warrior Challenge where he manages to defeat Master Po ( who was still weakened from rescuing a child from a collapsing chimney ) . After using the knock - out arrows on Shifu ( who stated that he made up the Dragon Warrior Challenge ) , Hundun ended up going on a rampage in the village until Po recovered and defeated him . In `` Royal Pain , '' Meng Tao freed Hundun from Chorh - Gom Prison to help him make Lu Kang fail in exchange for his freedom . Although Hundun managed to incapacitate Po , he and Meng Tao were defeated by Lu Kang and were returned to Chorh - Gom Prison . In `` The Most Dangerous Po , '' Hundun approaches General Tsin 's property looking for a bakery ( which General Tsin lured him here ) . It is also revealed that Hundun likes plum pie . General Tsin mentions to Po that he was hunting Hundun after luring him with a coupon for a bakery sale . Po fights Hundun ( who thinks that Po is after his pie ) while trying to secretly warn Hundun that General Tsin is hunting him . General Tsin then enters the battle and defeats him . Hundun is then subjected to the stiffening Zu Chao powder like the rest of the villains he had hunted . He is later rescued by Po , but escapes upon being repelled by Po . Hundun tells Po that this is n't over ( `` ... because it will continue '' ) . In `` War of the Noodles , '' Po finds Hundun where he mistook him for setting a building on fire where he has set up fireworks . Hundun reveals that he has opened up a new noodle shop where Po had demonstrated some of the recipes in Po 's last visit to Chorh - Gom Prison . He has enlisted a gorilla , a pig , and a rabbit to assist in his business . Mr. Ping was suspicious of Hundun 's activity . Mr. Ping remembers that the property of Hundun 's restaurant is above the tunnels leading to the Jade Palace and suspects that Hundun and his accomplices are going to attack the Jade Palace . Po investigates and is spotted by Hundun 's accomplices as Hundun suspects that Po is burglaring him . Hundun states that he does n't know what he is talking about and Po found that there is no tunnel as the previous owner filled it in . Po apologized to Hundun who tearfully walked away as Po leaves . As Mr. Ping and Hundun 's rivalry intenses , Po brings Hundun a fruit basket as an apology . Hundun agrees to forgive Po if he can get his restaurant off the ground . After Mr. Ping found Po also helping Hundun , he went to Hundun to beg for a job and finds that Hundun and his accomplices unfilling the tunnel and gets caught by Hundun who captures Mr. Ping . Hundun revealed to Mr. Ping that he tricked Po and that he will invade the Jade Palace and blow it up with his fireworks . Po arrives and fights Hundun and his accomplices while working to put out the fuse . Hundun manages to trap Po as he and his acommplices start to leave . Po puts out the fuse . Using a rocket , Po rides it through the tunnels as he collides it with Hundun and his accomplices . With Hundun 's noodle shop destroyed , he and his accomplices are arrested . Bao ( Legends of Awesomeness ) ( edit ) Bao Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Fred Tatasciore Information Species Pig Bao is a pig who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Bao first appeared in `` Master Ping '' where he and his accomplices Lao and Tsao attacked Mr. Ping 's noodle shop only to be defeated by Po . When Bao decides that he , Lao , and Tsao want to learn Kung Fu , they decide to abduct Master Shifu and force him to teach them Kung Fu . Unfortunately , they mistook Mr. Ping as Master Shifu as Mr. Ping only knew of the Chao Wa Punch Kick move which causes immobilization on whoever is hit by it . Bao and his followers decide to use it on Po when he comes to rescue Mr. Ping . With help from Po , Mr. Ping manages to use the Chao Wa Punch Kick on Bao and his followers . In `` The Most Dangerous Po , '' Bao is among the villains that were hunted by General Tsin and subjected to stiffening Zu Chao Powder . He is later rescued by Po , but escapes upon being repelled by Po . In `` Shifu 's Back , '' Bao , Lao , and Tsao captured Superintendent Woo after his inspection of the Jade Palace . When Po , Master Shifu , and Constable Hu arrived , Superintendent Woo had to reinstate Constable Hu and reopen the Jade Palace in order to get them to rescue him from Bao , Lao , and Tsao . Po , Master Shifu , and Constable Hu were able to rescue Superintendent Woo and fend off Bao , Lao , and Tsao . Lao ( edit ) Lao Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Gary Anthony Williams Information Species Pig Lao is one of Bao 's accomplices . Tsao ( edit ) Tsao Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Gary Anthony Williams Information Species Pig Tsao is one of Bao 's accomplices . Su ( edit ) Su Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Amy Hill Information Species Snow leopard Su is a snow leopard that is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Su is the leader of the Ladies of the Shade , a group of traveling females that work as entertainers as a cover - up to the fact that they are actually a group of thieves . Su assigned Song to get close to Po and get him to enable the Ladies of the Shade to enter the Jade Palace so that they can steal the Dragon Chalice . Su eventually convinces Po to let the Ladies of the Shade perform at the Jade Palace where they claimed that they used to dance for a harsh Crocodile Warlord before they left which Po agreed to . The Ladies of the Shade did a private dance for Po and the Furious Five at the Jade Palace . As they danced however , one of them grabbed the Dragon Chalice which Tigress noticed and she leaped in to attack . The Furious Five fought the Ladies of the Shade with Po feeling dismayed and hurt from Song 's betrayal . The fight ended when the Ladies of the Shade made an escape taking the Chalice with them . Upon finding the Ladies of the Shade 's hideout , Po , Master Crane , and Master Viper had to disguise themselves with Po as a female , Master Crane as Po 's dress , and Master Viper as a parasol so that they can get the Dragon Chalice back from Su . Su saw threw their disguise and summoned the Ladies of the Shade to her aid . Song eventually turned against Su and assisted Po into fighting Su and the Ladies of the Shade . Su was defeated by Po while the rest of the Ladies of the Shade were blown away by the gust of the Canyon of the Shrieking Winds . Su was left tied up until a transport to Chorh - Gom Prison arrived while Song left to lead the Ladies of the Shade down the good path . Wu Kong ( edit ) Wu Kong Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by James Sie Information Species Gee 's golden langur Combat style Monkey Kung Fu Wu Kong is a Gee 's golden langur exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He is the older brother of Monkey and is skilled in thievery and some monkey - style Kung Fu techniques . His first and so far only appearance was in the episode `` Monkey in the Middle '' , where he came to the Valley of Peace and went on a crime spree across the village 's market . Even though he was defeated by Po and Master Monkey , Wu Kong ended up getting away . His name is a homage to Sun Wukong , the Monkey King . Meng Tao ( edit ) Meng Tao Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Jim Meskimen Information Species Tibetan antelope Meng Tao is the diplomat of the Emperor of China . He accompanied the Emperor 's grandson Lu Kang to the Kung Fu camp where Master Shifu and the Furious Five were counseling . Meng Tao left Lu Kang to Master Shifu and the Furious Five in order to learn Kung Fu . When Po , the Dragon Warrior and master in charge of Lu Kang 's training , rashly makes a vow to fully train Lu Kang , Meng Tao informs him that breaking that vow would result in beheading for every master of the Jade Palace . Meng Tao then left the horrified masters to continue with training . Unknown to all , Meng Tao actually wanted Lu Kang to fail as failure would bring great disgrace to the Emperor forcing him to give Meng Tao the throne . When Meng Tao learned that Po had successfully trained Lu Kang , Meng Tao went to Chorh - Gom Prison and made a deal with Hundun where he offered Hundun his freedom in exchange for helping Lu Kang to fail . While Hundun incapacitated Po at the Pool of Sacred Tears , Meng Tao drew a pair of blades and attempted to murder Lu Kang squashing Lu Kang 's bean pod in the process . At first , Lu Kang fell into despair . But when Po revealed that the bean pod he gave him was not magical and that Lu Kang had in fact done all his skills himself , Lu Kang regained the confidence to utilize the unorthodox techniques he had developed while training to ultimately defeat both Meng Tao and Hundun in combat . Meng Tao and Hundun were then remanded to Chorh - Gom Prison . General Tsin ( edit ) General Tsin Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by R. Lee Ermey Information Species Yak General Tsin is a character that is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Once a well - known war hero throughout all of China , Tsin was forced into retirement after eliminating all of the country 's villainous threats and became one of the Jade Palace 's benefactors . The transition of all the threats eventually took its toll on his mind throughout the years . As a result , he began a new hobby of `` hunting and collecting '' villains ( somewhat similar to the motives of Zaroff from The Most Dangerous Game ) around the Valley of Peace where he subjected his victims to stiffening Zu Chao Powder . Some of his targets include Scorpion , Temutai , Fung , Gah - ri , Jing Mei , Taotie , and Bao . When Po is invited to General Tsin 's palace , he ends up taking part in a villain - stopping expedition , with Po unaware of Tsin 's motives . This involved Tsin hunting his latest target Hundun . Po fought with Hundun while trying to warn him only for Tsin to defeat Hundun and add him to his collection , in which Po believes this to be wrong . When Po started to question Tsin 's motives and mentality , Tsin ended up hunting Po . Po managed to evade Tsin , but doubled back following a vision revolving around Hundun speaking to him . During the fight with Po in his collection room , Tsin trapped Po in the Zu Chao Powder chamber where it was discovered that Po had reversed the powder 's effects freeing the villains who then vowed to have General Tsin pay for what he did to them and they begin attacking him . Tsin fought the villains and proves to be more of a match to them until they start to win and are then repelled by Po . Although Tsin is sent to Chorh - Gom Prison , Shifu was n't pleased that one of the Jade Palace 's benefactors ended up incarcerated because of his actions . Po then states that now they can go after the villains that escaped from Tsin 's palace . In `` Qilin Time , '' Tsin was released from jail to start a new life and recover from his insanity . Po and Mr. Ping encounter Tsin , who is hunting the Qilin . At the end of the episode , Po and Mr. Ping were able to convince him that there was no Qilin and he was still crazy . In `` See No Weevil '' Tsin returns , insane to a greater extent , having apparently married a pair of slippers . Tsin attacks a rice farm because evil Alien Rice Weevils were using it to take over minds and conquer the Earth . The Furious Five defeated Tsin , and planned to use the Zu Chao Powder on him . Po freed him after he found out the Weevils were real , and infected the Five and Shifu . However , the entire town except Mr. Ping was infected , and Tsin quickly joined the ranks of the infected . Po defeated the weevils , and the experience restored Tsin 's sanity , who left for Korea . Undertaker ( edit ) Undertaker Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Christopher McDonald Information Species Goat The Undertaker is the property caretaker of the Valley of Peace 's cemetery . He appeared in `` The Po Who Cried Ghost '' where it is shown that the Undertaker has been using a mystical staff to raise an army of Jiangshi in a plot to take over all of China . It is shown that Master Shifu has been converted into a Jiang Shi as the Undertaker unleashes the Jiangshi on Po , Master Tigress , and Master Monkey . Upon the three of them being pinned down by the Jiangshi , Po snatches the mystical staff from the Undertaker and orders the Jiangshi to return to the Earth to be at peace forever . Before they do so , Po orders the Jiang Shi to drop the Undertaker off at Chorh - Gom Prison . Ke - Pa ( edit ) Ke - Pa Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Alfred Molina Information Species Taihu pig ( mortal form ) Chinese dragon demon ( true form ) Ke - Pa is a dangerous dragon demon who first appeared in the Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness special `` Enter the Dragon . '' Ke - Pa was the ruler of all the demons from the Underworld . They ravaged all of China until Grand Master Oogway defeated the demons and sealed them away . Then Grand Master Oogway fought against Ke - Pa . When all hope seemed lost , the power of the Peach Tree ended up giving Grand Master Oogway the power to fend off Ke - Pa , known as `` Hero 's Chi '' . In present day , Ke - Pa is in his mortal guise of an old pig retelling his tale to some crocodile and water buffalo criminals in a bar who ended up laughing at his tale . When some of the Peach Tree started to fall off , Ke - Pa began to regain his powers and beat up the criminals . Ke - Pa then headed to the Valley of Peace . Po pridefully tries to stop him , but Ke - Pa has proven himself more than a match for him . When the tree dies , Ke - Pa regains his full powers and because he learned that Po was the Dragon Warrior , Ke - Pa decides the most appropriate to take to defeat him would be an actual beast and assumes his true form of a huge , colorful Dragon . Ke - Pa tells Po and Shifu that if they do n't surrender the Hero 's Chi so he can release the demons , he will devour the villagers . Shifu tells him that he has the Hero 's Chi and he harshly sends Po off for letting his selfishness get the best of him and forgetting to warn the villagers . However , Ke - Pa later finds out that Shifu is not the host of the Hero 's Chi , but Po is . Ke - Pa crushes Po close to death , extracting the Hero 's Chi and breaking the seal , thus releasing the demons . Po 's Life Force and Chi are restored by the Peach Tree sapling that Shifu planted in the Kung Fu Panda first movie . Po managed to defeat the demons and reseal the remaining ones . Po then fights Ke - Pa and uses the Chi he has left to defeat the demon . NOTE : Because dragons are considered beneficent deities in both real oriental culture and the Kung Fu Panda Universe that mirrors it , it is made clear that Ke - Pa was not a true dragon , but a maniacal demon that could change his shape to any creature , including a monster . Demons in their true form , as seen in this episode are black , amorphus spirit - devils . No actual oriental beings have appeared in the Kung Fu Panda world , and may not , since they are more of a deity than an actual animal . Master Ding ( edit ) Master Ding Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Enn Reitel Information species Taihu pig Master Ding is a Kung Fu master who had committed some mental attacks on innocent victims with his Spirit Orbs . It took Oogway and the Furious Five members at the time to defeat Ding and imprisoned him for life in a prison castle on Mugu Mountain while the Spirit Orbs were confiscated . Many years later , Po and Tigress accidentally released Ding 's Spirit Orbs which then left to Master Ding 's prison . Once Po and Tigress arrive , they ended up having to deal with Ding 's ghost , who gives Po and Tigress a hard time . When Ding manages to possess Po in order to exit his prison , Tigress gained control of the Spirit Orbs as Ding can no longer control them since Po is n't good at focusing , which puts him at a disadvantage . Tigress uses the Spirit Orbs to enter Po 's mind where she and Po fought against Ding . Po and Tigress were able to exorcise Ding 's ghost from Po 's body and return the Spirit Orbs to the Jade Palace . Lin Kuei ( edit ) The Lin Kuei ( also spelled Lin Quay ) are a group of Tibetan wolves that are exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . The Lin Kuei are expert assassins and thieves who were trained from birth to steal priceful and powerful artifacts from Kung Fu Masters . Heilang ( edit ) Heilang Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Maurice LaMarche Information species Tibetan wolf Heilang is the leader of the Lin Kuei who is blind in one eye . He first appeared in `` The Secret Museum of Kung Fu '' where he led the Lin Kuei into going after the Phantom Orb ( an artifact that can make anyone intangible ) which was located in the Secret Museum of Kung Fu . Heilang and the Lin Kuei were repelled by Po , Master Shifu , and the Furious Five . In `` Mama Told Me Not to Kung Fu , '' Heilang and the Lin Kuei go after the Shadow Crown which would enable it 's wearer to become invisible . At that time , Master Crane 's mother Yan Fan thought that Heilang and the Lin Kuei were employees at the Jade Palace . When Heilang and the Lin Kuei gain the Phantom Crowns , the Furious Five had a hard time until Master Crane used one of his mother 's items to make the Lin Kuei visible after they threatened Yan Fan . Heilang and the Lin Kuei were defeated by Master Crane . Pai Mei ( edit ) Pai Mei Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Clancy Brown Information species Emperor tamarin Pai Mei is a rogue Kung Fu Master who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Pai Mei was a Kung Fu Master who was the most evil and abusive of all time . He was defeated by Master Shifu and exiled after attempting to overpower the Emperor . He first appeared in `` Five is Enough '' where he destroyed two guards and took down Master Chao . He then took a flag and ended up engaging Po , Master Shifu , and the Furious Five . He was defeated by them and fell off a cliff . His fate after that was unknown . Mei Ling ( villain ) ( edit ) Mei Ling Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Susanne Blakeslee Information Species Red fox Not to be confused with the female snow leopard of the same name , Mei Ling is a female fox ( vixen ) and an antagonist exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . A rogue Kung Fu master with skills that rival Shifu 's , Mei Ling was also Shifu 's love interest for an unspecified amount of time ( much to Po 's disbelief when she tells him ) . Falling in love after their first confrontation , they quickly entered a relationship . However , Shifu broke off the relationship after Mei Ling refused to stop using her Kung Fu to steal . In `` Shifu 's Ex '' , she returns to the Jade Palace , much to Shifu 's dismay , causing him to panic hysterically and resort to hiding in a closet . Mei Ling though is wise to these avoidance tricks and easily finds him . She later uses the Zhou Deng Soul Gem to swap bodies with him during a kiss in order to manipulate Po and the Furious Five to rob an imperial convoy of precious jewels . However , this failed when Shifu ( still in Mei Ling 's body ) revealed the deception and used the Soul Gem to swap back their respective bodies while they embraced in another kiss . After she was defeated by Po and the Furious Five , Mei Ling was arrested and sent to Chorh - Gom Prison , only to escape while being escorted there . Her escape delighted Shifu to no end revealing that even after the events she put him through , he still is in love with Mei Ling . She reappears in `` Crazy little ling called love '' but this time as a redeemed villain . She starts the episode tricking Shifu into revealing the day when the Crown of Heaven was being transported to the Imperial Museum so that Master Jungjie could steal it along the way but she was only helping Jungjie because years ago he caught her stealing a silver sword from him and said that he would free her if someday she would help him complete a task or he would kill her and Shifu . This task is revealed to be the theft of the Crown of Heaven and when Shifu intends to steal the crown from the museum in order to protect Mei Ling from Jungjie , she sets a plan with Po and the Furious Five in order to apprehend Jungjie and save Shifu 's honor , however Mei Ling turns herself to the Imperial Guards as Jungjie 's conspirator in order to avoid Jungjie 's revenge against her and Shifu . Upon seeing the sacrifice Mei Ling has done for him , Shifu realizes that she really loves him and they rekindle their romance and have a picnic in Mei Ling 's cell in Chorh - Gom Prison . Kira Kozu ( edit ) Kira Kozu Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Tohoru Masamune Information Species Clam Kira Kozu is a clam who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Kira Kozu is a samurai that was a former comrade of Yijiro until the day that he betrayed the Ishida Clan and became a Rōnin with plans to take over Japan . Some time later , Kira Kozu and his followers arrived in the Valley of Peace . Yijiro teamed up with the Furious Five where the samurai methods that Yijiro taught Po was enough to defeat Kira . Fu - Xi ( edit ) Fu - Xi Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Dwight Schultz Information Species Cobra Combat style Snake Kung Fu Fu - Xi is a cobra who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Fu - Xi was once a famous hero that was descended from the Dragon Gods who fought nobly to defend China from evildoers . Fu - Xi later went rogue after he was betrayed by the `` two - leggers '' that he fought alongside of where the `` two - leggers '' feared his power and slew his family . Later on in his life , Fu - Xi appeared in the Valley of Peace where he had saved Master Viper from some paranoid villagers . He addressed Master Viper as `` Great Master Viper of the Jade Palace '' and saw her to be a potential ally / apprentice in his goals . He tries to get Master Viper to not fight alongside the `` two - leggers '' and that she should fight alongside the snakes , in which she agrees to help him , much to Po 's dismay . It is later revealed that Viper was pretending the whole time . With help from Po , Master Viper was able to defeat Fu - Xi where his plan to convert Master Viper to his side proved to be his downfall . NOTE : Fu - Xi was named after the Chinese deity of the same name . Sanzu ( edit ) Sanzu Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by John Kassir Information Species Chinese pangolin Combat style Unspecified Sanzu is a Chinese pangolin who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Sanzu is the greedy caretaker of a bunch of orphans . He organized them into stealing money and various things for him from the Valley of Peace 's citizens . Eventually , Po caught onto Sanzu 's plans where he was able to free the orphans from his control . Po then defeated Sanzu who is then brought to Chorh - Gom Prison . The orphans were then placed in the care of Mrs. Yoon . Lao Shu ( edit ) The Lao Shu are a band of renegade rats that number in the hundreds , possibly the thousands . Ju - long ( edit ) Ju - Long Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Paul Reubens Information Species Rat Combat style Unspecified Ju - Long is a rat who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Ju - Long is the leader of the Lao Shu . Ju - Long is described by Master Shifu as `` deadly and unbalanced '' . He is crazy , and likes to inflict suffering and chaos simply for fun . Ju - Long 's small size lets him easily evade larger opponents . He also has help from his hundreds of brothers and sisters who help to make up the Lao Shu . He used Po 's hunger against him , offering him food and then attacking him while his guard was down . He uses a conveniently - sized mallet for a weapon , and likes to use explosives . In `` The Hunger Game , '' Ju - Long collaborated with Madame Zhou in a plot to steal food from the Valley of Peace and sell it to different markets . Visiting Madame Zhou where he ended up discovering that Madame Zhou was a silent partner to the Lao Shu . She then traps Po and Lao Shu in an underground room while she works to sell the stolen food to other markets . Po and Lao Shu got out where Madame Zhou wielded an iron whip in battle ( she considers herself as the `` Master of the Iron Whip '' ) . After the explosions from Madame Zhou 's bombs released all the stolen food onto the Valley of Peace , Po then used the Iron Whip to wrap up Madame Zhou and Ju - Long where he left them for the authorities . Madame Zhou ( edit ) Madame Zhou Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Gaille Heidemann Information Species Gazelle Combat style Unspecified Madame Zhou is a gazelle who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Madame Zhou is a rich gazelle who owns a mansion outside of the Valley of Peace . The Furious Five once visited her place to get rice and had to defend it from the Lao Shu . After the Lao Shu were fended off , Madame Zhou had tempted Po into visiting her if he ever needed food . Po gave into this every night until Master Shifu and the Furious Five caught on to this . After a stern talking to from Master Shifu , Po visited Madame Zhou where he ended up discovering that Madame Zhou was a silent partner to the Lao Shu . She then traps Po and Lao Shu in an underground room while she works to sell the stolen food to other markets . Po and Lao Shu got out where Madame Zhou wielded an iron whip in battle ( she considers herself as the `` Master of the Iron Whip '' ) . After the explosions from Madame Zhou 's bombs released all the stolen food onto the Valley of Peace , Po then used the Iron Whip to wrap up Madame Zhou and Ju - Long where he left them for the authorities . Alien rice weevils ( edit ) The Alien Rice Weevils were a group of evil alien weevil conquerors , all named Hong that go into ears and take over their victim 's mind . General Tsin discovered them , and tried to destroy them . The Furious Five defeated Tsin , but Po was suspicious and discovered they existed . Po , Tsin , and Mr. Ping armed themselves with the weevil 's only weakness , copper bowls . The weevils took over the Valley of Peace and infected Tsin . Po and Mr. Ping freed everyone , and all the weevils were subjected to the Zhu Chao Powder . The frozen weevils were then sent to Chorh - Gom Prison . Supervisor Hong ( edit ) Supervisor Hong Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Nolan North Information Alien rice weevil Supervisor Hong is a character exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He is the leader of the Alien Rice Weevils . List of supporting characters ( edit ) Mr. Ping ( edit ) Mr. Ping Kung Fu Panda character Voiced by James Hong ( films , TV series , and video games ) Information Species Chinese goose Mr. Ping is Po 's adoptive father , who runs the most popular noodle shop in the Valley . He considers his work deeply fulfilling , and hopes that his son will continue to operate the shop , wishing to share with him the family 's secret recipe to great noodles ( which was passed down to Mr. Ping from his own father who took it from Mr. Ping 's paternal grandfather , who won it from a friend in a game of mahjong ) . When he believes his son is ready , he informs him that there is actually no secret ingredient , and that things are special if someone believes them to be . This piece of advice leads Po to understand the cryptic message of the Dragon Scroll , which makes him the Dragon Warrior and allows him to fulfill his destiny . Po and his father share a deep mutual love and respect . This shows in how Po can not bear to disappoint his father about his differing ambitions while Mr. Ping respects his son 's decisions enough to neither protest nor interfere after the panda is dubbed the Dragon Warrior . At Po 's triumph over Tai Lung , all of Mr. Ping 's doubts of his son 's destiny vanish as he proclaims his pride in Po to the world as they embrace . Furthermore , the end credit graphics indicate that Po keeps closely in touch with his father such as continuing to work at the restaurant . In addition , Ping establishes a friendship with the panda 's other father figure and master , Shifu . He is extremely skilled at Chinese chess as shown when he outwits Shifu in a match . However , the Kung Fu Panda Holiday shows that Mr. Ping harbors a deep - seated anxiety of Po leaving him in his nightmares . In addition , Ping finds the conflict of his priorities with his son 's responsibilities as the Dragon Warrior deeply upsetting , especially since Master Shifu is prone to imperiously draw Po away on these matters at will . This comes to a head when Po is tasked to host the Winter Festival banquet for the Masters , which takes place at the same night as their traditional dinner at the restaurant . Although Po offers to give his father the high honor of cooking for the formal banquet , Ping stubbornly insists that he can not close the restaurant for that night and forsake the lonely ( and profitable ) clientele who have nowhere else to celebrate the holiday . As a result , both father and son struggle in their separate culinary tasks , until Po decides he should be with his father and leaves the banquet early . In turn , Mr. Ping , who was struggling with his own preparations at this time , confesses that he was unfair to Po and concedes his larger duties with his martial arts calling . Regardless , the reunited family creates a successful event at the restaurant that not only pleases their usual customers , but also the visiting kung fu masters , who decide to come themselves out of admiration of Po 's loyalty and the relaxed atmosphere . As the second feature film indicates , he was then able to accept his son 's subsequent departure to follow his calling with some peace , though like any parent , he still worries for his son 's safety . In Kung Fu Panda 2 , it was revealed that one day , while gathering the new shipments of vegetables he ordered , Mr. Ping found a baby panda in one of the shipment 's radish crates ( with the shipment of radishes being eaten ) . Surprised , he looked around and waited for someone to come find the infant . When no one came , he decided to keep the child until someone came looking for him . Quickly finding out that the infant was too big and heavy to carry in , he led him inside with a trail of vegetables . He bathed him , fed him , and nurtured him until one day , he came to realize that no one was coming for the child . He then made two life - altering decisions : He would never use radishes for noodle soup , and he would keep the child as his own son . It is assumed that around this point , Mr. Ping named the baby panda Po . Mr. Ping is also shown to be a shrewd , if a bit opportunistic , businessman , despite seeming silly other times . For instance , he has renamed his restaurant as `` Mr. Ping 's Dragon Warrior Noodles and Tofu '' ( ironically , in the first film Mr. Ping mentioned he once dreamt of running away to make tofu , though he dismissed it as a `` stupid dream '' ) with Po 's belongings put on display . When Po comes to visit , he cries , `` In honor of my son , free tofu dessert for everybody , '' only to add `` with purchases , '' which causes his customers to groan and when Po returns from Gongmen City , Mr. Ping also shows him the posters he made advertising `` My Son Saved China -- You Too Can Save ( Money ) ! Buy 1 Dumpling , Get 1 Free '' . In the Holiday special , he tells Po that he owes him 17 yuan for the bedroom door , which Po had charged through believing his father was in trouble ( Mr. Ping had awoken from a `` noodle dream '' that turned bad ) and also appreciates hosting a feast for Winter Festival not only for giving comfort to the lonely , but also being able to charge a premium doing so ( `` And lonely people pay extra '' ) . Furthermore , at the end , when the Furious Five visit , Mr. Ping mentions to Po that Mantis , despite his size , must pay full price for his soup ( `` The little one pays full price , but eats like a child '' ) . From a behind - the - scenes featurette on the first Kung Fu Panda movie DVD , the filmmakers reveal that ( when hearing about James Hong 's father having a noodle shop ) they brought this to his character Mr. Ping . James Hong is the only voice actor to reprise his role as Mr. Ping in the films , TV series , and video games . Li Shan ( edit ) Li Shan Kung Fu Panda 3 character Voiced by Fred Tatasciore ( Kung Fu Panda 2 ) Bryan Cranston ( Kung Fu Panda 3 ) Information Species Giant panda Li Shan is the biological father of Po . He was a happy farmer who cared about his family when Po saw him in his visions . In Kung Fu Panda 2 , Li was separated from a baby Po when Lord Shen 's Wolf Army attacked their village . By the end of the film , it is revealed that Li and the surviving pandas have taken refuge in a secret paradise and senses that his son is alive . In Kung Fu Panda 3 , Li was reunited with Po where it is shown that they both have the same personality . Mei Mei ( edit ) Mei Mei Kung Fu Panda 3 character Voiced by Kate Hudson Information Species Giant panda Mei Mei is a giant panda and aspiring ribbon dancer who appears in Kung Fu Panda 3 . NOTE : Rebel Wilson was originally cast as Mei Mei . Due to an extended production schedule , Wilson dropped out and the role was recast to Kate Hudson . Dim ( edit ) Dim Kung Fu Panda 3 character Voiced by Willie Geist Information Species Giant panda Dim is a giant panda that appears in Kung Fu Panda 3 . Dim is the twin brother of Sum , the nephew of Li Shan , and the cousin of Po . He and his brother 's name are a nod to Dim sum , a style of Chinese cuisine . Sum ( edit ) Sum Kung Fu Panda 3 character Voiced by Al Roker Information Species Giant panda Sum is a giant panda that appears in Kung Fu Panda 3 . Sum is the twin brother of Dim , the nephew of Li Shan , and the cousin of Po . He and his brother 's name are a nod to Dim sum , a style of Chinese cuisine . Bao ( Kung Fu Panda 3 ) ( edit ) Bao Kung Fu Panda 3 character Voiced by Steele Gagnon Information Species Giant panda Bao is a young giant panda that appears in Kung Fu Panda 3 . Lei Lei ( edit ) Lei Lei Kung Fu Panda 3 character Voiced by TBA Information Species Giant panda Lei Lei is a young female giant panda that appears in Kung Fu Panda 3 . She is frequently shown around Tigress . Grandma Panda ( edit ) Grandma Panda Kung Fu Panda 3 character Voiced by TBA Information Species Giant panda Grandma Panda is an elderly giant panda that appears in Kung Fu Panda 3 . Shirong ( edit ) Shirong Kung Fu Panda Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Malcolm McDowell Information Species Red panda Combat Style Panda Kung Fu Shirong is the father of Master Shifu , and is a con Man by trade . When Shifu was young Shirong left him at the Jade Palace . He appears in the episode `` Father Crime '' . Years later he was supposedly rescued by Po and Tigress , but actually it was a plan set up by Tong Fo to capture Po and hold him for ransom . It ends up though that Shirong pretends to be kidnapped and Shifu goes to rescue him even though they have been estranged for a long time . Shifu acutely gets captured by Tong Fo in a trap that was meant for Po . Po and Tigress also went to rescue Shirong but they end up rescuing Shifu instead . Shirong comes back to help Shifu escape and he and his son and Po and Tigress defeat Tong Fo . After Tong Fo is defeated he leaves on good terms with his son , but he stole his son 's money pouch . He later told his son years later that he left Shifu at the Palace because he himself was a jerk . He also leaves on pretty good terms with his son . He also seems to feel the need to steal anything valuable in sight including a Gold Sword . Zeng ( edit ) Zeng Kung Fu Panda character Voiced by Dan Fogler ( film ) Mick Wingert ( video game and TV series ) Information Species Swan goose Zeng is a palace goose , who acts in the first movie as Master Shifu 's messenger and is specifically given the mission to try to double the amount of guards at Chorh - Gom Prison where Tai Lung is held captive , under the orders of Shifu , based on Oogway 's vision that Tai Lung will escape . The irony is that , while visiting the prison , one of Zeng 's feathers falls near Tai Lung , who uses it to pick the lock on his restraints and escape , echoing one of Oogway 's statements that `` one often meets his destiny on the road he takes to avoid it '' . In the resulting carnage , Zeng is spared and forced to return to the valley and herald Tai Lung 's escape . He is extremely nervous and pessimistic , but is nonetheless willing to fulfill the assignment given to him . During the credits , a picture shows Zeng gluing the Urn of Whispering Warriors , which Po had broken earlier , back together . He makes a small , non-speaking , cameo appearance in Kung Fu Panda 2 . In Kung Fu Panda Holiday , Zeng helps Po into picking out a chef to cook the meals at the Jade Palace 's formal Winter Feast dinner . He even knows the meanings of different gestures a host makes , interpreting Po 's wave to Monkey as the `` Hun Shu wave of dismissal '' . It is revealed in the episode `` Challenge Day '' that Zeng knows all 1200 bamboo types . Vachir ( edit ) Vachir Kung Fu Panda character Voiced by Michael Clarke Duncan Information Species Javan rhinoceros Commander Vachir is the chief of security at Chorh - Gom Prison , and the leader of the Anvil of Heaven , a one thousand - strong army of elite battle rhinos . He was placed in charge of the prison at the recommendation of Master Flying Rhino . Vachir has a ruby horn - shaped cap in place of his nose horn , as a decorative prosthetic . Before Tai Lung 's incarceration , the Anvil of Heaven opposed tyranny and injustice throughout China , and were notorious for their fearlessness and terrifying fighting skills . Vachir was charged with the construction of Chorh - Gom Prison , and he oversaw Tai Lung 's imprisonment for twenty years . Overconfident of the prison 's security , Vachir greatly underestimated Tai Lung 's potential and failed to stop him from escaping and was caught in an explosion along with many of his troops and is seen falling off a cliff . Although his horn - shaped cap was seen amongst the ruins , it is unknown if Commander Vachir survived or not . In issue one of the `` Kung Fu Panda '' comics ( which took place some time after Tai Lung 's escape ) , Chorh - Gom Prison was rebuilt with a variety of new traps . Po and the Furious Five volunteered to test the prison 's new security system and were given a tour by the new warden and Vachir 's successor ( who appeared to be just as overconfident as his predecessor ) . Mei Ling ( edit ) Mei Ling Secrets of the Furious Five character Voiced by Stephanie Lemelin Information Species Chinese mountain cat Combat style Unspecified Mei Ling , a Chinese mountain cat , is the star student at the Lee Da Kung Fu Academy where Crane worked as a janitor . Upon seeing Crane 's graceful movement , she urged him to attempt to enroll into the school as a student . Inspired by her faith in him , Crane agreed to make the attempt and she made sure his application was recognized at the induction challenge . Although Mei Ling felt she unnecessarily exposed Crane to public humiliation when his attempt was mocked , Crane stumbled into the obstacle course challenge for prospective students and performed well in it , leading to his enrollment at the academy . Wo Hop ( edit ) Wo Hop Kung Fu Panda Holiday character Voiced by Jack McBrayer Information Species Rabbit Wo Hop is a renowned chef who was among the first to audition for the honor to cook for the Kung Fu Masters Winter Festival banquet , which was hosted that year by Po . Unfortunately , Po was unfamiliar with the intricate customs of the selection process and inadvertently disgraced Hop while waving to Monkey . Although Po attempted to immediately undo the error , custom allowed for no flexibility on the matter and the disgrace stood . Desperate to redeem himself with his death , Wo Hop later attempted to assault Po in the kitchen in hopes that the Dragon Warrior would kill him in self - defense . Not wanting to harm the rabbit , Po was able to easily confine him to a flour pot , but he later escaped and harassed the panda as part of the overwhelming complications for the banquet preparations . However , Wo Hop 's casual observation about the limits of Kung Fu inspired Po to enlist the aid of the Furious Five while offering to kill the rabbit after he helped with the cooking . Wo Hop agreed , but Po still had to continually stop a number of his suicide attempts in the process . Regardless , the meal was successfully prepared with the rabbit 's help . After Po left to work with his father at the restaurant for their own Winter Festival occasion , Wo Hop made one last attempt to attack Po . However , Po then presented Wo Hop with the Golden Ladle , the intended honor for the official cook of the Master 's formal feast , which restored his honor in his eyes . Furthermore , Po also included the rabbit in the one approved commemorative portrait with all his family and friends as an additional honor . Soothsayer ( edit ) Soothsayer Kung Fu Panda 2 character Voiced by Michelle Yeoh Information Species Cashmere goat The Soothsayer is an elderly goat who once was Shen 's nanny who foretold Shen 's doom . The Soothsayer has a strange relationship with the peacock . She also knows what Lord Shen did to Po 's village and helps him to stop fighting his memories and achieve inner peace . Her extraordinary gift of second sight gives her insight in the true nature of any and all that she encounters . She is also shown to be an extremely skilled healer . She openly antagonizes Shen and bites / eats his robes several times , but obviously cares for him . As Lord Shen gradually sinks into madness , she continuously tries to get him to change and reform , telling him that his parents loved him and that they died from grief when he left , while he declares that they wronged him and hated him . The Soothsayer was present upon Lord Shen 's return where he used his cannon to kill Master Thundering Rhino , had Master Storming Ox and Master Croc imprisoned , and even took the Soothsayer with him as his prisoner . He seems to want her to admit that she was wrong , but does not harm her in any way . When he sets out to conquer China , he tells his guards to release her , not kill her . The Soothsayer later saves Po 's life with acupuncture when she finds him in the river . When he refuses to drink her herbal mixture , she presses his pressure points and forces him to open his mouth and swallow . After Lord Shen and his armies are defeated , the Soothsayer is last seen enjoying the fireworks with the Gongmen City residents . She was originally going to appear in Kung Fu Panda 3 , but was cut . Peng ( edit ) Peng Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Danny Cooksey Information Species Snow leopard Combat style Leopard Kung Fu Peng is the nephew of Tai Lung , who left his life as an assistant potter and took to traveling as a self - taught prodigy in the martial arts . He first appeared in `` The Kung Fu Kid '' , where he visited the Valley of Peace during its Peace Jubilee and was forced into a confrontation with Temutai 's nephew , Jing Mei . When the leopard quickly defeated the young water buffalo , the deeply impressed Po persuaded Master Shifu to consider taking him in as a student . Unfortunately , the combination of the cub 's likably humble character and his considerable skill drew him so much favor with Jade Palace 's residents that Po grew threatened and a little jealous , especially when the cub mused of becoming the Dragon Warrior himself . In response , Po falsely claimed to Peng that Shifu rejected him . Unfortunately , Peng in a rage decided to prove himself by killing Temutai and immediately attacked the water buffalo in his tent . Po , alarmed at his mistake and the cub 's murderous overreaction , attempted to intervene , but the fight drifted into the festivities and provoked a riot . Eventually , Po is finally able to confess his deception and apologize to Peng , who immediately calmed down and similarly apologized for losing his temper , allowing the unwitting rivals to reconcile along with Temutai in the spirit of the occasion . After the Jubilee , Peng decides to leave to continue the quest for his family that he tells Po about ... to find his uncle , whose name leaves the panda with a shock of terror . In `` Master and the Panda '' , Peng is first seen selling pottery in the markets of the Valley of Peace during the crafts fair . Two crocodile bandits harass and try to rob him , but Peng quickly defeats them , denying Po , Crane , and Monkey the opportunity . Po flees the scene during Peng 's battle , shortly after he tells Monkey and Crane of Peng 's relation to Tai Lung . When Monkey and Crane brought Peng back to the Jade Palace , the other masters were overjoyed to see him . Po attempted to hide by disguising himself as Zeng via a shift - stone , and was revealed by Shifu . Po was forced to reveal that he had vanquished Tai Lung to Peng in private and also trying to show that Tai Lung is evil , and Peng attacked and defeated Po in a rage as an attempt to avenge his uncle , sending him fleeing . The incident frightened Po where he stayed up all night until Peng ambushed him , bringing with him with Tai Lung 's sword . Peng admitted that Po was right about Tai Lung and that vengeance was not the answer , but decided to quit kung fu , out of fear that he would become as evil as his uncle had . However , this changed when Po came after him , begging for his help in order to defeat Temutai , whom had empowered himself with the Gong Lu Medallion , an amulet that enhanced his strength and his darkest crazed emotions . Together Po and Peng defeated Temutai , but upon stealing away the medallion , Peng was ensnared by its evil , declaring that he was not afraid of power and should instead embrace it while still trying to avenge his uncle . Peng then fought Po in an eerily similar battle to the one he fought against Tai Lung . During the battle , the crazed Peng also blamed Po for corrupting Tai Lung and taking the title and power of the Dragon Warrior from him . Upon wishing that Tai Lung was there to watch him defeat Po , Peng was shocked to see Tai Lung himself appear , who explained that the medallion brought him back to life . Tai Lung then agreed to help him destroy Po and his nephew 's enemies , but then horrified him with the idea of destroying everyone and finally learning of his evil . Peng then finally came to his senses , defeating Tai Lung and denouncing him as a villain and a disgrace , and refusing to kill him . Tai Lung then reveals himself to be Po , who used a shift - stone to trick Peng and bring him to his senses . Po explains and reassures that Peng and Tai Lung are nothing alike , as Peng has the heart and spirit of a true warrior . After safely disposing of the medallion , Peng is offered the chance to train at the Jade Palace and is offered his uncle 's sword , but Peng turns down the offer , and smashes the sword , saying it can no longer hurt anyone and neither can he . Peng decides to stop trying to avenge his uncle and states that kung fu is over for him and leaves out of fear of the darkness inside him and his fear of not being able to control or defeat it , leaving Shifu , the Furious Five , and especially Po greatly saddened . In `` Kung Fu Fight Club , '' Peng returns where he starts a Kung Fu Fight Club as a way for the defenseless to defend themselves . He even befriends Lian who helps him . Po ended up learning about this and had to keep this info private from Master Shifu . The antics of Peng 's students ended up thwarting the robberies of criminals who were working for Tong Fo . Upon finding the location of the Kung Fu Fight Club , Tong Fo raided the place where his gorillas held Lian hostage so that Tong Fo can get Peng to do as he says . The next day , Po spars against Peng as Tong Fo 's gang blended in with the crowd alongside a disguised Master Shifu . After figuring out that Tong Fo is secretly running the fights , Po helps Peng free Lian as the Kung Fu Fight Club members join in the fight against Tong Fo 's gang with the help of Master Shifu . After Tong Fo and his gang are defeated , Master Shifu allows the Kung Fu Fight Club to remain . Song ( edit ) Song Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Lauren Tom ( TV series ) Information Species Snow leopard Combat style Unspecified Song is a young snow leopard who is a member of The Ladies of the Shade , a group of snow leopard bandits who steals from others while entertaining them with parasol dancing . She visited the Valley of Peace with Su , the leader . They are introduced performers who steal from their audience . When they met Po , who stopped a thief from stealing their luggage , and learn that he lives in the Jade Palace , Su decides to make a plan to steal the Dragon Chalice . Su puts Song up to the task to charm Po into allowing them to enter the Jade Palace , so Song asks Po to `` show her around the village '' . They spend the time touring the town but with Po 's childlike behavior makes it hard for Song to charm Po and instead she finds herself beginning to like Po due to his kindness and humor . Afterwards , Po declares Song the first girl he has ever been best friends with . Song wanted to tell Po that she was a bandit , but Su comes in and tells Po that they are homeless . Feeling sorry , Po offers the ladies to spend a night in the Jade Palace . As a token of their gratitude , the ladies performed a dance for Po and the Furious Five . While dancing , they steal the dragon chalice , revealing the ladies as thieves leaving Po feeling betrayed by Song . When Po enters the campsite of The Ladies of the Shade , he runs into Song . Song feels guilty for what she did to Po and tries to apologize but he refused to accept it . Eventually Po is discovered as an intruder but instead of turning on him , Song helps to defend Po from Su and the Ladies of the Shade . In the end Po accepts Song 's apology and she thanks him with a kiss on the cheek before she leaves with her group , becoming the new leader of The Ladies of the Shade . Constable Hu ( edit ) Constable Hu Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Neil Ross Information Species Indian elephant Constable Hu is an Indian elephant that is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He first appears in `` Present Tense '' where he offers up a bounty for the capture of Shengqi . Po takes up Constable Hu 's offer . When Po learns the truth about Shengqi and brings him to the Valley of Peace to be reunited with his daughter Xiao Niao , Constable Hu tried to stop them and apprehend Shengqi only for Po to tell Constable Hu the truth about what happened the day when Shengqi was incarcerated at Chorh - Gom Prison . Constable Hu tells Po that he 'll petition the Imperial Magistrate to have Shengqi 's sentence overturned . During this episode , it was mentioned that Constable Hu had a daughter who ran off with a street magician and has n't seen her in years . In `` Invitation Only , '' Constable Hu appears before the Furious Five and tells him that he is holding an invitation to Upper Head District Chief Superior Superintendent Chang . When Po arrives at Constable Hu 's house to ask about why his invitation has n't arrived yet . Constable Hu tells Po that he was n't invited and admitted that Po does n't have good table manners . When Po begs to Constable Hu to let him come , Constable Hu says `` no . '' When it comes time for the banquet , Constable Hu is nervous at what Superintendent Chang will think of the banquet . When Superintendent Chang gets bored , Constable Hu has Master Shifu and the Furious Five perform something that Superintendent Chang has n't seen until the banquet was crashed by Temutai . After Po defeated Temutai , Constable Hu told Po to skedaddle until Superintendent Chang invited Po to sit by him . Superintendent Chang tells Constable Hu that the banquet was boring until Po arrived . When Master Shifu hoped that Superintendent Chang would promote Constable Hu and reassign him , Superintendent Chang instead renews Constable Hu 's position for another 10 years . In `` Shifu 's Back '' , Po and the others are left waiting for a very long time when it is decided that they need a licence to use their kung fu . Constable Hu finally delivers it to the Jade Palace and , although he admits that criminals are running riot without the Dragon Warrior and the Furious Five to stop them , he does n't seem happy about giving them their licence . In `` The Midnight Stranger , '' Constable Hu outlaws Kung Fu due to the overdoing of Kung Fu and tells Po and the Furious Five if they do any Kung Fu , he will have them remanded to Chor - Gom Prison . When Po has been masquerading as the Midnight Stranger to defend the Valley of Peace , Constable Hu was surprised that he found some criminals in his cell after they were defeated by the Midnight Stranger . Constable Hu finds the Midnight Stranger saving a villager from a criminal causing Constable Hu to pursue him after stopping various criminals . Constable Hu later visits Po offering him the opportunity to do a little Kung Fu on the Midnight Stranger during the stakeout . When Mr. Ping masquerades as the Midnight Stranger and stops a robbery at an apple cart , Constable Hu mistakes him as the Midnight Stranger that he was stalking and arrests him . Po ends up becoming the Midnight Stranger and confesses that he was masquerading as him , admitting that he was doing what was right as Constable Hu arrests him . When the pig criminals arrive and admit they manipulated Constable Hu into outlawing Kung Fu , Constable Hu was surprised at this as the pig criminals bring Lidong to help them . Constable Hu helps Po fend off Lidong and the pig criminals . Constable Hu then lifts the ban on Kung Fu as he plans to have Lidong and the pig criminals remanded to Chor - Gom Prison . Yijiro ( edit ) Yijiro Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Matthew Moy Information Species Prawn Yijiro is a prawn who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Yijiro is a master samurai that is associated with the Ishida Clan . He is loyal to the bushido code and will protect the weak . He was a former comrade of Kira until the day when Kira betrayed the Ishida Clan and formed his own army . Yijiro has been after him since . Some time later , Yijiro traced Kira and his allies to the Valley of Peace where he allied with Po and the Furious Five to fight Kira . Yijiro trained Po in the code of bushido which did come in handy with helping Yijiro defeat Kira . Video game characters ( edit ) The following characters had appeared in the video games : Blackhoof Boar Clan ( edit ) The Blackhoof Boar Clan is a group of boars who are exclusive to the Kung Fu Panda video game . They were one of the bandit groups that join Tai Lung after he escapes from Chor - Gom Prison . The Blackhoof Boar Clan come in different types : Thieving Boars - The first type of members of the Blackhoof Boar Clan . They are brown , wear white shirts , and do night fight . But they can steal items from Po . Primary Fighting Boars - The second type of members of the Blackhoof Boar Clan . They are the same size and colors of the Thieving Boars , but do not wear white shirts . They wield two axes in battle . Secondary Fighting Boars - The third type of members of the Blackhoof Boar Clan and are twice the size as the Primary Fighting Boars . They have gray fur and balding backs . They wield a single mace in battle . Blackhoof Boar Clan Leader ( voiced by Bill Farmer ) - The leader of the Blackhoof Boar Clan who is twice the size as the Secondary Fighting Boars . He has purple and gray fur with scars on his back . In Po 's dream , he fights with the Sword of Heroes . In the Blackhoof Boar Clan 's attack on the Jade Palace , he fights with a metal sword collected from the Jade Palace . Vultures ( edit ) Three unnamed Vultures appear as enemies in the Kung Fu Panda video game . They try to catch and eat Zeng ( who was on his way back from Chorh - Gom Prison ) only for the Vultures to be defeated by Master Crane . Two of the Vultures are voiced by Steven Blum and Andrew Kishino . Imperial Golden Croc gang ( edit ) The Imperial Golden Croc Gang is a group of crocodiles who are exclusive to the Kung Fu Panda video game . It consists of well - armored crocodiles who work for the Queen Crocodile and the Crocodile Sergeant . They were recruited by Tai Lung to serve him after he had escaped from Chor - Gom Prison . Po and Master Crane fight them when they attack the Tortoise Village in the Lake of Tears where the Imperial Golden Croc Gang ends up tormenting the Tortoises and stealing their eggs . The Imperial Golden Croc Gang shortly returns when Po and Shifu are steering a boat to try and escape ; the minions slow them down by throwing bombs at them . Queen Crocodile ( edit ) Queen Crocodile Kung Fu Panda : The Video Game character Voiced by Susan Blakeslee Information Species Crocodile The Queen Crocodile is the leader of the Imperial Golden Croc Gang . When Po and Master Crane accidentally awaken her when saving the last tortoise egg , she sends the Crocodile Sergeant after them . Crocodile Sergeant ( edit ) Crocodile Sergeant Kung Fu Panda : The Video Game character Voiced by Unknown Information Species Crocodile The Crocodile Sergeant is a member of the Imperial Golden Croc Gang and servant of the Queen Crocodile . He leads the soldiers of the Imperial Golden Croc Gang into stealing eggs from the Tortoises . When Po is spotted by the Crocodile Sergeant , he sends his soldiers to attack Po . When Po and Master Crane accidentally awakened the Queen Crocodile when saving the last tortoise egg , she sends the Crocodile Sergeant after them . Po and Master Crane managed to evade the Crocodile Sergeant who ends up falling off the large waterfall . Great Gorilla ( edit ) Great Gorilla Kung Fu Panda : The Video Game character Voiced by Phil Morris Information Species Mountain gorilla The Great Gorilla is a villain who is exclusive to the Kung Fu Panda video game . He and his gorilla minions are hired by Tai Lung to destroy the Dragon Warrior . When Po is fighting the gorillas , Great Gorilla threw boulders at Po . When preventing the gorillas from destroying a temple , Master Shifu ends up having to protect the relics as well . Great Gorilla is ultimately defeated by Po . Of course the remnants of Great Gorilla 's minions were later seen as members of the Lang Shadow Army . Lang Shadow Army ( edit ) The Lang Shadow Army is an army that is led by Tai Lung in the Kung Fu Panda video game . It consists of a group of Tibetan Wolves that were later joined the remnants of the Great Gorilla 's gang and two Ox Bandits . The Lang Shadow Army went into hiding after Tai Lung was imprisoned , but came out of hiding when Tai Lung escaped from Chor - Gom Prison . The Wolf Soldiers of the Lang Shadow Army come in different types : Wolf Soldiers - The common soldiers of the Lang Shadow Army . Wolf Archers - Wolf Soldiers armed with bows and arrows . Wolf Slashers - Wolf Soldiers that are dressed as ninjas and are armed with two hook swords . In multiplayer mode , a Wolf Slasher is a playable character . Wolf Samurai - The largest of the Lang Shadow Army 's soldiers , but are much slower and attack in groups . They serve as the elite force of the Lang Shadow Army . The Lang Shadow Army was originally planned in the early development of Kung Fu Panda , but was eventually scrapped . However , they do appear as an Easter egg on the surface of the Urn of Whispering Warrior . Wu Sisters ( edit ) The Wu Sisters are a trio of anthropomorphic snow leopards who appear primarily in the franchise 's video game productions . They consist of : Su Wu ( voiced by Sumalee Montano in Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters , Susan Blakeslee in the Kung Fu Panda video game , Jennifer Darling in Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors ) - The eldest of the Wu Sisters who is the most ambitious and ruthless of the group . She is distinguishable from her sisters by her blind left eye which is blue while her right eye is gold . Wing Wu ( voiced by Sumalee Montano in Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters , Jennifer Darling in the Kung Fu Panda video game , Susan Blakeslee in Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors ) - The younger sister of Su Wu . Wan Wu ( voiced by Sumalee Montano in Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters , Bobby Holliday in the Kung Fu Panda video game , April Stewart in Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors ) - The younger sister of Su Wu . Their first film appearance is in Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters in Master Thundering Rhino , Master Storming Ox , and Master Croc 's youth . They were considered notorious criminals whose schemes seriously threatened China as a whole . Master Storming Ox mentioned that the Wu Sisters once challenged the Jackal nation and defeated them with just a pair of chopsticks . When Wing Wu and Wan Wu sprung Su Wu from her prison , they worked to unite all of China 's criminal gangs which caused Grand Master Oogway to enlist Master Thundering Rhino , Master Storming Ox , and Master Croc to help him . They were defeated by Master Thundering Rhino , Master Storming Ox , and Master Croc while Grand Master Oogway defeated the gangs they assembled . According to Po , their favored method of attack was for them to have their tails grip each other and then spin at tremendous speed . The device that Su Wu was once locked away in is now on display in the Hall of Warriors with Po accidentally getting himself locked in it at the end . In the Kung Fu Panda video game , Po ends up stumbling onto the Wu Sisters ' base camp when fleeing with the Dragon Scroll . When he asks them for directions , they mistake him as an enemy spy and attack him . Po managed to defeat them and claim a map that leads him back to the Jade Palace . In Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors , the Wu Sisters return amongst the villains that Tai Lung assembles and attack the good guys while Tai Lung was targeting Master Crane . This time , the Wu Sisters have snow leopard minions to aid them in their fight against Po and the Furious Five . They end up defeated again . The Wu Sisters also appear in the online virtual game Kung Fu Panda World as statues . If clicked upon , the statue will bring up a mini-game called `` Legend of the Wu Sisters '' where the player must climb up treacherous buildings in order to collect enough keys to release and save one of the captured Wu Sisters from Tai Lung . Rat Boss ( edit ) Rat Boss Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors character Voiced by S. Scott Bullock Information Species Rat The Rat Boss is a villain who is exclusive to the video game Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors . He is among the villains who are assembled by Tai Lung and is the leader of the Black Moon Scavenger Clan . He and the Black Moon Scavenger Clan attacked the Jade Palace 's arena only to be defeated by the player 's character . Great General Ox ( edit ) Great General Ox Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors character Voiced by Unknown Information Species Ox Great General Ox is a villain who is exclusive to the video game Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors . He is among the villains who are assembled by Tai Lung and is the leader of the Hoof Clan . Great General Ox has the ability to absorb heat and flames and shoot them out . He and the Hoof Clan abducted some villagers and held them captive in the Wu Dang Mountains only to end up defeated by the player 's character . Yak ( edit ) Yak Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors character Voiced by Unknown Information Species Yak Yak is a villain who is exclusive to the video game Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors and a member of the Hoof Clan . Baboon Boss ( edit ) Baboon Boss Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors character Voiced by Fred Tatasciore Information Species Baboon The Baboon Boss is a villain who is exclusive to the video game Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors . He is among the villains who are assembled by Tai Lung and is the leader of a group of baboons . Baboon Boss and his servants had captured Master Mantis and had taken him to the Old Temple Grounds . He is defeated by the player 's character . Gorilla Boss ( edit ) Gorilla Boss Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors character Voiced by Daran Norris Information Species Gorilla The Gorilla Boss is a villain who is exclusive to the video game Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors . He is among the villains who are assembled by Tai Lung and is the leader of a group of gorillas . Gorilla Boss and his servants had captured Master Viper and had held her captive in the ruins of Chor - Gom Prison . He is defeated by the player 's character . Zhou Dan ( edit ) Zhou Dan Kung Fu Panda 2 : The Video Game character Information Species Komodo dragon Zhou Dan is a villain who is exclusive to the Kung Fu Panda 2 video game . He is the leader of a group of Komodo dragons . Following the defeat of Lord Shen , Zhou Dan and the Komodo dragons resurface and plot to take over Gongmen City upon taking advantage of the chaos caused by the remnants of Lord Shen 's Wolf Army and Gorilla Army . He is defeated by Po in the Under - City and the remaining Komodo dragons run away in fear . References ( edit ) Cheen - Gwan Jump up ^ `` Kung Fu Panda Official Site -- Sacred Peach Tree of Heavenly Wisdom '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kung Fu Panda Official Site - Production - Five Fighting Warriors '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ https://interactchina.wordpress.com/2012/09/01/animal-styles-of-chinese-martial-arts-in-kung-fu-panda/ Jump up ^ http://www.debate.org/debates/The-Kung-fu-Panda-Characters-were-based-on-different-styles-of-kung-fu./1/ Jump up ^ `` Kung Fu Panda : ' Owl Be Back : The Tale of Fenghuang ' '' . Nickelodeon . pp. 0 : 25 , 0 : 53 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ In Kung Fu Panda 2 , Tigress ' comment about training twenty years . Jump up ^ early in Kung Fu Panda 2 during a boat ride while sparring at night when Tigress tells Po that she punched ironwood trees by the palace to train , and that she now feels nothing ( in response to him crying out in pain from punching her palm ) and Po asks how long that took , she says 20 years Jump up ^ `` Kung Fu Panda Official Site - Master Viper '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kung Fu Panda Official Site - Master Monkey '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kung Fu Panda Official Site - Master Mantis '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kung Fu Panda Official Site - Master Crane '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kung Fu Panda Official Site - Tai Lung '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Shen mentions in Kung Fu Panda 2 ( shortly after Tigress ' comment about training twenty years ) `` thirty years I 've waited for this moment '' as he places his fireworks cannon where his father 's throne used to be . Jump up ^ Stevenson , John and Mark Osborne ( directors ) ( 2008 ) . Kung Fu Panda ( DVD ) . Event occurs at 3.55 ... Po 's father is a goose . And he is a goose , he 's not a duck ... Jump up ^ `` Kate Hudson to Replace Rebel Wilson in ' Kung Fu Panda 3 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Aibel , Jonathan & Berger , Glenn . Kung Fu Panda script , final draft . 3 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kung Fu Panda Official Site - Chor Ghom Prison '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kung Fu Panda Legends of Awesomeness : Master and the Panda ( hide ) Kung Fu Panda Films Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) Shorts Secrets of the Furious Five ( 2009 ) Kung Fu Panda Holiday ( 2010 ) Secrets of the Masters ( 2011 ) Secrets of the Scroll ( 2016 ) Television Legends of Awesomeness Episodes Season 1 Games Kung Fu Panda Legendary Warriors Kung Fu Panda World Kung Fu Panda 2 Showdown of Legendary Legends Characters Po Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Kung_Fu_Panda_characters&oldid=804016989 '' Categories : Kung Fu Panda Lists of animated film characters Lists of fictional animals in animation Lists of fictional animals by work Fictional Shaolin kung fu practitioners CGI characters Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from April 2011 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles that may be too long from November 2015 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2015 All articles needing style editing Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 04 : 30 . 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who plays the duck in kung fu panda
[ "\n\nMr. Ping\n\n\nKung Fu Panda character\n\n\nVoiced by\nJames Hong (films, TV series, and video games)\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nSpecies\nChinese goose[14]\n\n" ]
[ "James Hong" ]
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Jenna Boyd
Jenna Boyd - wikipedia Jenna Boyd Jump to : navigation , search This biographical article needs additional citations for verification , as its only attribution is to IMDb . IMDb may not be a reliable source for biographical information . Please help by adding additional , reliable sources for verification . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jenna Boyd Jenna Michelle Boyd ( 1993 - 03 - 04 ) March 4 , 1993 ( age 24 ) Bedford , Texas , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 2001 -- present Jenna Michelle Boyd ( born March 4 , 1993 ) is an American actress . She is best known for her roles in the feature films The Missing and The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants and the Netflix Original Series Atypical . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 3 Awards and nominations 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Jenna Boyd was born in Bedford , Texas and moved with her parents and younger brother Cayden ( also an actor ) to Los Angeles to pursue her acting career . After a few small roles on television and film , Boyd 's big break came when she was cast in The Missing , alongside Cate Blanchett and Evan Rachel Wood . Boyd 's performance was praised in critical reviews of this film , although the film itself was not particularly well received . Previously she had been in Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star playing the daughter of a family hired by the title character ( David Spade ) to help him recapture his childhood . In 2005 Boyd played the Leukemia - suffering Bailey Graffman in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants . Her recent roles include the Lifetime miniseries The Gathering in which she played the daughter of a doctor ( Peter Gallagher ) searching for his wife and in the Ghost Whisperer episode `` Children of Ghosts '' she played a troubled teenager living in a foster home . In 2017 , she played Paige Hardaway , the `` practice girlfriend '' of the autistic main character , Sam Gardner , in the Netflix Original Series Atypical . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2003 Hunted , The The Hunted Loretta Kravitz 2003 Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star Sally Finley 2003 Missing , The The Missing Dot Gilkeson 2005 In an Instant The Girl 2005 Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants , The The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants Bailey 2012 Complicity Rachel 2012 Last Ounce of Courage Maddie Rogers 2014 Runaway Abby Television Year Title Role Notes 2001 Geena Davis Show , The The Geena Davis Show Kid Episode : `` Car Wash '' 2001 Titus 5 - Year - Old Shannon Episode : `` Shannon 's Song '' 2001 Just Shoot Me ! Hannah Gallo Episode : `` Christmas ? Christmas ! '' 2002 Special Unit 2 ( voice ) Episode : `` The Piper '' 2002 Six Feet Under 7 - Year - Old Girl Episode : `` The Secret '' 2002 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Sasha Rittle Episode : `` Cross Jurisdictions '' 2002 Mary Christmas Felice Wallace TV movie 2003 Carnivàle Maddy Crane Episode : `` Milfay '' 2007 Ghost Whisperer Julie Parker Episode : `` Children of Ghosts '' 2007 Gathering , The The Gathering Elizabeth ' Zee ' Foster TV miniseries 2008 Criminal Minds Jessica Evanson Episode : `` Minimal Loss '' 2017 Atypical Paige Hardaway Recurring role Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Year Result Role Young Artist Award 2003 Best Performance in a TV Movie , Mini-Series or Special - Supporting Young Actress Nominated Felice Wallace in Mary Christmas Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Nominated Sally Finney in Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actress Won Dot Gilkeson in The Missing Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role - Female Nominated Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards Youth in Film Nominated Saturn Award Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated Teen Choice Award 2005 Choice Movie Breakout Performance - Female Nominated Bailey Graffman in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants Young Artist Award 2006 Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Nominated 2008 Best Performance in a TV Series - Guest Starring Young Actress Nominated Julie Parker in Ghost Whisperer External links ( edit ) Jenna Boyd on IMDb Jenna Boyd at AllMovie VIAF : 71106742 LCCN : no2004077159 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jenna_Boyd&oldid=810611976 '' Categories : 1993 births Living people Actresses from Texas American child actresses American film actresses American television actresses People from Dallas Pepperdine University alumni 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from July 2009 All articles lacking reliable references BLP articles lacking sources from July 2009 All articles sourced by IMDb Articles sourced only by IMDb from July 2009 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Nederlands Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 10 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays bailey in the sisterhood of the traveling pants
[ "Jenna Boyd was born in Bedford, Texas and moved with her parents and younger brother Cayden (also an actor) to Los Angeles to pursue her acting career. After a few small roles on television and film, Boyd's big break came when she was cast in The Missing, alongside Cate Blanchett and Evan Rachel Wood. Boyd's performance was praised in critical reviews of this film, although the film itself was not particularly well received. Previously she had been in Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star playing the daughter of a family hired by the title character (David Spade) to help him recapture his childhood. In 2005 Boyd played the Leukemia-suffering Bailey Graffman in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants. Her recent roles include the Lifetime miniseries The Gathering in which she played the daughter of a doctor (Peter Gallagher) searching for his wife and in the Ghost Whisperer episode \"Children of Ghosts\" she played a troubled teenager living in a foster home. In 2017, she played Paige Hardaway, the \"practice girlfriend\" of the autistic main character, Sam Gardner, in the Netflix Original Series Atypical." ]
[ "Jenna Boyd" ]
4410478193881174849
Our Girl
Our Girl - wikipedia Our Girl Our Girl Genre Military drama Created by Tony Grounds Written by Tony Grounds Directed by David Drury Anthony Philipson Richard Senior Jan Matthys Luke Snellin Tim Fywell Jon Wright Starring Lacey Turner Michelle Keegan Ben Aldridge Simon Lennon Sean Ward Sean Sagar Rolan Bell Harki Bhambra Shalom Brune - Franklin Patrick McNamee Opening theme `` War Rages On '' -- Alex Clare ( Series 1 ) `` Hear You Calling '' -- Birdy ( Series 2 ) `` Battlecry '' -- Jordan Mackampa ( Series 3 ) Composer ( s ) Ben Foster Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 23 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) John Yorke Caroline Skinner Producer ( s ) Ken Horn Eric Coulter Production location ( s ) Hertfordshire Camp Bastion Army Training Centre , Pirbright South Africa Editor ( s ) Ben Drury Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) BBC Studios Distributor RLJ Entertainment Release Original network BBC One Picture format 16 : 9 ( 1080i ) Audio format Stereo Original release 24 March 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) -- present External links Website Our Girl is a British television military drama series , written and created by Tony Grounds , first broadcast on BBC One on 24 March 2013 . The series initially starred Lacey Turner as Molly Dawes , a young woman from a working - class background who joins the British Army after deciding her life is going nowhere . Following the feature - length pilot episode , a full series of five episodes was commissioned , commencing broadcast on 21 September 2014 . For the series , Iwan Rheon and Ben Aldridge joined the main cast as Private Dylan `` Smurf '' Smith and Captain Charles James respectively . Turner left her role after the first series , and was replaced Michelle Keegan as the series ' new lead , Lance Corporal Georgie Lane . Ben Aldridge returned to the cast , with newcomers Luke Pasqualino and Royce Pierreson amongst the new cast members . The second five - episode series began airing on 7 September 2016 . An extended third series , comprising twelve episodes , was commissioned in 2017 . Initially due to be broadcast in three blocks of four episodes , filming for this series took place in Nepal , South Africa and Malaysia . Keegan , Pasqualino and Aldridge all returned for this series , with Shalom Brune - Franklin and Rudi Dharmalingam amongst the new cast members for this series . The first four episodes , known as the Nepal Tour , began broadcasting on 10 October 2017 . The remaining eight episodes aired consecutively from 5 June 2018 , with Olly Rix joining the cast as new special forces Captain `` Bones '' McClyde . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Pilot ( 2013 ) 1.2 Series 1 ( 2014 ) 1.3 Series 2 ( 2016 ) 1.4 Series 3 : Part 1 ( 2017 ) 1.5 Series 3 : Part 2 ( 2018 ) 2 Reception 3 Broadcast 4 Cast 4.1 2 Section 4.2 Special Forces 4.3 Families 4.4 Army 4.5 Other 5 Episodes 5.1 Pilot ( 2013 ) 5.2 Series 1 ( 2014 ) 5.3 Series 2 ( 2016 ) 5.4 Series 3 : Part 1 ( 2017 ) 5.5 Series 3 : Part 2 ( 2018 ) 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Pilot ( 2013 ) ( edit ) 18 - year - old Molly Dawes ( Lacey Turner ) , who lives in the East End of London , decides to join the army , deciding her life has no purpose on discovering that her boyfriend has been cheating on her . Encouraged only by the manager of the recruitment office , Sergeant Lamont ( Paul Fox ) , she initially keeps her decision a secret from her family , which consists of her controlling father Dave ( Sean Gallagher ) and doting mother Belinda ( Kerry Godliman ) . When the truth is exposed , Dave demands she changes her mind , threatening to disown her if she does not ; leaving her to make the heartbreaking decision to step away as she heads off to training camp . Here , Corporal Geddings ( Matthew McNulty ) initially doubts Molly 's merits as a potential soldier , but she strives to prove herself and eventually earns the respect of her peers , even reuniting with her mother Belinda when she visits her to apologise for Dave 's actions . Series 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Molly has completed training as a Combat Medical Technician . She is deployed to Afghanistan attached to a British Army infantry section based from a small UK / ANA shared FOB somewhere in Helmand . She arrives at Camp Bastion in Afghanistan alongside her new team , 2 Section , who are all males . She is disconcerted when she discovers that an ex-flame , Dylan `` Smurf '' Smith ( Iwan Rheon ) , belongs to her new section , and gets off on the wrong foot with haughty team leader Captain Charles James ( Ben Aldridge ) , a hailed war hero . On arrival in Afghanistan , Molly fights to prove herself to the men around her while also offering compassion to the locals , including 11 - year - old Afghan girl Bashira ( Becky Eggersglusz ) , giving herself an understanding of what it is like to be a civilian caught up in the Taliban 's war . Series 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Lance Corporal Georgie Lane ( Michelle Keegan ) is dispatched on a humanitarian tour to Kenya with 2 Section , and she quickly becomes involved in the activities of a terrorist group . Georgie 's ex-fiancé , Elvis ( Luke Pasqualino ) , a special forces officer in the Special Air Service , frequently attempts to regain her trust after jilting her at the altar on their wedding day several years previously . However , Georgie now has a new boyfriend , Dr. Jamie Cole ( Royce Pierreson ) . Molly has been written out of the story , having returned to Afghanistan for a short tour off - screen . It is briefly mentioned by Captain James that he and Molly are now married . Series 3 : part 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Georgie , now a Corporal , is dispatched alongside 2 Section on a humanitarian mission to Nepal following an earthquake . 2 Section discover a group responsible for trafficking children , connected to the Taliban , which sends them on a covert mission in the heart of Afghanistan supporting special forces . Captain James struggles with the point of British involvement in Afghanistan , and Elvis is desperate to get Georgie back . However , she is uninterested and meets a Nepalese engineer , Milan ( Rudi Dharmalingam ) , whom she takes a shine to . Meanwhile , romance between the two new privates of 2 Section , Maisie ( Shalom Brune - Franklin ) and Rab ( Harki Bhambra ) , blossoms . Series 3 : part 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Following Elvis ' death , Georgie returns to duty as 2 Section are deployed to Nigeria to help the Nigerian Army in the fight against Boko Haram . But when she goes in search of a group of missing children , who are suspected of having been trafficked out of the country , she is kidnapped and held hostage by a group of Boko Haram rebels . Undercover Special Forces Captain `` Bones '' McClyde ( Olly Rix ) , who has spent the last six months infiltrating Boko Haram , is forced to break cover in order to save Georgie . Later , 2 Section find themselves in Belize for a jungle training exercise . But when Captain James is severely injured by a bandit trap , Georgie is forced to put her all her skills into action in a desperate attempt to save him . In Bangladesh , 2 Section are called to assist local police inspector Chowdrey ( Navin Chowdhry ) and his wife Barsha ( Farzana Dua Elahe ) who are running a refugee camp for thousands forced to flee from their war - torn villages , but Georgie soon begins to suspect the inspector of being involved in the trafficking of prostitutes and drug smuggling . Reception ( edit ) The feature - length pilot episode first broadcast on BBC One on 24 March 2013 at 9 : 00pm . Based on official overnight figures , it gained an audience of 5.34 million viewers . Consolidated viewing increased this figure to 6.31 million . The pilot received mixed to positive reviews , with Dan Owen of MSN praising Turner 's acting and the moving storyline , while criticising some of the characterisation and `` weird shortcuts in the storyline '' . Sarah Crompton of The Telegraph found the pilot `` compelling '' but argued that `` the depiction of the army -- which became too obviously her surrogate family -- would be better suited to a glossy advertising campaign than a television drama , glamorising both its methods and its personnel '' . Audience reaction on social media website Twitter was overall positive . Broadcast ( edit ) The series premiered in Australia on ABC on 16 April 2015 . In New Zealand , the series premiered on TVNZ on 3 May 2015 . In Sweden , the series premiered on SVT on 15 June 2015 . In Finland , the series premiered on Yle on 20 March 2017 . On 7 April 2016 the series premiered in Germany under the title Eine Frau an der Front ( A Woman on the Frontline ) and in France and Belgium under the title Molly , une femme au combat ( Molly : A Woman In Battle ) . Cast ( edit ) 2 Section ( edit ) Lacey Turner as Private Molly Dawes ( Pilot -- Series 1 ) Michelle Keegan as Corporal Georgie Lane ( Series 2 -- ) Ben Aldridge as Captain Charles James ( Series 1 -- ) Simon Lennon as Private Harry `` Brains '' Wiggerty ( Series 1 -- ) Sean Ward as Private `` Fingers '' Stille ( Series 1 -- ) Sean Sagar as Private Jaiden `` Monk '' Montgomery ( Series 2 -- ) Rolan Bell as Platoon Sergeant `` Kingy '' King ( Series 2 -- ) Harki Bhambra as Private Rab Kalil ( Series 3.1 -- ) Shalom Brune - Franklin as Private Maisie Richards ( Series 3.1 -- ) Patrick McNamee as Private Jason `` Ruby '' Curry ( Series 3.2 -- ) John Michie as Brigadier ( Series 3.2 -- ) Iwan Rheon as Private Dylan `` Smurf '' Smith ( Series 1 ) Lawrence Walker as Private `` Dangleberries '' ( Series 1 -- 2 ) Nick Preston as Private Mike `` Mansfield Mike '' Cheam ( Series 1 -- 2 ) Arinze Kene as Corporal `` Eggy '' Kinders ( Series 1 ) Charley Palmer Rothwell as Private `` Baz Vegas '' ( Series 1 ) Ade Oyefeso as Private `` Nude - Nut '' ( Series 1 ) Special Forces ( edit ) Luke Pasqualino as Captain Elvis Harte ( Series 2 -- 3.1 ) Olly Rix as Captain `` Bones '' McClyde ( Series 3.1 -- 3.4 ) Mark Armstrong as SFS `` Spanner '' ( Series 2 -- ) Dwane Walcott as SFS `` Peanut '' ( Series 3.1 -- ) Ashley Houston as SFS `` Dyno '' ( Series 3.1 -- ) Jed O'Hagan as SFS `` Spunky '' ( Series 2 ) Jack Parry Jones as SFS `` Jackson '' ( Series 2 ) Families ( edit ) Kerry Godliman as Belinda Dawes ( Pilot -- Series 1 ) Sean Gallagher as Dave Dawes ( Pilot -- Series 1 ) Mimi Keene as Jade Dawes ( Pilot -- Series 1 ) Sean Gilder as Max Lane ( Series 2 ) Angela Lonsdale as Grace Lane ( Series 2 -- 3.1 ) Linzey Cocker as Marie Lane ( Series 2 ) Molly Wright as Lulu Lane ( Series 2 ) Royce Pierreson as Dr. Jamie Cole ( Series 2 ) Army ( edit ) Matthew McNulty as Corporal Geddings ; British Army ( Pilot ) Fiona Skinner as Corporal Richards ; British Army ( Pilot ) Kirsty Averton as Private Jackie Aston ; British Army ( Series 1 ) Jonas Khan as Captain Azizi ; Afghan National Army ( Series 1 & 3.1 ) Anthony Oseyemi as Captain Osman ; Kenya Army ( Series 2 ) Steve Toussaint as Captain Roger Mendez ; Belize Armed Forces ( Series 3.2 ) Other ( edit ) Zubin Varla as Qaseem ( Series 1 ) Becky Eggersglusz as Bashira ( Series 1 ) Michael James as Jason Raynott ( Series 2 ) Yusra Warsama as Nafula ( Series 2 ) Anna Tenta as Kicki ( Series 2 ) Rudi Dharmalingam as Milan ( Series 3.1 ) Salina Shrestha as Tara ( Series 3.1 ) Sabin Basnet as Da Chand ( Series 3.1 ) Navin Chowdhry as Inspector Chowdhrey ( Series 3.2 ) Farzana Dua Elahe as Barsha Chowdhrey ( Series 3.2 ) Episodes ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired Average UK viewers ( millions ) First aired Last aired 5 21 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) 19 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) 5.24 5 7 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 07 ) 5 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 6.07 12 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 31 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) TBA 8 5 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 05 ) 24 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 24 ) Pilot ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Drury Tony Grounds 24 March 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) 6.31 Molly Dawes decides to change her life for the better and break away from her meaningless life by joining the army . However , the decision is not well received by either of her parents , and , having been forced to sever ties with them , she finds herself facing plain hard graft when it comes to training . However , Molly is determined to prove herself . Series 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) `` Time '' Anthony Philipson Tony Grounds 21 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) 5.22 Molly has been training for more than a year now , but is still thrown when she is told she is about to be sent to Camp Bastion in Afghanistan . With no time to say goodbye or consider what she is about to travel into , Molly finds herself with immediate adversaries in the forms of her fellow soldier ' Smurf ' , an ex-fling , and her captain , James , who doubts her competence as an army medic . Thrown into a dangerous situation almost immediately , Molly fights to prove herself and to save a life . `` Feelings '' Anthony Philipson Tony Grounds 28 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) 4.90 Smurf returns to the team following his recovery and immediately notes that Molly is becoming too attached to a local girl , Bashira . However , when Bashira warns her of a possible attack , Molly is left fearing for her own safety and Bashira 's , knowing that her father will likely punish her . Elsewhere , she finds herself caught between Smurf and Captain James , with Smurf showing an active interest but her true feelings lying with her captain . `` Changes '' Richard Senior Tony Grounds 5 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 05 ) 4.81 Molly returns home on rest and recuperation leave but finds that her life and perspective on the world have changed beyond measure since she has been away . Her family can see that they are growing apart . When she visits fellow squaddie Smurf , they bond over their shared difficulties in this new domesticity and both wish they were back in Afghanistan . As they grow closer , Smurf reveals he has fallen for Molly . Unfortunately her affections lie elsewhere - back in Camp Bastion with Captain James . `` Love '' Richard Senior Tony Grounds 12 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) 5.28 The platoon , preparing to withdraw from Afghanistan , is bored in Camp Bastion . Emotions ride high as both Captain James and Smurf declare their love for Molly , who worryingly finds herself at the centre of an illicit love triangle that contravenes army regulations . Trouble finds Molly one last time as she becomes entangled in a raid against the Taliban - and soon the entire platoon are sent on a final terrifying mission as a consequence . Not one of our three heroes can afford to take their eye off the job , not for a single moment , or disaster will surely strike . James , Smurf and Molly know the rules . But is n't love stronger than army regulations ? 5 5 `` Heroes '' Anthony Philipson Tony Grounds 19 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) 4.92 As she returns home from Afghanistan , difficult questions rain down upon Molly Dawes . Who will live and who will die ? Can she ever pick up the pieces ? Brave choices beckon for Our Girl as she faces her biggest challenge yet : how will she face her own future ? Series 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 6 `` Lane '' Jan Matthys Tony Grounds 7 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 07 ) 6.23 Lance Corporal Georgie Lane , an experienced army medic , joins Captain James and 2 Section on a humanitarian tour of Kenya . Despite being desperate to return home to marry her fiance , Dr Jamie Cole , Georgie jumps straight into action when an IED attack on a refugee camp on the border of Somalia results in multiple casualties . Georgie meets aid worker Kicki , who runs a charity hospital across the border . When Kicki is later kidnapped by a terrorist group , Georgie 's determination to find her lands her in great danger . 7 `` Going On '' Jan Matthys Tony Grounds 14 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) 6.23 Having been taken hostage by the terrorist group , Georgie finally learns of Kicki 's whereabouts . Captain James requests help from a special forces unit to storm the base where Georgie is being held , but is shocked to discover that Elvis is leading the operation . Georgie tries to make an ally out of kindlier Zeki under the nose of her captors , but her plan backfires , leading her into grave danger . With the help of 2 Section , Elvis ' unit mount an attack on the base and manage to bring Georgie to safety , but Kicki is n't so fortunate . 8 `` Look Now '' Jan Matthys Tony Grounds 21 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) 6.06 Georgie identifies members of the Al Shabad cell , which allows Special Forces to co-ordinate an air strike on their suspected holding ground . Captain James announces that 2 Section have been granted two days rest before returning home to Britain , but during a beach party , a robbery in a nearby hotel turns into a shootout , forcing Elvis to take dramatic action . An exhausted Georgie ca n't wait to get home to see her family and fiancė Jamie , but unable to hide his feelings any longer , a desperate Elvis is forced to come clean . 9 `` Ready '' Luke Snellin Tony Grounds 28 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 5.79 Georgie continues to make plans for her wedding , but is surprised when Elvis summons her to a private meeting in Whitehall with Special Branch . Intel suggests that radical convert Abu escaped the air strike in Kenya and has re-entered the country on a false passport . As Jamie begins to grow increasingly concerned about Georgie 's welfare , he seeks out Captain James for advice . Elvis and his unit are called to assist when intel suggests that Abu and his associates are to carry out a series of co-ordinated attacks across Manchester . 10 5 `` Afterwards '' Luke Snellin Tony Grounds 5 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 6.03 Georgie and Jamie prepare for their big day , but Georgie is n't able to extinguish the thought of Abu still being free to roam the streets . Georgie decides to contact his ex-girlfriend Saira , in the hope of obtaining information that could lead to his capture . Elvis persuades Georgie that Abu will target her wedding ceremony , forcing her to postpone the wedding until the following day . But just as she prepares to walk down the aisle , Georgie realises who the real target is , and with the help of Elvis , sets about bringing Abu to justice . Series 3 : part 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 11 `` Nepal Tour : Episode 1 '' Tim Fywell Tony Grounds 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 6.30 2 Section are deployed on a humanitarian mission to Nepal after an earthquake , where newly promoted Georgie has her patience tested by a new recruit , Private Maisie Richards . 12 `` Nepal Tour : Episode 2 '' Tim Fywell Tony Grounds 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 5.73 When some children , including Tara , are abducted from the village , Georgie leads a rescue mission to Kathmandu , where her relationship with Milan blossoms . 13 `` Nepal Tour : Episode 3 '' Jon Wright Amy Roberts & Loren Mclaughlan 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 5.51 2 Section are in Afghanistan on a covert mission deep in the heart of the country . Georgie and Elvis are thrown together in some extreme circumstances , while Maisie begins to suspect something about Captain James ' mate and fellow soldier , Captain Azizi . 14 `` Nepal Tour : Episode 4 '' Jon Wright Tony Grounds 31 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 5.36 An exhausted 2 Section retreat to Kabul only to be ordered to support Elvis in a final mission to capture Omar . Following Captain Azizi 's death , Captain James struggles to come to terms with the point of British involvement in Afghanistan . Romance between Elvis and Georgie is in the air , but is grounded due to an unexpected turn of events . Series 3 : part 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 15 5 `` Nigeria Tour : Episode 1 '' Rob Evans Tony Grounds 5 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 05 ) 5.00 Georgie throws herself into her work training Nigerian forces in the fight against Boko Haram , only to find herself pitched headlong into danger . 16 6 `` Nigeria Tour : Episode 2 '' Rob Evans Tony Grounds 12 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 12 ) 4.73 Georgie and the others must wait bravely as the ruthless Boko Haram rebels beat the Nigerian military members of their group . With their fate seemingly teetering on a knife edge , they are shocked when they discover that the local crime boss is in fact an undercover special forces operative . As he relays a plan to them , back at base Captain James is equally shocked to discover that the mercenary is also one of the undercover SF unit named Bones , and is an old acquaintance from Sandhurst - someone with whom he has history . As Georgie and the others are freed in a stunning operation , 2 Section and special forces work on recovering the beaten and imprisoned Nigerian military medic , trading him for the rebel leader 's son who has been detained by 2 Section . A tense stand - off ensues , with the rebels booby - trapping the prisoners . Will they all make it out alive ? 17 7 `` Belize Tour : Episode 1 '' Noreen Kershaw Tony Grounds 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 5.32 Recovering after the ordeals of both Afghanistan and Nigeria , Georgie and 2 Section find themselves in Belize for a jungle training exercise and hopefully some much - needed R&R . But when Georgie learns that James has seemingly criticised her in a report into Elvis 's death , she becomes angry and distant . Wanting to prove herself a capable leader on the training exercise , she leads a team against James to settle a score , but is forced to step up when events take a turn for the worse . 2 Section retreat back to base to raise the alarm , while Georgie and James must work together to evade the wrath of a lethal drug gang who are operating nearby . 18 8 `` Belize Tour : Episode 2 '' Noreen Kershaw Tony Grounds 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 5.42 With the training exercise now having become a fully fledged rescue mission , Georgie and James are compelled to use every ounce of cunning and training to evade capture while they wait to be rescued . As Bones and his special forces unit lead the effort to rescue them without attracting unwanted attention , Georgie and James , helped by local teenager Ezra , must overcome seemingly insurmountable odds . As well as evading capture , Georgie and James must also re-evaluate their professional relationship after James makes a stunning confession - a confession that not only forces Georgie to re-examine their relationship , but also forces James to ask if army life is still for him . 19 9 `` Bangladesh Tour : Episode 1 '' Brian Grant Tony Grounds 4 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) 4.18 Six months on from Captain James 's accident and 2 Section find themselves under the brutal command of the recently demoted Bones . Keen to toughen them up , he also wants to show the brigadier he 's capable of leadership . They get to work in a refugee camp run by Barsha Chowdhrey , the wife of the local police chief . Inspector CHowdhrey is known for his hatred of the corruption in the region and at a gala held for the Brigadier , he becomes the target of an assassination attempt . 2 Section are forced to act . 20 10 `` Bangladesh Tour : Episode 2 '' Brian Grant Kelly Jones 17 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) 4.06 2 Section have the camp on lockdown as Inspector Chowdhrey explains that the refugee route might be being exploited by yaba dealers , a local drug coming over the border from Myanmar . When Georgie meets Maya , a sex worker and yaba addict who is being treated at the clinic , she starts investigations of her own . 21 11 `` Bangladesh Tour : Episode 3 '' Sarah O'Gorman Tony Grounds 23 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 23 ) 4.02 22 12 `` Bangladesh Tour : Episode 4 '' Sarah O'Gorman Tony Grounds 24 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 24 ) N / A Jump up ^ This episode was originally due for broadcast on 3 July , but was moved due to coverage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ This episode was originally due for broadcast on 10 July , but was originally moved to 13 July due to coverage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . However , due to overrunning coverage of Wimbledon 2018 , broadcast was again moved to 17 July . Jump up ^ This episode was originally due for broadcast on 17 July , but was moved due to the delayed broadcast of Episode 2 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BBC One enlists Lacey Turner for Tony Grounds ' compelling new drama Our Girl '' . BBC Media Centre . 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Studios and Post Production completes post production for upcoming BBC One prime - time drama , Our Girl '' . BBC Studios and Post Production . 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` lacey turner on Twitter '' . Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher , Alex ( 25 March 2013 ) . `` Lacey Turner 's ' Our Girl ' may return as full series , says writer '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Melanie Hancill ( 24 March 2013 ) . `` Lacey Turner Q&A : Our Girl , getting fit and why she 'll never escape Stacey Slater - Mirror Online '' . Mirror.co.uk . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Our Girl series 2 confirmed '' . Radio Times . 21 June 2015 . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/proginfo/2017/41/our-girl Jump up ^ `` Olly Rix character interview '' . BBC . 29 May 2018 . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( 4 December 2012 ) . `` BBC Dramas ' Luther ' , ' Our Girl ' & ' Peaky Blinders ' Book Guest Stars '' . tvwise.co.uk . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One Picks Up ' Our Girl ' To Series , Orders ' Grey Mates ' Comedy & KFC Documentary Series '' . TVWise.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Freeth , Becky . `` Michelle Keegan lands lead in BBC army drama Our Girl and says she 's looking forward to the ' challenge ' Daily Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Top 30s / Mar 18 - Mar 24 / BBC1 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board ( BARB ) . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Owen , Dan ( 25 March 2013 ) . `` Our Girl : Lacey Turner superb in BBC army drama '' . MSN TV . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Crompton , Sarah ( 25 March 2013 ) . `` Our Girl , BBC One , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 April 2015 ) . `` Airdate = Our Girl '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Our Girl Television New Zealand Entertainment TV One , TV2 '' . Tvnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Our Girl '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly top 30 programmes '' . BARB . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearce , Tilly ( 29 May 2018 ) . `` When does Our Girl series four start on BBC One , who 's in the cast with Michelle Keegan and what 's it about ? '' . The Sun . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radio Times - Our Girl - Episode Guide '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Our Girl at BBC Programmes Our Girl ( TV movie ) on IMDb Our Girl ( TV series ) on IMDb Our Girl at epguides.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Girl&oldid=854749172 '' Categories : 2013 British television programme debuts 2010s British drama television series BBC high definition programmes BBC television dramas British military television series English - language television programs London Borough of Newham Television shows set in Afghanistan Television shows set in Kenya Television shows set in London Television shows set in Manchester Television shows set in Nepal Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2018 Use dmy dates from March 2013 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter BBC programme ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 14 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who was our girl in the first series
[ "Our Girl is a British television military drama series, written and created by Tony Grounds, first broadcast on BBC One on 24 March 2013.[4] The series initially starred Lacey Turner as Molly Dawes, a young woman from a working-class background who joins the British Army after deciding her life is going nowhere.[4] Following the feature-length pilot episode, a full series of five episodes was commissioned, commencing broadcast on 21 September 2014.[4] For the series, Iwan Rheon and Ben Aldridge joined the main cast as Private Dylan \"Smurf\" Smith and Captain Charles James respectively.[5] \n" ]
[ "Lacey Turner" ]
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Knights of the Southern Cross
Knights of the Southern Cross - Wikipedia Knights of the Southern Cross Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the organisation in Australia . For the organisation in New Zealand , see Knights of the Southern Cross ( New Zealand ) . Knights of the Southern Cross Abbreviation KSC Formation 1919 Type Catholic fraternal service Headquarters PO Box 216 , Campbell , ACT , Australia , 2612 Supreme Knight Brian Cooper Key people Patrick Minahan and Joseph Lynch Website ksca.org.au The Knights of the Southern Cross ( KSC ) is a Catholic fraternal order committed to promoting the Christian way of life throughout Australia . The Order was founded in Sydney in 1919 with the approval of the Catholic Bishops of Australia . In 1922 it merged with its Victorian counterpart the Knights of St. Francis Xavier . Branches operate in many Catholic Parishes throughout Australia and membership is open to Catholic men over the age of 18 . St. Mary MacKillop is patron saint of the Knights of the Southern Cross . The order also established the non-profit aged care organisation , Southern Cross Care . Contents ( hide ) 1 The objects of the order 2 History 3 International Alliance of Catholic Knights 4 Notes and references 5 External links The objects of the order ( edit ) To promote the advancement of Australia To foster the Christian way of life throughout the nation To promote the welfare of members of the Order and their families To encourage spiritual , social and intellectual activities amongst members of the Order To conduct and support educational , charitable , religious and social welfare work History ( edit ) The Order was founded in 1919 in Sydney at a time when Catholics were regarded with suspicion by the Protestant majority in Australia . The two co-founders were Patrick Minahan , a boot manufacturer and member of the NSW Legislative Assembly , and Joseph Lynch , a school inspector . Within a year of its establishment over 1,000 men had joined the order from every state in Australia and a national council was established to oversee the organisation . In the beginning it served to assist Catholic servicemen returned from the First World War in finding employment , and also to defend the rights and interests of the Catholic Church in Australia -- a mission which it continues to promote today . International Alliance of Catholic Knights ( edit ) Through the International Alliance of Catholic Knights , the Knights of the Southern Cross are associated with the Knights of Columbus , the Knights of St Columbanus , the Knights of Da Gama , the Knights of Peter Claver , the Knights of the Southern Cross ( New Zealand ) and the Knights of Saint Columba . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Who we are '' . Knights of the Southern Cross - Australia . 2004 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Clifford , Reach for the Stars 1919 - 2009 : NSW Knights of the Southern Cross Bold Men of Faith , Hope and Charity , Connor Court Publishing Pty Ltd , 2009 , pages 47 - 49 , ISBN 978 - 1921421 - 28 - 0 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Clifford , Reach for the Stars 1919 - 2009 : NSW Knights of the Southern Cross Bold Men of Faith , Hope and Charity , Connor Court Publishing Pty Ltd , 2009 , page 15 , ISBN 978 - 1921421 - 28 - 0 ; C. Baxter , The Knights of the Southern Cross , Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society 31 / 2 ( 2010 / 11 ) , 83 - 94 . External links ( edit ) Knights of the Southern Cross Southern Cross Care Knights of the Southern Cross - History ( hide ) International Alliance of Catholic Knights Non-governmental organisation of Catholic fraternal societies in the United States Knights of Columbus Knights of Saint Columbanus Knights of Saint Columba Knights of the Southern Cross Knights of the Southern Cross ( New Zealand ) Knights of Da Gama Knights of Marshall Knights of Saint Mulumba Knights of Peter Claver Knights of Saint Virgil Fraternal Order of Saints Peter and Paul Knights of Saint Thomas the Apostle Order of Our Lady Queen of Peace Knights of Saint Thomas More Catholicism portal This article about a Christian organization is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knights_of_the_Southern_Cross&oldid=825863225 '' Categories : Catholic Church in Australia Religious organisations based in Australia 1919 establishments in Australia Fraternal service organizations Religious organizations established in 1919 International Alliance of Catholic Knights Christian organization stubs Hidden categories : Use Australian English from February 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 21 : 30 . About Wikipedia
what do the knights of the southern cross do
[ "\nTo promote the advancement of Australia\nTo foster the Christian way of life throughout the nation\nTo promote the welfare of members of the Order and their families\nTo encourage spiritual, social and intellectual activities amongst members of the Order\nTo conduct and support educational, charitable, religious and social welfare work\n", "\nTo promote the advancement of Australia\nTo foster the Christian way of life throughout the nation\nTo promote the welfare of members of the Order and their families\nTo encourage spiritual, social and intellectual activities amongst members of the Order\nTo conduct and support educational, charitable, religious and social welfare work\n", "\nTo promote the advancement of Australia\nTo foster the Christian way of life throughout the nation\nTo promote the welfare of members of the Order and their families\nTo encourage spiritual, social and intellectual activities amongst members of the Order\nTo conduct and support educational, charitable, religious and social welfare work\n", "\nTo promote the advancement of Australia\nTo foster the Christian way of life throughout the nation\nTo promote the welfare of members of the Order and their families\nTo encourage spiritual, social and intellectual activities amongst members of the Order\nTo conduct and support educational, charitable, religious and social welfare work\n", "\nTo promote the advancement of Australia\nTo foster the Christian way of life throughout the nation\nTo promote the welfare of members of the Order and their families\nTo encourage spiritual, social and intellectual activities amongst members of the Order\nTo conduct and support educational, charitable, religious and social welfare work\n" ]
[ "promote the advancement of Australia", "foster the Christian way of life throughout the nation", "promote the welfare of members of the Order and their families", "encourage spiritual, social and intellectual activities amongst members of the Order", "conduct and support educational, charitable, religious and social welfare work" ]
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List of NBA teams by single season win percentage
List of NBA teams by single season win percentage - wikipedia List of NBA teams by single season win percentage This is a list of the all - time best regular season winning percentages in the NBA . NBA Champions Conference Champions Active season Contents 1 Above . 750 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Above . 750 ( edit ) PCT Diff Team Season Results Notes Coach Regular season Postseason . 890 73 9 39 -- 2 34 -- 7 0 -- 0 10.8 Golden State Warriors 2015 -- 16 Lost in NBA Finals 15 9 11 -- 3 4 -- 6 List ( show ) Most wins in NBA history ( 73 ) Best start in NBA history ( 24 -- 0 ) Best start in NBA history for every number of losses from 1 - 2 and 4 - 9 : ( 29 -- 1 , . 967 ) , ( 36 -- 2 , . 947 ) , ( 48 -- 4 , . 923 ) , ( 55 -- 5 , . 917 ) , ( 62 -- 6 , . 912 ) , ( 68 -- 7 , . 907 ) , ( 69 -- 8 , . 896 ) , ( 73 -- 9 , . 890 ) Most wins in NBA history ( regular season and postseason combined ) ( 88 ) Started 36 -- 0 at home , part of an NBA record 54 - straight home wins dating back to 2014 -- 15 season 28 game winning streak dating back to 2014 -- 15 , second longest in NBA history Most road wins in NBA history ( 34 ) Best road start in NBA history and third longest road winning streak ( 14 -- 0 ) Undefeated November ( 16 -- 0 ) Best record heading into the All - Star Break in NBA history ( 48 -- 4 , 0.923 ) Winning streaks of 24 and 11 games Second earliest clinch of playoff berth in NBA history ( the Warriors beat it by two days in the 2016 -- 17 season ) First team in NBA history to make over 1,000 three - pointers in regular - season Only team in NBA history not to have lost to same opponent twice in regular season Only team in NBA history not to lose back - to - back games in regular season The 10th team in NBA history to win a playoff series coming back from a 1 -- 3 playoff series deficit ( won 4 -- 3 against the Oklahoma City Thunder in the Western Conference Finals ) The 11th team in NBA history to lose a playoff series after taking a 3 -- 1 playoff series lead ( lost 3 -- 4 against the Cleveland Cavaliers in the NBA Finals ) , and the only team to do so in the NBA Finals . Only team in NBA history to finish with same number of regular season and postseason losses ( 9 ) Steve Kerr . 878 72 10 39 -- 2 33 -- 8 0 -- 0 12.2 Chicago Bulls 1995 -- 96 Won NBA Championship 15 10 -- 0 5 -- 3 List ( show ) Best combined regular and postseason record in NBA history ( 87 -- 13 , . 870 ) Second most wins in NBA history ( 72 ) Most wins by a championship - winning team Best 3 - loss start in NBA history ( 41 -- 3 , . 932 ) Second most road wins in NBA history ( 33 ) Started 37 -- 0 at home , part of 44 game home winning streak Winning streaks of 18 and 13 games Undefeated January ( 14 -- 0 ) One of five teams in NBA history to have three players selected to the NBA All - Defensive First Team Final three losses were by a margin of one point Defeated 64 -- 18 Seattle SuperSonics in NBA Finals Phil Jackson . 841 69 13 36 -- 5 31 -- 7 2 -- 1 12.3 Los Angeles Lakers 1971 -- 72 Won NBA Championship 12 6 -- 2 6 -- 1 List ( show ) 33 game winning streak , longest in NBA history 16 game road winning streak , longest in NBA history Started 39 -- 3 Undefeated November ( 14 -- 0 ) and December ( 16 -- 0 ) Second best road winning percentage Highest point - differential in NBA regular - season history ( + 12.3 ) Bill Sharman . 841 69 13 39 -- 2 30 -- 11 0 -- 0 10.8 Chicago Bulls 1996 -- 97 Won NBA Championship 15 10 -- 1 5 -- 3 List ( show ) Started 12 -- 0 ; started 17 -- 1 Second most home wins in NBA history Five eight - game winning streaks Lost three of final four games Defeated 64 -- 18 Utah Jazz in NBA Finals First team to win 30 road games in back - to - back seasons Phil Jackson . 840 68 13 28 -- 2 26 -- 8 14 -- 3 9.4 Philadelphia 76ers 1966 -- 67 Won NBA Championship 11 6 -- 2 5 -- 2 List ( show ) Started 26 -- 2 Best 50 - game start in NBA history ( 46 -- 4 , . 920 ) Alex Hannum . 829 68 14 33 -- 6 32 -- 8 3 -- 0 8.2 Boston Celtics 1972 -- 73 Lost Eastern Conference Finals 7 6 4 -- 3 3 -- 3 List ( show ) Third most road wins in NBA history Highest winning percentage for a team that did not reach the NBA Finals (. 829 ) Tom Heinsohn . 817 67 15 40 -- 1 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 9.4 Boston Celtics 1985 -- 86 Won NBA Championship 15 10 -- 0 5 -- 3 List ( show ) Shares best home record in NBA history ( with 2015 -- 16 San Antonio Spurs ) Winning streaks of 14 and 13 games K.C. Jones . 817 67 15 36 -- 5 31 -- 10 0 -- 0 10.4 Chicago Bulls 1991 -- 92 Won NBA Championship 15 7 9 -- 3 6 -- 4 Winning streaks of 14 and 13 games Phil Jackson . 817 67 15 36 -- 5 31 -- 10 0 -- 0 8.5 Los Angeles Lakers 1999 -- 00 Won NBA Championship 15 8 11 -- 2 4 -- 6 Winning streaks of 19 , 16 , and 11 games Phil Jackson . 817 67 15 36 -- 5 31 -- 10 0 -- 0 7.2 Dallas Mavericks 2006 -- 07 Lost Western Conference 1st Round 2 -- 1 0 -- 3 List ( show ) Started 0 -- 4 Only team in NBA history with three winning streaks of at least 12 games ( 17 , 13 , 12 ) Undefeated February ( 10 -- 0 ) Only team over . 800 to be eliminated in the first round Avery Johnson . 817 67 15 39 -- 2 28 -- 13 0 -- 0 10.1 Golden State Warriors 2014 -- 15 Won NBA Championship 16 5 9 -- 2 7 -- 3 List ( show ) Winning streaks of 16 and 11 games Second most home wins in NBA history Most wins by a rookie head coach Undefeated in the regular season when allowing under 100 points Steve Kerr . 817 67 15 40 -- 1 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 10.6 San Antonio Spurs 2015 -- 16 Lost Western Conference Semi-Finals 6 3 -- 2 3 -- 2 List ( show ) Shares best home record in NBA history ( with 1985 -- 86 Boston Celtics ) , with only loss inflicted by the 73 -- 9 Warriors Best home start in NBA history ( 39 -- 0 ) , part of a 48 - game home winning streak dating back to 2014 -- 15 season Best season record that was not also league - best record Gregg Popovich . 817 67 15 36 -- 5 31 -- 10 0 -- 0 11.6 Golden State Warriors 2016 -- 17 Won NBA Championship 16 9 -- 0 7 -- 1 List ( show ) Best playoff record in NBA history ( 16 -- 1 , . 941 ) Longest winning streak in NBA playoff history ( 15 games ) First team in NBA playoff history to start 15 -- 0 First team in all four major professional sports in America to start 15 -- 0 in the postseason . Second highest point - differential in NBA playoffs history ( + 13.5 ) NBA record 146 regular - season games without back - to - back losses ( dating back to 2014 -- 15 season ) Winning streaks of 14 and 12 games Second team to win 30 road games in back - to - back seasons ( after 1995 -- 96 and 1996 -- 97 Chicago Bulls ) Most wins in NBA history over the course of three regular - seasons ( 207 ) , Chicago Bulls had 203 between 1995 -- 96 and 1997 -- 98 Earliest clinch of playoff berth in NBA history Steve Kerr . 817 49 11 29 -- 1 20 -- 10 0 -- 0 9.9 Washington Capitols 1946 -- 47 Lost Semi-Finals 0 -- 3 2 -- 1 List ( show ) Winning streaks of 17 and 15 games Undefeated December ( 10 -- 0 ) Red Auerbach . 805 66 16 34 -- 2 28 -- 13 4 -- 1 12.3 Milwaukee Bucks 1970 -- 71 Won NBA Championship 12 8 -- 0 4 -- 2 List ( show ) Started 17 -- 1 Winning streaks of 20 , 16 , and 10 games Lost five of final six games Highest point - differential in NBA playoffs history ( + 14.5 ) Larry Costello . 805 66 16 35 -- 6 31 -- 10 0 -- 0 10.3 Boston Celtics 2007 -- 08 Won NBA Championship 16 10 13 -- 1 3 -- 9 List ( show ) Best single - season improvement in NBA history ( 42 wins ) Started 29 -- 3 Won title 22 years after the last one in franchise history ( 1986 ) Played a record 26 games in the postseason Doc Rivers . 805 66 16 39 -- 2 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 8.9 Cleveland Cavaliers 2008 -- 09 Lost Eastern Conference Finals 10 6 -- 1 4 -- 3 List ( show ) 13 game winning streak Second most home wins in NBA history Mike Brown . 805 66 16 37 -- 4 29 -- 12 0 -- 0 7.9 Miami Heat 2012 -- 13 Won NBA Championship 16 7 10 -- 3 6 -- 4 List ( show ) Started 29 -- 14 27 - game winning streak ( 2nd - longest in NBA history in a season ) First team in NBA history to win 17 games in one month Best second half of season in NBA history ( 38 -- 3 , . 927 ) Erik Spoelstra . 797 51 13 31 -- 1 15 -- 12 5 -- 0 8.2 Syracuse Nationals 1949 -- 50 Lost NBA Finals 6 5 5 -- 1 1 -- 4 List ( show ) Started 16 -- 1 12 game winning streak Al Cervi . 793 65 17 35 -- 6 30 -- 11 0 -- 0 7.7 Philadelphia 76ers 1982 -- 83 Won NBA Championship 12 7 -- 0 5 -- 1 List ( show ) Third highest postseason winning percentage in NBA history ( behind the 2016 - 17 Golden State Warriors and 2000 -- 01 Los Angeles Lakers 14 game winning streak Billy Cunningham . 793 65 17 37 -- 4 28 -- 13 0 -- 0 9.3 Los Angeles Lakers 1986 -- 87 Won NBA Championship 15 10 -- 0 5 -- 3 Pat Riley . 793 65 17 36 -- 5 29 -- 12 0 -- 0 7.7 Los Angeles Lakers 2008 -- 09 Won NBA Championship 16 7 10 -- 2 6 -- 5 Phil Jackson . 793 65 17 34 -- 7 31 -- 10 0 -- 0 8.5 Houston Rockets 2017 -- 18 Lost Western Conference Finals 11 6 7 -- 3 4 -- 3 Winning streaks of 17 , 14 , and 11 games Most three - pointers made in a regular season Most consecutive three - pointers missed in a playoff game Mike D'Antoni . 787 59 16 25 -- 2 23 -- 9 11 -- 5 8.3 Boston Celtics 1959 -- 60 Won NBA Championship 8 5 5 -- 2 3 -- 3 List ( show ) 17 game winning streak Undefeated December ( 15 -- 0 ) Red Auerbach . 780 64 18 38 -- 3 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 7.8 Seattle SuperSonics 1995 -- 96 Lost NBA Finals 13 8 8 -- 3 5 -- 5 List ( show ) 14 game winning streak Lost to 72 -- 10 Chicago Bulls in NBA Finals George Karl . 780 64 18 38 -- 3 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 8.8 Utah Jazz 1996 -- 97 Lost NBA Finals 13 7 10 -- 1 3 -- 6 List ( show ) Two 15 game winning streaks Four game losing streak Lost to 69 -- 13 Chicago Bulls in NBA Finals Jerry Sloan . 780 64 18 37 -- 4 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 6.6 Detroit Pistons 2005 -- 06 Lost Eastern Conference Finals 10 8 8 -- 2 2 -- 6 Flip Saunders . 775 62 18 27 -- 3 27 -- 11 8 -- 4 8.4 Boston Celtics 1964 -- 65 Won NBA Championship 8 7 -- 0 1 -- 4 16 game winning streak Red Auerbach . 768 63 19 31 -- 5 27 -- 12 5 -- 2 11.2 Milwaukee Bucks 1971 -- 72 Lost Western Conference Finals 6 5 3 -- 3 3 - 2 Started 17 -- 1 Larry Costello . 768 63 19 35 -- 6 28 -- 13 0 -- 0 6.4 Boston Celtics 1981 -- 82 Lost Eastern Conference Finals 7 5 4 -- 3 3 -- 2 18 game winning streak Bill Fitch . 768 63 19 35 -- 6 28 -- 13 0 -- 0 6.6 Boston Celtics 1984 -- 85 Lost NBA Finals 13 8 9 -- 2 4 -- 6 Lost to 62 -- 20 Los Angeles Lakers in NBA Finals K.C. Jones . 768 63 19 37 -- 4 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 5.8 Detroit Pistons 1988 -- 89 Won NBA Championship 15 8 -- 1 7 -- 1 Chuck Daly . 768 63 19 37 -- 4 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 6.8 Los Angeles Lakers 1989 -- 90 Lost Western Conference Semi-Finals 5 3 -- 2 1 -- 3 Pat Riley . 768 63 19 36 -- 5 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 8.7 Portland Trail Blazers 1990 -- 91 Lost Western Conference Finals 9 7 8 -- 1 1 -- 6 List ( show ) Started 19 -- 1 16 game winning streak Rick Adelman . 768 63 19 37 -- 4 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 9.1 Seattle SuperSonics 1993 -- 94 Lost Western Conference 1st Round 2 -- 1 0 -- 2 List ( show ) Started 16 -- 1 First team to lose to an 8th seed George Karl . 768 63 19 34 -- 7 29 -- 12 0 -- 0 6.8 San Antonio Spurs 2005 -- 06 Lost Western Conference Semi-Finals 7 6 5 -- 2 2 -- 4 Gregg Popovich . 758 50 16 26 -- 7 24 -- 9 0 -- 0 8.2 Chicago Bulls 2011 -- 12 Lost Eastern Conference 1st Round 2 -- 1 0 -- 3 Held tie - breaker over San Antonio Spurs Tom Thibodeau . 758 50 16 28 -- 5 22 -- 11 0 -- 0 7.2 San Antonio Spurs 2011 -- 12 Lost Western Conference Finals 10 6 -- 1 4 -- 3 Won last ten games of the regular season and first ten games of the playoffs Gregg Popovich . 756 62 20 27 -- 8 25 -- 12 10 -- 0 8.6 Philadelphia 76ers 1967 -- 68 Lost Eastern Division Finals 7 6 4 -- 3 3 -- 3 Alex Hannum . 756 62 20 35 -- 6 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 5.9 Boston Celtics 1980 -- 81 Won NBA Championship 12 5 7 -- 2 5 -- 3 Winning streaks of 13 and 12 games Bill Fitch . 756 62 20 37 -- 4 25 -- 16 0 -- 0 7.9 Philadelphia 76ers 1980 -- 81 Lost Eastern Conference Finals 9 7 6 -- 2 3 -- 5 12 game winning streak and two additional streaks of 10 games Billy Cunningham . 756 62 20 33 -- 8 29 -- 12 0 -- 0 6.6 Boston Celtics 1983 -- 84 Won NBA Championship 15 8 12 -- 1 3 -- 7 K.C. Jones . 756 62 20 36 -- 5 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 7.4 Los Angeles Lakers 1984 -- 85 Won NBA Championship 15 8 -- 2 7 -- 2 Defeated 63 -- 19 Boston Celtics in NBA Finals NBA record 52 regular - season games with 30 + assists Pat Riley . 756 62 20 35 -- 6 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 7.7 Los Angeles Lakers 1985 -- 86 Lost Western Conference Finals 8 6 6 -- 2 2 -- 4 Pat Riley . 756 62 20 36 -- 5 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 5.8 Los Angeles Lakers 1987 -- 88 Won NBA Championship 15 9 12 -- 2 3 - 7 15 game winning streak Pat Riley . 756 62 20 35 -- 6 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 6.7 Phoenix Suns 1992 -- 93 Lost NBA Finals 13 11 7 -- 6 6 -- 5 List ( show ) Undefeated December ( 14 -- 0 ) 14 game winning streak Paul Westphal . 756 62 20 33 -- 8 29 -- 12 0 -- 0 6.0 San Antonio Spurs 1994 -- 95 Lost Western Conference Finals 9 6 4 -- 4 5 -- 2 List ( show ) 15 game winning streak Started 7 -- 9 Bob Hill . 756 62 20 37 -- 4 25 -- 16 0 -- 0 7.1 Chicago Bulls 1997 -- 98 Won NBA Championship 15 6 10 -- 2 5 -- 4 List ( show ) 13 game winning streak Defeated 62 -- 20 Utah Jazz in NBA Finals Phil Jackson . 756 62 20 36 -- 5 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 6.5 Utah Jazz 1997 -- 98 Lost NBA Finals 13 7 8 -- 3 5 -- 4 Lost to 62 -- 20 Chicago Bulls in NBA Finals Jerry Sloan . 756 62 20 31 -- 10 31 -- 10 0 -- 0 7.1 Phoenix Suns 2004 -- 05 Lost Western Conference Finals 9 6 4 -- 4 5 -- 2 Followed a series of going 18 -- 1 with a 6 - game losing streak Mike D'Antoni . 756 62 20 35 -- 6 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 7.5 Boston Celtics 2008 -- 09 Lost Eastern Conference Semifinals 7 7 5 -- 3 2 -- 4 List ( show ) 2nd best two - loss start in NBA History ( 27 -- 2 , . 931 ) Lost seven of next nine games afterwards Winning streaks of 19 and 12 games Doc Rivers . 756 62 20 36 -- 5 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 7.3 Chicago Bulls 2010 -- 11 Lost Eastern Conference Finals 9 7 6 -- 3 3 -- 4 Won Central Division by 25 games over 2nd place Indiana Pacers Tom Thibodeau . 756 62 20 32 -- 9 30 -- 11 0 -- 0 7.7 San Antonio Spurs 2013 -- 14 Won NBA Championship 16 7 11 -- 2 5 -- 5 List ( show ) 19 - game winning streak Undefeated March ( 16 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich See also ( edit ) NBA regular season records List of National Basketball Association longest winning streaks Notes ( edit ) Formula for average point differential : Average point differential = Total points for − Total points against Total games played ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( Average point differential ) ) = ( \ frac ( ( \ mbox ( Total points for ) ) - ( \ mbox ( Total points against ) ) ) ( \ mbox ( Total games played ) ) ) ) The Boston Celtics appear ten times on the list , followed by the Los Angeles Lakers with eight appearances and the Chicago Bulls with six . Phil Jackson appears six times on the list ; Pat Riley appears five times and Gregg Popovich four . Jackson ( coaching the Lakers and the Chicago Bulls ) and Red Auerbach ( coaching the Celtics and the Washington Capitols ) are the only coaches to appear leading different teams . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls Schedule and Results '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : NBA.com : Regular Season Records : Miscellaneous Jump up ^ `` 1971 -- 72 Los Angeles Lakers Schedule and Results '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 -- 97 Chicago Bulls Schedule and Results '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ESPN -- Elias Says ... -- ESPN Jump up ^ `` 1966 - 67 Philadelphia 76ers Schedule and Results '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chicago Bulls 1991 -- 92 Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ ESPN -- Atlanta vs. Dallas Recap , February 26 , 2007 Jump up ^ 2006 -- 07 Dallas Mavericks Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1946 -- 47 Washington Capitols Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1970 -- 71 Milwaukee Bucks Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Archived 2011 - 08 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mark Murphy , C 's can do as they please -- Stars sit , but team still clinches homecourt , Boston Herald , April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 1982 -- 83 Philadelphia 76ers Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1959 -- 60 Boston Celtics Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1996 -- 97 Utah Jazz Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1964 -- 65 Boston Celtics Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1981 -- 82 Boston Celtics Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1990 -- 91 Portland Trail Blazers Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1987 -- 88 Los Angeles Lakers Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1992 -- 93 Phoenix Suns Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1994 -- 95 San Antonio Spurs Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 2004 -- 05 Phoenix Suns Games -- Basketball-Reference.com National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NBA_teams_by_single_season_win_percentage&oldid=853505971 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 07 : 27 ( UTC ) . 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who has the best nba record in history
[ "\n\nPCT\n\nW\n\nL\n\nH\n\nR\n\nN\n\nDiff[a]\n\nTeam\n\nSeason\n\nResults\n\nW\n\nL\n\nH\n\nR\n\nNotes\n\nCoach\n\nRegular season\n\nPostseason\n\n\n\n.890\n73\n9\n39–2\n34–7\n0–0\n10.8\nGolden State Warriors\n2015–16\nLost in NBA Finals\n15\n9\n11–3\n4–6\n\n\nList[show]\n\nMost wins in NBA history (73)\nBest start in NBA history (24–0)\nBest start in NBA history for every number of losses from 1-2 and 4-9: (29–1, .967), (36–2, .947), (48–4, .923), (55–5, .917), (62–6, .912), (68–7, .907), (69–8, .896), (73–9, .890)\nMost wins in NBA history (regular season and postseason combined) (88)\nStarted 36–0 at home, part of an NBA record 54-straight home wins dating back to 2014–15 season\n28 game winning streak dating back to 2014–15, second longest in NBA history\nMost road wins in NBA history (34)\nBest road start in NBA history and third longest road winning streak (14–0)\nUndefeated November (16–0)\nBest record heading into the All-Star Break in NBA history (48–4, 0.923)\nWinning streaks of 24 and 11 games\nSecond earliest clinch of playoff berth in NBA history (the Warriors beat it by two days in the 2016–17 season)\nFirst team in NBA history to make over 1,000 three-pointers in regular-season\nOnly team in NBA history not to have lost to same opponent twice in regular season\nOnly team in NBA history not to lose back-to-back games in regular season\nThe 10th team in NBA history to win a playoff series coming back from a 1–3 playoff series deficit (won 4–3 against the Oklahoma City Thunder in the Western Conference Finals)\nThe 11th team in NBA history to lose a playoff series after taking a 3–1 playoff series lead (lost 3–4 against the Cleveland Cavaliers in the NBA Finals), and the only team to do so in the NBA Finals.\nOnly team in NBA history to finish with same number of regular season and postseason losses (9)\n\n\nSteve Kerr\n\n\n.878\n72\n10\n39–2\n33–8\n0–0\n12.2\nChicago Bulls\n1995–96\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n3\n10–0\n5–3\n\n\nList[show]\n\nBest combined regular and postseason record in NBA history (87–13, .870)[1]\nSecond most wins in NBA history (72)\nMost wins by a championship-winning team\nBest 3-loss start in NBA history (41–3, .932)\nSecond most road wins in NBA history (33)\nStarted 37–0 at home, part of 44 game home winning streak\nWinning streaks of 18 and 13 games\nUndefeated January (14–0)\nOne of five teams in NBA history to have three players selected to the NBA All-Defensive First Team\nFinal three losses were by a margin of one point\nDefeated 64–18 Seattle SuperSonics in NBA Finals\n\n\n\nPhil Jackson\n\n\n.841\n69\n13\n36–5\n31–7\n2–1\n12.3\nLos Angeles Lakers\n1971–72\nWon NBA Championship\n12\n3\n6–2\n6–1\n\n\nList[show]\n\n33 game winning streak, longest in NBA history\n16 game road winning streak, longest in NBA history[2]\nStarted 39–3\nUndefeated November (14–0) and December (16–0)\nSecond best road winning percentage\nHighest point-differential in NBA regular-season history (+12.3)[3]\n\n\n\nBill Sharman\n\n\n.841\n69\n13\n39–2\n30–11\n0–0\n10.8\nChicago Bulls\n1996–97\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n4\n10–1\n5–3\n\n\nList[show]\n\nStarted 12–0; started 17–1\nSecond most home wins in NBA history\nFive eight-game winning streaks[4]\nLost three of final four games\nDefeated 64–18 Utah Jazz in NBA Finals\nFirst team to win 30 road games in back-to-back seasons\n\n\n\nPhil Jackson\n\n\n.840\n68\n13\n28–2\n26–8\n14–3\n9.4\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n1966–67\nWon NBA Championship\n11\n4\n6–2\n5–2\n\n\nList[show]\n\nStarted 26–2\nBest 50-game start in NBA history (46–4, .920)[5][6]\n\n\n\nAlex Hannum\n\n\n.829\n68\n14\n33–6\n32–8\n3–0\n8.2\nBoston Celtics\n1972–73\nLost Eastern Conference Finals\n7\n6\n4–3\n3–3\n\n\nList[show]\n\nThird most road wins in NBA history\nHighest winning percentage for a team that did not reach the NBA Finals (.829)\n\n\n\nTom Heinsohn\n\n\n.817\n67\n15\n40–1\n27–14\n0–0\n9.4\nBoston Celtics\n1985–86\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n3\n10–0\n5–3\n\n\nList[show]\n\nShares best home record in NBA history (with 2015–16 San Antonio Spurs)[2]\nWinning streaks of 14 and 13 games\n\n\n\nK. C. Jones\n\n\n.817\n67\n15\n36–5\n31–10\n0–0\n10.4\nChicago Bulls\n1991–92\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n7\n9–3\n6–4\n\n\nWinning streaks of 14 and 13 games[7]\n\nPhil Jackson\n\n\n.817\n67\n15\n36–5\n31–10\n0–0\n8.5\nLos Angeles Lakers\n1999–00\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n8\n11–2\n4–6\n\n\nWinning streaks of 19, 16, and 11 games\n\nPhil Jackson\n\n\n.817\n67\n15\n36–5\n31–10\n0–0\n7.2\nDallas Mavericks\n2006–07\nLost Western Conference 1st Round\n2\n4\n2–1\n0–3\n\n\nList[show]\n\nStarted 0–4\nOnly team in NBA history with three winning streaks of at least 12 games (17, 13, 12)[8]\nUndefeated February (10–0)[9]\nOnly team over .800 to be eliminated in the first round\n\n\n\nAvery Johnson\n\n\n.817\n67\n15\n39–2\n28–13\n0–0\n10.1\nGolden State Warriors\n2014–15\nWon NBA Championship\n16\n5\n9–2\n7–3\n\n\nList[show]\n\nWinning streaks of 16 and 11 games\nSecond most home wins in NBA history\nMost wins by a rookie head coach\nUndefeated in the regular season when allowing under 100 points\n\n\n\nSteve Kerr\n\n\n.817\n67\n15\n40–1\n27–14\n0–0\n10.6\nSan Antonio Spurs\n2015–16\nLost Western Conference Semi-Finals\n6\n4\n3–2\n3–2\n\n\nList[show]\n\nShares best home record in NBA history (with 1985–86 Boston Celtics), with only loss inflicted by the 73–9 Warriors\nBest home start in NBA history (39–0), part of a 48-game home winning streak dating back to 2014–15 season\nBest season record that was not also league-best record\n\n\n\nGregg Popovich\n\n\n.817\n67\n15\n36–5\n31–10\n0–0\n11.6\nGolden State Warriors\n2016–17\nWon NBA Championship\n16\n1\n9–0\n7–1\n\n\nList[show]\n\nBest playoff record in NBA history (16–1, .941)\nLongest winning streak in NBA playoff history (15 games)\nFirst team in NBA playoff history to start 15–0\nFirst team in all four major professional sports in America to start 15–0 in the postseason.\nSecond highest point-differential in NBA playoffs history (+13.5)\nNBA record 146 regular-season games without back-to-back losses (dating back to 2014–15 season)\nWinning streaks of 14 and 12 games\nSecond team to win 30 road games in back-to-back seasons (after 1995–96 and 1996–97 Chicago Bulls)\nMost wins in NBA history over the course of three regular-seasons (207), Chicago Bulls had 203 between 1995–96 and 1997–98\nEarliest clinch of playoff berth in NBA history\n\n\n\nSteve Kerr\n\n\n.817\n49\n11\n29–1\n20–10\n0–0\n9.9\nWashington Capitols\n1946–47\nLost Semi-Finals\n2\n4\n0–3\n2–1\n\n\nList[show]\n\nWinning streaks of 17 and 15 games\nUndefeated December (10–0)[10]\n\n\n\nRed Auerbach\n\n\n.805\n66\n16\n34–2\n28–13\n4–1\n12.3\nMilwaukee Bucks\n1970–71\nWon NBA Championship\n12\n2\n8–0\n4–2\n\n\nList[show]\n\nStarted 17–1\nWinning streaks of 20, 16, and 10 games\nLost five of final six games\nHighest point-differential in NBA playoffs history (+14.5)[11]\n\n\n\nLarry Costello\n\n\n.805\n66\n16\n35–6\n31–10\n0–0\n10.3\nBoston Celtics\n2007–08\nWon NBA Championship\n16\n10\n13–1\n3–9\n\n\nList[show]\n\nBest single-season improvement in NBA history (42 wins)[12]\nStarted 29–3\nWon title 22 years after the last one in franchise history (1986)\nPlayed a record 26 games in the postseason\n\n\n\nDoc Rivers\n\n\n.805\n66\n16\n39–2\n27–14\n0–0\n8.9\nCleveland Cavaliers\n2008–09\nLost Eastern Conference Finals\n10\n4\n6–1\n4–3\n\n\nList[show]\n\n13 game winning streak\nSecond most home wins in NBA history\n\n\n\nMike Brown\n\n\n.805\n66\n16\n37–4\n29–12\n0–0\n7.9\nMiami Heat\n2012–13\nWon NBA Championship\n16\n7\n10–3\n6–4\n\n\nList[show]\n\nStarted 29–14\n27-game winning streak (2nd-longest in NBA history in a season)\nFirst team in NBA history to win 17 games in one month\nBest second half of season in NBA history (38–3, .927)\n\n\n\nErik Spoelstra\n\n\n.797\n51\n13\n31–1\n15–12\n5–0\n8.2\nSyracuse Nationals\n1949–50\nLost NBA Finals\n6\n5\n5–1\n1–4\n\n\nList[show]\n\nStarted 16–1\n12 game winning streak\n\n\n\nAl Cervi\n\n\n.793\n65\n17\n35–6\n30–11\n0–0\n7.7\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n1982–83\nWon NBA Championship\n12\n1\n7–0\n5–1\n\n\nList[show]\n\nThird highest postseason winning percentage in NBA history (behind the 2016-17 Golden State Warriors and 2000–01 Los Angeles Lakers\n14 game winning streak[13]\n\n\n\nBilly Cunningham\n\n\n.793\n65\n17\n37–4\n28–13\n0–0\n9.3\nLos Angeles Lakers\n1986–87\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n3\n10–0\n5–3\n\n\n\nPat Riley\n\n\n.793\n65\n17\n36–5\n29–12\n0–0\n7.7\nLos Angeles Lakers\n2008–09\nWon NBA Championship\n16\n7\n10–2\n6–5\n\n\n\nPhil Jackson\n\n\n.793\n65\n17\n34–7\n31–10\n0–0\n8.5\nHouston Rockets\n2017–18\nLost Western Conference Finals\n11\n6\n7–3\n4–3\n\n\nWinning streaks of 17, 14, and 11 games\nMost three-pointers made in a regular season\nMost consecutive three-pointers missed in a playoff game\n\nMike D'Antoni\n\n\n.787\n59\n16\n25–2\n23–9\n11–5\n8.3\nBoston Celtics\n1959–60\nWon NBA Championship\n8\n5\n5–2\n3–3\n\n\nList[show]\n\n17 game winning streak\nUndefeated December (15–0)[14]\n\n\n\nRed Auerbach\n\n\n.780\n64\n18\n38–3\n26–15\n0–0\n7.8\nSeattle SuperSonics\n1995–96\nLost NBA Finals\n13\n8\n8–3\n5–5\n\n\nList[show]\n\n14 game winning streak\nLost to 72–10 Chicago Bulls in NBA Finals\n\n\n\nGeorge Karl\n\n\n.780\n64\n18\n38–3\n26–15\n0–0\n8.8\nUtah Jazz\n1996–97\nLost NBA Finals\n13\n7\n10–1\n3–6\n\n\nList[show]\n\nTwo 15 game winning streaks[15]\nFour game losing streak\nLost to 69–13 Chicago Bulls in NBA Finals\n\n\n\nJerry Sloan\n\n\n.780\n64\n18\n37–4\n27–14\n0–0\n6.6\nDetroit Pistons\n2005–06\nLost Eastern Conference Finals\n10\n8\n8–2\n\n2–6\n\n\n\nFlip Saunders\n\n\n.775\n62\n18\n27–3\n27–11\n8–4\n8.4\nBoston Celtics\n1964–65\nWon NBA Championship\n8\n4\n7–0\n1–4\n\n\n16 game winning streak[16]\n\nRed Auerbach\n\n\n.768\n63\n19\n31–5\n27–12\n5–2\n11.2\nMilwaukee Bucks\n1971–72\nLost Western Conference Finals\n6\n5\n3–3\n\n3-2\n\n\nStarted 17–1\n\nLarry Costello\n\n\n.768\n63\n19\n35–6\n28–13\n0–0\n6.4\nBoston Celtics\n1981–82\nLost Eastern Conference Finals\n7\n5\n4–3\n\n3–2\n\n\n18 game winning streak[17]\n\nBill Fitch\n\n\n.768\n63\n19\n35–6\n28–13\n0–0\n6.6\nBoston Celtics\n1984–85\nLost NBA Finals\n13\n8\n9–2\n4–6\n\n\nLost to 62–20 Los Angeles Lakers in NBA Finals\n\nK. C. Jones\n\n\n.768\n63\n19\n37–4\n26–15\n0–0\n5.8\nDetroit Pistons\n1988–89\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n2\n8–1\n7–1\n\n\n\nChuck Daly\n\n\n.768\n63\n19\n37–4\n26–15\n0–0\n6.8\nLos Angeles Lakers\n1989–90\nLost Western Conference Semi-Finals\n4\n5\n3–2\n\n1–3\n\n\n\nPat Riley\n\n\n.768\n63\n19\n36–5\n27–14\n0–0\n8.7\nPortland Trail Blazers\n1990–91\nLost Western Conference Finals\n9\n7\n8–1\n1–6\n\n\nList[show]\n\nStarted 19–1\n16 game winning streak[18]\n\n\n\nRick Adelman\n\n\n.768\n63\n19\n37–4\n26–15\n0–0\n9.1\nSeattle SuperSonics\n1993–94\nLost Western Conference 1st Round\n2\n3\n2–1\n0–2\n\n\nList[show]\n\nStarted 16–1\nFirst team to lose to an 8th seed\n\n\n\nGeorge Karl\n\n\n.768\n63\n19\n34–7\n29–12\n0–0\n6.8\nSan Antonio Spurs\n2005–06\nLost Western Conference Semi-Finals\n7\n6\n5–2\n2–4\n\n\n\nGregg Popovich\n\n\n.758\n50\n16\n26–7\n24–9\n0–0\n8.2\nChicago Bulls\n2011–12\nLost Eastern Conference 1st Round\n2\n4\n2–1\n0–3\n\n\nHeld tie-breaker over San Antonio Spurs\n\nTom Thibodeau\n\n\n.758\n50\n16\n28–5\n22–11\n0–0\n7.2\nSan Antonio Spurs\n2011–12\nLost Western Conference Finals\n10\n4\n6–1\n4–3\n\n\nWon last ten games of the regular season and first ten games of the playoffs\n\nGregg Popovich\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n27–8\n25–12\n10–0\n8.6\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n1967–68\nLost Eastern Division Finals\n7\n6\n4–3\n3–3\n\n\n\nAlex Hannum\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n35–6\n27–14\n0–0\n5.9\nBoston Celtics\n1980–81\nWon NBA Championship\n12\n5\n7–2\n5–3\n\n\nWinning streaks of 13 and 12 games\n\nBill Fitch\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n37–4\n25–16\n0–0\n7.9\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n1980–81\nLost Eastern Conference Finals\n9\n7\n6–2\n3–5\n\n\n12 game winning streak and two additional streaks of 10 games\n\nBilly Cunningham\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n33–8\n29–12\n0–0\n6.6\nBoston Celtics\n1983–84\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n8\n12–1\n3–7\n\n\n\nK. C. Jones\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n36–5\n26–15\n0–0\n7.4\nLos Angeles Lakers\n1984–85\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n4\n8–2\n7–2\n\n\nDefeated 63–19 Boston Celtics in NBA Finals\nNBA record 52 regular-season games with 30+ assists\n\nPat Riley\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n35–6\n27–14\n0–0\n7.7\nLos Angeles Lakers\n1985–86\nLost Western Conference Finals\n8\n6\n6–2\n2–4\n\n\n\nPat Riley\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n36–5\n26–15\n0–0\n5.8\nLos Angeles Lakers\n1987–88\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n9\n12–2\n3-7\n\n\n15 game winning streak[19]\n\nPat Riley\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n35–6\n27–14\n0–0\n6.7\nPhoenix Suns\n1992–93\nLost NBA Finals\n13\n11\n7–6\n6–5\n\n\nList[show]\n\nUndefeated December (14–0)\n14 game winning streak[20]\n\n\n\nPaul Westphal\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n33–8\n29–12\n0–0\n6.0\nSan Antonio Spurs\n1994–95\nLost Western Conference Finals\n9\n6\n4–4\n5–2\n\n\nList[show]\n\n15 game winning streak[21]\nStarted 7–9\n\n\n\nBob Hill\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n37–4\n25–16\n0–0\n7.1\nChicago Bulls\n1997–98\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n6\n10–2\n5–4\n\n\nList[show]\n\n13 game winning streak\nDefeated 62–20 Utah Jazz in NBA Finals\n\n\n\nPhil Jackson\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n36–5\n26–15\n0–0\n6.5\nUtah Jazz\n1997–98\nLost NBA Finals\n13\n7\n8–3\n5–4\n\n\nLost to 62–20 Chicago Bulls in NBA Finals\n\nJerry Sloan\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n31–10\n31–10\n0–0\n7.1\nPhoenix Suns\n2004–05\n\nLost Western Conference Finals\n9\n6\n4–4\n5–2\n\n\nFollowed a series of going 18–1 with a 6-game losing streak[22]\n\nMike D'Antoni\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n35–6\n27–14\n0–0\n7.5\nBoston Celtics\n2008–09\nLost Eastern Conference Semifinals\n7\n7\n5–3\n2–4\n\n\nList[show]\n\n2nd best two-loss start in NBA History (27–2, .931)\nLost seven of next nine games afterwards\nWinning streaks of 19 and 12 games\n\n\n\nDoc Rivers\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n36–5\n26–15\n0–0\n7.3\nChicago Bulls\n2010–11\nLost Eastern Conference Finals\n9\n7\n6–3\n3–4\n\n\nWon Central Division by 25 games over 2nd place Indiana Pacers\n\nTom Thibodeau\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n32–9\n30–11\n0–0\n7.7\nSan Antonio Spurs\n2013–14\nWon NBA Championship\n16\n7\n11–2\n5–5\n\n\nList[show]\n\n19-game winning streak\nUndefeated March (16–0)\n\n\n\nGregg Popovich\n" ]
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Abul Kalam Azad
Abul Kalam Azad - Wikipedia Abul Kalam Azad Jump to : navigation , search This article is about an Indian scholar . For the Indian minister , see Abul Kalam Azad ( Indian politician ) . For the Indian photographer , see Abul Kalam Azad ( photographer ) . For the former Indian president , see A.P.J Abdul Kalam . Abul Kalam Azad Sayyid Maulana Abul Kalam Ghulam Mohiuddin Ahmed 1st Minister of Education In office 15 August 1947 -- 2 February 1958 Preceded by Post Created Succeeded by K.L. Shrimali Personal details ( 1888 - 11 - 11 ) 11 November 1888 Makkah , Hejaz Vilayet , Ottoman Empire ( now Saudi Arabia ) 22 February 1958 ( 1958 - 02 - 22 ) ( aged 69 ) Delhi , India Cause of death Stroke Political party Indian National Congress Spouse ( s ) Zulaikha Begum Awards Bharat Ratna Signature Maulana Sayyid Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed Azad ( pronunciation ( help info ) ; 11 November 1888 -- 22 February 1958 ) was an Indian scholar and the senior Muslim leader of the Indian National Congress during the Indian independence movement . Following India 's independence , he became the first Minister of Education in the Indian government . He is commonly remembered as Maulana Azad ; the word Maulana is an honorific meaning ' Our Master ' , and he had adopted Azad ( Free ) as his pen name . His contribution to establishing the education foundation in India is recognised by celebrating his birthday as `` National Education Day '' across India . As a young man , Azad composed poetry in Urdu language , as well as treaties on religion and philosophy . He rose to prominence through his work as a journalist , publishing works critical of the British Raj and espousing the causes of Indian nationalism . Azad became the leader of the Khilafat Movement , during which he came into close contact with the Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi . Azad became an enthusiastic supporter of Gandhi 's ideas of non-violent civil disobedience , and worked to organise the non-co - operation movement in protest of the 1919 Rowlatt Acts . Azad committed himself to Gandhi 's ideals , including promoting Swadeshi ( indigenous ) products and the cause of Swaraj ( Self - rule ) for India . In 1923 , at an age of 35 , he became the youngest person to serve as the President of the Indian National Congress . In October 1920 , Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was elected as a member of foundation committee to establish Jamia Millia Islamia at Aligarh in U.P. without taking help from British colonial government . He helped a lot in shifting of the campus of the university to New Delhi from Aligarh in 1934 . The main gate ( Gate No. 7 ) to main campus of the university is named after him . Azad was one of the main organisers of the Dharasana Satyagraha in 1931 , and emerged as one of the most important national leaders of the time , prominently leading the causes of Hindu - Muslim unity as well as espousing secularism and socialism . He served as Congress president from 1940 to 1945 , during which the Quit India rebellion was launched . Azad was imprisoned , together with the entire Congress leadership . Amidst communal turmoil following the partition of India , he worked for religious harmony . As India 's Education Minister , Azad oversaw the establishment of a national education system with free primary education and modern institutions of higher education . He is also credited with the establishment of the Indian Institutes of Technology and the foundation of the University Grants Commission , an important institution to supervise and advance the higher education in the nation . National Education Day ( India ) an annual observance in India to commemorate the birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , the first education minister of independent India , who served from 15 August 1947 until 2 February 1958 . National Education Day of India is celebrated on 11 November every year in India . He also worked for Hindu - Muslim unity through the Al - Hilal newspaper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Revolutionary and journalist 3 Literary works 3.1 Ghubar - e-Khatir 4 Non-co - operation 5 Congress leader 6 Quit India 7 Partition of India 8 Post-Independence 9 Criticism 10 Legacy and influence 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Early life ( edit ) Azad was born on 11 November 1888 in Mecca , Saudi Arabia . His real name was Sayyid Abul Kalaam Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed who eventually became known as Maulana Azad . Azad 's father was a scholar. He lived in Delhi with his maternal grandfather , as his father had died at a very young age . During Sepoy Mutiny he left India and settled in Mecca . Maulana Sayyid Muhammad Khairuddin bin Ahmed AlHussaini , authored a dozen of books and had thousands of disciples as well as claiming his ancestry to Imam Hussain , while his mother was Sheikha Alia bint Mohammad , the daughter of Sheikh Mohammad bin Zaher AlWatri , himself a reputed scholar from Medina who had a reputation that extended even outside of Arabia . In Mecca , where Maulana Azad was born , but returned to Calcutta with his family in 1890 . Azad began to master several languages , including Urdu , Hindi , Persian , Bengali , Arabic , and English . He was also trained in the Mazahibs of Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi'i and Hanbali fiqh , Shariat , mathematics , philosophy , world history and science by reputed tutors hired by his family . An avid and determined student , the precocious Azad was running a library , a reading room , a debating society before he was twelve , wanted to write on the life of Ghazali at twelve , was contributing learned articles to Makhzan ( A literary magazine ) at fourteen , was teaching a class of students , most of whom were twice his age , when he was merely fifteen and succeeded in completing the traditional course of study at the young age of sixteen , nine years ahead of his contemporaries , and brought out a magazine at the same age . In fact , in the field of journalism , he was publishing a poetical journal ( Nairang - e-Aalam ) and was already an editor of a weekly ( Al - Misbah ) , in 1900 , at the age of twelve and , in 1903 , brought out a monthly journal , Lissan - us - Sidq , which soon gained popularity . At the age of thirteen , he was married to a young Muslim girl , Zulaikha Begum . Azad compiled many treatises interpreting the Qur'an , the Hadis , and the principles of Fiqh and Kalam . Revolutionary and journalist ( edit ) Azad developed political views considered radical for most Akbad Muslims of the time and became a full - fledged Indian nationalist . He fiercely criticised the British for racial discrimination and ignoring the needs of common people across India . He also criticised Muslim politicians for focusing on communal issues before the national interest and rejected the All India Muslim League 's communal separatism . Azad developed curiosity and interest in the pan-Islamic doctrines of Jamal al - Din al - Afghani and visited Afghanistan , Iraq , Egypt , Syria and Turkey . But his views changed considerably when he met revolutionary activists in Iraq and was influenced by their fervent anti-imperialism and nationalism . Against common Muslim opinion of the time , Azad opposed the partition of Bengal in 1905 and became increasingly active in revolutionary activities , to which he was introduced by the prominent Hindu revolutionaries Aurobindo Ghosh and Shyam Sundar Chakravarty . Azad initially evoked surprise from other revolutionaries , but Azad won their praise and confidence by working secretly to organise revolutionaries activities and meetings in Bengal , Bihar and Bombay ( now called Mumbai ) . Azad 's education had been shaped for him to become a cleric , but his rebellious nature and affinity for politics turned him towards journalism . He established an Urdu weekly newspaper in 1912 called Al - Hilal , and openly attacked British policies while exploring the challenges facing common people , but it was banned in 1914 . Espousing the ideals of Indian nationalism , Azad 's publications were aimed at encouraging young Muslims into fighting for independence and Hindu - Muslim unity . His work helped improve the relationship between Hindus and Muslims in Bengal , which had been soured by the controversy surrounding the partition of Bengal and the issue of separate communal electorates . With the onset of World War I , the British stiffened censorship and restrictions on political activity . Azad 's Al - Hilal was consequently banned in 1914 under the Press Act . Azad started a new journal , the Al - Balagh , which increased its active support for nationalist causes and communal unity . In this period Azad also became active in his support for the Khilafat agitation to protect the position of the Sultan of Ottoman Turkey , who was considered the Caliph or Khalifa for Muslims worldwide . The Sultan had sided against the British in the war and the continuity of his rule came under serious threat , causing distress amongst Muslim conservatives . Azad saw an opportunity to energise Indian Muslims and achieve major political and social reform through the struggle . With his popularity increasing across India , the government outlawed Azad 's second publication under the Defence of India Regulations Act and arrested him . The governments of the Bombay Presidency , United Provinces , Punjab and Delhi prohibited his entry into the provinces and Azad was moved to a jail in Ranchi , where he was incarcerated until 1 January 1920 . Literary works ( edit ) Maulana Azad is considered one of the greatest Urdu writers of the 20th century . He has written many books including India Wins Freedom , Ghubar - e-Khatir , Tazkirah , Tarjumanul Quran , etc . Ghubar - e-Khatir ( edit ) Ghubar - e-Khatir ( Sallies of Mind ) , ( Urdu : غُبارِخاطِر ‎ ‎ ) is one of the most important works of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , written primarily during 1942 to 1946 when he was imprisoned in Ahmednagar Fort in Maharashtra by British Raj while he was in Bombay ( now Mumbai ) to preside over the meeting of All India Congress Working Committee . The book is basically a collection of 24 letters he wrote addressing his close friend Maulana Habibur Rahman Khan Sherwani . These letters were never sent to him because there was no permission for that during the imprisonment and after the release in 1946 , he gave all these letters to his friend Ajmal Khan who let it published for the first time in 1946 . Although the book is a collection of letters but except one or two letters , all other letters are unique and most of the letters deal with complex issues such as existence of God , the origin of religions , the origin of music and its place in religion , etc . The book is primarily an Urdu language book ; however , there are over five hundred of couplets , mostly in Persian and Arabic languages . It is because , Maulana was born in a family where Arabic and Persian were used more frequently than Urdu . He was born in Mekkah , given formal education in Persian and Arabic languages but he was never taught Urdu . It is often said that his book India wins Freedom is about his political life and Ghubar - e-Khatir deals with his social and spiritual life . Non-co - operation ( edit ) Main article : Non-Cooperation Movement Upon his release , Azad returned to a political atmosphere charged with sentiments of outrage and rebellion against British rule . The Indian public had been angered by the passage of the Rowlatt Acts in 1919 , which severely restricted civil liberties and individual rights . Consequently , thousands of political activists had been arrested and many publications banned . The killing of unarmed civilians at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on 13 April 1919 had provoked intense outrage all over India , alienating most Indians , including long - time British supporters , from the authorities . The Khilafat struggle had also peaked with the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I and the raging Turkish War of Independence , which had made the caliphate 's position precarious . India 's main political party , the Indian National Congress came under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi , who had aroused excitement all over India when he led the farmers of Champaran and Kheda in a successful revolt against British authorities in 1918 . Gandhi organised the people of the region and pioneered the art of Satyagraha -- combining mass civil disobedience with complete non-violence and self - reliance . Taking charge of the Congress , Gandhi also reached out to support the Khilafat struggle , helping to bridge Hindu - Muslim political divides . Azad and the Ali brothers - Maulana Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali - warmly welcomed Congress support and began working together on a programme of non-co - operation by asking all Indians to boycott British - run schools , colleges , courts , public services , the civil service , police and military . Non-violence and Hindu - Muslim unity were universally emphasised , while the boycott of foreign goods , especially clothes were organised . Azad joined the Congress and was also elected president of the All India Khilafat Committee . Although Azad and other leaders were soon arrested , the movement drew out millions of people in peaceful processions , strikes and protests . This period marked a transformation in Azad 's own life . Along with fellow Khilafat leaders Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari , Hakim Ajmal Khan and others , Azad grew personally close to Gandhi and his philosophy . The three men founded the Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi as an institution of higher education managed entirely by Indians without any British support or control . Both Azad and Gandhi shared a deep passion for religion and Azad developed a close friendship with him . He adopted the Prophet Muhammad 's ideas by living simply , rejecting material possessions and pleasures . He began to spin his own clothes using khadi on the charkha , and began frequently living and participating in the ashrams organised by Gandhi . Becoming deeply committed to ahimsa ( non-violence ) himself , Azad grew close to fellow nationalists like Jawaharlal Nehru , Chittaranjan Das and Subhas Chandra Bose . He strongly criticised the continuing suspicion of the Congress amongst the Muslim intellectuals from the Aligarh Muslim University and the Muslim League . The movement had a sudden decline with rising incidences of violence ; a nationalist mob killed 22 policemen in Chauri Chaura in 1922 . Fearing degeneration into violence , Gandhi asked Indians to suspend the revolt and undertook a five - day fast to repent and encourage others to stop the rebellion . Although the movement stopped all over India , several Congress leaders and activists were disillusioned with Gandhi . The following year , the caliphate was overthrown by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the Ali brothers grew distant and critical of Gandhi and the Congress . Azad 's close friend Chittaranjan Das co-founded the Swaraj Party , breaking from Gandhi 's leadership . Despite the circumstances , Azad remained firmly committed to Gandhi 's ideals and leadership . In 1923 , he became the youngest man to be elected Congress president . Azad led efforts to organise the Flag Satyagraha in Nagpur . Azad served as president of the 1924 Unity Conference in Delhi , using his position to work to re-unite the Swarajists and the Khilafat leaders under the common banner of the Congress . In the years following the movement , Azad travelled across India , working extensively to promote Gandhi 's vision , education and social reform . Congress leader ( edit ) At Simla Conference ( 1946 ) with Rajendra Prasad , Jinnah and C. Rajagopalachari Azad became an inspiring personality in the field of politics . Azad became an important national leader , and served on the Congress Working Committee and in the offices of general secretary and president many times . The political environment in India re-energised in 1928 with nationalist outrage against the Simon Commission appointed to propose constitutional reforms . The commission included no Indian members and did not even consult Indian leaders and experts . In response , the Congress and other political parties appointed a commission under Motilal Nehru to propose constitutional reforms from Indian opinions . In 1928 , Azad endorsed the Nehru Report , which was criticised by the Ali brothers and Muslim League politician Muhammad Ali Jinnah . Azad endorsed the ending of separate electorates based on religion , and called for an independent India to be committed to secularism . At the 1928 Congress session in Guwahati , Azad endorsed Gandhi 's call for dominion status for India within a year . If not granted , the Congress would adopt the goal of complete political independence for India . Despite his affinity for Gandhi , Azad also drew close to the young radical leaders Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Bose , who had criticised the delay in demanding full independence . Azad developed a close friendship with Nehru and began espousing socialism as the means to fight inequality , poverty and other national challenges . Azad decided the name of Muslim political party Majlis - e-Ahrar - ul - Islam . He was also a friend of Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari , founder of All India Majlis - e-Ahrar . When Gandhi embarked on the Dandi Salt March that inaugurated the Salt Satyagraha in 1930 , Azad organised and led the nationalist raid , albeit non-violent on the Dharasana salt works to protest the salt tax and restriction of its production and sale . The biggest nationalist upheaval in a decade , Azad was imprisoned along with millions of people , and would frequently be jailed from 1930 to 1934 for long periods of time . Following the Gandhi - Irwin Pact in 1931 , Azad was amongst millions of political prisoners released . When elections were called under the Government of India Act 1935 , Azad was appointed to organise the Congress election campaign , raising funds , selecting candidates and organising volunteers and rallies across India . Azad had criticised the Act for including a high proportion of un-elected members in the central legislature , and did not himself contest a seat . He again declined to contest elections in 1937 , and helped head the party 's efforts to organise elections and preserve co-ordination and unity amongst the Congress governments elected in different provinces . At the 1936 Congress session in Lucknow , Azad was drawn into a dispute with Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Dr. Rajendra Prasad and Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari regarding the espousal of socialism as the Congress goal . Azad had backed the election of Nehru as Congress president , and supported the resolution endorsing socialism . In doing so , he aligned with Congress socialists like Nehru , Subhash Bose and Jayaprakash Narayan . Azad also supported Nehru 's re-election in 1937 , at the consternation of many conservative Congressmen . Azad supported dialogue with Jinnah and the Muslim League between 1935 and 1937 over a Congress - League coalition and broader political co-operation . Less inclined to brand the League as obstructive , Azad nevertheless joined the Congress 's vehement rejection of Jinnah 's demand that the League be seen exclusively as the representative of Indian Muslims . Quit India ( edit ) Main article : Quit India Movement In 1938 , Azad served as an intermediary between the supporters of and the Congress faction led by Congress president Subhash Bose , who criticised Gandhi for not launching another rebellion against the British and sought to move the Congress away from Gandhi 's leadership . Azad stood by Gandhi with most other Congress leaders , but reluctantly endorsed the Congress 's exit from the assemblies in 1939 following the inclusion of India in World War II . Nationalists were infuriated that Viceroy Lord Linlithgow had entered India into the war without consulting national leaders . Although willing to support the British effort in return for independence , Azad sided with Gandhi when the British ignored the Congress overtures . Azad 's criticism of Jinnah and the League intensified as Jinnah called Congress rule in the provinces as `` Hindu Raj '' , calling the resignation of the Congress ministries as a `` Day of Deliverance '' for Muslims . Jinnah and the League 's separatist agenda was gaining popular support amongst Muslims . Muslim religious and political leaders criticised Azad as being too close to the Congress and placing politics before Muslim welfare . As the Muslim League adopted a resolution calling for a separate Muslim state ( Pakistan ) in its session in Lahore in 1940 , Azad was elected Congress president in its session in Ramgarh . Speaking vehemently against Jinnah 's Two - Nation Theory -- the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations -- Azad lambasted religious separatism and exhorted all Muslims to preserve a united India , as all Hindus and Muslims were Indians who shared deep bonds of brotherhood and nationhood . In his presidential address , Azad said : `` ... Full eleven centuries have passed by since then . Islam has now as great a claim on the soil of India as Hinduism . If Hinduism has been the religion of the people here for several thousands of years Islam also has been their religion for a thousand years . Just as a Hindu can say with pride that he is an Indian and follows Hinduism , so also we can say with equal pride that we are Indians and follow Islam . I shall enlarge this orbit still further . The Indian Christian is equally entitled to say with pride that he is an Indian and is following a religion of India , namely Christianity . '' Azad , Patel and Gandhi at an AICC meeting in Bombay , 1940 . In face of increasing popular disenchantment with the British across India , Gandhi and Patel advocated an all - out rebellion demanding immediate independence . The situation had grown precarious as the Japanese conquered Burma and approached India 's borders , which left Indians insecure but resentful of the British inability to protect India . Azad was wary and sceptical of the idea , aware that India 's Muslims were increasingly looking to Jinnah and had supported the war . Feeling that a struggle would not force a British exit , Azad and Nehru warned that such a campaign would divide India and make the war situation even more precarious . Intensive and emotional debates took place between Azad , Nehru , Gandhi and Patel in the Congress Working Committee 's meetings in May and June 1942 . In the end , Azad became convinced that decisive action in one form or another had to be taken , as the Congress had to provide leadership to India 's people and would lose its standing if it did not . Supporting the call for the British to `` Quit India '' , Azad began exhorting thousands of people in rallies across the nation to prepare for a definitive , all - out struggle . As Congress president , Azad travelled across India and met with local and provincial Congress leaders and grass - roots activists , delivering speeches and planning the rebellion . Despite their previous differences , Azad worked closely with Patel and Dr. Rajendra Prasad to make the rebellion as effective as possible . On 7 August 1942 at the Gowalia Tank in Mumbai , Congress president Azad inaugurated the struggle with a vociferous speech exhorting Indians into action . Just two days later , the British arrested Azad and the entire Congress leadership . While Gandhi was incarcerated at the Aga Khan Palace in Pune , Azad and the Congress Working Committee were imprisoned at a fort in Ahmednagar , where they would remain under isolation and intense security for nearly four years . Outside news and communication had been largely prohibited and completely censored . Although frustrated at their incarceration and isolation , Azad and his companions attested to feeling a deep satisfaction at having done their duty to their country and people . Azad occupied the time playing bridge and acting as the referee in tennis matches played by his colleagues . In the early mornings , Azad began working on his classic Urdu work , the Ghubhar - i - Khatir . Sharing daily chores , Azad also taught the Persian and Urdu languages , as well as Indian and world history to several of his companions . The leaders would generally avoid talking of politics , unwilling to cause any arguments that could exacerbate the pain of their imprisonment . However , each year on 26 January , which was then considered Poorna Swaraj ( Complete Independence ) Day , the leaders would gather to remember their cause and pray together . Azad , Nehru and Patel would briefly speak about the nation and the future . Azad and Nehru proposed an initiative to forge an agreement with the British in 1943 . Arguing that the rebellion had been mistimed , Azad attempted to convince his colleagues that the Congress should agree to negotiate with the British and call for the suspension of disobedience if the British agreed to transfer power . Although his proposal was overwhelmingly rejected , Azad and a few others agreed that Gandhi and the Congress had not done enough . When they learnt of Gandhi holding talks with Jinnah in Mumbai in 1944 , Azad criticised Gandhi 's move as counter-productive and ill - advised . Partition of India ( edit ) At Wardha Railway Station : Maulana Azad , Acharya Kripalani , Sardar Patel , Subhash Bose . With the end of the war , the British agreed to transfer power to Indian hands . All political prisoners were released in 1946 and Azad led the Congress in the elections for the new Constituent Assembly of India , which would draft India 's constitution . He headed the delegation to negotiate with the British Cabinet Mission , in his sixth year as Congress president . While attacking Jinnah 's demand for Pakistan and the mission 's proposal of 16 June 1946 that envisaged the partition of India , Azad became a strong proponent of the mission 's earlier proposal of 16 May . The proposal advocated a federal system with a limited central government and autonomy for the provinces . The central government would have Defence , Foreign Affairs and Communication while the provinces would win all other subjects unless they voluntarily relinquished selected subjects to the Central Government . Additionally , the proposal called for the `` grouping '' of provinces on religious lines , which would informally band together the Muslim - majority province in the West as Group B , Muslim - majority provinces of Bengal and Assam as Group C and the rest of India as Group A. While Gandhi and others expressed scepticism of this clause , Azad argued that Jinnah 's demand for Pakistan would be buried and the concerns of the Muslim community would be assuaged . Under Azad and Patel 's backing , the Working Committee approved the resolution against Gandhi 's advice . Azad also managed to win Jinnah 's agreement to the proposal citing the greater good of all Indian Muslims . Azad had been the Congress president since 1939 , so he volunteered to resign in 1946 . He nominated Nehru , who replaced him as Congress president and led the Congress into the interim government . Azad was appointed to head the Department of Education . However , Jinnah 's Direct Action Day agitation for Pakistan , launched on 16 August sparked communal violence across India . Thousands of people were killed as Azad travelled across Bengal and Bihar to calm the tensions and heal relations between Muslims and Hindus . Despite Azad 's call for Hindu - Muslim unity , Jinnah 's popularity amongst Muslims soared and the League entered a coalition with the Congress in December , but continued to boycott the constituent assembly . Later in his autobiography , Azad indicated Patel having become more pro-partition than the Muslim League , largely due to the League 's not co-operating with the Congress in the provisional government on any issue . Azad had grown increasingly hostile to Jinnah , who had described him as the `` Muslim Lord Haw - Haw '' and a `` Congress Showboy . '' Muslim League politicians accused Azad of allowing Muslims to be culturally and politically dominated by the Hindu community . Azad continued to proclaim his faith in Hindu - Muslim unity : `` I am proud of being an Indian . I am part of the indivisible unity that is Indian nationality . I am indispensable to this noble edifice and without me this splendid structure is incomplete . I am an essential element , which has gone to build India . I can never surrender this claim . '' Amidst more incidences of violence in early 1947 , the Congress - League coalition struggled to function . The provinces of Bengal and Punjab were to be partitioned on religious lines , and on 3 June 1947 the British announced a proposal to partition India on religious lines , with the princely states free to choose between either dominion . The proposal was hotly debated in the All India Congress Committee , with Muslim leaders Saifuddin Kitchlew and Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan expressing fierce opposition . Azad privately discussed the proposal with Gandhi , Patel and Nehru , but despite his opposition was unable to deny the popularity of the League and the unworkability of any coalition with the League . Faced with the serious possibility of a civil war , Azad abstained from voting on the resolution , remaining silent and not speaking throughout the AICC session , which ultimately approved the plan . Post-independence ( edit ) India 's partition and independence on 15 August 1947 brought with it a scourge of violence that swept the Punjab , Bengal , Bihar , Delhi and many other parts of India . Millions of Hindus and Sikhs fled the newly created Pakistan for India , and millions of Muslims fled for West Pakistan and East Pakistan , created out of East Bengal . Violence claimed the lives of an estimated one million people . Azad took up responsibility for the safety of Muslims in India , touring affected areas in Bengal , Bihar , Assam and the Punjab , guiding the organisation of refugee camps , supplies and security . Azad gave speeches to large crowds encouraging peace and calm in the border areas and encouraging Muslims across the country to remain in India and not fear for their safety and security . Focusing on bringing the capital of Delhi back to peace , Azad organised security and relief efforts , but was drawn into a dispute with the Deputy prime minister and Home Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel when he demanded the dismissal of Delhi 's police commissioner , who was a Sikh accused by Muslims of overlooking attacks and neglecting their safety . Patel argued that the commissioner was not biased , and if his dismissal was forced it would provoke anger amongst Hindus and Sikhs and divide the city police . In Cabinet meetings and discussions with Gandhi , Patel and Azad clashed over security issues in Delhi and Punjab , as well as the allocation of resources for relief and rehabilitation . Patel opposed Azad and Nehru 's proposal to reserve the houses vacated by Muslims who had departed for Pakistan for Muslims in India displaced by the violence . Patel argued that a secular government could not offer preferential treatment for any religious community , while Azad remained anxious to assure the rehabilitation of Muslims in India , secularism , religious freedom and equality for all Indians . He supported provisions for Muslim citizens to make avail of Muslim personal law in courts . Azad remained a close confidante , supporter and advisor to prime minister Nehru , and played an important role in framing national policies . Azad masterminded the creation of national programmes of school and college construction and spreading the enrolment of children and young adults into schools , to promote universal primary education . Elected to the lower house of the Indian Parliament , the Lok Sabha in 1952 and again in 1957 , Azad supported Nehru 's socialist economic and industrial policies , as well as the advancing social rights and economic opportunities for women and underprivileged Indians . In 1956 , he served as president of the UNESCO General Conference held in Delhi . Azad spent the final years of his life focusing on writing his book India Wins Freedom , an exhaustive account of India 's freedom struggle and its leaders , which was published in 1957 . As India 's first Minister of Education , he emphasised on educating the rural poor and girls . As Chairman of the Central Advisory Board of Education , he gave thrust to adult literacy , universal primary education , free and compulsory for all children up to the age of 14 , girls education , and diversification of secondary education and vocational training . Addressing the conference on All India Education on 16 January 1948 , Maulana Azad emphasised , We must not for a moment forget , it is a birthright of every individual to receive at least the basic education without which he can not fully discharge his duties as a citizen . He oversaw the setting up of the Central Institute of Education , Delhi , which later became the Department of Education of the University of Delhi as `` a research centre for solving new educational problems of the country '' . Under his leadership , the Ministry of Education established the first Indian Institute of Technology in 1951 and the University Grants Commission in 1953. , He also laid emphasis on the development of the Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore and the Faculty of Technology of the Delhi University . He foresaw a great future in the IITs for India : I have no doubt that the establishment of this Institute will form a landmark in the progress of higher technological education and research in the country . Criticism ( edit ) During his life and in contemporary times , Maulana Azad has been criticised for not doing enough to prevent the partition of India although he was committed to united India till his last attempt . He was condemned by the advocates of Pakistan , especially Muslim League . Legacy and influence ( edit ) Azad is remembered as one of the leading Indian nationalists of his time . His firm belief in Hindu - Muslim unity earned him the respect of the Hindu community and he still remains one of the most important symbols of communal harmony in modern India . His work for education and social uplift in India made him an important influence in guiding India 's economic and social development . Abulkalam Azad tomb The Ministry of Minority Affairs of the central Government of India set up the Maulana Azad Education Foundation in 1989 on the occasion of his birth centenary to promote education amongst educationally backward sections of the Society . The Ministry also provides the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad National Fellowship , an integrated five - year fellowship in the form of financial assistance to students from minority communities to pursue higher studies such as M. Phil and PhD Numerous institutions across India have also been named in his honour . Some of them are the Maulana Azad Medical College in New Delhi , the Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology in Bhopal , the Maulana Azad National Urdu University in Hyderabad , Maulana Azad Centre for Elementary and Social Education ( MACESE Delhi University ) , the Maulana Azad College , Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies , and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology , in Kolkata , Bab - e - Maulana Abul Kalam Azad ( Gate No. 7 ) , Jamia Millia Islamia , A Central ( Minority ) University in New Delhi , the Maulana Azad library in the Aligarh Muslim University in Aligarh and Maulana Azad Stadium in Jammu . His home housed the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies earlier , and is now the Maulana Azad Museum . He is celebrated as one of the founders and greatest patrons of the Jamia Millia Islamia . Azad 's tomb is located next to the Jama Masjid in Delhi . In recent years great concern has been expressed by many in India over the poor maintenance of the tomb . On 16 November 2005 the Delhi High Court ordered that the tomb of Maulana Azad in New Delhi be renovated and restored as a major national monument . Azad 's tomb is a major landmark and receives large numbers of visitors annually . Jawaharlal Nehru referred to him as Mir - i - Karawan ( the caravan leader ) , `` a very brave and gallant gentleman , a finished product of the culture that , in these days , pertains to few ''. Mahatma Gandhi remarked about Azad by counting him as `` a person of the calibre of Plato , Aristotle and Pythagorus '' . Azad was portrayed by actor Virendra Razdan in the 1982 biographical film , Gandhi , directed by Richard Attenborough . His birthday , 11 November is celebrated as National Education Day in India . See also ( edit ) Cyrus the Great as Dhul - Qarnayn , a theory first proposed by Azad Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` International Urdu conference from Nov. 10 '' . The Hindu . 7 November 2010 . Retrieved 13 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Muhammad Chawla , `` Maulana Azad and the Demand for Pakistan : A Reappraisal , '' Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society ( July - Sept 2016 ) 64 # 3 pp 7 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Biography - Maulana Azad Indian Freedom Fighter - Information on Maulana Azad - History of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad '' . www.iloveindia.com . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Remembering Maulana Abul Kalam Azad : A Short Biography '' . Institute of Asian Studies . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was born on November 11 , 1888 , in Mecca . He came back to Calcutta with his family in 1890 . Jump up ^ BIOGRAPHY OF MAULANA AZAD Jump up ^ Abul Kalam Azad , India Wins Freedom , Orient Blackswan ( 2003 ) , pp. 1 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Islam , Sirajul ( 2012 ) . `` Azad , Maulana Abul Kalam '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . ^ Jump up to : Gandhi , Rajmohan ( 1986 ) . Eight Lives : A Study of the Hindu - Muslim Encounter . USA : State University of New York Press . p. 219 . ISBN 0 - 88706 - 196 - 6 . Jump up ^ S.M. Ikram ( 1995 ) . Indian Muslims and Partition of India . Atlantic Publishers and Distributors . p. 139 . Jump up ^ Maulana Abul Kalam Azad -- The Builder of Modern India Jump up ^ K.R. Gupta , Amita Gupta ( 2006 ) . Concise Encyclopaedia of India , Vol # 3 . Atlantic Publishers & Distributors . p. 1040 Jump up ^ Various . Encyclopaedia of Indian literature . Sahitya Akademi . p. 315 ^ Jump up to : Huq , Mushirul ( 23 July 2006 ) . `` President Azad '' . Archived from the original ( PHP ) on 9 April 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Azad , Abul Kalam ( 2010 ) . Ghubar - e-Khatir . New Delhi : Sahitya Akademi . p. 5 , 7 . ISBN 81 - 260 - 0132 - 1 . Jump up ^ Azad , Abul Kalam ( 2010 ) . Ghubar - e-Khatir . New Delhi : Sahitya Akademi . p. 106 . ISBN 81 - 260 - 0132 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nandurkar . Sardarshri Ke Patra ( 2 ) . p. 390 . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan. Patel : A Life . pp. 330 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Menon , V.P. Transfer of Power in India . p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Azad ( 2003 ) . India Wins Freedom : the Complete Version . Orient Blackswan . ISBN 9788125005148 . Jump up ^ Azad ( 2007 ) . The Elephant , the Tiger and the Cellphone : Reflections on India in the Twenty - first Century . PENGUIN INDIA . ISBN 9780670081455 . Jump up ^ `` The man who stayed behind '' . The Hindu . 11 November 2007 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mushirul Hasan ( January 2000 ) . `` One hundred people who shaped India in the 20th century , Maulana Abul Kalam Azad -- II '' . India Today , special millennium issue , January 2000 . Archived from the original ( PHP ) on 22 November 2008 . Retrieved 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan. Patel : A Life . p. 402 . ^ Jump up to : Gandhi , Rajmohan. Patel : A Life . pp. 432 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan. Patel : A Life . pp. 502 -- 05 . ^ Jump up to : Speech of Hon'ble Human Resource Minister on National Education Day 2009 , Ministry of HRD , Government of India Archived 7 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ About us Central Institute of Education Jump up ^ UGC Genesis Archived 6 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ IIT Kharagpur , History Archived 13 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Proceedings of the 19th meeting of The Central Advisory Board of Education , New Delhi on 15 and 16 March 1952 Archived 16 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Maulana Azad Education Foundation website Jump up ^ Shri Salman Khurshid Launches Maulana Abul Kalam Azad National Fellowship , Press Information Bureau , Government of India , Tuesday , 22 December 2009 Jump up ^ `` VISIT MAULANA AZAD MUSEUM '' . makaias.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Restore Maulana Azad 's grave : HC '' ( PHP ) . Express News Service , Expressindia.com. 17 November 2005 . Retrieved 6 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Virendra Razdan dead '' . The Deccan Herald , The Free Press Journal . Ministry of Information and Broadcasting ( India ) Bulletin on Film Volume XLVII No. 6 . 15 June 2003 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . References ( edit ) Ashraf , Muhammad Arslan . Why Partition of India ? : Gandhi , Jinnah , Nehru , Azad - Congress and Muslim League ( 2016 ) online , 20pp Chawla , Muhammad , `` Maulana Azad and the Demand for Pakistan : A Reappraisal , '' Journal Of The Pakistan Historical Society ( July - Sept 2016 ) 64 # 3 pp 7 -- 24 . Maulana Azad 's commentary on the Holy Qur'an -- Tarjuman al - Quran India Wins Freedom , from Orient Longman Book - Institute Ghubar - e-Khatir ( Sallies of the Mind ) Tazkirah Die politische Willensbildung in Indien 1900 -- 1960 ; 1965 von Dietmar Rothermund Life and Works of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , from Ravindra Kumar , published by Atlantic Publishers & Distributors , 1991 Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , by Mahadev Haribhai Desai The Educational Ideas of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , by G. Rasool Abduhu , published by Sterling Publishers , 1973 India 's Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , by Abulkalam Azad , Syeda Saiyidain Hameed , Mujib Rizvi , Sughra Mahdi , published by Indian Council for Cultural Relations , 1990 Maulana Azad ek Muttala by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman , Jawahar aur Azad , Edited by Professor Abdul Qavi Desnavi , Saifia College , Bhopal , 1990 . Maulana Azad Aur Bhopal by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman , Fikro Nazar ( Maulana Azad Number ) , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , 1989 , p. 107 -- 112 . Gandhi , R ( 1990 ) . Patel : A Life . Navajivan , Ahmedabad . Pattabhi , Sitaramayya ( 1946 ) . Feathers & Stones `` my study windows '' . Padma Publications , . Azad , Abul Kalam ( 1989 ) ( 1958 ) . India Wins Freedom . Stosius Inc / Advent Books Division . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86131 - 913 - 8 . Nandurkar , G.M. ( 1981 ) . Sardar 's letters , mostly unknown . Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Smarak Bhavan , . `` Brief sketch of life and thinking of Maulana Azad '' . Liveindia.com . `` Life of Azad '' . CIS - CA . `` Maulana Abul Kalam Azad : The Odd Secularist '' . India Today . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMaulana Abul Kalam Azadat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad . INDIA WINS FREEDOM by Maulana Azad ( Book ) Azad 's Careers -- Roads taken and roads not taken -- Lineages of the Present : Ideology and Politics in Contemporary South Asia By Aijaz Ahmad An Introduction to Abul Kalam Azad & collection of his quotes -- Eminent Indian freedom fighters Vol2 Chapter 11 Pg 310 By S.K. Sharma Abu'l Kalam Azad , Chapter 44 , Pg 325 -- 333 , Modernist Islam , 1840 -- 1940 : a sourcebook By Charles Kurzman Abul Kalam Azad , Chapter 9 , Pg 138 - Pg 153 , Indian Muslims and partition of India By S.M. Ikram National Education Day 2012 Celebrated at Sangam University Bhilwara Rajasthan Web Portal dedicated to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad First Cabinet of Independent India Nehru ( Prime Minister , External Affairs ) Patel ( Deputy Prime Minister , Home Affairs ) Baldev Singh ( Defence ) Chetty ( Finance ) Maulana Azad ( Education ) Jagjivan Ram ( Labour ) Ambedkar ( Law ) Gadgil ( Public Works , Power ) R. A. Kidwai ( Communications ) S. P. 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Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N. Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit ‎ Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference Bharat Ratna laureates 1954 -- 1960 C. Rajagopalachari , Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , and C.V. Raman ( 1954 ) Bhagwan Das , Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya , and Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1955 ) Govind Ballabh Pant ( 1957 ) Dhondo Keshav Karve ( 1958 ) 1961 -- 1980 Bidhan Chandra Roy and Purushottam Das Tandon ( 1961 ) Rajendra Prasad ( 1962 ) Zakir Husain and Pandurang Vaman Kane ( 1963 ) Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1966 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1971 ) V.V. Giri ( 1975 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1976 ) Mother Teresa ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Vinoba Bhave ( 1983 ) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( 1987 ) M.G. Ramachandran ( 1988 ) B.R. Ambedkar and Nelson Mandela ( 1990 ) Rajiv Gandhi , Vallabhbhai Patel , and Morarji Desai ( 1991 ) Abul Kalam Azad , J.R.D. Tata , and Satyajit Ray ( 1992 ) Gulzarilal Nanda , Aruna Asaf Ali , and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 1997 ) M.S. Subbulakshmi and Chidambaram Subramaniam ( 1998 ) Jayaprakash Narayan , Amartya Sen , Gopinath Bordoloi , and Ravi Shankar ( 1999 ) 2001 -- present Lata Mangeshkar and Bismillah Khan ( 2001 ) Bhimsen Joshi ( 2008 ) C.N.R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar ( 2014 ) Madan Mohan Malaviya and Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 2015 ) Muslim scholars of the Hanbali School by century ( AH CE ) 3rd / 9th Ahmad ibn Hanbal ( founder of the school ) Abu Dawood Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub al - Juzajani 4th / 10th Abu Bakr al - Ajurri Abu Bakr al - Khallal Al - Hasan ibn Ali al - Barbahari Ibn Battah Ibn Manda 5th / 11th Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi Al - Qadi Abu Ya'la Ibn Aqil Khwaja Abdullah Ansari 6th / 12th Abdul - Razzaq Gilani Abdul - Qadir Gilani Awn ad - Din ibn Hubayra Diya al - Din al - Maqdisi Hammad al - Harrani Ibn al - Jawzi 7th / 13th Abd al - Ghani al - Maqdisi Ibn Qudamah Zayn al - Din al - Amidi 8th / 14th Ibn Abd al - Hadi Ibn Muflih Ibn Qayyim al - Jawziyya Ibn Rajab Ibn Taymiyyah 11th / 17th Al - Bahūtī 12th / 18th Muhammad ibn Abd al - Wahhab 14th / 20th Abd al - Aziz ibn Baz Abdul Rahman Al - Sudais Abdullah Ibn Jibreen Abul Kalam Azad Ibn Humaid Jonathan A.C. Brown Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen Saeed Abubakr Zakaria Saleh Al - Fawzan Saud Al - Shuraim Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence Hanafi Maliki Shafi'i Zahiri VIAF : 71439924 LCCN : n50038846 ISNI : 0000 0003 6855 6649 GND : 118896814 SUDOC : 050153315 BNF : cb122131527 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abul_Kalam_Azad&oldid=804362880 '' Categories : First Nehru ministry 1888 births 1958 deaths Politicians from Kolkata Indian independence activists from Delhi Indian religious writers 20th - century Muslim scholars of Islam Indian people of Arab descent Hanbalis Presidents of the Indian National Congress Recipients of the Bharat Ratna Indian Muslims Hashemite people Indian nationalists 1st Lok Sabha members Members of the Constituent Assembly of India 2nd Lok Sabha members Prisoners and detainees of British India People of British India Founders of Indian schools and colleges Indian revolutionaries Indian editors Indian male journalists Journalists from Delhi People from Mecca Translators of the Quran into Urdu Education Ministers of India 20th - century Indian journalists Scholars from Kolkata Writers from Kolkata Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from November 2015 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Urdu - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ कॉशुर / کٲشُر Latina मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी नेपाल भाषा ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् سنڌي தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 14 : 18 . 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who is the writer of india wins freedom
[ "Maulana Sayyid Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed Azad ( pronunciation (help·info); 11 November 1888 – 22 February 1958) was an Indian scholar and the senior Muslim leader of the Indian National Congress during the Indian independence movement. Following India's independence, he became the first Minister of Education in the Indian government. He is commonly remembered as Maulana Azad; the word Maulana is an honorific meaning 'Our Master', and he had adopted Azad (Free) as his pen name. His contribution to establishing the education foundation in India is recognised by celebrating his birthday as \"National Education Day\" across India.[1][2]" ]
[ "Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed Azad" ]
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The Vampire Diaries
The Vampire Diaries - wikipedia The Vampire Diaries Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the book series , see The Vampire Diaries ( novel series ) . For the unrelated film , see Vampire Diary . The Vampire Diaries Genre Drama Supernatural Horror Fantasy Based on The Vampire Diaries by L.J. Smith Developed by Kevin Williamson Julie Plec Starring Nina Dobrev Paul Wesley Ian Somerhalder Steven R. McQueen Sara Canning Kat Graham Candice King Zach Roerig Kayla Ewell Michael Trevino Matt Davis Joseph Morgan Michael Malarkey Composer ( s ) Michael Suby Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 171 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Kevin Williamson Julie Plec Leslie Morgenstein Bob Levy Caroline Dries Melinda Hsu Taylor Chad Fiveash James Stoteraux Location ( s ) Atlanta , Georgia Covington , Georgia Vancouver , British Columbia ( pilot ) Running time 41 -- 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Outerbanks Entertainment Alloy Entertainment CBS Television Studios Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Original release September 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 10 ) -- March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) Chronology Related shows The Originals Legacies External links Website Production website The Vampire Diaries is an American supernatural drama television series developed by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec , based on the popular book series of the same name written by L.J. Smith . The series premiered on The CW on September 10 , 2009 , and concluded on March 10 , 2017 , airing 171 episodes over eight seasons . The pilot episode attracted the largest audience for The CW of any series premiere since the network began in 2006 ; the first season averaged 3.60 million viewers . It was the most - watched series on the network before being supplanted by Arrow . The show has received numerous award nominations , winning four People 's Choice Award and many Teen Choice Awards . On April 26 , 2013 , The CW officially announced that the spin - off The Originals , which focuses on the Original family of vampires , had been ordered to series , and the show began airing during the 2013 -- 14 American television season . On April 6 , 2015 , lead actress Nina Dobrev confirmed via Instagram that she and co-star Michael Trevino ( who plays Tyler Lockwood ) would be leaving the show after its sixth season . Dobrev returned to record a voiceover for the seventh - season finale . Trevino appeared as a guest star in season seven and returned for season 8 . On March 11 , 2016 , The CW renewed the series for an eighth season , but on July 23 , 2016 , announced that the eighth season , which would have 16 episodes , would be the show 's last . The final season began airing on October 21 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 U.S. Nielsen ratings 5.3 Awards and accolades 6 Home media releases 7 Spin - off 8 Tie - in material 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Series overview ( edit ) The series is set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls , Virginia , a town charged with supernatural history since its settlement of migrants from New England in the late 19th century . It follows the life of Elena Gilbert ( Nina Dobrev ) , a teenage girl who has just lost both parents in a car accident , as she falls in love with a 162 - year - old vampire named Stefan Salvatore ( Paul Wesley ) . Their relationship becomes increasingly complicated as Stefan 's mysterious older brother Damon Salvatore ( Ian Somerhalder ) returns , with a plan to bring back their past lover Katherine Pierce , a vampire who looks exactly like Elena . Although Damon is initially the villain and harbors a grudge against his brother for forcing him to become a vampire , he later reconciles with Stefan and falls in love with Elena , creating a love triangle among the three . Both brothers protect Elena as they face various villains and threats to their town , including Katherine . The brothers ' history and the town 's mythology are revealed through flashbacks as the series goes on . Additional storylines revolve around the other inhabitants of the town , most notably Elena 's younger brother Jeremy Gilbert ( Steven R. McQueen ) , her best friends Bonnie Bennett ( Kat Graham ) and Caroline Forbes ( Candice King ) , their mutual friends Tyler Lockwood ( Michael Trevino ) and Matt Donovan ( Zach Roerig ) , and their history teacher , vampire hunter Alaric Saltzman ( Matthew Davis ) . The town 's politics are orchestrated by descendants of the original founding families , all comprising a `` Founders ' Council . '' The founding families of Mystic Falls includes the Salvatores , the Gilberts , the Fells , the Forbes , and the Lockwoods . They guard the town mainly from vampires , although there are many more supernatural threats such as werewolves , witches , hybrids , ghosts and many more . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Vampire Diaries characters Ian Somerhalder , Nina Dobrev and Paul Wesley at PaleyFest 2014 Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert ( seasons 1 -- 6 ; uncredited voiceover season 7 ; guest season 8 ) , whom the series follows as she falls in love with Stefan , and later leaves him after leading everyone to believe he was her true love , for his brother , Damon Salvatore , creating a love triangle . This results in her being drawn into the supernatural world , with the show following her struggles in surviving supernatural events in the town . Dobrev also portrays Elena 's doppelgänger , Katerina Petrova also known as Katherine Pierce . Katherine sporadically appeared in subsequent seasons and played a significant role in the fifth season . Dobrev has also played the Original doppelgänger , Silas 's true love known as Amara during the fifth season , whom he sought in the afterlife for two thousand years . Dobrev also played another Doppelgänger Tatia in The Originals season 2 episode `` Red Door . '' In the season 6 finale , Elena 's life was tied to Bonnie 's in such a way that as long as Bonnie is alive Elena will remain asleep . Damon put Elena in a coffin and had Tyler hide her in a warehouse in Brooklyn for the next 60 years or so while he waits to reunite with her . In the series finale Elena is awoken and she ends up choosing Damon in the series finale and they live a long and happy life together , earning her happy ending . Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore , a good - hearted and affectionate vampire and the complete opposite of his older brother , Damon Salvatore . Later in the series , Stefan reverts to his old ways as a Ripper to save Damon from a werewolf bite and his role becomes more antagonistic , especially after he is forced to turn his humanity off . Eventually , he returns to his good - hearted and caring self and reconciles with Elena , but the relationship does n't last long . He marries Caroline in Season 8 and is killed afterwards in the series finale as he sacrifices himself for Mystic Falls . Wesley also portrays his revealed doppelgänger , Silas ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) , the world 's first immortal being . Wesley also played another doppelgänger , Tom Avery , during the fifth season . Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore , the malevolent vampire brother who initially served as the show 's anti-hero . He is mostly thought of as selfish and manipulative , but later on in the series , he begins to display a more caring side . Though his love for Elena is initially one - sided , she begins to develop feelings for him as they work together to save Stefan after he 's given in to his Ripper side . They begin dating in season 4 , and continue to date ( with some breakups along the way ) until Elena is put into her deep sleep at the end of season 6 . Damon is extremely close with Stefan , but also has a close relationship with Bonnie , despite the fact that they hated each other for the first 5 seasons of the series . Throughout seasons 6 and 7 , their relationship has developed into a deeper bond , with Damon later confirming Bonnie is his best friend . Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert ( seasons 1 -- 6 ; guest season 8 ) , Elena 's younger brother , later revealed to be her biological cousin and a member of The Five , a vampire hunter . Jeremy is killed in season 4 after Katherine throws him onto Silas , who drains his blood . He is resurrected by Bonnie Bennett , his love interest , in the season 4 finale . He leaves town numerous times during the show , and has only come back once since his exit mid season 6 , to say goodbye to Elena . Sara Canning as Jenna Sommers ( seasons 1 -- 2 ; guest seasons 3 , 5 , 8 ) , Jeremy and Elena 's aunt and legal guardian . Canning left the show after season two when Jenna was killed after being turned into a vampire and used for Klaus ' ritual . Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett , Elena and Caroline 's best friend and a very powerful witch , who has died numerous times during the show but always returned . She develops and controls her powers with the help of her grandmother , Sheila or `` Grams '' , another witch in the family . She is often able to use her magic to help the group , and while she initially hates vampires , particularly Damon , she ends up warming up to them and becomes Damon 's best friend after being stuck in a prison world with him for four months . Bonnie has lost and regained her ability to do magic multiple times throughout the show . She spent seasons 2 through 5 in an on - again , off - again relationship with Elena 's brother Jeremy and later became involved with Enzo . Candice King as Caroline Forbes , Bonnie and Elena 's best friend , who was insecure and often jealous of Elena at first , but after becoming a vampire in the second season comes into her own . Neurotic but lovable , Caroline has been the love interest of many of the male characters . Initially serving as Damon 's plaything in season 1 , which she still hates him for , she has had serious relationships with Matt , Tyler , Alaric , and Stefan , and was long the subject of Klaus 's adoration . She married Stefan before his death . Currently , she is raising twins with Alaric . Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan , Elena 's childhood friend and ex-boyfriend , who became romantically involved with Caroline in season 1 . They remain good friends even after breaking up during the second season . Matt wants no part in the supernatural events in his town and later is at odds with the vampires as he becomes a police officer and tries to protect the town from them . Kayla Ewell as Vicki Donovan ( season 1 ; recurring seasons 2 -- 3 , 5 , 8 ) , the drug - addicted sister of Matt . She appears to be dating Tyler but is more interested in Jeremy . She is turned into a vampire by Damon and is killed by Stefan shortly after . Ewell left the show after the first season but has appeared as a guest in multiple seasons since . Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood ( seasons 1 -- 6 ; recurring seasons 7 -- 8 ) , a werewolf later turned into a hybrid , Jeremy and Matt 's best friend , and son of the mayor of Mystic Falls ; male members of his family have been shown to carry a lycanthropic trait . His uncle Mason was also a werewolf , who was killed by Damon in season two . He was turned into the first successful hybrid by Klaus . In the season 5 finale , he is returned to being just a werewolf . He leaves town at the end of season 6 , though he appears in a couple episodes of season 7 , protecting Elena 's coffin . Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 -- 8 ; recurring season 4 -- 5 ) , a history teacher , vampire hunter , and love interest for Jenna . Davis left the show at the end of season three after Alaric was killed . His character returned as a regular in season 6 , after he was resurrected . Alaric is able to return to being a human with the help of Josette Laughlin ( Jodi Lyn O'Keefe ) and the two begin dating . Jo becomes pregnant and they plan to marry , but she is murdered by Kai at their wedding . Jo 's family of witches was able to transfer the babies to Caroline , however , so she gives birth to their twins , and Caroline and Alaric move to Dallas together . They begin a relationship , but end it when Caroline decides to be with Stefan after his return at the end of season 7 . Joseph Morgan as Original Vampire Klaus Mikaelson ( seasons 3 -- 4 , recurring season 2 ; guest seasons 5 , 7 ) . He begins to build an army of new `` hybrids , '' which are half vampire and half werewolf . During season 3 , Klaus began to develop feelings for Caroline and falls in love with her . Morgan left the show after the fourth season when Klaus moved on to his own spin - off , The Originals . Michael Malarkey as Enzo St. John ( seasons 6 -- 8 ; recurring season 5 ) , a vampire formerly under the imprisonment of the Augustine society . He was Damon Salvatore 's cellmate back in the 1950s when the latter was captured by the Augustines . He and Damon revived their friendship as he searched for his lost lover , Maggie . In the episode `` Man on Fire , '' Enzo shut off his humanity and then Stefan Salvatore ripped out his heart . He was resurrected in the season finale , and later becomes Bonnie 's love interest before coming under the control of the monster in the vault at the end of season 7 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Vampire Diaries episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 September 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 10 ) May 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 13 ) 22 September 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 09 ) May 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 12 ) 22 September 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 15 ) May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 23 October 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 11 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 5 22 October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 6 22 October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 7 22 October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) May 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) 8 16 October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) Production ( edit ) Initially , Kevin Williamson had little interest in developing the series , finding the premise too similar to other vampire tales . However , at the urging of Julie Plec , he began to read the novels and started to become intrigued by the story : `` I began to realize that it was a story about a small town , about that town 's underbelly and about what lurks under the surface . '' Williamson has stated the town 's story will be the main focus of the series rather than high school . On February 6 , 2009 , Variety announced that The CW had green - lit the pilot for The Vampire Diaries with Williamson and Julie Plec set as the head writers and executive producers . On May 19 , 2009 , the series was officially ordered for the 2009 -- 2010 season . The pilot episode was filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , but the rest of the episodes have been filmed in Covington , Georgia ( which doubles as the show 's fictional small town of Mystic Falls , Virginia ) and various other communities around Greater Atlanta to take advantage of local tax incentives . On the morning of May 10 , 2012 , a fire broke out in the building on Clark Street in Covington that was used as the setting for Mystic Grill on the show . The series was given a full 22 - episode order on October 21 , 2009 , after strong ratings for the first half of the season . Now there is a spin - off called The Originals , that goes into depth about the original vampire family from The Vampire Diaries . On February 16 , 2010 , The CW announced that it had renewed the show for a second season , which premiered on September 9 , 2010 . On April 26 , 2011 , The CW renewed the show for a third season . The third season premiered on September 15 , 2011 . The fourth season premiered October 11 , 2012 . The CW renewed the show for a fifth season on February 11 , 2013 . On February 13 , 2014 , The CW renewed the series for a sixth season . On January 11 , 2015 , the CW renewed the series for a seventh season . President of The CW , Mark Pedowitz , said in an interview at the summer TCA 's that The Vampire Diaries did n't receive an extra episode order for the second season at the request of Kevin Williamson . Kevin Williamson felt to do the best show possible , he would rather do 22 episodes . `` I 'd rather have a great 22 than a good 24 if Kevin could n't do it , '' he explained . The first writers meeting for the fifth season held on April 15 , 2013 . Filming began on July 10 , 2013 , and finished on April 10 , 2014 . On July 23 , 2016 , it was announced that show would end after a 16 - episode eighth season . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 68 % 50 ( 22 reviews ) 100 % 78 ( 5 reviews ) 88 % N / A 69 % N / A 5 100 % N / A 6 87 % N / A 7 73 % N / A 8 100 % N / A The Vampire Diaries initially received mixed reviews , which through the course of the show improved greatly . Metacritic gave the show a Metascore of 50 ( out of 100 ) based on 22 critical reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Entertainment Weekly gave the pilot a B+ , declaring that the show `` signals a welcome return to form for writer - producer Kevin Williamson . '' Reviewer , Ken Tucker , ended his review by writing that `` Diaries promises us a season of sharp - tongued amusement . '' Linda Stasi of the New York Post gave the premiere a perfect score , saying that she was `` hooked after one episode . '' Stasi praised the pacing of the episode and the `` vicious , bloody vamp action , '' which `` starts in the opening scene and continues throughout The Vampire Diaries with such ferocity and speed that it 's truly scary . '' Conversely , San Francisco Chronicle 's , Tim Goodman , gave the episode a highly critical review , calling the series `` awful . '' Goodman disliked the dialogue and hoped that the extras on Buffy the Vampire Slayer would `` return en masse to eat the cast of Vampire Diaries , plus any remaining scripts . '' Many TV critics felt the series improved with each episode . Sarah Hughes of The Independent says The Vampire Diaries turns into `` a well - crafted , interestingly developed series '' despite a poor opening episode . The New York Post also praised the portrayal of Elena , finding the character to be a strong - minded woman who did not allow her feelings for her boyfriend to control her . Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union - Tribune said that `` the supernatural drama is a first - class production , featuring an insanely gorgeous cast , sharp scripts , and a brooding vibe that is hard for even the most levelheaded adult to resist . '' Mike Hale of The New York Times gave the series an honorable mention on his list of the top TV shows of 2009 . The show 's second season opened to favorable reviews from professional television critics as it received a 78 / 100 score on Metacritic . As the series progressed and developed onto the third season , critics praised the portrayals of the main characters and the development of the female characters such as Elena Gilbert played by Nina Dobrev , Bonnie Bennett played by Kat Graham , and Caroline Forbes played by Candice King . The third - season finale , `` The Departed , '' received critical acclaim . Diana Steenbergen of IGN praised the episode and the writers for clearing up a couple story lines and making all of them come to a head . She also praised Dobrev 's performance in this episode , addressing her behaviour as another reason the final revelation from Meredith was more shocking and believable . Similarly , Mandi Bierly of Entertainment Weekly review praised the writer 's skills in creating the more unexpected final twist . US Nielsen Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere of The Vampire Diaries on September 10 , 2009 , gave The CW its biggest series premiere , scoring 4.91 million viewers . Adding in DVR numbers , the ratings for the premiere swelled to an official 5.7 million viewers . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` as with several other shows that focus on the supernatural '' , The Vampire Diaries was `` slightly more popular outside of cities . That said , the show 's fandom has the smallest amount of spatial variation of all 50 shows '' . The following is a table for the seasonal rankings based on average total estimated viewers per episode of The Vampire Diaries . `` Rank '' refers to how The Vampire Diaries rated compared to the other television series which aired during prime time hours . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 8 : 00 pm 22 September 10 , 2009 4.91 May 13 , 2010 3.47 2009 -- 10 118 3.60 22 September 9 , 2010 3.36 May 12 , 2011 2.86 2010 -- 11 193 3.17 22 September 15 , 2011 3.10 May 10 , 2012 2.53 2011 -- 12 166 2.91 23 October 11 , 2012 3.18 May 16 , 2013 2.24 2012 -- 13 133 2.97 5 22 October 3 , 2013 2.59 May 15 , 2014 1.61 2013 -- 14 147 2.68 6 22 October 2 , 2014 1.81 May 14 , 2015 1.44 2014 -- 15 160 1.54 7 Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 9 ) Friday 8 : 00 pm ( 10 -- 22 ) 22 October 8 , 2015 1.38 May 13 , 2016 1.04 2015 -- 16 141 1.95 8 Friday 8 : 00 pm 16 October 21 , 2016 0.98 March 10 , 2017 1.15 2016 -- 17 140 1.71 Awards and accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Vampire Diaries Ian Somerhalder gained much attention from critics and audiences , and won several acting awards . The Vampire Diaries won 7 Teen Choice Awards in 2010 including : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV : Breakout Show , Choice TV : Female Breakout Star ( Nina Dobrev ) and Choice TV : Male Breakout Star ( Paul Wesley ) . Other nominations were Choice Male Hottie ( Ian Somerhalder ) and Choice TV : Female Scene Stealer ( Kat Graham ) . The show won an award for Favorite New TV Drama at the 2010 People 's Choice Awards and received a nomination for Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Show . It was also nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Network TV Series . On November 9 , 2010 , it received nominations for Favourite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Show and Favourite TV Drama as well as a nomination for Ian Somerhalder in the TV Drama Actor category at the 2011 People 's Choice Awards . In 2011 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for 12 Teen Choice Awards including : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Joseph Morgan ) , Choice TV : Female Scene Stealer ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV : Male Scene Stealer ( Michael Trevino ) , Choice Female Hottie ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice Male Hottie ( Ian Somerhalder ) and Choice Vampire ( Nina Dobrev , Ian Somerhalder and Paul Wesley ) . At the 2012 People 's Choice Awards , the show gained four nominations : Best TV Drama , Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy , Drama Actor for Ian Somerhalder and Drama Actress for Nina Dobrev . While the show and Ian Somerhalder lost out ( to another The CW show Supernatural and Nathan Fillion , respectively ) , Nina Dobrev won in her category , becoming the first write - in person ever to do so . At the 2012 Teen Choice Awards , the show gained nine nominations : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Joseph Morgan ) , Choice TV : Female Scene Stealer ( Candice Accola ) , Choice TV : Male Scene Stealer ( Michael Trevino ) and Choice Male Hottie ( Ian Somerhalder ) , and won six . In 2013 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for five People 's Choice Awards , including : Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy , Drama Actor for Ian Somerhalder , Drama Actress for Nina Dobrev , Drama Actor for Paul Wesley and Favorite TV Fan Following . While the show lost to another The CW show Supernatural , Ellen Pompeo and Nathan Fillion , respectively . At the 2013 Teen Choice Awards , the show gained eight nominations : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Joseph Morgan ) , Choice TV : Female Scene Stealer ( Candice Accola ) , Choice TV : Male Scene Stealer ( Steven R. McQueen ) . In 2014 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for four People 's Choice Awards , including : Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Show and Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actor for Ian Somerhalder in which he won the award , Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress for Nina Dobrev and Favorite On Screen Chemistry ( Damon Salvatore & Elena Gilbert ) in which they won the award . At the 2014 Teen Choice Awards , the show gained ten nominations : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV : Female Scene Stealer ( Candice Accola ) , Choice TV : Male Scene Stealer ( Michael Trevino ) , Choice Male Hottie ( Ian Somerhalder ) . In 2015 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for five People 's Choice Awards , including : Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy , Drama Actor for Ian Somerhalder , Drama Actor for Paul Wesley , Drama Actress for Nina Dobrev and Favorite TV Duo ( Ian Somerhalder & Nina Dobrev ) in which they won the award . At the 2015 Teen Choice Awards , the show gained ten nominations : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV : Scene Stealer ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Candice Accola ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Chris Wood ) Choice TV : Chemistry ( Kat Graham & Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV : Liplock ( Candice King & Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV : Liplock ( Nina Dobrev & Ian Somerhalder ) . In 2016 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for two People 's Choice Awards , including : Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy and Drama Actor for Ian Somerhalder . At the 2016 Teen Choice Awards , the show gained seven nominations : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV Actress -- Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Candice King ) , Choice TV : Chemistry ( Kat Graham & Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV : Liplock ( Candice King & Paul Wesley ) . In 2017 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for two People 's Choice Awards : Favorite Network TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy and Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actor for Ian Somerhalder . It was also nominated for three Teen Choice Awards : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , and Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Kat Graham ) ( Won ) Home media releases ( edit ) Season one was released on DVD in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 and on Blu - ray in Regions A and B. Both United States versions include commentary by cast and crew members on selected episodes , deleted scenes , behind - the - scenes featurettes , webisodes , and a downloadable audiobook of L.J. Smith 's The Vampire Diaries : The Awakening . It was released on DVD in Region 2 on August 23 , 2010 . Following that release , Region 1 began selling DVDs on August 31 , 2010 , and Region 3 on September 1 , 2010 . In Region A , it was released on Blu - ray on August 31 , 2010 . Region B 's releases varied ; United Kingdom on August 23 , 2010 , Brazil on August 26 , 2010 , and Australia on September 1 , 2010 . The Vampire Diaries Season 2 will be available in DVD and Blu - ray on August 30 , 2011 . Region B 's releases varied ; United Kingdom on August 22 , 2011 , Brazil on August 25 , 2011 . The Vampire Diaries : Season 3 will be available on DVD and Blu - ray on September 11 and A and on September 5 , 2012 , for Regions 4 and B . The Vampire Diaries : Season 4 is available on DVD and Blu - ray in A as of September 15 , 2013 . In Japan , the fourth season was released in a special collection including bonuses not available elsewhere . Included in the collection are an ankle bracelet , promotional image cards and a booklet about the cast . Season DVD release date Blu - ray release date Region A Region B Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 United States Canada United Kingdom Australia August 31 , 2010 August 23 , 2010 September 1 , 2010 August 31 , 2010 August 31 , 2010 August 23 , 2010 September 1 , 2010 August 30 , 2011 August 22 , 2011 September 7 , 2011 August 30 , 2011 August 30 , 2011 August 22 , 2011 September 7 , 2011 1 -- 2 August 22 , 2011 November 9 , 2011 August 22 , 2011 September 11 , 2012 August 20 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 September 11 , 2012 September 11 , 2012 August 20 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 1 -- 3 August 20 , 2012 October 17 , 2012 August 20 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 September 3 , 2013 August 26 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 September 3 , 2013 September 3 , 2013 August 26 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 1 -- 4 August 26 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 August 26 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 5 September 9 , 2014 October 27 , 2014 September 24 , 2014 September 9 , 2014 September 9 , 2014 October 27 , 2014 September 24 , 2014 1 -- 5 October 27 , 2014 October 1 , 2014 October 27 , 2014 Spin - off ( edit ) Main article : The Originals ( TV series ) Former president of entertainment at The CW , Dawn Ostroff , mentioned a spin - off idea in 2010 that she said could happen in a few years . A spin - off was in development for the 2011 fall line - up but due to Kevin Williamson 's commitment to The Secret Circle , it was put on hold indefinitely . Logo of The Originals On January 11 , 2013 , it was announced that a back - door pilot focused on the Originals , starring Joseph Morgan as Klaus titled The Originals would air on April 25 for a potential series pick - up for the 2013 -- 2014 season . This second spin - off attempt was carried out by Julie Plec with no involvement by Kevin Williamson . On April 26 , 2013 , The CW announced that The Originals had been ordered to series premiere in the 2013 -- 14 television season . The Originals premiered on October 3 , 2013 . Daniel Gillies as Elijah , Claire Holt as Rebekah , and Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley will also continue to play their characters , originally from The Vampire Diaries , in the new spin - off series . The Originals is about the Mikaelson siblings , who are the original family of vampires , and their take - over of New Orleans . The show also involves Hayley and Klaus 's daughter , Hope . Producers reported that there would be a transition of the characters in both series . Claire Holt made a special cameo on episodes of The Vampire Diaries , in the episodes `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' and `` 500 Years of Solitude '' . Michael Trevino made a special cameo on episodes of The Originals , `` Bloodletting '' and `` The River In Reverse '' . Joseph Morgan , Daniel Gillies and Claire Holt returned to The Vampire Diaries in a special cameo on the series ' 100th episode `` 500 Years of Solitude '' . Nina Dobrev also appeared on the fifth episode of The Originals 's second season , `` Red Door '' , as Tatia . At the Television Critics Association winter 2016 press tour , CW president Mark Pedowitz announced an official crossover between The Vampire Diaries and The Originals where Stefan goes on the run and finds safe haven in New Orleans where he runs into Klaus . Tie - in material ( edit ) On October 31 , 2013 , DC Comics launched a comic book series based on the TV show . See also ( edit ) Vampire film List of vampire television series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Vampire Diaries ' star Nina Dobrev on Elena 's look - alike dilemma and more '' . Los Angeles Times . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . TV by the Numbers . June 16 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Finals : Survivor , Grey 's Anatomy , CSI , Mentalist , Community Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Tops DVR Ratings Gain For The 2010 -- 11 Season ; ' Fringe ' Has Biggest % Increase By DVR '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries , ' ' Wipeout ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Secret Circle ' Quarter Hour Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Up ; ' Up All Night ' , ' Beauty and the Beast ' and ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' The Vampire Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks And Recreation ' , ' Welcome to the Family ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Michael J. Fox Show ' , & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . May 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Primetime TV Series 2013 Ratings & Rankings -- Full List '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Scandal ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Live + 7 Ratings : Complete 2014 -- 15 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Messengers ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' finale and ' Grimm ' adjust up , ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Final Live + 7 viewer averages for 2015 -- 16 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' moves ahead of ' NCIS , ' NFL stays No. 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Grimm ' adjust down , ' Vampire Diaries ' finale holds : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Final Live + 7 viewer averages for 2016 -- 17 : ' Sunday Night Football ' holds off ' The Big Bang Theory ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Milet , Sandrine ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2010 : Second ( Giant ) Wave Of Nominees Announced ! '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Teen Choice Awards Winners List ' Twilight Saga , ' Justin Bieber and Miley Cyrus are the night 's big winners '' . MTV News . August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards TV Winners The Vampire Diaries and Gossip Girl '' . Teen Choice Awards . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PCA Awards / Nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards nominations '' Archived October 29 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine ... SaturnAwards.org . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Show -- Winners -- 2011 '' . peopleschoice.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Teen Choice Awards , Nominees , Winners , TV Schedule '' . Chiff.com . July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Show -- Winners -- 2012 '' . peopleschoice.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Award Nominees 2012 '' . The Huffington Post . May 18 , 2011 . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2012 : ' Hunger Games , ' ' Twilight ' and Justin Bieber Win Big '' . ABC News . July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Show -- Winners -- 2013 '' . peopleschoice.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2013 -- full list of nominations '' . On the Red Carpet . August 9 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2013 : List of winners '' . CBS News . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Show -- Winners -- 2014 '' . peopleschoice.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , David ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries -- Warner Announces The Complete 1st Season on DVD and Blu - ray : Date , Specs , Extras '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaires -- Season 1 DVD '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- The Complete 1st Season '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries : The Complete First Season ( Blu - ray ) : Nina '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Vampire Diaries : The Complete First Season Blu - ray : Amazon.ca : Nina Dobrev , Ian Somerhalder , David Barrett , David Von Ancken , Dennis Smith , Ernest R. Dickerson , Guy Ferland , J. Miller Tobin , John Dahl , Joshua Butler : DVD '' . Amazon.ca . July 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries : Complete First Season 4pc Blu - ray US Import : Amazon.co.uk : Nina Dobrev , Paul Wesley , Ian Somerhalder , Steven R. McQueen , Sara Canning , Katerina Graham , Candice Accola , Zach Roerig , Michael Trevino , Matthew Davis , Malese Jow , Kelly Hu , David Barrett , David Von Ancken , Dennis Smith , Ernest R. Dickerson , Guy Ferland , J. Miller Tobin , John Dahl , Joshua Butler : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ In Portuguese : `` Listão de lançamentos para AGOSTO ! '' . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- The Complete 1st Season ( 4 Disc Set ) ( Blu - ray ) ( FREE Replica Necklace ) @ EzyDVD '' . EzyDVD.com.au . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Con 2011 Announcement '' . TheWB.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon UK Season 2 Blu - ray '' . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon US Season 3 DVD '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries : Season 3 '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries : Season 3 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Japan '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries -- Warner Announces The Complete 1st Season on DVD and Blu - ray : Date , Specs , Extras '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Dairies -- Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2009 ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- The Complete 1st Season '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries : The Complete First Season ( Blu - ray ) : Nina '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2009 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Nina Dobrev , Paul Wesley , Ian Somerhalder : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- The Complete 1st Season ( 4 Disc Set ) ( Blu - ray ) ( FREE Replica Necklace ) @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon US Season 2 DVD '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Evie . `` Amazon UK Season 2 Blu - ray '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- The Complete 2nd Season ( 5 Disc Set ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon US Season 2 Blu - ray '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- The Complete 2nd Season ( 5 Disc Set ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Seasons 1 -- 2 Complete ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries -- Seasons 1 -- 2 ( 10 Discs ) ( Region 4 ) '' . Fishpond.com.au . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Seasons 1 -- 2 Complete ( Blu - ray ) ( Region Free ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon UK Season 3 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries : Season 3 '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 1 -- 3 Complete ( DVD ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Seasons 1 -- 3 '' . mightyape.com.au . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 1 -- 3 Complete ( Blu - ray ) ( 2012 ) ( Region Free ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The : Seasons 1 -- 3 '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries : The Complete Fourth Season ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 4 ( DVD + UV Copy ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- Season 4 ( Dvd / Ultraviolet ) '' . JBhifi.com.au . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Vampire Diaries : The Complete Fourth Season ( Blu - ray ) ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 4 ( Blu - ray + UV Copy ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- Season 4 ( Blu - ray / Ultraviolet ) '' . JBhifi.com.au . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 1 -- 4 ( DVD ) ( 2013 ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- Season 1 -- 4 '' . JBhifi.com.au . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 1 -- 4 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2013 ) ( Region Free ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- Season 1 -- 4 ( Blu - ray ) '' . JBhifi.com.au . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Vampire Diaries -- ' The Complete 5th Season ' is Officially Announced for DVD , Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . November 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- Season 5 ( Limited Edition ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries : The Complete Fifth Season ( Blu - ray + DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 5 ( Blu - ray ) ( Region Free ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- Season 5 ( Limited Edition ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 1 -- 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- Season 1 -- 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 1 -- 5 ( Blu - ray ) ( Region Free ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CW President teases The Vampire Diaries spin - off '' . TVFanatic.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Marty ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Spin Off On Hold -- Enter Secret Circle '' . Boom Tron . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Orders Backdoor Pilot for ' Vampire Diaries ' Spinoff , ' The Originals ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Spinoff ' The Originals ' in the Works at CW '' . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Spinoff ' The Originals ' Adds Claire Holt '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 5 , Episode 1 : I Know What You Did Last Summer '' . TV.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Claire Holt '' . IMDb . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie . `` Vampire Diaries and The Originals to cross over this season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries # 1 -- DC Entertainment '' . readdcentertainment.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Vampire Diaries Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Vampire Diaries . Official website The Vampire Diaries on Warner TV The Vampire Diaries on IMDb The Vampire Diaries at TV.com The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. 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( since 2013 ) Upcoming All American ( TBA ) Burden of Truth ( 2018 ) Charmed ( TBA ) In the Dark ( TBA ) Legacies ( TBA ) The Outpost ( 2018 ) Roswell , New Mexico ( TBA ) Book Awards for The Vampire Diaries Teen Choice Award for Choice Breakout Series Popular ( 2000 ) The Bernie Mac Show ( 2002 ) 8 Simple Rules ( 2003 ) The O.C. ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Gossip Girl ( 2008 ) Jonas ( 2009 ) The Vampire Diaries ( 2010 ) The Voice ( 2011 ) The X Factor ( 2012 ) The Fosters ( 2013 ) Faking It ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) Shadowhunters ( 2016 ) Riverdale ( 2017 ) People 's Choice Awards for Favorite New TV Drama Eight Is Enough ( 1978 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 1979 ) Hart to Hart ( 1980 ) Magnum , P.I. ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) St. Elsewhere ( 1983 ) Hotel ( 1984 ) Miami Vice ( 1985 ) Dynasty II : The Colbys ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) Thirtysomething ( 1988 ) China Beach ( 1989 ) Rescue 911 ( 1990 ) Equal Justice ( 1991 ) Homefront ( 1992 ) Melrose Place ( 1993 ) NYPD Blue ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Murder One ( 1996 ) Millennium ( 1997 ) Brooklyn South ( 1998 ) L.A. Doctors ( 1999 ) Providence ( 2000 ) Dark Angel ( 2001 ) Alias ( 2002 ) CSI : Miami ( 2003 ) Joan of Arcadia ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Prison Break ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Moonlight ( 2008 ) The Mentalist ( 2009 ) The Vampire Diaries ( 2010 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2011 ) Person of Interest ( 2012 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2013 ) Reign ( 2014 ) The Flash ( 2015 ) Supergirl ( 2016 ) This Is Us ( 2017 ) BNF : cb162306714 ( data ) GND : 7721571 - 0 LCCN : no2010143794 VIAF : 210800008 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Vampire_Diaries&oldid=843407721 '' Categories : The Vampire Diaries 2000s American drama television series 2000s American horror television series 2000s American LGBT - related television series 2000s American mystery television series 2000s American romance television series 2000s American supernatural television series 2009 American television series debuts 2010s American drama television series 2010s American horror television series 2010s American LGBT - related television series 2010s American mystery television series 2010s American romance television series 2010s American supernatural television series 2017 American television series endings American fantasy television series American high school television series American horror fiction television series American romantic drama television series American supernatural television series American teen drama television series The CW shows Dark fantasy television series English - language television programs Horror drama television series Lesbian - related television programs LGBT - related drama television series Nonlinear narrative television series Romantic fantasy television series Serial drama television series Suspense television series Television programs based on American novels Television series about siblings Television series by Alloy Entertainment Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Warner Bros. 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when was the first vampire diaries episode released
[ "The Vampire Diaries is an American supernatural drama television series developed by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec, based on the popular book series of the same name written by L. J. Smith. The series premiered on The CW on September 10, 2009, and concluded on March 10, 2017, airing 171 episodes over eight seasons." ]
[ "September 10, 2009" ]
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SIG Sauer P320
SIG Sauer P320 - wikipedia SIG Sauer P320 Jump to : navigation , search SIG Sauer P320 SIG Sauer P320 Type Semi-automatic pistol Place of origin USA Service history In service 2014 -- present Production history Designer Adrian Thomele , Thomas Metzger , Michael Mayerl , Ethan Lessard Designed 2014 Manufacturer SIG Sauer Inc. , Exeter , NH , United States , = SIG Sauer GmbH , Eckernförde , Germany Produced 2014 - Present Variants Full - size , Carry , Compact , and Subcompact , four calibers , three grip sizes for each , Tacops , RX and X-Five models Specifications Weight 833 g ( 29.4 oz ) P320 Full Size ( incl . magazine ) 737 g ( 26.0 oz ) P320 Carry ( incl . magazine ) 737 g ( 26.0 oz ) P320 Compact ( incl . magazine ) 708 g ( 25.0 oz ) P320 Subcompact ( incl . magazine ) Length 203 mm ( 8.0 in ) P320 Full Size 183 mm ( 7.2 in ) P320 Carry 183 mm ( 7.2 in ) P320 Compact 170 mm ( 6.7 in ) P320 Subcompact Barrel length 120 mm ( 4.7 in ) P320 Full Size 98 mm ( 3.9 in ) P320 Carry 98 mm ( 3.9 in ) P320 Compact 91 mm ( 3.6 in ) P320 Subcompact Width 35.5 mm ( 1.4 in ) P320 Full Size 35.5 mm ( 1.4 in ) P320 Carry 35.5 mm ( 1.4 in ) P320 Compact 33 mm ( 1.3 in ) P320 Subcompact Height 140 mm ( 5.5 in ) P320 Full Size 140 mm ( 5.5 in ) P320 Carry 131 mm ( 5.2 in ) P320 Compact 119 mm ( 4.7 in ) P320 Subcompact Caliber 9 × 19mm Parabellum . 357 SIG . 40 S&W . 45 ACP Action Short recoil operated , locked breech Sig Sauer System Rate of fire Semi-automatic Feed system P320 Full Size and P320 Full Size RX models : 17 rounds 9 × 19mm Parabellum 14 rounds . 357 Sig , . 40 S&W 10 rounds . 45 ACP Tacops Full : 21 rounds 9 × 19mm Parabellum Carry : 17 rounds 9 × 19mm Parabellum 14 rounds . 357 Sig , . 40 S&W 10 rounds . 45 ACP Tacops Carry : 21 rounds 9 × 19mm Parabellum Compact : 15 rounds 9 × 19mm Parabellum 13 rounds . 357 Sig , . 40 S&W 9 rounds . 45 ACP RX Compact : 15 rounds 9 × 19mm Parabellum Subcompact : 12 rounds 9 × 19mm Parabellum 10 rounds . 40 S&W 6 rounds . 45 ACP Sights Fixed iron sights , front -- blade , rear -- notch , with optional tritium night inserts , Optical Reflex sight on RX models , high sights on RX and Tacops models The SIG Sauer P320 is a modular design of semi-automatic pistol made by Sig Sauer , Inc. of Exeter , New Hampshire and SIG Sauer GMBH of Eckernförde , Germany . The SIG Sauer P320 can be chambered in 9 × 19mm Parabellum ( referred to here as simply 9mm ) , . 357 SIG , . 40 S&W , and . 45 ACP . The handguns made in 9mm , . 357 SIG , and . 40 S&W calibers can be easily converted among each to be the other . A change from . 357 Sig to . 40 S&W requires only a barrel change . The change between 9mm to . 357 Sig or . 40 S&W and vice versa are accomplished using a caliber exchange kits . The P320 chambered in 9 × 19mm Parabellumwas introduced in the North American market on January 15 , 2014 followed by the . 45 ACP compact model at the SHOT Show in January 2015 . The P320 is a further development of the SIG Sauer P250 utilizing a striker - fired mechanism in lieu of a double action only hammer system . On January 19 , 2017 , it was announced that a customized version of the SIG Sauer P320 had won the United States Military XM17 Modular Handgun System competition . The full sized model will be known as the M17 and the carry sized model will be known as the M18 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design details 1.1 Features 1.1. 1 Modular options 1.2 Recoil mechanism 1.3 Slide 1.4 Safety Mechanisms 1.5 Trigger system 1.6 Barrel 1.7 Ammunition feeding 1.8 Sights 1.9 Field Stripping 1.10 Removing the Fire Control Unit 1.11 Accessories 2 Variants 2.1 Modular Handgun System Procurement XM17 2.1. 1 The 101st Airborne are the first to receive the M17 3 Drop Firing Problem 4 Voluntary Upgrade Program 5 Patent Infringement Lawsuit 6 Users 7 References 8 External links Design Details ( edit ) Features ( edit ) A key feature of the pistol is its modular design . The main module of the P320 is an internal stainless steel frame fire control unit , which consists of the integrated fire control group ( trigger , and all necessary linkage and springs ) , ambidextrous slide release ( one on each side of the pistol ) , ejector and four slide rails . This steel receiver unit is used in every P320 grip module , top end , and chambering combination and is inserted into the grip frame module and held in place by the axis pin of the disassembly lever . The firearm 's serial number is on the fire control unit instead of the grip module . The fire control unit allows the operator to interchange differently - sized slide assembly or top end modules and polymer grip frame modules and trigger shoes and ( limited ) chambering conversions to adapt the gun to the individual user and address different needs . Each of these three calibers comes in four sizes , which again can all be changed back and forth using caliber exchange kits . A 9mm full size can be changed to a 9mm carry , compact , or subcompact in this manner ( as can any of the 3 calibers ) . Or a 9mm full size can be changed to . 357 Sig carry ( for example ) . In addition to the basic P320 models are the RX series which feature optical sights built in . Another P320 variation is the X Series . The RX features are also available to standard models through caliber exchange kits , and vice versa . These parts are not firearms and are not serialized and can be sold and shipped with no restriction . The Sig Sauer P320 handguns use polymer grip frames which can be changed from between of four sizes of frames and three sizes of grips . In this manner the size of the grip is matched to the length of the handgun action as well as being available in three grip sizes . The four chassis sizes are full , carry , compact , and sub compact . The three grip sizes are large , medium , and small . The . 45 ACP caliber is not interchangeable with the other calibers but does have varying grip sizes too . Most of the grip sizes have a standard Picatinny accessory rail , except for subcompact grips . The firearms serial number , which is used for registration and tracking by the government , is part of the one part that is not changeable with regard to registration and is in effect the firearm regardless of which of the frame or grip sizes is attached to it . The Fire Control Unit ( FCU ) contains the trigger , striker , disconnector , and safety mechanisms . This is , in effect , the firearm while all the interchangeable barrels , slides , recoil springs , grips , and magazines involved are merely accessory pieces and are not subject to registration of restrictions . ( USA regulations ) . The ability to change caliber , frame size , and grip size is the essence of the modular system . The P320 was designed to be ambidextrous in handling , sporting an ambidextrous slide catch lever and user reversible magazine catch . All other operating controls are designed so they can be operated from either side . The firearm can be field stripped with no tools . Additionally , the firearm can also be field stripped without depressing the trigger , an additional safety feature to prevent negligent discharge of the weapon . The full - size , carry and compact grip modules feature an integral Picatinny rail mounting - bracket at the lower forward edge of the module to allow the mounting of laser sights , tactical lights , and other accessories . Modular options ( edit ) Sig Sauer P320 Full Size The P320 pistol is offered in three Glass - filled polymer grip module sizes -- small , medium , and large -- in each of the full - sized , carry , compact , and subcompact P320 variants . The pistol top ends also come in full - sized , compact , and subcompact variants that will fit the correspondingly sized grip modules . Every chambering can be converted by the user with a caliber exchange kit . The 9 × 19mm Parabellum , . 40 S&W , and . 357 SIG chamberings share their polymer grip frame modules and this offers the possibility to interchange these three chamberings by swapping the top end -- consisting of the slide , recoil spring assembly , barrel and the box magazine . Due to the significantly larger external dimensions of the . 45 ACP cartridge compared to the other P320 chambering options , the . 45 ACP chambering uses slightly wider . 45 ACP -- specific polymer grip modules with an enlarged magazine well . The firearm 's `` fire control group '' , which contains the only serialized part of the firearm , is also slightly different to accommodate the enlarged magazine well . The manufacturer offers caliber exchange kits or Caliber X-Change ® kits consisting of a slide , recoil assembly , barrel , box magazine and grip module in the varying frame sizes , grip module sizes and chambering variants in which the P320 pistol is offered . These kits enable a user to switch between the various P320 configurations without the use of tools . Recoil mechanism ( edit ) Like other SIG Sauer pistols , the P320 pistol is a short recoil operated , locked breech pistol . It uses the Sig Sauer System cam - operated barrel , which locks into the ejection port on the slide . Slide ( edit ) The slide is made of stainless steel and is often finished in a durable black finish called Nitron ® . The slide contains the breechblock , striker , disconnector , ejector , and safety systems . State compliant versions may also mount an ambidextrous external safety lever . Some slides are machined for the Romeo1 type of optical sight . Safety mechanisms ( edit ) The standard P320 has no manual safeties , promoting instant readiness . The use of an automatic firing pin safety combined with a disconnector ensures safe carrying of the weapon , while preventing accidental discharges if the gun is dropped or roughly handled . As mandated in some USA states , some models come with an external safety . The Modular Handgun System ( MHS ) ( now known as the M17 ) version of the P320 has an ambidextrous thumb safety . Law Enforcement and Military versions can also be equipped with a tabbed safety trigger on request . Trigger System ( edit ) The trigger releases a pretensioned Double Action striker . The trigger system has a pull weight of about 5.5 lbs. , 28.95 N The P320 trigger is available in standard ( solid ) and tabbed ( with trigger safety ) . Barrel ( edit ) The P320 is available with a 120 mm ( 4.7 in ) , 98 mm ( 3.9 in ) , or 91 mm ( 3.6 in ) barrel depending on the size ( full - sized , carry / compact or sub-compact respectively ) . The Tacops model barrel is threaded for suppressor ( also called a silencer ) use . Model Size Barrel Length Threaded X-Five 5 Full 4.7 Carry 3.9 4.6 Compact 3.9 Subcompact 3.6 Ammunition feeding ( edit ) The pistol feeds from metal detachable box magazines with a 6 to 21 round magazine capacity , depending on chambering and pistol size . See the chart under the Variants section . Sights ( edit ) The P320 comes with three - dot combat - type iron sights of which the front sight element can be drifted to the left or right in its dovetail to adjust for windage . There are three rear sight heights and six front sight heights available to adjust for elevation . Self - luminous tritium - powered SIGLITE Night Sights in differing heights are optional . SIGLITE night sights are optional , but come standard in exchange kits . The SIG Sauer Romeo1 sight is supplied on the RX Full and RX Compact versions of the P320 . The X-Five comes with Dawson Precision Fiber Optic front sight and a fully adjustable rear sight . Field stripping ( edit ) Field stripping is accomplished by first locking the action open with the hold open lever either by racking the slide to the rear with an empty magazine which will engage the slide hold open lever when the slide is released , or by holding the slide to the rear and then pushing up the slide hold open lever . The magazine is then removed . Then the takedown lever on the left side of the frame is revolved downward . The slide hold open lever is then pushed down while holding onto the slide assembly which can then be removed from it 's engagement with the fire control units stainless steel rails . Once removed the barrel can be removed from the slide by pushing the recoil spring , located under the barrel away from the breech block which allows the spring to be removed . Then the barrel can be pivoted downward away from the slide breech end first and then removed from the front of the slid bushing . Cleaning can be easily accomplished from this point on . Reassembly requires that the slide be locked open with the slide hold open lever ( and then released or left open ) or the magazine can not be reinserted . Removing the fire control unit ( edit ) Changing grip modules is very easy and simple . It begins with the removal of the slide as noted above . Once the slide assembly is removed the takedown lever can be removed from the frame by pulling it out from the left side . Then the Fire Control Unit ( FCU ) can be pivoted out of the grip . The FCU can then be easily inserted into a different grip size and if desired a different slide assembly can be used with that different frame . This is the essence of the configurability of the modular system . Accessories ( edit ) The factory accessories consist of magazines , caliber exchange kits , barrels , handgun holsters , Optical Sights , and Tactical Light / Laser units . Variants ( edit ) In the chart below the presence of MS in the model indicates a model with manual external ambidextrous safety . The presence of TB in the model indicates Threaded Barrel . Siglights are tritium illuminated Night Sights . States that have restrictions are listed next to the model . These related to manual safety and magazine capacity in most cases . The X-Five model has a 5 '' bull barrel . X model has a different grip and flat trigger . * M17 is in Coyote for grip and controls . Available with and without the external manual safety . Comes with RX type slide and night sights . Model Caliber State Compliant Mag Cap # of Mags Sights Nitron Full 9mm CT / HI / NY 10 Siglight Nitron Full 9mm 17 Siglight Nitron Full . 40 S&W CT / HI / NY 10 Siglight Nitron Full . 40 S&W 14 Siglight Nitron Full . 45 ACP CT / HI / NY 10 Contrast Sights Nitron Full . 45 ACP 10 Siglight Nitron Compact 9mm CT / HI / MO / NY 10 Contrast Sights Nitron Compact 9mm CT / HI / MO / NY 10 Siglight Nitron Compact MS 9mm MA 10 Siglight Nitron Compact 9mm 15 Siglight Nitron Compact TB 9mm 15 Siglight Nitron Compact MS 9mm 15 Siglight Nitron Compact . 40 S&W CT / HI / MO / NY 10 Contrast Sights Nitron Compact . 40 S&W CT / HI / MO / NY 10 Siglight Nitron Compact . 40 S&W 13 Siglight Nitron Compact . 45 ACP 9 Contrast Sights Nitron Compact MS . 45 ACP MA 9 Siglight Nitron Compact MS . 45 ACP 9 Siglight Nitron Carry 9mm CT / HI / NY 10 Siglight Nitron Carry 9mm 17 Siglight Nitron Carry TB 9mm 10 Siglight Nitron Carry 357 Sig CT / HI / NY 10 Siglight Nitron Carry 9mm 14 Siglight Nitron Carry . 40 S&W CT / HI / NY 10 Siglight Nitron SubCompact 9mm 12 Siglight Nitron SubCompact . 40 S&W 10 Siglight FDE Compact 9mm 10 Siglight FDE Compact 9mm 15 Siglight FDE Compact . 35 Sig 10 Siglight FDE Compact . 40 S&W 10 Siglight Tacops Full 9mm 21 TFD Frt , Siglight Rr Tacops Carry TB 9mm 21 Tall Slite Night Sights X-Five Full 9mm 5 '' Barrel 21 Dawson Fiber Optic RX Full 9mm CT / HI / NY 10 Siglight RX Full 9mm 17 Siglight RX Compact 9mm CT / HI / NY 15 Tall Slite Night Sights RX Compact 9mm CT / HI / NY 10 Siglight RX Compact 9mm CT / HI / NY 15 Siglight X-Carry 9mm Flat Trigger X Grip 17 X Ray X-VTAX 9mm Straight Trigger , FDE 17 VTAC Day - Night Sights M17 ( MS ) 9mm Coyote Grip & Controls RX type Slide , Night Sights Modular handgun System Procurement XM17 ( edit ) When the requirements were formulated for a new handgun for the US Army one of the tenants of the proposal was that an existing model handgun was desired to fulfill the requirements laid out in the Modular Handgun System Request for Proposal , known as the XM17 Procurement . Sig Sauer submitted a P320 with a number of modifications and submitted them for the XM17 Modular Handgun System competition . Modifications include : Slide cut out to facilitate the addition of a reflex sight . ( This is the slide from the RX Series ) Ambidextrous thumb safety Loaded chamber indicator Improved slide sub-assembly to capture small components when disassembled Improved trigger `` mud flap '' to prevent foreign debris from entering the pistol action 4.7 '' 120 mm barrel length in full size M17 3.9 '' 98 mm barrel length in compact M18 chambered in 9 × 19mm Parabellum ( can be adapted to fire larger calibers like . 357 SIG and . 40 S&W ) Pistols chambered in 9mm can feature a 17 - round magazine in standard with optional 21 - round extended magazines available . The 101st Airborne are the first to receive the M17 ( edit ) On January 19 , 2017 , it was announced that the SIG Sauer P320 MHS variant had won the United States Military 's Modular Handgun System trials . The P320 will be known as the M17 ( full size ) and M18 ( compact ) in U.S. Military service . Though the pistol will remain chambered in 9 x 19mm Parabellum rather than a larger caliber , the contract allows the Army and other services to procure Sig Sauer 's proposed XM1152 Full Metal Jacket and XM1153 Special Purpose ammunition . The ammunition chosen to go with the pistol is a `` Winchester jacketed hollow point '' round . In May 2017 , the Army announced that the first unit that will receive the M17 would be the 101st Airborne Division by the end of the year . At the same time , the rest of the U.S. Armed Forces revealed they also intend to acquire the handgun , making it the standard sidearm for the entire U.S. military . The services plan to procure up to 421,000 weapons in total ; 195,000 for the Army , 130,000 for the Air Force , 61,000 for the Navy ( XM18 compact version only ) , and 35,000 for the Marines . On 17 November 2017 , soldiers of the 101st Airborne received the first XM17 and XM18 pistols , with over 2,000 handguns delivered . The XM17 has better accuracy and ergonomics and tighter dispersion than the M9 . It will also be fielded more widely , being issued down to squad and fireteam leaders ; while special forces would dual - arm all of its members with a pistol and rifle , previously junior leaders in regular infantry units were excluded from carrying sidearms but policy was changed to give them more choices and options in close quarters battle situations . All Army units are planned to have the M9 replaced with the M17 within a decade . Drop firing problem ( edit ) In late July 2017 , the Dallas Police Department instructed all personnel to stop carrying the P320 pending an investigation . There are concerns that the firearm may discharge when it is dropped and the back of the slide hits the ground at about a 30 - degree angle . The problem may be related to the trigger weight ; some triggers are heavy enough that they essentially continue to move due to inertia after the gun hits the ground . Internet publications , such as TheTruthAboutGuns.com , conducted independent tests that appear to confirm potential drop firings ( at a 40 % rate ) . Another test has shown that the P320 may discharge when the magazine hits the ground first after the gun is dropped . On 8 August 2017 , Sig Sauer issued a notice that they would upgrade all P320s to address the issue . The P320 upgrade program is detailed on the Sig Sauer Website at : P320 Voluntary Upgrade Program . Voluntary upgrade program ( edit ) Although the P320 handgun had successfully passed the MH17 drop protocol tests it became apparent later than the gun could fire if dropped in a specific fashion onto a hard surface . In one instance a gun writer installed a lighter trigger which almost totally eliminated the possibility of accidentally firing . Sig Sauer instituted a program for those who wanted to upgrade their P320 handguns whereby a number of changes are made which ensure that no drop discharges are likely to occur . The details of the changes are found here : Explanation of Changes Made To The P320 Pistol The upgrade program entails no cost to the owner . Sig Sauer sends a `` call tag '' to the owner who ships the firearm at no cost by 2 day freight to Sig 's factory for the upgrade . After the upgrade is performed the handgun is shipped back to the owner , again by 2 day freight . To participate in the upgrade program a user goes to the Sig Sauer website as shown above and registers for the upgrade . Sig Sauer will send to the user a prepaid shipping label and instruction on how to pack the firearm for legal shipment . Details will generally be sent by email , or post if the owner does not have email . Once the firearm arrives at Sig Sauer the announced wait time is from four to six weeks . Actual turnaround time has been as short as 7 days . Once shipped the owner will be notified of the shipment and given a tracking number . SIG SAUER Announces Details of Free P320 ' Voluntary Upgrade ' Program Owners who have received their P320s back after the upgrade report that they are also being given a Sig P320 Patch and a 25 % discount coupon for a future purchase from the Sig Sauer store . Patent infringement lawsuit ( edit ) In May 2017 , Steyr Mannlicher filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Sig Sauer . Steyr references their patent US6260301 ( filed in 1999 and approved in 2001 ) , which is for a handgun with a removable chassis . Steyr Arms is demanding a preliminary and permanent injunction against Sig Sauer selling any of these firearms . Users ( edit ) Thailand : Royal Thai Police ; Purchase of 152,468 SIG Sauer P320 pistols is approved . The pistols were delivered in December 2017 . United States : United States Army : On January 19th , 2017 , the P320 was chosen to replace the Beretta M9 as its main service pistol in response to the request for a Modular Handgun System ( MHS ) also known as XM17 . Hawaii Department of Public Safety Oklahoma Highway Patrol Pasco County Sheriff 's Office ( Florida ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SHOT Show 2015 : SIG SAUER adds subcompact and . 45 - Caliber options to P320 family '' . miltechmag.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ OMelveny , Sean . `` Army Picks Sig Sauer 's P320 Handgun to Replace M9 Service Pistol '' . military.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` P320 Pistol - Officer.com '' . officer.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SIG SAUER P320 '' . thetruthaboutguns.com . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : SIG Sauer P320 Pistol '' . shootingillustrated.com . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Review : SIG SAUER P320 RX Compact '' . thetruthaboutguns.com . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` P320 X-Five Full - Size '' . Sig Sauer . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SIG SAUER 2018 Product Catalog '' . Sigsauer.com . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Details on the U.S. Army 's new Sig Sauer M17 Sidearm '' . tacticalcache.com . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SIG SAUER Unveils the P320 MHS Edition - The Truth About Guns '' . thetruthaboutguns.com . October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Times , Military . `` GearScout '' . militarytimes.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Contracts Press Operations Release No : CR - 012 - 17 Jan. 19 , 2017 '' . defense.gov . defense.gov . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Sig Sauer Inc. , Newington , New Hampshire , was awarded up to $580,217,000 for a firm - fixed - price contract for the Modular Handgun System including handgun , accessories and ammunition to replace the current M9 handgun . Bids were solicited via the Internet with nine received . Work locations and funding will be determined with each order , with an estimated completion date of Jan. 19 , 2027 . Army Contracting Command , Picatinny Arsenal , New Jersey , is the contracting activity ( W15QKN - 17 - D - 0016 ) . Jump up ^ Army Confirms 9mm for Modular Handgun System - Kitup.Military.com , 26 January 2017 Jump up ^ Army Names First Unit to Receive Service 's New Pistol - Military.com , 3 May 2017 Jump up ^ MHS Update : Services Embrace Army 's New Sidearm - Kitup.Military.com , 3 May 2017 Jump up ^ In a first , the Army 's new handgun will be issued to team leaders - Armytimes.com , 29 November 2017 Jump up ^ Army Explains New Dual - Arming Policy for Modular Handgun System - Military.com , 1 December 2017 Jump up ^ http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/08/02/breaking-p320-recall-issued-dallas-police-prohibited-duty-till-repaired/ Jump up ^ http://www.thetruthaboutguns.com/2017/08/jeremy-s/breaking-ttag-tests-show-p320-striker-fired-pistols-are-not-drop-safe/ Jump up ^ https://www.omahaoutdoors.com/blog/sig-sauer-p320-fails-drop-test/ Jump up ^ https://www.sigsauer.com/press-releases/sig-sauer-issues-voluntary-upgrade-p320-pistol/ Jump up ^ http://www.thetruthaboutguns.com/2017/05/foghorn/lawsuit-filed-sig-sauer-steyr-patent-infringement-new-army-p320/ Jump up ^ `` Police chief to seek approval from ministry to make direct order of 150,000 Sig Sauer pistols '' . Thai PBS . 2015 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Gen Prayut Chan - o - cha Approves Royal Thai Police 's Purchase of 152,468 SIG Sauer Model P320 Pistols '' . Chiang Rai Times.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Claims of gangsters buying police pistols are false , says RTP spokesman '' . The Nation. 24 December 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Defense Contracts '' . January 19 , 2017 . Sig Sauer Inc. , Newington , New Hampshire , was awarded up to $580,217,000 for a firm - fixed - price contract for the Modular Handgun System including handgun , accessories and ammunition to replace the current M9 handgun . Bids were solicited via the Internet with nine received . Work locations and funding will be determined with each order , with an estimated completion date of Jan. 19 , 2027 . Army Contracting Command , Picatinny Arsenal , New Jersey , is the contracting activity ( W15QKN - 17 - D - 0016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Army '' . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii DPS '' . Thefirearmsblog.com . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma Highway Patrol Selects SIG SAUER P320 '' . SIG Sauer . June 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Pasco sheriff 's deputies trade in Glocks for free SIG Sauer service handguns '' . Tamba Bay Times . 2016 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to SIG Sauer P320 . Official website P320 page US ARMY 101st AIRBORNE fire the M17 MHS ( SIG SAUER P320 ) ( Video ) US ARMY 101st AIRBORNE fire the M17 MHS ( SIG SAUER P320 ) ( hide ) Semi-automatic pistols made by SIG Sauer Full size P210 P220 P226 P227 P230 SIG Pro series ( 2009 , 2022 , 2340 ) GSR Mosquito 1911 Series SIG Sauer M17 Compact size P224 P225 P228 ( M11 ) P229 P230 P239 P245 SIG Sauer M18 Sub Compact 1911 Army Compact 1911 C3 Compact Ultra Compact 1911 Two Tone Ultra Compact 1911 Ultra Compact Micro Compact P238 P290 P290RS P365 P938 Modular P250 Series P320 Series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SIG_Sauer_P320&oldid=821485030 '' Categories : . 357 SIG firearms . 40 S&W firearms . 45 ACP firearms 9mm Parabellum firearms Police weapons SIG Sauer semi-automatic pistols Modular firearms Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from January 2017 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Italiano 日本 語 Português Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 19 : 42 . 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what is the difference between the m17 and m18
[ "On January 19, 2017, it was announced that the SIG Sauer P320 MHS variant had won the United States Military's Modular Handgun System trials. The P320 will be known as the M17 (full size) and M18 (compact) in U.S. Military service. Though the pistol will remain chambered in 9 x 19mm Parabellum rather than a larger caliber, the contract allows the Army and other services to procure Sig Sauer’s proposed XM1152 Full Metal Jacket and XM1153 Special Purpose ammunition.[12][13] The ammunition chosen to go with the pistol is a \"Winchester jacketed hollow point\" round.", "On January 19, 2017, it was announced that the SIG Sauer P320 MHS variant had won the United States Military's Modular Handgun System trials. The P320 will be known as the M17 (full size) and M18 (compact) in U.S. Military service. Though the pistol will remain chambered in 9 x 19mm Parabellum rather than a larger caliber, the contract allows the Army and other services to procure Sig Sauer’s proposed XM1152 Full Metal Jacket and XM1153 Special Purpose ammunition.[12][13] The ammunition chosen to go with the pistol is a \"Winchester jacketed hollow point\" round." ]
[ "M18 (compact)", "M17 (full size)" ]
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Greg Reeves
Greg Reeves - wikipedia Greg Reeves Jump to : navigation , search Greg Reeves Birth name Gregory Reeves April 7 , 1955 Warren , Ohio Genres Jazz , R&B , rock Occupation ( s ) Session musician Instruments Bass guitar Years active 1966 - present Associated acts Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young , Temptations Greg Reeves is an American bass guitarist . He is best known for playing bass on Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young 's Déjà Vu ( 1970 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography and career 1.1 Work with CSNY 1.2 Post CSNY 2 References 3 Bibliography 4 External links Biography and career ( edit ) Little is known about Reeves ' early life . Even his birthdate is contested ; although he may have graduated from Warren Western Reserve High School in Warren , Ohio , in 1968 , drummer Dallas Taylor recalled that Reeves had a fake driver 's license ( procured by Rick James ) showing his age to be 19 and was rumored to be as young as 15 in 1969 . Reeves has partially corroborated Taylor 's account , noting that he was `` very young '' during his tenure with CSNY . It has been reported that Reeves was employed as a session bass player with Motown Records when he was 12 ; although he was scouted at that age by Motown and Chess Records , his mother `` would not hear of '' him forsaking his education to work as a professional musician at that juncture . Despite having been credited with playing bass on The Temptations ' `` Cloud Nine '' , Reeves claimed in a 2012 interview that he was apprehensive during the recording session and switched to tambourine at the behest of producer Norman Whitfield , his recruiter and main benefactor at Motown . During this period , he was also mentored by other Motown luminaries , including the aforementioned James ( who concurrently played alongside Reeves in Salt ' N ' Pepa , a Los Angeles rock group formed from the remnants of Merryweather ) and James Jamerson . He has since contended that his most notable performance for the company was the bass part ( overdubbed in Los Angeles ) of `` No Matter What Sign You Are '' , the final song recorded by Diana Ross with The Supremes . Work with CSNY ( edit ) Reeves recorded and toured with Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young from August 1969 to January 1970 and is credited on the cover of their 1970 Déjà Vu album ; he appears with the group in the concert documentary Celebration at Big Sur ( filmed in September 1969 ) and in contemporaneous television appearances on This is Tom Jones and The Music Scene . While it was previously assumed that James referred the bassist to Young ( who had previously backed James in The Mynah Birds ) in the wake of the band 's rehearsals with former Buffalo Springfield bassist Bruce Palmer , according to Reeves , `` David ( Crosby ) and Graham ( Nash ) drove up to the apartment where we lived on Olive Drive at the time ... from the pool I saw them knock on the door , and Rick yelled for me . They asked Rick James who I was and Rick came , got me and brought me out front to the limousine that Graham Nash and David Crosby were in and asked me in front of them , would I mind going with them to jam . I asked Rick James ' Are n't you coming , too ? ' He said ' They want you to come alone . ' I went back to the house , grabbed my Fender Precision Bass guitar and Gibson acoustic guitar , climbed into the limousine and never came back to Rick 's house again . They would not let me go . From the first time jamming with me , they would not let me leave ... to this day I do n't how Graham and David knew where Rick and I lived . '' In consultation with other band members , Stephen Stills fired Reeves from the group in April 1970 `` because ( he ) suddenly decided he was an Apache witch doctor . '' Stills further opined that Reeves `` freaked too much on the bass and no one could keep up because ( he ) did not play one rhythm the same ... he could play bass imaginatively , but he has to be predictable as well '' , while Reeves also wanted to sing some of his songs during CSN&Y shows , which Stills thought `` was ludicrous , only because the songs were n't great . We 'll sing any song if it 's great , but not just because it happens to be written by our bass player . '' Dallas Taylor ( who seldom fraternized with Reeves and was dismissed from the group a month later at the instigation of Neil Young ) later noted that while the bassist and Stills did not get along , Reeves and Young were good friends . Following Reeves ' termination , Young defied his bandmates and continued to collaborate with Reeves . Reeves has alleged that the `` bass hook '' of one of his songs was appropriated by Stills for the main riff of `` Carry On '' ; heeding the advice of James , he demurred from pursuing the issue after receiving a profit point on Déjà Vu . Although he has conceded that `` ( the band ) thought I was trying to put spells on them '' due to his trenchant interest in Native American shamanism , Reeves ultimately ascribed his termination to `` Stills ( having ) a problem with himself , just dealing with himself . '' Post CSNY ( edit ) Few details are known about Reeves ' life and career following his dismissal from CSNY . He reportedly earned an associate 's degree in Mandarin Chinese at Coastline Community College during the intervening decades , while his song `` I Got Your Number '' has been covered by such artists as Tom Jones , Boz Scaggs , and Johnny Bristol . Other unreleased songs allegedly recorded for David Geffen and Clive Davis ( including `` Working Man '' ) have been championed by Graham Nash and Neil Young ; an unreleased cache of his recordings from the early 1970s features a band including Stevie Wonder on drums and Nils Lofgren and Duane Allman on guitar . His 1978 $1 million lawsuit pertaining to unpaid CSN&Y royalties was eventually settled amicably . In the aftermath of his tenure with the group , Reeves nevertheless contributed in earnest to several projects , including most of Neil Young 's After the Gold Rush , Crosby & Nash 's eponymous debut ( `` Immigration Man '' ; 1972 ) , Dave Mason 's It 's Like You Never Left ( 1973 ) , an unreleased version of `` Tonight 's the Night '' recorded by Young in early 1974 , and indeterminate recordings with George Clinton following the temporary dissolution of Parliament Funkadelic in the early 1980s . Lofgren claimed that during one of the sessions for After the Gold Rush , Reeves appeared covered head to toe in gold paint ; Young explained the bassist was `` doin ' his Indian thing . '' Reeves was briefly interviewed by author Jimmy McDonough for Shakey , his 2003 biography of Neil Young . Both Young and Lofgren continue to laud Reeves ' playing style , noting his versatility and ability to move fluidly between simple and complex bass lines . Dallas Taylor told an interviewer in 2007 that he had not spoken to Reeves since he was fired from CSN&Y in 1970 . Reeves was rumored to have spent time in jail ; according to Reeves , from September 1977 to April 1978 `` I spent time in a Mexican jail with the Mexican president 's nephew as a political prisoner , because we had tried to smuggle marijuana across the border . True story ! Neil Young sent me money ( via Western Union ) to pay the Mexican police ( Judicial Government Police ) for my freedom . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` 4WAYSITE '' . 4WAYSITE. 1969 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Robesonian article : `` Songster Rick James Cracks The Pop Market . '' Jump up ^ Crosby , Stills & Nash : The Authorized Biography . Zimmer & Diltz , pp. 94 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shakey : Neil Young 's Biography -- Jimmy McDonough -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young ( Live ) - Down By The River '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Crosby , Stills & Nash : The Authorized Biography . Zimmer & Diltz , pp. 124 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Reeves Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` After the Gold Rush - Neil Young Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 30 . Bibliography ( edit ) Zimmer , D and Diltz , H ( 2000 ) . Crosby , Stills & Nash : the authorized biography , page 94 . Da Capo Press , 2000 . External links ( edit ) Greg Reeves at AllMusic Greg Reeves at Discogs ( hide ) Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young David Crosby Stephen Stills Graham Nash Neil Young Studio albums Crosby , Stills & Nash Déjà Vu CSN Daylight Again American Dream Live It Up After the Storm Looking Forward Live albums 4 Way Street Allies Déjà Vu Live CSN 2012 CSNY 1974 Compilation albums So Far Replay CSN Carry On Greatest Hits Demos Songs `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' `` Marrakesh Express '' `` Guinnevere '' `` Wooden Ships '' `` Lady of the Island '' `` Helplessly Hoping '' `` Woodstock '' `` Helpless '' `` Teach Your Children '' `` Almost Cut My Hair '' `` Our House '' `` Ohio '' `` Just a Song Before I Go '' `` Wasted on the Way '' `` Southern Cross '' Related bands The Byrds Buffalo Springfield The Hollies CPR Crosby & Nash The Stills - Young Band Manassas Crazy Horse Related people Joni Mitchell Judy Collins Chris Hillman Cass Elliot Timothy B. Schmit Greg Reeves Dallas Taylor Other related articles Discography CSNY / Déjà Vu GND : 134572661 VIAF : 134447944 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greg_Reeves&oldid=843180499 '' Categories : American rock bass guitarists Living people African - American rock musicians American session musicians Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young members American rhythm and blues bass guitarists Guitarists from Los Angeles American male guitarists 1955 births Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 12 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played bass in crosby stills and nash
[ "Greg Reeves is an American bass guitarist. He is best known for playing bass on Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young's Déjà Vu (1970)." ]
[ "Greg Reeves" ]
-5218883268906171581
List of medical abbreviations: T
List of medical abbreviations : t - wikipedia List of medical abbreviations : t hide Medical abbreviations ← previous page of list ( S ) next page of list ( U ) → 0 -- 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Latin abbreviations Prescription abbreviations Acronyms in healthcare Abbreviations for medical organisations and personnel Abbreviations for diseases and disorders Abbreviation Meaning thoracic vertebrae Treatment TA temporal arteritis T&A tonsillectomy with adenoidectomy T&C type and cross-match ( see blood transfusion ) T&S type and screen ( blood ; e.g. , to prepare for blood transfusion ) Tab Tablet ( pharmacy ) TAB therapeutic abortion TAH total abdominal hysterectomy TAH - BSO total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo - oophorectomy TAP trypsinogen activation peptide TAPVR total anomalous pulmonary venous return TAT thematic apperception test TAVI transcatheter aortic valve implantation TAVR transcatheter aortic valve replacement TB tuberculosis TBC tuberculosis total body crunch TbEC Enteric coated tablet TBG thyroid - binding globulin TBI to be intubated total body irradiation traumatic brain injury TBLC term birth living child TC traffic crash TCA tricyclic antidepressants TCC transitional cell carcinoma TCM traditional Chinese medicine TCN tetracycline TCOM Transcutaneous oxygen measurement TCT thrombin clotting time T2DM type 2 Diabetes mellitus Td tetanus and diphtheria ( combined vaccination ) TDaP tetanus , diphtheria , and acellular pertussis combined vaccine TdP Torsades de pointes TDS three times a day ( from Latin ter die sumendus ) TdT terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase TD Tardive dyskinesia TE tracheoesophageal TEB thoracic electrical bioimpedance ( see impedance cardiography ) TEC transient erythroblastopenia of childhood TEE transesophageal echocardiogram TEF tracheoesophageal fistula TEM transmission electron microscopy Temp temperature TEN toxic epidermal necrolysis TENS transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator TF transfer T / F transfer TFR tumor volume to fetal weight ratio TFTs thyroid function tests TGA transposition of the great arteries TG triglycerides Tg thyroglobulin TGF tumor growth factor TGV transposition of the great vessels T&H type and hold ( stay ready for blood transfusion ) THR total hip replacement TI terminal ileum TIA transient ischemic attack TIBC total iron - binding capacity Tib - Fib tibia and fibula TID three times a day ( from Latin ter in die ) TIN tubulointerstitial nephritis TIPS transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt TKA total knee arthoplasty TKO to keep ( vein ) open for IV therapy TKR total knee replacement TKVO to keep vein open TLA three letter acronym TLC total lung capacity , or total lymphocyte count TLH total laparoscopic hysterectomy TLR tonic labyrinthine reflex TM tympanic membrane TME total mesorectal excision TNF tumor necrosis factor TMJ temporomandibular joint TNG trinitroglycerin TNM tumor - nodes - metastases TNTC too numerous to count TOA tuboovarian abscess TOC test - of - cure ( + TOC meaning patient cured of disease proven via test ) TOD transoesophageal Doppler TOE transoesophageal echocardiogram TOF tetralogy of Fallot TOP termination of pregnancy TOT transobturator tape TP total protein TPa tissue plasminogen activator TPN total parenteral nutrition TPR temperature , pulse , respiration TPR total peripheral resistance TR tricuspid regurgitation Tr tincture TRAM transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap ( TRAM flap ) TRAP tartrate - resistant acid phosphatase TRF transfer ( pronounced `` turf '' ) TRF 'd transferred ( pronounced `` turfed '' , as in `` We just turfed Mrs Johnson OTD '' ) TRH thyrotropin - releasing hormone TRT testosterone replacement therapy TRUSP Transrectal Ultrasonography of the Prostate Transrectal Ultrasound of the Prostate TS tricuspid stenosis Tsp teaspoon ( 5 mL ) TSH thyroid stimulating hormone TSH Thoughts of self - harm TSHR - Ab thyrotropin - receptor antibody TSI Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin T.S.T.H. too sick to send home TT thrombin time TTE transthoracic echocardiogram TTG tissue transglutaminase TTN transient tachypnea of the newborn TTO to take out ( medicines given to patient on discharge from hospital stay ) TTP thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura tender to palpation TTR transthyretin TTS transdermal therapeutic system TTTS twin - to - twin transfusion syndrome Tu tumor TUBA Trans - umbilical breast augmentation TUIP Transurethral incision of the prostate TUMT Transurethral microwave thermotherapy TUNA Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate TUR transurethral resection TURBT transurethral resection of bladder tumor TURP transurethral resection of the prostate TVC true vocal cord TVH transvaginal hysterectomy TVT tension - free vaginal tape TWOC Trial without catheter Tx therapy transplant treatment TXA Tranexamic acid Txp transport ( by ambulance to or between hospitals ) hide Medical abbreviations ← previous page of list ( S ) next page of list ( U ) → 0 -- 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Latin abbreviations Prescription abbreviations Acronyms in healthcare Abbreviations for medical organisations and personnel Abbreviations for diseases and disorders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_medical_abbreviations:_T&oldid=849825197 '' Categories : Lists of medical abbreviations Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 16 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what does ts stand for in medical terms
[ "\n\nAbbreviation\n\nMeaning\n\n\nT\nthoracic vertebrae\n\n\nTx\nTreatment\n\n\nTA\ntemporal arteritis\n\n\nT&A\ntonsillectomy with adenoidectomy\n\n\nT&C\ntype and cross-match (see blood transfusion)\n\n\nT&S\ntype and screen (blood; e.g., to prepare for blood transfusion)\n\n\nTab\nTablet (pharmacy)\n\n\nTAB\ntherapeutic abortion\n\n\nTAH\ntotal abdominal hysterectomy\n\n\nTAH-BSO\ntotal abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy\n\n\nTAP\ntrypsinogen activation peptide\n\n\nTAPVR\ntotal anomalous pulmonary venous return\n\n\nTAT\nthematic apperception test\n\n\nTAVI\ntranscatheter aortic valve implantation\n\n\nTAVR\ntranscatheter aortic valve replacement\n\n\nTB\ntuberculosis\n\n\nTBC\ntuberculosis total body crunch\n\n\nTbEC\nEnteric coated tablet\n\n\nTBG\nthyroid-binding globulin\n\n\nTBI\nto be intubated total body irradiation traumatic brain injury\n\n\nTBLC\nterm birth living child\n\n\nTC\ntraffic crash\n\n\nTCA\ntricyclic antidepressants\n\n\nTCC\ntransitional cell carcinoma\n\n\nTCM\ntraditional Chinese medicine\n\n\nTCN\ntetracycline\n\n\nTCOM\nTranscutaneous oxygen measurement\n\n\nTCT\nthrombin clotting time\n\n\nT2DM\ntype 2 Diabetes mellitus\n\n\nTd\ntetanus and diphtheria (combined vaccination)\n\n\nTDaP\ntetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis combined vaccine\n\n\nTdP\nTorsades de pointes\n\n\nTDS\nthree times a day (from Latin ter die sumendus)\n\n\nTdT\nterminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase\n\n\nTD\nTardive dyskinesia\n\n\nTE\ntracheoesophageal\n\n\nTEB\nthoracic electrical bioimpedance (see impedance cardiography)\n\n\nTEC\ntransient erythroblastopenia of childhood\n\n\nTEE\ntransesophageal echocardiogram\n\n\nTEF\ntracheoesophageal fistula\n\n\nTEM\ntransmission electron microscopy\n\n\nTemp\ntemperature\n\n\nTEN\ntoxic epidermal necrolysis\n\n\nTENS\ntranscutaneous electrical nerve stimulator\n\n\nTF\ntransfer\n\n\nT/F\ntransfer\n\n\nTFR\ntumor volume to fetal weight ratio\n\n\nTFTs\nthyroid function tests\n\n\nTGA\ntransposition of the great arteries\n\n\nTG\ntriglycerides\n\n\nTg\nthyroglobulin\n\n\nTGF\ntumor growth factor\n\n\nTGV\ntransposition of the great vessels\n\n\nT&H\ntype and hold (stay ready for blood transfusion)\n\n\nTHR\ntotal hip replacement\n\n\nTI\nterminal ileum\n\n\nTIA\ntransient ischemic attack\n\n\nTIBC\ntotal iron-binding capacity\n\n\nTib-Fib\ntibia and fibula\n\n\nTID\nthree times a day (from Latin ter in die)\n\n\nTIN\ntubulointerstitial nephritis\n\n\nTIPS\ntransjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt\n\n\nTKA\ntotal knee arthoplasty\n\n\nTKO\nto keep (vein) open for IV therapy\n\n\nTKR\ntotal knee replacement\n\n\nTKVO\nto keep vein open\n\n\nTLA\nthree letter acronym\n\n\nTLC\ntotal lung capacity, or total lymphocyte count\n\n\nTLH\ntotal laparoscopic hysterectomy\n\n\nTLR\ntonic labyrinthine reflex\n\n\nTM\ntympanic membrane\n\n\nTME\ntotal mesorectal excision\n\n\nTNF\ntumor necrosis factor\n\n\nTMJ\ntemporomandibular joint\n\n\nTNG\ntrinitroglycerin\n\n\nTNM\ntumor-nodes-metastases\n\n\nTNTC\ntoo numerous to count\n\n\nTOA\ntuboovarian abscess\n\n\nTOC\ntest-of-cure (+TOC meaning patient cured of disease proven via test)\n\n\nTOD\ntransoesophageal Doppler\n\n\nTOE\ntransoesophageal echocardiogram\n\n\nTOF\ntetralogy of Fallot\n\n\nTOP\ntermination of pregnancy\n\n\nTOT\ntransobturator tape\n\n\nTP\ntotal protein\n\n\nTPa\ntissue plasminogen activator\n\n\nTPN\ntotal parenteral nutrition\n\n\nTPR\ntemperature, pulse, respiration\n\n\nTPR\n\ntotal peripheral resistance\n\n\nTR\ntricuspid regurgitation\n\n\nTr\ntincture\n\n\nTRAM\ntransverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (TRAM flap)\n\n\nTRAP\ntartrate-resistant acid phosphatase\n\n\nTRF\ntransfer (pronounced \"turf\")\n\n\nTRF'd\ntransferred (pronounced \"turfed\", as in \"We just turfed Mrs Johnson OTD\")\n\n\nTRH\nthyrotropin-releasing hormone\n\n\nTRT\ntestosterone replacement therapy\n\n\nTRUSP\nTransrectal Ultrasonography of the ProstateTransrectal Ultrasound of the Prostate\n\n\nTS\ntricuspid stenosis\n\n\nTsp\nteaspoon (5 mL)\n\n\nTSH\nthyroid stimulating hormone\n\n\nTSH\nThoughts of self-harm\n\n\nTSHR-Ab\nthyrotropin-receptor antibody\n\n\nTSI\nThyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin\n\n\nT.S.T.H.\ntoo sick to send home\n\n\nTT\nthrombin time\n\n\nTTE\ntransthoracic echocardiogram\n\n\nTTG\ntissue transglutaminase\n\n\nTTN\ntransient tachypnea of the newborn\n\n\nTTO\nto take out (medicines given to patient on discharge from hospital stay)\n\n\nTTP\nthrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura tender to palpation\n\n\nTTR\ntransthyretin\n\n\nTTS\ntransdermal therapeutic system\n\n\nTTTS\ntwin-to-twin transfusion syndrome\n\n\nTu\ntumor\n\n\nTUBA\nTrans-umbilical breast augmentation\n\n\nTUIP\nTransurethral incision of the prostate\n\n\nTUMT\nTransurethral microwave thermotherapy\n\n\nTUNA\nTransurethral needle ablation of the prostate\n\n\nTUR\ntransurethral resection\n\n\nTURBT\ntransurethral resection of bladder tumor\n\n\nTURP\ntransurethral resection of the prostate\n\n\nTVC\ntrue vocal cord\n\n\nTVH\ntransvaginal hysterectomy\n\n\nTVT\ntension-free vaginal tape\n\n\nTWOC\n\nTrial without catheter\n\n\nTx\ntherapy transplant treatment\n\n\nTXA\nTranexamic acid\n\n\nTxp\ntransport (by ambulance to or between hospitals)\n" ]
[ "tricuspid stenosis" ]
-6497406383926828740
HIV/AIDS in Nigeria
HIV / AIDS in Nigeria - wikipedia HIV / AIDS in Nigeria Prevalence of AIDS in Nigeria from 1991 -- 2010 . Includes predictions up to 2016 . As of 2014 in Nigeria , the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15 -- 49 was 3.17 percent . Nigeria has the second - largest number of people living with HIV . The HIV epidemic in Nigeria is complex and varies widely by region . In some states , the epidemic is more concentrated and driven by high - risk behaviors , while other states have more generalized epidemics that are sustained primarily by multiple sexual partnerships in the general population . Youth and young adults in Nigeria are particularly vulnerable to HIV , with young women at higher risk than young men . There are many risk factors that contribute to the spread of HIV , including prostitution , high - risk practices among itinerant workers , high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections ( STI ) , clandestine high - risk heterosexual and homosexual practices , international trafficking of women , and irregular blood screening . Nigeria is emerging from a period of military rule that accounted for almost 28 of the 57 years since independence in 1960 . Consequently , the policy environment is not fully democratized . Civil society was weak during the military era , and its role in advocacy and lobbying remains weak . The size of the population and the nation pose logistical and political challenges particularly due to the political determination of the Nigerian government to achieve health care equity across geopolitical zones . The necessity to coordinate programs simultaneously at the federal , state and local levels introduces complexity into planning . The large private sector is largely unregulated and , more importantly , has no formal connection to the public health system where most HIV interventions are delivered . Training and human resource development is severely limited in all sectors and will hamper program implementation at all levels . Care and support is limited because existing staff are overstretched and most have insufficient training in key technical areas to provide complete HIV services . See also ( edit ) AIDS pandemic Health care in Nigeria HIV / AIDS in Africa References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definitions and notes '' Accessed May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HIV / AIDS - adult prevalence rate '' CIA World Factbook ( 2014 ) Accessed May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HIV / AIDS - People Living with HIV / AIDS '' CIA World Factbook ( 2014 ) Accessed May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ citation needed ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Country Profile : Nigeria '' . U.S. Department of State . 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2008 . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . show HIV / AIDS in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) show HIV / AIDS topics show HIV / AIDS HIV HIV structure and genome subtypes CDC classification disease progression rates HIV / AIDS diagnosis management pathophysiology prevention research vaccination PrEP WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease Children Teens / Adults Countries by AIDS prevalence rate Conditions Signs and symptoms AIDS - defining clinical condition Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome Lipodystrophy Nephropathy Neurocognitive disorders Pruritus Superinfection Tuberculosis co-infection HIV Drug Resistance Database Innate resistance to HIV History History Epidemiology Multiple sex partners Timeline AIDS Museum Timothy Ray Brown Social AIDS orphan Catholic Church and HIV / AIDS Circumcision and HIV Criminal transmission Discrimination against people Economic impact HIV - affected community HIV / AIDS denialism Safe sex Sex education List of HIV - positive people People With AIDS Self - Empowerment Movement Culture Discredited HIV / AIDS origins theories International AIDS Conference International AIDS Society Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS ( UNAIDS ) Media portrayal of HIV / AIDS Misconceptions about HIV / AIDS President 's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) Solidays Treatment Action Campaign World AIDS Day YAA / Youthforce show AIDS pandemic by region / country Africa Angola Benin Botswana Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Ghana Guinea Côte d'Ivoire ( Ivory Coast ) Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Swaziland Tanzania South Africa Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe North America Canada Mexico El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua United States New York City Caribbean Haiti Jamaica Dominican Republic South America Bolivia Brazil Colombia Guyana Peru Asia Bangladesh Bhutan Myanmar ( Burma ) Cambodia China ( PRC ) ( Yunnan ) East Timor India Indonesia Iraq Japan Jordan Laos Nepal North Korea Pakistan Philippines Thailand Taiwan ( ROC ) United Arab Emirates Vietnam Europe United Kingdom Russia Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Papua New Guinea List of countries by HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate List of HIV / AIDS cases and deaths registered by region Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Nigeria&oldid=814200354 '' Categories : HIV / AIDS in Africa HIV / AIDS by country Health in Nigeria Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Yorùbá Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 12 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
factors that contribute to the spread of hiv in nigeria
[ "As of 2014 in Nigeria, the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15–49[1] was 3.17 percent.[2] Nigeria has the second-largest number of people living with HIV.[3] The HIV epidemic in Nigeria is complex and varies widely by region. In some states, the epidemic is more concentrated and driven by high-risk behaviors, while other states have more generalized epidemics that are sustained primarily by multiple sexual partnerships in the general population.[citation needed] Youth and young adults in Nigeria are particularly vulnerable to HIV, with young women at higher risk than young men.[4] There are many risk factors that contribute to the spread of HIV, including prostitution, high-risk practices among itinerant workers, high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI), clandestine high-risk heterosexual and homosexual practices, international trafficking of women, and irregular blood screening.[5]\n", "As of 2014 in Nigeria, the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15–49[1] was 3.17 percent.[2] Nigeria has the second-largest number of people living with HIV.[3] The HIV epidemic in Nigeria is complex and varies widely by region. In some states, the epidemic is more concentrated and driven by high-risk behaviors, while other states have more generalized epidemics that are sustained primarily by multiple sexual partnerships in the general population.[citation needed] Youth and young adults in Nigeria are particularly vulnerable to HIV, with young women at higher risk than young men.[4] There are many risk factors that contribute to the spread of HIV, including prostitution, high-risk practices among itinerant workers, high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI), clandestine high-risk heterosexual and homosexual practices, international trafficking of women, and irregular blood screening.[5]\n", "As of 2014 in Nigeria, the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15–49[1] was 3.17 percent.[2] Nigeria has the second-largest number of people living with HIV.[3] The HIV epidemic in Nigeria is complex and varies widely by region. In some states, the epidemic is more concentrated and driven by high-risk behaviors, while other states have more generalized epidemics that are sustained primarily by multiple sexual partnerships in the general population.[citation needed] Youth and young adults in Nigeria are particularly vulnerable to HIV, with young women at higher risk than young men.[4] There are many risk factors that contribute to the spread of HIV, including prostitution, high-risk practices among itinerant workers, high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI), clandestine high-risk heterosexual and homosexual practices, international trafficking of women, and irregular blood screening.[5]\n", "As of 2014 in Nigeria, the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15–49[1] was 3.17 percent.[2] Nigeria has the second-largest number of people living with HIV.[3] The HIV epidemic in Nigeria is complex and varies widely by region. In some states, the epidemic is more concentrated and driven by high-risk behaviors, while other states have more generalized epidemics that are sustained primarily by multiple sexual partnerships in the general population.[citation needed] Youth and young adults in Nigeria are particularly vulnerable to HIV, with young women at higher risk than young men.[4] There are many risk factors that contribute to the spread of HIV, including prostitution, high-risk practices among itinerant workers, high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI), clandestine high-risk heterosexual and homosexual practices, international trafficking of women, and irregular blood screening.[5]\n", "As of 2014 in Nigeria, the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15–49[1] was 3.17 percent.[2] Nigeria has the second-largest number of people living with HIV.[3] The HIV epidemic in Nigeria is complex and varies widely by region. In some states, the epidemic is more concentrated and driven by high-risk behaviors, while other states have more generalized epidemics that are sustained primarily by multiple sexual partnerships in the general population.[citation needed] Youth and young adults in Nigeria are particularly vulnerable to HIV, with young women at higher risk than young men.[4] There are many risk factors that contribute to the spread of HIV, including prostitution, high-risk practices among itinerant workers, high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI), clandestine high-risk heterosexual and homosexual practices, international trafficking of women, and irregular blood screening.[5]\n", "As of 2014 in Nigeria, the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15–49[1] was 3.17 percent.[2] Nigeria has the second-largest number of people living with HIV.[3] The HIV epidemic in Nigeria is complex and varies widely by region. In some states, the epidemic is more concentrated and driven by high-risk behaviors, while other states have more generalized epidemics that are sustained primarily by multiple sexual partnerships in the general population.[citation needed] Youth and young adults in Nigeria are particularly vulnerable to HIV, with young women at higher risk than young men.[4] There are many risk factors that contribute to the spread of HIV, including prostitution, high-risk practices among itinerant workers, high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI), clandestine high-risk heterosexual and homosexual practices, international trafficking of women, and irregular blood screening.[5]\n" ]
[ "prostitution", "high-risk practices among itinerant workers", "high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI)", "clandestine high-risk heterosexual and homosexual practices", "international trafficking of women", "irregular blood screening" ]
-6904431480457181347
Joy Ride (2001 film)
Joy Ride ( 2001 film ) - wikipedia Joy Ride ( 2001 film ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( July 2018 ) Joy Ride Theatrical release poster Directed by John Dahl Produced by J.J. Abrams Chris Moore Written by J.J. Abrams Clay Tarver Starring Steve Zahn Paul Walker Leelee Sobieski Music by Marco Beltrami Cinematography Jeffrey Jur Edited by Eric L. Beason Scott Chestnut Todd E. Miller Glen Scantlebury Production companies Bad Robot Productions LivePlanet New Regency Regency Enterprises Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date October 5 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 05 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $23 million Box office $36.6 million Joy Ride is a 2001 American horror - thriller film directed by John Dahl and written by J.J. Abrams and Clay Tarver . The film stars Steve Zahn , Paul Walker , and Leelee Sobieski . Paul Walker stars as Lewis Thomas , a college freshman embarking on a cross-country road trip during summer break to pick up his girlfriend Venna ( Leelee Sobieski ) . Along for the ride is Lewis ' brother Fuller ( Steve Zahn ) , a practical joker who uses the car 's CB radio to play a cruel prank on a lonely trucker known only by the handle Rusty Nail . The victim of Fuller 's gag turns out to be a psychotic murderer and soon the brothers are being pursued by the relentless stalker , who gets his revenge in gruesome fashion . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Alternate footage 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 Sequels 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) University students Lewis Thomas ( Paul Walker ) and Venna Wilcox ( Leelee Sobieski ) , Lewis 's childhood friend and crush , prepare to go home for the summer holiday . Lewis , a University of California student , offers to come by Venna 's campus ( she attends University of Colorado ) to drive her home instead of both of them flying back ; Venna happily agrees . After refunding his plane ticket to buy a 1971 Chrysler Newport , Lewis calls his parents to announce the change of plan and learns that his older brother Fuller ( Steve Zahn ) , the family 's black sheep , has been arrested once again . Lewis drives to Salt Lake City and bails out Fuller , who then tags along for the trip . At a gas station , Fuller has a CB radio installed on Lewis 's car for $40 , and the two begin listening in on truckers ' chatter . Fuller coaxes Lewis into playing a prank on a truck driver nicknamed ' Rusty Nail ' ( voiced by Ted Levine ( uncredited ) ) . Lewis pretends to be a woman named Candy Cane and sets up a meeting with Rusty Nail in the motel where Lewis and Fuller will be spending the night . Lewis tells Rusty that `` she '' is in room 17 , the room of an irritable businessman with whom Fuller had earlier argued , but the guys are actually in room 18 . When Rusty Nail arrives at the man 's room , an argument and sounds of a scuffle are briefly heard . The next morning , Sheriff Ritter announces to Lewis and Fuller that they found the businessman on the highway , still alive with his lower jaw ripped off . Ritter figures out the two are involved in the incident , but lets them go , as he already has his hands full , and they do not know anything other than the man 's nickname ( CB handle ) . However , he orders them to leave the state by sundown . On the road , Rusty Nail is heard again on the CB radio looking for Candy Cane . Lewis talks to him and reveals that he is Candy Cane . Rusty Nail demands an apology , but Fuller insults him , instead . Rusty Nail simply notes that they should get their taillight fixed , indicating that he is right behind them , causing the duo to panic and speed up . At the next gas station , they unsuccessfully attempt to contact Ritter . Seeing an ice truck pulling into the gas station , the already paranoid pair drives away . The ice truck driver chases them down . However , the driver turns out to be merely trying to return Lewis 's credit card , which he left behind in panic . The real Rusty Nail then shows up in his truck and crushes the ice truck and its driver . He then slowly pins Lewis 's car against a tree . The two hysterically apologize , and Rusty Nail drives away , declaring his actions to be simply a retaliatory joke . Believing themselves safe , the brothers arrive at the University of Colorado and pick up Venna . They stop at a motel and drink at a bar . Lewis goes to sleep , but Rusty Nail calls him , revealing he knows of Venna . The three flee the motel . Rusty Nail contacts them , announcing that he has kidnapped Charlotte , Venna 's friend . He directs them to a cornfield , where he gets them to split up , and kidnaps Venna . Rusty Nail sets up a meeting at another motel in room 17 , mirroring the false date with which he was pranked . He sets up a trap that will kill Venna if the room door is opened . Fuller attempts to get in the room by a window , but is injured by Rusty Nail and stuck outside the room . Rusty Nail 's truck appears uphill and begins rolling down toward Venna 's room . Lewis frees Fuller , and the brothers save Venna just in time . As the police investigate Rusty Nail 's truck , they see a dead body in the driver 's seat and Charlotte , still alive , on the floor . Lewis , Fuller , and Venna are treated for their injuries at an ambulance . At this point , the dead man turns out to be the ice truck driver . A CB in the ambulance is on , and the group hear Rusty Nail 's voice , learning that he is still alive and free . Cast ( edit ) Paul Walker as Lewis Thomas Steve Zahn as Fuller Thomas Leelee Sobieski as Venna Wilcox Jessica Bowman as Charlotte Dawson Matthew Kimbrough ( uncredited ) as Rusty Nail . He is credited after all cast and crew in Spanish as `` Clavo '' meaning `` nail '' . Ted Levine ( uncredited ) as Voice of Rusty Nail Stuart Stone as Danny , Lewis 's roommate Brian Leckner as Officer Keeney Jim Beaver as Sheriff Ritter Hugh Dane as Man at door Jay Hernandez as Marine Basil Wallace as Car salesman Rachel Singer as Gas station manager Satch Huizenga as Mr. Jones Luis Côrtes as Night manager Kenneth White as Ronald Ellinghouse Walton Goggins ( deleted scenes ) as Cop Anna Malle ( uncredited ) as Cable TV porn actress Production ( edit ) In his screenplay for Joy Ride , J.J. Abrams was influenced by the first film directed by Steven Spielberg , Duel , and there are numerous references to it . For example , in one scene , a seemingly maniacal ICE truck pulls up to a gas station that the brothers have pulled up to . In Duel , a likewise maniacal truck pulls up the protagonist , and a small billboard for ICE is visible in the background . The central antagonist , `` Rusty Nail '' , remains almost entirely unseen throughout the film and was portrayed by hulking actor Matthew Kimbrough in the brief shot of the villain towards the end of the film . Rusty Nail 's voice heard on the radio throughout most of the film was provided by veteran actor Ted Levine ( The Silence of the Lambs ) due to his distinctive voice tone , and was added in post production . Eric Stoltz and Sylvester Stallone also auditioned for the role of Rusty Nail . Rusty Nail 's truck is a 359 Peterbilt . Alternate footage ( edit ) On the DVD release , there is a 29 - minute - long alternate ending , and four other shorter alternate endings . The main one featured Rusty Nail 's shotgun suicide and numerous bodies are found by the police in his trailer . One featured Rusty Nail being arrested , another being beaten in a fight with both Thomas brothers , another wherein he is blown up in his truck , and another saw Rusty Nail run over with his own truck . The ending featured in the actual theatrical cut of the film is the only ending in which Rusty Nail lives . There are also numerous deleted scenes . In the alternate ending where Rusty Nail 's truck explodes , you can see a water tower behind the truck as it burns . The original intention was to have the truck hit the water tower and have the water come down and put the flames out so that it would be believable if Rusty Nail survived . However , time constraints kept the scene from being filmed . The water tower cost over $100,000 . Sobieski filmed two different romantic interludes , one with Zahn and one with Walker during the shooting and re-shooting of the film . Both scenes ended up getting cut . This may explain why Venna appears to be romantically interested in both of them . Release ( edit ) The film also goes under numerous other titles in other countries . In Australia , Sweden , Finland , Ireland and some other European countries the film was retitled Roadkill , Never Play with Strangers in Israel and Spain , Radio Killer in Italy , Never talk to strangers in Greece , Road Killer in Japan , Ничего себе поездочка ( What a ride ! ) in Russia and Mortal Frequency in Mexico . The film went under the working titles of Candy Cane , Highway Horror , Deadly Frequency , and Squelch . Box Office ( edit ) Joy Ride opened theatrically on October 5 , 2001 in 2,497 venues and earned $7,347,259 in its opening weekend , ranking number five in the domestic box office . By the end of its run , the film had grossed $21,974,919 domestically and $14,667,919 overseas for a worldwide total of $36,642,838 . Critical response ( edit ) The film received generally positive reviews from critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 73 % rating based on 113 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` A well - constructed B - movie thriller , Joy Ride keeps up the necessary level of tension and chills . Critics also liked Zahn 's performance as the goofball older brother . '' Metacritic reports a 75 out of 100 rating based on 31 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Sequels ( edit ) The film was followed by two direct to video sequels , Joy Ride 2 : Dead Ahead ( 2008 ) and Joy Ride 3 : Roadkill ( 2014 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ROAD KILL ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 30 , 2002 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joy Ride ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trivia for ' Joy Ride ' '' . IMDb . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for October 5 - 7 , 2001 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . October 8 , 2001 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Joy Ride ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Joy Ride Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Joy Ride on IMDb Joy Ride at Box Office Mojo Joy Ride at Rotten Tomatoes Joy Ride at Metacritic Joy Ride film series Joy Ride ( 2001 ) Joy Ride 2 : Dead Ahead ( 2008 ) Joy Ride 3 : Roadkill ( 2014 ) Films directed by John Dahl Kill Me Again ( 1989 ) Red Rock West ( 1993 ) The Last Seduction ( 1994 ) Unforgettable ( 1996 ) Rounders ( 1998 ) Joy Ride ( 2001 ) The Great Raid ( 2005 ) You Kill Me ( 2007 ) J.J. Abrams Films Director Mission : Impossible III ( 2006 , also wrote ) Star Trek ( 2009 , also produced ) Super 8 ( 2011 , also wrote , produced ) Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 , also produced ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 , also wrote , produced ) Star Wars : Episode IX ( 2019 , also wrote , produced ) Writer Taking Care of Business ( 1990 ) Regarding Henry ( 1991 ) Forever Young ( 1992 ) Gone Fishin ' ( 1997 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Joy Ride ( 2001 , also produced ) Producer The Pallbearer ( 1996 ) The Suburbans ( 1999 ) Cloverfield ( 2008 ) Morning Glory ( 2010 ) Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation ( 2015 ) 10 Cloverfield Lane ( 2016 ) Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) The Cloverfield Paradox ( 2018 ) Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ( 2018 ) Overlord ( 2018 ) Television Felicity ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Alias ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Lost ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Fringe ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Undercovers ( 2010 ) Demimonde ( TBA ) Related Bad Robot Productions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joy_Ride_(2001_film)&oldid=864459234 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films American films 2000s mystery films 2001 horror films 2000s psychological thriller films 2000s psychological horror films 20th Century Fox films American mystery films American horror thriller films Bad Robot Productions films Films scored by Marco Beltrami Films directed by John Dahl Films produced by J.J. Abrams Films set in the United States Films shot in California Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Nevada Films shot in Utah American road movies 2000s road movies Screenplays by J.J. Abrams Trucker films Regency Enterprises films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2013 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Türkçe 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 10 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who does the truckers voice in joy ride
[ "At a gas station, Fuller has a CB radio installed on Lewis's car for $40, and the two begin listening in on truckers' chatter. Fuller coaxes Lewis into playing a prank on a truck driver nicknamed 'Rusty Nail' (voiced by Ted Levine (uncredited)). Lewis pretends to be a woman named Candy Cane and sets up a meeting with Rusty Nail in the motel where Lewis and Fuller will be spending the night. Lewis tells Rusty that \"she\" is in room 17, the room of an irritable businessman with whom Fuller had earlier argued, but the guys are actually in room 18. When Rusty Nail arrives at the man's room, an argument and sounds of a scuffle are briefly heard. The next morning, Sheriff Ritter announces to Lewis and Fuller that they found the businessman on the highway, still alive with his lower jaw ripped off. Ritter figures out the two are involved in the incident, but lets them go, as he already has his hands full, and they do not know anything other than the man's nickname (CB handle). However, he orders them to leave the state by sundown.\n" ]
[ "Ted Levine" ]
-1701901797978040881
It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas
It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas - wikipedia It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' Song Language English Genre Christmas Songwriter ( s ) Meredith Willson `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' is a Christmas song written in 1951 by Meredith Willson . The song was originally titled `` It 's Beginning to Look Like Christmas '' . The song has been recorded by many artists , but was a hit for Perry Como and The Fontane Sisters with Mitchell Ayres & His Orchestra on September 18 , 1951 , and released on RCA Victor as 47 - 4314 ( 45 rpm ) and 20 - 4314 ( 78 rpm ) . Bing Crosby recorded a version on October 1 , 1951 , which was also widely played . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and writing 2 In popular culture 3 Other notable versions 4 References Background and writing ( edit ) A popular belief in Yarmouth , Nova Scotia , holds that Willson wrote the song while staying in Yarmouth 's Grand Hotel . The song makes reference to a `` tree in the Grand Hotel , one in the park as well ... '' ; the park being Frost Park , directly across the road from the Grand Hotel , which still operates in a newer building on the same site as the old hotel . It is also possible that the `` Grand Hotel '' Wilson mentions in the song was inspired by the Historic Park Inn Hotel in his hometown of Mason City , Iowa . The Park Inn Hotel is the last remaining hotel in the world designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright , and is situated in downtown Mason City overlooking central park . In popular culture ( edit ) `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' was later incorporated into the pre-Broadway version of the score of Willson 's 1963 musical Here 's Love and can be heard on that show 's original cast recording , where it is sung in counterpoint to a new melody and lyric , `` Pine Cones and Holly Berries . '' Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1961 album Christmas with The Chipmunks and 1981 album A Chipmunk Christmas . The Sesame Street character Big Bird ( performed by Caroll Spinney ) sang the song as part of medley on the 1975 album Merry Christmas from Sesame Street . Johnny Mathis recorded the song for his 1986 album Christmas Eve with Johnny Mathis ; this version gained popularity after its inclusion in the 1992 film Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York . Gradually , Mathis 's recording began to receive wide radio airplay , and for the past several years this version has been a Top 10 Christmas hit . `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' is featured in the DVD version of Very Merry Christmas Songs , which is part of the Disney Sing - Along Songs franchise . The song was briefly featured in the 2003 film Duplex , in a scene showing how much Alex and Nancy had to sell in order to obtain enough money for a hired hitman . Other notable versions ( edit ) 2002 : America on their album Holiday Harmony 2008 : Harry Connick Jr. on his album What a Night ! A Christmas Album 2009 : Connie Talbot on her album Connie Talbot 's Holiday Magic 2009 : Andrea Bocelli along with Kenny Loggins , Olivia Newton - John and Richard Marx , on his album My Christmas 2011 : Michael Bublé on his album Christmas ( US # 96 , UK # 13 ) 2016 : Laura Pausini on her album Laura Xmas 2017 : Noah Cyrus on her single References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Medel , Brian ( 2011 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Christmas looks a lot like Yarmouth in classic tune '' . The Chronicle Herald . Halifax , Nova Scotia . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Yarmouth , N.S. Landmarks - The Old Grand Hotel , archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 11 , retrieved 2014 - 11 - 07 Michael Bublé Discography Studio albums BaBalu ( 2001 ) Dream ( 2002 ) Michael Bublé ( 2003 ) It 's Time ( 2005 ) Call Me Irresponsible ( 2007 ) Crazy Love ( 2009 ) Christmas ( 2011 ) To Be Loved ( 2013 ) Nobody but Me ( 2016 ) Live albums Come Fly with Me ( 2004 ) Caught in the Act ( 2005 ) Michael Bublé Meets Madison Square Garden ( 2009 ) Extended plays First Dance ( 1995 ) Totally Bublé ( 2003 ) Let It Snow ( 2003 ) More ( 2005 ) With Love ( 2006 ) A Taste of Bublé ( 2008 ) Special Delivery ( 2010 ) A Holiday Gift for You ( 2010 ) Singles `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' `` Kissing a Fool '' `` Sway '' `` Spider - Man Theme '' `` Feeling Good '' `` Home '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Everything '' `` Me and Mrs. Jones '' `` Lost '' `` It Had Better Be Tonight '' `` Comin ' Home Baby '' `` Have n't Met You Yet '' `` Hold On '' `` Baby ( You 've Got What It Takes ) '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Crazy Love '' `` Hollywood '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' / `` Jingle Bells '' `` White Christmas '' `` Nobody but Me '' Concert tours Crazy Love Tour ( 2010 -- 12 ) To Be Loved Tour ( 2013 -- 14 ) Meredith Willson Musicals The Music Man ( 1957 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1960 ) Here 's Love ( 1963 ) 1491 ( 1969 ) Film scores The Great Dictator ( 1940 ) The Little Foxes ( 1941 ) Compositions Music Man `` Iowa Stubborn '' `` ( Ya Got ) Trouble '' `` Seventy - six Trombones '' `` Goodnight , Ladies '' `` Shipoopi '' `` Till There Was You '' Other `` May the Good Lord Bless and Keep You '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` I See the Moon '' `` Iowa Fight Song '' Related The Big Show Perry Como Albums So Smooth ( 1955 ) We Get Letters ( 1956 ) Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) Como Swings ( 1959 ) Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) By Request ( 1962 ) The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) Seattle ( 1969 ) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) I Think of You ( 1971 ) And I Love You So ( 1973 ) Perry ( 1974 ) Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) Perry Como ( 1980 ) Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) Today ( 1987 ) Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) Songs `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' `` Confessin ' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' `` Surrender '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_Beginning_to_Look_a_Lot_Like_Christmas&oldid=824416218 '' Categories : 1951 songs American Christmas songs Andrea Bocelli songs Bing Crosby songs Johnny Mathis songs Kenny Loggins songs Olivia Newton - John songs Perry Como songs Richard Marx songs Songs written by Meredith Willson Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 05 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was it's beginning to look alot like christmas written
[ "\"It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas\" is a Christmas song written in 1951 by Meredith Willson. The song was originally titled \"It's Beginning to Look Like Christmas\". The song has been recorded by many artists, but was a hit for Perry Como and The Fontane Sisters with Mitchell Ayres & His Orchestra on September 18, 1951, and released on RCA Victor as 47-4314 (45 rpm) and 20-4314 (78 rpm). Bing Crosby recorded a version on October 1, 1951, which was also widely played." ]
[ "1951" ]
3233660278707547741
Flying car (aircraft)
Flying car ( aircraft ) - wikipedia Flying car ( aircraft ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Where 's my flying car ? '' on the March 2008 cover of Popular Science , a technology magazine that has reported on flying cars and other futuristic aircraft throughout the 20th century . A flying car is a type of personal air vehicle that provides door - to - door transportation by both ground and air . The term `` flying car '' is often used to include roadable aircraft and hovercars . Many prototypes have been built since the first years of the twentieth century , but no flying car has yet reached production status . Their appearance is often predicted by futurologists , with their failure ever to reach production leading to the catchphrase , `` Where 's my flying car ? '' Flying cars are also a popular theme in fantasy and science fiction stories . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early developments 1.2 Modern developments 2 Design 2.1 Engineering 2.2 Economics 2.3 Safety 3 Popular culture 3.1 Where 's my flying car ? 3.2 Fiction 3.2. 1 Live action films 3.2. 2 Live action television series 3.2. 3 Animation 3.2. 4 Video games 3.2. 5 Literature 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Early developments ( edit ) In 1926 , Henry Ford displayed an experimental single - seat aeroplane that he called the `` sky flivver '' . The project was abandoned two years later when a distance - record attempt flight crashed , killing the pilot . The Flivver was not a flying car at all , but it did get press attention at the time , exciting the public that they would have a mass - produced affordable airplane product that would be made , marketed , sold , and maintained just like an automobile . The airplane was to be as commonplace in the future as the Model T of the time . In 1940 , Henry Ford famously predicted : `` Mark my word : a combination airplane and motorcar is coming . You may smile , but it will come . '' The Aerocar designed and built by Molt Taylor made a successful flight in December 1949 , and in following years versions underwent a series of road and flying tests . Chuck Berry featured the concept in his 1956 song `` You Ca n't Catch Me '' , and in December 1956 the Civil Aviation Authority approved the design for mass production , but despite wide publicity and an improved version produced in 1989 , Taylor did not succeed in getting the flying car into production . In the period between 1956 - 1958 , Ford 's Advanced Design studio built the Volante Tri-Athodyne , a 3 / 8 scale concept car model . It was designed to have three ducted fans , each with their own motor , that would lift it off the ground and move it through the air . In public relation release , Ford noted that `` the day where there will be an aero - car in every garage is still some time off '' , but added that `` the Volante indicates one direction that the styling of such a vehicle would take '' . In 1957 , Popular Mechanics reported that Hiller Helicopters was developing a ducted - fan aircraft that would be easier to fly than helicopters , and should cost a lot less . Hiller engineers expected that this type of an aircraft would become the basis for a whole family of special - purpose aircraft . In 1956 , the US Army 's Transportation Research Command began an investigation into `` flying jeeps '' , ducted - fan - based aircraft that were envisioned to be smaller and easier to fly than helicopters . In 1957 , Chrysler , Curtiss - Wright , and Piasecki were assigned contracts for building and delivery of prototypes . They all delivered their prototypes ; however , Piasecki 's VZ - 8 was the most successful of the three . While it would normally operate close to the ground , it was capable of flying to several thousand feet , proving to be stable in flight . Nonetheless , the Army decided that the `` Flying Jeep concept ( was ) unsuitable for the modern battlefield '' , and concentrated on the development of conventional helicopters . In addition to the army contract , Piasecki was developing the Sky Car , a modified version of its VZ - 8 for civilian use . In the mid-1980s , former Boeing engineer , Fred Barker , founded Flight Innovations Inc. and began the development of the Sky Commuter , a small duct fans - based VTOL aircraft . It was a compact , 14 - foot - long ( 4.3 m ) two - passenger and was made primarily of composite materials . In 2008 , the remaining prototype was sold for £ 86k on eBay . Transition Production Prototype of Terrafugia Transition at the N.Y. Int'l Auto Show in April 2012 Role Flying car Manufacturer Terrafugia First flight 5 March 2009 Introduction In development since 2006 , prototype unveiled in 2009 Number built Unit cost US $ 279,000 Modern developments ( edit ) In 1942 , the Soviet armed forces experimented with a gliding tank , the Antonov A-40 , but it was not capable of flying on its own . AeroMobil currently fly - tests a prototype that obtained Slovak ultralight certification . When the final product will be available or how much it will cost is not yet specified . Urban Aeronautics ' X-Hawk is a VTOL turbojet powered aircraft announced in 2006 with a first flight planned for 2009 . It was intended to operate much like a tandem rotor helicopter , but with ducted fans rather than exposed rotors . The requisite decrease in rotor size would also decrease fuel efficiency . The X-Hawk was being promoted for rescue and utility functions . As of 2013 , no flights had been reported . Terrafugia have a flying road vehicle , the Terrafugia Transition On 7 May 2013 , Terrafugia announced the TF - X , a plug - in hybrid tilt - rotor vehicle that would be the first fully autonomous flying car . It would have a range of 500 miles ( 800 km ) per flight and batteries are rechargeable by the engine . Development of TF - X is expected to last 8 -- 12 years , which means it will not come to market before 2021 -- 2025 . The Moller Skycar M400 is a prototype personal VTOL ( vertical take - off and landing ) aircraft which is powered by four pairs of in - tandem Wankel rotary engines , and is approaching the problems of satellite - navigation , incorporated in the proposed Small Aircraft Transportation System . Moller also advises that , currently , the Skycar would only be allowed to fly from airports & heliports . The Skycar M400 has tiny wheels and no road capability at all . Moller has been developing VTOL craft since the late 1960s , but no Moller vehicle has ever achieved free flight out of ground effect . The proposed Autovolantor model has an all - electric version powered by Altairnano batteries . The Xplorair PX200 is a French project of single - seater VTOL aircraft without rotating airfoil , relying on the Coandă effect and using an array of small jet engines called thermoreactors embedded within tiltwings ' body . Announced in 2007 , the project has been funded by the Government of France and is now supported by various aerospace firms . A full - scale drone is scheduled for flight at Paris Air Show 2017 , followed by the commercialization of a single - seater flying car in the years after . The SkyRider X2R is a prototype of a flying car developed by MACRO Industries , Inc . It is lighter than the Moller Skycar which has never successfully flown untethered . Also notable is the roadable aircraft PAL - V ONE , which is an autogyro or gyrocopter that can be taken to the road , too . Zee.Aero and Kitty Hawk Corporation are developing flying cars . Flying cars are planned to enter Russian market in 2018 . Design ( edit ) Engineering ( edit ) A practical flying car would have to be capable of safely taking off , flying and landing throughout heavily populated urban environments . However , to date , no vertical takeoff and landing ( VTOL ) vehicle has ever demonstrated such capabilities . To produce such an aircraft would require a propulsion system that is quiet , to avoid noise complaints , and has non-exposed rotors so it could be flown safely in urban environments . Additionally , for such aircraft to become airborne , they would require very powerful engines which would create huge and concentrated downdrafts , a bad idea in an urban environment . Many types of aircraft technologies and form factors have been suggested , such as ducted - fan and tiltrotor vehicles , but most previous designs have suffered from problems ; ducted - fan aircraft tend to easily lose stability and have difficulty traveling greater than 30 -- 40 knots , while tiltrotors , such as the V - 22 Osprey , are generally noisy . Economics ( edit ) Due to the requirement of propulsion that is both small and powerful , the cost of producing a flying car would be very high and estimated by some as much as 10 million dollars . In addition , the flying car 's energy efficiency would be much lower compared to conventional cars and other aircraft ; optimal fuel efficiency for airplanes is at high speeds and high altitudes , while flying cars would be used for shorter distances , at higher frequency , lower speeds and lower altitude . For both environmental and economic reasons , flying cars would be an enormous use of resources . Safety ( edit ) Although statistically , commercial flying is much safer than driving , unlike commercial planes personal flying cars might not have as many safety checks and their pilots would not be as well trained . Humans already have problems with the aspect of driving in two dimensions ( forward and backwards , side to side ) , adding in the up and down aspect would make `` driving '' or flying as it would be , much more difficult ; however , this problem might be solved via the sole use of self - flying and self - driving cars . In mid-air collisions and mechanical failures , the aircraft could fall from the sky or go through an emergency landing , resulting in deaths and property damage . In addition , poor weather conditions , such as low air density , lightning storms and heavy rain , snow or fog could be challenging and affect the aircraft 's aerodynamics . Popular culture ( edit ) Where 's my flying car ? ( edit ) Some of this section 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The flying car was and remains a common feature of conceptions of the future , including imagined near futures such as those of the 21st century . Complaints of the non-existence of flying cars have become nearly idiomatic as expressions of disappointment in the failure of the present to measure up to the glory of past predictions . In 1999 the U.S. journalist Gail Collins noted : Here we are , less than a month until the turn of the millennium , and what I want to know is , what happened to the flying cars ? We 're about to become Americans of the 21st century . People have been predicting what we 'd be like for more than 100 years , and our accoutrements do n't entirely live up to expectations . ( ... ) Our failure to produce flying cars seems like a particular betrayal since it was so central to our image . As a result , flying cars have been referred to jokingly with the question `` Where 's my flying car ? '' , emblematic of the supposed failure of modern technology to match futuristic visions that were promoted in earlier decades . Aired on 8 January 1998 , Seinfeld 's 167th episode , `` The Dealership '' , featured George and Jerry complaining about the non-existence of the flying cars . Jerry says , `` It 's like we 're living in the ' 50s here . '' A 2001 IBM television commercial featured Avery Brooks complaining , `` It is the year 2000 , but where are the flying cars ? I was promised flying cars . I do n't see any flying cars . Why ? Why ? Why ? '' Comedian Lewis Black had a similar routine early in the decade , in which he says , `` This new millennium sucks ! It 's exactly the same as the old millennium ! You know why ? No flying cars ! '' The Flying Car was a comedy short film written by Kevin Smith in 2002 for The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . It featured Dante Hicks and Randal Graves stuck in traffic , discussing the lengths to which a man might go to obtain such a vehicle . In 2008 , Onion News Network 's 245th episode , titled `` Mean Automakers Dash Nation 's Hope for Flying Cars '' , featured The Onion 's anchor Brandon Armstrong humorously arguing about the feasibility and existence of flying cars with representatives from General Motors , Toyota and Ford . Fiction ( edit ) The flying car has been depicted in many works of fantasy and science fiction . Live action films ( edit ) Some of this section 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fantômas se déchaîne ( 1965 ) - Fantômas escapes in style , using his Citroën DS with retractable wings that converts into an airplane Star Wars ( 1977 -- present ) Flying cars appear in Star Wars where they are called airspeeders , such as those that can be seen on the planet of Coruscant in all three Star Wars prequel movies , from 1999 's Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace onward . They are also featured in Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones , where an early chase sequence involves flying cars . In 2005 's Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith , Bail Organa rides a retro - futuristic vehicle that apart from its flying ability resembles a 1950 - style car . Blade Runner ( 1982 ) `` Spinner '' is the generic term for the fictional flying cars used in Blade Runner , set in futuristic - cyberpunk Los Angeles of 2019 . A Spinner can be driven as a ground - based vehicle , and take off vertically , hover , and cruise using jet propulsion much like Vertical Take - Off and Landing ( VTOL ) aircraft . They are used extensively by the police to patrol and survey the population , and it is clear that despite restrictions wealthy people can acquire spinner licenses . The vehicle was conceived and designed by Syd Mead who described the spinner as an `` aerodyne '' -- a vehicle which directs air downward to create lift , though press kits for the film stated that the spinner was propelled by three engines : `` conventional internal combustion , jet , and anti-gravity '' Mead 's conceptual drawings were transformed into 25 working vehicles by automobile customizer Gene Winfield . A Spinner is on permanent exhibit at the Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame in Seattle , Washington . Back to the Future and Back to the Future Part II ( 1985 / 1989 ) In Back to the Future Part II and the ending of Back to the Future , Doc Brown invites Marty and his girlfriend Jennifer in his modified flying DeLorean time machine , and time travels to the year 2015 where flying hovercars are a common sight . The Fifth Element ( 1997 ) In The Fifth Element , set in 2263 New York City , flying cars are used as main mean of transportation . The production design for the film was developed by French comics creators Jean Giraud and Jean - Claude Mézières . Mézières wrote the book The Circles of Power , which features a character named S'Traks , who drives a flying taxicab through the congested air traffic of the vast metropolis on the planet Rubanis . Besson read the book and was inspired to change the Dallas character to a taxicab driver who flies through a futuristic New York City . Chitty Chitty Bang Bang : Professor Caractacus Potts salvages a broken classic race car and converts it into a flying car with wings sporting external propellers . The Absent Minded Professor : Professor Ned Brainard ( Fred MacMurray ) makes a Model T fly using flubber . His flying car also appears in the sequel , Son of Flubber , and in the 1997 remake , Flubber , starring Robin Williams . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets : Mr. Weasley owns a Ford Anglia 105E that he used numerous spells on to make it flyable and invisible . Halloweentown : Marnie Cromwell , her brother Dylan and sister Sophie take a flying bus to Halloweentown to visit their grandmother and save Halloweentown from a villain named Kalabar . The Man with the Golden Gun : The villain , Francisco Scaramanga , owns an AMC Matador coupe that can be converted into a light airplane when wings with a jet engine and a flight tail unit are attached ( the car serves as the fuselage and landing gear ) . Thunderbirds : Lady Penelope 's pink Ford can extend wings and a gas - powered jet engine and take flight , retracting its back wheels . It can also , from flight setting , travel on water , where the wings fold down , and the front wheels retract . In the first film of the original puppet show , in Alan 's dream , the original FAB1 Rolls - Royce flew him and Lady Penelope to the Swinging Star . Sky High : Sky High is a high - school for superheroes and since the school floats high above ground , access is by flying school buses Live action television series ( edit ) Some of this section 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the children 's TV show , Supercar , the flying car `` Supercar '' was invented by Rudolph Popkiss and Horatio Beaker , and piloted by Mike Mercury . Mighty Morphin ' Power Rangers : In this 1993 TV show Power Rangers . Billy the Blue Ranger invents a flying car using the Volkswagen Beetle he dubbed the `` Rad Bug '' It was useful at times when they could n't teleport to places . Power Rangers : Turbo In the 1997 season 5 , Griller the monster makes cars fly out of control and crash into buildings and on the ground in `` Cars Attack '' . Later on in the episode `` The Wheels of fate '' a flying red car named Lighting Cruiser is a vehicle that Divatox tried to capture but T.J. captured the car . The Lighting Cruiser has auto driving and can go from wheel mode to flight mode by turning 4 wheels up allowing it to fly and it can fly like a jet . It would be used by T.J. along with Storm Blaster car which was used by Justin Stewart . Buck Rogers ( serial ) In the 1939 black and white live action TV series , after Buck Rogers and Buddy Wade wake up from their deep sleep , they discover a future with flying cars . Marvel 's Agents of Shield Characters belonging to the secret spy agency routinely use flying cars designed to look like normal vehicles . Animation ( edit ) Some of this section 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Animatrix ( 2003 ) In the best - selling animated film The Animatrix ( part of The Matrix saga ) , specifically in the episode called The Second Renaissance , appears a supposed TV commercial announcing a flying car called Versatran , this episode details the backstory of the Matrix universe , and the original war between man and machines which led to the creation of the Matrix ; among its content shows the elaboration of the Versatran propulsion engines , and how those engines will latter be used in Hovercraft battleships like the Nebuchadnezzar ( the ship Morpheus and Trinity use to rescue Neo ) . The animated television series The Jetsons , premiered in 1962 , reflected the idea that flying cars would become a significant means of transportation in the future . Flying cars were also featured in the film adaptation of The Jetsons . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Fast Forward in the 6th season of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2003 TV series . Splinter the Rat and the 4 mutant Turtles Leo , Mike , Ralph , and Don time travel to the year 2105 in a New York city filled with flying cars and wheel cars . Cody Jones also runs Neil Tech industries . In the animated television series , Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century , set in the 22nd century in New London , people use flying cars as main mean of transportation . Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs A scientist Flint Lockwood attempts to build a flying car , but it crashes in the ocean . Later on , Flint Lockwood finally succeeds in building a flying car which he uses to fly up to his machine causing a raining food disaster . Despicable Me 2 Lucy Wilde owns a car that has the ability to convert into plane mode and both Lucy Wilde and Felonius Gru make their getaway from the Paradise Mall and the cars wings extend out and it flies away . Home In the 2015 DreamWorks movie , an alien named Oh shows a girl named Tip her car that he wrecked and fixed it into a flying car which they both fly in to save the world . Pinocchio 3000 : Flying cars can be seen in the city Scamboville . Mayor Scamboli owns a flying black car , Marline owns a red flying car convertible . The Scambocop owns a flying police car . Pinocchio steals the flying taxi bus and flies in the skyways to find his dad Geppetto while the Scambocop goes on a flying car chase to pull over the flying taxi bus . Meet the Robinsons : In this Disney CGI movie Wilbur takes Lewis as a kid to visit the future in the red flying car time machine and visits the future where flying cars are seen in the sky in the futuristic city made by Robinson Industries . Star Trek Into Darkness : Many flying cars are seen in the skies of San Francisco and London , including flying garbage trucks . The final action sequence showed Spock fighting Khan on top of a couple of flying garbage trucks . Lilo & Stitch : In this Disney cartoon movie the monster alien named Stitch escapes from jail on a spaceship . He then escapes in a red flying car which he pilots in outer space and crash lands on Earth in Hawaii . Later on near the end of the film Stitch can be seen driving his red hovercar . Inspector Gadget 's Biggest Caper Ever In this CGI movie the gadgetmobile converts from car mode into plane mode by extending its wings out flying over the hole in the road . Samurai Jack : In this Cartoon Network TV show . Jack has been sent forward in time through the time gate far into the future where he discovers flying hovercars in the city of Aku . Gerry Anderson 's New Captain Scarlet : Spectrum owns a fleet of red sports cars ( Cheetah RRV ) , which can extend wings , fire a thruster and either jump over obstacles in its path or fly . Moreover , Spectrum owns a flying motorcycle design ( Skyrider , which does not have wheels ) and a motor - tricycle design ( Stallion Raid Bike ) . The latter has wings , so it can be launched from Skybase . Phineas and Ferb : In the episode My Ride From Outer Space , the series ' title characters repair and modify a crashed alien spaceship into a Hot - Rod themed flying car , they also modified their mom 's station wagon into a flying car called The Flying Car of The Future , Today Ben10 : In 2 episodes , of the original series , that are set in the future , the title character 's grandfather is seen driving a flying future - version of the series ' signature Rust Bucket ( the old RV that 's used as the main transport in the series ) Generator Rex : Rex Salazar ( the series ' title character ) is capable of creating bio-mechanical machines out of parts of his own body . One such machine is called a Hover - bike , a fast version of a Motorcycle that has no wheels and can hover a few feet above the ground , which he uses as his main means of transport . Kim Possible : A muscle car , known as The Sloth was restored and used by the title character , Kim , and her twin brothers . The same car is then later modified more extensively as a rocket - propelled vehicle , and it eventually ends - up flying into outer - space Video games ( edit ) Some of this section 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Back to the Future II & III NES 1990 : Marty uses a remote control that allows the flying car Delorean to come to Marty whenever he needs to time travel to the years 1955 , 1985A and 2015 . Space Quest IV The Time Rippers : While Roger Wilco visits Space Quest X : Latex Babes of Estros , he gets kidnapped by women called Latex Babes . After Roger saves them from the Sea Slug monster they take him in a flying car to the Mall in the Galaxy called Galaxy Galleria . F - zero GX 2003 : In the city called Aeropolis Multiplex , while the player is racing in a hovercar . There are flying car traffic jams the player can see while racing in their hovercar . Wipeout Fusion 2002 : There are flying cars that can be seen while racing on the moon . Beam Breakers 2002 : In the year 2173 the player is driving in a flying car in the skyways , dodging other flying cars in cities like `` Neo York '' . There are 57 missions in story mode and the goals include dodging flying police cars , stealing other flying cars , ramming into an opponents , vandalizing restaurants and competing in a flying car race with flying car racers . Eyetoy : Antigrav 2004 : This game has flying cars in 4 cities the player has to dodge while riding on a hoverboard . Meet the Robinsons video game 2007 : Wilbur uses the red flying car time machine to chase after the Bowler Hat Guy and Doris the robot hat who stole the blue flying car time machine . Also flying cars can be seen outside Robinson Industries . Crime Cities 2001 : Flying car can be seen flying in the city . Also the player can drive their flying car and they can shoot flying cars out of the sky . Samurai Jack : The Shadow of Aku 2004 : For Nintendo Gamecube , PlayStation 2 . In the futuristic city of Aku , Samurai Jack has to jump on flying hovercars to get from building to building and must be careful he does n't fall to his death . Grand Theft Auto : Vice City contains a cheat to enable cars to fly . In Professor Layton and the Lost Future , Layton 's car is modified so that it can fly . Literature ( edit ) Some of this section 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the science fiction novel , Ralph 124C 41 + , people use `` Aeroflyer '' , a small flying car that can reach speeds of up to 600 mph ( 970 km / h ) Valérian and Laureline in the fifteenth volume , The Circles of Power See also ( edit ) Amphibious automobile CarterCopter Comparison of personal air vehicles Intermodal passenger transport List of fictional vehicles -- flying cars and personal spacecraft Personal air vehicle NASA Puffin Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , see Scott , 2007 , where she asks `` This is not 1901 , we all own pocket - sized remote voice receiver / transmitters . The glittering , futuristic year of 2000 was done and dusted over seven years ago ... The future is now -- so where is my flying car ? '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Popular Science : Looking back at Henry Ford 's Flivver : A plane - car for the man of average means , December 2001 Archived 16 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Popular Science : Looking back at Henry Ford 's Flivver : A plane - car for the man of average means , December 2001 Archived 16 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Andrew Glass ( 25 August 2015 ) . Flying Cars : The True Story . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 84 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 53423 - 7 . Jump up ^ Joseph J. Cor ; Brian Horrigan ( 15 May 1996 ) . Yesterday 's Tomorrows : Past Visions of the American Future . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0801853999 . Jump up ^ http://www.roadabletimes.com/roadables-vtol_volanteFord.html Jump up ^ `` Prediction 1957 : Flying Fan Vehicle '' . Gregory Benford and the Editors of Popular Mechanics . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vest - pocket VTOL . ( vertical take - off - and - landing aircraft , Sky Commuter ) ( column ) '' . Mechanical Engineering - CIME. 1 December 1990 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Commuter vehicle prototype for sale '' . Urbanaero.com. 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Haines , Thomas B. ( 19 March 2009 ) . `` First roadable airplane takes flight '' . Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association ( AOPA ) . Retrieved 19 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FAA REGISTRY Make / Model Inquiry Results ; Make / Model Code Entered : 05627LL '' . FAA Registry . FAA . 7 March 2014 . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . As of March 2014 Terrafugia has registered : * N302TF ( proof - of - concept , s / n D0001 , Airworthiness 1 December 2008 ) ; * N304TF ( design prototype , s / n D0002 , A / W 2013 - 11 - 26 ) ; * N305TF ( design prototype , s / n D0003 , no engine or A / W date listed as of March 2014 Jump up ^ `` AeroMobil : Flying car '' . aeromobil.com . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Urban Aeronautics '' . Urbanaero.com . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Category : Uncategorised ( 26 September 2012 ) . `` Moller International Home '' . Moller.com . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Flight 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rinspeed Squba , The First Underwater Flying Car '' . autoforsale.co.in . Archived from the original on 18 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Vance , Ashlee ; Stone , Brad ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` Welcome to Larry Page 's Secret Flying - Car Factories '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Flying Cars Jump up ^ https://www.rbth.com/science_and_tech/2017/07/20/back-to-the-future-flying-taxis-to-transport-muscovites-in-2018_807455 Jump up ^ `` Your Flying Car ? Delayed again , but you WILL get it , says Terrafugia '' . theregister.co.uk. 13 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` When cars fly '' . haaretz.com. 4 February 2011 . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Gail Collins ; Dan Collins ( 1 December 1990 ) . The Millennium Book : Your Essential All - purpose Guide to the Year 2000 . Main Street Books . ASIN 0385411650 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 41165 - 3 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ Barney L. Capehart ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of Energy Engineering and Technology , Volume 1 . CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 3653 - 8 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 3653 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Reasons You Do n't Want a Flying Car : Flying Can Be a Scary Event '' . howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Reasons You Do n't Want a Flying Car : Breaking Down Means Falling Out of the Sky '' . howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Reasons You Do n't Want a Flying Car : Flying Cars Are Hard to Drive in Bad Weather '' . howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Future shock : Why there 'll be no flying cars '' . The Post and Courier . Google News Archive. 12 December 1992 . Archived from the original on 15 September 2013 . Retrieved 15 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott , Katy ( 11 September 2007 ) , `` Where is my flying car ? '' , 3rd Degree , retrieved 16 September 2013 Jump up ^ Avery Brooks ( 2000 ) . Where are the flying cars ? ( Television advertisement ) . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Unexpected Rebirth of the Flying Car '' . Popular Science . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Flying Car on IMDb Jump up ^ Mean Automakers Dash Nation 's Hope for Flying Cars on IMDb Jump up ^ Onosko , Tim ( 1979 ) . Was n't the Future Wonderful ? : A View of Trends and Technology From the 1930s . Dutton . pp. 24 , 51 , 152 -- 153 . ISBN 0 - 525 - 47551 - 6 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Sammon , pp. 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ The top 40 cars from feature films : 30 . POLICE SPINNER , ScreenJunkies.com , 30 March 2010 , archived from the original on 4 April 2014 , retrieved 27 July 2011 , though press kits for the film stated that the spinner was propelled by three engines : `` conventional internal combustion , jet and anti-gravity '' . Jump up ^ Willoughby , Gary , BladeZone 's Gary Willoughby has a One on One chat with Gene Winfield , the builder of the full size cars and spinners from the classic film Blade Runner , Bladezone , archived from the original on 27 September 2013 , retrieved 27 July 2011 Jump up ^ EMPSFM Brochure ( PDF ) , Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 January 2011 , retrieved 27 July 2011 Jump up ^ Heller , Jason ( 10 March 2012 ) . `` R.I.P. Moebius , comics legend and Métal Hurlant co-founder '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Anders , Charlie ( 1 July 2012 ) . `` Luc Besson adapting classic time - travel comic created by Fifth Element concept artist '' . io9 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Teichner , Martha ( 22 January 2012 ) . `` Jean Paul Gaultier : Fashion 's wild child '' . CBS News . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Sehajpal , Ashima ( 8 July 2011 ) . `` FLIRTING with change '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Helen . 500 Essential Anime Movies : The Ultimate Guide . -- Harper Design , 2009 . -- P. 40 . -- 528 p . -- ISBN 978 - 0061474507 Jump up ^ `` Voice Of 01 Versatran Spokesman '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Julio Francisco Dantas De Rezende ( 2008 ) . Transpersonal Management : lessons from the Matrix trilogy . Editora E-papers . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 85 - 7650 - 151 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Theft Auto : Vice City Cheats and Codes for PC - GTA Unlockables - GameFAQs '' . gamefaqs.gamespot.com . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Elton ( 2 May 2013 ) . `` ' Grand Theft Auto Vice City ' : The Top 25 Cheats You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) BBC News Flying cars in 25 years , BBC News Online , 22 September 2004 . Brown , Stuart F. Why We 're Not Driving the Friendly Skies , The New York Times online , 22 August 2014 , and in print on 24 August 2014 , on p . AU1 of the New York edition . Feltman , Rachel . Why Do n't We Have Flying Cars ? , Popular Mechanics , 21 February 2013 . Hakim , Danny . A Helicopter of One 's Own , The New York Times online , 16 June 2014 , and in print on 17 June 2014 , p . D2 of the New York edition . Hodgdon , Theodore , A. ; Onosko , Tim ( ed . ) `` At Last -- a Convertible Auto - Plane '' , in Was n't the Future Wonderful ? : A View of Trends and Technology from the 1930s , Dutton , 1979 , pp. 152 -- 153 , ISBN 0525475516 , ISBN 978 - 0525475514 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flying automobiles ( aircraft ) . Roadable Times , pictures and descriptions of over 70 designs of flying cars and roadable aircraft past and present . How Flying Cars Will Work at HowStuffWorks . X-Hawk from HowStuffWorks Flying cars and roadable aircraft Roadable aircraft Historical Aerauto PL. 5C Aerocar ACA AC - 35 AVE Mizar Bryan Autoplane Convair Model 116 Convair Model 118 Curtiss Autoplane Fulton Airphibian Skroback Roadable Airplane Wagner Aerocar Waterman Arrowbile Modern Aeromobil ARES ( DARPA TX ) Haynes Aero Skyblazer I - TEC Maverick LaBiche FSC - 1 PAL - V Liberty Parajet Skycar Plane Driven PD - 1 Roadable Glastar Samson Switchblade Scaled Composites Model 367 BiPod Terrafugia Transition Trixy Trixformer Flying cars Historical Chrysler VZ - 6 Curtiss - Wright VZ - 7 Piasecki VZ - 8 Airgeep Sky Commuter Modern Moller M400 Skycar PAL - V Liberty SkyRider X2R Terrafugia TF - X Urban Aeronautics X-Hawk Xplorair Related topics Hovercar Jet pack Personal air vehicle ( comparisons ) Winged tank AVCEN Jetpod Emerging technologies Fields Agriculture Agricultural robot Closed ecological systems Cultured meat Genetically modified food Precision agriculture Vertical farming Architecture Arcology Building printing Contour crafting Domed city Biomedical Artificial uterus Ampakine Brain transplant Cryonics Cryoprotectant Cryopreservation Vitrification Suspended animation De-extinction Genetic engineering Gene therapy Head transplant Isolated brain Life extension Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence Nanomedicine Nanosensors Personalized medicine Regenerative medicine Stem - 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who tried to make the first flying car
[ "The Aerocar designed and built by Molt Taylor made a successful flight in December 1949, and in following years versions underwent a series of road and flying tests. Chuck Berry featured the concept in his 1956 song \"You Can't Catch Me\", and in December 1956 the Civil Aviation Authority approved the design for mass production, but despite wide publicity and an improved version produced in 1989, Taylor did not succeed in getting the flying car into production.[3]" ]
[ "Molt Taylor" ]
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Saint Paul, Minnesota
Saint Paul , Minnesota - wikipedia Saint Paul , Minnesota Jump to : navigation , search For an overview of the Twin Cities metropolitan area , see Minneapolis -- Saint Paul . Saint Paul , Minnesota State capital City of Saint Paul Clockwise from the top : Downtown Saint Paul as seen from Harriet Island , the Xcel Energy Center , the Saint Paul Cathedral , the Minnesota State Capitol , the Marjorie McNeely Conservatory , and the historic James J. Hill House Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : `` the Capital City '' , `` the Saintly City '' , `` Pig 's Eye '' , `` STP '' , `` Last City of the East '' Motto ( s ) : The most livable city in America . Location in Ramsey County and the state of Minnesota Saint Paul , Minnesota Location in Minnesota , United States & North America Saint Paul , Minnesota Saint Paul , Minnesota ( the US ) Saint Paul , Minnesota Saint Paul , Minnesota ( North America ) Show map of Minnesota Show map of the US Show map of North America Show all Coordinates : 44 ° 56 ′ 39 '' N 93 ° 5 ′ 37 '' W  /  44.94417 ° N 93.09361 ° W  / 44.94417 ; - 93.09361 Coordinates : 44 ° 56 ′ 39 '' N 93 ° 5 ′ 37 '' W  /  44.94417 ° N 93.09361 ° W  / 44.94417 ; - 93.09361 Country United States State Minnesota County Ramsey Incorporated March 4 , 1854 Named for St. Paul the Apostle Government Mayor Melvin Carter ( DFL ) Area City 56.18 sq mi ( 145.51 km ) Land 51.98 sq mi ( 134.63 km ) Water 4.20 sq mi ( 10.88 km ) Elevation 702 ft ( 214 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 285,068 Estimate ( 2016 ) 304,442 Rank City : 64th MN : 2nd Density 5,818 / sq mi ( 2,246 / km ) Metro 3,524,583 ( US : 16th ) Demonym Saint Paulite Time zone CST ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) ZIP codes 55101 -- 55175 Area code ( s ) 651 Website www.stpaul.gov Current as of July 30 , 2008 . Saint Paul ( abbreviated St. Paul ) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of 2016 , the city 's estimated population was 304,442 . Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County , the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota . The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Minneapolis , the state 's largest city . Known as the `` Twin Cities '' , the two form the core of Minneapolis -- Saint Paul , the 16th - largest metropolitan area in the United States , with about 3.52 million residents . Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center , the city rose to prominence when it was named the capital of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 . The Dakota name for Saint Paul is `` Imnizaska '' . Though Minneapolis ( Bdeota ) is better - known nationally , Saint Paul contains the state government and other important institutions . Regionally , the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center , home of the Minnesota Wild , and for the Science Museum of Minnesota . As a business hub of the Upper Midwest , it is the headquarters of companies such as Ecolab . Saint Paul , along with its Twin City , Minneapolis , is known for its high literacy rate . It was the only city in the United States with a population of 250,000 or more to see an increase in circulation of Sunday newspapers in 2007 . The settlement originally began at present - day Lambert 's Landing , but was known as Pig 's Eye after Pierre `` Pig 's Eye '' Parrant established a popular tavern there . When Lucien Galtier , the first Catholic pastor of the region , established the Log Chapel of Saint Paul ( shortly thereafter to become the first location of the Cathedral of Saint Paul ) , he made it known that the settlement was now to be called by that name , as `` Saint Paul as applied to a town or city was well appropriated , this monosyllable is short , sounds good , it is understood by all Christian denominations '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Neighborhoods 2.2 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 census 4 Economy 5 Culture 6 Sports 7 Government and politics 7.1 State and federal 8 Education 9 Media 10 Transportation 10.1 Interstate and roadways 10.2 Mass transit 10.3 Railroad 10.4 Airports 11 Sister cities 12 Notable people 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Saint Paul , Minnesota A burial mound at Indian Mounds Park Burial mounds in present - day Indian Mounds Park suggest that the area was originally inhabited by the Hopewell Native Americans about two thousand years ago . From the early 17th century until 1837 , the Mdewakanton Dakota , a tribe of the Sioux , lived near the mounds after fleeing their ancestral home of Mille Lacs Lake from advancing Ojibwe . They called the area I - mni - za ska dan ( `` little white rock '' ) for its exposed white sandstone cliffs . Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , US Army officer Zebulon Pike negotiated approximately 100,000 acres ( 40,000 ha ; 160 sq mi ) of land from the local Dakota tribes in 1805 to establish a fort . The negotiated territory was located on both banks of the Mississippi River , starting from Saint Anthony Falls in present - day Minneapolis , to its confluence with the Saint Croix River . Fort Snelling was built on the territory in 1819 at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers , which formed a natural barrier to both Native American nations . The 1837 Treaty with the Sioux ceded all local tribal land east of the Mississippi to the U.S. Government . Taoyateduta ( Chief Little Crow V ) moved his band at Kaposia across the river to the south . Fur traders , explorers , and missionaries came to the area for the fort 's protection . Many of the settlers were French - Canadians who lived nearby . However , as a whiskey trade flourished , military officers banned settlers from the fort - controlled lands . Pierre `` Pig 's Eye '' Parrant , a retired fur trader - turned - bootlegger who particularly irritated officials , set up his tavern , the Pig 's Eye , near present - day Lambert 's Landing . By the early 1840s , the community had become important as a trading center and a destination for settlers heading west . Locals called the area Pig 's Eye ( French : L'Œil du Cochon ) or Pig 's Eye Landing after Parrant 's popular tavern . Joe Rolette was responsible for preventing the capital of Minnesota from moving to Saint Peter . In 1841 , Father Lucien Galtier was sent to minister to the Catholic French Canadians and established a chapel , named for his favorite saint , Paul the Apostle , on the bluffs above Lambert 's Landing . Galtier intended for the settlement to adopt the name Saint Paul in honor of the new chapel . In 1847 , a New York educator named Harriet Bishop moved to the area and opened the city 's first school . The Minnesota Territory was formalized in 1849 and Saint Paul named as its capital . In 1857 , the territorial legislature voted to move the capital to Saint Peter . However , Joe Rolette , a territorial legislator , stole the physical text of the approved bill and went into hiding , thus preventing the move . On May 11 , 1858 , Minnesota was admitted to the union as the thirty - second state , with Saint Paul as the capital . That year , more than 1,000 steamboats were in service at Saint Paul , making the city a gateway for settlers to the Minnesota frontier or Dakota Territory . Natural geography was a primary reason that the city became a landing . The area was the last accessible point to unload boats coming upriver due to the Mississippi River Valley 's stone bluffs . During this period , Saint Paul was called `` The Last City of the East . '' Industrialist James J. Hill constructed and expanded his network of railways into the Great Northern Railway and Northern Pacific Railway , which were headquartered in Saint Paul . Today they are collectively part of the BNSF Railway . On August 20 , 1904 , severe thunderstorms and tornadoes damaged hundreds of downtown buildings , causing USD $1.78 million ( $48.48 million present - day ) in damages to the city and ripping spans from the High Bridge . In the 1960s , during urban renewal , Saint Paul razed western neighborhoods close to downtown . The city also contended with the creation of the interstate freeway system in a fully built landscape . From 1959 to 1961 , the western Rondo Neighborhood was demolished by the construction of Interstate 94 , which brought attention to racial segregation and unequal housing in northern cities . The annual Rondo Days celebration commemorates the African American community . Downtown had short skyscraper - building booms beginning in the 1970s . The tallest buildings , such as Galtier Plaza ( Jackson and Sibley Towers ) , The Pointe of Saint Paul condominiums , and the city 's tallest building , Wells Fargo Place ( formerly Minnesota World Trade Center ) , were constructed in the late 1980s . In the 1990s and 2000s , the tradition of bringing new immigrant groups to the city continued . As of 2004 , nearly 10 % of the city 's population were recent Hmong immigrants from Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia , Thailand , and Myanmar . Saint Paul is the location of the Hmong Archives . Geography ( edit ) The Meeker Island Lock and Dam was the first lock and dam on the Mississippi River in 1902 . Saint Paul 's history and growth as a landing port are tied to water . The city 's defining physical characteristic , the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers , was carved into the region during the last ice age , as were the steep river bluffs and dramatic palisades on which the city is built . Receding glaciers and Lake Agassiz forced torrents of water from a glacial river that undercut the river valleys . The city is situated in east - central Minnesota . The Mississippi River forms a municipal boundary on part of the city 's west , southwest , and southeast sides . Minneapolis , the state 's largest city , lies to the west . Falcon Heights , Lauderdale , Roseville , and Maplewood are north , with Maplewood lying to the east . The cities of West Saint Paul and South Saint Paul are to the south , as are Lilydale , Mendota , and Mendota Heights , although across the river from the city . The city 's largest lakes are Pig 's Eye Lake , which is part of the Mississippi , Lake Phalen , and Lake Como . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 56.18 square miles ( 145.51 km ) , of which 51.98 square miles ( 134.63 km ) is land and 4.20 square miles ( 10.88 km ) is water . Neighborhoods ( edit ) Main article : Neighborhoods of Saint Paul Saint Paul 's Department of Planning and Economic Development divides Saint Paul into seventeen Planning Districts , created in 1979 to allow neighborhoods to participate in governance and use Community Development Block Grants . With a funding agreement directly from the city , the councils share a pool of funds . The councils have significant land - use control , a voice in guiding development , and they organize residents . The boundaries are adjusted depending on population changes ; as such , they sometimes overlap established neighborhoods . Though these neighborhoods changed over time , preservationists have saved many of their historically significant structures . The city 's seventeen Planning Districts are : Sunray - Battle Creek - Highwood Greater East Side West Side Dayton 's Bluff Payne - Phalen North End Thomas Dale ( Frogtown ) Summit - University West End Como Park Hamline - Midway Saint Anthony Park Union Park Macalester - Groveland Highland Park Summit Hill Downtown Climate ( edit ) See also : Climate of the Twin Cities and Climate of Minnesota The city skyline from the southwest in the winter Saint Paul has a continental climate typical of the Upper Midwestern United States . Winters are frigid and snowy , while summers are warm to hot and humid . On the Köppen climate classification , Saint Paul falls in the hot summer humid continental climate zone ( Dfa ) . The city experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events , including snow , sleet , ice , rain , thunderstorms , tornadoes , and fog . Due to its northerly location in the United States and lack of large bodies of water to moderate the air , Saint Paul is sometimes subjected to cold Arctic air masses , especially during late December , January , and February . The average annual temperature of 47.05 ° F ( 8.36 ° C ) gives the Minneapolis − Saint Paul metropolitan area the coldest annual mean temperature of any major metropolitan area in the continental U.S. ( hide ) Climate data for Saint Paul , Minnesota Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 57 ( 14 ) 59 ( 15 ) 83 ( 28 ) 93 ( 34 ) 93 ( 34 ) 103 ( 39 ) 105 ( 41 ) 103 ( 39 ) 95 ( 35 ) 88 ( 31 ) 75 ( 24 ) 66 ( 19 ) 105 ( 41 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 26 ( − 3 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 43 ( 6 ) 58 ( 14 ) 71 ( 22 ) 80 ( 27 ) 85 ( 29 ) 82 ( 28 ) 73 ( 23 ) 59 ( 15 ) 42 ( 6 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 56.6 ( 13.7 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 16.5 ( − 8.6 ) 21.5 ( − 5.8 ) 33.5 ( 0.8 ) 48 ( 9 ) 60.5 ( 15.8 ) 69.5 ( 20.8 ) 74.5 ( 23.6 ) 72 ( 22 ) 63 ( 17 ) 50 ( 10 ) 34.5 ( 1.4 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 47.05 ( 8.36 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 7 ( − 14 ) 12 ( − 11 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 38 ( 3 ) 50 ( 10 ) 59 ( 15 ) 64 ( 18 ) 62 ( 17 ) 53 ( 12 ) 41 ( 5 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 13 ( − 11 ) 37.5 ( 3.1 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 29 ( − 34 ) − 32 ( − 36 ) − 25 ( − 32 ) ( − 16 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 36 ( 2 ) 45 ( 7 ) 42 ( 6 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 15 ( − 9 ) − 14 ( − 26 ) − 29 ( − 34 ) − 32 ( − 36 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.79 ( 20.1 ) 0.67 ( 17 ) 1.54 ( 39.1 ) 2.87 ( 72.9 ) 3.7 ( 94 ) 4.21 ( 106.9 ) 4.41 ( 112 ) 4.76 ( 120.9 ) 3.27 ( 83.1 ) 2.91 ( 73.9 ) 1.81 ( 46 ) ( 28 ) 32.04 ( 813.9 ) Source # 1 : U.S. climate data Source # 2 : The Weather Channel Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 1,112 -- 1860 10,401 835.3 % 1870 20,030 92.6 % 1880 41,473 107.1 % 1890 133,156 221.1 % 1900 163,065 22.5 % 1910 214,744 31.7 % 1920 234,698 9.3 % 1930 271,606 15.7 % 1940 287,736 5.9 % 1950 311,349 8.2 % 1960 313,411 0.7 % 1970 309,980 − 1.1 % 1980 270,230 − 12.8 % 1990 272,235 0.7 % 2000 287,151 5.5 % 285,068 − 0.7 % Est. 2016 304,442 6.8 % U.S. Decennial Census 2015 Estimate Main article : Demographics of Saint Paul ( hide ) Demographic profile 2000 1990 1970 White 60.1 % 67.0 % 82.3 % 95.4 % -- Non-Hispanic 55.9 % 64.0 % 80.4 % 93.6 % Black or African American 15.7 % 11.7 % 7.4 % 3.5 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 9.6 % 7.9 % 4.2 % 2.1 % Asian 15.0 % 12.4 % 7.1 % 0.2 % The earliest known inhabitants from about 400 A.D. were members of the Hopewell tradition who buried their dead in mounds ( now Indian Mounds Park ) on the bluffs above the river . The next known inhabitants were the Mdewakanton Dakota in the 17th century who fled their ancestral home of Mille Lacs Lake in central Minnesota in response to westward expansion of the Ojibwe nation . The Ojibwe would later occupy the north ( east ) bank of the Mississippi River . By 1800 , French - Canadian explorers came through the region and attracted fur traders to the area . Fort Snelling and nearby Pig 's Eye Tavern also brought the first Yankees from New England and English , Irish , and Scottish immigrants who had enlisted in the army and settled nearby after discharge . These early settlers and entrepreneurs built houses on the heights north of the river . The first wave of immigration came with the Irish who settled at Connemara Patch along the Mississippi , named for their home in Connemara Ireland . The Irish would become prolific in politics , city governance , and public safety , much to the chagrin of the Germans and French who had grown into the majority . In 1850 , the first of many groups of Swedish immigrants passed through Saint Paul on their way to farming communities in northern and western regions of the territory . A large group settled in Swede Hollow , which would later become home to Poles , Italians , and Mexicans . The last Swedish presence had moved up Saint Paul 's East Side along Payne Avenue in the 1950s . In terms of people who specified European ancestry in the 2005 - 2007 American Community Survey , the city was 26.4 % German , 13.8 % Irish , 8.4 % Norwegian , 7.0 % Swedish , and 6.2 % English . There is also a visible community of people of Sub-Saharan African ancestry , representing 4.2 % of Saint Paul 's population . By the 1980s , the Thomas Dale area , once an Austro - Hungarian enclave known as Frogtown ( German : Froschburg ) , became home to Vietnamese people who left their war - torn country . Soon after a settlement program for the Hmong diaspora came , and by 2000 , the Saint Paul Hmong were the largest urban contingent in the United States . Mexican immigrants have settled in Saint Paul 's West Side since the 1930s , and have grown enough that Mexico opened a foreign consulate in 2005 . The majority of residents claiming religious affiliation are Christian , split between the Roman Catholic Church and various Protestant denominations . The Roman Catholic presence comes from Irish , German , Scottish , and French Canadian settlers who , in time , would be bolstered by Hispanic immigrants . There are Jewish synagogues such as Mount Zion Temple and relatively small populations of Hindus , Muslims , and Buddhists . The city has been dubbed `` paganistan '' due to its large Wiccan population . As of the 2005 - 2007 American Community Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau , White Americans made up 66.5 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 62.1 % were non-Hispanic whites , down from 93.6 % in 1970 . Blacks or African Americans made up 13.9 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 13.5 % were non-Hispanic blacks . American Indians made up 0.8 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 0.6 % were non-Hispanic . Asian Americans made up 12.3 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 12.2 % were non-Hispanic . Pacific Islander Americans made up less than 0.1 % of Saint Paul 's population . Individuals from some other race made up 3.4 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 0.2 % were non-Hispanic . Individuals from two or more races made up 3.1 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 2.6 % were non-Hispanic . In addition , Hispanics and Latinos made up 8.7 % of Saint Paul 's population . As of the 2000 U.S. Census , there were 287,151 people , 112,109 households , and 60,999 families residing in the city . The racial makeup of the city was 67.0 % White , 11.7 % African American , 1.1 % Native American , 12.4 % Asian ( mostly Hmong ) , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 3.8 % from other races , and 3.9 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.9 % of the population . 2010 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2010 , there were 285,068 people , 111,001 households , and 59,689 families residing in the city . The population density was 5,484.2 inhabitants per square mile ( 2,117.5 / km ) . There were 120,795 housing units at an average density of 2,323.9 per square mile ( 897.3 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 60.1 % white , 15.7 % African American , 1.1 % Native American , 15.0 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 3.9 % from other races , and 4.2 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.6 % of the population . There were 111,001 households of which 30.4 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 34.1 % were married couples living together , 14.8 % had a female householder with no husband present , 4.9 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 46.2 % were non-families. 35.8 % of all households were made up of individuals and 8.5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.33 . The median age in the city was 30.9 years . 25.1 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 13.9 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 29.6 % were from 25 to 44 ; 22.6 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 9 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 48.9 % male and 51.1 % female . Economy ( edit ) The Ford Motor Company 's Twin Cities Assembly Plant in 2006 The Minneapolis -- Saint Paul -- Bloomington area employs 1,570,700 people in the private sector as of July 2008 , 82.43 percent of which work in private service providing - related jobs . Major corporations headquartered in Saint Paul include Ecolab , a chemical and cleaning product company which was named in 2008 by the Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal as the eighth best place to work in the Twin Cites for companies with 1,000 full - time Minnesota employees , and Securian Financial Group Inc . The 3M Company is often cited as one of Saint Paul 's companies , though it is located in adjacent Maplewood . 3M employs 16,000 people throughout Minnesota . St. Jude Medical , a manufacturer of medical devices , is directly across the northern border of Saint Paul in Little Canada , though the company 's address is listed in Saint Paul . The city was home to the Ford Motor Company 's Twin Cities Assembly Plant , which opened in 1924 and closed at the end of 2011 . The plant was in Highland Park on the Mississippi River , adjacent to Lock and Dam No. 1 , Mississippi River , which generates hydroelectric power . The site is now being cleared of all buildings and tested for contamination to prepare for redevelopment . The city of Saint Paul has financed city development by use of tax increment financing ( TIF ) . In 2018 , the city had 55 TIF districts . Some projects that have benefited from TIF funding include the St. Paul Saints stadium , as well as building affordable housing along the Twin Cities Metro Green Line . Culture ( edit ) Como Park Zoo and Conservatory is a free public greenhouse and urban zoo open year - round . In winter months , Saint Paul hosts the Saint Paul Winter Carnival , a tradition that began in 1886 when a New York reporter called Saint Paul `` another Siberia . '' Attended by 350,000 visitors annually , the event showcases ice sculpting , an annual treasure hunt , winter food , activities , and an ice palace . The Como Zoo and Conservatory and adjoining Japanese Garden are popular year - round . The historic Landmark Center in downtown Saint Paul hosts cultural and arts organizations . The city 's notable recreation locations include Indian Mounds Park , Battle Creek Regional Park , Harriet Island Regional Park , Highland Park , the Wabasha Street Caves , Lake Como , Lake Phalen , and Rice Park , as well as several areas abutting the Mississippi River . The Irish Fair of Minnesota is also held annually at the Harriet Island Pavilion area . And the country 's largest Hmong American sports festival , the Freedom Festival , is held the first weekend of July at McMurray Field near Como Park . The city is associated with the Minnesota State Fair in nearby Falcon Heights just west of Saint Paul 's Como Park neighborhood and southeast of the University of Minnesota Saint Paul Campus . Though Fort Snelling is on the Minneapolis side of the Mississippi River bluff , the area including Fort Snelling State Park and Pike Island is managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources headquartered in the city . The Minnesota Centennial Showboat was anchored in the Mississippi River along Harriet Island . Saint Paul is the birthplace of cartoonist Charles M. Schulz ( Peanuts ) , who lived in Merriam Park from infancy until 1960 . Schulz 's Snoopy cartoon inspired giant , decorated Peanuts sculptures around the city , a Chamber of Commerce promotion in the late 1990s . Other notable residents include writer F. Scott Fitzgerald , playwright August Wilson , who premiered many of the ten plays in his Pittsburgh Cycle at the local Penumbra Theater , painter LeRoy Neiman , and photographer John Vachon . The Ordway Center for the Performing Arts hosts theater productions and the Minnesota Opera is a founding tenant . RiverCentre , attached to Xcel Energy Center , serves as the city 's convention center . The city has contributed to the music of Minnesota and the Twin Cities music scene through various venues . Great jazz musicians have passed through the influential Artists ' Quarter , first established in the 1970s in Whittier , Minneapolis , and moved to downtown Saint Paul in 1994 . Artists ' Quarter also hosts the Soapboxing Poetry Slam , home of the 2009 National Poetry Slam Champions . At The Black Dog , in Lowertown , many French or European jazz musicians ( Evan Parker , Tony Hymas , Benoît Delbecq , François Corneloup ... ) have met Twin Cities musicians and started new groups touring in Europe . Groups and performers such as Fantastic Merlins , Dean Magraw / Davu Seru , Merciless Ghosts , and Willie Murphy are regulars . The Turf Club in Midway has been a music scene landmark since the 1940s . Saint Paul is also the home base of the internationally acclaimed Rose Ensemble . As an Irish stronghold , the city boasts popular Irish pubs with live music , such as Shamrocks , The Dubliner , and O'Gara's . The internationally acclaimed Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra is the nation 's only full - time professional chamber orchestra . The Minnesota Centennial Showboat on the Mississippi River began in 1958 with Minnesota 's first centennial celebration . Saint Paul hosts a number of museums , including the University of Minnesota 's Goldstein Museum of Design , the Minnesota Children 's Museum , the Schubert Club Museum of Musical Instruments , the Minnesota Museum of American Art , the Traces Center for History and Culture , the Minnesota History Center , the Alexander Ramsey House , the James J. Hill House , the Minnesota Transportation Museum , the Science Museum of Minnesota , and The Twin City Model Railroad Museum . Sports ( edit ) Main articles : Sports in Minneapolis -- Saint Paul and Sports in Minnesota The Xcel Energy Center hosts hockey , other professional sports , concerts , and other events . The Saint Paul division of Parks and Recreation runs over 1,500 organized sports teams . In addition , the Parks and Recreation department is responsible for 160 parks and 41 recreation centers . Saint Paul hosts a number of professional , semi-professional , and amateur sports teams . The Minnesota Wild play their home games in downtown Saint Paul 's Xcel Energy Center , which opened in 2000 . The Wild brought the NHL back to Minnesota for the first time since 1993 , when the Minnesota North Stars left the state for Dallas , Texas . ( The World Hockey Association 's Minnesota Fighting Saints played in Saint Paul from 1972 to 1977 . ) Citing the history of hockey in the Twin Cities and teams at all levels , Sports Illustrated called Saint Paul the new Hockeytown U.S.A. in 2007 . The Xcel Energy Center , a multipurpose entertainment and sports venue , can host concerts and accommodate nearly all sporting events . It occupies the site of the demolished Saint Paul Civic Center . The Xcel Energy Center hosts the Minnesota high school boys hockey tournament , the Minnesota high school girls ' volleyball tournament , and concerts throughout the year . In 2004 , it was named the best overall sports venue in the US by ESPN . Two Circus Juventas students on silks The St. Paul Saints is the city 's independent league baseball team . There have been several different teams called the Saints over the years . Founded in 1884 , they were shut down in 1961 after the Minnesota Twins moved to Bloomington . The St. Paul Saints were brought back in 1993 as an independent baseball team in the Northern League , moving to the American Association in 2006 . Their home games are played at the open - air CHS Field in downtown 's Lowertown Historic District . Four noted Major League All - Star baseball players are natives of Saint Paul : Hall of Fame outfielder Dave Winfield , Hall of Fame infielder Paul Molitor , pitcher Jack Morris , and first baseman Joe Mauer . The all - black St. Paul Colored Gophers played four seasons in Saint Paul from 1907 to 1911 . The St. Paul Twin Stars of the National Premier Soccer League play their home games at Macalester Stadium . The first curling club in Saint Paul was founded in 1888 . The current club , the St. Paul Curling Club , was founded in 1912 and is the largest curling club in the United States . The Minnesota RollerGirls are a flat - track roller derby league based in the Roy Wilkins Auditorium . Minnesota 's oldest athletic organization , the Minnesota Boat Club , resides in the Mississippi River on Raspberry Island . Saint Paul is also home to Circus Juventas , the largest circus arts school in North America . On March 25 , 2015 , Major League Soccer announced that it had awarded its 23rd MLS franchise to Minnesota United FC , a team from the lower - level North American Soccer League . Bill McGuire and his ownership group , which includes Jim Pohlad of the Minnesota Twins , Glen Taylor of the Minnesota Timberwolves , former Minnesota Wild investor Glen Nelson , and his daughter Wendy Carlson Nelson of the Carlson hospitality company , had intended to build a privately financed soccer - specific stadium in Downtown Minneapolis near the Minneapolis Farmer 's Market , but their plan was met with heavy opposition from Minneapolis Mayor Betsy Hodges , who said her city was suffering from `` stadium fatigue '' after building three stadiums , for the Minnesota Twins , Minnesota Vikings and the Minnesota Golden Gophers , within a six - year span . On July 1 , 2015 , after failing to reach an agreement with the city of Minneapolis , McGuire and his partners turned their focus to Saint Paul . On October 23 , 2015 , Bill McGuire of Minnesota United FC and Saint Paul Mayor Chris Coleman announced that a privately financed soccer - specific stadium would be built on the vacant Metro Transit bus barn site in Saint Paul 's Midway neighborhood near the intersection of Snelling Avenue and University Avenue . It is midway between downtown Saint Paul and downtown Minneapolis . The stadium will open in 2019 and seat 19,400 . The team will play in the MLS in 2017 . The Timberwolves , Twins , Vikings , and Lynx all play in Minneapolis . Professional sports in Saint Paul Club Sport League Venue ( Capacity ) Championships Minnesota Wild Ice hockey National Hockey League Xcel Energy Center ( 17,954 ) Minnesota United FC Soccer Major League Soccer Allianz Field ( 19,400 ) NASL : 2011 and 2014 St. Paul Saints Baseball American Association CHS Field ( 7,210 ) NL : 1993 , 1995 , 1996 , and 2004 Government and politics ( edit ) Main articles : Government and politics in Saint Paul , Minnesota and List of mayors of Saint Paul , Minnesota Minnesota State Capitol Saint Paul has a variation of the strong mayor - council form of government . The mayor is the chief executive and chief administrative officer for the city and the seven - member city council is the legislative body . The mayor is elected by the entire city , while members of the city council are elected from seven different geographic wards of approximately equal population . Both the mayor and council members serve four - year terms . The current mayor is Melvin Carter ( DFL ) . Carter is Saint Paul 's first African - American mayor . Aside from Norm Coleman , who became a Republican during his second term , Saint Paul has not elected a Republican mayor since 1952 . Saint Paul City Hall and Ramsey County Courthouse The city is also the county seat of Ramsey County , named for Alexander Ramsey , the state 's first governor . The county once spanned much of the present - day metropolitan area and was originally to be named Saint Paul County after the city . Today it is geographically the smallest county and the most densely populated . Ramsey is the only home rule county in Minnesota ; the seven - member Board of Commissioners appoints a county manager whose office is in the combination city hall / county courthouse along with the Minnesota Second Judicial Courts . The nearby Law Enforcement Center houses the Ramsey County Sheriff 's office . State and federal ( edit ) See also : Minnesota Legislature and Politics of Minnesota § Federal representation Saint Paul is the capital of the state of Minnesota . The city hosts the capitol building , designed by Saint Paul resident Cass Gilbert , and the House and Senate office buildings . The Minnesota Governor 's Residence , which is used for some state functions , is on Summit Avenue . The Minnesota Democratic - Farmer - Labor Party ( affiliated with the Democratic Party ) is headquartered in Saint Paul . Numerous state departments and services are also headquartered in Saint Paul , such as the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources . The city is split into four Minnesota Senate districts ( 64 , 65 , 66 and 67 ) and eight Minnesota House of Representatives districts ( 64A , 64B , 65A , 65B , 66A , 66B , 67A and 67B ) , all of which are held by Democrats . Saint Paul is the heart of Minnesota 's 4th congressional district , represented by Democrat Betty McCollum . The district has been in DFL hands without interruption since 1949 . Minnesota is represented in the US Senate by Democrat Amy Klobuchar , a former Hennepin County Attorney , and Democrat Tina Smith , former Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota . Minnesota House and Senate districts Senate House Name First Elected Party Name First Elected Party 64 Dick Cohen 1986 DFL 64A Erin Murphy 2006 DFL 64B Dave Pinto 2014 DFL 65 Sandy Pappas 1990 DFL 65A Rena Moran DFL 65B Carlos Mariani 1990 DFL 66 John Marty * DFL 66A John Lesch 2002 DFL 66B Alice Hausman * DFL 67 Foung Hawj 2012 DFL 67A Tim Mahoney 1998 DFL 67B Sheldon Johnson 2000 DFL * District also includes Falcon Heights , Lauderdale and Roseville . Education ( edit ) 1930s - era students at Hamline University taking finals Main article : Education in Saint Paul , Minnesota Saint Paul is second in the United States in the number of higher education institutions per capita . Higher education institutions that call Saint Paul home include three public and eight private colleges and universities and five post-secondary institutions . Well - known colleges and universities include the Saint Catherine University , Concordia University , Hamline University , Macalester College , and the University of St. Thomas . Metropolitan State University and Saint Paul College , which focus on non-traditional students , are based in Saint Paul , as well as a law school , Mitchell Hamline School of Law . The Saint Paul Public Schools district is the state 's largest school district and serves approximately 39,000 students . The district is extremely diverse with students from families speaking 90 different languages , although only five languages are used for most school communication : English , Spanish , Hmong , Karen , and Somali . The district runs 82 different schools , including 52 elementary schools , twelve middle schools , seven high schools , ten alternative schools , and one special education school , employing over 6,500 teachers and staff . The school district also oversees community education programs for pre-K and adult learners , including Early Childhood Family Education , GED Diploma , language programs , and various learning opportunities for community members of all ages . In 2006 , Saint Paul Public Schools celebrated its 150th anniversary . Some students attend public schools in other school districts chosen by their families under Minnesota 's open enrollment statute . A variety of K - 12 private , parochial , and public charter schools are also represented in the city . In 1992 , Saint Paul became the first city in the US to sponsor and open a charter school , now found in most states across the nation . Saint Paul is currently home to 21 charter schools as well as 38 private schools . The Saint Paul Public Library system includes a Central Library and twelve branch locations . Media ( edit ) Main article : Media in the Twin Cities Minnesota Public Radio headquarters in downtown Saint Paul Residents of Saint Paul can receive 10 broadcast television stations , five of which broadcast from within Saint Paul . One daily newspaper , the St. Paul Pioneer Press , two weekly neighborhood newspapers , the East Side Review and City Pages ( owned by The Star Tribune Company ) , and several monthly or semimonthly neighborhood papers serve the city . Several media outlets based in neighboring Minneapolis also serve the Saint Paul community , including the Star Tribune . Saint Paul is home to Minnesota Public Radio , a three - format system that broadcasts on nearly 40 stations around the Midwest . MPR locally delivers news and information , classical , and The Current ( which plays a wide variety of music ) . The station has 110,000 regional members and more than 800,000 listeners each week throughout the Upper Midwest , the largest audience of any regional public radio network . Also operating as part of American Public Media , MPR 's programming reaches five million listeners , most notably through Live from Here , hosted by Chris Thile ( previously known as A Prairie Home Companion , hosted by Garrison Keillor , who also lives in the city ) . The Fitzgerald Theater , renamed in 1994 for Saint Paul native and novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald , is home to the show . Transportation ( edit ) Interstate and roadways ( edit ) Interstate Highways Interstate 35E Interstate 94 US Highways US 10 US 52 US 61 Minnesota Highways Highway 5 Highway 51 Highway 280 I - 94 as it enters downtown Saint Paul from the west Residents use Interstate 35E running north - south and Interstate 94 running east - west . Trunk highways include U.S. Highway 52 , Minnesota State Highway 280 , and Minnesota State Highway 5 . Saint Paul has several unique roads such as Ayd Mill Road , Phalen Boulevard and Shepard Road / Warner Road , which diagonally follow particular geographic features in the city . Biking is also gaining popularity , due to the creation of more paved bike lanes that connect to other bike routes throughout the metropolitan area and the creation of Nice Ride Minnesota , a seasonally operated nonprofit bicycle sharing and rental system that has over 1,550 bicycles and 170 stations in both Minneapolis and Saint Paul . Downtown Saint Paul has a five - mile ( 8 km ) enclosed skyway system over twenty - five city blocks . The 563 - mile ( 906 km ) Avenue of the Saints connects Saint Paul with Saint Louis , Missouri . The layout of city streets and roads has often drawn complaints . While he was Governor of Minnesota , Jesse Ventura appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman , and remarked that the streets were designed by `` drunken Irishmen '' . He later apologized , though people had been complaining about the fractured grid system for more than a century by that point . Some of the city 's road design is the result of the curve of the Mississippi River , hilly topography , conflicts between developers of different neighborhoods in the early city , and grand plans only half - realized . Outside of downtown , the roads are less confusing , but most roads are named , rather than numbered , increasing the difficulty for non-natives to navigate . Mass Transit ( edit ) See also : Metro Transit ( Minnesota ) Metro Transit provides bus service and light rail in the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul area . The METRO Green Line is an 11 - mile ( 18 km ) light rail line that connects downtown Saint Paul to downtown Minneapolis with 14 stations in Saint Paul . The Green Line runs west along University Avenue , through the University of Minnesota campus , until it links up and then shares stations with the METRO Blue Line in downtown Minneapolis . Construction began in November 2010 and the line began service on June 14 , 2014 . Roughly 45,000 people rode on the first day ; an average 28,000 riders are expected per day . Metro Transit opened the METRO A Line , Minneapolis -- Saint Paul 's first arterial bus rapid transit line , along Snelling Avenue and Ford Parkway . The A Line connects the METRO Blue Line at 46th Street station to Rosedale Center with a connection at the Green Line Snelling Avenue station . The A Line is the first in a series of planned arterial bus rapid transit lines and is set to open in early 2016 . Railroad ( edit ) Amtrak 's Empire Builder between Chicago and Seattle stops once daily in each direction at the newly renovated Saint Paul Union Station . Ridership on the train is increasing , about 6 % from 2005 to over 505,000 in fiscal year 2007 . Increased ridership has prompted southern Minnesota leaders to plan for an expansion of Amtrak 's service in the area . Saint Paul is the site of the Pig 's Eye Yard , a major freight classification yard for Canadian Pacific Railway . As of 2003 , the yard handled over 1,000 freight cars per day . Both Union Pacific and Burlington Northern Santa Fe run trains through the yard , though they are not classified at Pig 's Eye . Burlington Northern Santa Fe operates the large Northtown Yard in Minneapolis , which handles about 600 cars per day . There are several other small yards located around the city . Saint Paul Downtown Airport ( Holman Field ) Airports ( edit ) See also : St. Paul Downtown Airport Saint Paul is served by the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul International Airport ( MSP ) , which sits on 3,400 acres ( 14 km ) southwest of the city on the west side of the Mississippi River between Minnesota State Highway 5 , Interstate 494 , Minnesota State Highway 77 , and Minnesota State Highway 62 . The airport serves three international , twelve domestic , seven charter , and four regional carriers and is a hub and home base for Delta Air Lines , Mesaba Airlines and Sun Country Airlines . Saint Paul is also served by the St. Paul Downtown Airport located just south of downtown , across the Mississippi River . The airport , also known as Holman Field , is a reliever airport run by the Metropolitan Airports Commission . The airport houses Minnesota 's Air National Guard and is tailored to local corporate aviation . There are three runways that serve about 100 resident aircraft and a flight training school . The Holman Field Administration Building and Riverside Hangar are on the National Register of Historic Places . Sister Cities ( edit ) Saint Paul has eight sister cities , as designated by Sister Cities International : Ciudad Romero ( El Salvador ) Culiacán ( Mexico ) Changsha ( China ) Lawaaikamp ( South Africa ) Manzanillo ( Mexico ) Nagasaki ( Japan ) ( 1955 ) the oldest sister city in Japan Neuss ( Germany ) Novosibirsk ( Russia ) Notable people ( edit ) Tony Levine ( born 1972 ) , football coach Isaac Rosefelt ( born 1985 ) , American - Israeli basketball player for Hapoel Jerusalem in the Israeli Basketball Premier League F. Scott Fitzgerald ( 1896 - 1940 ) , author Alfred E. Perlman ( 1902 - 1983 ) , president of New York Central Railroad and its successor , Penn Central . Louie Anderson ( born 1953 ) , comedian Dave Winfield ( born 1951 ) , MLB baseball player Paul Molitor ( born 1956 ) , MLB baseball player Jack Morris ( born 1955 ) , MLB baseball player Joe Mauer ( born 1983 ) , MLB baseball player Loni Anderson ( born 1946 ) , actress Josh Hartnett ( born 1978 ) , actor Lindsey Vonn ( born 1984 ) , professional and Olympic skier Warren Burger ( born 1907 ) , US Supreme Court Chief Justice Harry Blackmun ( born 1908 ) , US Supreme Court Associate Justice , grew up in St. Paul Herb Brooks ( born 1937 ) , hockey coach Paul Holmgren ( born 1955 ) , NHL hockey player , general manager , president of Philadelphia Flyers ( 2014 -- present ) Ryan McDonagh ( born 1989 ) , NHL hockey player Charles Schulz ( born 1922 ) , cartoonist , born in Minneapolis , grew up in St. Paul LeRoy Neiman ( born 1921 ) , artist Kate Millett ( born 1934 ) , scholar , author , feminist DeWitt Wallace ( born 1889 ) , magazine publisher , co-founder of Reader 's Digest Allan Kingdom ( born 1993 ) , rap artist , created a song with Kanye West Eyedea ( born 1981 ) , rap artist Rachel Keller ( actress ) ( born 1992 ) , actress See also ( edit ) Geography portal North America portal United States portal Minnesota portal Minneapolis -- Saint Paul References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The City of Saint Paul -- Official website '' . The City of Saint Paul . 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ramsey County '' . Metro MSP . Minneapolis Regional Chamber Development Foundation . 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas on July 1 , 2015 Population Estimates : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bill Salisbury ( August 10 , 2008 ) . `` Pawlenty is latest to make Minneapolis blunder about RNC 's location '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( December 17 , 2000 ) . `` Stars Ca n't Go Home Again '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Some Notable U.S. Museums . '' The History Channel . 2008 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` National Science Foundation Selects Museum of Science , Boston to Head $20 Million Network for Public Engagement with Nanotechnology '' ( Press release ) . Materials Research Society . 2008 . Jump up ^ Capital City Partnership ( 2006 ) . `` A City Where People Work '' . Capital City Partnership . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2008 . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wyant , Carissa ( November 5 , 2007 ) . `` Report : Daily newspaper circulation falls over 2 % '' . Jump up ^ Galtier , Rev. Lucien ( 1908 ) . Father Galtier to Bishop Grace , Prairie du Chien January 14 , 1846 . pp. 184 -- 190 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Trimble , Steve ( July 2 , 2000 ) . `` A Short history of Indian Mounds Park '' . Neighborhood Pride Celebration . daytonsbluff.org . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Mounds Park '' . Mississippi National River and recreation Area . National Park Service . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Morrison ( 2008 ) . `` Dakota Life '' . City of Bloomington . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stephen Return Riggs ; James Owen Dorsey ( 1892 ) . A Dakota - English Dictionary . University of Michigan . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lambert 's Landing '' . National Park Services . July 27 , 2006 . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Treaty Story '' . Minnesota History Center . 1999 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty with the Sioux , 1837 '' . Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties . Oklahoma State University Library . September 29 , 1837 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kaposia Village Site '' . Dakota County Historical Society . 2005 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kappler , Charles J. , Washington : Government Printing Office , ed. ( 1904 ) . `` Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties '' . II ( Treaties , 1778 - 1883 ) . Oklahoma State University Library ... and `` Treaty with the Sioux '' . September 29 , 1837 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . and `` Treaty with the Sioux -- Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands '' . July 23 , 1851 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2008 . and `` Treaty With the Sioux -- Mdewakanton and Wapahkoota Bands '' . August 5 , 1851 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2007 . Retrieved June 26 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Schaper , Julie ; Horwitz , Steven ( 2006 ) . Twin Cities Noir . New York , New York : Akashic Books . p. 16 . ISBN 1 - 888451 - 97 - 1 . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of the Cathedral '' . Cathedral of Saint Paul . 2004 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Patricia Mougel , Dept. of French and Italian , University of Minnesota ( June 2007 ) . `` Catholicisme dans le Midwest Lucien Galtier et l'origine du nom de la capitale du Minnesota '' ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Reflets de l'étoile du nord , Vol. 27 , No. 3 . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Gilman , Rhonda R. ( 1989 ) . The Story of Minnesota 's Past . Saint Paul , Minnesota : Minnesota Historical Society Press . pp. 99 -- 104 . ISBN 0 - 87351 - 267 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Rolette , Jr. , Joseph `` Joe '' `` . Minnesota Legislators Past & Present . Minnesota Legislature . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mary Lethert Wingerd . `` Separated at Birth : The Sibling Rivalry of Minneapolis and St. Paul '' . Organization of American Historians . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` St. Paul , Minneapolis and other cities in Minnesota suffer from gale '' . GenDisasters.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2007 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rondo Neighborhood & the Building of I - 94 '' . Minnesota Historical Society . 2008 . Jump up ^ F. James Davis ( 1965 ) . `` The Effects of a Freeway Displacement on Racial Housing Segregation in a Northern City '' . Phylon . Clark Atlanta University . 26 ( 3 ) : 209 -- 215 . doi : 10.2307 / 273848 . JSTOR 273848 . Jump up ^ `` Rondo Days official site '' . Rondo Avenue Inc . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved August 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest skyscrapers of Saint Paul '' . Emporis. 2008 . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hmong Refugee Resettlement '' . Minnesota Council of Non-Profits . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Moua , Teng . `` Hmong Archives Reaches a Milestone '' . Hmong Today . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi : River Facts '' . U.S. National Park Service . August 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Medcalf , Myron P. ( September 11 , 2007 ) . `` St. Paul 's neighborhood councils scrutinize their financial status '' . Star Tribune . pp. B4 Local . Jump up ^ `` District Councils '' . City of Saint Paul . 2008 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Paul Participation '' . Citizen Participation Project Case Studies . Citizen Participation Project . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kottek , Markus ; Grieser , Jürgen ; Beck , Christoph ; Rudolf , Bruno ; Rubel , Franz ( June 2006 ) . `` World Map of the Köppen - Geiger climate classification updated '' . Meteorologische Zeitschrift . E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. 15 ( 3 ) : 259 -- 263 . doi : 10.1127 / 0941 - 2948 / 2006 / 0130 . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 45.4 ° F for 1971 through 2000 per U.S. Census Archived January 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . who cites `` Normals 1971 -- 2000 '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved March 25 , 2007 . or 44.6 ° F ( 7.0 ° C ) per Fisk , Charles ( March 3 , 2007 ) . `` Minneapolis - Saint Paul Area Daily Climatological History of Temperature , Precipitation , and Snowfall , A Year - by - Year Graphical Portrayal ( 1820 -- present ) '' . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2007 . Retrieved March 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Data , US Climate . `` Climate Saint Paul - Minnesota and Weather averages Saint Paul '' . Jump up ^ `` Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Information '' . The Weather Channel . August 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk '' . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` St. Paul ( city ) , Minnesota '' . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Race and Hispanic or Latino : 2000 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : From 15 % sample Jump up ^ David A. Lanegran ( 2001 ) . `` From Swede Hollow to Arlington Hills , From Snoose Boulevard to Minnehaha Parkway : Swedish Neighborhoods of the Twin Cities '' ( PDF ) . Macalester College . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on July 24 , 2008 . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` District 7 : Thomas - Dale or Frogtown '' . Ramsey County Historical Society . 2005 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tom Kenworthy ( November 29 , 2004 ) . `` Hmong get closer look since shootings '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Hmong Resettlement Revisited '' . Bridging Refugee Youth and Children 's Services . June 2004 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2007 . Retrieved November 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Paul Ethnic Population Growth '' . City of Saint Paul . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved November 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bianca Vazquez Toness ( May 24 , 2005 ) . `` Mexican consulate opens in June '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved November 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ramsey County , Minnesota '' . Religious Congregations and Membership in the United States , 2000 . Association of Religion Data Archives . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gihring , Tim ( April 2009 ) . `` Welcome to Paganistan '' . Minnesota Monthly . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Databases , Tables & Calculators by Subject '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . U.S. Department of Labor . August 26 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . This data may not be directly reproducible via this link . BLS.gov , Select `` 27 Minnesota '' and `` 33460 Minneapolis -- St. Paul -- Bloomington , MN - WI '' and all subsectors . Jump up ^ Orrick , Dave ( July 28 , 2008 ) . `` Downtown goal : Fill storefronts -- at least for now '' . Pioneer Press . MediaNews Group . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kim ( August 20 , 2008 ) . `` Business Journal names Best Places to Work '' . Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal . American City Business Journals , Inc . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Abbe , Mary ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` Same old struggles at the MMAA '' . Star Tribune . Chris Harte . p. 3 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wyant , Carissa ( August 14 , 2008 ) . `` 3M to cut hundreds of jobs in coming months '' . Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal . American City Business Journals , Inc . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Moore , Janet ( July 16 , 2008 ) . `` St. Jude Medical 's product sales appear recession - proof '' . Star Tribune . Chris Harte . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Locations '' . About St. Jude Medical . St. Jude Medical , Inc. 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lock and Dam 1 '' . St. Paul District . US Army Corps of Engineers . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Melo , Frederick . `` With Ford plant gone , St. Paul leaders seek model development '' . twincities.com . Pioneer Press . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frederick Melo : You do n't know TIF ! '' . Twin Cities . 2018 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Saint Paul Winter Carnival '' . St Paul Winter Carnival . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Snelling State Park '' . Minnesota DNR. 2006 . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Harry F. Schroeder , Jr . The Kid After Whom Charles M. Schulz Named His Beethoven - Loving Character in His `` Peanuts '' Cartoon `` . Delehanty - Sullivan - Kinsman - Schroeder Family History Workspace. 2006 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ PRnewswire.co.uk , `` Saint Paul kicks off encore to the successful ' Peanuts on Parade ' summer art project '' Jump up ^ `` John Vachon : A Register of His Papers in the Library of Congress '' . Prepared by Connie L. Cartledge . Manuscript Division , Library of Congress . 2006 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ordway Center for the Performing Arts '' . Ordway Center for the Performing Arts . 2006 . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Berryman , Don ( April 21 , 2004 ) . `` Artists ' Quarter '' . Jazz Police . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gelhhar , Jenny ( 2007 ) . `` The Turf Club '' . Features . Saint Paul Almanac . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra Three concerts '' . University of Chicago . 2008 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Centennial Showboat ! '' . University of Minnesota . July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Goldstein Museum of Design '' . College of Design . Regents of the University of Minnesota . 2008 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hours , Parking , and Directions '' . Visitor Information . Minnesota Children 's Museum . 2010 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ong , Bao ( July 31 , 2006 ) . `` Carlson 's legacy : Schubert Club : Thanks to him , once - tiny arts group attracts top artists to Twin Cities '' . Pioneer Press . Archived from the original ( registration required ) on December 31 , 2008 . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Schubert Club Museum of Musical Instruments '' . The Schubert Club . 2008 . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wyant , Carissa ( July 26 , 2008 ) . `` St. Paul art museum loses director ; searches for new home '' . Minneapolis St. Paul Business Journal . American City Business Journals , Inc . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Abbe , Mary ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` Same old struggles at the MMAA '' . Star Tribune . Chris Harte . p. 1 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` St. Paul Culture : Museums '' . M.R. Danielson Advertising Associates . 2002 . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Schulman , Andrew . `` St. Paul takes SI Sportstown Honors for the Land of 10,000 Lakes '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Havens , Chris ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` In St. Paul , they 're passionate about parks '' . Star Tribune . pp. AA1 . ISSN 0895 - 2825 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2007 . Retrieved November 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Michael Farber ( December 4 , 2007 ) . `` In Search of ... Hockeytown U.S.A '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ `` About Xcel Energy Center '' . Minnesota Twins . Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` St. Paul Baseball History '' . St. Paul Saints . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheldon , Mark ( February 7 , 2003 ) . `` Colored Gophers made history '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . St. Paul Twin Stars . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About the St. Paul Curling Club '' . Saint Paul Curling Club . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Boat Club '' . Retrieved August 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pioneer Press staff ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` Tickets for Circus Juventas summer show announced '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ervin , Phil ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` MLS fight won , Minnesota United still going through ' process ' of financing facility '' . Jump up ^ `` Article '' . bizjournals.com . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Professional Sports '' . Meet Minneapolis . 2011 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Quarstad , Brian ( October 30 , 2011 ) . `` NSC Minnesota Stars Win the 2011 NASL Championship '' . Jump up ^ www.goal.com/en-us/news/6105/north-american-soccer-league/2014/06/08/4868343/minnesota-united-crowned-2014-nasl-spring-champion Jump up ^ `` Description of Saint Paul 's Form of Government '' . 2008 Mayor 's Proposed Budget . City of Saint Paul . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on December 11 , 2008 . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sec . 2.01 . Chief executive '' . Administrative Code . City of Saint Paul . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sec . 4.01 . Legislative power '' . Saint Paul City Charter . City of Saint Paul . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sec . 2.01 . Elective officials '' . Saint Paul City Charter . City of Saint Paul . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sec. 4.01. 2 . Initial districts '' . Saint Paul City Charter . City of Saint Paul . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sec . 2.02 . Terms '' . Saint Paul City Charter . City of Saint Paul . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2003 . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Eric J. Ostermeier . `` Twin Cities Mayoral Historical Overview '' ( PDF ) . Center for the Study of Politics and Governance . Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ramsey County Home Rule Charter '' . Ramsey County . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ramsey County Building Locations '' . Ramsey County . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Senate Maps & Data '' . Geographic Information Services . Minnesota State Legislature. 2007 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota House Maps & Data '' . Geographic Information Services . Minnesota State Legislature. 2007 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ El Nasser , Haya ( April 11 , 2004 ) . `` Most livable ? Depends on your definition '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Post-Secondary Schools '' . Minnesota Department of Education . 2005 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2006 . Retrieved March 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Saint Paul Public Schools . `` About Us '' . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2007 . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Open Enrollment '' . Minnesota Department of Education . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Charter School Facts '' . MN Association of Charter Schools . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2007 . Retrieved November 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Minnesota Department of Education ( 2005 ) . `` Alphabetical List of Nonpublic Schools '' . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2007 . and `` Charter Schools '' . 2005 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2007 . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Library Locations '' . Saint Paul Public Library . 2010 . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stations '' . Minnesota Public Radio . 2008 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Company Information '' . Minnesota Public Radio . 2008 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Fitzgerald Theater '' . Minnesota Public Radio . 2008 . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bike - n - Ride by bus '' . Metro Transit . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nice Ride Minnesota : Ambitious plans set for 2014 season '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gill , N.S. `` Skyways : Downtown Minneapolis and St. Paul Skyways '' . About.com . About , Inc. , The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Khoo , Michael ( December 15 , 2002 ) . `` The days of Jesse '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved September 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gov. Ventura Stumbles '' . New York Times . February 6 , 1999 . Retrieved September 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ L. Empson , Donald ( 2006 ) . The Street Where You Live . University of Minnesota Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 4729 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Central Corridor next steps and timeline '' . Metropolitan Council . April 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2006 . Retrieved April 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Esme . `` Talking Points : Green Line Opening Hailed A Big Success '' . Jump up ^ http://www.metrotransit.org/a-line-project A-Line Jump up ^ `` St. Paul - Minneapolis , MN ( MSP ) '' . Amtrak . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2007 . Retrieved April 26 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Sommerhauser , Mark ( July 24 , 2008 ) . `` Mayors claim more riders should spur more service on Amtrak line '' . The Winona Daily News . Lee Enterprises . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2008 . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rhodes , Michael ( 2003 ) . North American Railyards . Saint Paul , Minnesota : MBI Publishing Company . p. 128 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1578 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Michael ( 2003 ) . North American Railyards . Saint Paul , Minnesota : MBI Publishing Company . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1578 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` History and Mission '' . Metropolitan Airports Commission . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2007 . Retrieved June 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A History of Minneapolis : Air Transportation '' . Minneapolis Public Library ( mpls.lib.mn.us ) . 2001 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2006 . Retrieved February 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot Groups '' . Air Line Pilots Association . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Paul Downtown Airport '' . Metropolitan Airports Commission . Retrieved November 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Paul Sister Cities '' . Saint Paul Sister Cities . 2007 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2011 . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Membership Directory '' . Sister Cities International . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Cities and States of Minnesota '' . Government of Minnesota . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSaint Paul , Minnesotaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Official website Official Tourism site -- Visitor Information Architecture of St. Paul Saint Paul Almanac -- Singular guidebook to Minnesota 's capital city Twin Cities Calendar - Monthly list of concerts , fairs , and other St. Paul events . 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America City Award : Hall of Fame Akron , Ohio Anchorage , Alaska Asheville , North Carolina Baltimore Boston Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus , Ohio Dayton , Ohio Des Moines , Iowa Edinburg , Texas Fayetteville , North Carolina Fort Wayne , Indiana Fort Worth , Texas Gastonia , North Carolina Grand Island , Nebraska Grand Rapids , Michigan Hickory , North Carolina Independence , Missouri Kansas City , Missouri Laurinburg , North Carolina New Haven , Connecticut Peoria , Illinois Philadelphia Phoenix , Arizona Roanoke , Virginia Rockville , Maryland Saint Paul , Minnesota San Antonio Seward , Alaska Shreveport , Louisiana Tacoma , Washington Toledo , Ohio Tupelo , Mississippi Wichita , Kansas Worcester , Massachusetts Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Minnesota Jacob Frey ( DFL ) ( Minneapolis ) Melvin Carter ( DFL ) ( Saint Paul ) Ardell Brede ( I ) ( Rochester ) VIAF : 123791700 LCCN : n81020369 GND : 4118227 - 3 BNF : cb135407126 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Paul,_Minnesota&oldid=836543049 '' Categories : Saint Paul , Minnesota Cities in Ramsey County , Minnesota Cities in Minnesota County seats in Minnesota Minneapolis -- Saint Paul Minnesota populated places on the Mississippi River 2008 Republican National Convention Populated places established in 1848 1848 establishments in Wisconsin Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 French - 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what county is st paul mn located in
[ "Saint Paul (abbreviated St. Paul) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2016, the city's estimated population was 304,442.[5] Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County, the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota.[6] The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Minneapolis, the state's largest city. Known as the \"Twin Cities\", the two form the core of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with about 3.52 million residents.[7]" ]
[ "Ramsey County" ]
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History of the England national football team
History of the England national football team - wikipedia History of the England national football team This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( February 2010 ) The history of the England national football team begins with the first ever international football match in 1870 . They have won one World Cup , in 1966 on home soil , and qualified fourteen times for the tournament onwards from 1950 . England staged Euro 1996 ( European Championship ) . However , the team has never made it to the final of the competition ; their best performances being a semi final in Euro 1968 and Euro 1996 . Contents 1 Early years 1.1 1870 -- 1900 1.2 1900 -- 1939 2 Post-war era 2.1 1950 and 1954 World Cups 2.2 Munich disaster and the 1958 World Cup 3 1960s 3.1 World Champions 4 1970s 4.1 West German and Polish defeats 1972 -- 1974 4.2 Revie years , 1974 -- 1976 5 1980s 5.1 1982 World Cup 5.2 Robson revival , 1982 -- 1990 6 1990s 6.1 Graham Taylor : `` Best we forget '' 6.2 Venables : Euro 1996 : Football comes home 6.3 1996 -- 1999 6.4 Keegan : 1999 -- 2000 : `` A little bit short . '' 7 2000s 7.1 Eriksson era , 2001 -- 2006 : Three Quarter Finals 7.2 McClaren Era , 2006 -- 2007 : Qualifying heartache 7.3 Capello Era , 2008 -- 2012 : Fell Short Again 8 2010s 8.1 2010 FIFA World Cup : An Almighty Disaster 8.2 UEFA Euro 2012 Qualifiers 8.3 Hodgson Era , 2012 -- 2016 : More Tournament Humiliation 8.4 UEFA Euro 2012 : Another penalty shootout exit 8.5 2014 FIFA World Cup and 150 years of The FA 8.6 UEFA Euro 2016 Qualifying : A Perfect Record 8.7 UEFA Euro 2016 : From High Hopes to a New Low 8.8 Allardyce Era , 2016 : Gone In 67 Days 8.9 Southgate Era : Revival and new young talent 9 References Early years ( edit ) 1870 -- 1900 ( edit ) England 's first ever international representative matches were arranged by influential sports ' administrator CW Alcock under the auspices of the Football Association . The first five friendly matches , which all took place at The Oval , London , were played against Scotland between 1870 and 1872 . However , these are not considered full internationals by FIFA because the Scotland teams were composed entirely of London - based Scottish players . England v Scotland 1870 - 1872 Match Date Venue Score Winner England v Scotland ( 1870 ) 5 March 1870 The Oval , London 1 -- 1 Draw 19 November 1870 The Oval , London 1 -- 0 England v Scotland ( 1871 ) 25 February 1871 The Oval , London 1 -- 1 Draw 17 November 1871 The Oval , London 2 -- 1 England v Scotland ( 1872 ) 24 February 1872 The Oval , London 1 -- 0 England 's first FIFA recognised international football match was a 0 -- 0 draw against Scotland at Hamilton Crescent in Partick , Glasgow , on 30 November 1872 . In this game , Scotland was represented by players from Glasgow 's Queens Park F.C. . The first `` official '' English team was : Robert Barker ( Hertfordshire Rangers ) , goal ; Harwood Greenhalgh ( Notts Club ) , three - quarter back ; R.C. Welch ( Harrow Chequers ) , half back ; F. Chappell ( Oxford University ) , fly - kick ; capt . Cuthbert Ottaway ( Oxford University ) , middle ; Charles Chenery ( Crystal Palace ) , middle ; Charles Clegg ( Sheffield ) , middle ; Arnold Kirke - Smith ( Oxford University ) , middle ; J. Brockbank ( Oxford University ) right side ; W.J. Maynard ( 1st Surrey Rifles ) left side ; J.F. Morris ( Barnes Club ) left side . The following year , England beat Scotland 4 -- 2 at the Kennington Oval . But in 1878 , a resurgent Scotland thrashed England 7 -- 2 at Hampden Park in Glasgow . The record defeat stood for 77 years , until England beat Scotland 7 -- 2 at Wembley Stadium during the 1955 British Home Championships . 1900 -- 1939 ( edit ) Over the next 40 years , England played mostly Scotland , Wales and ( what was then ) Ireland . This was partly due to the dominance of the United Kingdom in international football , and the problems of arranging continental internationals before the advent of air travel . England faced its first continental opposition in a tour of Central Europe in 1908 . The English team beat Austria , Hungary and Bohemia . England 's first defeat outside the British Isles was a 4 -- 3 loss to Spain in Madrid in 1929 . Although the FA had joined FIFA in 1906 , the relationship with the British associations was fraught . In 1928 , the British nations withdrew from FIFA , in a dispute over payments to amateur players . This meant that England did not enter the first three World Cups . However , they did defeat 1934 World Cup winners Italy 3 -- 2 , in the `` Battle of Highbury '' in November 1934 . On 1 December 1937 , Stanley Matthews scored a hat - trick in England 's 5 -- 4 victory over Czechoslovakia . The England team also included Vic Woodley , Wilf Copping , Stan Cullis , Len Goulden , Willie Hall , John Morton and Bert Sproston . In May 1938 , England toured Europe . The first match was against Germany in Berlin . Adolf Hitler wanted the game to be a showcase for Nazi propaganda . While the England players were getting changed , a Football Association official went into their dressing - room , and told them that they had to make the Nazi salute during the playing of the German national anthem . Stanley Matthews later recalled : `` The dressing room erupted . There was bedlam . All the England players were livid and totally opposed to this , myself included . Everyone was shouting at once . Eddie Hapgood , normally a respectful and devoted captain , wagged his finger at the official and told him what he could do with the Nazi salute , which involved putting it where the sun does n't shine . '' The FA official left , but returned saying he had a direct order from British Ambassador Sir Neville Henderson that the players must make the salute , because the political situation between Britain and Germany was now so sensitive it needed `` only a spark to set Europe alight '' . Reluctantly the England team raised their right arms , except for Stan Cullis who refused , and was subsequently dropped from the squad . The game was watched by 110,000 people as well as senior Nazis , including Hermann Göring and Joseph Goebbels . England won the game 6 -- 3 . The game included a goal scored by Len Goulden that Stanley Matthews described as `` the greatest goal I ever saw in football '' . According to Matthews : `` Len met the ball on the run ; without surrendering any pace , his left leg cocked back like the trigger of a gun , snapped forward and he met the ball full face on the volley . To use modern parlance , his shot was like an Exocet missile . The German goalkeeper may well have seen it coming , but he could do absolutely nothing about it . From 25 yards , the ball screamed into the roof of the net with such power , that the netting was ripped from two of the pegs , by which it was tied to the crossbar . '' On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland . Three days later , Neville Chamberlain declared war on Germany . The government immediately imposed a ban on the assembly of crowds resulting in the end of all league football matches apart from some unofficial wartime internationals played between 11 November 1939 and 5 May 1945 , for which the largest crowd was 133,000 on 24 April 1944 and again on 14 April 1945 both at Hampden Park . Post-war era ( edit ) 1950 and 1954 World Cups ( edit ) Between 27 May 1945 and 19 May 1946 , England played seven unofficial victory internationals , an unofficial international match against Scotland on 24 August 1946 ( 2 -- 2 ) , and unofficial internationals against Switzerland and Switzerland ' B ' . The FA rejoined FIFA in 1946 , the same year they appointed the first dedicated team manager , Walter Winterbottom ( although the team was picked by a committee ) . In 1948 , England gained two notable victories , a 4 -- 0 victory over the reigning world champions Italy in Turin , and 10 -- 0 victory over an undefeated Portugal in Lisbon , after which the players involved famously became known as the `` lions of Lisbon '' . England , however , then lost their first match at home , to non-British opposition when they were defeated 0 -- 2 by the Republic of Ireland in 1949 at Goodison Park , Liverpool . England 's World Cup debut came in 1950 ; however , they suffered an infamous 1 -- 0 defeat by the United States , and failed to get beyond the first group stage after losing their final game against Spain . Billy Wright was selected to be the first scape goat of England being eliminated from the World Cup finals . England 's tactical inferiority was highlighted on 25 November 1953 , when Hungary came to visit Wembley Stadium . One of the then best sides in the world and fielding legendary players such as Ferenc Puskás , József Bozsik , Sándor Kocsis , Zoltán Czibor and Nándor Hidegkuti , Hungary outclassed the English 6 -- 3 -- this was England 's first ever home loss to continental opposition . In the return match in Budapest , Hungary won 7 -- 1 , which still stands as England 's worst ever defeat . Ivor Broadis scored the England goal . After the game , bewildered England centre - half Syd Owen said , `` It was like playing people from outer space . '' In the 1954 World Cup , two goals by Broadis saw him become the first England player to score two goals in a game at the World Cup finals . Broadis beat Nat Lofthouse by 30 minutes when both scored two each in the thrilling 4 -- 4 draw against Belgium . In reaching the quarter - finals for the first time , England lost 4 -- 2 , being eliminated by Uruguay . Only twice have England progressed beyond the World Cup quarter - finals away from home . Munich disaster and the 1958 World Cup ( edit ) On 15 May 1957 , Stanley Matthews became the oldest player ever to represent his country . On his last appearance for England , in a 4 -- 1 defeat by Denmark in Copenhagen , he was 42 years and 104 days old . Hopes of success at the 1958 finals were hit by the Munich air disaster in February that year , which claimed the lives of eight Manchester United players . Three of the players who died were established England internationals . They were full - back Roger Byrne , who had never missed an England game since making his senior début for the country in 1954 , centre - forward Tommy Taylor , who had scored 16 goals in just 19 appearances for his country , and wing - half Duncan Edwards , who was then widely regarded as the finest player in English football . Also killed was David Pegg , who had just made his senior debut for England and was tipped by many as the successor in the national team to ageing legend Tom Finney , who retired from international action in 1958 . Two other players to die in the crash , centre - half Mark Jones and wing - half Eddie Colman , had also been widely tipped to be capped by England . Winger Johnny Berry , who had been capped four times for England , survived the crash but was injured to such an extent that he never played football again . Forward Bobby Charlton , who was injured in the crash , recovered sufficiently to make his England début in April that year and begin one of the great England international careers ( which would eventually yield 106 caps , an all - time record 49 goals and a World Cup winner 's medal ) . He was named in the squad which travelled to Sweden for the finals , but did not kick a ball as England exited in the group stages after a play - off defeat against the Soviet Union , a game deemed necessary after the two finished entirely equal in second spot of their group . England 's inside forward Johnny Haynes remarked after elimination in 1958 , `` Everyone in England thinks we have a God given right to win the World Cup . '' Joe Mears as chief selector became the scapegoat . All the signs pointed to how far English football had fallen behind the rest of the world , including a devastating 1 -- 0 loss to the Americans in the 1950 World Cup in Brazil . Although by the end of the 1950s , emerging talents such as prolific goalscorer Jimmy Greaves suggested that sufficiently talented players were available , provided the tactical and coaching side of the game could bring the best out of them . 1960s ( edit ) World champions ( edit ) By the 1960s , English tactics and training started to improve , and England turned in a respectable performance in the 1962 World Cup , losing in the quarter - finals to eventual winners Brazil . By now , more young players were making their mark , including elegant young defender Bobby Moore . Indeed , the squad taken by England to Chile was the youngest , on average , ever taken to a major tournament , with no player over the age of 29 . The oldest featured player was the 28 - year - old Maurice Norman . After Winterbottom retired in 1962 , former captain Alf Ramsey was appointed and crucially won the right to choose the squad and team himself , taking that role away from the selection committee . Ramsey boldly predicted that England would win the following tournament , which England were hosting . Ramsey 's prediction came true , and the 1966 World Cup on home soil was England 's finest moment . An unremarkable group phase saw England win two and draw one of their games , with a 30 - yard strike by Bobby Charlton at Wembley in London against Mexico proving a highlight . All of England 's games were played at Wembley , which was ( and still is ) the England national team 's home stadium . An injury to centre forward Jimmy Greaves in the final group match against France prompted Ramsey into a re-think for the quarter final against Argentina , and inexperienced replacement Geoff Hurst responded by scoring the only goal of the game . Charlton then hit both goals in a 2 - 1 semi-final win over Portugal ( a game that was originally supposed to be played at Liverpool 's Goodison Park ) and England had reached the final , where they would meet West Germany . By now , Greaves was fit again , but Ramsey kept faith with Hurst , despite calls from the media for the main goalscorer to return . England 's `` Wingless Wonders '' ( a phrase coined by the press after Ramsey devised a new 4 -- 3 -- 3 system which relied on stamina - based midfield players rather than natural wingers ) won the final 4 -- 2 after extra time , with three goals from Hurst and one from Martin Peters . Hurst 's second goal became the most talked - about and controversial in England football history , with West Germany 's players protesting , to this day , that the ball from Hurst 's shot did not fully cross the goal - line after bouncing down from the crossbar . Numerous attempts to decide the matter once and for all have not been fully conclusive , although the sporting consensus suggests that England were fortunate to be awarded a goal . In 1995 , researchers from Oxford University announced the results of computer video analysis of the television footage , which gave new angles of view : they concluded that the shot had not crossed the line . Bobby Moore became the first and , to date , only England captain to lift the World Cup . The game prompted an unwitting piece of flawless and immortal broadcasting from the BBC 's Kenneth Wolstenholme when describing the last - ditch run and shot from Hurst which led to his third goal - `` And here comes Hurst , he 's got ... ( notices spectators on the field ) ... some people are on the pitch , they think it 's all over ! ( Hurst shoots and scores ) It is now ! '' Wolstenholme 's words became as much part of the folklore from the 1966 World Cup as England 's victory . Hurst has stated that , being the last minute of extra time with England 3 - 2 up , he was merely trying to put the ball into the stand to kill the last few seconds , however his shot ended up in the back of the German net . At Euro 1968 , England lost to Yugoslavia in the semi-final , 1 -- 0 , in the 87th minute . Alan Mullery became the first player to be sent off while playing for England . In Mexico , for the 1970 World Cup , many observers considered that England had a stronger squad and team than in 1966 . The world - class nucleus of Bobby Charlton , Bobby Moore and Gordon Banks was still intact ; Geoff Hurst , Martin Peters and Alan Ball in the interim had further enhanced their reputations and they had been supplemented with the likes of Terry Cooper , Alan Mullery and emerging talents such as Colin Bell and Allan Clarke . England 's preparations in Colombia were disrupted , when Bobby Moore was arrested in the Bogotá Bracelet incident , before he was given a conditional release . Despite the intense tropical heat and humidity , eating the same poor quality food for weeks on end , avoiding the sewage - filled water / ice and high altitude conditions ( all of these conditions were somewhat alien for the English team ) , England progressed with some ease to the quarter - finals , despite a 1 -- 0 defeat by the favourites Brazil in their group , which was most notable for a stunning save from Pelé by goalkeeper Gordon Banks and arguably captain Bobby Moore 's finest performance in an England shirt . Both were expected to meet again in the final some weeks hence . In the quarter - final match , at the Estadio Nou Camp in León , they came up against their foes from the 1966 final , West Germany . However , before the match , disaster struck the team when goalkeeper Gordon Banks was stricken with food - poisoning - his late replacement was the talented , but internationally inexperienced Peter Bonetti , who had not played a competitive match for over a month . England coasted into a 2 -- 0 lead just after half - time with goals from Mullery and Peters , but the Germans fought back to 2 -- 2 through Franz Beckenbauer and Uwe Seeler , both goals having a touch of fortune about them . Geoff Hurst had a legitimate goal disallowed , and with eleven minutes remaining in extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winner . Some blame was attached to Bonetti , as well as some ill - advised tactical moves by Ramsey ( such as the substitution of Bobby Charlton instead of the tiring Cooper ) and the oppressive heat and altitude in Mexico but ultimately the culpability for defeat was shared by the whole team . Charlton broke Billy Wright 's record for England caps in this game but told Ramsey on the flight home from Mexico that he no longer wished to be considered . When his team were knocked out in 1970 , Ramsay was stunned , and said , `` We must now look ahead to the next World Cup in Munich where our chances of winning I would say are very good indeed . '' Bonetti became this tournament 's scapegoat and spent the rest of his career enduring chants of `` You lost the World Cup '' . 1970s ( edit ) West German and Polish defeats 1972 -- 1974 ( edit ) England failed to reach the final stages of Euro 1972 thanks again to West Germany . The crucial two - legged qualifier resulted in a 3 -- 1 win for the Germans at Wembley and a goalless draw in Berlin . In the first of these games , 1966 hat - trick hero Geoff Hurst made his final England appearance . Attention then turned to qualification for the 1974 World Cup in West Germany . This was a new experience for Ramsey , as England had not needed to qualify since the 1962 competition , due to the automatic qualification given to them as hosts in 1966 , and holders in 1970 . On paper they were given a comfortable draw , in a three - team group with Wales and Olympic champions Poland . After a victory , and a draw with Wales , England went to Poland next , the Poles having lost their first match in Cardiff . The match was a disaster for England , who went a goal down from a free kick seven minutes into the game to a sloppy defensive error by Bobby Moore and goalkeeper Peter Shilton . This was compounded two minutes into the second half when Moore allowed Włodzimierz Lubański to dispossess him , and make it 2 -- 0 . To make matters worse , with less than a quarter of an hour to go , Alan Ball became the second player to be sent off while playing for England which would rule him out of the return in four months time . Three months later , Poland easily disposed of the Welsh , 3 -- 0 in Chorzów , so this meant that only a victory at Wembley against the Poles would be good enough for England to qualify . The match has passed into folklore as England , from beginning to end , created chance after chance but failed to score . England 's inability to find the net was largely down to Polish goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski . Twelve minutes into the second half , Norman Hunter -- in the team for Bobby Moore , who was about to see his international career end with a record 108 caps , made a costly mistake . Running towards a ball by the touch - line near halfway , he made to control the ball , but Grzegorz Lato intercepted , raced away and squared the ball for Jan Domarski whose shot squirmed under Peter Shilton 's body . Although Allan Clarke equalised from the penalty spot six minutes later and chances continued to rain down on the Polish goal , the score remained 1 -- 1 . Although at the time the result was seen as a poor one , the Poles went on to prove themselves to be a very good team , finishing third in the following summer 's World Cup . In the aftermath of this failure however , the FA sacked Ramsey in the spring of 1974 , after eleven years at the helm . Revie years , 1974 -- 1976 ( edit ) After a brief period where Joe Mercer was caretaker manager of the side , the FA appointed Don Revie as Ramsey 's permanent successor . But Revie fared worse than Ramsey , as England failed to qualify from the group stages of the Euro 1976 , despite an opening 3 -- 0 win at home over eventual champions Czechoslovakia and also a 5 -- 0 win over Cyprus in which Malcolm Macdonald scored all five of England 's goals , a post-war record . Ultimately , it was a defeat in the return in Czechoslovakia , and a 0 -- 0 draw at home against Portugal that cost England , as they fell a point short of qualification . Revie 's methods and habits were criticised , insisting on increasing players ' appearance fees when no player had expressed dissatisfaction , calling up oversized squads , dropping or ignoring inform players , the use of dossiers on the opposition and his attempts to cultivate a `` club '' atmosphere with the players which had worked among his squads as a domestic manager , and Revie 's position as manager was continually undermined by the chairman of the English FA Harold Thompson , who Ted Croker commented seemed bent on ' humiliating ' Revie . Revie selected a squad to take part in a mini-tournament in South America in the summer of 1976 , but initially did not accompany the players , saying he was going to scout the opposition England were still due to face , in the ultimately unsuccessful bid to qualify for the 1978 World Cup in Argentina . In fact , he was putting the final seal on a lucrative deal to take charge of the national side of the United Arab Emirates . After his resignation , he was punished by the FA and banned from working in English football for a decade , and although he overturned the ban on appeal , his reputation was ruined , and he never worked in English football again . After the departure of Revie , Brian Clough applied for the post , but the FA rejected him , and instead gave the role to Ron Greenwood , who was brought out of retirement to act as caretaker after Revie 's exit . He was unable to rescue England 's campaign to reach the 1978 World Cup , the damage had been done in a 2 -- 0 defeat by Italy in the Stadio Olimpico , Rome , in November 1976 during Revie 's era . Though level with Italy on points , England missed out on qualification on goal difference ( had they scored three goals more , they would have made the finals ) . Failure to beat relatively weak teams more comprehensively , had again cost England dearly . Italy though , were a very good team , and would finish fourth at the 1978 World Cup . 1980s ( edit ) 1982 World Cup ( edit ) Greenwood did , however , take England to their first major tournament in a decade when qualification for Euro 1980 in Italy was secured reasonably comfortably . During the qualification campaign , England also played a friendly match against Czechoslovakia , in which Viv Anderson became the first black player to win an England cap . England were unspectacular at the finals , and did not progress beyond their group . At the same time , the team were attracting an ever - growing hooligan element in their support , especially at matches abroad , and against Belgium , Italian police were forced to deploy tear gas . Greenwood had begun to plan England 's future upon taking the job , and the likes of Bryan Robson , Kenny Sansom , Terry Butcher and Glenn Hoddle were already fully fledged internationals as England turned their attention to qualifying for the 1982 World Cup in Spain . The campaign was long with England unable to put a reasonable run of victories together , at one point , Greenwood was all set to resign after one disappointing qualifying result , but was persuaded to stay on by his players during the flight home , but eventually England benefitted from other results and qualified in the final game with a 1 -- 0 win over Hungary at Wembley . At the finals , England won all three of their group games , and Robson scored the fastest goal at a World Cup finals , when he netted 27 seconds into the opening match against France ( this record has since been broken ) . England went into the second - round pool but were eliminated , despite ultimately remaining unbeaten in six matches . Greenwood announced his immediate retirement . This was also another tournament marred by violence , a problem which would continue through the rest of the decade , when England went overseas . Robson revival , 1982 -- 1990 ( edit ) Although at the time he was widely derided by the press , Bobby Robson is now looked upon as one of England 's more successful managers . He started badly on a public relations front by not telling captain Kevin Keegan that he would not be calling him into his first squad . Keegan heard the news via the media , aired his disgust and retired from the international game . On the pitch , Robson 's England failed to make the final stages of Euro 1984 , their hopes of qualification effectively ended in the autumn of 1983 when they lost to Denmark to a controversially - given penalty at Wembley . Robson resisted calls to quit and the Football Association kept faith in him . At the time , the England team was in a period of transition , with experienced players like Mick Mills , Phil Neal , Paul Mariner , Trevor Brooking and Trevor Francis had either retired or were approaching the end of their careers . However , an impressive set of younger players were breaking into the national side , including striker Gary Lineker , winger Trevor Steven and midfielder Chris Waddle . This new - look England side sealed qualification for the 1986 World Cup in Mexico . England had a poor start in group stages played in the intense 90 - degree F heat and humidity of Monterrey , losing to Portugal , and then drawing with Morocco in a game which saw Ray Wilkins become the first England player to be sent off at a World Cup and captain Bryan Robson helped from the field in agony , not to return again in the competition , after dislocating his shoulder ( a recurrence of an injury sustained after colliding with a sprinkler on the side of the pitch during a Manchester United game ) . Pressure mounted on England to rescue themselves with a win over Poland , and Gary Lineker 's first - half hat - trick did just that . In the second round , England defeated Paraguay in the high altitude of Mexico City 's Azteca Stadium 3 -- 0 , thanks largely to two more goals from Lineker , but were to fall short in controversial circumstances against the eventual winners Argentina in the quarter finals , again at the Azteca thanks to two very different but equally memorable goals from Diego Maradona -- the infamous `` Hand of God '' goal , where Maradona punched the ball into the net , and then the second after a 50 - yard dribble past five England players , that is widely regarded as one of the finest goals in history , and is often called the Goal of the Century . Lineker then pulled a goal back , but England were unable to find an equaliser and went out . But Lineker still won the Golden Boot , as the tournament 's top scorer with six goals , and was then on his way to Barcelona from Everton in a deal worth nearly £ 3 million . England suffered a setback two years later at Euro 1988 in West Germany . They qualified comfortably for the tournament , but then and lost all of their group games at the finals . These defeats included a 1 -- 0 defeat by the Republic of Ireland , managed by 1966 England hero Jack Charlton . The Republic had never qualified for a major competition before . The tournament also marked the final England appearances of Glenn Hoddle and Kenny Sansom after lengthy careers in the England side . England 's performance sparked public and media criticism of Robson , who offered his resignation , but it was rejected and he stayed in charge as England look to qualify for the 1990 World Cup in Italy . Qualification was sealed without conceding a single goal in the qualifying stages . The 1990 World Cup in Italy was to be Robson 's last tournament in charge , having decided before it began that he would not be extending his contract , and would be returning to club football with PSV . The competition turned out to be England 's best since 1966 ; after a slow start in the group stage where they played all their group stage matches in the city of Cagliari on the island of Sardinia ( at the British government 's request ) , England managed narrow wins after extra-time over Belgium in Bologna and Cameroon in Naples during the team 's first 2 knockout round matches , before being beaten in Turin on penalties by West Germany ( the eventual winners of the tournament ) in the semi-finals after drawing 1 -- 1 , with Stuart Pearce and Chris Waddle failing from the spot . England lost the third place play - off 2 -- 1 to Italy in Bari , and so finished fourth . However , the team 's good performance ( the tournament marked the only time England have progressed beyond the World Cup quarter finals away from home ) , the relative lack of violence , winning the Fair Play Award and the emergence of Paul Gascoigne : England 's player of the tournament , who famously cried after being booked against West Germany ( which would have ruled him out of the final had England won ) were all factors in the rehabilitation of football into British society in the 1990s , as well as the reinstatement of English clubs into European club competition in the 1990 -- 91 season after a five - year ban following the Heysel disaster . Another star who emerged was David Platt , a midfielder who went as back - up to Bryan Robson , and came back with three goals and an international reputation . It eventually earned him a number of big - money moves around Italian clubs . After this World Cup , Shilton retired from international football with 125 caps , at that time a record . 1990s ( edit ) Graham Taylor : `` best we forget '' ( edit ) Robson 's successor , Graham Taylor , failed to build on the team that fared well in 1990 , instead discarding older players like Bryan Robson and Chris Waddle ( in the form of his life at Marseille ) . While England qualified for Euro 1992 in Sweden , they crashed out in the group stage with no wins and only a single goal . Taylor was also widely criticised for taking off Gary Lineker in what turned out to be his final England appearance , when England needed a goal , and Lineker himself needed to score just one more goal to equal Bobby Charlton 's record of 49 goals for the national team . Taylor was vilified by the press , leading The Sun to begin their infamous ' turnip ' campaign . England failed to qualify for the 1994 World Cup in the United States after suffering defeats in Norway and then the Netherlands , in a game in which defender Ronald Koeman escaped being sent off before scoring the winning goal - Taylor 's irate reaction was broadcast to millions as part of the documentary An Impossible Job . In their final qualifying match , England infamously went 1 -- 0 down to tiny San Marino after just eight seconds , the fastest World Cup goal of all time , before recovering to win 7 -- 1 . This was of little use , though , as he Netherlands also won their final qualifying game and joined Norway in the World Cup . Taylor resigned the following week . His reign is regarded as one of the bleakest in England 's history ; in the FA 's official history of the England team , the chapter on Taylor 's tenure is entitled `` Best we forget '' . A huge list of candidates were touted to replace him , including Steve Coppell , Dave Bassett , Gerry Francis and John Lyall . On 28 January 1994 , however , Terry Venables , who had left Tottenham Hotspur in acrimonious circumstances the previous year , was appointed . Venables : Euro 1996 : football comes home ( edit ) Venables oversaw a much improved performance at Euro 1996 . The tournament was held in England , which in some respects was an advantage , since the team did not have to go through a qualifying campaign , but it also hindered Venables in a way , since it was obvious that the team needed a total rebuild , after the World Cup qualifying disaster . It also could only test out potential new players in friendlies ( which Premier League managers were notoriously reluctant to release any key players for ) . The tournament also marked the 30th anniversary of the 1966 World Cup victory , so fans ' expectations were high as the tournament began , with Venables deploying emerging younger stars such as Steve McManaman , Darren Anderton and Gary Neville alongside established mainstays of previous campaigns , including Paul Gascoigne , Stuart Pearce , David Platt and Tony Adams , a player featuring in his first tournament since the debacle of Euro 1988 . After famous victories over Scotland , a 2 -- 0 win featuring a crucial David Seaman penalty save and a brilliant Gascoigne goal , and the Netherlands by 4 -- 1 , and a rare penalty shoot - out win over Spain , England fans were subjected to déjà vu as their side lost a semi-final on penalties to Germany again after drawing 1 -- 1 . Gareth Southgate missed the vital penalty this time . His penalty being saved by goalkeeper Andreas Köpke . Alan Shearer , who had taken over from Lineker as England 's core centre forward , emerged from the tournament as its top scorer with five goals . Due to tension between himself and the FA , over the extension of his contract after the tournament , Venables announced in January 1996 that he would step down after the European Championships ( 3 ) , although it became widely and inaccurately reported that Venables was told by the FA he would not be employed further . This was because of ongoing worries , about his business interests . 1996 -- 1999 ( edit ) On 2 May 1996 , Glenn Hoddle was named as the new England manager , eight years after his final international appearance , and one year after his last game at club level . Hoddle selected Alan Shearer as captain , replacing Tony Adams , but also brought a number of emerging talents into the squad , including the Manchester United midfield trio of Paul Scholes , Nicky Butt and David Beckham , and central defenders Rio Ferdinand and Sol Campbell . Hoddle oversaw England 's qualification for the 1998 World Cup ( the first World Cup with 32 teams instead of 24 ) with a 0 -- 0 draw against Italy at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome , and drew out a winning performance in the Tournoi de France , a friendly tournament held before the World Cup against competition hosts France , Brazil and Italy . After this promising build - up , however , Hoddle came under fire for omitting fans ' favourite and arguably England 's most talented player of the era , Paul Gascoigne and Southampton player Matt Le Tissier from the squad for the finals , ultimately bringing their international playing careers to an end . England were eventually knocked out of the World Cup on penalties , this time in the last 16 to Argentina , although the game itself had been galvanised by a wonder goal from 18 - year - old striker Michael Owen , who had first been capped four months earlier . England should have progressed to the Quarter Finals however , as Sol Campbell had a goal wrongly disallowed . Glenn Hoddle revealed only after his team had been knocked out `` my innermost thought , which was that England would win the World Cup '' . Beckham was scapegoated for the defeat of 1998 only because he got himself sent off after 46 minutes for an altercation with Diego Simeone . He took so much abuse , he recalled later , that `` I 've got a little book in which I 've written down the names of those people who upset me the most . I do n't want to name them because I want it to be a surprise when I get them back . '' Hoddle 's reign itself was riddled with ridicule over his religious convictions and insistence on employing a faith healer as part of the set - up . Things were made worse because the side 's results did not seem to justify his unorthodox methods . In addition to the underwhelming performance at the World Cup , England suffered a poor start to the Euro 2000 qualifying tournament , and there was reported discontent between Hoddle and several senior players , most notably Shearer . Hoddle was dismissed on 2 February 1999 , two days after an interview with The Sunday Times in which he spoke about his belief in reincarnation and claimed that disabled people were paying for sins in a previous life . Keegan : 1999 -- 2000 : `` a little bit short . '' ( edit ) Under considerable media and public pressure , the FA appointed former captain Kevin Keegan , who only just managed to get England into Euro 2000 after a 2 -- 1 aggregate playoff win over Scotland . At the finals in Belgium and the Netherlands , a lacklustre England failed to get beyond the group stage , losing to both Portugal and Romania after leading in each game . After England 's exit , Alan Shearer retired from international football , he had announced his intentions before the tournament , and no - one could persuade him to change his mind . On 7 October 2000 , shortly after losing the opening World Cup qualifier to Germany in the last - ever game at Wembley before its redevelopment , Keegan himself resigned , citing that he was `` a little bit short '' ( 4 ) tactically at international level . The FA 's chief executive of the time , Adam Crozier , reluctantly accepted Keegan 's resignation in the Wembley tunnel 's lavatory and before leaving the stadium , had telephoned the agent of Sven - Göran Eriksson to talk about the vacancy . The fateful defeat against Germany was also the last game that Tony Adams played for England , after a career stretching back to 1987 . He confirmed his retirement from international football in February 2001 , deciding to concentrate on his remaining time as a player with Arsenal . While a deal with Eriksson was set up , Howard Wilkinson was hastily appointed manager for a subsequent qualifier with Finland , which ended in a draw . A month later , it was confirmed that Eriksson would be Keegan 's permanent successor , but would not take up the job until June 2001 , because of his commitment to Lazio . Former England under - 21 manager Peter Taylor was appointed caretaker manager for a subsequent friendly match with Italy , and it was widely expected that Taylor would act as temporary manager , until Eriksson formally took over , though this was itself problematic given Taylor 's own commitment to Leicester City . The matter was rendered moot , when Eriksson resigned from Lazio shortly after the turn of the year , allowing him to take over before England had to play another match . 2000s ( edit ) Eriksson era , 2001 -- 2006 : three quarter finals ( edit ) In January 2001 , Eriksson was duly appointed as Keegan 's successor , and as a Swedish national , he became the first foreign national to manage England . This decision attracted huge controversy , but the critics were quickly silenced as Eriksson immediately turned around the team 's campaign to qualify for the 2002 World Cup with a 5 -- 1 victory over Germany in Munich , where England came from behind with goals from Emile Heskey , Steven Gerrard and a Michael Owen hat - trick . England ensured qualification after a tense final game against Greece ; David Beckham scored from a free - kick in the last seconds of the game to make the score 2 -- 2 , and put England top of their group on goal difference . The month before the finals , Eriksson declared , `` I think we will win it '' . In the finals in South Korea / Japan , England beat Argentina 1 -- 0 in the group stage , with David Beckham scoring the only goal with a penalty as he exorcised the ghosts of his red card four years earlier , and reached the quarter - finals , where they met the tournament 's eventual winners Brazil . England went in front , when Owen took advantage of a Brazilian defensive mistake , but an equaliser from Rivaldo and a 35 - metre free kick by Ronaldinho saw Brazil turn the game round to win 2 -- 1 . England could not create any more good chances , despite Ronaldinho later being sent off , and were eliminated . However , they had reached the last eight of the World Cup for the first time since 1990 , and even in defeat they had lost to the team who went on to win the competition ( without losing or drawing a game and scoring 18 goals on the way ) for the fifth time in 44 years . For Euro 2004 , England came top of their qualification group . During the campaign , teenage striker Wayne Rooney was installed as a new star in England 's attack , with much expected of him for the finals . His emergence was tempered by the loss of defender Rio Ferdinand , who was given a controversial eight - month ban from football in December 2003 after missing a drugs test . This meant he was unable to play in the tournament . In England 's match against France , Frank Lampard scored a first - half goal and England looked as if they would win the match , however France scored twice within the last three minutes of the game . Had David Beckham not missed a penalty , England would have entered the knock - out stages undefeated . England progressed with Rooney scoring in games against Switzerland and Croatia . Although favoured to do well in the quarter - finals , England 's challenge was greatly affected early in the game , when Rooney suffered a broken metatarsal in his foot . Sol Campbell scored a goal which was disallowed and England eventually lost in another penalty shootout to Portugal , after a 2 -- 2 draw . Beckham and Darius Vassell missed their penalties . Michael Owen 's goal during the game made him the first England player to score in four consecutive tournaments . 2005 saw Eriksson receive heavy criticism from fans , for his defensive strategies and alleged lack of passion , his lack of communication with the players from the bench , and a perceived inability to change tactics when necessary in a game , as witnessed against Brazil in 2002 . A 4 -- 1 loss to Denmark in a friendly , was followed by a humiliating 1 -- 0 defeat by Northern Ireland in a 2006 World Cup qualifier , David Healy scoring the goal in the 73rd minute which , despite a previously excellent qualifying record , led to further criticism . An unconvincing 1 -- 0 victory over Austria did nothing to relieve the pressure . However , despite these criticisms , England qualified for the World Cup finals with one match to spare , and travelled to Germany as group winners , following a 2 -- 1 victory , and a much improved performance against Poland . In January 2006 , following revelations made in the News of the World , the FA decided to come to an agreement with Eriksson over his future . On 23 January 2006 , it was announced that Eriksson was to stand down after the 2006 World Cup finals . A number of possible successors were linked with the job ; after a series of interviews that was widely criticised for its length , Portugal national team manager Luiz Felipe Scolari was allegedly offered the job . In April 2006 , however , declined , due to the belief that accepting the offer before a World Cup , would conflict with his managerial duties for Portugal . The FA also visited New York City in order to hold talks with Bruce Arena . On 4 May 2006 , it was announced that Steve McClaren would succeed Eriksson after the World Cup . His first game in charge would be against Greece at Old Trafford on 16 August . England : 2006 's FIFA World Cup England 's 2006 World Cup campaign saw them drawn in Group B alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago and Sweden . Their opening match of the tournament was against Paraguay in the Waldstadion in Frankfurt on 10 June 2006 . The only goal of the game came after 2 minutes and 44 seconds , when a David Beckham free - kick was headed in by Paraguayan defender Carlos Gamarra . The 1 -- 0 win over Paraguay was followed by a 2 -- 0 victory over Trinidad and Tobago on 15 June 2006 in the Frankenstadion in Nuremberg . The deadlock was only broken in the 84th minute when England took the lead with a Peter Crouch header , and this was followed by a Steven Gerrard strike in injury time . The win secured England 's place in the last 16 . It also saw the return as a substitute of Wayne Rooney , just six weeks after breaking a metatarsal bone in his foot . England 's final group match saw them play Sweden in Cologne . Rooney started the game , but his strike partner Michael Owen was stretchered off with a cruciate ligament injury after less than two minutes . England , however , still took a first half lead through a wonder strike from Joe Cole . Sweden equalised through Marcus Allbäck before Steven Gerrard gave England the lead again in the 86th minute . England , however , were denied a first win over Sweden since 1968 when Henrik Larsson levelled again in the 90th minute . Sol Campbell 's introduction as a substitute made him the first England player to feature in the final stages of six consecutive tournaments , beginning with Euro 1996 . England beat Ecuador in the last 16 on 25 June in Stuttgart , courtesy of a Beckham free - kick . Beckham duly became the first England player to score in three World Cup tournaments , having also found the net at the 1998 and 2002 competitions . The game also saw Rooney 's full rehabilitation as he managed to play for the whole 90 minutes . The quarter - final against Portugal on 1 July , ended 0 -- 0 after extra time . David Beckham was substituted early in the second half with an ankle injury , and then Wayne Rooney was controversially sent off for pushing Cristiano Ronaldo and stamping on Ricardo Carvalho 's groin ( 5 ) in a rough tackle , though Rooney later denied it was intentional . The draw led to a penalty shoot - out that England lost 3 -- 1 , thus being eliminated from the tournament . Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard and Jamie Carragher all had their attempts saved by keeper Ricardo , with Owen Hargreaves , later to be named man of the match ( 6 ) , the only England player to score his penalty kick . It continued England 's woes in penalty shootouts at major championships as well as Sven - Göran Eriksson 's poor head - to - head record against Luiz Felipe Scolari . Thus , continuing the streak that England seemed to never break . England had never won a penalty shoot - out in the World Cup up to this point . On 2 July 2006 , the morning after England 's exit , a tearful Beckham announced that he was stepping down as captain , although he stressed that he was keen to continue playing for England . In his last press conference prior to the flight home , Eriksson said he only wished to be remembered for being `` honest '' , and a coach who `` tried my best '' . After World Cup 2006 , Owen Hargreaves was voted England 's `` Player of The Tournament '' by fans on theFA.com . Hargreaves was an unpopular choice for the squad , prior to the competition . However , after the World Cup proved a turning point , going from unpopular to fan favourite . McClaren era , 2006 -- 2007 : qualifying heartache ( edit ) Steve McClaren was appointed England manager after the 2006 World Cup . He was not a popular choice with the media or fans , and most said it was a panic choice , and called the selection process of the new manager a shambles . He appointed Terry Venables as coach and John Terry as captain , and chose not to recall David Beckham to the squad following the World Cup for almost a year . He also dropped Sol Campbell and David James , leaving Gary Neville and from January 2007 , his brother Phil as the only players regularly involved in his first year in charge , who were over the age of 30 . England started their Euro 2008 qualifying campaign well , beating Andorra 5 -- 0 , and getting a hard fought 1 -- 0 win over Macedonia away in Skopje . Results then took a turn , England drew 0 -- 0 at home with Macedonia , and then suffering a 2 -- 0 defeat away to Croatia where Gary Neville netted an Own Goal . The pressure on McClaren was already starting to build , and after a five - month break from qualifiers , England only managed a goalless draw away to Israel putting in another lackluster performance . This followed , to what some described as the worst match in England history , England played Andorra away and did win 3 -- 0 , but still it took them 60 minutes to break the deadlock , and in the first half England barely threatened the part timers . There was a huge chorus of boos going into half time . England played their first match at the new Wembley Stadium against Brazil on 1 June 2007 -- a game for which Beckham was recalled after 11 months in the international wilderness , and which heralded Michael Owen 's return from his World Cup injury . In a qualifying game against Estonia five days later , Owen broke Gary Lineker 's record for most goals in competitive internationals , which Lineker had held exclusively or jointly for 15 years . The return to Wembley saw an upturn in form with England beating Israel , Russia and Estonia 3 -- 0 each . After this , England played Russia away , a game which if they won they would qualify but lose , and qualification would not be in their hands . England put in a very good display , and took a first half lead through Wayne Rooney . But Russia went on to win 2 -- 1 . England were relying on Israel to beat Russia to be able to qualify , and they did , with an injury time winner . All England had to do after this was get a draw against Croatia , whom had already qualified . McClaren had a weakened side out after injuries and suspensions to key players such as Michael Owen , Wayne Rooney and John Terry and as a result , McClaren recalled players that were inexperienced and out of form , such as Micah Richards , Wayne Bridge , Joleon Lescott and also goalkeeper Scott Carson who was handed his competitive debut in goal and his mistake letting the ball go through his legs gave Croatia a 1 -- 0 lead and shortly made it 2 -- 0 . but McClaren brought on David Beckham and this seemed to turn the game . Frank Lampard firstly converted a penalty , and then Peter Crouch got onto the end of David Beckham 's cross to equalise . And after the majority thought it was job done . Croatia scored a third , and won the game 3 -- 2 , resulting in Russia qualifying and England missing out on their first major tournament since the 1994 World Cup . The sight of a hapless and unemotional McClaren standing on the touchline in the rain during this match , became the most iconic image of his tenure , and he was labelled `` The Wally with the Brolly '' by the media . After the game , McClaren refused to resign as manager , but the next day , he and Terry Venables were sacked by the FA . Capello era , 2008 -- 2012 : fell short again ( edit ) Capello After McClaren 's failure to reach Euro 2008 , the FA began a search for a new manager . On 14 December 2007 , Fabio Capello , former manager of Milan , Real Madrid , Roma and Juventus , was named as the new manager of England , the second foreign manager to take the post . Like his predecessor , his first major decision upon selecting a squad was to omit David Beckham , leaving the former captain on 99 caps and prompting a media frenzy , about whether he would ever reach the 100 mark . Capello 's first match was a friendly international 2 -- 1 win against Switzerland on 6 February 2008 . The England team enjoyed more success under Capello , with six wins , two draws and two defeats out of ten friendlies , as of September 2009 . On top of this , they won all of their first eight matches in their 2010 World Cup qualifying campaign : for the first time , the team qualified for the World Cup with two qualifying games to spare . 2010s ( edit ) 2010 FIFA World Cup : an almighty disaster ( edit ) England headed to the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa as favourites to comfortably progress through Group C , which included the United States , Algeria and Slovenia . The opening match against the United States started well with Steven Gerrard scoring after just four minutes of play . Late in the first half , however , Clint Dempsey equalised after a speculative shot was mishandled by England goalkeeper Robert Green ; the game ended 1 -- 1 . England 's second match against Algeria ended in a goalless draw that saw England being outplayed by an unfancied side , leading to the English press questioning Capello 's tactics , as well as the team 's spirit and ability to handle the pressure . England rallied however , with a solid performance against Slovenia that ended in a 1 -- 0 victory , thanks to a goal from Jermain Defoe . Due to the United States 's last minute winner against Algeria , England finished as group runners up behind the United States , and were thus drawn against Group D winners Germany in the second round . In the subsequent game , an apparently valid England goal by Frank Lampard was disallowed as the Uruguayan linesman ruled it had not crossed the line . England ultimately lost 4 -- 1 to the Germans , suffering their worst ever defeat in a World Cup finals match . Gary Neville said England lacked skill and strength in depth . Following England 's dismal showing at the World Cup , their worst in 60 years and on the final FIFA tournament ranking , their worst ever , the nation turned against the team . Newspapers , media and fans all wanted Fabio Capello sacked after he refused to resign but the FA chose to keep him on . Four weeks before the World Cup , the FA had agreed to delete a clause from Capello 's contract which would have allowed it to be terminated early , meaning that it would cost them £ 12 million to fire him . England 's World Cup failure also hurt the team financially , with Nationwide , Carlsberg and National Express all terminating their sponsorship deals with immediate effect . It left confectionery company Mars as the only official sponsor of team . National confidence in the team reached an all - time low . Jamie Carragher and Emile Heskey both retired from international football and several other key figures from the squad were dropped from selection for a friendly match against Hungary on 11 August 2010 . Nearly half the seats were empty at Wembley for the match but despite fears that the players would be verbally abused by the supporters throughout the game , that did n't materialise . England put in another rather below - par performance , but still won 2 -- 1 . Minutes before kick - off , Capello told ITV Sport that he was considering not choosing experienced player David Beckham again , stating that he wanted to give upcoming youth players more of a chance . Uefa Euro 2012 qualifiers ( edit ) England were drawn in Group G of the Euro 2012 qualifiers alongside Bulgaria , Switzerland , Wales and Montenegro . They introduced a new home kit for their first qualifier against Bulgaria , which they won 4 -- 0 in a game that saw them hailed in the press as a much needed return to form , in which blue replaced red as the secondary colour . Four days later , they defeated Switzerland away 3 -- 1 . England maintained their unbeaten start , with a 0 -- 0 home draw against Montenegro in October . Despite being denied a penalty for a handball incident and providing better shots on goal than their opponents , the tactics played in the game generated some large criticism . 2010 ended with a home friendly against France , another familiar side who had also performed dismally at the World Cup , and were struggling to return to normal . England were outplayed and outclassed from start to finish , and France took a deserved 2 -- 1 victory . England 's fans booed the players off at the end of the game , bringing the curtain down on a troubled year for the team , which most media critics dubbed as `` the worst season ever '' . At the start of 2011 , Capello promised that he would make radical changes to the side , in an aim to bring the team back to its best . Car company Vauxhall became the team 's new main sponsors in January 2011 , a deal that would originally last until 2014 but later extended . England started 2011 with a promising 2 -- 1 win over Denmark , in which youngsters like Jack Wilshere , James Milner and Theo Walcott impressed . The end of March saw a return to Euro 2012 qualifying with a dominant display against home rivals Wales at the Millennium Stadium , but the team could only manage a 2 -- 0 victory , taking them to top in Group G on goal difference . They followed up with a hard - fought 1 -- 1 draw in a friendly match against Ghana at Wembley . A rather subdued performance against Switzerland at home in June resulted in a 2 -- 2 draw . England then did not return to action until September , after their friendly match against Netherlands was called off , due to the widespread violence in the country at the time . In that month , two wins , 3 -- 0 away in Bulgaria ( which showcased their new away kits of navy blue ) and then a 1 -- 0 win at home to Wales , took them to the brink of qualification . A 2 -- 2 draw in Montenegro in October sealed the group and their place in Euro 2012 . However , the qualification was marred by the sending off of Wayne Rooney , suspending him for the first game of the tournament . This ban was later increased to three and then dropped to two following a subsequent appeal . The draw for the Euro 2012 group stage placed England in Group D , alongside France , Sweden and tournament co-hosts Ukraine . Hodgson era , 2012 -- 2016 : more tournament humiliation ( edit ) In February 2012 , sports manufacturers Umbro revealed a new home kit with a modified version of the FA 's crest . For the first time the England shirt was designed purely from red and white . In February 2012 , John Terry was stripped of the captaincy for the second time after he was formally charged for racism offences regarding to an incident in a Premier League match with Queens Park Rangers player Anton Ferdinand , the brother of former England teammate Rio Ferdinand . Capello told Italian media that he did not agree with the FA 's decision to strip Terry of the captaincy . This resulted in rumours that Capello had breached his contract in that he always had to back decisions made by the executive board . After an urgent meeting was called , on 8 February , the FA confirmed that Capello had resigned from the manager 's job with immediate effect . This occurred on the same day that Tottenham Hotspur manager Harry Redknapp was cleared of charges for tax evasion and straight away , fans , press and other football figures backed Redknapp for the vacant role . Capello 's former assistant Stuart Pearce took charge for a friendly match against Netherlands , a match rescheduled from the previous summer , in which Netherlands won 3 -- 2 and Scott Parker took the temporary role as captain . In that , the England home kits were changed again from blue and white to red and white , with the crest now in a complete red colour . On 1 May 2012 , the FA announced that Roy Hodgson would take over as manager of the team from Euro 2012 onwards . Steven Gerrard was promoted back to the captaincy when the provisional team squad for the tournament was announced . England 's first two games under Hodgson were friendly matches against Norway away from home and Belgium at home , both these games ended in 1 -- 0 wins for England . Uefa Euro 2012 : another penalty shootout exit ( edit ) Hodgson 's first competitive match in charge was the first match in Euro 2012 against France in Kharkiv , the match ended a 1 -- 1 draw . A dramatic 3 -- 2 win over Sweden , also in Kharkiv , followed by a tense 1 -- 0 victory over co-hosts Ukraine , saw England top their group and were drawn to play Italy in the quarter - finals . After a 0 -- 0 draw in regulation and extra time , in which England were outplayed and outclassed , and with goalkeeper Joe Hart making numerous saves just to keep England in the match , England once again lost on penalties to Italy . 2014 FIFA World Cup and 150 years of the FA ( edit ) For the 2014 World Cup qualifiers , England were seeded in Group H , having to play Montenegro , Ukraine , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . The team began their qualifying campaign in September 2012 , with an easy 5 -- 0 win away in Moldova , before a hard - earned 1 -- 1 draw at home to Ukraine , for which they trailed in most of the match only for a Frank Lampard penalty to rescue a point for England late on . In October 2012 , England dispatched San Marino 5 -- 0 at home , before drawing 1 -- 1 away in Poland , in a match which was played a day late . This was after organisers failed to close the stadium roof in Warsaw , resulting in a waterlogged pitch . The calendar year for England ended with a 4 -- 2 friendly defeat by Sweden in Stockholm , the first match to be played at the new Friends Arena . The year 2013 marked 150 years of the FA , and so a series a special friendly games were scheduled to play throughout the year . These were at home to Brazil in February , winning 2 -- 1 , and then away to Brazil in June , drawing 2 -- 2 , home to Republic of Ireland in May , drawing 1 -- 1 , home to Scotland in August , winning 3 -- 2 , which saw striker Ricky Lambert score on his England debut . The Republic of Ireland marked the introduction of another new home kit , with red being replaced by navy blue as the secondary colour , giving it a similar look to the late 2000s home kits . These kits were the first to be produced by American sports manufacturer Nike , ending a long term association with Umbro . England returned to qualifying action in March , with an 8 -- 0 win in San Marino , and a 1 -- 1 draw away to Montenegro . Then in September saw a win 4 -- 0 at home to Moldova and a tame 0 -- 0 draw in Kiev against Ukraine . Following a 4 -- 1 win at home to Montenegro in October , Hodgson 's side needed just one more win to qualify , which they did by beating Poland 2 -- 0 at home , to secure their place at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . In November , however , England were given a reality check by Chile and Germany , with respective 2 -- 0 and 1 -- 0 defeats at Wembley . In the 2014 FIFA World Cup itself , they failed to get past the group stage , suffering defeats to Italy and Uruguay , both losing by a goal , and a 0 -- 0 draw against Costa Rica . The Three Lions needed Italy to win their final two games in the group to stand any chance of qualifying for the knockout stage , however England 's hopes of progressing ended as Italy lost to Costa Rica 0 -- 1 . Uefa Euro 2016 qualifying : a perfect record ( edit ) Following the World Cup debacle , both Steven Gerrard and Frank Lampard retired from international football and Wayne Rooney was promptly installed as the new captain . England 's first match following the tournament , a 1 -- 0 friendly win over Norway , was more noticeable for being the lowest attended international match in Wembley history . The FA made the unprecedented decision to close off the top block of the stadium due to a lack of interest from fans ; the match was also beaten head - to - head in the TV ratings by an episode of the popular BBC programme , The Great British Bake Off . Even though England had a relatively disappointing performance in the 2014 World Cup , it changed in their Euro 2016 qualifying campaign . England were drawn into Group E with Switzerland , Slovenia , Estonia , Lithuania and San Marino . England started their campaign with a 2 -- 0 victory over Switzerland in St. Jakob - Park in Basel . Later , they defeated San Marino with a score of 0 -- 5 , 0 -- 1 against Estonia , 3 -- 1 against Slovenia , 4 -- 0 against Lithuania , and 2 -- 3 against Slovenia again on 14 June 2015 in Stadion Stožice in Ljubljana . On 5 September 2015 , England beat San Marino 6 -- 0 at San Marino Stadium , Serravalle , to become the first team to qualify for Euro 2016 . Victories against Switzerland and Estonia at home -- the former match saw Wayne Rooney break the record for the all - time leading England goalscorer -- and away in Lithuania helped England achieve their first 100 % qualifying campaign record for a major tournament . Uefa Euro 2016 : from high hopes to a new low ( edit ) England were seeded the final tournament draw and were placed in Group B to face Russia , Wales and Slovakia . Their first match , in Marseille against Russia , finished in a 1 -- 1 draw , as they failed to make their superior domination in the match pay ; Eric Dier had put England in front from a well executed free - kick before they conceded a stoppage time equaliser . The second match in Lens was their much anticipated clash with Wales . England fell behind just before half - time when a Gareth Bale free - kick squandered past Joe Hart , however Hodgson responded by bringing on both Jamie Vardy and Daniel Sturridge at the start of the second half and both players turned the game in England 's favour , as both scored with Sturridge netting the winner in stoppage time as England won 2 -- 1 . With their fate in their own hands , Hodgson made the bold decision to rest six players , including Wayne Rooney , for the final group match against Slovakia in Saint - Étienne . The gamble backfired as England struggled to break past a Slovakian side that had clearly turned up to play for the draw . The match ended in an goalless draw , and coupled with Wales ' 3 -- 0 win over Russia , it meant England came runners - up of Group B and were sent to the tougher side of the knockout stage draw . For a while , it appeared Portugal would be England 's next opponents , but following a late winner for Iceland in their final group match , the Scandinavian debutantes would instead lie in wait for the Three Lions in Nice . For the round of 16 match , Hodgson restored the same starting XI used for the first two group matches with the single exception of Sturridge starting instead of Adam Lallana . England made the perfect start , with Rooney scoring a penalty inside three minutes , only for Ragnar Sigurðsson to equalise for the minnows nearly 60 seconds later . In the 18th minute , Kolbeinn Sigþórsson made the most of poor goalkeeping by Joe Hart to give Iceland a lead of 2 -- 1 . From there , Iceland defended resolutely while England struggled to make any chances of their own . Iceland held on for a famous victory , and inflicted England 's most embarrassing defeat at a major tournament since 1950 , where they lost to the United States . The players were booed off the pitch , and suffered almighty ridicule from the media , in both the UK and around the world . Minutes after the match , Hodgson announced his immediate resignation , with Ray Lewington and Gary Neville also leaving their positions as Hodgson 's assistants . Allardyce era , 2016 : gone in 67 days ( edit ) Main article : 2016 English football scandal A little under a month since their dismal exit from Euro 2016 , the FA appointed Sunderland manager Sam Allardyce as the new manager of the national side . Allardyce opted to forego a friendly match to begin his reign , so his first match in charge was the opening match of England 's 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign away in Slovakia , for which England had been drawn in the same group as rivals Scotland . England labored to a 1 -- 0 win in Trnava , with Adam Lallana scoring in stoppage time . A week and a half before the next round of qualifying matches , The Daily Telegraph broke a story of Allardyce appearing to meet up with a group of Far East businessmen , but were later revealed to be undercover journalists working for the newspaper . The content of the meeting showed Allardyce appearing to explain how to `` get around '' breaking football transfer policies and also apparently mocking his predecessor Roy Hodgson , the England players and Prince William , Duke of Cambridge . Allardyce apologised for his misconduct but the FA sacked him on those grounds . Allardyce 's tenure of 67 days is the shortest for a permanent manager in England history . Southgate era : revival and new young talent ( edit ) That same day , 27 September 2016 , Gareth Southgate left his role as manager for the England under - 21 team and was put in temporary charge of the national team until 15 November of that year . On 30 November 2016 , Southgate was appointed as permanent England manager on a four - year contract . Under Southgate , England finished 1st in the qualifying group ; in which they recorded 8 wins and 2 draws , without a single defeat ; also scoring 18 goals and conceding just 3 goals . At the 2018 FIFA World Cup , England were drawn in a group featuring Belgium , Tunisia and debutants Panama . The first match was played against Tunisia ; in which England won 2 -- 1 with two goals from captain Harry Kane , including a stoppage - time winner . In the next match , England beat Panama by a scoreline of 6 -- 1 win ; marking England 's largest win at a major tournament , with a brace from John Stones , a hat - trick from Harry Kane and a goal from Jesse Lingard ; the match secured both England and Belgium 's advancement into the round of sixteen . With the hat - trick , Harry Kane became the third England player to score a hat - trick in a World Cup match , after Geoff Hurst against Germany in the 1966 final and Gary Lineker against Poland in 1986 . England 's third and final game was against Belgium ; which England lost 0 -- 1 , finishing second in the group . England played with Colombia in the round of sixteen ; in which they led 1 -- 0 through a penalty from Harry Kane before conceding a stoppage - time equaliser from Colombia to take the match to extra-time ; the match could not be finished in extra-time , leading the match to penalties ; which England won 4 -- 3 with Eric Dier scoring the winning penalty , securing England 's first penalty shootout win at the World Cup , and also just their second penalty shootout win at a major tournament , the previous being against Spain at Euro 1996 . England 's quarter - final meeting was against Sweden ; which they won 2 -- 0 , with goals from Harry Maguire and Dele Alli ; qualifying England for their first semi-final since 1990 , in which they finished in fourth place . England played Croatia in the semi-finals , on 11 July . However , they lost 2 -- 1 despite initially taking the lead through a free - kick from Kieran Trippier and dominating the first half ; but a goal from Ivan Perišić in the 68th minute sent the tie into extra-time , with Mario Mandžukić scoring the crucial goal that took Croatia to their first ever World Cup final . In the last minutes of extra-time , England were forced to play with 10 men as a result of Kieran Trippier suffering an injury , and England already having made the permitted four substitutions . England played Belgium in the third place play - off , on 14 July and lost 2 - 0 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The birth of international football : England v Scotland , 1870 '' . www.lordkinnaird.weebly.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` England Match No. 1 - Scotland - 30 November 1872 - Match Summary and Report '' . englandfootballonline.com . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday , 2 March 1878 , International friendly match '' . www.englandfootballonline.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Football , fascism and England 's Nazi salute '' . BBC . 2003 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Wooldridge , Ian ( 3 March 2001 ) . `` Last time sport was stopped , it almost was the end of the world '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 22 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Courtney , Barrie ( 21 March 2004 ) . `` England - War - Time / Victory Internationals - Details '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ The Times 21 August 1946 Sports in Brief Jump up ^ `` England beat Portugal 10 - 0 ... 57 years ago '' . rediff.com . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup game England always plays well '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` QosFC : Legends - Ivor Broadis '' . qosfc.com . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Gillatt , Peter ( 30 November 2009 ) . Blackpool FC on This Day : History , Facts and Figures from Every Day of the Year . Pitch Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 905411 - 50 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 World Cup : Portugal v England 50 years on , as it happened '' . The Telegraph . 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7733080.stm Mexico 1970 : BBC Website Jump up ^ Mourant p. 160 Jump up ^ Note : Robson 's goal was incorrectly described by the television commentator on United Kingdom TV as the fastest ever in the World Cup Finals . This led to the myth that many people believed . Václav Mašek of Czechoslovakia had scored after 16 seconds against Mexico in 1962 , a record that stood for 40 years , until Hakan Şükür of Turkey scored after 11 seconds in 2002 . Robson 's goal can be correctly described as the fastest England goal in the World Cup Finals . Jump up ^ `` England v West Germany at Italia ' 90 -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ England : The Official F.A History , Niall Edworthy , Virgin Publishers , 1997 , ISBN 1 - 85227 - 699 - 1 . p. 127 Jump up ^ `` Scolari gives first interview to Match of the Day following England manager job discussions '' . BBC . 22 June 2006 . Retrieved 6 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Five years since humiliating ' Wally with the Brolly ' defeat ... the day England fans ( and Steve McClaren ) would like to forget '' . Daily Mail . 2012 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Three Lions book World Cup place '' . ESPN . 2009 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - England would not have won World Cup under Ferguson - Neville '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Cole booed at wedding Jump up ^ ( 2 ) England players booed at Wembley Jump up ^ FA DECIDE FABIO CAPELLO IS ' TOO EXPENSIVE ' TO SACK , The Express , 3 July 2010 Jump up ^ `` New England home kit design revealed on Twitter ... by one - cap wonder Barton ! '' . Daily Mail . 23 February 2012 . Retrieved 29 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - World Cup 2014 : England knocked out of World Cup '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney the record man helps blast England into Euro 2016 finals '' . BBC Sport . theguardian.com. 5 Sep 2015 . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Southgate : Interim England manager wants future decided within a month '' . BBC Sport. 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Former defender signs four - year deal to lead Three Lions '' . The Football Association . 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Qualifiers - Europe - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup draw : England face Belgium , Panama and Tunisia in Group G '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tunisia 1 - 2 England : Harry Kane 's late goal secures World Cup win '' . BBC Sport. 2018 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Kane 's second World Cup goal of the night sees England beat Tunisia '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : England put six past Panama to reach last 16 '' . BBC Sport. 2018 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ match ) , Rob Smyth ( during the ; ( after ) , Simon Burnton ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) . `` World Cup : England beat Panama 6 - 1 and look to the knockout rounds - as it happened '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` England 6 - 1 Panama : Kane nets hat - trick as Three Lions reach last - 16 '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jamie ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) . `` World Cup result : England 6 - 1 Panama ; Harry Kane hat - trick helps Three Lions reach last 16 '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` England 0 Belgium 1 : Adnan Januzaj 's strike consigns Three Lions to defeat and World Cup last - 16 date with Colombia '' . The Sun . 2018 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : England beat Colombia 4 - 3 on penalties '' . BBC Sport. 2018 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia 1 - 1 England ( 3 - 4 on penalties ) : Eric Dier spot - kick sends Three Lions into quarter - fnals '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden 0 - 2 England : Harry Maguire and Dele Alli head England into World Cup semis '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` SWEDEN 0 - 2 ENGLAND : Three Lions through to the World Cup semi-final '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Croatia - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Croatia v England '' . BBC Sport. 2018 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) . `` England 's World Cup dream dashed as Croatia win semi-final in extra time '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Belgium - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 12 . England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Austria Belgium Brazil Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Ireland Netherlands Poland Portugal Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Wales Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Football in the United Kingdom United Kingdom National team Olympic men 's team Olympic women 's team Nations Cup British Home Championship Rous Cup British League Cup Empire Exhibition Trophy Football World Championship Coronation Cup Texaco Cup Anglo - Scottish Cup List of football matches between British national teams List of football matches between British clubs in UEFA competitions International Football Association Board England -- Scotland football rivalry British clubs tours to South America England National team The FA Footballing history National team history Premier League English Football League FA Cup EFL Cup Scotland National team The SFA Footballing history National team history Scottish Professional Football League Scottish Cup Scottish League Cup Wales National team FAW National team history Welsh Premier League Welsh Cup Welsh League Cup Northern Ireland National team IFA National team history Northern Ireland Football League Irish Cup Northern Ireland League Cup Records England Northern Ireland Scotland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_England_national_football_team&oldid=851899412 '' Categories : History of the England national football team History of association football by national team Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2015 Use British English from June 2011 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from February 2010 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2010 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 08 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did england last go to the world cup final
[ "Ramsey's prediction came true,[9] and the 1966 World Cup on home soil was England's finest moment. An unremarkable group phase saw England win two and draw one of their games, with a 30-yard strike by Bobby Charlton at Wembley in London against Mexico proving a highlight. All of England's games were played at Wembley, which was (and still is) the England national team's home stadium. An injury to centre forward Jimmy Greaves in the final group match against France prompted Ramsey into a re-think for the quarter final against Argentina, and inexperienced replacement Geoff Hurst responded by scoring the only goal of the game. Charlton then hit both goals in a 2-1 semi-final win over Portugal (a game that was originally supposed to be played at Liverpool's Goodison Park) and England had reached the final, where they would meet West Germany. By now, Greaves was fit again, but Ramsey kept faith with Hurst, despite calls from the media for the main goalscorer to return.[12]\t\n" ]
[ "1966" ]
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2018 Ryder Cup
2018 Ryder Cup - wikipedia 2018 Ryder Cup Jump to : navigation , search 42nd Ryder Cup Matches Dates 28 -- 30 September 2018 Venue Le Golf National , Albatros Course Location Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines , Île - de-France , France Captains Thomas Bjørn ( Europe ) Jim Furyk ( USA ) ← 2016 2020 → Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines Location in France The 42nd Ryder Cup Matches will be held in France from 28 -- 30 September 2018 at the Albatros Course of Le Golf National in Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines , a suburb southwest of Paris . It will be the second Ryder Cup to be held in Continental Europe , after the 1997 contest , which was held in Spain . The United States are the defending champions , but last won in Europe in 1993 , a quarter century earlier . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Bidding for the 2018 Ryder Cup 3 Course 4 Team qualification and selection 4.1 Europe 4.2 United States 5 Teams 5.1 Captains 5.2 Vice-captains 6 References 7 External links Format ( edit ) The Ryder Cup is a match play event , with each match worth one point . The competition format will be as follows : Day 1 ( Friday ) -- 4 foursome ( alternate shot ) matches and 4 fourball ( better ball ) matches Day 2 ( Saturday ) -- 4 foursome matches and 4 fourball matches Day 3 ( Sunday ) -- 12 singles matches On the first two days there are 4 foursome matches and 4 fourball matches with the home captain choosing which are played in the morning and which in the afternoon . With a total of 28 points available , 141⁄2 points are required to win the Cup , and 14 points are required for the defending champion , the United States , to retain the Cup . All matches are played to a maximum of 18 holes . Bidding for the 2018 Ryder Cup ( edit ) Ryder Cup Europe confirmed originally six countries -- France , Germany , the Netherlands , Portugal , Spain and Sweden -- to be interested in bidding for the 2018 Ryder Cup . The deadline for the submission of bids was set for 30 April 2010 ; Sweden withdrew from the bidding early that month , while the Spanish bidding host city of Tres Cantos showed poor popular support . There were five bids to host the event : France : Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines French bid website / French golf federation bid press kit Germany : Neuburg / Rohrenfeld Portugal : Lisbon / Comporta , Alentejo Coast Spain : Madrid / Guadarrama Netherlands : Rotterdam / Lingewaal France were announced as hosts on 17 May 2011 , despite calls for the Cup to be held in Spain , as a tribute to the late Seve Ballesteros . Course ( edit ) Main article : Le Golf National Hole 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total Meter 380 195 515 445 370 350 440 190 445 3,430 350 175 405 390 555 365 160 443 430 3,273 6,703 Yards 416 213 563 487 405 383 481 208 596 3,752 383 191 443 427 607 399 175 484 470 3,579 7,331 Par 5 5 36 5 35 71 Team qualification and selection ( edit ) Europe ( edit ) The European team qualification rules were announced on 18 January 2017 . There were a number of changes compared to 2016 with an increase in the number of captain 's picks from three to four . The team will consist of : The leading four players on the Race to Dubai Points List Points earned in all Race to Dubai tournaments starting with the 2017 D + D Real Czech Masters . Points earned from the 2018 BMW PGA Championship onwards , will be multiplied by 1.5 . The leading four players , not qualified above , on the World Points List Total World Points earned in Official World Golf Ranking events starting on 31 August 2017 ( the start date of the D + D Real Czech Masters ) . Points earned from the date of the 2018 BMW PGA Championship onwards , will be multiplied by 1.5 . No World points will be earned from tournaments staged opposite Rolex Series tournaments in both 2017 and 2018 . Four captain 's picks Membership criteria for the European Tour have been reduced from five tournaments to four ( outside the majors and WGCs ) for the 2018 season . As in previous Ryder Cups , all players must be members of the European Tour to be eligible to play for Europe . Changes were also made to eligibility of future captains and vice-captains . Current points lists : http://www.rydercup.com/rankings Paul Casey is not currently a member of the European Tour and hence does not earn points . United States ( edit ) The United States qualification rules were announced on 8 February 2017 . The majority of the team will be selected from the Ryder Cup points list which is based on prize money won in important tournaments . Generally one point is awarded for every $1,000 earned . The team will consist of : The leading eight players on the Ryder Cup points list , gained in the following events 2017 major championships 2017 World Golf Championship events and The Players Championship ( half points ) 2018 major championships ( double points for the winner , 50 % extra for those who make the cut ) 2018 PGA Tour events . Qualifying events in this category are those played between 1 January and 12 August 2018 , the date of the PGA Championship , and including the Zurich Classic of New Orleans team event . `` Alternate '' events ( those played opposite a major or WGC event ) do not earn points Four captain 's picks Three announced after the 2018 Dell Technologies Championship , which concludes on 3 September . One announced after the 2018 BMW Championship , which concludes on 9 September . The qualification rules were similar to those used for the 2016 Ryder Cup . The points given for the current season major championships have been reduced from double to 50 % extra ( except for the winner who still gets double points ) . The dates on which the captain 's picks are made has also been brought forward by one or two weeks . Current points list : http://www.pgatour.com/stats/stat.131.html Teams ( edit ) Captains ( edit ) Thomas Bjørn was named as the European captain on 6 December 2016 . He was chosen by a five - man panel made up of the three most recent European Ryder Cup captains ( Darren Clarke , Paul McGinley and José María Olazábal ) , the Chief Executive of the European Tour , Keith Pelley and European Tour Tournament Committee member Henrik Stenson . Jim Furyk was named as the USA captain on 11 January 2017 . Vice-captains ( edit ) Each captain selects a number of vice-captains to assist him during the tournament . Bjørn selected Robert Karlsson as his first vice-captain in May 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The 2010 Ryder Cup -- Bidding nations for 2018 Ryder Cup announced Jump up ^ News & Events PGA.com Jump up ^ About 500 people march against the construction of a golf course Jump up ^ New demonstration at Tres Cantos against the golf course project Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/golf/13409990.stm BBC Sport , 17 May 2011 Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup 2018 : Europe to increase wildcards from three to four '' . BBC Sport. 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Changes make to membership criteria and 2018 Ryder Cup qualification process '' . European Tour . 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup captain Jim Furyk announces selection criteria for 2018 U.S. Ryder Cup team '' . PGA of America . 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Bjørn named 2018 European Ryder Cup Captain '' . Ryder Cup . 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Furyk FAQs : Everything you need to know about the 2018 Ryder Cup USA Captain '' . Ryder Cup . 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Karlsson named as Vice-Captain '' . Ryder Cup . 30 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Ryder Cup 2018 website ( hide ) Ryder Cup matches United States vs. Great Britain 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1941 1943 1945 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 United States vs. Great Britain & Ireland 1973 1977 United States vs. Europe 1979 1981 1985 1991 1993 1995 1999 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 See also Ryder Cup matches American Ryder Cup golfers European Ryder Cup golfers Ryder Cup records Broadcasters Coordinates : 48 ° 45 ′ 14 '' N 2 ° 04 ′ 37 '' E  /  48.754 ° N 2.077 ° E  / 48.754 ; 2.077 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Ryder_Cup&oldid=803350345 '' Categories : Ryder Cup Golf tournaments in France Sport in Île - de-France Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines 2018 in golf 2018 in French sport September 2018 sports events Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 00 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is the 2018 ryder cup being held
[ "The 42nd Ryder Cup Matches will be held in France from 28–30 September 2018 at the Albatros Course of Le Golf National in Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, a suburb southwest of Paris. It will be the second Ryder Cup to be held in Continental Europe, after the 1997 contest, which was held in Spain. The United States are the defending champions, but last won in Europe in 1993, a quarter century earlier." ]
[ "at the Albatros Course of Le Golf National in Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, a suburb southwest of Paris" ]
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List of current champions in WWE
List of current champions in WWE - wikipedia List of current champions in WWE This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 October 2017 . There are 2 pending revisions awaiting review . Jump to : navigation , search WWE is a professional wrestling promotion based out of Stamford , Connecticut . Title reigns are either determined by professional wrestling matches or are awarded to a wrestler , as a result of the culmination of various scripted storylines . The WWE splits its main roster into two distinctive brands , Raw and SmackDown , as well as a developmental brand , NXT , with each having their own set of championships . There are five active singles championships for male wrestlers , two active championships for female wrestlers , and two active tag team championships between Raw and SmackDown , and one male , one female , and one tag team championship on NXT . There is also one championship representing the United Kingdom which was created to be the centerpiece of an upcoming UK - based brand , but in the interim , it is being defended in NXT as well as on independent shows . Between the three currently active brands , 16 wrestlers hold the championships . The list includes the number of times the wrestler has held the title , the date and location of the win , and a description of the winning bout . The following is correct as of October 12 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current championships 1.1 Raw 1.2 SmackDown 1.3 NXT 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Current championships ( edit ) At the top of WWE 's championship hierarchy are the WWE Championship on SmackDown and the WWE Universal Championship on Raw . The current WWE Champion is Jinder Mahal , who is in his first reign . He won the title at Backlash by defeating Randy Orton . The current WWE Universal Champion is Brock Lesnar , who is in his first reign . He won the title by defeating Goldberg at WrestleMania 33 . Secondary titles in WWE include the WWE Intercontinental Championship for Raw and the WWE United States Championship for SmackDown . The Intercontinental Championship is currently held by The Miz , who is in his seventh reign . He won the title by defeating Dean Ambrose at Extreme Rules . The United States Championship is currently held by Baron Corbin , who is in his first reign . He won the title by defeating Tye Dillinger and former champion AJ Styles in a triple threat match at Hell in a Cell by pinning Dillinger . The WWE Cruiserweight Championship is part of the Raw brand and is for wrestlers 205 lb ( 93 kg ) and under . It is defended on Raw and the cruiserweight - exclusive 205 Live . It was also defended once at an NXT house show . The title is currently held by Kalisto , who is in his first reign . He won the title by defeating Enzo Amore on the October 9 editon of Raw in a Lumberjack match . The WWE Raw Women 's Championship is currently held by Alexa Bliss , who is in her second reign . She defeated Sasha Banks on the August 28 edition of Raw . The WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship is held by first - time champion Natalya . She won the title by defeating Naomi at SummerSlam . The WWE Raw Tag Team Championship is currently held by Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins , who are in their first reign as a team and second for Rollins individually . They won the titles by defeating Cesaro and Sheamus at SummerSlam . The WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship is held by record three - time champions The Usos ( Jey and Jimmy Uso ) . They won the titles by defeating Big E and Xavier Woods of The New Day in a Hell in a Cell match at Hell in a Cell . The top title of NXT is the NXT Championship , which is currently held by Drew McIntyre , who is in his first reign . He won the title by defeating Bobby Roode on August 19 , 2017 , at NXT TakeOver : Brooklyn III . The NXT Women 's Championship is currently vacated as former champion Asuka relinquished the championship after suffering a collarbone injury at NXT TakeOver : Brooklyn III . The next champion will be determined at NXT TakeOver : WarGames . The NXT Tag Team Championship is held by first - time title holders Eric Young and Alexander Wolfe of Sanity , who won the titles from The Authors of Pain at NXT TakeOver : Brooklyn III . The WWE United Kingdom Championship is intended to be the top championship of an upcoming WWE Network show produced in the United Kingdom . Until then , the championship is being defended on NXT . It is also defended on independent shows , making it the only active WWE championship to be defended outside of WWE . It is currently held by Pete Dunne , who defeated Tyler Bate at NXT TakeOver : Chicago . Raw ( edit ) Championship Current champion ( s ) Reign Date won Days held Location Notes WWE Universal Championship Brock Lesnar April 2 , 2017 193 Orlando , Florida Defeated Goldberg at WrestleMania 33 WWE Intercontinental Championship The Miz 7 June 4 , 2017 130 Baltimore , Maryland Defeated Dean Ambrose at Extreme Rules WWE Raw Women 's Championship Alexa Bliss August 28 , 2017 45 Memphis , Tennessee Defeated Sasha Banks on Raw WWE Cruiserweight Championship Kalisto October 9 , 2017 Indianapolis , Indiana Defeated Enzo Amore on Raw in a Lumberjack match WWE Raw Tag Team Championship Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins ( 1 , 2 ) August 20 , 2017 53 Brooklyn , New York Defeated Cesaro and Sheamus at SummerSlam SmackDown ( edit ) Championship Current champion ( s ) Reign Date won Days held Location Notes WWE Championship Jinder Mahal May 21 , 2017 144 Rosemont , Illinois Defeated Randy Orton at Backlash WWE United States Championship Baron Corbin October 8 , 2017 Detroit , Michigan Defeated former champion AJ Styles and Tye Dillinger in a Triple threat match at Hell in a Cell WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship Natalya August 20 , 2017 53 Brooklyn , New York Defeated Naomi at SummerSlam WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship The Usos ( Jey and Jimmy Uso ) October 8 , 2017 Detroit , Michigan Defeated The New Day ( Big E and Xavier Woods ) in a Hell in a Cell match at Hell in a Cell NXT ( edit ) Championship Current champion ( s ) Reign Date won Days held Location Notes NXT Championship Drew McIntyre August 19 , 2017 54 Brooklyn , New York Defeated Bobby Roode at NXT TakeOver : Brooklyn III NXT Women 's Championship Vacant -- August 24 , 2017 -- Winter Park , Florida Asuka relinquished the championship after suffering a collarbone injury at NXT TakeOver : Brooklyn III NXT Tag Team Championship Sanity ( Alexander Wolfe and Eric Young ) August 19 , 2017 54 Brooklyn , New York Defeated The Authors of Pain ( Akam and Rezar ) at NXT TakeOver : Brooklyn III WWE United Kingdom Championship Pete Dunne May 20 , 2017 145 Rosemont , Illinois Defeated Tyler Bate at NXT TakeOver : Chicago See also ( edit ) Professional wrestling portal List of current WWE tag teams and stables List of former championships in WWE List of WWE personnel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ HHH discusses 205 Live ... and more -- 411 Mania.com Jump up ^ NXT house show results 12 / 2 / 16 -- 411 Mania.com Jump up ^ http://www.wwe.com/shows/wwenxt/article/asuka-relinquishes-nxt-womens-title External links ( edit ) Current champions Jinder Mahal on WWE.com Brock Lesnar on WWE.com The Miz on WWE.com Baron Corbin on WWE.com Kalisto on WWE.com Dean Ambrose on WWE.com Seth Rollins on WWE.com Jey Uso on WWE.com Jimmy Uos on WWE.com Alexa Bliss on WWE.com Natalya on WWE.com Current NXT champions Drew McIntyre on WWE.com Pete Dunne on WWE.com Eric Young on WWE.com Alexander Wolfe on WWE.com References WWE.com Current championships in WWE Championships Raw Universal ( reigns ) Intercontinental ( reigns ) Women 's ( reigns ) Cruiserweight ( reigns ) Tag Team ( reigns ) SmackDown WWE ( reigns ) United States ( reigns ) Women 's ( reigns ) Tag Team ( reigns ) NXT NXT ( reigns ) United Kingdom ( reigns ) Women 's ( reigns ) Tag Team ( reigns ) Accomplishments André the Giant Memorial Trophy Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic Triple Crown Grand Slam King of the Ring Money in the Bank Royal Rumble Slammy Award WWE tournaments Former championships WWE History Capitol Wrestling Corporation 1980s boom Black Saturday WrestleMania The Streak The Kliq Monday Night Wars Montreal Screwjob Attitude Era The Undertaker vs. Mankind The Invasion Brand Extension Chris Benoit double - murder and suicide The New Monday Night Wars TNA Entertainment , LLC sues WWE Raw 1000 Persona and reception of Roman Reigns Programming Brands Raw SmackDown NXT Weekly 205 Live Main Event Experience Bottom Line Afterburn Vintage Wal3ooha Seasonal Total Bellas Total Divas Specials Free for All Tribute to the Troops ( results ) Animated Camp WWE Pay - per - view and WWE Network events Royal Rumble Elimination Chamber Fastlane WrestleMania Payback Backlash Extreme Rules Money in the Bank Great Balls of Fire Battleground SummerSlam No Mercy Hell in a Cell TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs Survivor Series Clash of Champions Roadblock NXT TakeOver Other Other WWE programming Former programming Personnel McMahon family Roster Hall of Fame Alumni A -- C D -- H I -- M N -- R S -- Z Action figures LJN Wrestling Superstars Mattel WWE Legends WWF Hasbro action figures Other Affiliated properties WWE Books WWE Libraries Inc . WWE Magazine WWE Music Group Discography WWE NXT WWE Studios WWE Home Video WWE Network ( Canada ) WWE Performance Center Tapout Defunct businesses World Bodybuilding Federation The World WWE Classics on Demand WWE Niagara Falls XFL Investments Marvel Experience Tout Notable acquisitions World Championship Wrestling History Extreme Championship Wrestling WWE brand American Wrestling Association World Class Championship Wrestling Smoky Mountain Wrestling Global Wrestling Federation Georgia Championship Wrestling Partnerships Current Evolve Insane Championship Wrestling Progress Wrestling Former Deep South Wrestling Florida Championship Wrestling Heartland Wrestling Association International Wrestling Association Memphis Championship Wrestling Ohio Valley Wrestling Power Pro Wrestling Ultimate Pro Wrestling World Wrestling Alliance Accomplishments Current champions Former championships Money in the Bank André the Giant Memorial Trophy Cruiserweight Classic Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic Mae Young Classic Slammy Award Triple Crown Grand Slam WWE tournaments Draft 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2016 2017 Miscellaneous List of WWE attendance records Women in WWE WrestleMania Axxess Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_current_champions_in_WWE&oldid=804919450 '' Categories : WWE championships Professional wrestling champion lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Talk Pending changes Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Español فارسی हिन्दी Македонски Polski Português Русский Simple English ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia
who is the current us champion in wwe
[ "Secondary titles in WWE include the WWE Intercontinental Championship for Raw and the WWE United States Championship for SmackDown. The Intercontinental Championship is currently held by The Miz, who is in his seventh reign. He won the title by defeating Dean Ambrose at Extreme Rules. The United States Championship is currently held by Baron Corbin, who is in his first reign. He won the title by defeating Tye Dillinger and former champion AJ Styles in a triple threat match at Hell in a Cell by pinning Dillinger." ]
[ "Baron Corbin" ]
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Abdominal cavity
Abdominal cavity - wikipedia Abdominal cavity Abdominal cavity Front of abdomen , showing surface markings for duodenum , pancreas , and kidneys . Details Identifiers Latin cavitas abdominis MeSH D034841 TA A01. 1.00. 051 A10. 1.00. 001 FMA 12266 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The abdominal cavity is a large body cavity in humans and many other animals that contains many organs . It is a part of the abdominopelvic cavity . It is located below the thoracic cavity , and above the pelvic cavity . Its dome - shaped roof is the thoracic diaphragm , a thin sheet of muscle under the lungs , and its floor is the pelvic inlet , opening into the pelvis . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Organs 1.2 Peritoneum 1.3 Mesentery 1.4 Omenta 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Ascites 2.2 Inflammation 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Structure ( edit ) The abdominal cavity is labeled 3 in this image , and together with the pelvic cavity ( 4 ) it makes up the abdominopelvic cavity 6 . Organs ( edit ) Organs of the abdominal cavity include the stomach , liver , gallbladder , spleen , pancreas , small intestine , kidneys , large intestine , and adrenal glands . Peritoneum ( edit ) Main article : Peritoneum The abdominal cavity is lined with a protective membrane termed the peritoneum . The inside wall is covered by the parietal peritoneum . The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity behind the peritoneum , in the retroperitoneum . The viscera are also covered by visceral peritoneum . Between the visceral and parietal peritoneum is the peritoneal cavity , which is a potential space . It contains serous fluid that allows motion . This motion is apparent of the gastrointestinal tract . The peritoneum , by virtue of its connection to the two ( parietal and visceral ) portions , gives support to the abdominal organs . The peritoneum divides the cavity into numerous compartments . One of these the lesser sac is located behind the stomach and joins into the greater sac via the foramen of Winslow . Some of the organs are attached to the walls of the abdomen via folds of peritoneum and ligaments , such as the liver and others use broad areas of the peritoneum , such as the pancreas . The peritoneal ligaments are actually dense folds of the peritoneum that are used to connect viscera to viscera or viscera to the walls of the abdomen . They are named in such a way as to show what they connect typically . For example , the gastrocolic ligament connects the stomach and colon and the splenocolic ligament connects the spleen and the colon , or sometimes by their shape as the round ligament or triangular ligament . Mesentery ( edit ) Mesenteries are folds of peritoneum that are attached to the walls of the abdomen and enclose viscera completely . They are supplied with plentiful amounts of blood . The three most important mesenteries are mesentery for the small intestine , the transverse mesocolon , which attaches the back portion of the colon to the abdominal wall , and the sigmoid mesocolon which enfolds the sigmoid colon . Omenta ( edit ) The omentum are specialized folds of peritoneum that enclose nerves , blood vessels , lymph channels , fatty tissue , and connective tissue . There are two omenta . First , is the greater omentum that hangs off of the transverse colon and greater curvature of the stomach . The other is the lesser omentum that extends between the stomach and the liver . Clinical significance ( edit ) Ascites ( edit ) When fluid collects in the abdominal cavity , this condition is called ascites . This is usually not noticeable until enough fluid has collected to distend the abdomen . The collection of fluid will cause pressure on the viscera , veins , and thoracic cavity . Treatment is directed at the cause of the fluid accumulation . One method is to decrease the portal vein pressure , especially useful in treating cirrhosis . Chylous ascites heals best if the lymphatic vessel involved is closed . Heart failure can cause recurring ascites . Inflammation ( edit ) Another disorder is called peritonitis which usually accompanies inflammatory processes elsewhere . It can be caused by damage to an organ , or from a contusion to the abdominal wall from the outside or by surgery . It may be brought in by the bloodstream or the lymphatic system . The most common origin is the gastrointestinal tract . Peritonitis can be acute or chronic , generalized or localized , and may have one origin or multiple origins . The omenta can help control the spread of infection ; however without treatment , the infection will spread throughout the cavity . An abscess may also form as a secondary reaction to an infection . Antibiotics have become an important tool in fighting abscesses ; however , external drainage is usually required also . See also ( edit ) Coelom References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Abdominal cavity '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . I : A-Ak -- Bayes ( 15th ed . ) . Chicago , Illinois : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2010 . pp. 19 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59339 - 837 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wingerd , Bruce ( 1994 ) . The Human Body : Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology . Fort Worth : Saunders College Publishing . pp. 11 -- 12 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 055507 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abdominal cavity . Anatomy of the peritoneum and mesentery General Peritoneum cavity Mesentery Abdominal From ventral mesentery Lesser omentum Hepatoduodenal ligament Hepatogastric ligament Liver Coronary ligament ( Left triangular ligament Right triangular ligament Hepatorenal ligament ) Falciform ligament Round ligament of liver Ligamentum venosum From dorsal mesentery Greater omentum Gastrophrenic ligament Gastrocolic ligament Gastrosplenic ligament Mesentery Splenorenal ligament Phrenicocolic ligament Folds Umbilical folds Supravesical fossa Medial inguinal fossa Lateral umbilical fold Lateral inguinal fossa Ileocecal fold Abdominal cavity Greater sac Lesser sac Omental foramen General Cystohepatic triangle Hepatorenal recess of subhepatic space Abdominal wall Inguinal triangle Peritoneal recesses Paracolic gutters Paramesenteric gutters Pelvic Uterus / ovaries Broad ligament of the uterus Mesovarium Mesosalpinx Mesometrium ) Ovarian ligament Suspensory ligament of ovary Recesses Male Recto - vesical pouch Pararectal fossa Female Recto - uterine pouch Recto - uterine fold ( Uterosacral ligament ) Vesico - uterine pouch Ovarian fossa Paravesical fossa Retroperitonium Spaces Extraperitoneal space Retroperitoneal space Retropubic space Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdominal_cavity&oldid=833865132 '' Categories : Abdomen Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Deutsch Eesti Español 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Võro 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 19 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
name the membrane that connects the stomach with the liver
[ "The omentum are specialized folds of peritoneum that enclose nerves, blood vessels, lymph channels, fatty tissue, and connective tissue. There are two omenta. First, is the greater omentum that hangs off of the transverse colon and greater curvature of the stomach. The other is the lesser omentum that extends between the stomach and the liver.[1]\n" ]
[ "the lesser omentum" ]
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Battle of Tannenberg
Battle of Tannenberg - wikipedia Battle of Tannenberg For the 1410 battle at the same location , see Battle of Grunwald . For the 1944 battle in Estonia , see Battle of Tannenberg Line . Battle of Tannenberg Part of the East Prussian campaign of the Eastern Front in World War I Russian prisoners of war after the Battle of Tannenberg . Date 26 -- 30 August 1914 Location Near Allenstein , East Prussia ( today Olsztyn , Poland ) 53 ° 29 ′ 45 '' N 20 ° 08 ′ 4 '' E  /  53.49583 ° N 20.13444 ° E  / 53.49583 ; 20.13444 Coordinates : 53 ° 29 ′ 45 '' N 20 ° 08 ′ 4 '' E  /  53.49583 ° N 20.13444 ° E  / 53.49583 ; 20.13444 Result Decisive German victory Second Russian Army annihilated Belligerents German Empire Russian Empire Commanders and leaders Paul von Hindenburg Erich Ludendorff Max Hoffmann Alexander Samsonov † Units involved 8th Army 1st Army 2nd Army Strength 150,000 230,000 Casualties and losses 10,000 -- 15,000 killed or wounded 12,000 killed or wounded Official German data 21 -- 30 / 08 / 14 : 13,873 : 1,726 KIA 7,461 WIA 4,686 MIA 170,000 : 78,000 killed or wounded 92,000 POW 350 guns captured hide East Prussian Campaign Stallupönen Gumbinnen Tannenberg 1st Masurian Lakes Vivat ribbon commemorating Battle of Tannenberg . Shows Wilhelm II and `` Hindenburg the victor of Tannenberg '' . The Battle of Tannenberg was fought between Russia and Germany between the 26th and 30th of August 1914 , the first month of World War I . The battle resulted in the almost complete destruction of the Russian Second Army and the suicide of its commanding general , Alexander Samsonov . A series of follow - up battles ( First Masurian Lakes ) destroyed most of the First Army as well and kept the Russians off balance until the spring of 1915 . The battle is particularly notable for fast rail movements by the Germans , enabling them to concentrate against each of the two Russian armies in turn , and also for the failure of the Russians to encode their radio messages . It brought considerable prestige to Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and his rising staff - officer Erich Ludendorff . Although the battle actually took place near Allenstein ( Olsztyn ) , Hindenburg named it after Tannenberg , 30 km to the west , in order to , in German eyes , avenge the defeat of the Teutonic Knights 500 years earlier at the Battle of Grunwald ( which was always known as the Battle of Tannenberg in German ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Prelude : 17 -- 22 August 3 Battle 3.1 Consolidation of the German Eighth Army 3.2 Early phases of battle : 23 -- 26 August 3.3 Main battle : 26 -- 30 August 4 Aftermath 5 Post-war legacy 6 Footnotes 7 Further reading Background ( edit ) The French army 's Plan XVII at the outbreak of World War I involved swift mobilization followed by an immediate attack to drive the Germans from Alsace and Lorraine . If the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) joined in accordance with their Allied treaty , they would fill the left flank . Their Russian allies in the East would have a massive army , more than 95 divisions , but their mobilization would inevitably be slower . Getting their men to the front would itself take time because of their relatively sparse and unreliable railway network ( for example , three - quarters of the Russian railways were still single - tracked . Russia intended to have 27 divisions at the front by day 15 and 52 by day 23 , but it would take 60 days before 90 divisions were in action . Despite their difficulties , the Russians promised the French that they would promptly engage the armies of Austria - Hungary in the south and on day 15 would invade German East Prussia . East Prussia was a vulnerable salient thrust into Russian territory , extending from the Vistula River in the west to the border with ( at the time , Russian ) Lithuania in the east , a distance of roughly 190 km ( 120 mi ) . On the north was the Baltic and on the south was the border with ( at the time , Russian ) Poland ; it was about 130 km ( 81 mi ) wide . Somewhat east of the center of the province was the heavily fortified peninsula on which its capital Königsberg ( nowadays : Kaliningrad , Russia ) was located . The Russians would rely on two of their three railways that ran up to the border ; each would provision an army . The railways ended at the border , as Russian trains operated on a different rail gauge than Western Europe . Consequently , its armies could be transported by rail only as far as the German border and could use Prussian railways only with captured locomotives and rolling stock . The First Army would use the line that ran from Vilnius , Lithuania , to the border 136 km ( 85 mi ) southeast of Königsberg . The Second Army railway ran from Warsaw , Poland , to the border 165 km ( 103 mi ) southwest of Königsberg . The two armies would take the Germans in a pincers . The Russian supply chains would be ungainly because -- for defense -- on their side of the border there were only a few sandy tracks rather than proper macadamized roads . Adding to their supply problems , the Russians deployed large numbers of cavalry and Cossacks ; every day each horse needed ten times the resources that a man required . The First Army commander was Gen. Pavel Karlovitch Rennenkampf , who in the Russo - Japanese War had earned a reputation for `` exceptional energy , determination , courage , and military capability . '' The Second Army , coming north from Warsaw , was under Gen. Alekesander Vasilevich Samsonov , who was `` ... possessed of a brilliant mind , reinforced by an excellent military education '' . Since commanding a division in the war with Japan he had been governor of Turkestan . The two armies were directed by the military governor of Warsaw , who in wartime commanded the Northwest Military District , Gen. Yakov Grigorevich Zhilinskiy . His duties in Manchuria had been more diplomatic than military . Before moving to Warsaw he had been Chief of the Russian General Staff for two years . He set up his headquarters in Volkovysk . ( Vawkavysk , Belarus ) , about 410 km ( 250 mi ) from Königsberg . Communications would be a daunting challenge . The Russian supply of cable was insufficient to run telephone or telegraph connections from the rear ; all they had was needed for field communications . Therefore , they relied on mobile wireless stations , which would link Zhilinskiy to his two army commanders and with all corps commanders . The Russians were aware that the Germans had broken their ciphers , but they continued to use them until war broke out . A new code was ready but they were still very short of the code books . Zhilinskiy and Rennenkampf each had one ; Samsonov did not . Hence , many messages were sent in the clear , hoping that they would not be intercepted . The German Schlieffen Plan proposed to defeat France swiftly while the Russians were mobilizing . Then Germany 's armies would shift by train to the Eastern Front . Therefore , East Prussia was garrisoned by a single army , the Eighth , commanded by Gen. Maximilian von Prittwitz und Gaffron , which was to hold back the Russians while the outcome in the West was decided . A tangle of lakes , marshes and dense woods characterized the province , which would help defenders . When the war began the bulk of the German Eighth Army was southwest of Königsberg , ready to defend either the Western or the Southern frontier : 485,000 Russians were facing 173,000 Germans . More than half of the men in both armies just had been mobilized , so many were not yet fighting fit . Prelude : 17 -- 22 August ( edit ) Rennenkampf 's First Army crossed the frontier on 17 August 1914 , moving westward slowly . This was sooner than the Germans anticipated , because the Russian mobilization , including the Baltic and Warsaw districts , had begun secretly on 25 July , not with the Tsar 's proclamation on 30 July . They were attacked at Stallupönen by a division of the German I Corps under Lt. Gen. Hermann von François . The Russians were driven back and lost 3,000 men as prisoners , but I Corps was ordered by Prittwitz , who had not authorized the attack , to pull back to Gumbinnen to concentrate his forces . The Russian advance continued on the afternoon of 18 August and on the following day . Prittwitz attacked near Gumbinnen on 20 August , when he knew from intercepted wireless messages that Rennenkampf 's infantry was resting . German I Corps was on their left , XVII Corps commanded by Lt. Gen. August von Mackensen in the center and I Reserve Corps led by Gen. Otto von Below on the right . A night march enabled one of François ' divisions to hit the Russian XX Corps ' right flank at 04 : 00 . Rennenkampf 's men rallied to stoutly resist the attack . Their artillery was devastating until they ran out of ammunition , then the Russians retired . I Corps attacks were halted at 16 : 00 to rest men sapped by the torrid summer heat . François was sure they could win the next day . On his left Mackensen 's XVII Corps launched a vigorous frontal attack but the Russian infantry held firm . That afternoon the Russian heavy artillery struck back -- the German infantry fled in panic , their artillery limbered up and joined the stampede . Prittwitz ordered I Corps and I Reserve Corps to break off the action and retreat also . At noon he had telephoned Field Marshal von Moltke at OHL ( Oberste Heeresleitung , Supreme Headquarters ) to report that all was going well ; that evening he telephoned again to report disaster . His problems were compounded because an intercepted wireless message disclosed that the Russian II Army included five Corps and a cavalry division , and aerial scouts saw their columns marching across the frontier . They were opposed by a single reinforced German Corps , the XX , commanded by Lt. Gen. Friedrich von Scholtz . Prittwitz excitedly but inconclusively and repeatedly discussed the dreadful news with Moltke that evening on the telephone , shouting back and forth . At 20 : 23 Eighth Army telegraphed OHL that they would withdraw to West Prussia . Generalfeldmarschall Paul von Hindenburg However , by the next morning , 21 August , Eighth Army staff realized that because Samsonov 's II Army was closer to the Vistula crossings they must relocate most of their forces to join with XX Corps to block Samsonov before they could withdraw further . Now Moltke was told that they would only retreat a short way ; François protested directly to the Kaiser about his panicking superiors . That evening Prittwitz reported that the German 1st Cavalry Division had disappeared . His next call disclosed that they had ridden in with 500 prisoners . Probably Moltke had already decided to replace both Prittwitz and his highly regarded chief of staff , Maj. Gen. Alfred von Waldersee . On the morning of 22 August their replacements , Col. Gen. Paul von Hindenburg and Maj. Gen. Erich Ludendorff , were notified of their new assignments . The Eighth Army issued orders to move toward Samsonov 's Second Army . I Corps was closest to the railway , so it would move by train to support the right of XX Corps , while the other two German corps would march the shorter distance to XX Corps ' left . The First Cavalry Division with some older garrison troops would remain to screen Rennenkampf . On the afternoon of 22 August the head of the Eighth Army field railways was informed by telegraph that new commanders were coming by special train . The telegram relieving their former commanders came later . I Corps was moving over more than 150 km ( 93 miles ) of rail , day and night , one train every 30 minutes , with 25 minutes to unload instead of the customary hour or two . After the battle at Gumbinnen Rennenkampf decided to keep his First Army in position to resupply and to be in good positions if the Germans attacked again . Both Russian armies were having serious supply problems ; everything had to be carted up from the railheads because they could not use the East Prussian railway track , and many units were hampered by lack of field bakeries , ammunition carts and the like . The Second Army also was hampered by incompetent staff work and poor communications . Poor staff work not only exacerbated supply problems but , more importantly , caused Samsonov during the fighting to lose operational control over all but the two corps in his immediate vicinity ( XIII & XV Corps ) . Battle ( edit ) Further information : Order of battle at Tannenberg ( 1914 ) Consolidation of the German Eighth Army ( edit ) The new commanders arrived at Marienburg at 14 : 00 on 23 August ; they had met for the first time on their special train the previous night and now they rendezvouzed with the Eighth Army staff . Hindenburg knew none of them . Ludendorff knew the senior officer , deputy Chief of Operations Col. Max Hoffmann , because they had served together and had been neighbors in Berlin and he had met several of the junior men . First they sorted out the orders that had been issued for concentrating most of Eighth Army against Samsonov -- each corps had received orders from the Eighth Army and also from Ludendorff -- which rankled the staff . However , the orders were almost identical because they were dictated by the situation . I Corps was moving by the rail line . The Eighth Army had ordered it further west to shield the Vistula crossings , but now it would detrain at Deutsch - Eylau , where it could support the right of XX Corps . XVII Corps and I Reserve Corps would march towards the left of XX Corps . Ludendorff had delayed their marches for a day to rest while remaining in place should Rennenkampf attack . The German 1st Cavalry Division and some garrison troops of older men would remain as a screen just south of the eastern edge of the Königsberg defenses , facing Rennenkampf 's First Army . The eastern portion of the Königsberg defenses was the only part that was fully manned , while the approaches from the south were entirely open . Then the new commanders raised the stakes dramatically . They must do more than stop Samsonov in his tracks , as they had tried to block and push back Rennenkampf . Samsonov must be annihilated before they turned back to deal with Rennenkampf . For the moment Samsonov would be opposed only by the forces he was already facing , XX Corps , mostly East Prussians who were defending their homes . The bulk of the Second Russian Army was still coming towards the front ; if necessary , they would be allowed to push further into the province while the German reinforcements assembled on the flanks , poised to encircle the invaders -- just the tactics instilled by Schlieffen . The danger was that if Rennenkampf 's First Army marched southwest they would appear on the Eighth Army 's extreme left flank . Thanks to their consolidation , the coming battle would be fought with 1.8 Russians facing each German . OHL was informed that they were moving to envelop the invaders . Early phases of battle : 23 -- 26 August ( edit ) Movements of 23 -- 26 August 1914 . Red : Germans , blue : Russians Zhilinskiy had agreed to Samsonov 's proposal to start the Second Army 's advance further westward than originally planned , separating them even further from Rennenkampf 's First Army . On 22 August Samsonov 's forces encountered Germans all along their front and pushed them back in several places . Zhilinskiy ordered him to pursue vigorously . They already had been advancing for six days in torrid heat without sufficient rest along primitive roads , averaging 24 km ( 15 mi ) a day and had outrun their supplies On 23 August they attacked the German XX Corps , which retreated to the Orlau - Frankenau line that night . The Russians followed , and on the 24th they attacked again ; the now partially entrenched XX Corps temporarily stopped their advance before retreating to avoid possible encirclement . At one stage the chief of staff of the corps directed artillery fire onto his own dwelling . Samsonov saw a wonderful opportunity because , as far as he was aware , both of his flanks were unopposed . He ordered most of his units to the northwest , toward the Vistula , leaving only his VI Corps to continue north towards their original objective of Seeburg . He did not have enough aircraft or skilled cavalry to detect the German buildup on his left . Rennenkampf mistakenly reported that two of the German Corps had sheltered in the Königsberg fortifications . German infantry during the battle of Tannenberg On 24 August Hindenburg , Ludendorff and Hoffmann motored along the German lines to meet Scholtz and his principal subordinates , sharing the roads with panic - stricken refugees ; in the background were columns of smoke from burning villages ignited by artillery shells . They could keep control of their army because most of the local telephone operators remained at their switchboards , carefully tracking the motorcade . Along the way they drove through the village of Tannenberg , which reminded the two younger men of the defeat of the Teutonic Knights there by the Poles and Lithuanians in 1410 ; Hindenburg had been thinking about that battle since the evening before when he strolled near the ruins of the castle of the Teutonic Order . ( In 1910 Slavs had commemorated their triumph on the old battlefield . ) By telephone with headquarters they were reassured that Rennenkampf 's army was moving forward , but slowly -- his heavy wagons were sinking into the East Prussian sands . They knew about Samsonov 's proposed movements from a wireless intercept that agreed perfectly with papers found on the body of a Russian officer killed at Gumbinnen . When they met François he was told that Samsonov was moving northwest , to turn what he believed to be the German right flank . I Corps was ordered to attack the Russian left wing at Usdau on the next day , 25 August . François objected vigorously : only part of his corps had arrived and his artillery would not be detrained and ready before 26 August . Ludendorff screeched at him until François finally agreed to attack , but with the proviso that because his ammunition column was still on the road , his men must charge with bayonets . By setting Usdau as the objective , the commanders realized that part of the Russian Second Army would escape the trap . On the way back to headquarters Hoffmann received new radio intercepts . Rennenkampf 's most recent orders from Zhilinskiy were to continue due west , not turn southward towards Samsonov , who was instructed to continue his own drive northwest . Based on this information Scholtz formed a new defensive flank along the Drewenz River , while his main line strengthened their defenses . Back at headquarters Hindenburg told the staff , `` Gentlemen . Our preparations are so well in hand that we can sleep soundly tonight . '' As the battle was beginning OHL telegraphed the Eighth Army that three army corps and a cavalry division would be sent to East Prussia . Ludendorff replied that they would arrive too late for the present battle , but would be welcome if they could be spared . Moltke was optimistic about their progress in France and Belgium and two army corps and the cavalry were sent . Main battle : 26 -- 30 August ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Movements of 27 -- 30 August 1914 Samsonov 's cavalry detected the German buildup on their left , so he ordered reinforcements to extend the Russian line , but it would take hours or even days for them to arrive . True to his word , on 26 August François advanced part of his 1st Division toward the Russian outposts at 08 : 00 , where -- despite telephone prodding from the Eighth Army -- they only skirmished at a distance until noon . By then the railways had brought up the rest of I Corps including their artillery . Finally they drove the Russian outposts back , but at 15 : 45 François halted in order to organize a strong attack on the following day by men with full stomachs and ammunition pouches . Scholtz followed his orders , which were to make sure that Russians were not slipping past his flanks , which would make it difficult to spring the trap . On his right he attacked to push back the Russian 2nd Division and almost destroyed it . On his left the German 3rd Reserve Division repelled an attack by the Russian VI Corps . It was a different story in the thinly held center , where the Russian XIII Corps advanced toward the road center of Allenstein almost unopposed . Zhilinskiy was visited by the commander of the Russian Army , the Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia , who ordered him to support Samsonov . Therefore , Rennenkampf ordered two of his corps to invest Königsberg , while the other two were to march to make contact with Samsonov . These orders were sent by wireless in the clear . The next day the Russian First Army 's cavalry started riding towards their Second Army , but their infantry waited for resupply . Burning house during the fight at Usdau on 27 August 1914 Dead Russian soldiers in a trench near Usdau That evening the Eighth Army 's staff was on edge . Little had been achieved during the day , when they had intended to spring the trap . XX Corps had done well on another torrid day , but now was exhausted . On their far left they knew that XVII Corps and I Reserve Corps were coming into action , but headquarters had learned little about their progress . In fact , XVII Corps had defeated the Russian VI Corps , which fled back along the roads . XVII Corps had endured long marches in sweltering weather , but some men still had the energy to pursue on bicycles requisitioned from civilians . To add to their worries , German aerial scouts reported that still more of Samsonov 's army was detraining at his railhead . Another aviator mistakenly reported that Rennenkampf 's infantry was now heading towards them . The Eighth Army might be the one in the trap . Hoffmann , who had been an observer with the Japanese in Manchuria , tried to ease their nerves by telling how Samsonov and Rennenkampf had quarreled during that war , so they would do nothing to help one another . It was a good story that Hoffmann treasured and retold frequently , so it reappears in many histories , but not in either Hindenburg 's or Ludendorff 's memoirs . In Hindenburg 's words `` ... firm resolution began to yield to vacillation ... '' At dinner Ludendorff was visibly distraught , toying with his bread , and finally abruptly asked to speak alone with Hindenburg . When Ludendorff emerged from their tête - a-tête he issued the orders to continue the attack on Samsonov . The rest of the German forces coming onto their left wing were swinging into place by forced marches . Samsonov 's II Army was now facing Germans along a 100 km ( 62 mi ) line . François was ready to attack the Russian left decisively on 27 August , hitting I Russian Corps . His artillery barrage was overwhelming , and soon he had taken the key town of Usdau . In the center the Russians continued to strongly attack the German XX Corps and to move northwest from Allenstein . The German XVII Corps and I Reserve Corps pushed the Russian right wing they had bloodied the day before further back . Gen. Basil Gourko , commanding the Russian First Army Cavalry Division ( and from 1916 -- 17 chief of the general staff ) , was told later that Samsonov did not know what was happening on his flanks because he was observing the action from a rise in the ground a distance from his wireless set and reports were not relayed to him . It was late in the day before he realized that his army was in frightful danger . On the morning of 28 August the German commanders were motoring along the front when they were shown a report from an aerial observer that Rennenkampf was moving towards their rear . Ludendorff announced that the attack on the Second Army must be broken off . Hindenburg led him behind a nearby hedge , when they emerged Hindenburg calmly said that operations would continue as planned . Before long they learned that the report of Rennenkampf 's movement was mistaken . Samsonov 's I Corps on the left and VI Corps on the right were both retreating . His center had received so little food and ammunition that they were unable to keep attacking . They were ordered to retreat southeast to obtain what they needed to fight . Samsonov asked that Rennenkampf be ordered to help . It was too late . François by this time had advanced due east , moving further than his orders specified , to form a line south of the Russians between Neidenburg and Willenberg , and XVII German Corps had swung southwest to meet him . The noose was in place . The Russians who had been attacking were surrounded . On 29 August the troops from the Russian Second Army 's center who were retreating south ran into a German defensive line . Those Russians who tried break through by dashing across open fields heavy with crops were mown down . They were in a cauldron centered at Frogenau , east of Tannenberg , and throughout the day were relentlessly pounded by artillery . Many surrendered -- long columns of prisoners jammed the roads away from the battleground . Hindenburg and Ludendorff watched from a hilltop , with only a single field telephone line ; thereafter they stayed closer to the telephone network . Hindenburg met one captured Russian corps commander that day , another on the day following . On 30 August the Russians remaining outside of the cauldron tried unsuccessfully to break open the snare . Rather than report the loss of his army to Tsar Nicholas II , Samsonov disappeared in the woods that night and committed suicide . His body was found in the following year and returned to Russia by the Red Cross . On 31 August Hindenburg formally reported to the kaiser that three Russian army corps ( XIII , XV and XXIII ) had been destroyed . The two corps ( I and VI ) that had not been caught in the cauldron had been severely bloodied and were retreating back to Poland . He requested that the battle be named Tannenberg ( an imaginative touch that both Ludendorff and Hoffmann claimed as their own ) . Russian prisoners of war at Tilsit railway station Samsonov 's Second Army had been almost annihilated : 92,000 captured , 78,000 killed or wounded and only 10,000 ( mostly from the retreating flanks ) escaping . The Russians had lost 350 big guns . The Germans suffered just 12,000 casualties out of the 150,000 men committed to the battle . Sixty trains were required to take captured Russian equipment to Germany . Other historians give smaller numbers for Russian killed and wounded , which were never properly recorded . For instance , 30,000 Russian killed or wounded , with 13 generals and 500 guns captured . The Russian First Army had been so slowed by the combative German cavalry screen that by the time the battle was over their closest unit was still perhaps as much as 70 km ( 43 mi ) from the trapped Second Army . Other Russian units were scattered back along the line to Königsberg , leaving the First Army itself in a dangerously spread - out position . Aftermath ( edit ) 1998 photo of the foundations of the Tannenberg Memorial , which later served as the burial site of Paul von Hindenburg To David Stevenson it was `` a major victory but far from decisive '' , because the Russian First Army was still in East Prussia . It set the stage for the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes a week later , when the reinforced German Eighth Army confronted the Russian First Army . Rennenkampf retreated hastily back over the pre-war border before they could be encircled . Field Marshal Sir Edmund Ironside saw Tannenberg as the `` ... greatest defeat suffered by any of the combatants during the war '' . It was a tactical masterpiece that demonstrated the superior skills of the German army . Their pre-war organization and training had proven themselves , which bolstered German morale while severely shaking Russian confidence . Nonetheless , as long as the great battle in the West continued the outnumbered Germans had to remain on the defensive in the East , anticipating that the Russians would make another thrust from Poland against Germany , and because the Russians had bested the Austro - Hungarians in the Battle of Galicia ; their allies would need help . The Russian official inquiry into the disaster blamed Zhilinskiy for not controlling his two armies . He was replaced in the Northwest Command and sent to liaise with the French . Rennenkampf was exonerated , but was retired after a dubious performance in Poland in 1916 . The reverse of a World War I German Silver medallion liberation of East Prussia 1914 by Paul von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg . Referring to the Battle of Tannenberg . The naked Gen. Hindenburg fighting the Russian Bear with his sword . Hindenburg was hailed as an epic hero , Ludendorff was praised , but Hoffmann was generally ignored by the press . Apparently not pleased by this , he later gave tours of the area , noting , `` This is where the Field Marshal slept before the battle , this is where he slept after the battle , and this is where he slept during the battle . '' However , Hindenburg countered by saying , `` If the battle had gone badly , the name ' Hindenburg ' would have been reviled from one end of Germany to the other . '' Hoffmann is not mentioned in Hindenburg 's memoirs . In his memoirs Ludendorff takes credit for the encirclement and most historians give him full responsibility for conducting the battle . Hindenburg wrote and spoke of `` we '' , and when questioned about the crucial tête - á - tête with Ludendorff after dinner on 26 August resolutely maintained that they had calmly discussed their options and resolved to continue with the encirclement . Military historian Walter Elze wrote that a few months before his death Hindenburg finally acknowledged that Ludendorff had been in a funk that evening . Hindenburg would also remark , `` After all , I know something about the business , I was the instructor in tactics at the War Academy for six years '' . Post-war legacy ( edit ) A German monument was completed in 1927 . However , it was blown up by the Germans during the retreat in January 1945 . German film director Heinz Paul made a film , Tannenberg , about the battle , shot in East Prussia in 1932 . The battle is at the center of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 's novel August 1914 , published in 1971 . The video game Darkest of Days features the Battle of Tannenberg as one of the game 's signature historical locations a player gets to explore . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hastings , Max. , 2013 ; p. 281 . Jump up ^ Hastings , Max . Catastrophe : Europe goes to war 1914 London : William Collins , 2013 ; p. 281 . Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker , The Great War : 1914 -- 1920 , 2002 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Sanitätsbericht über das deutsche Heer im Weltkriege 1914 / 1918 , III . Band , Berlin 1934 , S. 36 Jump up ^ Sweetman 2004 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Ian F.W. Beckett , The Great War : 1914 -- 1918 , 2014 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Strachan , H. ( 2001 ) The First World War . Volume I. To Arms . Oxford University Press , p. 298 . Jump up ^ Strachan ( 2001 ) p. 312 . Jump up ^ Herwig , H.L. ( 1997 ) . The First World War , Germany and Austria - Hungary 1914 -- 1918 . Arnold , London , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Van Creveld , M. ( 1977 ) . Supplying War . Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Gourko , G.B. ( 1918 ) Memories & Impressions of war and revolution in Russia , 1914 -- 1917 . John Murray , London , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Norman , B. ( 1973 ) . Secret warfare : the battle of codes and ciphers . David & Charles , Newton Abbot , p. 62 . Jump up ^ McMeekin , S. ( 2011 ) The Russian Origins of the First World War . Harvard University Press , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Showalter , 1991 , pp. 91 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Showalter , 1991 , p. 195 Jump up ^ Showalter , 1991 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , W.B. , ( 1986 ) Passage through Armageddon . The Russians in war & revolution 1914 - 1918 . Simon & Schuster , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Golovine , Nicholas N. ( 1931 ) . The Russian army in the World War . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Hindenburg , P. von , ( 1921 ) Out of my life , Harper , vol. 1 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Showalter , 1991 pp. 106 -- 23 Jump up ^ Schlieffen , Alfred , Graf von ( 1925 ) . Cannae . Berlin : E.S. Mittler . Jump up ^ Lincoln , 1986 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Showalter , 1991 , p. 238 Jump up ^ Asprey , R.B. ( 1991 ) The German High Command at War ; Hindenburg and Ludendorff conduct World War I. London : William Morrow , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Egremont , M. , ( 2011 ) Forgotten land : journeys among the ghosts of East Prussia . London : Picador . Jump up ^ Showalter , 1991 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Asbury , 1991 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Showalter , 1991 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Hoffmann , General Max ( 1999 ) ( 1924 ) . The war of lost opportunities . Nashville , Tennessee : Battery Press . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Hindenburg , 1921 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Gourko , General Basil , ( 1918 ) Memories & Impressions of war and revolution in Russia , 1914 -- 1917 . London : John Murray . Jump up ^ Showalter 1991 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Hindenburg , 1921 , vol. 1 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Tannenberg - Summary '' . britannica.com . Jump up ^ Hastings , Max , ( 2013 ) Catastrophe : Europe goes to war 1914 . London : William Collins , 2013 ; p. 281 . Jump up ^ Showalter , 1991 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Gray , Randall ; Argyle , Christopher ( 1990 ) . Chronicle of the First World War . New York : Oxford . p. vol . I 282 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004 , p. 69 Jump up ^ Ironside , Major General Sir E. ( 1925 ) . Tannenberg : The First Thirty Days in East Prussia . W. Blackwood and Sons , Edinburgh. 195 . Jump up ^ Bohon , J.W. ( 1996 ) `` Zhilinsky '' in The European Powers in the First World War , ed , Tucker , S.C. , Garland , New York , p. 768 . Jump up ^ Ludendorff , 1919 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Showalter , 1991 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Papen , F. von . ( 1952 ) . Memoirs . London : A. Deutsch , p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` A Monument to German Pride : A history of the Tannenberg Memorial '' . buffalo.edu . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Tannenberg ( 1914 ) . World War I portal Clark , Christopher ( 2006 ) , Iron Kingdom : The Rise and Fall of Prussia , 1600 -- 1947 , Cambridge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02385 - 7 Durschmied , Erik ( 2000 ) , `` 10 '' , The hinge factor : how chance and stupidity have changed history , Arcade , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55970 - 515 - 8 Harrison , Richard W. ( 1991 ) , `` Samsonow and the Battle of Tannenberg , 1914 '' , in Bond , Brian , Fallen Stars . Eleven Studies of Twentieth Century Military Disaster , London : Brassey 's , pp. 13 -- 31 , ISBN 0 - 08 - 040717 - X Haufler , Hervie ( 2003 ) , Codebreakers ' Victory : How the Allied Cryptographers Won World War II , New York : New American Library , p. 10 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 20979 - 5 Jaques , Tony ( 2007 ) , Dictionary of Battles and Sieges : A -- E , Greenwood , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33537 - 2 Showalter , Dennis E ( 1991 ) , Tannenberg : Clash of Empires , 1914 ( 2004 ed . ) , Brassey 's , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 781 - 5 Stevenson , David ( 2004 ) , 1914 -- 1918 : The History of the First World War , Penguin Books Ltd , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 026817 - 1 Stone , David ( 2015 ) . The Russian Army in the Great War : The Eastern Front , 1914 -- 1917 . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 9780700620951 . Strachan , Hew ( 2001 ) , The First World War , Oxford : Oxford , ISBN 0 - 19 - 926191 - 1 Sweetman , John ( 2004 ) , Tannenberg 1914 ( 1st ed . ) , London : Cassell , ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 35635 - 5 Tuchman , Barbara Wertheim ( 1994 ) , The Guns of August , New York : Ballantine Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 47609 - 8 Hastings , Max ( 2013 ) , Catastrophe 1914 : Europe Goes to War . London , Knopf Press , Release Date 24 September 2013 , ISBN 978 - 0307597052 Martin van Creveld ( 2004 ) , Supplying War : Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0521837446 World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - 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who fought at the battles of tannenburg and masurian lakes
[ "The Battle of Tannenberg was fought between Russia and Germany between the 26th and 30th of August 1914, the first month of World War I. The battle resulted in the almost complete destruction of the Russian Second Army and the suicide of its commanding general, Alexander Samsonov. A series of follow-up battles (First Masurian Lakes) destroyed most of the First Army as well and kept the Russians off balance until the spring of 1915. The battle is particularly notable for fast rail movements by the Germans, enabling them to concentrate against each of the two Russian armies in turn, and also for the failure of the Russians to encode their radio messages. It brought considerable prestige to Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and his rising staff-officer Erich Ludendorff.", "The Battle of Tannenberg was fought between Russia and Germany between the 26th and 30th of August 1914, the first month of World War I. The battle resulted in the almost complete destruction of the Russian Second Army and the suicide of its commanding general, Alexander Samsonov. A series of follow-up battles (First Masurian Lakes) destroyed most of the First Army as well and kept the Russians off balance until the spring of 1915. The battle is particularly notable for fast rail movements by the Germans, enabling them to concentrate against each of the two Russian armies in turn, and also for the failure of the Russians to encode their radio messages. It brought considerable prestige to Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and his rising staff-officer Erich Ludendorff." ]
[ "Russia", "Germany" ]
-1182030867488307312
New York Stock Exchange
New York Stock Exchange - Wikipedia New York Stock Exchange Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the stock exchange . For its parent company , see Intercontinental Exchange . New York Stock Exchange The New York Stock Exchange in 2012 . Type Stock exchange Location New York City , New York , U.S. Founded March 8 , 1817 , Wall Street , New York City Owner Intercontinental Exchange ( Owner ) Key people Jeffrey Sprecher ( Chairman ) Currency United States Dollar No. of listings 2,400 Market cap US $19.3 trillion Volume US $20.161 trillion ( 2011 ) Indices Dow Jones Industrial Average S&P 500 NYSE Composite Website nyse.com New York Stock Exchange U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark NYC Landmark Front Elevation of the New York Stock Exchange . Show map of Lower Manhattan Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all Coordinates 40 ° 42 ′ 24.6 '' N 74 ° 0 ′ 39.7 '' W  /  40.706833 ° N 74.011028 ° W  / 40.706833 ; - 74.011028 Coordinates : 40 ° 42 ′ 24.6 '' N 74 ° 0 ′ 39.7 '' W  /  40.706833 ° N 74.011028 ° W  / 40.706833 ; - 74.011028 Built 1903 Architect Trowbridge & Livingston ; George B. Post Architectural style Classical Revival NRHP reference # 78001877 Significant dates Added to NRHP June 2 , 1978 Designated NHL June 2 , 1978 Designated NYCL July 9 , 1985 The New York Stock Exchange ( abbreviated as NYSE and nicknamed `` The Big Board '' ) , is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street , Lower Manhattan , New York City , New York . It is by far the world 's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies at US $21.3 trillion as of June 2017 . The average daily trading value was approximately US $ 169 billion in 2013 . The NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading . A fifth trading room , located at 30 Broad Street , was closed in February 2007 . The main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978 . The NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange , an American holding company that it also lists ( NYSE : ICE ) . Previously , it was part of NYSE Euronext ( NYX ) , which was formed by the NYSE 's 2007 merger with Euronext . NYSE and Euronext now operate as divisions of Intercontinental Exchange . The NYSE has been the subject of several lawsuits regarding fraud or breach of duty and in 2004 was sued by its former CEO for breach of contract and defamation . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Notable events 3 Official holidays 4 Trading 4.1 NYSE Composite Index 4.2 Timeline 4.3 Merger , acquisition , and control 5 Opening and closing bells 5.1 History 5.2 Notable bell - ringers 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) See also : List of presidents of the New York Stock Exchange The Stock Exchange at 10 -- 12 Broad Street , in 1882 The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement . Previously securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco . On May 17 , 1792 twenty four brokers signed the Buttonwood Agreement which set a floor commission rate charged to clients and bound the signers to give preference to the other signers in securities sales . The earliest securities traded were mostly governmental securities such as War Bonds from the Revolutionary War and First Bank of the United States stock , although Bank of New York stock was a non-governmental security traded in the early days . The Bank of North America along with the First Bank of the United States and the Bank of New York were the first shares traded on the New York Stock Exchange . In 1817 the stockbrokers of New York operating under the Buttonwood Agreement instituted new reforms and reorganized . After sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers , restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted as well as formal organs of governance . After re-forming as the New York Stock and Exchange Board the broker organization began renting out space exclusively for securities trading , which previously had been taking place at the Tontine Coffee House . Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865 , when the present location was adopted . The invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets , and New York 's market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives . The Open Board of Stock Brokers was established in 1864 as a competitor to the NYSE . With 354 members , the Open Board of Stock Brokers rivaled the NYSE in membership ( which had 533 ) `` because it used a more modern , continuous trading system superior to the NYSE 's twice - daily call sessions . '' The Open Board of Stock Brokers merged with the NYSE in 1869 . Robert Wright of Bloomberg writes that the merger increased the NYSE 's members as well as trading volume , as `` several dozen regional exchanges were also competing with the NYSE for customers . Buyers , sellers and dealers all wanted to complete transactions as quickly and cheaply as technologically possible and that meant finding the markets with the most trading , or the greatest liquidity in today 's parlance . Minimizing competition was essential to keep a large number of orders flowing , and the merger helped the NYSE to maintain its reputation for providing superior liquidity . '' The Civil War greatly stimulated speculative securities trading in New York . By 1869 membership had to be capped , and has been sporadically increased since . The latter half of the nineteenth century saw rapid growth in securities trading . Securities trade in the latter nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was prone to panics and crashes . Government regulation of securities trading was eventually seen as necessary , with arguably the most dramatic changes occurring in the 1930s after a major stock market crash precipitated an economic depression . The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was situated on the seventh floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006 . The main building , located at 18 Broad Street , between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place , was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978 , as was the 11 Wall Street building . The floor of the New York Stock Exchange in 1908 The NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago on April 21 , 2005 , in a deal intended to reorganize the NYSE as a publicly traded company . NYSE 's governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6 , 2005 , and became a for - profit , public company . It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8 , 2006 . A little over one year later , on April 4 , 2007 , the NYSE Group completed its merger with Euronext , the European combined stock market , thus forming NYSE Euronext , the first transatlantic stock exchange . Wall Street is the leading US money center for international financial activities and the foremost US location for the conduct of wholesale financial services . `` It comprises a matrix of wholesale financial sectors , financial markets , financial institutions , and financial industry firms '' ( Robert , 2002 ) . The principal sectors are securities industry , commercial banking , asset management , and insurance . Prior to the acquisition of NYSE Euronext by the ICE in 2013 , Marsh Carter was the Chairman of the NYSE and the CEO was Duncan Niederauer . Presently , the chairman is Jeffrey Sprecher . Notable events ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Wall Street Crash of 1929 ; Black Tuesday ( 1987 ) ; Friday the 13th mini-crash ; October 27 , 1997 mini-crash ; and Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks The exchange was closed shortly after the beginning of World War I ( July 31 , 1914 ) , but it partially re-opened on November 28 of that year in order to help the war effort by trading bonds , and completely reopened for stock trading in mid-December . On September 16 , 1920 , a bomb exploded on Wall Street outside the NYSE building , killing 33 people and injuring more than 400 . The perpetrators were never found . The NYSE building and some buildings nearby , such as the JP Morgan building , still have marks on their façades caused by the bombing . The Black Thursday crash of the Exchange on October 24 , 1929 , and the sell - off panic which started on Black Tuesday , October 29 , are often blamed for precipitating the Great Depression . In an effort to try to restore investor confidence , the Exchange unveiled a fifteen - point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public on October 31 , 1938 . On October 1 , 1934 , the exchange was registered as a national securities exchange with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission , with a president and a thirty - three - member board . On February 18 , 1971 , the non-profit corporation was formed , and the number of board members was reduced to twenty - five . One of Abbie Hoffman 's well - known publicity stunts took place in 1967 , when he led members of the Yippie movement to the Exchange 's gallery . The provocateurs hurled fistfuls of dollars toward the trading floor below . Some traders booed , and some laughed and waved . Three months later the stock exchange enclosed the gallery with bulletproof glass . Hoffman wrote a decade later , `` We did n't call the press ; at that time we really had no notion of anything called a media event . '' NYSE 's stock exchange traders floor before the introduction of electronic readouts and computer screens . On October 19 , 1987 , the Dow Jones Industrial Average ( DJIA ) dropped 508 points , a 22.6 % loss in a single day , the second - biggest one - day drop the exchange had experienced . Black Monday was followed by Terrible Tuesday , a day in which the Exchange 's systems did not perform well and some people had difficulty completing their trades . Subsequently , there was another major drop for the Dow on October 13 , 1989 -- the Mini-Crash of 1989 . The crash was apparently caused by a reaction to a news story of a $6.75 billion leveraged buyout deal for UAL Corporation , the parent company of United Airlines , which broke down . When the UAL deal fell through , it helped trigger the collapse of the junk bond market causing the Dow to fall 190.58 points , or 6.91 percent . Similarly , there was a panic in the financial world during the year of 1997 ; the Asian Financial Crisis . Like the fall of many foreign markets , the Dow suffered a 7.18 % drop in value ( 554.26 points ) on October 27 , 1997 , in what later became known as the 1997 Mini-Crash but from which the DJIA recovered quickly . This was the first time that the `` circuit breaker '' rule had operated . On January 26 , 2000 , an altercation during filming of the music video for `` Sleep Now in the Fire , '' which was directed by Michael Moore , caused the doors of the exchange to be closed and the band Rage Against the Machine to be escorted from the site by security after band members attempted to gain entry into the exchange . In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks , the NYSE was closed for 4 trading sessions , resuming on Monday , September 17 , one of the rare times the NYSE was closed for more than one session and only the third time since March 1933 . On the first day , the NYSE suffered a 7.1 % drop in value ( 684 points ) , after a week , it dropped by 14 % ( 1370 points ) . An estimated of $1.4 trillion was lost within five days of trading . On May 6 , 2010 , the Dow Jones Industrial Average posted its largest intraday percentage drop since the October 19 , 1987 , crash , with a 998 - point loss later being called the 2010 Flash Crash ( as the drop occurred in minutes before rebounding ) . The SEC and CFTC published a report on the event , although it did not come to a conclusion as to the cause . The regulators found no evidence that the fall was caused by erroneous ( `` fat finger '' ) orders . On October 29 , 2012 , the stock exchange was shut down for 2 days due to Hurricane Sandy . The last time the stock exchange was closed due to weather for a full two days was on March 12 and 13 in 1888 . On May 1 , 2014 , the stock exchange was fined $4.5 million by the Securities and Exchange Commission to settle charges it violated market rules . On August 14 , 2014 , Berkshire Hathaway 's A Class shares , the highest priced shares on the NYSE , hit $200,000 a share for the first time . On July 8 , 2015 , technical issues affected the stock exchange , halting trading at 11 : 32 am ET . The NYSE reassured stock traders that the outage was `` not a result of a cyber breach , '' and the Department of Homeland Security confirmed that there was `` no sign of malicious activity . '' Trading eventually resumed at 3 : 10 pm ET the same day . Official holidays ( edit ) The New York Stock Exchange is closed on New Years Day , Martin Luther King , Jr . Day , Washington 's Birthday , Good Friday , Memorial Day , Fourth of July , Labor Day , Thanksgiving and Christmas . When those holidays occur on a weekend , the holiday is observed on the closest weekday . In addition , the Stock Exchange closes early on the day before Independence Day , the day after Thanksgiving , and the day before Christmas . Trading ( edit ) The NYSE trading floor in August 2008 . The New York Stock Exchange ( sometimes referred to as `` the Big Board '' ) provides a means for buyers and sellers to trade shares of stock in companies registered for public trading . The NYSE is open for trading Monday through Friday from 9 : 30 am -- 4 : 00 pm ET , with the exception of holidays declared by the Exchange in advance . The NYSE trades in a continuous auction format , where traders can execute stock transactions on behalf of investors . They will gather around the appropriate post where a specialist broker , who is employed by a NYSE member firm ( that is , he / she is not an employee of the New York Stock Exchange ) , acts as an auctioneer in an open outcry auction market environment to bring buyers and sellers together and to manage the actual auction . They do on occasion ( approximately 10 % of the time ) facilitate the trades by committing their own capital and as a matter of course disseminate information to the crowd that helps to bring buyers and sellers together . The auction process moved toward automation in 1995 through the use of wireless hand held computers ( HHC ) . The system enabled traders to receive and execute orders electronically via wireless transmission . On September 25 , 1995 , NYSE member Michael Einersen , who designed and developed this system , executed 1000 shares of IBM through this HHC ending a 203 - year process of paper transactions and ushering in an era of automated trading . As of January 24 , 2007 , all NYSE stocks can be traded via its electronic hybrid market ( except for a small group of very high - priced stocks ) . Customers can now send orders for immediate electronic execution , or route orders to the floor for trade in the auction market . In the first three months of 2007 , in excess of 82 % of all order volume was delivered to the floor electronically . NYSE works with US regulators like the SEC and CFTC to coordinate risk management measures in the electronic trading environment through the implementation of mechanisms like circuit breakers and liquidity replenishment points . Until 2005 , the right to directly trade shares on the exchange was conferred upon owners of the 1366 `` seats . '' The term comes from the fact that up until the 1870s NYSE members sat in chairs to trade . In 1868 , the number of seats was fixed at 533 , and this number was increased several times over the years . In 1953 , the number of seats was set at 1,366 . These seats were a sought - after commodity as they conferred the ability to directly trade stock on the NYSE , and seat holders were commonly referred to as members of the NYSE . The Barnes family is the only known lineage to have five generations of NYSE members : Winthrop H. Barnes ( admitted 1894 ) , Richard W.P. Barnes ( admitted 1926 ) , Richard S. Barnes ( admitted 1951 ) , Robert H. Barnes ( admitted 1972 ) , Derek J. Barnes ( admitted 2003 ) . Seat prices varied widely over the years , generally falling during recessions and rising during economic expansions . The most expensive inflation - adjusted seat was sold in 1929 for $625,000 , which , today , would be over six million dollars . In recent times , seats have sold for as high as $4 million in the late 1990s and as low as $1 million in 2001 . In 2005 , seat prices shot up to $3.25 million as the exchange entered into an agreement to merge with Archipelago and became a for - profit , publicly traded company . Seat owners received $500,000 in cash per seat and 77,000 shares of the newly formed corporation . The NYSE now sells one - year licenses to trade directly on the exchange . Licenses for floor trading are available for $40,000 and a license for bond trading is available for as little as $1,000 as of 2010 . Neither are resell - able , but may be transferable during a change of ownership of a corporation holding a trading license . Following the Black Monday market crash in 1987 , NYSE imposed trading curbs to reduce market volatility and massive panic sell - offs . Following the 2011 rule change , at the start of each trading day , the NYSE sets three circuit breaker levels at levels of 7 % ( Level 1 ) , 13 % ( Level 2 ) , and 20 % ( Level 3 ) of the average closing price of the S&P 500 for the preceding trading day . Level 1 and Level 2 declines result in a 15 - minute trading halt unless they occur after 3 : 25 pm , when no trading halts apply . A Level 3 decline results in trading being suspended for the remainder of the day . ( The biggest one - day decline in the S&P 500 since 1987 was the 9.0 % drop on October 15 , 2008 . ) NYSE Composite index ( edit ) In the mid-1960s , the NYSE Composite Index ( NYSE : NYA ) was created , with a base value of 50 points equal to the 1965 yearly close . This was done to reflect the value of all stocks trading at the exchange instead of just the 30 stocks included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average . To raise the profile of the composite index , in 2003 the NYSE set its new base value of 5,000 points equal to the 2002 yearly close . Its close at the end of 2013 was 10,400.32 . Timeline ( edit ) The NYSE at Christmas time ( December 2008 ) In 1792 , NYSE acquires its first traded securities . In 1817 , the constitution of the New York Stock and Exchange Board is adopted , it had also been established by the New York brokers as a formal organization . In 1865 , New York Gold Exchange was acquired by the NYSE . In 1867 , Stock tickers were first introduced . In 1885 , the 400 NYSE members in the Consolidated Stock Exchange withdraw from Consolidated over disagreements on exchange trade areas . In 1896 , DJIA first published in The Wall Street Journal . In 1903 , NYSE moves into new quarters at 18 Broad Street . In 1906 , DJIA exceeds 100 on January 12 . In 1907 , Panic of 1907 . In 1909 , Trading in bonds . In 1914 , World War I causes the longest exchange shutdown : four months , two weeks ; re-opening December 12 brings the largest one - day percentage drop in the DJIA ( 24.4 % ) . In 1915 , Basis of quoting and trading in stocks changed from % of par value to dollars . In 1920 , a bomb exploded on Wall Street outside the NYSE building . Thirty killed and over 100 injured . In 1929 , central quote system established ; Black Thursday , October 24 and Black Tuesday , October 29 signal the end of the Roaring Twenties bull market . In 1943 , trading floor is opened to women . In 1949 , the longest ( eight - year ) bull market begins . In 1954 , DJIA surpasses its 1929 peak in inflation - adjusted dollars . In 1956 , DJIA closes above 500 for the first time on March 12 . In 1966 , NYSE begins a composite index of all listed common stocks . This is referred to as the `` Common Stock Index '' and is transmitted daily . The starting point of the index is 50 . It is later renamed the NYSE Composite Index . In 1967 , Muriel Siebert becomes the first female member of the New York Stock Exchange . In 1967 , protesters led by Abbie Hoffman throw mostly fake dollar bills at traders from gallery , leading to the installation of bullet - proof glass . In 1970 , Securities Investor Protection Corporation established . In 1971 , NYSE incorporated and recognized as Not - for - Profit organization . In 1972 , DJIA closes above 1,000 for the first time on November 14 . In 1977 , foreign brokers are admitted to NYSE . In 1980 , New York Futures Exchange established . In 1987 , Black Monday , October 19 , sees the second - largest one - day DJIA percentage drop ( 22.6 % ) in history . In 1991 , DJIA exceeds 3,000 . In 1995 , DJIA exceeds 5,000 . In 1996 , real - time ticker introduced . In 1999 , DJIA exceeds 10,000 on March 29 . In 2000 , DJIA peaks at 11,722.98 on January 14 ; first NYSE global index is launched under the ticker NYIID . Security after the September 11 attacks In 2001 , trading in fractions ( ⁄ ) ends , replaced by decimals ( increments of $0.01 , see Decimalization ) ; September 11 attacks occur causing NYSE to close for four sessions . In 2003 , NYSE Composite Index relaunched and value set equal to 5,000 points . In 2006 , NYSE and ArcaEx merge , creating NYSE Arca and forming the publicly owned , for - profit NYSE Group , Inc. ; in turn , NYSE Group merges with Euronext , creating the first trans - Atlantic stock exchange group ; DJIA tops 12,000 on October 19 . In 2007 , US President George W. Bush shows up unannounced to the Floor about an hour and a half before a Federal Open Market Committee interest - rate decision on January 31 ; NYSE announces its merger with the American Stock Exchange ; NYSE Composite closes above 10,000 on June 1 ; DJIA exceeds 14,000 on July 19 and closes at a peak of 14,164.53 on October 9 . In 2008 , DJIA loses more than 500 points on September 15 amid fears of bank failures , resulting in a permanent prohibition of naked short selling and a three - week temporary ban on all short selling of financial stocks ; in spite of this , record volatility continues for the next two months , culminating at 51⁄2 - year market lows . In 2009 , DJIA closes at 6,547.05 on March 9 reaching a 12 - year low ; DJIA returns to 10,015.86 on October 14 . In 2013 , DJIA closes above 2007 highs on March 5 ; DJIA closes above 16,500 to end the year . In 2014 , DJIA closes above 17,000 on July 3 and above 18,000 on December 23 . In 2015 , DJIA achieved an all - time high of 18,351.36 on 19 May . In 2015 , DJIA dropped over 1,000 points to 15,370.33 soon after open on August 24 , 2015 , before bouncing back and closing at 15,795.72 , a drop of over 669 points . In 2016 , DJIA hits an all - time high of 18,873.6 . On Wednesday , January 25 , 2017 , the DJIA reaches 20,000.00 . Merger , acquisition , and control ( edit ) In October 2008 NYSE Euronext completed acquisition of the American Stock Exchange ( AMEX ) for $260 million in stock . On February 15 , 2011 , NYSE and Deutsche Börse announced their merger to form a new company , as yet unnamed , wherein Deutsche Börse shareholders will have 60 % ownership of the new entity , and NYSE Euronext shareholders will have 40 % . On February 1 , 2012 , the European Commission blocked the merger of NYSE with Deutsche Börse , after commissioner Joaquin Almunia stated that the merger `` would have led to a near - monopoly in European financial derivatives worldwide . '' Instead , Deutsche Börse and NYSE will have to sell either their Eurex derivatives or LIFFE shares in order to not create a monopoly . On February 2 , 2012 , NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Börse agreed to scrap the merger . In April 2011 , Intercontinental Exchange ( ICE ) , an American futures exchange , and NASDAQ OMX Group had together made an unsolicited proposal to buy NYSE Euronext for approximately US $ 11,000,000,000 , a deal in which NASDAQ would have taken control of the stock exchanges . NYSE Euronext rejected this offer twice , but it was finally terminated after the United States Department of Justice indicated their intention to block the deal due to antitrust concerns . In December 2012 , ICE had proposed to buy NYSE Euronext in a stock swap with a valuation of $8 billion . NYSE Euronext shareholders would receive either $33.12 in cash , or $11.27 in cash and approximately a sixth of a share of ICE . The chairman and CEO of ICE , Jeffrey Sprecher , will retain those positions , but four members of the NYSE board of directors will be added to the ICE board . Opening and closing bells ( edit ) U.S. Secretary of Commerce Donald L. Evans rings the ' opening bell ' at the NYSE on April 23 , 2003 . Former chairman Jack Womack is also in this picture . NASA astronauts Scott Altman and Mike Massimino ring the ' closing bell ' . The NYSE 's opening and closing bells mark the beginning and the end of each trading day . The ' opening bell ' is rung at 9 : 30 am ET to mark the start of the day 's trading session . At 4 pm ET the ' closing bell ' is rung and trading for the day stops . There are bells located in each of the four main sections of the NYSE that all ring at the same time once a button is pressed . There are three buttons that control the bells , located on the control panel behind the podium which overlooks the trading floor . The main bell , which is rung at the beginning and end of the trading day , is controlled by a green button . The second button , colored orange , activates a single - stroke bell that is used to signal a moment of silence . A third , red button controls a backup bell which is used in case the main bell fails to ring . History ( edit ) The signal to start and stop trading was not always a bell . The original signal was a gavel ( which is still in use today along with the bell ) , but during the late 1800s , the NYSE decided to switch the gavel for a gong to signal the day 's beginning and end . After the NYSE changed to its present location at 18 Broad Street in 1903 , the gong was switched to the bell format that is currently being used . A common sight today is the highly publicized events in which a celebrity or executive from a corporation stands behind the NYSE podium and pushes the button that signals the bells to ring . Many consider the act of ringing the bells to be quite an honor and a symbol of a lifetime of achievement . Furthermore , due to the amount of coverage that the opening / closing bells receive , many companies coordinate new product launches and other marketing - related events to start on the same day as when the company 's representatives ring the bell . This daily tradition was n't always this highly publicized either . In fact , it was only in 1995 that the NYSE began having special guests ring the bells on a regular basis . Prior to that , ringing the bells was usually the responsibility of the exchange 's floor managers . Notable bell - ringers ( edit ) Many of the people who ring the bell are business executives whose companies trade on the exchange . However , there have also been many famous people from outside the world of business that have rung the bell . Athletes such as Joe DiMaggio of the New York Yankees and Olympic swimming champion Michael Phelps , entertainers such as rapper Snoop Dogg , singer and actress Liza Minnelli and members of the band Kiss , and politicians such as Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani and President of South Africa Nelson Mandela have all had the honor of ringing the bell . Two United Nations Secretaries General have also rung the bell . On April 27 , 2006 , Secretary - General Kofi Annan rang the opening bell to launch the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment . On July 24 , 2013 , Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon rang the closing bell to celebrate the NYSE joining the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative . In addition there have been many bell - ringers who are famous for heroic deeds , such as members of the New York police and fire departments following the events of 9 / 11 , members of the United States Armed Forces serving overseas , and participants in various charitable organizations . There have also been several fictional characters that have rung the bell , including Mickey Mouse , the Pink Panther , Mr. Potato Head , the Aflac Duck , and Darth Vader . See also ( edit ) New York City portal New York Stock Exchange listed stocks : 0 -- 9 - A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Aftermath of the September 11 attacks Economy of New York City Economy of the United States List of American Exchanges List of stock exchange mergers in the Americas List of presidents of the New York Stock Exchange List of stock exchange opening times Rule 48 Trading day U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission List of stock exchanges in the Americas References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` History of the New York Stock Exchange '' . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NYSE Q1 2016 Investor Presentation '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NYSE Group Shares Outstanding and Market Capitalization of Companies Listed , 2016 '' . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Stock Exchange '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . September 17 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Merriam - Webster Dictionary 's definition of `` Big Board '' `` . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` The NYSE Makes Stock Exchanges Around The World Look Tiny '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Is the New York Stock Exchange the Largest Stock Market in the World ? '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rothwell , Steve ( December 20 , 2012 ) , `` For the New York Stock Exchange , a sell order '' , San Jose Mercury News , Associated Press Jump up ^ `` Calpers Sues NYSE , Firms , Alleging Fraudulent Trades ( Update6 ) '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey pension fund sues NYSE Euronext on ICE deal '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ben White ( July 20 , 2004 ) . `` Grasso Sues NYSE for $50 Million '' . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form , 11 Wall Street '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . OCRed document unreable Jump up ^ FCC . `` Financial consulting company - New York Stock Exchange '' . financial-consulting.pro . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pound , Richard W. ( 2005 ) . ' Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates ' . Fitzhenry and Whiteside . p. 188 . Jump up ^ E. Wright , Robert ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` The NYSE 's Long History of Mergers and Rivalries '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYSEData.com Factbook : Chronology of New York Stock Exchange ( 1792 - 1929 ) '' . www.nyxdata.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Edmonston , Peter ( April 28 , 2006 ) . `` Where Wall Street Meets to Eat , the Last Lunch '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` National Historic Landmarks Survey , New York '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ George R. Adams ( March 1977 ) . `` New York Stock Exchange National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination ( 1MB PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination ( 1MB PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . 1983 . Jump up ^ `` Intercontinental Exchange -- Board of Directors '' . Jump up ^ `` The exchange opens '' . The Independent . December 7 , 1914 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ James Ledbetter ( August 23 , 2007 ) . `` The day the NYSE went Yippie '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Abbie Hoffman , Soon to be a Major Motion Picture , p. 100 , Putnam , 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Rage against Wall Street '' . Green Left Weekly # 397 . March 15 , 2000 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved October 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Davis , Marc ( September 2 , 2011 ) . `` How September 11 Affected The U.S. Stock Market '' . Investopedia . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SEC.gov Jump up ^ `` Stock markets to open today ; NYSE backup plan criticized -- Business Courier '' . Bizjournals.com . October 31 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Nina . `` U.S. Stocks to Open After Longest Storm Outage Since 1888 '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Sarah N. `` New York Stock Exchange to pay $4.5 million to settle SEC charges '' . Reuters . Washington . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . The New York Stock Exchange agreed on Thursday to pay $4.5 million to settle charges brought by U.S. securities regulators that the exchange flouted its own rules , marking the latest crackdown on violations of market structure rules . Jump up ^ `` Berkshire Hathaway shares top $200,000 apiece '' . Forbes.com . August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Patrick ; Egan , Matt ; Long , Heather . `` New York Stock Exchange suspends trading '' . CNN Money . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.nyse.com/markets/hours-calendars Jump up ^ Chris Vermeulen . `` NYSE referred to as ' Big Board ' '' . Investing.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . The NYSE also referred to as the Big Board , is an index with the largest brand name companies . Jump up ^ Shell , Adam ( July 12 , 2007 ) . `` Technology squeezes out real , live traders '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Mecane , Joe ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` What 's an Exchange to Do ? The Role of the Exchange in Evaluating Algorithms '' . FIXGlobal . Jump up ^ `` NYSE License Application Forms '' ( PDF ) . NYSE Trading License Publication . Jump up ^ `` NYSE Market Model : Circuit Breakers '' . New York Stock Exchange . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Waring , David . `` The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE ) . '' Informed Trades , 2007 , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` NYSE , New York Stock Exchange > About Us > History > Firsts & Records '' . Nyse.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NYSE , New York Stock Exchange -- About Us -- History -- Timeline -- Timeline 2008 Specialists are Transformed into Designated Market Makers ( DMMs ) '' . Nyse.com . January 1 , 1991 . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NYSE , New York Stock Exchange -- About Us -- History -- Timeline -- Timeline '' . Nyse.com . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ George Winslow , `` New York Gold Market '' in The Encyclopedia of New York City ( 2d ed. : eds . Kenneth T. Jackson , Lisa Keller & Nancy Flood ) . ^ Jump up to : `` NYSE , New York Stock Exchange -- About Us -- History -- Timeline -- Timeline '' . Nyse.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Consolidated Stock Exchange of New York : Its History , Organization , Machinery and Methods. 1907 . Jump up ^ NYSE : Timeline '' Jump up ^ `` NYSE , New York Stock Exchange -- About Us -- History -- Timeline -- Timeline '' . Nyse.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` NYSE , New York Stock Exchange -- About Us -- History -- Timeline -- Timeline '' . Nyse.com . December 20 , 1967 . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` First Female Member of NYSE Muriel Siebert Dies at 80 '' . NPR.org . August 26 , 2013 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NYSE , New York Stock Exchange -- About Us -- History -- Timeline 1995 Video : Trading Posts Upgrade '' . Nyse.com . January 1 , 1991 . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Katy Byron ( January 31 , 2007 ) . `` President Bush makes surprise visit to NYSE '' . CNN Money . Cable News Network . Retrieved February 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Noel Randewich ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Stocks end mixed ; Dow creeps up to new record high '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` NYSE Euronext Completes Acquisition of American Stock Exchange '' . New York Stock Exchange . October 1 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Europe Blocks NYSE and Deutsche Boerse Merger '' . CNBC . February 1 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Boerse Terminate Business Combination Agreement ( press release ) , NYSE Euronext , February 2 , 2012 , archived from the original on July 12 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Anupreeta Das ; Jenny Strasburg ( December 20 , 2012 ) , `` Upstart in Talks To Buy NYSE '' , The Wall Street Journal ( paper ) format = requires url = ( help ) , p . A1 ^ Jump up to : `` What is the history behind the opening and closing bells on the NYSE ? '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lessons in Ringing the New York Stock Exchange 's Closing Bell '' . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liza Minnelli Rings The New York Stock Exchange Closing Bell Photos and Images - Getty Images '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Secretary - General Launches Principles for Responsible Investment at the NYSE '' . Principles for Responsible Investment . NYSE . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon Visits the NYSE and Rings The Closing Bell ® to Commemorate NYSE Euronext 's Participation in the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges ( SSE ) Initiative '' . NYSE . NYSE . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Tradition of the NYSE Bell '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Bibliography Buck , James E. ( 1992 ) . The New York Stock Exchange : The First 200 Years . Greenwich Pub . Group . ISBN 0 - 944641 - 02 - 4 . Geisst , Charles R. ( 2004 ) . Wall Street : A History -- From its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517060 - 1 . Kent , Zachary ( 1990 ) . The Story of the New York Stock Exchange . Scholastic Library Pub . ISBN 0 - 516 - 04748 - 5 . Sloane , Leonard ( 1980 ) . The Anatomy of the Floor . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 12249 - 7 . Sobel , Robert ( 1975 ) . N.Y.S.E. : A History of the New York Stock Exchange , 1935 -- 1975 . Weybright and Talley . ISBN 0 - 679 - 40124 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Stock Exchange . Official website Template : International currency calculator Website on trading and listing on the NYSE List of planned and unplanned historical closings NYSE holidays `` New York Stock Exchange collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was the new york stock exchange created
[ "In 1817 the stockbrokers of New York operating under the Buttonwood Agreement instituted new reforms and reorganized. After sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers, restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted as well as formal organs of governance.[13] After re-forming as the New York Stock and Exchange Board the broker organization began renting out space exclusively for securities trading, which previously had been taking place at the Tontine Coffee House. Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865, when the present location was adopted.[13]" ]
[ "1817" ]
819419889652459674
List of House of Cards episodes
List of House of Cards episodes - wikipedia List of House of Cards episodes House of Cards is an American political drama web television series created by Beau Willimon for Netflix . The first season , based on the BBC miniseries of the same name and the series of books by Michael Dobbs , premiered exclusively via Netflix 's web streaming service on February 1 , 2013 . Kevin Spacey stars as Representative Francis Underwood , the Majority Whip , who , after being passed up for the position of Secretary of State , initiates an elaborate plan to get himself into a position of greater power , aided by his wife , Claire Underwood ( Robin Wright ) . As of May 30 , 2017 , 65 episodes of House of Cards have been released , concluding the fifth season . The series has been renewed for a sixth and final season that will consist of eight episodes and be released on November 2 , 2018 . The season will not include Spacey , as he was fired from the show due to sexual misconduct allegations . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 13 February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) 13 February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) 13 February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) 13 March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) 5 13 May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code `` Chapter 1 '' David Fincher Beau Willimon February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 101 `` Chapter 2 '' David Fincher Beau Willimon February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 102 `` Chapter 3 '' James Foley Keith Huff and Beau Willimon February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 103 `` Chapter 4 '' James Foley Rick Cleveland and Beau Willimon February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 104 5 5 `` Chapter 5 '' Joel Schumacher Sarah Treem February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 105 6 6 `` Chapter 6 '' Joel Schumacher Sam Forman February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 106 7 7 `` Chapter 7 '' Charles McDougall Kate Barnow and Beau Willimon February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 107 8 8 `` Chapter 8 '' Charles McDougall Beau Willimon February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 108 9 9 `` Chapter 9 '' James Foley Beau Willimon and Rick Cleveland February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 109 10 10 `` Chapter 10 '' Carl Franklin Sarah Treem February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 110 11 11 `` Chapter 11 '' Carl Franklin Keith Huff and Kate Barnow and Beau Willimon February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 111 12 12 `` Chapter 12 '' Allen Coulter Gina Gionfriddo and Beau Willimon February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 112 13 13 `` Chapter 13 '' Allen Coulter Beau Willimon February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 113 Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 14 `` Chapter 14 '' Carl Franklin Beau Willimon February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 201 15 `` Chapter 15 '' Carl Franklin Beau Willimon February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 202 16 `` Chapter 16 '' James Foley Bill Cain February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 203 17 `` Chapter 17 '' James Foley Laura Eason February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 204 18 5 `` Chapter 18 '' John Coles Kenneth Lin February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 205 19 6 `` Chapter 19 '' John Coles John Mankiewicz February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 206 20 7 `` Chapter 20 '' James Foley Bill Kennedy February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 207 21 8 `` Chapter 21 '' James Foley David Manson February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 208 22 9 `` Chapter 22 '' Jodie Foster Beau Willimon February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 209 23 10 `` Chapter 23 '' Robin Wright Laura Eason and Beau Willimon February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 210 24 11 `` Chapter 24 '' John Coles John Mankiewicz and Beau Willimon February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 211 25 12 `` Chapter 25 '' James Foley Beau Willimon February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 212 26 13 `` Chapter 26 '' James Foley Beau Willimon February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 213 Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 27 `` Chapter 27 '' John David Coles Beau Willimon February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 301 28 `` Chapter 28 '' John David Coles John Mankiewicz February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 302 29 `` Chapter 29 '' Tucker Gates Frank Pugliese February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 303 30 `` Chapter 30 '' Tucker Gates Laura Eason February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 304 31 5 `` Chapter 31 '' James Foley Kenneth Lin February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 305 32 6 `` Chapter 32 '' James Foley Melissa James Gibson February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 306 33 7 `` Chapter 33 '' John Dahl Beau Willimon February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 307 34 8 `` Chapter 34 '' John Dahl Bill Kennedy February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 308 35 9 `` Chapter 35 '' Robin Wright John Mankiewicz February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 309 36 10 `` Chapter 36 '' Agnieszka Holland Frank Pugliese February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 310 37 11 `` Chapter 37 '' Agnieszka Holland Melissa James Gibson February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 311 38 12 `` Chapter 38 '' Robin Wright Beau Willimon February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 312 39 13 `` Chapter 39 '' James Foley Beau Willimon February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 313 Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 40 `` Chapter 40 '' Tucker Gates Beau Willimon March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 401 41 `` Chapter 41 '' Tucker Gates Melissa James Gibson March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 402 42 `` Chapter 42 '' Robin Wright Frank Pugliese March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 403 43 `` Chapter 43 '' Robin Wright John Mankiewicz March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 404 44 5 `` Chapter 44 '' Tom Shankland Kenneth Lin March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 405 45 6 `` Chapter 45 '' Tom Shankland Laura Eason March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 406 46 7 `` Chapter 46 '' Tom Shankland Bill Kennedy March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 407 47 8 `` Chapter 47 '' Alex Graves John Mankiewicz March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 408 48 9 `` Chapter 48 '' Robin Wright Frank Pugliese March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 409 49 10 `` Chapter 49 '' Robin Wright Melissa James Gibson and Kenneth Lin March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 410 50 11 `` Chapter 50 '' Kari Skogland Tian Jun Gu March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 411 51 12 `` Chapter 51 '' Jakob Verbruggen Laura Eason and Bill Kennedy March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 412 52 13 `` Chapter 52 '' Jakob Verbruggen Beau Willimon March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 413 Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 53 `` Chapter 53 '' Daniel Minahan Frank Pugliese May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 501 54 `` Chapter 54 '' Daniel Minahan Melissa James Gibson May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 502 55 `` Chapter 55 '' Alik Sakharov John Mankiewicz May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 503 56 `` Chapter 56 '' Alik Sakharov Kenneth Lin May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 504 57 5 `` Chapter 57 '' Michael Morris Laura Eason May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 505 58 6 `` Chapter 58 '' Michael Morris Bill Kennedy May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 506 59 7 `` Chapter 59 '' Alik Sakharov Tian Jun Gu May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 507 60 8 `` Chapter 60 '' Roxann Dawson John Mankiewicz May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 508 61 9 `` Chapter 61 '' Roxann Dawson Bill Kennedy May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 509 62 10 `` Chapter 62 '' Agnieszka Holland Kenneth Lin May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 510 63 11 `` Chapter 63 '' Agnieszka Holland Laura Eason May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 511 64 12 `` Chapter 64 '' Robin Wright Frank Pugliese & Melissa James Gibson May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 512 65 13 `` Chapter 65 '' Robin Wright Melissa James Gibson & Frank Pugliese May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 513 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` Netflix Sets February Premiere for ' House of Cards ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` '' House of Cards '' On Netflix : Inside Intel on Kevin Spacey 's Dark Drama `` . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix announces premiere date for House of Cards final season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chmielewski , Dawn ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Abbreviated ' House Of Cards ' Season 6 Sans Kevin Spacey To Start Production In 2018 , Netflix 's Ted Sarandos Says '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of House of Cards episodes on IMDb House of Cards Book trilogy House of Cards ( 1989 ) To Play the King ( 1993 ) The Final Cut ( 1995 ) BBC serials House of Cards ( 1990 ) To Play the King ( 1993 ) The Final Cut ( 1995 ) Characters Francis Urquhart Netflix adaptation House of Cards ( 2013 ) Episodes Season 1 `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Characters Frank Underwood Claire Underwood Other politicians Related Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_House_of_Cards_episodes&oldid=862769982 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Magyar 日本 語 Polski Русский Suomi Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2018 , at 15 : 53 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
how many seasons of house of cards have there been
[ "SeasonEpisodesOriginally released113February 1, 2013 (2013-02-01)213February 14, 2014 (2014-02-14)313February 27, 2015 (2015-02-27)413March 4, 2016 (2016-03-04)513May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)" ]
[ "5" ]
-6066290293019515735
List of The 100 episodes
List of the 100 episodes - Wikipedia List of the 100 episodes The 100 ( pronounced The Hundred ) is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama television series developed by Jason Rothenberg , which premiered on March 19 , 2014 , on The CW . It is loosely based on a 2013 book of the same name , the first in a book series by Kass Morgan . The series follows a group of teens as they become the first people from a space habitat to return to Earth after a devastating nuclear apocalypse . In March 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fifth season , which premiered on April 24 , 2018 . In May 2018 , the series was renewed for a sixth season . As of June 5 , 2018 , 64 episodes of The 100 have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( millions ) 13 March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 150 2.59 16 October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 157 2.46 16 January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 165 1.94 13 February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 158 1.47 5 13 April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) 182 1.61 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Bharat Nalluri Jason Rothenberg March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 296843 2.73 Set in an indeterminate year in the distant future , 97 years after a nuclear apocalypse has devastated the surface of Earth , the only remaining humans are residents of an orbiting space stations known as `` The Ark '' . Equipped with vital - monitoring wristbands and instructions to proceed directly to Mount Weather , upon landing , 100 juvenile delinquents are sent to the surface to test its habitability . Among them is 17 - year - old Clarke Griffin ( Eliza Taylor ) , the daughter of The Ark 's chief medical officer , Dr. Abby ( Paige Turco ) . The 100 discover a lush Earth filled with new wonders and dangers . Clarke and four others search for the former Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center , a possible site of supplies . Ultimately , they discover that there are hostile survivors on the ground when Jasper , one of their party , is speared . The other delinquents remain at the landing site and , under the leadership of Bellamy ( Bob Morley ) , celebrate their new world . Back on The Ark , Chancellor Jaha ( Isaiah Washington ) has been shot , causing the merciless and unsympathetic Councilman Kane ( Henry Ian Cusick ) to take charge . `` Earth Skills '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 2J7052 2.27 Chancellor Jaha recovers and learns of his son Wells ' supposed fate on the ground . Abby recruits Raven , a zero - gravity mechanic , to fix a drop pod to send herself to the ground . Meanwhile on Earth , Clarke , Wells , Murphy , and Bellamy set out to rescue Jasper , who was taken by the grounders after being attacked . They find Jasper tied to a tree and manage to return to camp with him , in addition to a panther they killed prior his rescue . Bellamy forces the 100 to trade their wristbands for food . Clarke manages to keep hers . As the Ark watches more wristbands going offline believing they are dying , a figure watches the 100 from above the camp . `` Earth Kills '' Dean White Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 2J7053 1.90 In flashbacks , Clarke 's engineer father Jake discovers a life support problem with The Ark , and is arrested for threatening to tell the people and `` floated '' by Jaha . In the present , Clarke , Finn , and Wells search for antibiotic seaweed to treat Jasper 's wounds . Bellamy assembles a hunting group who are followed by Charlotte , a troubled 13 - year - old . A lethal acidic fog hits , forcing Clarke , Finn , and Wells to seek shelter . The three talk , and Clarke berates Wells for his apparent part in her father 's execution believing he told his father of Clarke 's father 's intent to commit treason . Bellamy and Charlotte take refuge from the fog ; he comforts her when she has a nightmare . Clarke discovers her mother 's culpability in her father 's death , learning that she actually told Thelonious , knowing her father would be floated . Clarke and Wells reconcile . Later , Charlotte 's misinterpretation of Bellamy 's advice leads her to kill Wells . `` Murphy 's Law '' P.J. Pesce T.J. Brady & Rasheed Newson April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) 2J7054 1.69 Monty attempts to use the wristbands to contact The Ark . Octavia and Jasper discover Murphy 's knife outside the wall with two fingers , which are Wells ' . Clarke publicly accuses Murphy , inciting a mob that begins hanging him . Overwhelmed , Charlotte confesses and Murphy is cut down . Charlotte flees camp with Clarke and Finn , and they take refuge in a bunker , pursued by a revenge - seeking Murphy . Feeling guilty , Charlotte attempts to turn herself in , but Bellamy intercepts her . The whole group ends up at a dead - end cliff where Charlotte jumps off and commits suicide , and Bellamy banishes Murphy . Monty accidentally fries all of the wristbands . Finn runs to the bunker in frustration , Clarke follows , and they have sex . On The Ark , Abby and Raven go to great lengths to acquire a pressure regulator , but Kane finds out and has Abby arrested . Raven launches off The Ark alone and prepares to enter the atmosphere . 5 5 `` Twilight 's Last Gleaming '' Milan Cheylov Bruce Miller April 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 16 ) 2J7055 1.80 Raven , unconscious , has made it to the ground . Bellamy reaches her pod first and throws away her radio . Clarke and Finn follow , and help Raven , who is revealed to be Finn 's girlfriend , leaving Clarke devastated . They catch up with Bellamy and tell him of the 300 people to be culled from The Ark to preserve oxygen . He helps locate the radio , but it can not be repaired in time , so they devise a plan to fire `` flare '' rockets that The Ark will see , confirming that Earth is survivable . On The Ark , the approved plan calls for sealing off and deoxygenating Section 17 . A desperate Abby reveals her husbands discovery to The Ark , causing some residents to volunteer for the culling . After the culling , Abby , imprisoned , and Jaha watch in surprise as the `` flare '' rockets appear in the viewport above Abby 's cell . Meanwhile , Octavia is captured by a grounder . 6 6 `` His Sister 's Keeper '' Wayne Rose Tracy Bellomo & Dorothy Fortenberry April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 2J7056 1.97 In flashbacks , Bellamy witnesses Octavia 's birth ; he names her after Augustus ' sister Octavia the Younger . Due to The Ark 's one child rule , Octavia is forced to live beneath the floor of her family 's quarters . To ensure her daughter 's safety , her mother resorts to prostitution in order to gain notice of guard 's inspections . When Octavia is 16 , Bellamy takes her to a masked ball for Unity Day ; she is caught , and their mother is executed . A year later , Commander Shumway convinces Bellamy to assassinate Jaha , in exchange for a place on the dropship with his sister . In the present , Bellamy combs the camp looking for Octavia , to no avail . He assembles a search party , and they leave for the woods . Meanwhile , Clarke and Raven travel to Finn 's bunker in hopes of finding a radio transmitter with which to contact The Ark , and Raven discovers Finn 's involvement with Clarke . Bellamy , Finn , and Jasper rescue Octavia , and Finn is stabbed in the process . 7 7 `` Contents Under Pressure '' John Showalter Akela Cooper & Kira Snyder April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 2J7057 1.88 In the midst of a hurricane on the ground , Finn is near death from a poisoned stab wound . Bellamy , having captured the grounder who stabbed Finn , tortures him for the antidote but he does n't speak . Raven successfully connects with The Ark ; Abby assists Clarke with treating Finn . Octavia convinces the grounder to reveal the antidote by poisoning herself with the same blade . On The Ark , Abby is released but is removed from the Council . Replacing her is the former chancellor , Diana Sydney , whose intentions are questionable . After learning that Earth is habitable , The Ark begins preparations for Project Exodus : their re-colonization of Earth . However , their drop ships can only carry about 25 % of The Ark 's population . In addition , residual tension from the culling causes mistrust in the Council . 8 8 `` Day Trip '' Matt Barber Story by : Andrei Haq Teleplay by : Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 2J7058 1.64 Video connection is established with The Ark . The Ark informs the 100 of a nearby underground depot that may serve as a winter home . Bellamy and Clarke investigate , and discover a stockpile of weapons and supplies . Dax , whom Commander Shumway is coercing to kill Bellamy , follows them . Octavia takes advantage of the camp 's suffering from the effects of hallucinogenic nuts gathered as rations and frees the grounder , whose name is Lincoln . Bellamy , also hallucinating , is wracked with guilt for the culling and almost killed by Dax . Now , coming to terms with his actions , he speaks to Jaha and is pardoned in exchange for information about the assassination attempt . This leads to the arrest and imprisonment of Shumway . He is visited by Diana Sydney , and it is revealed that Jaha 's assassination was her idea . Diana then has Shumway killed in his cell . 9 9 `` Unity Day '' John Behring Kim Shumway & Kira Snyder May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 2J7059 1.73 `` Unity Day '' arrives , when the joining of the orbiting space stations is celebrated . As the 100 celebrate , they find their video link interrupted when a bomb explodes during the ceremony on The Ark . Diana engineers a mutiny in order to hijack the first dropship . As the ship launches , it is not fully disconnected from The Ark 's main systems , causing an Ark - wide power outage and disabling every dropship . On the ground , in an effort to initiate peace , Finn arranges a meeting with the local grounder leader through Lincoln . Clarke represents the group and goes to the meeting , where she meets Anya , a grounder leader . Jasper , who along with Bellamy is monitoring the meeting from cover , believes he sees the grounder spotters in the trees about to shoot , he opens fire , and the meeting dissolves into battle . That night , Clarke and Bellamy see the dropship descending . It comes in too fast with no parachute , and violently crashes in the distance . 10 10 `` I Am Become Death '' Omar Madha T.J. Brady & Rasheed Newson May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) 2J7060 1.46 Murphy returns to the dropship after being captured and tortured by the grounders for information about the group . Soon , a deadly virus spreads thanks to Murphy , who was used by the grounders as an agent of biological warfare . Bellamy , Raven and Clarke all contract the disease . Octavia learns from Lincoln that this is his people 's way of softening the battlefield . To delay the incoming attack , Raven builds a bomb to stop the grounders from crossing the bridge featured in the previous episode . Bellamy tasks Jasper with detonating the bomb , and he does so just as the raiding party reaches the bridge . Later , Murphy smothers Connor as revenge for his part in Murphy 's hanging . Raven breaks up with Finn . 11 11 `` The Calm '' Mairzee Almas Bruce Miller May 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 28 ) 2J7061 1.71 After a fire destroys most of the food supply , the group sends out hunting parties to restock . Clarke , Finn , and Myles go out together , but Clarke and Finn are captured and brought to the grounder camp . Anya instructs Clarke to save Tris , her second , a young girl who was injured in the bomb blast . Clarke tries to save her but is unsuccessful . In revenge , Finn is taken away to be executed . Clarke escapes by killing her guard and runs . Bellamy , Raven , Octavia , and Monty search for the missing party and find Myles , hurt in the woods . Monty mysteriously disappears after hearing a strange signal on their hand radios . Kane awakens on a devastated Ark . He searches for survivors and realizes Jaha is alive in the Earth Monitoring Station and trying to bring systems online . With over half The Ark 's populace likely dead , they discover that there are survivors in an access bay to the exodus ship . Kane braves the extreme heat in a maintenance tunnel to reach the survivors -- including Abby . 12 12 `` We Are Grounders -- Part I '' Dean White Tracy Bellmo & Akela Cooper June 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 04 ) 2J7062 1.58 Clarke is recaptured by Anya , and they encounter a grounder named Tristan , who assumes command . Clarke is saved by Lincoln and taken to a very much alive Finn . Lincoln leads the two through a network of tunnels occupied by the reapers , cannibalistic humanoids the grounders themselves are afraid of . Lincoln seemingly sacrifices himself so Clarke and Finn can live to warn the others , including Octavia . Back at the dropship , Murphy has taken Jasper hostage . Bellamy trades himself for Jasper . While Raven attempts to open the dropship door , Murphy prepares to hang Bellamy . She 's successful as Bellamy is dangling , and Murphy retreats to the upper level . Murphy shoots his gun aimlessly at the floor and accidentally shoots Raven . Murphy blows a hole in the ship with gunpowder and escapes with a radio . A returned Clarke convinces the group to flee the camp for the ocean where they 'll be safe . On The Ark , with the dropships no longer functional , Jaha realizes the only way to save the rest of the citizens is by bringing The Ark and its people to the ground . 13 13 `` We Are Grounders -- Part II '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 2J7063 1.68 The 100 are ambushed by grounder scouts and forced to retreat to camp . Meanwhile , the remaining citizens of The Ark prepare to return to Earth . After a technical failure to jettison requires manual intervention , Jaha remains on The Ark . The Mecha Station , with Abby and Kane , makes it to the ground . Back at the dropship , Tristan leads the grounders ' attack . The 100 mount their defense . Octavia is injured and leaves with Lincoln . Most of the 100 retreat into the dropship ; Anya leaps in after them . As previously planned , Jasper manages to activate its rockets , and the massive fireball kills all 300 of the grounders , and apparently Finn and Bellamy . When the 100 emerge from the dropship , gas grenades drop at their feet , and they all pass out . Clarke wakes up in a white room . Through the window in her door she sees Monty locked in an identical room across the hallway . A sign next to his door reads `` Mount Weather Quarantine Ward '' . Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` The 48 '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 3J5251 1.54 Finding Monty gone from his cell , Clarke breaks out and discovers she is trapped in an underground complex inside Mount Weather . She discovers an entire population of humans has survived but is unable to go outside because they have never built up the resistance to radiation that the grounders and the 100 have from space and adaptation . After meeting their leader , President Dante Wallace , she is invited to stay along with the 47 surviving teenagers out of the original 100 that landed on Earth . Distrusting him , she makes a break for freedom but is stopped by Jasper . Clarke secretly plots an escape . Meanwhile , grounders capture Finn and Bellamy , before Abby , Kane , and the rest of The Ark 's survivors find them and free them . After heading to the crash site , they discover an injured Raven and Murphy . Bellamy attacks Murphy , and Kane arrests him . The group returns to the newly established Camp Jaha , the remains of the crashed Ark . Separated from everyone else , Lincoln tries to save a poisoned Octavia , but with no antidote , he is forced to take her to his village , knowing it will mean certain death if he is caught . 15 `` Inclement Weather '' John F. Showalter Michael Angeli October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 3J5252 1.48 Chancellor Jaha discovers a baby left on The Ark and plans to take him to Earth . While a suspicious Clarke confronts Dante , Octavia is healed by Nyko , a friend of Lincoln 's . Octavia holds Nyko hostage and leverages him to Indra , the village leader , in order to get Lincoln back . Abby performs surgery on Raven to remove the bullet from her spine without any anaesthesia . Jaha learns that the baby is an hallucination of his son , who convinces him to continue living his life ; he crash lands a missile to Earth . During the prisoner exchange , Octavia is attacked by the reapers , who capture Lincoln . Clarke learns that Anya -- the leader of the grounders -- is being held in Mount Weather with other prisoners being forced to supply blood to heal the mountain residents . 16 `` Reapercussions '' Dean White Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 3J5253 1.68 Clarke and Anya escape Mount Weather into the reaper tunnels . Abby is punished for supplying guns to Finn , Bellamy and the others leave Camp Jaha to search for their friends . Octavia joins Indra 's hunting party in order to follow the reapers and retrieve Lincoln , but he is not among the grounders they intercept . In Mount Weather , Jasper and Monty worry about Clarke 's whereabouts . Kane goes after Finn , Bellamy , and the others , and appoints Abby chancellor in his absence . Clarke and Anya risk their lives to escape the tunnels ; Anya takes Clarke hostage . Lincoln is shown to be in Mount Weather , and it is revealed that the reapers work with the mountain men , bringing prisoners to Mount Weather and being fed with dead grounders . 17 `` Many Happy Returns '' P.J. Pesce Kim Shumway November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 3J5254 1.75 Chancellor Jaha is found in a desert and rescued by a boy named Zoran , living with his parents who left their people in search of a place in the `` dead zone '' called the `` City of Light '' . Searching for their friends , Finn , Bellamy , and the others find a survivor from The Ark -- Mel -- who is saved by Bellamy after Sterling dies while trying to rescue her . While Clarke and Anya are on the run from mountain men who follow them , Raven starts working in the camp again alongside Wick , who has made her a brace for her leg . Octavia finally reunites with Bellamy and the others . Chancellor Jaha is forced to leave Zoran and his parents when Zoran 's father trades him for a horse . On their way out of the woods , Clarke and Anya arrive at Camp Jaha . At the end , Ark soldiers shoot and kill Anya and knock out Clarke , after mistaking her for a hostile grounder . 18 5 `` Human Trials '' Ed Fraiman Charlie Craig November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 3J5255 1.64 Clarke is brought into Camp Jaha and , after receiving medical attention from Abby , is reunited with Bellamy , Octavia , and Raven . They go after Finn and Murphy . Kane is hoping to find peace with the grounders but instead is imprisoned at the grounder camp , where he discovers Jaha is also a prisoner . Meanwhile , Lincoln is being held at Mount Weather where he is the subject of experimentation involving a red drug that turns grounders into reapers . Jasper takes extreme measures to save Maya from radiation exposure by allowing a blood transfusion conducted by Dr. Tsing . After Maya 's successful treatment , Dr. Tsing and Cage -- Dante 's son and Lincoln 's torturer -- ask President Wallace for permission to move forward with trials on the 47 . He refuses . Elsewhere , Finn holds an entire grounder village hostage while searching for Clarke . Clarke , Bellamy , and Octavia arrive in time to see Finn gun down 18 grounders . 19 6 `` Fog of War '' Steven DePaul Kira Snyder December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 3J5256 1.86 Two days after the massacre , Raven discovers that Mount Weather has jammed communications . Leaving camp to investigate , Bellamy and Octavia discover that Lincoln has become a reaper . Clarke still has n't spoken to Finn . Raven manages to listen in on Mount Weather 's radio broadcasts and discovers the previously encountered acid fog is a weapon of the mountain . In Mount Weather , Wallace wants Jasper to find volunteers to provide blood for the mountain residents , but he is unsuccessful . Maya discovers the radiation leak she was caught in was no accident and confides in Jasper about the mountain 's caged grounders . In captivity , Jaha and Kane are told that one of them must kill the other to gain an audience with the Commander . Kane attempts to take his own life rather than kill Jaha , but a grounder witness , named Lexa , reveals herself to be the Commander and says that she believes their wish for peace is sincere . She sends Jaha to Camp Jaha with a message ; leave within two days , or die . 20 7 `` Long Into an Abyss '' Antonio Negret James Thorpe December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 3J5257 1.62 With the grounders ' deadline imminent , Abby and Jaha disagree over what the survivors are to do ; Jaha wishes to evacuate to the so called `` City of Light '' , while Abby wants to remain behind to rescue the 47 . Clarke , Octavia , and Bellamy hold the reaper - state Lincoln in the dropship , and learn he was drugged and experimented on . Lincoln 's heart stops but is restarted by Clarke , who believes there is a way to cure reapers -- information they can leverage to the grounders . When Abby is successful in curing Lincoln , Lexa grants Clarke the truce but demands Finn 's execution for the massacre before it can begin . In Mount Weather , Jasper , Monty , Miller , and Harper discover that there are Ark survivors on the ground . Dr. Tsing learns that for the mountain residents to live on the surface , they would have to kill the 47 for their bone marrow . Though Wallace vetoes the plan , his son Cage goes behind his back and begins the process with Harper . 21 8 `` Spacewalker '' John F. Showalter Bruce Miller December 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) 3J5258 1.40 Clarke returns to camp with knowledge of the only way the grounders will accept a truce . Opinions are divided when Clarke reveals the grounders will cease their attack if they are given Finn . Flashbacks to The Ark reveal that Finn was imprisoned because he took the fall for Raven 's illegal spacewalking . At Camp Jaha , Abby and a returned Kane think they can bargain with the grounders by offering to put Finn on trial , but such plans are for naught , as Finn ultimately turns himself in . In a last - ditch effort to save Finn , Clarke goes to meet with Lexa . When Lexa refuses clemency Clarke asks to say goodbye . She approaches Finn , kisses him , and tells him that she loves him while stabbing him to death , saving him the brutal torture / execution of grounder custom . 22 9 `` Remember Me '' Omar Madha Dorothy Fortenberry January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5259 1.48 Clarke and a group from The Ark accompany Finn 's body to a grounder camp to complete their agreement for a truce . Clarke is haunted by visions of Finn . Bellamy tries to convince Clarke to let him go to Mount Weather as a inside man ; she refuses . At the village , Finn 's corpse is burned along with those of the massacre victims . Kane gifts Lexa a bottle of liquor , which when tested appears poisoned , leading to the belief it was an assassination attempt by the Sky People . The grounders accuse and prepare to execute Raven , but Clarke and Bellamy pinpoint Gustus , Lexa 's right hand , as the true culprit . Later , Clarke changes her mind and sends Bellamy , along with Lincoln , to infiltrate Mount Weather . 23 10 `` Survival of the Fittest '' Dean White Akela Cooper January 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5260 1.53 Clarke and Lexa encounter a gigantic mutated gorilla after one of the grounder council members drives Clarke into the forest with the intent to kill her . They escape it but become temporarily trapped in its cage , and Lexa is injured . Clarke figures out a way to escape and has an idea about freeing the grounders inside Mount Weather to act as an insider army . Bellamy and Lincoln plan their infiltration of Mount Weather en route to the reaper tunnels , but upon arrival Lincoln is overcome by his addiction , leaving Bellamy to a questionable fate . Murphy helps Jaha confront his past , while Jaha persuades Murphy that the Sky People have nothing to offer him and that his best option is to search for the mystical `` City of Light '' . Jaha then leaves the camp with over a dozen Ark survivors , with Murphy tagging along , to search for the `` City of Light '' . After witnessing Octavia 's determination and unwavering spirit to fight , Indra offers to make Octavia her second in command , but Kane warns Octavia that once the war ends it is likely that the grounders and Sky People will end up breaking their alliance . 24 11 `` Coup de Grace '' P.J. Pesce Charlie Craig February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5261 1.51 Bellamy is caged in Mount Weather along with numerous grounders . Jasper 's search for Monty and Harper remains fruitless , so he confronts the President about their disappearance . Cage sends snipers to assassinate Clarke and Lexa ; they are intercepted , and one is captured for questioning . Maya discovers Bellamy being harvested for blood and saves him ; he makes contact with Clarke . President Wallace and Jasper discover Dr. Tsing 's illegal experiments on Harper and Monty . Cage replaces his father as President by force and orders a lockdown for the surviving 47 teens . Realizing she has to draw attention to the outside for Bellamy 's sake , Clarke sends Emerson , their captive , back to Mount Weather with a message boasting that the army that is coming for them . 25 12 `` Rubicon '' Mairzee Almas Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5262 1.36 An unmasked Cage rescues Emerson on the surface , revealing the success of the bone marrow experiments . In the dormitory , Jasper tells the others of Bellamy 's presence . Meanwhile , Jaha , Murphy , and his group encounter a strange woman , a scavenger and drifter named Emori , who offers to serve as guide to the City of Light through the `` dead zone '' desert . But Emori is not who she appears to be . In Mount Weather , Bellamy seeks a way to help his friends . When Bellamy makes radio contact , Clarke and Raven overhear Cage 's plan to bomb the planned peace conference in Tondc . Clarke races to the village , where she explains the danger to Lexa . Lexa convinces Clarke that an evacuation would expose Bellamy 's presence in the mountain ; the two secretly escape . As they leave , Clarke sees her mother arrive in the village and returns to try to rescue Abby as the missile hits the village . 26 13 `` Resurrection '' Dean White Bruce Miller February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5263 1.42 Clarke and Abby survive the missile strike on Tondc , but Abby is horrified to realize that Clarke knew it was coming and did not evacuate the village . She goes back to help survivors , while Lexa and Clarke set off to find and kill the spotter who called in the strike and is still shooting . Lincoln saves Indra 's life , while Octavia leads the other seconds in an effort to dig out survivors . Abby finds Kane pinned below rubble and struggles to free him , while they wonder whether they deserve to survive at all . Clarke finds and kills the spotter with Lincoln 's help , and realizes that the spotter 's lack of a hazmat suit means the mountain men have started harvesting her friends . Inside Mount Weather , Jasper and the others fight back and find refuge with those in Mount Weather who do not agree with Cage . 27 14 `` Bodyguard of Lies '' Uta Briesewitz Kim Shumway February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5264 1.55 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Octavia has figured out that Clarke and Lexa knew about the missile strike in advance , and Lexa decides she needs to be killed to protect that secret . Clarke prevents this and angrily confronts Lexa , who reveals that she has feelings for Clarke . Bellamy , Raven , and Wick find a way to disable the acid fog . Raven and Wick have celebratory sex , but Bellamy discovers that the fog 's still active and that his radio contact has been cut off while the army is marching on Mount Weather . Clarke inspires Lexa to not treat love as weakness , and that there is more to life than just surviving . Lexa kisses Clarke , but she pushes Lexa away , claiming that is not ready for another relationship so soon ( revealing that Clarke is bisexual ) . Raven signals the fog is disabled ; Clarke and Lexa lead their army to the mountain . The mountain men prepare to deploy the acid fog , but Bellamy manages to elude a security team and destroy the system in an explosion just in time . Elsewhere , Jaha , Murphy , and crew encounter a perilous minefield roadblock as they continue their search for the City of Light . After traversing the minefield , at a cost of their remaining group , they reach a lake where a boat appears as if by magic to aid them in crossing . 28 15 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part One '' Omar Madha Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre March 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 3J5265 1.49 Bellamy is letting the grounders imprisoned inside Mount Weather out of their cages as Cage starts to raid the complex for the 47 . Some of them are temporarily captured but freed again by Bellamy , Jasper , and Maya , who bring them to the harvest chamber . Soldiers soon raid the harvest chamber too , taking the 47 prisoner once again . Meanwhile , Cage visits his father , desperately hoping he will tell him a way to stop the incoming attack . Raven and Wick destroy the mountain 's generators , and the lock on Mount Weather 's door is disabled . When they pull the door open however , Lexa commands her people to stand down -- she has made a deal with Emerson , her people will be freed if the grounder army retreats leaving the Sky People left for dead . It is later learned that this was Dante 's suggestion . When the grounders retreat , almost all the Sky People accept defeat and soon leave too , leaving behind only Clarke at the front door and Octavia in the tunnels . 29 16 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 3J5266 1.34 Clarke joins Octavia in the tunnels and is let into Mount Weather by Bellamy . With the 47 waiting for bone marrow extraction , Clarke and Bellamy take Dante hostage . When Cage still refuses to stop , Clarke shoots his father , which leads Cage to begin bone marrow extraction on Abby . Seeing no other option , Clarke has Monty hack into Mount Weather 's air filtration system , and she and Bellamy irradiate the mountain , killing the entire population , including Maya . Cage escapes but comes upon Lincoln , who injects Cage with the reaper drug , killing him , leaving Emerson , who also escaped , as the last Mountain Man . Everyone returns to Camp Jaha , but Clarke , wracked with guilt over the deaths of hundreds of people , leaves . Meanwhile , Jaha and Murphy arrive at an island where they separate . Murphy finds a lighthouse inside of which he watches a video recording ( dated May 10 , 2052 ) of the previous occupant who says she `` got the launch codes '' , before shooting himself . In the final scene , Jaha finds a well kept mansion , surrounded by flying drones , where he meets an A.I. , named `` A.L.I.E. '' , in the hologram form of an attractive dark - haired woman wearing a red dress , who thanks him for his `` gift '' : the nuclear warhead from the missile he used to land on Earth . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 30 `` Wanheda : Part One '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5751 1.88 For the past three months , Clarke has been living on her own in the woods . At a grounder trading post , Clarke sleeps with the post owner , Niylah , and is caught by a bounty hunter while leaving the next morning . At Camp Jaha , renamed Arkadia , Lincoln -- unable to leave camp due to a kill order put on him by Lexa -- tries to fit in with the Sky People , much to Octavia 's distaste . Bellamy , with several others , goes on patrol and encounters scouts from another grounder clan called the Ice Nation . Jasper is injured , and part of the group returns to Arkadia . The rest meet up with Kane and Indra , from whom they learn there is a bounty on Clarke ( who is known in the grounder circles as `` Wanheda '' ; the Death Dealer ) for the mass killings of the population of Mount Weather . They leave to search for Clarke , but the solar powered Rover ATV they are using gets trapped by a deliberately felled tree . Meanwhile , Murphy is released from his bunker and finds Jaha and A.L.I.E at the mansion . Murphy refuses to be a part of Jaha 's mission but decides to leave the island with him when he sees that Emori is part of the boat crew . 31 `` Wanheda : Part Two '' Mairzee Almas Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre January 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5752 1.63 The attackers of the Rover ATV turn out to be fellow Ark members from Farm Station who landed separately , including Monty 's mother , and under the control of Pike . Conflicts with the Ice Nation , in whose territory they landed , have reduced their numbers to 63 . Pike and his group accept Kane 's offer to come to Arkadia . Part of the group continues their search for Clarke , but after Bellamy is injured by the bounty hunter who has captured Clarke , the group is forced to return to base . Indra returns to the grounder city of Polis where the bounty hunter -- revealed to be Prince Roan of Ice Nation -- delivers Clarke to Lexa . Meanwhile , Jaha continues his mission for A.L.I.E. While Otan distracts Jaha , Emori and ( unwittingly ) Murphy kill Gideon and steal a backpack containing A.L.I.E. 's portable nuclear powered hardware . When Otan returns he appears to be brainwashed , and Murphy throws the pack into the water . Emori and Murphy escape on the boat , while Jaha and Otan scramble to save the bag . A.L.I.E. reveals that no one can die in the City of Light , showing them Gideon -- alive and unscarred -- in the city . 32 `` Ye Who Enter Here '' Antonio Negret Kim Shumway February 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5753 1.57 Lexa reveals to Clarke that she intends to initiate the Sky People into her Coalition . Meanwhile , Bellamy , his girlfriend Gina , Octavia , and Raven arrive at Mount Weather with supplies for the Farm Station refugees . There , Echo , the grounder Bellamy first freed from the cages beneath the mountain , appears and speaks of an Ice Nation plot to attack the summit in Polis . Bellamy , Pike , and Octavia leave for Polis . As they reach the summit , it is revealed there is no imminent threat to those present ; the `` warning '' was a ruse to lure them away . Meanwhile , an assassin infiltrates Mount Weather , kills Gina , and punches in the self - destruct codes . After a fight between the assassin on one hand , and Sinclair and Raven on the other , Mount Weather detonates , killing all 36 members of the Farm Station ; only Raven and Sinclair survive . It is revealed that Echo is working with Queen Nia of the Ice Nation , who is helped by Emerson , the last survivor of Mount Weather , in carrying out its destruction . 33 `` Watch the Thrones '' Ed Fraiman Dorothy Fortenberry February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5754 1.32 In a fight to the death for the right to the throne , Queen Nia chooses her son Roan to fight Lexa . At Arkadia , Bellamy , wracked with guilt , resigns from the guard . Monty and Jasper leave camp , and Monty confronts his grieving friend . Pike publicly confronts Kane and Abby , questioning them about the grounder army surrounding Arkadia , sent as protection by Lexa . Pike convinces Bellamy to supply him with guns and help massacre the grounder army . Lincoln , Abby , and Kane stop them at the last minute . Pike 's name is then suggested for inclusion on the ballot for the upcoming Chancellor vote . Back at Polis , Lexa bests Roan but kills Nia instead of him , and pronounces Roan the king of Ice Nation . Back at Arkadia , Pike is the elected Chancellor . Pike then frees himself , his supporters , and Bellamy , and they leave to finish what they started . 34 5 `` Hakeldama '' Tim Scanlan Charlie Craig February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5755 1.36 Clarke , Lexa , and other grounders from Polis discover the fallen army of grounders , slain by Pike and his followers . Indra is found wounded and claims Bellamy persuaded Pike to let her live in order to tell Lexa that the Sky People reject the newly - formed coalition . Lexa allows Clarke 's return to Arkadia to tell Bellamy and the others to step down . Clarke fails to convince Bellamy , but instead induces Lexa to end the cycle of violence in hopes of peace . Meanwhile , Murphy and Emori set up traps to steal from passersby . Murphy is caught , and one of the grounders spots the pill Jaha gave him earlier in the season ; he demands to know where Murphy found it . After arriving in Arkadia , Jaha and A.L.I.E. set out to recruit more people into the City of Light by giving out the pills . Devastated by her chronic agony , Raven decides to take the pill , which successfully removes her pain . She then sees A.L.I.E. for the first time . 35 6 `` Bitter Harvest '' Dean White Kira Snyder February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5756 1.41 When Roan has Emerson , the last Mountain Man , delivered to Polis , Clarke must decide his fate . Ultimately , she decides to let Lexa banish him . Octavia and Kane find out Pike intends to clear a nearby grounder village and utilize their fertile soil for crops , so Octavia rides to alert the village . The village set a deadly trap for the incoming Sky People , which Octavia manages to warn Bellamy about just in time . Meanwhile , Abby confiscates the City of Light chips from Jaha when it becomes clear he has no recollection of his son . A.L.I.E. enlists Raven 's help to search The Ark for her second iteration , A.L.I.E. 2.0 . They are unable to find it , which leads to the realization that it may be on the mythical 13th station , named Polaris , that got shot out of orbit before joining the rest of The Ark . Titus , the Flamekeeper , tortures Murphy for information , alongside an escape pod with two letters clearly scorched off from re-entry that , with the other marked letters , spells Polaris . 36 7 `` Thirteen '' Dean White Javier Grillo - Marxuach March 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 03 ) 3J5757 1.39 Murphy convinces Titus to tell him more about the origin of his religion , speculating that the first Commander was from the 13th station rather than born on the ground . Flashbacks to 97 years earlier reveal that after A.L.I.E. causes the nuclear apocalypse by hacking all of the world 's computer launch codes , Becca -- A.L.I.E. 's creator and avatar template -- attempted to create A.L.I.E. 2.0 to interface more directly with humanity . When The Ark destroyed her research station Polaris , Becca injected herself with an unknown black substance while implanting the ALIE 2.0 in her neck , and traveled to Earth in an escape pod . In the present , Clarke and Lexa sleep together for the first time as they prepare to part ways in response to Lexa 's decision to blockade Arkadia until Pike is removed from leadership . Titus attempts to ensure that the Sky People are destroyed by shooting Clarke and blaming Murphy for it , only he shoots Lexa accidentally . After Lexa dies , it is revealed that the A.L.I.E. 2.0 computer has been implanted in the back of her neck ; Titus describes it as the spirit of the Commander . 37 8 `` Terms and Conditions '' John Showalter Charlie Craig March 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) 3J5758 1.20 Two grounders inform Arkadia of the blockade and note that it will only be lifted if Pike is surrendered to them . In response , Pike begins to plan for war , while Kane plans to hand Pike over to the grounders . To this end , Sinclair allows himself to be arrested . He and an interned Lincoln stage an argument in lock - up , creating a distraction for Kane to capture Pike . Bellamy and other guards intercept him at the gate . Meanwhile , Raven convinces Jasper to help her break into Pike 's office to recover the confiscated chip manufacturer . Jasper , mentioning Finn , prompts a realisation that Raven has no recollection of him at all , and they leave the device where it is . As Jaha reflects on his future plans , Pike decides to sentence Kane to death for treason , forcing Bellamy and Monty to re-evaluate which side they are truly on in the ever - escalating tensions towards war . 38 9 `` Stealing Fire '' Uta Briesewitz Heidi Cole McAdams March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) 3J5759 1.23 In Polis , a conclave is held to decide the new Commander . Ontari , Nia 's bodyguard , arrives and murders the other Nightbloods , declaring herself Commander . Titus names Clarke the new Flamekeeper and she takes the A.L.I.E. 2.0 computer chip , known to the grounders as `` the Flame '' , to find Luna , a Nightblood friend of Lincoln . Titus kills himself to ensure Ontari can not use him against Clarke , and Ontari swears Roan and Murphy to secrecy about the missing Flame . Meanwhile , Bellamy goes to Octavia for help to save Kane , Lincoln , and Sinclair from execution , but is captured by Octavia and Indra . Abby , Octavia , Miller , and Harper stage an elaborate rescue , with last - minute help from Monty , whose betrayal of Pike is covered up by his mother . When Pike threatens to execute the interned grounders , Lincoln surrenders to save them , while the others escape Arkadia . Octavia watches from a distance as Pike executes Lincoln . 39 10 `` Fallen '' Matt Barber Charmaine DeGrate & Javier Grillo - Marxuach April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) 3J5760 1.13 Acting as a fake Flamekeeper , Murphy helps Ontari convince the grounders to submit to her rule ; she later rapes him . Pike discovers Monty 's betrayal , forcing him to flee Arkadia . Monty rejoins Kane , Octavia , and a captive Bellamy at the dropship , but Pike 's men capture them , and Bellamy offers to lead them to the rest of Kane 's insurgents . Instead , he leads them to the grounder blockade and hands Pike over to them . Kane goes with the grounders to Polis . Meanwhile , A.L.I.E. 's influence spreads throughout Arkadia as more people fall under the mind - controlling influence , and Raven enlists Abby and Jasper to help her destroy the chip inside her . A.L.I.E. restores Raven 's pain to torture her into submission , and then uses her to coerce Abby to take the chip . Jasper , finding the whole of Arkadia in A.L.I.E. 's thrall , manages to escape with an unconscious Raven , encountering Clarke on the way out . 40 11 `` Nevermore '' Ed Fraiman Kim Shumway April 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) 3J5761 1.08 Clarke and Jasper regroup with Bellamy , Octavia , Monty , and Sinclair . They decide to carry out Raven 's original plan to free herself from A.L.I.E. 's control : by building an electromagnetic pulse device ( EMP ) from one of The 100 's old wristbands and frying the chip inside her . Clarke leads the group to Niylah 's trading post , where there is a salvaged bracelet . Monty and Octavia return to the dropship to retrieve additional components for the EMP , but they are attacked by Monty 's mother Hannah , now under A.L.I.E. 's control . Monty fatally shoots his mother to save Octavia , and they return to Niylah 's , where they are able to destroy the chip inside Raven using the EMP and Clarke cuts out its liquefied remains using Titus ' Flamekeeper kit . Raven reveals to the group that the Flame is the only thing that can stop A.L.I.E. 41 12 `` Demons '' P.J. Pesce Justine Juel Gillmer April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) 3J5762 1.15 Clarke 's group finds Arkadia abandoned , and retrieve Lincoln 's journal , which contains a map to Luna 's location . A mysterious masked figure attacks Harper , Miller , and his boyfriend Bryan before they can reach Arkadia and then targets Clarke , who unmasks him as Carl Emerson . Emerson kills Sinclair , and traps everyone else in the airlock planning to force Clarke to watch them suffocate . Clarke uses the Flame to kill him and saves her friends . The group hold a funeral for Lincoln and Sinclair , after which Clarke , Bellamy , Octavia , and Jasper embark on a journey to find Luna , while the others remain to use the Arkadia 's mainframe to hack A.L.I.E. Meanwhile , Emori arrives in Polis and reunites with Murphy . Jaha arrives with knowledge of Ontari 's deception , revealing that Emori is under A.L.I.E. 's control . Ontari has Murphy arrested , and Jaha convinces her to take a chip . With Ontari in her thrall , A.L.I.E. now has mastery of both the Sky People and the grounders . 42 13 `` Join or Die '' Dean White Julie Benson & Shawna Benson April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) 3J5763 1.27 Flashbacks depict Pike giving The 100 an Earth Skills crash - course in the two weeks prior to the events of the pilot episode . Realising the teens were being sent to the ground and failing to persuade Jaha to let him go with them , Pike beats Murphy in front of the class to incite them to fight for their survival . In the present , Kane and Pike arrive in an A.L.I.E. - controlled Polis and are taken prisoner by Ontari . While incarcerated , Pike is tortured by fellow prisoner Indra in revenge for the massacre of her people , but Murphy convinces her they must unite against A.L.I.E. 's followers . Jaha threatens Abby 's life to coerce Kane into taking the chip . Meanwhile , Clarke , Bellamy , Octavia , and Jasper arrive at the shore of a vast ocean and send a signal to Luna 's people . After being drugged , they awaken aboard a disused oil rig and meet Luna of the ' boat people ' clan , who refuses to take the Flame . 43 14 `` Red Sky at Morning '' P.J. Pesce Lauren Muir & Kira Snyder May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 3J5764 1.13 At Arkadia , Harper and Monty sleep together while Raven hacks into the City of Light . She breaks through the firewalls but is blocked by the spirit of Hannah . Monty erases his mother 's code , but A.L.I.E. removes herself from Arkadia before Raven can destroy her code . Meanwhile , Murphy , Indra , and Pike escape the Polis dungeons and destroy A.L.I.E. 's core processor , but she has already migrated to the computer system on The Ark , still orbiting Earth . At the oil rig , Clarke plans to implant the Flame into Luna against her will , but is unsuccessful . Some of Luna 's people return from the mainland having been taken over by A.L.I.E. , and capture Jasper and Luna . After breaking free and killing her captors , Luna , knowing Clarke will stop at nothing to get her to accept the Flame , drugs Clarke and her companions , and has them returned to the mainland . 44 15 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part One '' Ed Fraiman Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 3J5765 1.17 Clarke encounters Roan in the woods , and he agrees to help her infiltrate Polis to implant the Flame into Ontari as a last resort . In Arkadia , Jasper is revealed to have been put under A.L.I.E. 's control at the oil rig , and traps Monty and Raven , and takes Harper hostage . At Polis , Roan is shot by Kane and dragged away , while Clarke is captured and tortured by Abby . Murphy , Pike , and Indra rescue Bellamy and the rest of the group . Bellamy and Murphy then attempt to rescue Clarke while the others fight A.L.I.E. 's acolytes , during which Kane is almost killed in an explosion but is tackled aside by Indra , who is captured . Bellamy and Murphy arrive in time to save Clarke , but Jaha prevents them from using Ontari by inflicting a severe head wound that leaves her brain - dead . 45 16 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 3J5766 1.29 At Arkadia , Monty rescues Harper and captures Jasper . At the Polis tower , freed from A.L.I.E. 's control , Abby transfuses the near - dead Ontari 's Nightblood into Clarke so she can be implanted with the Flame . While Pike and the others fend off A.L.I.E. 's acolytes , Clarke takes a chip and enters the City of Light . She is protected by Lexa 's spirit and aided by Raven 's hacking against A.L.I.E. 's minions , and is led to Becca 's spirit who shows her A.L.I.E. 's kill switch . To stop Clarke , A.L.I.E. claims that the world 's abandoned nuclear power plants are melting down and releasing radiation , meaning Earth will be uninhabitable in the next six months , and City of Light is the only salvation . Clarke decides to pull the switch despite this , destroying A.L.I.E. and freeing all her subjugates . In the aftermath , Octavia brutally executes Pike to avenge Lincoln 's death . Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 46 `` Echoes '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13251 1.21 Picking up immediately after destroying A.L.I.E. , Clarke confides in Bellamy about ALIE 's warning of the nuclear power plants melting down and the human race surviving only six more months . In the aftermath of the battle , it turns out that the people Lexa killed to protect Clarke in the City of Light are actually dead , leading the people of Polis to declare both Wanheda and Skaikru their enemies . During these events , Echo leads the Ice Nation warriors against Skaikru and begins to take the city by force ; in order to stop her , Clarke and Abby go to King Roan to save him from his bullet wound . When Roan awakens , Echo attempts to convince him to kill Clarke , but Clarke gives Roan the Flame and he declares himself ruler of the thirteen clans until the Flame chooses another commander and announces their peace with Skaikru . Murphy and Emori run away from everyone to be together . Clarke , Bellamy , and Jaha leave Polis to return to Arkadia to decide their next move in their fight against the radiation that 's coming . Elsewhere at Arkadia , Raven attempts to determine exactly what kind of damage the radiation will deliver while Jasper 's suicide attempt is unknowingly interrupted by Monty . 47 `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' Ed Fraiman Justine Juel Gillmer February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13252 1.01 Ilian , a grounder who was under ALIE 's influence , kills his family to convince his mother to take the chip . Soon after when his mother dies , she tells him to avenge her . In Polis , Ambassador Raphael and Ilian plan to challenge Roan . Roan prepares for battle despite being too weak from his injury . Kane and Octavia attempt to deter Raphael , but he refuses , Octavia later assassinates him . At Arkadia , Raven , Clarke , Bellamy , Monty , Harper , Bryan , and Miller devise a plan to restore Alpha Station to survive the radiation and acquire a hydro - generator for water from Farm Station which is in the Ice Nation . Grounders meet them there and eventually agree to give them the generator . However , they find many of their own as slaves and vote amongst them to use the generator to make an explosion to free them . Everyone returns to Arkadia but with no way of supplying water for everyone . Clarke tells the people of the radiation crisis and they all agree to work together . Kane and Abby sleep together in Polis . 48 `` The Four Horsemen '' P.J. Pesce Heidi Cole McAdams February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) T27. 13253 1.05 A possible lead from Jaha for a safe place for when the radiation comes turns out to be false hope . A group of grounders arrive at Arkadia with signs of Acute Radiation Syndrome ( A.R.S ) from eating contaminated fish , including Nyko and Luna . Abby wants to use their radiation medicine , but Raven who 's now in charge of rationing , stops her . Murphy steals it and gives it to Abby anyway . The new Flamekeeper , Gaia , steals the Flame from King Roan , but before Octavia kills her Indra stops her , stating that she 's her estranged daughter . Using a decoy , Octavia tells Roan the Flame was destroyed . Arkadia can only house 100 people for the next 5 years to ride out the radiation . Clarke writes a list and includes Bellamy as number 99 , and he writes her name for the 100th spot . Luna is the only person who does n't die from the A.R.S , which makes Abby realize that Luna 's body is rejecting the radiation because of her Nightblood . 49 `` A Lie Guarded '' Ian Samoil Kim Shumway February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) T27. 13254 1.00 In Polis , Kane and Bellamy are sentenced to die when Roan ends the alliance with both Skaikru and Trikru . Meanwhile , Abby , Raven , Murphy and Luna return to ALIE 's island to discover how they can use Luna 's Nightblood to save the human race from the radiation . Drones fire on them , resulting in Nyko 's death and driving Luna to her breaking point . Echo hunts down Octavia and after a sword fight , Octavia is stabbed and falls off a cliff , but survives . Also , Monty and Jasper discover and expose Clarke 's list of 100 names forcing Jaha to resolve the conflict . 50 5 `` The Tinder Box '' John F. Showalter Morgan Gendel March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13255 1.02 Raven and Abby discover that because they were released from ALIE 's control via EMP instead of when Clarke pulled the kill switch , that they have leftover knowledge from Becca / ALIE in their brains . They learn that Becca was making Nightblood on the Ark and after they find a rocket , they prepare to go back to the Ark to make Nightblood for the survival of the human race . Meanwhile , Ilian brings Octavia to Arkadia to sneak his way in . Octavia warns them of Roan 's planned takeover of the ship and Clarke goes to negotiate with him . They eventually agree to share Arkadia 50 -- 50 until Ilian blows up the ship and they all watch their last chance of survival burn to the ground . 51 6 `` We Will Rise '' Dean White Charmaine DeGrate March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) T27. 13256 0.98 Clarke , Bellamy , and Roan go on a road trip to deliver ten barrels of hydrazine fuel to Raven for her trip to space to make Nightblood . Meanwhile , the residents of Arkadia band against Ilian and want to execute him for destroying the ship but Kane tries to resolve the conflict peacefully . However , Octavia holds a gun to Ilian 's head but is stopped at the last minute by Kane who points out that Lincoln had been murdered in a similar fashion ; she has an emotional breakdown and leaves . Also , Clarke lets her lover , Niylah , stay at Arkadia for the time being . During the drive , a Trikru attack on Clarke , Bellamy , and Roan results in one of the hydrazine barrels being pierced by an arrow and emptied . Later as Raven hears the news , she suffers a seizure . 52 7 `` Gimme Shelter '' Tim Scanlan Terri Hughes Burton & Ron Milbauer March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) T27. 13257 0.90 The black rain begins to fall , and as the Sky People shelter in the remains of Arkadia , Bellamy tries to rescue a father and son trapped outside , but is unable to reach them . Meanwhile , Octavia and Ilian take refuge in a cave , but when he tries to get her to open up about Lincoln , she tries to go into the black rain and kill herself , but he stops her . They have sex , and she decides to go with him back to his family 's abandoned farm . At the underground lab on Becca 's island , Abby tells Clarke her new plan to implant Luna 's bone marrow into a test subject to see if it can create immunity , but to test this they would need to use a huge dose of radiation on the subject , which could kill them . When a grounder thief breaks into Becca 's mansion and is captured , Emori identifies him as her nemesis Baylis . She intends to kill him , but Clarke decides to use him as the test subject . Emori later admits to Murphy that the thief is not Baylis , and that she lied to save herself from being sacrificed . 53 8 `` God Complex '' Omar Madha Lauren Muir March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13258 0.97 After the first test kills the thief , Emori 's lie is discovered and she is taken prisoner , with the intention of using her as the next subject . Murphy also has to be tied up when he tries to stop them , and Luna is knocked out by Roan when she tries to leave . Clarke changes her mind and injects herself with Luna 's bone marrow , becoming a Nightblood , but before she can subject herself to the radiation , Abby destroys the machine , with her hallucinations having convinced her that Clarke would die . In Arkadia , Jaha overhears Niylah use a phrase associated with the cult who built the shelter , and believes that the shelter he found was a decoy . Suspecting Gaia may have information that could lead to the real shelter , he , Kane and Monty go to Polis , where the Tree People are fighting the Ice Nation for control . Gaia helps them deduce that the shelter is beneath Polis , and they find it using a talisman found at the decoy shelter . 54 9 `` DNR '' Mairzee Almas Miranda Kwok April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13260 0.81 Clarke struggles to keep the peace in Polis after word of Jaha 's discovery of the shelter spreads , which makes other clans , including Roan 's and Indra 's , want a part of the shelter for their own people . At Arkadia , Jasper and Bellamy get into an argument when Jasper and other like - minded youth of the original 100 want to stay behind to celebrate the end of the world , while Bellamy wants to lead the remainder of Arkadia 's 400 - plus population to the shelter before the death wave arrives in less than six days and wipes out all life . Meanwhile , Raven decides to stay behind at the lab as she is haunted by Becca 's hallucination urging her to continue the space rocket repairs as Murphy and Emori decide to head out to the shelter . Elsewhere , Octavia struggles to adjust to living at Ilian 's farm until a brutal and lethal encounter with three hostile grounders make her realize that she can not run away from her past . 55 10 `` Die All , Die Merrily '' Dean White Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13259 0.85 The clans hold a fight to the death at Polis to determine which clan will receive the shelter . Octavia , Roan , and Ilian represent their respective clans . Luna also fights , but explains she will not let anyone into the shelter if she wins . During the fight , Echo is discovered to be cheating without Roan 's knowledge and is subsequently banished by Roan as punishment . Octavia decides to ally with Ilian , but he is killed with an arrow to his neck . Later , only three warriors are left ; Octavia teams up with Roan to take on Luna , but a storm of black rain arrives which puts both of them at a disadvantage against Luna , who is a nightblood . Although Luna kills Roan , Octavia eventually defeats Luna and becomes the winning champion . She decides to share the shelter equally with the clans , allowing 100 survivors from each clan . It is then discovered that members of Skaikru settled in the bunker during the battle and sealed the door . 56 11 `` The Other Side '' Henry Ian Cusick Julie Benson & Shawna Benson May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13261 0.86 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) With Jaha having sealed the Second Dawn bunker , he argues with Bellamy over leaving others above ground as the death wave approaches . Abby takes it upon herself to free Bellamy from containment , and subdue Murphy guarding him , to help open the bunker , but Bellamy comes face - to - face with Clarke who stands by Jaha 's decision . However , despite her concerns about future survivors , Clarke finally makes her own choice to help Bellamy . On the surface , Octavia quarrels with Echo over her involvement in the battle , and while they are able to convince her to stay quiet about the situation in the bunker until it is resolved , Octavia and Indra ban her from entering while admitting the Ice Nation . At Arkadia , Monty tries to reason with Jasper and the others to travel to Polis to the bunker before it is too late , but Jasper and the others ( showing signs of fatal radiation poisoning ) decides to end it all with a suicide pact , except for Harper . Elsewhere at the lab , Raven pushes herself to make a tough choice due to both Becca and Sinclair 's hallucinations over how to cure her damaged brain and to continue building the space rocket , finally drowning herself in a pool of icy water with a timed electric shock to restart her heart . 57 12 `` The Chosen '' Alex Kalymnios Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13262 0.83 Jaha and Kane disagree over how to handle their grim reality when they must choose only 100 out of their 400 people to shelter at the Second Dawn bunker to make room for the rest of the 1,200 grounders who want to place their own survivors there as well . It all leads to holding a lottery which threatens to tear the fragile plans apart . Abby asks Kane to let her give up her place to make space for others . Meanwhile , Clarke leads Bellamy , Murphy , and Emori , to save Raven , who still is at the lab . However , they run into a grounder clan , which wreck their truck until Echo appears to save them . With no time to return to Polis , Monty and Harper are called to transport the group to the lab , where they decide to go to space before the death wave reaches them . 58 13 `` Praimfaya '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) T27. 13263 0.91 As the death wave hits Polis and the Second Dawn bunker , Clarke , Bellamy , Raven , Murphy , Emori , Monty , Harper and Echo gather at the lab to ready the rocket to travel to the remains of the Ark . Monty is incapacitated after going out with Murphy to obtain an oxygen generator for installation in the Ark . With only 90 minutes before the radioactive pyroclastic wave of the death wave hits , Clarke decides to stay behind to climb to the top of an antenna tower to realign the dish in order to program power for the Ark prior to launch . The rocket 's launch is successful , and Raven spacewalks to the Ark to dock the rocket pod . After programming power for the Ark , Clarke runs to the lab with the death wave right behind her , but upon arriving , she is revealed to have been affected by the radiation . On the Ark , the group almost runs out of air before the oxygen generator is installed . Six years and seven days later , Clarke is revealed to have survived the death wave along with a young nightblood girl . While Clarke tries to make contact with the Ark , a spacecraft lands on Earth . Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 59 `` Eden '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) T27. 13551 1.43 In a flashback to six weeks after Praimfaya , Clarke searches for food and water in the rover , first going to Polis where she tries to dig out the bunker , then to Arkadia where she finds Maya 's MP3 player among other people 's possessions as well as Jasper 's goggles and a suicide letter addressed to Monty . She then drives to the Dead Zone , where the rover breaks down in a storm . She follows a bird , at one stage considering suicide , and discovers the Eden Valley . She finds a room of dead people , then a young nightblood girl who runs from her . Clarke follows her and tries to get acquainted with her , which does n't work until Clarke draws a sketch of her . The time jumps back to six years after Praimfaya , where Clarke and the Nightblood , Madi , are living together . Raven and the other six on the Go - Sci Ring try to boost signals to contact the Bunker , when they see the Eligius ship . Clarke watches the passengers de-board the ship , where they roam the area and almost kill Madi , before Clarke jumps in . Echo tells Bellamy she is afraid of returning to the ground . Octavia watches over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death . 60 `` Red Queen '' P.J. Pesce Terri Hughes Burton May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) T27. 13552 1.02 Shortly after Praimfaya , the clan delegates discuss punishment for a thief . Kane and Abby hear Clarke knocking on the bunker , and when they try to open it , they discover it has been sealed shut due to the rubble from Polis . A Skaikru rebel stages a coup and locks several Skaikru members in the farm area . While grounders gather the remaining Skaikru not in the farm area , Jaha is stabbed . Octavia spares him due to his expertise as an engineer . With Jaha , Indra , and Gaia 's help , Octavia resolves the problem of opening the farm area door and proves herself to be a capable leader . When many grounders question her leadership , she kills them , telling them they are Wonkru , or they are against Wonkru . Those remaining bow before her . After opening the door , Octavia , Kane , and Abby rush to Jaha 's aid . As Kane recites the Skaikru prayer , Jaha dies of his injuries . As punishment for Kara and the guilty Skaikru involved in the coup , Octavia instructs them to fight to the death . Kara emerges victorious . Six years later , Octavia and her advisers watch over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death . The next batch of combatants are brought in , Kane among them . 61 `` Sleeping Giants '' Tim Scanlan Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) T27. 13553 1.08 Clarke and Madi hide from the Eligius crew , while Diyoza sends McCreary to find them and interrogate them . He captures Clarke and brings her to Diyoza . To make Clarke talk , she orders Madi shot on sight . Clarke promises to tell her everything . Raven and the others board the Eligius IV ship in space and find a way to Earth . Monty and Murphy argue over returning to Earth , when Echo finds a lab of cryogenically frozen prisoners . One prisoner is remotely woken up by the prisoners on the ground and attacks Bellamy , who kills him . In order to leverage the frozen prisoners against Diyoza , Raven stays behind . Bellamy objects until Raven tells him of an escape pod that she can use to go to Earth . Bellamy , Echo , Monty , Harper and Emori safely make their way back to the ground . Murphy stays behind with Raven and learns that there is no escape pod and they are trapped . The Eligius men find Bellamy and the others . Shortly after , Madi kills the Eligius men and guides them to Clarke . McCreary uses a shock collar on Clarke . Bellamy arrives , telling Diyoza that 283 frozen people will be killed if they do n't release Clarke . 62 `` Pandora 's Box '' Dean White Charmaine DeGrate May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) T27. 13554 1.07 Octavia punishes Kane for stealing medicine , which is a crime against Wonkru . Bellamy and Clarke reunite after he brokers a deal with Diyoza . Diyoza outwardly accepts the deal but still tries to hack into the Eligius mainframe . Bellamy and Clarke , with the help of Diyoza and McCreary , break into the bunker and rescue everyone inside . Octavia is the first to be lifted onto the ground . Miles opens the docking bay doors to Eligius 4 in an attempt to kill Raven and Murphy , but they counter by waking up the frozen prisoners . The Eligius warriors on the ground break the deal and take Kane and Abby . As they attempt to fire missiles at Wonkru , they find that Raven has changed the launch codes . They fly to retrieve Raven while Octavia tells Wonkru to prepare for war . 63 5 `` Shifting Sands '' Omar Madha Nick Bragg May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) T27. 13555 0.94 Diyoza orders Kane and Abby to help and cure Vinson , while Octavia takes her people to march on Shallow Valley . McCreary tortures Raven and threatens to kill Murphy to find out how to turn their weapons system back on ; Miles stops him with a gun to his head and reveals to Raven and Murphy that he was the one who disabled them . Abby tells Diyoza she does n't know if she can help Vinson . Murphy escapes with Miles ' help and Echo finds him . She , Murphy , Harper , Emori , Monty and Madi set out to find Bellamy , but McCreary activates Murphy 's shock collar , leaving him with Emori while the rest keep on the journey . A Wonkru warrior dies and worms pop out of his chest . Octavia and Wonkru retreat , as the four in the van arrive . Octavia angrily witness Bellamy and Echo 's reunion , as do a reconciling Madi and Clarke . 64 6 `` Exit Wounds '' Michael Blundell Drew Lindo June 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 05 ) T27. 13556 0.92 Octavia finally meets her biggest fan - Madi - who she believes survived Praimfaya by way of synthetic Nightblood from Clarke 's bone marrow . Clarke tells Madi that if Wonkru knew she was born a Nightblood , that they would want her to challenge Octavia for leadership . Octavia confronts Bellamy over his relationship with Echo , telling Echo that her banishment has not been lifted . Then , Diyoza 's ship arrives delivering apples and telling the Grounders that they will accept anyone that wishes to defect from Octavia . Eventually , Octavia offers Echo a deal : spy on her people and report anyone that plans to defect in exchange for her banishment to be lifted . Bellamy works with Monty to figure out how to stop Diyoza 's eye in the sky . Monty eventually deduces that he will need to access the inside of their firewall to get it done ; Echo , who has decided not to turn in any of the defectors , offers to instead go undercover as a defector so that she can breach Diyoza 's camp and get Monty into the firewall . Octavia eventually agrees , but still sends Cooper to shoot defectors as they attempt to leave Polis . Emori attempts to remove Murphy 's shock collar , initially without luck . During their time , he asks why she broke up with him . She tells him that he pushed her away , which he says was due to her spending more time with Raven , which apparently made him jealous . Eventually , they get the collar removed and set up an explosive trap for McReary and two other Eligius prisoners . Successful , they kiss and almost sleep together , before McReary emerges from the explosion , alive . They decide to keep him as a hostage . Clarke becomes paranoid that Octavia will figure out that Madi is a true Nightblood , given that Niylah and Gaia both figured it out . She tells Madi that they 're going to go with the defectors , but Madi points out that doing so would likely result in Diyoza killing Clarke . Clarke insists that the risk is worth it , but Madi ends up going to Octavia with the truth to protect Clarke . Octavia tells Clarke that she wo n't allow anything to happen to Madi , but that Madi will now train as a new Wonkru warrior . Echo successfully infiltrates Diyoza 's coup , though she and the other defectors are made to wear shock collars . 65 7 `` Acceptable Losses '' Mairzee Almas Jeff Vlaming June 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) TBA TBD 66 8 `` How We Get to Peace '' Antonio Negret Lauren Muir June 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) TBA TBD The twelfth episode of the season was directed by Justine Juel Gillmer . The thirteenth episode of the season , which also serves as the season finale , will be titled `` Damocles , Part 2 '' . Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' March 19 , 2014 0.9 / 3 2.73 `` Earth Skills '' March 26 , 2014 0.7 / 2 2.27 `` Earth Kills '' April 2 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.90 `` Murphy 's Law '' April 9 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.69 5 `` Twilight 's Last Gleaming '' April 16 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.80 6 `` His Sister 's Keeper '' April 23 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.97 7 `` Contents Under Pressure '' April 30 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.88 8 `` Day Trip '' May 7 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.64 9 `` Unity Day '' May 14 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.73 10 `` I Am Become Death '' May 21 , 2014 0.5 / 1 1.46 11 `` The Calm '' May 28 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.71 12 `` We Are Grounders -- Part I '' June 4 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.58 13 `` We Are Grounders -- Part II '' June 11 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.68 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` The 48 '' October 22 , 2014 0.5 / 1 1.54 `` Inclement Weather '' October 29 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.48 `` Reapercussions '' November 5 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.68 `` Many Happy Returns '' November 12 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.75 5 `` Human Trials '' November 19 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.64 6 `` Fog of War '' December 3 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.86 7 `` Long Into an Abyss '' December 10 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.62 8 `` Spacewalker '' December 17 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.40 9 `` Remember Me '' January 21 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.48 10 `` Survival of the Fittest '' January 28 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.53 11 `` Coup de Grace '' February 4 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.51 12 `` Rubicon '' February 11 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.36 13 `` Resurrection '' February 18 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.42 14 `` Bodyguard of Lies '' February 25 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.55 15 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part One '' March 4 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.49 16 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part Two '' March 11 , 2015 0.4 / 1 1.34 Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Wanheda : Part One '' January 21 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.88 0.4 1.01 2.89 `` Wanheda : Part Two '' January 28 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.63 0.4 0.9 1.0 2.54 `` Ye Who Enter Here '' February 4 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.57 N / A 0.92 N / A 2.48 `` Watch the Thrones '' February 11 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.32 N / A 0.89 N / A 2.21 5 `` Hakeldama '' February 18 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.36 0.4 0.96 0.9 2.32 6 `` Bitter Harvest '' February 25 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.41 N / A 0.88 N / A 2.29 7 `` Thirteen '' March 3 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.39 N / A 0.80 N / A 2.19 8 `` Terms and Conditions '' March 10 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.20 0.4 0.92 0.8 2.13 9 `` Stealing Fire '' March 31 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.23 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.99 10 `` Fallen '' April 7 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.13 0.4 0.79 0.8 1.98 11 `` Nevermore '' April 14 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.08 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.83 12 `` Demons '' April 21 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.15 0.3 0.74 0.7 1.89 13 `` Join or Die '' April 28 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.27 0.4 0.75 0.8 2.02 14 `` Red Sky at Morning '' May 5 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.13 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.88 15 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part One '' May 12 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.17 0.3 0.72 0.7 1.89 16 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part Two '' May 19 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.29 0.3 0.79 0.8 2.08 Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Echoes '' February 1 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.21 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.97 `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' February 8 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.01 0.3 0.78 0.7 1.79 `` The Four Horsemen '' February 15 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.05 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80 `` A Lie Guarded '' February 22 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.00 0.3 0.70 0.7 1.69 5 `` The Tinder Box '' March 1 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.02 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` We Will Rise '' March 15 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.73 0.7 1.72 7 `` Gimme Shelter '' March 22 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.90 0.3 0.74 0.6 1.63 8 `` God Complex '' March 29 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.97 0.3 0.68 0.6 1.65 9 `` DNR '' April 26 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.81 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Die All , Die Merrily '' May 3 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.85 0.3 0.54 0.6 1.42 11 `` The Other Side '' May 10 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.86 0.3 0.66 0.6 1.52 12 `` The Chosen '' May 17 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.83 0.2 0.57 0.5 1.40 13 `` Praimfaya '' May 24 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 0.3 0.59 0.6 1.50 Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Eden '' April 24 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.43 0.4 0.91 0.8 2.34 `` Red Queen '' May 1 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.02 0.4 0.93 0.7 1.95 `` Sleeping Giants '' May 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.08 0.3 0.89 0.7 1.97 `` Pandora 's Box '' May 15 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.07 0.4 0.77 0.7 1.84 5 `` Shifting Sands '' May 22 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.94 0.3 0.88 0.6 1.82 6 `` Exit Wounds '' June 5 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.92 TBD TBD TBD TBD The 100 : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Ep. 14 Ep. 15 Ep. 16 2.73 2.27 1.90 1.69 1.80 1.97 1.88 1.64 1.73 1.46 1.71 1.58 1.68 N / A 1.54 1.48 1.68 1.75 1.64 1.86 1.62 1.40 1.48 1.53 1.51 1.36 1.42 1.55 1.49 1.34 1.88 1.63 1.57 1.32 1.36 1.41 1.39 1.20 1.23 1.13 1.08 1.15 1.27 1.13 1.17 1.29 1.21 1.01 1.05 1.00 1.02 0.98 0.90 0.97 0.81 0.85 0.86 0.83 0.91 N / A 5 1.43 1.02 1.08 1.07 0.94 0.92 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ellis , Kate . `` Dangerous planet Earth : The CW 's new sci - fi drama ' The 100 ' premieres '' . TV Media . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Sets Midseason Schedule & New Series Premiere Dates ; ' The Tomorrow People ' Moving to Monday '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James Hibberd ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW orders 3 new sci - fi shows '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` UPDATE : CW 's ' The Tomorrow People ' , ' The 100 ' , ' Reign ' & ' Oxygen ' Ordered To Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW Orders 4 Dramas ; Renews ' Carrie Diaries , ' ' Nikita ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 100 , THE ( CW ) '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreev , Nellie ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' Renewed For Season 5 By CW '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreev , Nellie ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets ' Life Sentence ' , ' iZombie ' , ' The 100 ' & ' The Originals ' Premiere Dates , Moves ' Dynasty ' To Friday -- TCA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' The 100 ' Renewed for Season 6 by CW '' . Variety . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Wilken , Selina ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' season 5 will be 13 episodes , ' no conversations ' about ending the series '' . Hypable . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wilken , Selina ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' The 100 ' season 5 to move to 8 pm , season finale date announced '' . Hypable . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mixology ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law and Order : SVU ' & ' Mixology ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' The 100 ' or ' So You Think You Can Dance ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Motive ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings for Stanley Cup Finals : Game 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Motive ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment to ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' black - ish ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ′ Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ′ Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' , ' Red Band Society ' or ' Nashville ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Arrow ' , ' Modern Family ' or ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' or ' The Sing - Off ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Empire ' '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' , ' The 100 ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Suvivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' Adjusted Up '' . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI : Cyber ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up , CW premieres hold , ' My Diet ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Apocalypse ' premiere and all other shows hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Mom ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' and ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Scandal ' adjusts up , 4 CBS shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Scandal , ' ' Life in Pieces ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Odd Couple ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Bones ' adjust up , ' 2 Broke Girls ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up ; ' Odd Couple , ' ' Mom ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Mom ' and ' Rush Hour ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Bones ' adjusts up , ' The Catch ' finale and ' Game of Silence ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Black - ish ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' NCIS ' finales adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 507 ) `` Acceptable Losses '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 508 ) `` How We Get to Peace '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ JusJuel ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` It has been a priviledge . Genuinely . And we 've got a long ass time til my episode 512 so I 'll stick around here like a lurker for a while : ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' lead week 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' stay on top for April 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' finale tops the week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The 100 episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_100_episodes&oldid=846496467 '' Categories : The 100 Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Magyar Polski Português Русский Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 03 : 41 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
when does the new episode of the 100
[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n59\n1\n\"Eden\"\nDean White\nJason Rothenberg\nApril 24, 2018 (2018-04-24)\nT27.13551\n1.43[75]\n\n\nIn a flashback to six weeks after Praimfaya, Clarke searches for food and water in the rover, first going to Polis where she tries to dig out the bunker, then to Arkadia where she finds Maya's MP3 player among other people's possessions as well as Jasper's goggles and a suicide letter addressed to Monty. She then drives to the Dead Zone, where the rover breaks down in a storm. She follows a bird, at one stage considering suicide, and discovers the Eden Valley. She finds a room of dead people, then a young nightblood girl who runs from her. Clarke follows her and tries to get acquainted with her, which doesn't work until Clarke draws a sketch of her. The time jumps back to six years after Praimfaya, where Clarke and the Nightblood, Madi, are living together. Raven and the other six on the Go-Sci Ring try to boost signals to contact the Bunker, when they see the Eligius ship. Clarke watches the passengers de-board the ship, where they roam the area and almost kill Madi, before Clarke jumps in. Echo tells Bellamy she is afraid of returning to the ground. Octavia watches over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death.\n\n\n60\n2\n\"Red Queen\"\nP. J. Pesce\nTerri Hughes Burton\nMay 1, 2018 (2018-05-01)\nT27.13552\n1.02[76]\n\n\nShortly after Praimfaya, the clan delegates discuss punishment for a thief. Kane and Abby hear Clarke knocking on the bunker, and when they try to open it, they discover it has been sealed shut due to the rubble from Polis. A Skaikru rebel stages a coup and locks several Skaikru members in the farm area. While grounders gather the remaining Skaikru not in the farm area, Jaha is stabbed. Octavia spares him due to his expertise as an engineer. With Jaha, Indra, and Gaia's help, Octavia resolves the problem of opening the farm area door and proves herself to be a capable leader. When many grounders question her leadership, she kills them, telling them they are Wonkru, or they are against Wonkru. Those remaining bow before her. After opening the door, Octavia, Kane, and Abby rush to Jaha's aid. As Kane recites the Skaikru prayer, Jaha dies of his injuries. As punishment for Kara and the guilty Skaikru involved in the coup, Octavia instructs them to fight to the death. Kara emerges victorious. Six years later, Octavia and her advisers watch over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death. The next batch of combatants are brought in, Kane among them.\n\n\n61\n3\n\"Sleeping Giants\"\nTim Scanlan\nAaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre\nMay 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)\nT27.13553\n1.08[77]\n\n\nClarke and Madi hide from the Eligius crew, while Diyoza sends McCreary to find them and interrogate them. He captures Clarke and brings her to Diyoza. To make Clarke talk, she orders Madi shot on sight. Clarke promises to tell her everything. Raven and the others board the Eligius IV ship in space and find a way to Earth. Monty and Murphy argue over returning to Earth, when Echo finds a lab of cryogenically frozen prisoners. One prisoner is remotely woken up by the prisoners on the ground and attacks Bellamy, who kills him. In order to leverage the frozen prisoners against Diyoza, Raven stays behind. Bellamy objects until Raven tells him of an escape pod that she can use to go to Earth. Bellamy, Echo, Monty, Harper and Emori safely make their way back to the ground. Murphy stays behind with Raven and learns that there is no escape pod and they are trapped. The Eligius men find Bellamy and the others. Shortly after, Madi kills the Eligius men and guides them to Clarke. McCreary uses a shock collar on Clarke. Bellamy arrives, telling Diyoza that 283 frozen people will be killed if they don't release Clarke.\n\n\n62\n4\n\"Pandora's Box\"\nDean White\nCharmaine DeGrate\nMay 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)\nT27.13554\n1.07[78]\n\n\nOctavia punishes Kane for stealing medicine, which is a crime against Wonkru. Bellamy and Clarke reunite after he brokers a deal with Diyoza. Diyoza outwardly accepts the deal but still tries to hack into the Eligius mainframe. Bellamy and Clarke, with the help of Diyoza and McCreary, break into the bunker and rescue everyone inside. Octavia is the first to be lifted onto the ground. Miles opens the docking bay doors to Eligius 4 in an attempt to kill Raven and Murphy, but they counter by waking up the frozen prisoners. The Eligius warriors on the ground break the deal and take Kane and Abby. As they attempt to fire missiles at Wonkru, they find that Raven has changed the launch codes. They fly to retrieve Raven while Octavia tells Wonkru to prepare for war.\n\n\n63\n5\n\"Shifting Sands\"\nOmar Madha\nNick Bragg\nMay 22, 2018 (2018-05-22)\nT27.13555\n0.94[79]\n\n\nDiyoza orders Kane and Abby to help and cure Vinson, while Octavia takes her people to march on Shallow Valley. McCreary tortures Raven and threatens to kill Murphy to find out how to turn their weapons system back on; Miles stops him with a gun to his head and reveals to Raven and Murphy that he was the one who disabled them. Abby tells Diyoza she doesn't know if she can help Vinson. Murphy escapes with Miles' help and Echo finds him. She, Murphy, Harper, Emori, Monty and Madi set out to find Bellamy, but McCreary activates Murphy's shock collar, leaving him with Emori while the rest keep on the journey. A Wonkru warrior dies and worms pop out of his chest. Octavia and Wonkru retreat, as the four in the van arrive. Octavia angrily witness Bellamy and Echo's reunion, as do a reconciling Madi and Clarke.\n\n\n64\n6\n\"Exit Wounds\"\nMichael Blundell\nDrew Lindo\nJune 5, 2018 (2018-06-05)\nT27.13556\n0.92[80]\n\n\nOctavia finally meets her biggest fan-Madi-who she believes survived Praimfaya by way of synthetic Nightblood from Clarke's bone marrow. Clarke tells Madi that if Wonkru knew she was born a Nightblood, that they would want her to challenge Octavia for leadership. Octavia confronts Bellamy over his relationship with Echo, telling Echo that her banishment has not been lifted. Then, Diyoza's ship arrives delivering apples and telling the Grounders that they will accept anyone that wishes to defect from Octavia. Eventually, Octavia offers Echo a deal: spy on her people and report anyone that plans to defect in exchange for her banishment to be lifted. Bellamy works with Monty to figure out how to stop Diyoza's eye in the sky. Monty eventually deduces that he will need to access the inside of their firewall to get it done; Echo, who has decided not to turn in any of the defectors, offers to instead go undercover as a defector so that she can breach Diyoza's camp and get Monty into the firewall. Octavia eventually agrees, but still sends Cooper to shoot defectors as they attempt to leave Polis. Emori attempts to remove Murphy's shock collar, initially without luck. During their time, he asks why she broke up with him. She tells him that he pushed her away, which he says was due to her spending more time with Raven, which apparently made him jealous. Eventually, they get the collar removed and set up an explosive trap for McReary and two other Eligius prisoners. Successful, they kiss and almost sleep together, before McReary emerges from the explosion, alive. They decide to keep him as a hostage. Clarke becomes paranoid that Octavia will figure out that Madi is a true Nightblood, given that Niylah and Gaia both figured it out. She tells Madi that they're going to go with the defectors, but Madi points out that doing so would likely result in Diyoza killing Clarke. Clarke insists that the risk is worth it, but Madi ends up going to Octavia with the truth to protect Clarke. Octavia tells Clarke that she won't allow anything to happen to Madi, but that Madi will now train as a new Wonkru warrior. Echo successfully infiltrates Diyoza's coup, though she and the other defectors are made to wear shock collars.\n\n\n65\n7\n\"Acceptable Losses\"[81]\nMairzee Almas\nJeff Vlaming\nJune 19, 2018 (2018-06-19)\nTBA\nTBD\n\n\n66\n8\n\"How We Get to Peace\"[82]\nAntonio Negret\nLauren Muir\nJune 26, 2018 (2018-06-26)\nTBA\nTBD\n\n" ]
[ "June 26, 2018" ]
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Batman (comic book)
Batman ( comic book ) - wikipedia Batman ( comic book ) Batman Cover of Batman # 1 ( Spring 1940 ) ; art by Bob Kane and Jerry Robinson . Publication information Publisher DC Comics Schedule List ( show ) Quarterly : # 1 - 5 Bimonthly : # 6 - 80 ; # 254 - 259 Eight times a year : # 81 - 168 Nine times a year : # 169 - 177 ; # 238 - 246 10 times a year : # 178 - 237 Seven times a year : # 247 - 253 11 times a year : # 260 - 270 Monthly : # 271 - 715 except for biweekly status for # 436 - 439 , 448 - 453 , 464 - 469 , 477 - 482 , 492 - 497 , 627 - 628 , 643 - 644 , 660 - 661 , 682 - 683 , and 691 - 692 Format Ongoing series Genre Superhero Publication date List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) Spring 1940 -- August 2011 ( vol. 2 ) November 2011 -- July 2016 ( vol. 3 ) August 2016 -- present No. of issues List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) : 715 ( # 1 -- 713 plus issues numbered 0 and 1,000,000 ) 1 Special and 28 Annuals ( vol. 2 ) : 57 ( # 1 -- 52 plus issues numbered 0 and 23.1 through 23.4 ) and 4 Annuals ( vol. 3 ) : 52 , Rebirth one - shot , and 2 Annuals ( as of March 2018 ) Main character ( s ) Batman `` Batman Family '' Creative team Written by List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) Bill Finger Don Cameron Denny O'Neil David V. Reed Len Wein Gerry Conway Grant Morrison ( vol. 2 ) Scott Snyder ( vol. 3 ) Tom King Penciller ( s ) List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) Bob Kane Jerry Robinson Dick Sprang Sheldon Moldoff Carmine Infantino Bob Brown Irv Novick Neal Adams Ernie Chan Mike Grell Don Newton Gene Colan Jim Aparo Tony Daniel ( vol. 2 ) Greg Capullo ( vol. 3 ) David Finch Mikel Janin Clay Mann Joëlle Jones Mitch Gerads Inker ( s ) List ( show ) Jerry Robinson Charles Paris Joe Giella Dick Giordano Frank McLaughlin Alfredo Alcala Sandu Florea ( vol. 2 ) Jonathan Glapion Danny Miki ( vol. 3 ) Danny Miki Colorist ( s ) List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) Adrienne Roy ( vol. 2 ) FCO Plascencia ( vol. 3 ) Jordie Bellaire June Chung Collected editions Dark Knight Archive Volume 1 ISBN 1 - 56389 - 050 - X Batman is an ongoing American comic book series featuring the DC Comics superhero Batman as its main protagonist . The character first appeared in Detective Comics # 27 ( cover dated May 1939 ) . Batman proved to be so popular that a self - titled ongoing comic book series began publication with a cover date of Spring 1940 . It was first advertised in early April 1940 , one month after the first appearance of his new sidekick , Robin , the Boy Wonder . Though the Batman comic book was initially launched as a quarterly publication , it later became a bimonthly series through the late 1950s , after which it became a monthly publication and has remained so since . In September 2011 , The New 52 rebooted DC 's continuity . In this new timeline , the original Batman series ended and was relaunched with a new first issue . In 2016 , DC Comics began a second relaunch of its entire line of titles called DC Rebirth . Batman ( vol. 3 ) # 1 ( August 2016 ) was the debut bimonthly relaunch of the comic book series . Contents 1 Publication history 1.1 The Golden Age 1.2 The Silver Age 1.3 The 1970s 1.4 The 1980s 1.5 1990s 1.6 2000s 1.6. 1 2000 -- 2003 1.6. 2 2003 -- 2006 1.6. 3 2006 -- 2009 1.7 2010s 1.7. 1 The New 52 1.7. 2 DC Rebirth 2 Annuals 3 Maturity of content 4 Significant issues 4.1 First appearances 5 Collected editions 5.1 Batman only 5.1. 1 New 52 ( 2011 - 2016 ) 5.1. 2 DC Rebirth ( 2016 - present ) 5.2 Batman ( collected with Detective Comics ) 5.3 Batman - wide crossovers 5.4 With non-Batman titles 6 See Also 7 References 8 External links Publication history ( edit ) See also : List of Batman comics The golden Age ( edit ) The character of Batman made his first appearance in the pages of Detective Comics # 27 in May 1939 . In Spring of 1940 , Batman # 1 was published and introduced new characters into Batman 's pantheon , most notably those of Catwoman and Batman 's eventual nemesis , the Joker . Alfred Pennyworth , the Wayne family butler , was introduced in issue # 16 ( April -- May 1943 ) . Editor Whitney Ellsworth assigned a Batman story to artist Dick Sprang in 1941 . Anticipating that Bob Kane would be drafted to serve in World War II , DC inventoried Sprang 's work to safeguard against delays . Sprang 's first published Batman work was the Batman and Robin figures on the cover of Batman # 18 ( Aug. - Sept. 1943 ) , reproduced from the art for page 13 of the later - published Detective Comics # 84 ( Feb. 1944 ) . Sprang 's first original published Batman work , and first interior - story work , appeared in Batman # 19 ( Oct. - Nov. 1943 ) , for which he drew the cover and the first three Batman stories , and penciled the fourth Batman story , inked by Norm Fallon . Like all Batman artists of the time , Sprang went uncredited as a ghost artist for Kane . Villains which debuted during this early era included the Mad Hatter in issue # 49 ( October 1948 ) and Killer Moth in issue # 63 ( February 1951 ) . In 1953 , Sheldon Moldoff became another one of the primary Batman ghost artists who , along with Win Mortimer and Dick Sprang , drew stories credited to Bob Kane , following Kane 's style and under Kane 's supervision . Bill Finger and Moldoff introduced Ace the Bat - Hound in # 92 ( June 1955 ) . The Silver Age ( edit ) The early part of the era known to comics fans and historians as the Silver Age of Comic Books saw the Batman title dabble in science fiction . New characters introduced included Mr. Freeze and Betty Kane , the original Bat - Girl . In 1964 , Julius Schwartz was made responsible for reviving the faded Batman titles . He jettisoned the sillier aspects that had crept into the series such as Ace the Bathound and Bat - Mite and gave the character a `` New Look '' that premiered in Detective Comics # 327 ( May 1964 ) . Schwartz 's first issue of the Batman title was # 164 ( June 1964 ) which was written by France Edward Herron and drawn by Sheldon Moldoff . The Riddler returned after an eighteen - year absence in # 171 ( May 1965 ) . Among the new villains introduced during this period was Poison Ivy in # 181 ( June 1966 ) . In the 1960s , Batman comics were affected by the popular Batman television series , with campy stories based on the tongue - in - cheek premise of the series . After the Batman television program 's influence had died down , writer Frank Robbins and artist Irv Novick sent Dick Grayson off to attend college and moved Batman out of Wayne Manor in issue # 217 ( December 1969 ) . The 1970s ( edit ) In 1971 , writer Dennis O'Neil and artist Neal Adams came aboard the title and re-infused it with the darker tones of the 1940s . O'Neil and Adams introduced a new villain named Ra 's al Ghul , and would also revitalize the Joker by bringing him back to his roots as a homicidal maniac who murders people on a whim . Batman # 237 ( December 1971 ) featured a metafictional story by O'Neil and Adams which featured several comics creators appearing in the story and interacting with Batman and Robin at the Rutland Halloween Parade in Rutland , Vermont . O'Neil said his work on the Batman series was `` simply to take it back to where it started . I went to the DC library and read some of the early stories . I tried to get a sense of what Kane and Finger were after . '' Comics historian Les Daniels observed that O'Neil's interpretation of Batman as a vengeful obsessive - compulsive , which he modestly describes as a return to the roots , was actually an act of creative imagination that has influenced every subsequent version of the Dark Knight . '' Issues # 254 ( Jan. -- Feb. 1974 ) to # 261 ( March -- April 1975 ) of the series were in the 100 Page Super Spectacular format . The series reached its 300th issue with a June 1978 cover date and featured a story by writer David Vern Reed and artists Walt Simonson and Dick Giordano . Len Wein became the writer of the series with issue # 307 ( January 1979 ) and in his first issue , created Wayne Foundation executive Lucius Fox , later portrayed by Morgan Freeman in the movies Batman Begins , The Dark Knight , and The Dark Knight Rises . Julius Schwartz ended his tenure as editor of the series with issue # 309 ( March 1979 ) . The 1980s ( edit ) Marv Wolfman briefly wrote Batman and co-created the Electrocutioner in issue # 331 ( Jan. 1981 ) . Roy Thomas had a brief sting on the series as well . Writer Gerry Conway and artist Don Newton introduced Jason Todd in Batman # 357 ( March 1983 ) . Todd would assume the costumed identity of Robin in issue # 368 ( February 1984 ) . Writer Doug Moench began his run on the title with issue # 360 and he and artist Tom Mandrake created the Black Mask character in Batman # 386 ( August 1985 ) . Moench 's longtime collaborator , artist Paul Gulacy made his DC Comics debut with a two - part story in issues # 393 and # 394 . The title reached its 400th issue in October 1986 and featured work by several popular comics artists and included an introduction by novelist Stephen King . Due to the events of the Crisis on Infinite Earths , the continuity of DC Comics was altered . Established characters were given the opportunity to be reintroduced in new ways . While the Batman series was not rebooted , writer Frank Miller , who had previously worked on the limited series The Dark Knight Returns , and artist David Mazzucchelli retold the character 's origin story for the new continuity in the monthly pages of Batman issues 404 -- 407 ( February -- May 1987 ) . The story , Batman : Year One , garnered high critical acclaim for its realistic interpretation of Batman 's genesis , and its accessibility to new readers who had never followed Batman before . IGN Comics ranked Batman : Year One at the top of a list of the 25 greatest Batman graphic novels , saying that `` no other book before or since has quite captured the realism , the grit and the humanity of Gordon and Batman so perfectly . '' Notable comic book creators Greg Rucka , Jeph Loeb , and Judd Winick have cited Year One as their favorite Batman story . Following `` Year One '' , writer Max Allan Collins and artist Chris Warner crafted a new origin for Jason Todd . Jim Starlin became the writer of Batman and one of his first storylines for the title was `` Ten Nights of The Beast '' in issues # 417 - 420 ( March -- June 1988 ) which introduced the KGBeast . During Starlin 's tenure on the title , DC Comics was becoming aware of the fanbase 's growing disdain for the character of Jason Todd , Following a cliffhanger in which the character 's life hangs in the balance , DC set up a 900 number hotline which gave callers the ability to vote for or against Jason Todd 's death . The kill option won by a narrow majority , and the following month the character was shown dying from wounds inflicted in the previous issue 's cliffhanger . The story , entitled `` A Death in the Family , '' received high media exposure due to the shocking nature in which a familiar character 's life had ended . Writer Marv Wolfman and artist Pat Broderick created Tim Drake in issue # 436 in the `` Batman : Year Three '' story and the character became the third version of Robin in the `` A Lonely Place of Dying '' storyline culminating in issue # 442 . 1990s ( edit ) Partially impacted by the tone of Tim Burton 's 1989 film Batman , the comics of the 1990s took a darker tone . The Tim Drake version of Robin was given a new costume designed by Neal Adams in issue # 457 ( December 1990 ) in a story by Alan Grant and Norm Breyfogle . The main writers of the Batman franchise in the 1990s were Grant , Doug Moench , and Chuck Dixon . Moench and Dixon masterminded the Knightfall crossover arc , which saw Batman 's back being broken by the super strong villain Bane . A new character , Jean - Paul Valley , takes up the Batman mantle in Bruce Wayne 's absence . Valley is driven mad with power , and Wayne forcefully reclaims it after his recovery . Moench and artist Kelley Jones co-created the Ogre in Batman # 535 ( Oct. 1996 ) . The Batman titles in 1999 were dominated by the large crossover `` No Man 's Land '' , which sees Gotham City ravaged by a large earthquake , leading to the U.S. government 's order to evacuate the city and abandoning and isolating those who choose to remain behind . Writer Greg Rucka adapted the story into a prose novel published in 2000 . 2000s ( edit ) 2000 -- 2003 ( edit ) After the conclusion to `` No Man 's Land '' and Greg Rucka 's move to Detective , the Batman title was handled for seven issues by writer Larry Hama and artist Scott McDaniel . At issue # 582 , Ed Brubaker became the writer of the series and kept a trend of gritty crime drama that included more grounded villains such as the Penguin , Brubaker 's new villain Zeiss , and Deadshot . Brubaker 's run received a short interruption with an arc title `` Officer Down '' , which depicted Commissioner Gordon being shot in the line of duty and ultimately retiring from the Gotham police force . From there , writer Brian K. Vaughan did a three - issue arc that focused on Batman 's created crime persona Matches Malone before Brubaker returned . The next crossover , masterminded by Brubaker and Rucka and titled `` Bruce Wayne : Murderer ? '' saw Bruce Wayne framed for the murder of his girlfriend and nearly abandoning his civilian identity altogether . For the # 600 issue , the series moved into the next phase of Wayne 's frame - up and featured three backup stories , which were presented as lost issues never before published from iconic eras in Batman 's history . `` Mystery of the Black Bat '' is presented in the style of Dick Sprang and `` Joker Tips His Hat ! '' is an homage to the 1960s stories by artists such as Gil Kane and Carmine Infantino . `` The Dark , Groovy , Solid , Far - out , Right - on , and Completely With - it Knight Returns '' is a humorous spin on Batman 's character trying to update himself into the eighties , and featured stand - up comedian Patton Oswalt 's comic writing debut . After the frame - up story concluded , Brubaker closed his run with two issues co-written with Geoff Johns . 2003 -- 2006 ( edit ) Writer Jeph Loeb and artist Jim Lee crafted a year - long story which began with issue # 608 , The `` Hush '' storyline was a murder mystery that delved through numerous periods in Batman 's history . Introducing a new character that was the story 's namesake , as well as redefining the Riddler , healing Harvey Dent , and calling into question the events surrounding Jason Todd 's death , Following the conclusion of Hush , the creative team of the Vertigo series 100 Bullets came aboard for a six - issue arc titled `` Broken City '' . Writer Judd Winick became the ongoing writer for the series and in a story titled `` Under the Hood '' , explained that Jason Todd had actually returned from the dead long ago , and became an anti-hero in Gotham under the guise of the Red Hood . After the Infinite Crisis series , all the regular monthly titles of the DC Universe jumped forward in time by one year , depicting the characters in radically different situations and environments than they were in the preceding issues . `` Face the Face '' , was written by James Robinson and saw Batman returning from a year - long overseas journey that retraced the steps he took after initially leaving Gotham City in his youth and featured the return of James Gordon to the role of Gotham City Police Commissioner . 2006 -- 2009 ( edit ) Grant Morrison began his long - form Batman narrative in issue # 655 . The first story , `` Batman and Son , '' reveals that Wayne is the father of a child named Damian , and attempts to steer the child away from the machinations of his mother , Talia al Ghul . From there , Morrison began an arc that saw an evil influential organization known as the Black Glove attempt to destroy everything Batman is and what he stands for . This culminated in the storyline Batman R.I.P. , where the Black Glove initially succeeds in doing so , but is thwarted by Bruce Wayne 's ability to preserve his sane mind while an erratic , alternate personality takes over . After stopping the Black Glove , Morrison moved Batman into his event series Final Crisis , where Batman appears to be killed by Darkseid . In actuality , he was transported to the distant past and stranded there . Neil Gaiman wrote issue # 686 , which was the first part of a story titled Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader ? It served as a quasi-send off to a generation of Batman stories , much the same way as Alan Moore 's Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow ? did for Superman , and continued into an issue of Detective Comics . After this , the main Batman series went on hiatus while the Battle for the Cowl mini-series would have Dick Grayson assume the role of Batman in the wake of Bruce Wayne 's disappearance from the present - day DC Universe . Grant Morrison stayed involved in writing Batman , but moved to a new series titled Batman and Robin , which followed the exploits of Grayson as Batman and Damian Wayne as the new Robin . Writer Judd Winick temporarily returned to the title for Grayson 's first solo arc as Batman , before handing the writing and art duties off to Tony Daniel . 2010s ( edit ) Daniel remained the main writer on the series until issue # 699 . The title reached a milestone with the publication of Batman # 700 ( August 2010 ) , which saw the return of Grant Morrison to the title and a collaboration with an art team that consisted of Daniel , Frank Quitely , Andy Kubert , and David Finch . The separate stories tied together to illustrate that the legacy of Batman is unending , and will survive into the furthest reaches of time . Morrison stayed on as writer on the series through issue # 702 , while simultaneously writing the Batman and Robin series and The Return of Bruce Wayne mini-series . Tony Daniel resumed writing and art duties with issue # 704 . Even after Bruce Wayne 's return , Dick Grayson remained the star of this title through its final year , as well as being the main character in Batman and Robin and Detective Comics . Bruce Wayne starred in two new titles , Batman Incorporated and Batman : The Dark Knight . On June 1 , 2011 , it was announced that all series taking place within the shared DC Universe would be either canceled or relaunched with new # 1 issues , after a new continuity was created in the wake of the Flashpoint event . Batman was no exception , and the first issue of the new series was released on September 21 , 2011 . The new 52 ( edit ) Cover of Batman vol. 2 , # 1 ( Nov. 2011 ) . Art by Greg Capullo and Jonathan Glapion DC Comics relaunched Batman with issue # 1 in September 2011 , written by Scott Snyder and drawn by Greg Capullo , as part of DC 's company - wide title relaunch , The New 52 . As with all of the books associated with the DC relaunch , Bruce Wayne appears to be about five years younger than the previous incarnation of the character . Superheroes at large have appeared only in the past five years , and are viewed with , at best , suspicion , and , at worst , outright hostility . All of the characters that have served as Robin , except Stephanie Brown , have been accounted for as still having served at Batman 's side in the new continuity . The stories build on recent developments , with most of the character 's previous history remaining intact , and Bruce Wayne is again the only Batman , with Dick Grayson having returned to his role as Nightwing . The first story arc of the title , `` The Court of Owls '' , focuses on Batman 's discovery of a secret society in Gotham City that he had never known about before , dating back to the time of Gotham 's founding and his ancestor Alan Wayne , and his battles against the Talons , the agents of the Court of Owls . This led to the first major New 52 crossover , `` Night of the Owls '' . The finale of the story sees Thomas Wayne Jr. as the head Talon of the Court of Owls in Gotham . The second arc was named `` Death of the Family '' , a name - play on the `` Batman : A Death in the Family '' . It picked up on the cliffhanger involving the Joker from Tony Daniel 's run on Detective Comics . Talon , a spin - off of the `` Court of Owls '' storyline , launched in September 2012 and focused on a rogue Talon from the Court . After a storyline involving Clayface and a one shot dealing with the aftermath of `` Death of the Family '' , Snyder 's next arc was `` Batman : Zero Year '' . This followed up on Batman # 0 and retold how Bruce Wayne became Batman , not done since Frank Miller 's `` Batman : Year One '' . The `` Endgame '' storyline ran from October 2014 to April 2015 , and concluded with the apparent deaths of both Batman and the Joker . James Gordon , having taken on the Batman mantle , became the main character of the series in June 2015 . In the `` Superheavy '' storyline , James Gordon encounters a new super villain , Mr. Bloom , who is distributing various seed - like devices that grant its user extraordinary superpowers at the cost of their lives to select few individuals . It is also revealed the Bruce Wayne is alive and has started a new life at the Lucius Fox Center for Gotham Youth alongside Julie Madison who Bruce has started a relationship with . Gordon is able to subdue Bloom but multiple Mr. Bloom doppelgangers arrive and begin their attack on Gotham City . During an encounter with Duke Thomas , Bruce begins to regain his memories and realizes that he is Batman . He returns to Wayne Manor and forces Alfred to bring Batman back . Using a machine that Batman planned to use to implant his memories into clones to continue his lineage , Bruce tries to regain his memories but fails repeatedly whenever he reaches the point of near - brain death . He decides to invoke brain death so that his old memories can be returned to him . He is then revived with his original memories . Bruce dons a new Batsuit and heads out to face Bloom . Batman arrives and dispatches the Bloom doppelgangers and cuffs Gordon to a helicopter , not wanting him to risk further injury . Duke Thomas discovers that Daryl Gutierrez is the original Mr. Bloom , having created the seeds to give Gotham 's citizens the power to protect themselves until one of his ' victims ' took his seeds and identity , becoming Mr. Bloom . Duke dispatches Daryl just as Bruce using a giant mecha Batsuit and Jim in his own mecha Batsuit battle Mr. Bloom and defeat him . Jim Gordon is made the Commissioner of the GCPD once again and Bruce thanks him for protecting Gotham in his stead . Bruce approaches Duke Thomas with an offer and soon returns to watching over Gotham once more . DC Rebirth ( edit ) Cover of Batman vol. 3 , # 1 ( Aug. 2016 ) . Art by David Finch and Jordie Bellaire As part of DC Rebirth , Batman was relaunched with a Batman : Rebirth one - shot and began shipping twice - monthly , starting with Batman vol. 3 # 1 in June 2016 ( cover dated Aug. 2016 ) . The series is written by Tom King and drawn by David Finch and Mikel Janín . The series saw the introduction of two vigilantes , Gotham and Gotham Girl . Annuals ( edit ) The Batman series has had annuals published beginning in 1961 . Seven issues of Batman Annual were published from 1961 -- Summer 1964 . An additional 17 issues were published from 1982 to 2000 and the numbering continued from the 1961 series . Writer Mike W. Barr and artist Trevor Von Eeden crafted Batman Annual # 8 ( 1982 ) and Von Eeden has noted that it is `` the book I 'm most proud of , in my 25 year career at DC Comics . I was able to ink it myself , and also got my girlfriend at the time , Lynn Varley , to colour it - her first job in comics . '' Four more annuals were published from 2006 to 2011 , again with the numbering continued from the previous series . In 2012 , a new annual series was begun with a # 1 issue . Maturity of content ( edit ) The first stories appearing in the Batman comic book were written by Bill Finger and illustrated by Bob Kane , though Finger went uncredited for years thereafter . These early stories depicted a vengeful Batman , not hesitant to kill when he saw it as a necessary sacrifice . In one of the early stories he is depicted using a gun and metal bat to stop a group of giant assailants and again with a group of average criminals . The Joker , a psychopath who is notorious for using a special toxin that kills and mutilates his victims , remains one of the most prolific and notorious Batman villains created in this time period . Later , during the Silver Age , this type of super-villain changed from disturbing psychological assaults to the use of amusing gimmicks . Typically , the primary challenges that the Batman faced in this era were derived from villains who were purely evil ; however , by the 1970s , the motivations of these characters , including obsessive compulsion , child abuse , and environmental fanaticism , were being explored more thoroughly . Batman himself also underwent a transformation and became a much less one - dimensional character , struggling with deeply rooted internal conflicts . Although not canonical , Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns introduced a significant evolution of the Batman 's character in his eponymous series ; he became uncompromising and relentless in his struggle to revitalize Gotham . The Batman often exhibited behavior that Gotham 's elite labeled as excessively violent as well as antisocial tendencies . This aspect of the Batman 's personality was also toned down considerably in the wake of the DC - wide crossover Infinite Crisis , wherein Batman experienced a nervous breakdown and reconsidered his philosophy and approaches to his relationships . Currently , the Batman 's attributes and personality are said to have been greatly influenced by the traditional characterization by Dennis O'Neil and Neal Adams ' portrayals during the 1970s , although hints of the Miller interpretation appear in certain aspects of his character . Significant issues ( edit ) First appearances ( edit ) Appearance Issue Number Month / Year The Joker # 1 Spring 1940 Catwoman as `` The Cat '' # 1 Spring 1940 Gotham City ( by name ) # 4 Winter 1941 Batmobile # 5 Spring 1941 Alfred Pennyworth # 16 April -- May 1943 The Mad Hatter # 49 October -- November 1948 Vicki Vale # 49 October -- November 1948 Deadshot # 59 June -- July 1950 Killer Moth # 63 February -- March 1951 Mr. Freeze as `` Mr. Zero '' # 121 February 1959 Batgirl ( Betty Kane ) # 139 April 1961 Poison Ivy # 181 June 1966 Ra 's al Ghul # 232 June 1971 Lucius Fox # 307 January 1979 The Snowman # 337 July 1981 Harvey Bullock # 361 June 1983 Black Mask # 386 August 1985 Holly Robinson # 404 February 1987 Sarah Essen Gordon # 405 March 1987 KGBeast # 417 March 1988 Tim Drake ( later Robin III ) # 436 August 1989 Shondra Kinsolving # 486 February 1992 Cassandra Cain ( later Batgirl IV ) # 567 July 1999 David Cain # 567 July 1999 Hush # 609 January 2003 Red Hood ( Jason Todd ) # 635 December 2004 Damian Wayne # 655 September 2006 Terry McGinnis # 700 June 2010 Court of Owls ( vol. 2 ) # 1 September 2011 Mister Bloom ( vol. 2 ) # 43 October 2015 Gotham Girl ( vol. 3 ) # 1 August 2016 Collected editions ( edit ) See also : List of Batman comics § Reprint collections Batman only ( edit ) Batman : The Dark Knight Archives : Volume 1 collects Batman # 1 - 4 , 224 pages , January 1992 , ISBN 978 - 1563890505 Volume 2 collects Batman # 5 - 8 , 244 pages , November 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1563891830 Volume 3 collects Batman # 9 -- 12 , 224 pages , June 2000 , ISBN 978 - 1563896156 Volume 4 collects Batman # 13 -- 16 , 224 pages , August 2003 , ISBN 978 - 1563899836 Volume 5 collects Batman # 17 -- 20 , 212 pages , November 2006 , ISBN 978 - 1401207786 Volume 6 collects Batman # 21 -- 25 , 228 pages , December 2009 , ISBN 978 - 1401225476 Volume 7 collects Batman # 26 -- 31 , 264 pages , December 2010 , ISBN 978 - 1401228941 Volume 8 collects Batman # 32 - 37 , 248 pages , January 2013 , ISBN 978 - 1401237448 Batman : The Strange Deaths of Batman includes Batman # 291 - 294 , 160 pages , January 2009 , ISBN 978 - 1401221744 Batman : Second Chances includes Batman # 402 - 403 , # 408 - 416 , Annual 11 , 280 pages , July 2015 , ISBN 978 - 1401255183 Batman : Year One collects Batman # 404 -- 407 , 136 pages , March 1988 hardcover , ISBN 9781401206901 , softcover , June 1988 , ISBN 978 - 1401207526 Batman : Ten Nights of The Beast collects Batman # 417 -- 420 , 96 pages , October 1994 , ISBN 978 - 1563891557 Batman : A Death in the Family collects Batman # 426 -- 429 , 148 pages , November 1988 , ISBN 978 - 1401232740 Batman : The Many Deaths of the Batman collects Batman # 433 -- 435 , 72 pages , March 1992 , ISBN 978 - 1563890338 Batman : Hush : Volume 1 collects Batman # 608 -- 612 , 128 pages , August 2004 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 0060 - 2 ) Volume 2 collects Batman # 613 -- 619 , 192 pages , November 2004 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 0092 - 3 ) Absolute Edition collects Batman # 608 -- 619 , 372 pages , December 2011 , ISBN 1 - 4012 - 0426 - 0 ) Batman : Broken City collects Batman # 620 -- 625 , 144 pages , May 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1401202149 Batman : As the Crow Flies collects Batman # 626 -- 630 , 128 pages , March 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1840239140 Batman : Under the Hood Vol. 1 collects Batman # 635 - 641 , 176 pages , November 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1401207564 Vol. 2 collects Batman # 645 - 650 and Batman Annual # 25 , 192 pages , June 2006 , ISBN 978 - 1401209018 Batman and Son collects Batman # 655 -- 658 , 663 -- 666 , 128 pages , hardcover , August 2007 , ISBN 1 - 4012 - 1240 - 9 , softcover , ISBN 1 - 4012 - 1241 - 7 ) Batman : The Black Glove collects Batman # 667 -- 669 , 672 -- 675 , 176 pages , September 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1401219093 Batman R.I.P. collects Batman # 676 -- 683 , 224 pages , June 2010 , ISBN 978 - 1401225766 Batman : Long Shadows collects Batman # 687 -- 691 , 128 pages , May 2011 , ISBN 978 - 1401227203 Batman : Life After Death collects Batman # 692 -- 699 , 200 pages , October 2011 , ISBN 978 - 1401229757 Batman : Time and the Batman collects Batman # 700 -- 703 , 128 pages , February 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1401229900 Batman : Eye of the Beholder collects Batman # 704 -- 707 and 710 -- 712 , 168 pages , November 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1401234706 New 52 ( 2011 - 2016 ) ( edit ) Batman Vol. 1 : The Court of Owls collects Batman vol. 2 # 1 -- 7 ; 176 pages ; May 2012 ; ISBN 978 - 1401235413 Batman Vol. 2 : The City of Owls collects Batman vol. 2 # 8 -- 12 and Batman Annual # 1 ; 208 pages ; March 2013 ; ISBN 978 - 1401237776 Batman Vol. 3 : Death of the Family collects Batman vol. 2 # 13 - 17 ; 176 pages ; October 2013 ; ISBN 978 - 1401242343 Batman Vol. 4 : Zero Year - Secret City collects Batman vol. 2 # 21 - 24 ; 176 pages ; May 2014 ; ISBN 978 - 1401245085 Batman Vol. 5 : Zero Year - Dark City collects Batman vol. 2 # 25 - 27 and 29 - 33 ; 240 pages ; October 2014 ; ISBN 978 - 1401248857 Batman Vol. 6 : The Graveyard Shift collects Batman vol. 2 # 0 , 18 - 20 , 28 , 34 , and Batman Annual # 2 ; 224 pages ; April 2015 ; ISBN 978 - 1401252304 Batman Vol. 7 : Endgame collects Batman vol. 2 # 35 - 40 ; 192 pages ; September 2015 ; ISBN 978 - 1401256890 Batman Vol. 8 : Superheavy collects Batman vol. 2 # 41 - 46 ; 176 pages ; March 2016 ; ISBN 978 - 1401259693 Batman Vol. 9 : Bloom collects Batman vol. 2 # 47 - 50 ; 176 pages ; September 2016 ; ISBN 978 - 1401264628 Batman Vol. 10 : Epilogue collects Batman vol. 2 # 51 - 52 , Batman Annual # 4 , Batman : Futures End # 1 and Batman : Rebirth # 1 ; December 2016 ; ISBN 978 - 1401267735 DC Rebirth ( 2016 - present ) ( edit ) Batman Vol. 1 : I Am Gotham collects Batman : Rebirth # 1 and Batman vol. 3 # 1 -- 6 ; 192 pages ; January 2017 ; Batman Vol. 2 : I Am Suicide collects Batman vol. 3 # 9 -- 15 ; 168 pages ; April 2017 ; Batman Vol. 3 : I Am Bane collects Batman vol. 3 # 16 - 20 , # 23 , and # 24 ; 176 pages ; August 2017 ; Batman Vol. 4 : The War of Jokes and Riddles collects Batman vol. 3 # 25 -- 32 ; 208 pages ; December 2017 ; Batman Vol. 5 : The Rule of Engagement collects Batman vol. 3 # 33 -- 37 and Annual # 2 ; 160 pages ; April 2018 ; Batman Vol. 6 : Bride or Burglar collects Batman vol. 3 # 38 - 44 ; 161 pages ; July 2018 Batman ( collected with Detective Comics ) ( edit ) Batman Chronicles Volume 1 includes Batman # 1 , 192 pages , April 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 0445 - 7 Volume 2 includes Batman # 2 - 3 , 224 pages , September 2006 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 0790 - 8 Volume 3 includes Batman # 4 - 5 , 192 pages , May 2007 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 1347 - 3 Volume 4 includes Batman # 6 - 7 , 224 pages , October 2007 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 1462 - 3 Volume 5 includes Batman # 8 - 9 , 192 pages , April 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 1682 - 5 Volume 6 includes Batman # 10 - 11 , 192 pages , October 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 1961 - 1 Volume 7 includes Batman # 12 - 13 , 192 pages , March 2009 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 2134 - 8 Volume 8 includes Batman # 14 - 15 , 192 pages , October 2009 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 2484 - 4 Volume 9 includes Batman # 16 - 17 , 160 pages , March 2010 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 2645 - 9 Volume 10 includes Batman # 18 - 19 , 168 pages , December 2010 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 2895 - 8 Volume 11 includes Batman # 20 - 21 , 168 pages , January 2013 , ISBN 978 - 1401237394 Batman : The Dynamic Duo Archives Volume 1 includes Batman # 164 - 167 , 240 pages , March 2003 , ISBN 978 - 1563899324 Volume 2 includes Batman # 168 - 171 , 216 pages , June 2006 , ISBN 978 - 1401207724 Showcase Presents : Batman Volume 1 includes Batman # 164 - 174 , 552 pages , August 2006 , ISBN 978 - 1401210861 Volume 2 includes Batman # 175 - 188 , 512 pages , June 2007 , ISBN 978 - 1401213626 Volume 3 includes Batman # 189 - 201 , 552 pages , June 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1401217198 Volume 4 includes Batman # 202 - 215 , 520 pages , July 2009 , ISBN 978 - 1401223144 Volume 5 includes Batman # 216 - 228 , 448 pages , December 2011 , ISBN 978 - 1401232368 Tales of the Batman : Don Newton , collects Batman # 305 -- 306 , 328 ; Detective Comics # 480 , 483 -- 497 ; and The Brave and the Bold # 153 , 156 , and 165 , 360 pages , December 2011 , ISBN 978 - 1401232948 Tales of the Batman : Gene Colan , Volume One , collects Batman # 340 , 343 -- 345 , 348 -- 351 and Detective Comics # 510 , 512 , 517 , 523 , 528 - 529 , 288 pages , August 2011 , ISBN 978 - 1401231019 Batman - wide crossovers ( edit ) These are crossovers that include most -- if not all -- of the Batman related titles published at the time . Batman by Neal Adams Omnibus includes Batman # 219 , 232 , 234 , 237 , 243 - 245 , 251 , 255 , 640 pages , March 15 , 2016 , ISBN 1 - 40125 - 551 - 5 Batman : Knightfall Part One : Broken Bat collects Batman # 491 -- 497 and Detective Comics # 659 -- 663 , 272 pages , September 1993 , ISBN 1 - 56389 - 142 - 5 Part Two : Who Rules the Night collects Batman # 498 -- 500 , Detective Comics # 664 -- 666 , Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 16 -- 18 , and stories from Showcase ' 93 # 7 -- 8 ; 288 pages , September 1993 , ISBN 1 - 56389 - 148 - 4 Part Three : KnightsEnd collects Batman # 509 -- 510 , Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 29 -- 30 , Detective Comics # 676 -- 677 , Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight # 62 -- 63 , and Catwoman vol. 2 # 12 ; 304 pages , June 1995 , ISBN 1 - 56389 - 191 - 3 ) Batman : Prodigal includes Batman # 512 -- 514 , 288 pages , January 1998 , ISBN 978 - 1563893346 Batman : Contagion includes Batman # 529 , 264 pages , April 1996 , ISBN 978 - 1563892936 Batman : Legacy includes Batman # 534 -- 535 , 224 pages , February 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1563893377 Batman : Cataclysm includes Batman # 553 - 554 , 320 pages , June 1999 , ISBN 978 - 1563895272 Batman : No Man 's Land Volume 1 includes Batman # 563 - 566 , 544 pages , December 2011 , ISBN 978 - 1401232283 Volume 2 includes Batman # 567 - 568 , 512 pages , April 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1401233808 Volume 3 includes Batman # 569 - 571 , 480 pages , August 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1401234560 Volume 4 includes Batman # 572 - 574 , 552 pages , December 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1401235642 Batman : Officer Down includes Batman # 587 , 168 pages , August 2001 , ISBN 978 - 1563897870 Batman : False Faces includes Batman # 588 -- 590 , 160 pages , March 2009 , ISBN 1845767217 Batman : Bruce Wayne , Murderer ? includes Batman # 599 - 600 , 264 pages , August 2002 , ISBN 978 - 1563899133 Batman : Bruce Wayne , Fugitive Volume 1 includes Batman # 601 and # 603 , 160 pages , December 2002 , ISBN 1 - 56389 - 933 - 7 Volume 2 includes Batman # 605 , 176 pages , March 2003 , ISBN 1 - 56389 - 947 - 7 Volume 3 includes Batman # 606 - 607 , 176 pages , October 2003 , ISBN 1 - 4012 - 0079 - 6 ) Batman : War Games Act One - Outbreak includes Batman # 631 , 208 pages , March 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1401204297 Act Two - Tides includes Batman # 632 , 192 pages , July 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1401204303 Act Three - Endgame includes Batman # 633 , 200 pages , October 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1401204310 Batman : War Crimes includes Batman 643 - 644 , 128 pages , February 2006 , ISBN 978 - 1401209032 Batman : Face the Face includes Batman # 651 -- 654 and Detective Comics # 817 -- 820 , 192 pages , September 2006 , ISBN 978 - 1401209100 Batman : The Resurrection of Ra 's al Ghul includes Batman Annual # 26 , Batman # 670 - 671 , Robin # 168 - 169 , Robin Annual # 7 , Nightwing # 138 - 139 , and Detective Comics # 838 - 839 ) , 256 pages , May 2009 , ISBN 978 - 1401220327 Batman : Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader ? includes Batman # 686 ; Detective Comics # 853 ; Secret Origins # 36 ; Secret Origins Special # 1 ; and Batman Black and White # 2 , 128 pages , July 2009 , ISBN 978 - 1401223038 Batman : Gotham Shall Be Judged includes Azrael # 14 - 18 , Batman # 708 and 709 , Red Robin # 22 and Gotham City Sirens # 22 , 200 pages , April 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1401233785 With non-Batman titles ( edit ) A Lonely Place of Dying : collects Batman # 440 -- 442 and The New Titans # 60 -- 61 , 116 pages , February 1990 , ISBN 978 - 0930289638 See Also ( edit ) List of Batman comics List of DC Comics publications The Flash ( comic book ) Green Lantern ( comic book ) Superman ( comic book ) Wonder Woman ( comic book ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Batman at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ The Catalog of Copyright Entries 1940 Periodicals Jan - Dec New Series Vol 35 Pt 2 . Washington , D.C. : United States Copyright Office . 1940 . p. 142 . Jump up ^ `` Batman # 1 ( Spring 1940 ) '' . Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Wallace , Daniel ; Dolan , Hannah , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` 1940s '' . DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle . London , United Kingdom : Dorling Kindersley . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 6742 - 9 . The first issue of Batman 's self - titled comic written by Bill Finger and drawn by Bob Kane , represented a milestone in more ways than one . With Robin now a partner to the Caped Crusader , villains needed to rise to the challenge , and this issue introduced two future legends : the Joker and Catwoman . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wallace `` 1940s '' in Dolan , p. 44 : `` Batman and Robin got some help in their crusade against crime with the arrival of butler Alfred in a thirteen - page back - up story by writer Don Cameron and artist Bob Kane . '' ^ Jump up to : Desris , Joe ( 1994 ) . Batman Archives , Vol. 3 . New York , New York : DC Comics . p. 223 . ISBN 1 - 56389 - 099 - 2 . Jump up ^ Verified by Sprang at Batman # 18 ( Aug. - Sept. 1943 ) and Detective Comics # 84 ( Feb. 1944 ) at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Verified by Sprang at Batman # 19 ( Oct. - Nov. 1943 ) at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Wallace `` 1940s '' in Dolan , p. 59 : `` Inspired by Lewis Carroll 's Alice in Wonderland , the Mad Hatter joined the other costumed freaks of Gotham City on his debut in October 's Batman # 49 '' Jump up ^ Irvine , Alex `` 1950s '' in Dolan , p. 66 : `` Batman # 63 kicked off with the origin story of a new Batman villain : the Killer Moth . '' Jump up ^ Morris , Brian K. ( June 2006 ) . `` Maybe I Was Just Loyal Longtime Batman artist Sheldon Moldoff talks about Bob Kane and other phenomena '' . Alter Ego . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing . 3 ( 59 ) : 14 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Irvine `` 1950s '' in Dolan , p. 77 : `` Once Superman had a dog , Batman got one too , in `` Ace , the Bat - Hound ! '' In the story by writer Bill Finger and artist Sheldon Moldoff , Batman and Robin found a German Shepherd called Ace . '' Jump up ^ Irvine `` 1950s '' in Dolan , p. 88 : `` Throughout 1958 Batman encountered aliens from different planets and dimensions . '' Jump up ^ Irvine `` 1950s '' in Dolan , p. 92 : `` The Dynamic Duo battled the frosty foe Mr. Zero in a story written by Dave Wood and with art by Sheldon Moldoff in Batman # 121 ... The 1960s Batman TV series , starring Adam West , included the character of Mr. Zero but renamed him Mr. Freeze . Later comic book incarnations of the ice - cold villain would adopt the new name . '' Jump up ^ McAvennie , Michael `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 102 : `` Young Betty Kane assumed the costumed identity of Bat - Girl in this tale by writer Bill Finger and artist Sheldon Moldoff . '' Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 110 : `` The Dark Knight received a much - needed face lift from new Batman editor Julius Schwartz , writer John Broome , and artist Carmine Infantino . With sales at an all - time low and threatening the cancellation of one of DC 's flagship titles , theirBest with interest overhaul was a lifesaving success for DC and its beloved Batman . '' Jump up ^ Ro , Ronin ( 2004 ) . Tales To Astonish : Jack Kirby , Stan Lee , And The American Comic Book Revolution . London , United Kingdom : Bloomsbury Publishing . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 1582343454 . There was a point when DC actually gave thought to canceling Batman ... in his spacious office , facing ( Julius ) Schwartz and ( Carmine ) Infantino , ( Irwin ) Donenfeld told them , ' Gentlemen , you two guys are going to take over Batman . The book is dying . I 'll give you six months . If you do n't bring it back , we 'll kill it off . ^ Jump up to : `` Julius Schwartz ' run on Batman '' . Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Forbeck , Matt ; Dougall , Alastair , ed. ( 2014 ) . `` 1960s '' . Batman : A Visual History . London , United Kingdom : Dorling Kindersley . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 1465424563 . Writer Ed Herron joined artist Sheldon Moldoff for this first issue of Batman featuring the ' New Look ' . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 114 : `` Nearly eighteen years had passed since the Riddler last tried to stump Batman and Robin . Therefore , when writer Gardner Fox and artist Sheldon Moldoff released Edward Nigma , the villain insisted that he had reformed . '' Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 118 : `` Poison Ivy first cropped up to plague Gotham City in issue # 181 of Batman . Scripter Robert Kanigher and artist Sheldon Moldoff came up with a villain who would blossom into one of Batman 's greatest foes . '' Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 135 : `` When Dick Grayson moved out of Wayne Manor to begin college , writer Frank Robbins and artist Irv Novick orchestrated a chain reaction of events that forever altered Batman 's personality . '' Jump up ^ Greenberger , Robert ; Manning , Matthew K. ( 2009 ) . The Batman Vault : A Museum - in - a-Book with Rare Collectibles from the Batcave . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Running Press . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 7624 - 3663 - 8 . Editor Julius Schwartz had decided to darken the character 's world to further distance him from the camp environment created by the 1966 ABC show . Bringing in the talented O'Neil as well as the innovative Frank Robbins and showcasing the art of rising star Neal Adams ... Schwartz pointed Batman in a new and darker direction , a path the character still continues on to this day . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Dennis ( w ) , Adams , Neal ( p ) , Giordano , Dick ( i ) . `` Daughter of the Demon '' Batman 232 ( June 1971 ) Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1970s '' in Dolan , p. 145 : `` Writer Denny O'Neil once stated that he and artist Neal Adams ' set out to consciously and deliberately to create a villain ... so exotic and mysterious that neither we nor Batman were sure what to expect . ' Who they came up with was arguably Batman 's most cunning adversary : the global eco-terrorist named Ra 's al Ghul . '' Jump up ^ Greenberger and Manning , p. 161 and 163 `` In 1973 , O'Neil alongside frequent collaborator Neal Adams forged the landmark ' The Joker 's Five - Way Revenge ' in Batman # 251 , in which the Clown Prince of Crime returned to his murderous ways , killing his victims with his trademark Joker venom and taking much delight from their sufferings . '' Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1970s '' in Dolan , p. 156 `` After decades as an irritating prankster , Batman 's greatest enemy re-established himself as a homicidal harlequin in this issue ... this classic tale by writer Denny O'Neil and artist Neal Adams introduced a dynamic that remains to this day : the Joker 's dependence on Batman as his only worthy opponent . '' Jump up ^ Larnick , Eric ( October 30 , 2010 ) . `` The Rutland Halloween Parade : Where Marvel and DC First Collided '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2011 . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Dick Grayson attends the parade with his friends -- comic book creators Alan Weiss , Bernie Wrightson and Gerry Conway . Batman 's fight spills into Tom Fagan 's mansion , where Denny O'Neil , Len Wein and Mark Hanerfeld are in attendance . Jump up ^ Pearson , Roberta E. ; Uricchio , William ( 1991 ) . `` Notes from the Batcave : An Interview with Dennis O'Neil '' . The Many Lives of the Batman : Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media . London , United Kingdom : Routledge . p. 18 . ISBN 0415903475 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Les ( 1995 ) . `` Revamping the Classics The Old Guard Gets a New Look '' . DC Comics : Sixty Years of the World 's Favorite Comic Book Heroes . New York , New York : Bulfinch Press . p. 157 . ISBN 0821220764 . Jump up ^ Eury , Michael ( July 2015 ) . `` A Look at DC 's Super Specs '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 81 ) : 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Reed , David Vern ( w ) , Simonson , Walt ( p ) , Giordano , Dick ( i ) . `` The Last Batman Story -- ? '' Batman 300 ( June 1978 ) ^ Jump up to : Trumbull , John ( December 2013 ) . `` A New Beginning ... And a Probable End Batman # 300 and # 400 '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 69 ) : 49 -- 53 . Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1970s '' in Dolan , p. 180 `` Batman # 307 ( January 1979 ) Writer Len Wein and artist John Calnan introduced Bruce Wayne 's new executive , Lucius Fox , in this issue of Batman . '' Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. `` 1980s '' in Dougall ( 2014 ) , p. 138 : `` Plotted by Batman 's new regular writer Marv Wolfman with dialog by Michael Fleisher and art by Irv Novick , this story saw Batman face this new costumed threat . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dougall ( 2014 ) , p. 139 : `` Batman # 337 Gerry Conway was assisted by writer Roy Thomas and the pencils of José Luis García - López in this issue that introduced Batman to the new threat of the Snowman . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dougall ( 2014 ) , p. 139 : Batman # 340 `` Writers Gerry Conway and Roy Thomas collaborated with artist Gene Colan for the dramatic return of the Mole , an old Batman villain given a serious upgrade . '' Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 201 : `` Jason Todd first appeared in a circus scene in the pages of Batman # 357 , written by Gerry Conway and illustrated by Don Newton . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 207 : `` Jason Todd was proving himself as Batman 's new partner in his war on crime ... Dick ( Grayson ) then graciously passed the mantle of Robin to Jason , who eagerly adopted it . '' Jump up ^ Moench , Doug ( w ) , Newton , Don ( p ) , Alcala , Alfredo ( i ) . `` A Revenge of Rainbows '' Batman 368 ( February 1984 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Doug Moench 's run on Batman '' . Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dougall ( 2014 ) , p. 145 : `` When Gerry Conway parted ways with the Caped Crusader , a new regular writer was needed for both titles . That honor fell to Doug Moench . '' Jump up ^ Wallace , Dan ( 2008 ) . `` Black Mask '' . In Dougall , Alastair . The DC Comics Encyclopedia . London , United Kingdom : Dorling Kindersley . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 7566 - 4119 - 5 . Jump up ^ Moench , Doug ( w ) , Gulacy , Paul ( p ) , Gulacy , Paul ( i ) . `` The Dark Rider '' Batman 393 ( March 1986 ) Jump up ^ Moench , Doug ( w ) , Gulacy , Paul ( p ) , Gulacy , Paul ( i ) . `` At the Heart of Stone '' Batman 393 ( April 1986 ) Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 221 `` Batman celebrated the 400th issue of his self - titled comic with a blockbuster featuring dozens of famous comic book creators and nearly as many infamous villains . Written by Doug Moench , with an introduction by novelist Stephen King ... ( it was ) drawn by George Pérez , Bill Sienkiewicz , Arthur Adams , Joe Kubert , Brian Bolland , and others . '' Jump up ^ Miller , Frank ( w ) , Mazzucchelli , David ( p ) , Mazzucchelli , David ( i ) . `` Chapter 1 : Who I Am and How I Came to Be Batman : Year One '' Batman 404 ( February 1987 ) Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` The 25 Greatest Batman Graphic Novels '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` Batman # 700 Bat - Creators Share Some Favorite Bat - Things '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 229 : `` No longer happy with Jason Todd 's copycat origin of the original Robin , editor Denny O'Neil used the Earth - changing Crisis on Infinite Earths maxiseries ... to retroactively alter the continuity of Robin 's origin as well . With the help of writer Max Allan Collins and artist Chris Warner , O'Neil shaped Jason Todd into a street - smart orphan . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 233 : `` Using the Cold War as their backdrop , writer Jim Starlin and artist Jim Aparo crafted the four - part storyline ' Ten Nights of the Beast ' . '' Jump up ^ Starlin , Jim ( w ) , Aparo , Jim ( p ) , DeCarlo , Mike ( i ) . `` A Death in the Family : Chapter 5 '' Batman 428 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 240 : `` Written by Marv Wolfman and pencilled by Pat Broderick , the four - issue ' Year Three ' saga introduced a young boy named Timothy Drake into a flashback sequence starring a young Dick Grayson and his parents . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 241 : `` With the pencils of ( George ) Pérez , Jim Aparo , and Tom Grummett , ( Marv ) Wolfman concocted the five - issue ' A Lonely Place of Dying ' ... In it , Tim Drake ... earned his place as the new Robin . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1990s '' in Dolan , p. 247 : `` In this tale by writer Alan Grant and artist Norm Breyfogle , Robin finally got a new uniform ... When DC editorial made the decision to modify the classic costume of the iconic Boy Wonder , they called upon several artists to put their own spin on it . It was legendary artist Neal Adams who delivered the winning concept . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1990s '' in Dolan , p. 259 : ' Knightfall ' was a nineteen - part crossover event that passed through the pages of Batman , by writer Doug Moench ... ( and ) Detective Comics written by Chuck Dixon . '' Jump up ^ Moench , Doug ( w ) , Manley , Mike ( p ) , Rubinstein , Joe ( i ) . `` Part Seven : Return of the Bat Knights End '' Batman 510 ( August 1994 ) Jump up ^ Manning `` 1990s '' in Dougall ( 2014 ) , p. 224 : `` Writer Doug Moench and artist Kelley Jones introduced a pair of new villains into Batman 's world with the Ogre and the Ape . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1990s '' in Dolan , p. 287 : `` Numbering eighty - five comics officially labeled as part of the crossover ... ' No Man 's Land ' created a Gotham City never seen before . '' Jump up ^ Rucka , Greg ( 2000 ) . Batman : No Man 's Land . New York , New York : Pocket Books . p. 448 . ISBN 0671038281 . Jump up ^ Manning `` 2000s '' in Dougall ( 2014 ) , p. 252 : `` Ed Brubaker became a regular Batman scribe with this issue , partnering with artist Scott McDaniel . '' Jump up ^ Brubaker , Ed ( w ) , McDaniel , Scott ( p ) , Story , Karl ( i ) . `` Fearless Part 1 '' Batman 582 ( October 2000 ) Jump up ^ Brubaker , Ed ( w ) , McDaniel , Scott ( p ) , Owens , Andy ( i ) . `` The Scene of the Crime '' Batman 600 ( April 2002 ) Jump up ^ Brubaker , Ed ( w ) , Tucker , James ( p ) , Tucker , James ( i ) . `` Mystery of the Black Bat '' Batman 600 ( April 2002 ) Jump up ^ Brubaker , Ed ( w ) , Gaudiano , Stefano ( p ) , Shanower , Eric ( i ) . `` Joker Tips His Hat ! '' Batman 600 ( April 2002 ) Jump up ^ Oswalt , Patton ( w ) , Aragonés , Sergio ( p ) , Aragonés , Sergio ( i ) . `` The Dark , Groovy , Solid , Far - out , Right - on , and Completely With - it Knight Returns '' Batman 600 ( April 2002 ) Jump up ^ Brubaker , Ed ; Johns , Geoff ( w ) , McDaniel , Scott ( p ) , Owens , Andy ( i ) . `` Death - Wish for Two '' Batman 606 ( October 2002 ) Jump up ^ Brubaker , Ed ; Johns , Geoff ( w ) , McDaniel , Scott ( p ) , Owens , Andy ( i ) . `` Death - Wish for Two Conclusion '' Batman 607 ( November 2002 ) Jump up ^ Cowsill , Alan `` 2000s '' in Dolan , p. 307 : `` The ' Hush ' story arc ( begun ) in Batman # 608 was artist Jim Lee 's first major work since he joined DC ... Written by Jeph Loeb , ' Hush ' brought profound changes to the life of the Dark Knight . '' Jump up ^ Azzarello , Brian ( w ) , Risso , Eduardo ( p ) , Risso , Eduardo ( i ) . Batman 620 -- 625 ( December 2003 -- May 2004 ) Jump up ^ Manning `` 2000s '' in Dougall ( 2014 ) , p. 269 : `` Editor Bob Schreck gave two more big name creators a shot at the Batman when he hired writer Brian Azzarello and artist Eduardo Risso for a six - issue noir thriller . '' Jump up ^ Winick , Judd ( w ) , Davis , Shane ( p ) , Morales , Mark ( i ) . `` Deadalus and Icarus The Return of Jason Todd '' Batman Annual 25 ( May 2006 ) Jump up ^ Robinson , James ( w ) , Kramer , Don ( p ) , Champagne , Keith ( i ) . `` Face the Ecaf , Part 2 of 8 '' Batman 651 ( May 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Grant Morrison 's run on Batman '' . Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Cowsill `` 2000s '' in Dolan , p. 326 : `` The story not only brought Talia al Ghul back into Bruce Wayne 's life but also introduced a major new character : Damian Wayne , Batman 's son . '' Jump up ^ Cowsill `` 2000s '' in Dolan , p. 333 : `` Writer Grant Morrison and artist Tony Daniel 's run on Batman reached its climax with the story arc ' R.I.P. ' ... with the apparent death of Batman . '' Jump up ^ Morrison , Grant ( w ) , Jones , J.G. ; Pacheco , Carlos ; Mahnke , Doug ( p ) , Rudy , Marco ; Alamy , Christian ; Merino , Jesus ( i ) . `` How to Murder the Earth '' Final Crisis 6 ( January 2009 ) Jump up ^ Morrison , Grant ( w ) , Mahnke , Doug ( p ) , Nguyen , Tom ; Geraci , Drew ; Alamy , Christian ; Rapmund , Norm ; Ramos , Rodney ; Mahnke , Doug ; Wond , Walden ( i ) . `` New Heaven , New Earth '' Final Crisis 7 ( March 2009 ) Jump up ^ Gaiman , Neil ( w ) , Kubert , Andy ( p ) , Williams , Scott ( i ) . `` Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader ? Part 1 of 2 : The Beginning of the End '' Batman 686 ( April 2009 ) Jump up ^ Daniel , Tony ( w ) , Daniel , Tony ( p ) , Florea , Sandu ( i ) . `` Last Man Standing '' Batman : Battle for the Cowl 3 ( July 2009 ) Jump up ^ Winick , Judd ( w ) , Benes , Ed ( p ) , Hunter , Rob ( i ) . `` A Battle Within '' Batman 687 ( August 2009 ) Jump up ^ Daniel , Tony ( w ) , Daniel , Tony ( p ) , Florea , Florea ( i ) . `` Life After Death Part 1 : The Awakening '' Batman 692 ( Late December 2009 ) Jump up ^ Cowsill `` 2000s '' in Dolan , p. 342 : `` Written by Grant Morrison with art by Tony S. Daniel , Andy Kubert , Frank Quitely , ( David ) Finch , and Richard Friend , this milestone issue of Batman featured an all - star roster of talent . '' Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` Tony Daniel Returns to Writing with November 's Batman '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Doran , Michael ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson Are Batman This Fall '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Manning `` 2010s '' in Dougall ( 2014 ) , p. 320 : `` Scott Snyder was paired with superstar artist Greg Capullo for this new series . '' Jump up ^ Khouri , Andy ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Batman Relaunch : New # 1s for Batgirl , Batman , Detective , Catwoman , Birds of Prey '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walecka , Travis ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Batman and Swamp Thing : Scott Snyder 's dark plans for DC '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kistler , Alan ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` SDCC 2011 : DC Comics Justice League Panel Live ! '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Scott ( w ) , Capullo , Greg ( p ) , Glapion , Jonathan ( i ) . `` Knife Trick '' Batman v2 , 1 ( November 2011 ) Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Snyder Spills Even More on Night of Owls , Batman 's Future '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zawisza , Doug ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Review Batman # 10 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nagorski , Alex ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` The Return of the Joker '' . DC Comics . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( June 8 , 2012 ) . `` DC Adds Four to New 52 , Including DiDio 's Phantom Stranger '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . This new comic ... introduces a new `` anti-hero on the run '' to the DCU . Calvin Rose , the only Talon to escape from the control of the Court of Owls , will be traveling all around the DCU as he is hunted by his former masters . While the story spins out of the Court of Owls storyline that is running through the first year of Snyder 's Batman , the title character is a brand new one . Jump up ^ Snyder , Scott ; Capullo , Greg ( 2016 ) . Batman Vol. 8 : Superheavy . DC Comics . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 1401259693 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` DC Comics Rebirth Recap - Creative Teams , Schedule & a Few New Details '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Tom King and David Finch on Relaunching Batman for DC Rebirth '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Renaud , Jeffrey ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tom King Says ' Batman ' is ' Psychotic , Inspiring ' and Does n't Need a Rebirth '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . As part of DC 's Rebirth relaunch , King is joined by superstar artist David Finch on the now bi-weekly Batman . Jump up ^ Batman Annual ( 1961 series ) ' at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Batman Annual ( 1982 series ) ' at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dougall ( 2014 ) , p. 143 : `` ( This ) was the longest single Batman story ever published to date , a 42 - page blockbuster written by Mike W. Barr and illustrated by Trevor Von Eeden . '' Jump up ^ Williams , Luke G. ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Boxiana Vol. 1 extras : Five rounds with Trevor Von Eeden '' . Boxiana . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Batman Annual ( 2006 series ) ' at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Batman Annual ( 2012 series ) ' at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Dark Knight Archives Volume 1 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Dark Knight Archives Volume 2 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Dark Knight Archives Volume 3 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Dark Knight Archives Volume 4 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Dark Knight Archives Volume 5 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Dark Knight Archives Volume 6 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Dark Knight Archives Volume 7 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Dark Knight Archives Volume 8 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : Hush Volume 1 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : Hush Volume 2 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Absolute Batman : Hush '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman and Son '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Black Glove '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman R.I.P. '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Resurrection of Ra 's al Ghul '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : Gotham Shall Be Judged '' . DC Comics . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Batman at the Comic Book DB Batman and Batman vol. 2 at Mike 's Amazing World of DC Comics Batman comic book sales figures for 1960 at The Comics Chronicles Batman Created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger in `` The Case of the Chemical Syndicate '' Other contributors Characters List of DC Comics characters named Batman List of Batman supporting characters List of Batman Family adversaries List of Batman enemies in other media Locations Gotham City Ace Chemicals Arkham Asylum Batcave Blackgate Penitentiary Gotham Academy GothCorp Gotham City Police Department Haly 's Circus Iceberg Lounge Wayne Enterprises Wayne Manor Blüdhaven Santa Prisca Technology Equipment Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit Utility Belt Bat - Signal Bat phone Transport Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Redbird Batman in other media In film In video games In amusement parks In children 's books Ongoing publications Batman Batman Beyond Batman / Superman Detective Comics Mother Panic Miscellanea Homosexuality in the Batman franchise Dark Knight ( nickname ) The Bat Whispers Batkid The Essential Batman Encyclopedia Book Portal Batman publications and storylines Current series Detective Comics Batman Batman Beyond Batgirl Batwoman Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws DC Comics -- The Legend Of Batman Completed ongoing series Azrael Batgirl and the Birds of Prey Batman : Arkham Unhinged Batman : The Dark Knight Batman : Gotham Knights Batman : Shadow of the Bat Batman : Streets of Gotham The Batman Adventures Batman and Robin Batman and The Outsiders Batman Family Batman Incorporated Batman / Superman Batwing Birds of Prey The Brave and the Bold Gotham Academy Gotham by Midnight Gotham Central Gotham City Sirens The Huntress The Joker Man - Bat Red Hood / Arsenal Red Robin Robin Robin : Son of Batman Superman / Batman We Are ... Robin World 's Finest Comics Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight The Batman Chronicles Batman Confidential Completed limited series Anarky Batgirl : Year One Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity Batman : Arkham City Batman : Battle for the Cowl Batman : Cacophony Batman : The Cult Bat - Mite The Dark Knight Returns The Dark Knight Strikes Again The Dark Knight III : The Master Race Batman : Dark Victory Batman Eternal Batman : Gates of Gotham Batman : GCPD Batman : The Doom That Came to Gotham Batman : Gotham County Line Batman : The Long Halloween Batman : Nosferatu Batman : Orpheus Rising Batman : The Return of Bruce Wayne Batman : Thrillkiller Batman : Turning Points Batman : White Knight Batman : The Widening Gyre Batman : Year 100 Batman and the Mad Monk Batman and the Monster Men Batman and Robin Eternal Batman Black and White First Wave Gotham Underground Man - Bat Robin : Year One Section 8 Superman & Batman : Generations Trinity The Untold Legend of the Batman One - shots Arkham Asylum : A Serious House on Serious Earth The 12 Cent Adventure Castle of the Bat Dark Knight Dynasty Dark Night : A True Batman Story Digital Justice Earth One Holy Terror In Darkest Knight The Killing Joke Knight Gallery Death of Innocents The Man Who Laughs Nine Lives Noël Son of the Demon Two Faces Batman / Houdini : The Devil 's Workshop The Batman Adventures : Mad Love Batman & Dracula trilogy Leatherwing The Berlin Batman Gotham by Gaslight Joker Batman : Gotham Noir Storylines `` The Case of the Chemical Syndicate '' `` Dark Moon Rising '' `` The Man Behind the Red Hood ! '' `` Joker 's Millions '' `` Year One '' `` Year Two '' `` Batman : A Death in the Family '' `` Year Three '' `` The Man Who Falls '' `` Anarky in Gotham City '' `` Gothic '' `` The Return of the Joker '' `` Prey '' `` The Last Arkham '' `` Knightfall '' `` Contagion '' `` Legacy '' `` Cataclysm '' `` No Man 's Land '' `` Joker : Last Laugh '' `` Bruce Wayne : Fugitive '' `` Hush '' `` Batman : Broken City '' `` War Games '' `` City of Crime '' `` Under the Hood '' `` War Crimes '' `` Face the Face '' `` Batman and Son '' `` The Resurrection of Ra 's al Ghul '' `` Batman R.I.P. '' `` Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader ? '' `` Batwoman : Elegy '' `` Bruce Wayne : The Road Home '' `` Batman : Night of the Owls '' `` Batman : Death of the Family '' `` Zero Year '' `` Batman : Endgame '' `` Robin War '' Inter-company crossovers Batman / Aliens Batman / Hellboy / Starman Batman / Daredevil : King of New York Batman / Judge Dredd : Judgment on Gotham Batman & Spider - Man : New Age Dawning Batman / Tarzan : Claws of the Cat - woman Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Batman / The Spirit Batman versus Predator Daredevil / Batman : Eye for an Eye Spawn / Batman Batman - Spawn : War Devil Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator Spider - Man and Batman : Disordered Minds Incomplete All Star Batman & Robin , the Boy Wonder Batman : The Dark Prince Charming Upcoming series Batman : Damned Related topics Batman : Anarky Batman : Child of Dreams Batman : Haunted Knight The Batman Chronicles Batman Legends Elseworlds Publications are listed alphabetically by published titles . Storylines are listed in publication order . Compiled without respect for canon or `` current '' continuity . The New 52 List of publications Imprint ( September 2011 -- June 2015 ) List of imprint publications Ongoing series Action Comics All - Star Western Animal Man Aquaman Batgirl Batman Batman and Robin Batman / Superman Batman Incorporated Batman : The Dark Knight Batwing Batwoman Birds of Prey Blackhawks Blue Beetle Captain Atom Catwoman Constantine DC Universe Presents Deathstroke vol. 2 vol. 3 Demon Knights Detective Comics Dial H Earth 2 The Flash Frankenstein , Agent of S.H.A.D.E. G.I. Combat Grayson Green Arrow Green Lantern Green Lantern Corps Green Lantern : New Guardians Grifter Harley Quinn Hawk and Dove I ... Vampire Infinity Man and the Forever People Justice League Justice League 3000 Justice League Dark Justice League International Justice League of America Justice League of America 's Vibe Justice League United Katana Klarion Larfleeze Legion Lost Legion of Super-Heroes Lobo Men of War Mister Terrific New Suicide Squad Nightwing O.M.A.C. Red Hood and the Outlaws Red Lanterns Resurrection Man The Savage Hawkman Secret Origins Secret Six Sinestro Star - Spangled War Stories Featuring G.I. Zombie Static Shock Stormwatch Suicide Squad Superboy Supergirl Superman Superman / Wonder Woman Superman Unchained Swamp Thing Sword of Sorcery Talon Team 7 Teen Titans vol. 4 vol. 5 The Fury of Firestorm : The Nuclear Men Green Team : Teen Trillionnaires The Movement The Ravagers Threshold Trinity of Sin : Pandora Trinity of Sin : Phantom Stranger Voodoo Wonder Woman Worlds ' Finest Miniseries Damian : Son of Batman Convergence Forever Evil A.R.G.U.S. Arkham War Rogues Rebellion Human Bomb The Huntress Legion : Secret Origin My Greatest Adventure National Comics Night Force Penguin : Pain and Prejudice Phantom Lady and Doll Man The Multiversity The Ray The Shade Maxiseries Batman Eternal The New 52 : Futures End Story arcs `` Night of the Owls '' `` The Culling '' `` Death of the Family '' `` H'El on Earth '' `` Throne of Atlantis '' `` Zero Year '' `` Trinity War '' `` Forever Evil '' `` Blight '' `` Superman : Doomed '' hide Post-imprint ( June 2015 -- August 2017 ) Ongoing series Upcoming Earth 2 Former Action Comics Aquaman Batgirl Batman Batman Beyond Batman / Superman Black Canary Catwoman Constantine : The Hellblazer Cyborg Deathstroke ( vol. 3 ) Detective Comics Doctor Fate Earth 2 : Society The Flash Gotham Academy Gotham Academy : Second Semester Gotham by Midnight Grayson Green Arrow Green Lantern Harley Quinn Justice League Justice League 3001 Justice League of America Justice League United Lobo Martian Manhunter Midnighter New Suicide Squad The Omega Men Red Hood / Arsenal Robin : Son of Batman Secret Six Sinestro Starfire Superman Superman / Wonder Woman Teen Titans ( vol. 5 ) Telos We Are ... Robin Wonder Woman Cancelled Dark Universe Miniseries All - Star Section Eight Bat - Mite Bizarro Doomed Green Lantern : Lost Army Harley Quinn and Power Girl Legends of Tomorrow Firestorm Metal Men Metamorpho Sugar and Spike Poison Ivy : Cycle of Life and Death Prez Raven Suicide Squad Most Wanted : Deadshot / Katana Swamp Thing Maxiseries Batman and Robin Eternal hide In other media Animated films Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Batman vs. Robin Justice League Dark hide See also Flashpoint ( characters ) Dan DiDio Jim Lee Geoff Johns Scott Snyder DC Rebirth DC Rebirth List of publications Ongoing series Current Action Comics Aquaman Batgirl Batgirl and the Birds of Prey Batman Batman Beyond Batwoman Blue Beetle Cyborg Deathstroke Detective Comics The Flash Green Arrow Green Lanterns Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps Harley Quinn The Hellblazer Justice League Justice League of America Nightwing Red Hood and the Outlaws Suicide Squad Supergirl Superman Superwoman Super-Sons Teen Titans Titans Trinity Wonder Woman Miniseries Justice League vs. Suicide Squad Dark Nights : Metal Doomsday Clock See also The New 52 Geoff Johns Dan DiDio Jim Lee Watchmen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batman_(comic_book)&oldid=855217753 '' Categories : Batman titles 1940 comics debuts 2011 comics debuts Comics by Alan Grant Comics by Brian Azzarello Comics by Ed Brubaker Comics by Frank Miller Comics by Grant Morrison Comics by Jeph Loeb Comics by Jim Lee Comics by Jim Starlin Comics by Scott Snyder Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from June 2012 Title pop Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Lietuvių 日本 語 Português Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 18 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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when was the first batman comic book published
[ "Batman is an ongoing American comic book series featuring the DC Comics superhero Batman as its main protagonist. The character first appeared in Detective Comics #27 (cover dated May 1939). Batman proved to be so popular that a self-titled ongoing comic book series began publication with a cover date of Spring 1940.[2][3] It was first advertised in early April 1940, one month after the first appearance of his new sidekick, Robin, the Boy Wonder.\n" ]
[ "Spring 1940" ]
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Alice (TV series)
Alice ( TV series ) - wikipedia Alice ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alice Title card 1976 -- 78 Created by Robert Getchell Based on Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore Starring Linda Lavin Vic Tayback Beth Howland Philip McKeon Polly Holliday ( 1976 -- 80 ) Diane Ladd ( 1980 -- 81 ) Celia Weston ( 1981 -- 85 ) Charles Levin ( 1983 -- 85 ) Theme music composer David Shire ( music ) Alan Bergman Marilyn Bergman ( lyrics ) Opening theme `` There 's a New Girl in Town '' performed by Linda Lavin Country of origin United States No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 202 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) R.S. Allen ( 1976 -- 77 ) William P. D'Angelo ( 1976 -- 77 ) Harvey Bullock ( 1976 -- 77 ) Thomas Kuhn ( 1977 ( ? ) -- ? ) David Susskind ( 1977 ( ? ) -- ? ) Running time 24 -- 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Audio format Monaural Original release August 31 , 1976 ( 1976 - 08 - 31 ) -- March 19 , 1985 ( 1985 - 03 - 19 ) Chronology Related shows Flo Alice is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from August 31 , 1976 , to March 19 , 1985 . The series is based on the 1974 film Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore . The show stars Linda Lavin in the title role , a widow who moves with her young son to start life over again , and finds a job working at a roadside diner in a suburb of Phoenix , Arizona . Most of the episodes revolve around events at Mel 's Diner , where Alice is employed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series summary 2 Ongoing gags and catchphrases 3 Cast 4 Production information 5 Differences in premise between film and television series 6 Broadcast history and Nielsen ratings 7 Syndication and international broadcasts 7.1 International 8 Home media releases 9 Awards 10 References 11 External links Series summary ( edit ) Alice Hyatt ( Lavin ) is an unemployed widow after her husband , Donald , is killed in a trucking accident , and with her young son Tommy ( played by Alfred Lutter in the pilot episode , reprising his role from the film , but played by Philip McKeon thereafter ) heads from their New Jersey home to Los Angeles so that she can pursue a singing career . Her car breaks down on the way in Phoenix ( from a presumed engine fire , as seen in the opening credits ) , and we meet her soon after she has taken a job as a waitress at Mel 's Diner , on the outskirts of Phoenix . ( The later seasons ' exterior shots were of a real diner , named Mel 's , still in operation in Phoenix . ) Alice works alongside Mel Sharples ( Vic Tayback ) , the grouchy , stingy owner and cook of the greasy spoon , and fellow waitresses and friends , sassy , man - hungry Florence Jean `` Flo '' Castleberry ( Polly Holliday ) , and neurotic , scatterbrained Vera Louise Gorman ( Beth Howland ) . Each episode invariably started inside the diner , and most if not all subsequent scenes took place there as well . A frequent set for non-diner scenes was Alice 's one - bedroom apartment in the Desert Sun apartments . ( Tommy used the bedroom and Alice slept on a sleeper sofa in the living room . ) Vera and Mel 's studio apartments and Flo 's trailer were occasionally seen . Two of the diner 's biggest competitors , Barney 's Burger Barn and Vinnie 's House of Veal , were sometimes mentioned . The diner had its share of regular customers through the years , such as Tommy 's basketball coach , Earl Hicks ( Dave Madden ) , local trucker Chuck ( Duane R. Campbell ) , and Henry Beesmeyer ( Marvin Kaplan ) , a telephone repairman who always made jokes about Mel 's cooking . Henry 's oft - mentioned wife Chloe was seen in one episode , played by Ruth Buzzi . Celebrities playing either themselves or other characters ( including Martha Raye , George Burns , Robert Goulet , Desi Arnaz , and Jerry Reed ) were a hallmark of the show . Polly Holliday left the show to star in her own spin - off series , Flo . In the episode airing February 24 , 1980 , Flo leaves to take a hostess job in Houston . On the way to Houston , Flo stops at her hometown Fort Worth , Texas ( which she refers to by its moniker `` Cowtown '' ) . Flo decides to buy and run a failing roadhouse bar there , which she renames Flo 's Yellow Rose . Polly Holliday never made a guest appearance on Alice after beginning Flo , although flashbacks including Flo were shown in the final episode of Alice . Vic Tayback made one guest appearance on Flo . Diane Ladd , who received an Academy Award nomination for her portrayal of Flo in the film version joined the cast in 1980 as Isabelle `` Belle '' Dupree , a hard - edged but kind - hearted woman . She had been a waitress of Mel 's in the past , and the two had a romantic relationship during that time . In spite of Ladd 's Golden Globe - winning performance as Belle , the character was not retained for the duration of the series and was replaced early in 1981 , the character making one last appearance in which she telephones the diner to inform everyone that she had taken a job as a backup singer in Nashville , Tennessee . It has been said that Ladd clashed with her co-stars , and no flashbacks including Belle were shown during the final episode of the series . Season 8 : Linda Lavin ( Alice ) , Celia Weston ( Jolene ) , and Beth Howland ( Vera ) Theatre actress Celia Weston then joined the cast as the good - natured , boisterous truck driver Jolene Hunnicutt , who came from Myrtle Point , South Carolina . Jolene arrives as she and her male driving partner are in the midst of an argument over his unwelcome advances , during which she throws and breaks many of Mel 's dishes . Mel agrees to hire her `` temporarily '' to work off the cost of the dishes , but she stays until the end of the series . Jolene frequently mentions her grandmother , `` Granny Gums '' , who had only three or four teeth . Jolene also mentions her distant relative Jefferson Davis `` Boss '' Hogg , a character from the concurrent CBS series The Dukes of Hazzard . In one episode Sorrell Booke guest stars in this role , along with fellow Dukes character , Enos ( Sonny Shroyer ) . The latter years of the show focused on some character development , such as the hasty courtship and marriage of Vera and lovable cop Elliot ( Charles Levin ) . Tommy eventually goes to college and is seen less frequently . In the final season , the character of Alice was absent several times due to Lavin 's directing a number of episodes and playing the character of Mrs. Walden , Vera 's wizened and abrasive landlady of arbitrary foreign origin . The final story arc began in the spring of 1985 , when country singer Travis Marsh ( played by Lavin 's real - life husband Kip Niven ) , discovering that he 's falling for Alice , `` kidnaps '' her to take her to Nashville , telling her it 's time to follow her dream there . Bewildered at the thought of her dreams finally coming true , Alice agrees , but not without extracting a promise from Travis to drive her back to Phoenix so she can get her affairs in order , including ending her current relationship with a writer . In the series finale , which aired March 19 , 1985 , typical of sitcoms of the era , news of several life - changing events is revealed within a matter of minutes . Alice , after nine years of trying , finally gets a recording contract and is moving to Nashville with Travis Marsh . Vera announces she is pregnant and decides to be a full - time mother , Elliott having been promoted from officer to detective . Jolene 's `` Granny Gums '' has died and leaves her granddaughter enough money to open her own beauty parlor in her hometown . Besides all three waitresses suddenly leaving simultaneously , by an amazing coincidence Mel has just sold the diner for a large amount of money to a real estate developer , and must close within days . On closing day , he surprisingly gives each waitress a $5,000 farewell bonus . The remainder of the episode shows flashbacks to humorous and major events , and many of the big stars who had appeared on the show , including Polly Holliday . Finally , while cleaning out her locker , Alice finds the `` Waitress Wanted '' sign that first drew her to the diner . The series ' regular customers , including Henry , Chuck and Earl say their emotional farewells , followed by Elliot , and finally the principal characters Tommy , Jolene , Vera , and Alice . The last thing we see is Mel putting up the `` Closed '' sign and locking up . The waitresses at Mel 's Diner from left : Vera ( Beth Howland ) , Alice ( Linda Lavin ) , Flo ( Polly Holliday ) . Ongoing gags and catchphrases ( edit ) Flo 's catchphrase , `` Kiss my grits ! '' , enjoyed widespread popularity at the time the character appeared on Alice . According to Polly Holliday , the line was originally written as , `` Kiss my honeydew ! '' , but did not get any laughs . ( In the original film , Flo , as played by Diane Ladd , tells Mel in one scene to , `` Kiss me where the sun do n't shine . '' ) Another of Flo 's catchphrases was , `` When donkeys fly ! '' Since her portrayal of Flo , Polly Holliday has refused to repeat her famous `` grits '' line . In an attempt to duplicate the success of Flo 's `` Kiss my grits ! '' , Belle began using a new put - down : `` Butter my biscuits ! '' . Belle often used the phrase , `` My little voice '' , who called her `` Isabelle '' , which she usually used when starting to tell others what she thinks is best . Mel would snipe , `` Stow it ! '' at anyone he had qualms with , especially his waitstaff . `` Stow it ! '' was usually followed by either `` Alice '' , `` Vera '' , `` Flo '' `` Belle '' , or `` Blondie '' ( in reference to Jolene ) . He would also bark , `` Bag it , Blondie ! '' to Jolene . He eventually gave Vera the nickname `` Dinghy '' and would occasionally bellow `` Stow it , Dinghy '' at her . Jolene would sometimes say , `` When pigs wear perfume . '' In a handful of episodes , Alice put on a double - breasted suit and fedora to assume the character of husky - voiced `` Sam Butler '' , a mobster she made up as a ruse to fool her intended target . Linda Lavin also played the role of Mrs. Walden in the last season , once even playing both Alice and Mrs. Walden in a split - screen dual role . Part of Mel 's Diner was often destroyed , such as by Flo 's crashing a truck through the front , Mel chopping down a tree which landed in the diner , Mel accidentally having the building targeted for demolition , and the waitresses crashing a hot air balloon through the roof ( upon which Jolene cries , `` We went to the bad place and it looks just like Mel 's ! '' ) . In one episode , a wrecking ball destroyed the front of the diner because someone could not read Mel 's handwriting . Mel was a stickler for punctuality . In the fourth season , he installs a time clock , which ends up working to the waitresses ' advantage due to significant overtime , and he finally smashes it onto the floor . Mel also had a strict rule against moonlighting , often leading to one or more waitresses getting fired , but he always rehired them before the end of each episode . Although he had a fairly loyal clientele , Mel 's food and cooking were constantly criticized by his waitresses and customers alike -- especially Henry , who always blamed it for his indigestion . However , Mel 's chili was popular and became a plot point of several episodes . During the first season , a newspaper food critic ( played by Victor Buono ) dropped dead while eating Mel 's chili , but it turned out that tainted Peking Duck from a Chinese restaurant was to blame . Guest star Art Carney in one episode was to be the spokesperson for retail distribution of Mel 's Chili ( `` Chili con Carney '' ) but backed out when he discovered Vera was a distant relative with part ownership in the venture . The popularity of Mel 's Chili also led to an appearance on Dinah Shore 's talk show , which led to some bickering among the waitresses because Mel could take only one person along , but everyone ended up going . Mel refused to reveal his `` secret ingredient '' to Dinah and her TV audience during the cooking demonstration . The shot of Vera with the `` exploding straws '' was the only one used during the opening credits for the entire run of the series , with the exception of the pilot episode , which had no scenes from Mel 's Diner in the opening . Cast ( edit ) Opening titles cast members : Linda Lavin as Alice Hyatt Vic Tayback as Mel Sharples ( Tayback reprised his role from the film ) Philip McKeon as Tommy Hyatt ( Alfred Lutter reprised his role from the film but was replaced after the pilot episode ) Polly Holliday as Florence Jean `` Flo '' Castleberry ( Seasons 1 -- 4 : 1976 -- 80 ) Beth Howland as Vera Louise Gorman and later Novak Diane Ladd as Isabelle `` Belle '' Dupree ( Seasons 4 -- 5 : 1980 -- 81 ) ( Ladd played the role of Flo in the film ) Celia Weston as Jolene Hunnicutt ( Seasons 5 -- 9 : 1981 -- 85 ) Charles Levin as Elliot Novak ( Season 8 recurring , Season 9 regular : 1983 -- 85 ) Other recurring cast members : Marvin Kaplan as Henry Beesmeyer Dave Madden as Earl Hicks Victoria Carroll as Marie Massey ( Mel 's girlfriend ) ( 1978 -- 84 ) Martha Raye as Carrie Sharples ( Mel 's mother ) ( 1978 -- 84 ) Doris Roberts as Mona Spivak ( Alice 's mother ) ( 1981 -- 82 ) Robert Picardo as Officer Maxwell , Elliott 's partner ( 1983 -- 84 ) Pat Cranshaw as Andy ( diner regular ) ( 1976 -- 78 ) Other notable guest stars : Eve Arden , Desi Arnaz , Brice Beckham , Fred Berry , Joan Blondell , George Burns ( as himself ) , Ruth Buzzi ( as Chloe Beesmeyer , Henry 's wife ) , Art Carney ( as himself ) , Corey Feldman , Robert Goulet , Joel Grey ( as himself ) , Florence Halop , Eileen Heckart ( as Rose Hyatt , Alice 's interfering mother in - law ) , Florence Henderson , Jay Leno , Bill Maher , Nancy McKeon ( Philip 's sister , appeared twice in different roles ) , Frank Nelson , Donald O'Connor ( as himself ) , Kelly Parsons , Jerry Reed ( as himself ) , Debbie Reynolds , Kim Richards , Telly Savalas ( as himself ) , and Jerry Stiller . Production information ( edit ) The show 's theme was called `` There 's a New Girl in Town '' , with music by David Shire , lyrics by Alan Bergman and Marilyn Bergman ; performed by Linda Lavin . Several different arrangements of this tune were used throughout the series ' run ; the lyrics were altered after the second season . The Mel 's Diner set made changes over the years ; in the pilot the diner contained a blue refrigerator , but in the series the refrigerator was a dirty stainless steel , then later was changed to clean and shiny stainless steel in 1979 -- 81 and much later the set featured an even shinier stainless steel refrigerator and better appliances . The rest of the set , however , remained the same . The men 's and ladies ' restrooms were confined to one room in the pilot and during the first season . From 1977 -- 85 , there were separate restrooms with `` Ladies '' and `` Men '' written on them . The storeroom was inside the diner where the Men 's restroom would later be and said `` Private '' on it during the 1976 -- 77 season . The storeroom from 1977 to 1985 was confined to the back of the diner . Here , the waitresses took their breaks , had their lockers , and stored their uniforms . Mel also conducted his business from this space . The payphone was a touch tone and was located on the left of the `` Restrooms '' door in the pilot episode . For the first season , it was moved to the right of the doors that led to the kitchen section of the diner . For the second season , it was moved to the wall between the two doors that became two separate restrooms and was replaced by a phone with a rotary dial . From 1978 to 1985 , the phone was a touch tone and was located at a section that was a few steps away from the entrance to the diner . In the first season , the diner was decorated in an Aztec and Cowboy motif to accommodate the feel of Arizona . For the second season , the walls had pink wallpaper with red lines on it . For the third season , the walls had wallpaper with orange leaves on it . The giant `` 14 - ounce coffee cup '' sign used in later seasons was seen by a producer scouting Phoenix for an establishing shot for the show 's later seasons . It was at `` Chris ' Diner '' and the owner agreed to change the name to Mel 's for the show . Alice 's apartment remained more or less unchanged during most of the show 's run ; the apartments of Mel and Vera and Flo 's trailer were occasionally seen . ( The set for Flo 's trailer was also used on the spinoff Flo . ) The pilot episode was taped at CBS Television City in Hollywood , California . After this , the series was taped at The Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank , California . Differences in premise between film and television series ( edit ) Alice had many contrasts with the film on which it was based , Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore . The tone and style of the series differed greatly from the film , and there were a number of factual differences concerning the characters and setting . Film Television series Alice 's maiden name was Graham . Alice 's maiden name was Spivak . Alice and Tommy had previously lived in Socorro , New Mexico . Alice and Tommy had previously lived in northern New Jersey . Alice 's late husband Donald was portrayed as abusive . Alice 's relationship with Donald is never described , but she kept a photo of him displayed on the wall of her apartment for years after his death . Alice 's original plans were to move back to her hometown of Monterey , California , to restart her singing career . Alice 's original plans were to move to Los Angeles to restart her singing career . The restaurant where Alice becomes a waitress was called Mel & Ruby 's Cafe and located in Tucson . The restaurant where Alice becomes a waitress was called Mel 's Diner and located in Phoenix . On the pilot episode , the sign on the door said `` Mel & Ruby 's Cafe '' . Alice and Flo do not initially like each other and do not become friends until well into the `` Tucson '' segment of the film . Flo takes on the role of `` big sister '' to the other waitresses , and she and Alice were best friends from the beginning of the series . Alice ran out of money , and took the job at Mel and Ruby 's temporarily to earn enough money to get them the rest of the way to Monterey . Alice took a job at Mel 's because her car broke down when she and Tommy reached Phoenix on the way to Los Angeles . Mel was a widower , having been married to a woman named Ruby ; hence the restaurant 's name , `` Mel & Ruby 's Cafe . '' Mel was a middle - aged bachelor . Alice and Tommy live in a nearby motel while she works at Mel 's . Alice and Tommy move to the Desert Sun Apartments ; the distance between her apartment and Mel 's Diner is never revealed , but is presumably within walking distance , as it is mentioned that Alice and / or Tommy occasionally walk between the diner and home . Alice meets and falls in love with a divorced rancher named David , whose wife left him and took their children ; David becomes Tommy 's guitar teacher . Alice does not get involved in a serious relationship until the last season . Alice and Flo were around the same age . Flo was roughly ten years older than Alice ( despite the fact that in reality Holiday and Lavin were approximately the same age , having both been born in 1937 ) . Flo had blonde hair . She was in a crumbling marriage and her husband was not speaking to her . She had a daughter to support and flirted with and accepted passes from her male customers , but never dated any of them . She had a number of one - liners , including `` You can kiss me where the sun do n't shine . '' Flo had red hair , was divorced three times and had no children . She lived by herself in a trailer park , dated many men , and her usual catchphrases were `` Kiss my grits ! '' and `` When donkeys fly ! '' Vera had a low , quiet voice ; she was taken to and from work by her father ; she was shy and somewhat awkward , but was not dumb . Vera had a high voice that was fairly loud ; she lived alone in an apartment that was located at an unknown distance from the diner ; she was extremely clumsy , and rather slow - witted . Broadcast history and Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season Time slot ( ET ) Rank Rating 1976 -- 77 Tuesday at 9 : 30 p.m. ( Episode 1 ) Wednesday at 9 : 30 p.m. ( Episodes 2 -- 6 ) Saturday at 9 : 30 p.m. ( Episodes 7 -- 24 ) 30 20.0 1977 -- 78 Sunday at 9 : 30 p.m. 8 23.2 ( Tied with M * A * S * H ) 1978 -- 79 Sunday at 9 : 30 p.m. ( Episodes 1 -- 2 , 21 ) Sunday at 8 : 30 p.m. ( Episodes 3 -- 19 ) Sunday at 9 : 00 p.m. ( Episodes 20 , 22 -- 24 ) 13 23.2 1979 -- 80 Sunday at 9 : 00 p.m. 25.3 ( Tied with M * A * S * H ) 1980 -- 81 7 22.9 1981 -- 82 5 22.7 1982 -- 83 Wednesday at 9 : 00 p.m. ( 1982 ) Sunday at 9 : 30 p.m. ( Episodes 7 -- 8 , 15 -- 20 ) Monday at 8 : 00 p.m. ( Episode 9 ) Monday at 9 : 00 p.m. ( Episodes 10 -- 14 ) Sunday at 8 : 00 p.m. ( Episodes 21 -- 23 ) Not in the Top 30 1983 -- 84 Sunday at 8 : 00 p.m. ( Episodes 1 -- 7 , 10 -- 14 ) Sunday at 8 : 30 p.m. ( Episode 8 ) Sunday at 9 : 30 p.m. ( Episodes 15 -- 23 ) 25 17.2 ( Tied with The CBS Tuesday Night Movie , Webster , Knight Rider and Hardcastle and McCormick ) 1984 -- 85 Sunday at 9 : 30 p.m. ( 1984 ) Sunday at 8 : 30 p.m. ( 1985 ) Not in the Top 30 Syndication and international broadcasts ( edit ) Alice was seen in reruns : from June 2 , 1980 to September 17 , 1982 on CBS daytime at 10 : 30 a.m. ( EST ) , replacing Whew ! ( before being replaced with Child 's Play ) ; via syndication on many local broadcast stations beginning in the fall of 1982 . Notable stations that purchased and aired reruns of Alice included WPIX in New York City ; KTTV in Los Angeles ; WGN - TV in Chicago ; WTHR in Indianapolis ; KOIN in Portland , Oregon , WPHL - TV in Philadelphia ; KBHK - TV in San Francisco ; KHTV in Houston ; WSBK - TV in Boston ; WTTG in Washington , D.C. ; WUAB in Cleveland ; KFMB - TV in San Diego ; WXON in Detroit ; WTMJ in Milwaukee and KWGN - TV in Denver , WFIE - TV in Evansville , Indiana among others ; in the late 1980s on superstation TBS ( WTBS ) from Atlanta ; sporadically from the mid-1990s until early 1998 on E ! Entertainment Television ; on TNN from late June 1999 to January 2001 . The show returned to television on April 2 , 2007 , airing on the ION Television network weekdays at 7 : 30 P.M. until June 22 , 2007 . The show was heavily edited to make time for additional commercials , with several minutes of important plot often haphazardly cut . The show returned to ION on November 24 , 2007 , with two back - to - back episodes at 7 : 00pm EST Monday through Thursday , and continued until the entire series ' episodes had been aired . It was replaced by Family Feud on April 7 , 2008 . Logo TV started airing episodes in April 2017 . Antenna TV starting airing episodes in January 2018 . International ( edit ) Alice was shown in the UK by Channel 4 , starting on 27 August 1984 . At first , the series was shown each weekday at 5.00 pm , before moving to a twice - weekly slot later . No breaks between seasons were made and the final episode was shown in October 1986 . Home media releases ( edit ) DVD On June 27 , 2006 , six episodes of Alice were released on DVD as part of the Warner Bros . ' Television Favorites Compilation . The episodes were hand picked by fans at SitcomsOnline.com and are as follows : `` Alice Gets a Pass '' , September 29 , 1976 -- First non-pilot episode . `` The Odd Couple '' , February 26 , 1977 -- When Flo 's trailer is stolen , Alice allows Flo to move in with her . Alice finds Flo 's habits difficult to handle . `` Close Encounters of the Worst Kind '' , January 22 , 1978 -- Alice 's use of psychology causes tension among her coworkers . `` Block Those Kicks '' , October 22 , 1978 -- The waitresses decide to give up their bad habits in order to encourage Mel to give up his gambling habit . `` Cabin Fever '' , December 2 , 1979 -- The waitresses , Mel and his girlfriend unknowingly book the same cabin during the same weekend . `` Flo 's Farewell '' , February 24 , 1980 -- Flo leaves Mel 's Diner for a hosting job at a restaurant in Texas . Season releases Warner Home Video has released the first four seasons on DVD in Region 1 via their Warner Archive Collection . These are manufacture - on - demand ( MOD ) releases , available through Warner 's online store Warner Archives Collection ( only sold in the USA ) , and also through Oldies.com ( which distributes and sells worldwide ) , and through Amazon and eBay . Season 5 was released on August 1 , 2017 . Season 6 was released on December 5 , 2017 . DVD Name Ep . # Release Date The Complete First Season 23 June 12 , 2012 The Complete Second Season 24 October 23 , 2012 The Complete Third Season 24 March 19 , 2013 The Complete Fourth Season 26 October 22 , 2013 The Complete Fifth Season 26 August 1 , 2017 The Complete Sixth Season 24 December 5 , 2017 Streaming Alice the whole series is available from Apple iTunes Store and Amazon Video for downloading . In addition , a holiday episode for Season 3 is also available from Amazon . Awards ( edit ) The `` Tommy 's Lost Weekend '' episode , written by Bob Bendetson , Howard Bendetson , and Robert Getchell , based on a story by Arnold Anthony Schmidt , received an Emmy nomination in 1984 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore on IMDb Jump up ^ Flo at the Internet Movie Database ^ Jump up to : Diane Ladd 's award page at the Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ SG . `` ALICE -- Polly Holliday '' . Alicehyatt.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Alice : The Complete Fifth Season Jump up ^ `` Alice - MOD Plans from Warner Archive for ' The Complete 6th Season ' DVDs Available from online sellers in just two weeks , on December 5th ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2017 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Alice-Season-1/17082 Jump up ^ http://www.wbshop.com/product/code/1000355317.do?promo=sliderALICE2wac Jump up ^ http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Alice-Season-3/18163 Jump up ^ http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Alice-Season-4/19101 Jump up ^ http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Alice-Season-5/23530 Jump up ^ http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Alice-Season-6/23827 Jump up ^ Amazon : Alice Season 1 -- 9 Jump up ^ Amazon : `` Alice : Season 3 -- What Are You Doing New Years ? '' Jump up ^ Alice , `` Tommy 's Lost Weekend , '' Variety , December 10 , 1984 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alice ( TV series ) . Alice on IMDb Alice at TV.com Alice at TV Guide Alice Characters Alice Hyatt Mel Sharples Tommy Hyatt Florence Jean `` Flo '' Castleberry Isabelle `` Belle '' Dupree Jolene Hunnicutt Carrie Sharples Seasons Spin - off Flo ( 1980 -- 81 ) Movie Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1974 ) Related Mel 's Diner Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Governor & J.J. ( 1969 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 1973 ) Rhoda , season 1 ( 1974 ) Barney Miller , season 1 / season 2 ( 1975 ) Barney Miller , season 2 / season 3 ( 1976 ) All in the Family , season 7 / season 8 ( 1977 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1978 ) Alice / Taxi , season 1 / season 2 ( 1979 ) Taxi , season 2 / season 3 ( 1980 ) M * A * S * H , season 9 / season 10 ( 1981 ) Fame ( 1982 ) Fame ( 1983 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1984 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 / season 2 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 / season 3 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown ( 1989 ) Cheers , season 8 / season 9 ( 1990 ) Brooklyn Bridge ( 1991 ) Roseanne , season 4 / season 5 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 / season 5 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 / season 2 & Mad About You ( 1994 ) Cybill ( 1995 ) 3rd Rock from the Sun , season 1 / season 2 ( 1996 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 ( 1997 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 / season 2 ( 1998 ) Sex and the City , season 2 ( 1999 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( 2002 ) The Office ( UK ) ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty , season 1 ( 2006 ) Extras ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) Glee , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) Girls , season 1 ( 2012 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine , season 1 ( 2013 ) Transparent , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mozart in the Jungle , season 1 ( 2015 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel , season 1 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_(TV_series)&oldid=826268740 '' Categories : 1976 American television series debuts 1985 American television series endings 1970s American comedy television series 1980s American comedy television series 1970s American television series 1980s American television series American television sitcoms Best Musical or Comedy Series Golden Globe winners CBS network shows English - language television programs Television programs based on films Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television shows set in Maricopa County , Arizona Television shows set in Arizona Television series set in restaurants Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 05 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sings the theme song to the tv show alice
[ "The show's theme was called \"There's a New Girl in Town\", with music by David Shire, lyrics by Alan Bergman and Marilyn Bergman; performed by Linda Lavin. Several different arrangements of this tune were used throughout the series' run; the lyrics were altered after the second season." ]
[ "Linda Lavin" ]
5194870858573433525
Hollywood Walk of Fame
Hollywood Walk of Fame - wikipedia Hollywood Walk of Fame For a list of the stars , see List of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Entertainment hall of fame in Hollywood , Los Angeles Hollywood Walk of Fame 6801 Hollywood Boulevard near the Dolby Theatre Hollywood Walk of Fame Location of the Hollywood Walk of Fame , at its center at Hollywood and Vine , within Central Los Angeles Established 1958 Location Hollywood Blvd. and Vine St . Hollywood , Los Angeles 34 ° 06 ′ 06 '' N 118 ° 19 ′ 36 '' W  /  34.101630 ° N 118.326684 ° W  / 34.101630 ; - 118.326684 Type Entertainment hall of fame Visitors 10 million annually Public transit access Hollywood / Vine Hollywood / Highland Website Official website Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monument Designated July 5 , 1978 Reference no . 194 The Hollywood Walk of Fame comprises more than 2,600 five - pointed terrazzo and brass stars embedded in the sidewalks along 15 blocks of Hollywood Boulevard and three blocks of Vine Street in Hollywood , California . The stars are permanent public monuments to achievement in the entertainment industry , bearing the names of a mix of actors , musicians , directors , producers , musical and theatrical groups , fictional characters , and others . The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self - financing Hollywood Historic Trust . It is a popular tourist destination , with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003 . Contents 1 Description 1.1 Categorization 1.2 Special stars 2 History 2.1 Origin 2.2 Selection and construction 2.3 Stagnation and revitalization 2.4 Expansion 2.5 Restoration 3 The Walk of Fame today 3.1 Multiple stars 3.2 Controversial additions 3.3 Stars with the same name 3.4 Bending the rules 3.5 Unique and unusual 3.6 Fictional characters and their creators 3.7 Star locations 3.8 Errors and mysteries 3.9 Theft and vandalism 3.10 Four Ladies of Hollywood 4 Nomination process 5 Homage 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) The Walk of Fame runs 1.3 miles ( 2.1 km ) east to west on Hollywood Boulevard from Gower Street to La Brea Avenue , plus a short segment of Marshfield Way that runs diagonally between Hollywood and La Brea ; and 0.4 miles ( 0.64 km ) north to south on Vine Street between Yucca Street and Sunset Boulevard . According to a 2003 report by the market research firm NPO Plog Research , the Walk attracts about 10 million visitors annually -- more than Sunset Strip , TCL Chinese Theatre ( formerly Grauman 's ) , the Queen Mary , and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art -- and has played an important role in making tourism the largest industry in Los Angeles County . Categorization ( edit ) As of 2018 , the Walk of Fame comprises over 2,600 stars , spaced at 6 - foot ( 1.8 m ) intervals . The monuments are coral - pink terrazzo five - point stars rimmed with brass ( not bronze , an oft - repeated inaccuracy ) inlaid into a charcoal - colored terrazzo background . In the upper portion of each star field the name of the honoree is inlaid in brass block letters . Below the inscription , in the lower half of the star field , a round inlaid brass emblem indicates the category of the honoree 's contributions . The emblems symbolize five categories within the entertainment industry : Classic film camera representing motion pictures Television receiver representing broadcast television Phonograph record representing audio recording or music Radio microphone representing broadcast radio Comedy / tragedy masks representing theatre / live performance ( added in 1984 ) Of all the stars on the Walk to date , 47 % have been awarded in the motion pictures category , 24 % in television , 17 % in audio recording , 10 % in radio , and fewer than 2 % in the live performance category . Approximately 20 new stars are added to the Walk each year . Special stars ( edit ) Special category stars recognize various contributions by corporate entities , service organizations , and special honorees , and display emblems unique to those honorees . For example , former Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley 's star displays the Seal of the City of Los Angeles ; the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) star emblem is a replica of a Hollywood Division badge ; and stars representing corporations , such as Victoria 's Secret and the Los Angeles Dodgers , display the honoree 's corporate logo . The `` Friends of the Walk of Fame '' monuments are charcoal terrazzo squares rimmed by miniature pink terrazzo stars displaying the five standard category emblems , along with the sponsor 's corporate logo , with the sponsor 's name and contribution in inlaid brass block lettering . Special stars and Friends monuments are granted by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce or the Hollywood Historic Trust , but are not part of the Walk of Fame proper and are located nearby on private property . The monuments for the Apollo 11 mission to the Moon are uniquely shaped : Four identical circular moons , bearing the names of the three astronauts ( Neil A. Armstrong , Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. , Michael Collins ) the date of the first Moon landing ( `` 7 / 20 / 69 '' ) , and the words `` Apollo XI '' , are set on each of the four corners of the intersection of Hollywood and Vine . The moons are silver and grey terrazzo circles rimmed in brass on a square pink terrazzo background , with the television emblem inlaid at the top of each circle . History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) The Walk of Fame at the 6800 block of Hollywood Boulevard , looking eastward . The Dolby Theatre is in the foreground at left . In the upper left quadrant is the famous intersection of Hollywood and Highland Center . The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E.M. Stuart , its volunteer president in 1953 , with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame . Stuart reportedly proposed the Walk as a means to `` maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamour and excitement in the four corners of the world . '' Harry Sugarman , another Chamber member and president of the Hollywood Improvement Association , receives credit in an independent account . A committee was formed to flesh out the idea , and an architectural firm was retained to develop specific proposals . By 1955 the basic concept and general design had been agreed upon , and plans were submitted to the Los Angeles City Council . Multiple accounts exist for the origin of the star concept . According to one , the historic Hollywood Hotel -- which stood for more than 50 years on Hollywood Boulevard at the site now occupied by the Hollywood and Highland complex and the Dolby ( formerly Kodak ) Theatre -- displayed stars on its dining room ceiling above the tables favored by its most famous celebrity patrons , and that may have served as an early inspiration . By another account , the stars were `` inspired ... by Sugarman 's ( Tropics Restaurant ) drinks menu , which featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars . '' In February 1956 a prototype was unveiled featuring a caricature of an example honoree ( John Wayne , by some accounts ) inside a blue star on a brown background . However , caricatures proved too expensive and difficult to execute in brass with the technology available at the time ; and the brown and blue motif was vetoed by Charles E. Toberman , the legendary real estate developer known as `` Mr. Hollywood '' , because the colors clashed with a new building he was erecting on Hollywood Boulevard . Selection and construction ( edit ) By March 1956 the final design and coral - and - charcoal color scheme had been approved , and between the spring of 1956 and the fall of 1957 , 1,558 honorees were selected by committees representing the four major branches of the entertainment industry at that time : motion pictures , television , audio recording , and radio . The committees met at the Brown Derby restaurant , and included such prominent names as Cecil B. DeMille , Samuel Goldwyn , Jesse L. Lasky , Walt Disney , Hal Roach , Mack Sennett , and Walter Lantz . Woodward 's star , contrary to popular belief , was not the first . A requirement stipulated by the original audio recording committee ( and later rescinded ) specified minimum sales of one million records or 250,000 albums for all music category nominees . The committee soon realized that many important recording artists would be excluded from the Walk by that requirement . As a result , the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was formed for the purpose of creating a separate award system for the music business . The first Grammy Awards were presented in Beverly Hills in 1959 . Construction of the Walk began in 1958 but two lawsuits delayed completion . The first was filed by local property owners challenging the legality of the $ 1.25 million tax assessment levied upon them to pay for the Walk , along with new street lighting and trees . In October 1959 the assessment was ruled legal . The second lawsuit , filed by Charles Chaplin , Jr. , sought damages for the exclusion of his father , whose nomination had been withdrawn due to pressure from multiple quarters ( see Controversial additions ) . Chaplin 's suit was dismissed in 1960 , paving the way for completion of the project . While Joanne Woodward is often singled out as the first to receive a star on the Walk of Fame , in fact there was no `` first '' recipient ; the original stars were installed as a continuous project , with no individual ceremonies . Woodward 's name was one of eight drawn at random from the original 1,558 and inscribed on eight prototype stars that were built while litigation was still holding up permanent construction . The eight prototypes were installed temporarily on the northwest corner of Hollywood Boulevard and Highland Avenue in August 1958 to generate publicity and to demonstrate how the Walk would eventually look . The other seven names were Olive Borden , Ronald Colman , Louise Fazenda , Preston Foster , Burt Lancaster , Edward Sedgwick , and Ernest Torrence . Official groundbreaking took place on February 8 , 1960 . On March 28 , 1960 , the first permanent star , director Stanley Kramer 's , was completed on the easternmost end of the new Walk near the intersection of Hollywood and Gower . The Joanne Woodward legend may have originated , according to one source , because she was the first to pose with her star for photographers . Stagnation and revitalization ( edit ) Though the Walk was originally conceived in part to encourage redevelopment of Hollywood Boulevard , the 1960s and 1970s were periods of protracted urban decay in the Hollywood area as residents moved to suburbs . After the initial installation of approximately 1,500 stars in 1960 and 1961 , eight years passed without the addition of a new star . In 1962 the Los Angeles City Council passed an ordinance naming the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce `` the agent to advise the City '' about adding names to the Walk , and the Chamber , over the following six years , devised rules , procedures , and financing methods to do so . In December 1968 , Richard D. Zanuck was awarded the first star in eight years in a presentation ceremony hosted by Danny Thomas . In July 1978 the City of Los Angeles designated the Hollywood Walk of Fame a Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monument . Johnny Grant , center , at producer Joe Pasternak 's presentation ceremony in 1991 . At left is Gene Kelly . Radio personality , television producer and Chamber member Johnny Grant is generally credited with implementing the changes that resuscitated the Walk and established it as a significant tourist attraction . Beginning in 1968 , he stimulated publicity and encouraged international press coverage by requiring that each recipient personally attend his or her star 's unveiling ceremony . Grant later recalled that `` it was tough to get people to come accept a star '' until the neighborhood finally began its recovery in the 1980s . In 1980 he instituted a fee of $2,500 , payable by the person or entity nominating the recipient , to fund the Walk of Fame 's upkeep and minimize further taxpayer burden . The fee has increased incrementally over time ; by 2002 it had reached $15,000 , and stood at $30,000 in 2012 . The current ( 2017 ) fee is $40,000 . Grant was awarded a star in 1980 for his television work . In 2002 , he received a second star in the `` special '' category to acknowledge his pivotal role in improving and popularizing the Walk . He was also named chairman of the Selection Committee and Honorary Mayor of Hollywood ( a ceremonial position previously held by Art Linkletter and Monty Hall , among others ) . He remained in both offices from 1980 until his death in 2008 and hosted the great majority of unveiling ceremonies during that period . His unique special - category star , with its emblem depicting a stylized `` Great Seal of the City of Hollywood '' , is located at the entrance to the Dolby Theatre adjacent to Johnny Grant Way . Expansion ( edit ) In 1984 a fifth category , Live Theatre , was added to permit acknowledgment of contributions from the live performance branch of the entertainment industry , and a second row of stars was created on each sidewalk to alternate with the existing stars . Hollywood Boulevard , 7000 block , north side , looking westward In 1994 the Walk of Fame was extended one block to the west on Hollywood Boulevard , from Sycamore Avenue to North LaBrea Avenue ( plus the short segment of Marshfield Way that connects Hollywood and La Brea ) , where it now ends at the silver `` Four Ladies of Hollywood '' gazebo and the special `` Walk of Fame '' star . At the same time , Sophia Loren was honored with the 2,000 th star on the Walk . During construction of tunnels for the Los Angeles subway system in 1996 , the Metropolitan Transportation Authority removed and stored more than 300 stars . Controversy arose when the MTA proposed a money - saving measure of jackhammering the 3 - by - 3 - foot terrazzo pads , preserving only the brass lettering , surrounds , and medallions , then pouring new terrazzo after the tunnels were completed ; but the Cultural Heritage Commission ruled that the star pads were to be removed intact . Restoration ( edit ) In 2008 a long - term restoration project began with an evaluation of all 2,365 stars on the Walk at the time , each receiving a letter grade of A , B , C , D , or F. Honorees whose stars received F grades , indicating the most severe damage , were Joan Collins , Peter Frampton , Dick Van Patten , Paul Douglas , Andrew L. Stone , Willard Waterman , Richard Boleslavsky , Ellen Drew , Frank Crumit , and Bobby Sherwood . Fifty celebrities ' stars received `` D '' grades . The damage ranged from minor cosmetic flaws caused by normal weathering to holes and fissures severe enough to constitute a walking hazard . At least 778 stars will eventually be repaired or replaced during the ongoing project at an estimated cost of $4 million to $4.2 million . The restoration is a collaboration among the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and various Los Angeles city and county governmental offices , along with the MTA , which operates the Metro Red Line that runs beneath the Walk , since earth movement due to the presence of the subway line is thought to be partly responsible for the damage . To encourage supplemental funding for the project by corporate sponsors , the `` Friends of Walk of Fame '' program was inaugurated . Absolut Vodka became the first Friend with a donation of $1 million , followed by L'Oréal . Friends are recognized with honorary plaques adjacent to the Walk of Fame in front of the Dolby Theatre . The program received some criticism . Alana Semuels of the Los Angeles Times described it as `` just the latest corporate attempt to buy some good buzz , '' and , quoting an area brand strategist , `` I think Johnny Grant would roll over in his grave . '' Karen Fondu , President of L'Oréal Paris , countered that the association was `` a natural affinity . '' The Walk of Fame today ( edit ) Multiple stars ( edit ) The original selection committees chose to recognize some entertainers ' contributions in multiple categories with multiple stars . Gene Autry is the only honoree with stars in all five categories . Bob Hope , Mickey Rooney , Roy Rogers , and Tony Martin each have stars in four categories -- Rooney has three of his own and a fourth with his eighth and final wife , Jan , while Rogers also has three of his own , and a fourth with his band , Sons of the Pioneers . Thirty - three people , including Bing Crosby , Frank Sinatra , Jo Stafford , Dean Martin , Dinah Shore , Gale Storm , Danny Kaye , Douglas Fairbanks Jr. , and Jack Benny , have stars in three categories . Seven recording artists have two stars in the same category for distinct achievements : Michael Jackson , as a soloist and as a member of The Jackson 5 ; Diana Ross , as a member of The Supremes and for her solo work ; Smokey Robinson , as a solo artist and as a member of The Miracles ; and John Lennon , Ringo Starr , George Harrison , and Paul McCartney as individuals and as members of The Beatles . Cher forfeited her opportunity by declining to schedule the mandatory personal appearance when she was selected in 1983 . She did attend the unveiling of the Sonny & Cher star in 1998 as a tribute to her recently deceased ex-husband , Sonny Bono . George Eastman is the only honoree with two stars in the same category for the same achievement , the invention of roll film . In 1977 , country singer Loretta Lynn was the first of her genre to receive a star on the Walk of Fame . Controversial additions ( edit ) Charlie Chaplin 's star , selected in 1956 , installed in 1972 Charlie Chaplin is the only honoree to be selected twice for the same star on the Walk . He was unanimously voted into the initial group of 500 in 1956 but the Selection Committee ultimately excluded him , ostensibly due to questions regarding his morals ( he had been charged with violating the Mann Act -- and exonerated -- during the White Slavery hysteria of the 1940s ) , but more likely due to his left - leaning political views . The rebuke prompted an unsuccessful lawsuit by his son , Charles Chaplin Jr . His star was finally added to the Walk in 1972 , the same year he received his Academy Award ; but even then , 16 years later , the Chamber of Commerce received angry letters from across the country protesting its decision to include him . The committee 's Chaplin difficulties reportedly contributed to its decision in 1978 against awarding a star to Paul Robeson , a controversial opera singer , actor , athlete , writer , lawyer , and social activist . The resulting outcry from the entertainment industry , civic circles , local and national politicians , and many other quarters was so intense that the decision was reversed and Robeson was awarded a star in 1979 . Following sexual assault allegations involving comedian Bill Cosby , actor Kevin Spacey , reality television host Donald Trump , and producer - director Brett Ratner , the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce released a statement regarding inquiries as to the removal of stars : The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce has received inquiries asking whether we are planning to remove the stars of Walk of Famers because of alleged misconduct . The answer is no ... The Hollywood Walk of Fame is a registered historic landmark . Once a star has been added to the Walk , it is considered a part of the historic fabric of the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Because of this , we have never removed a star from the Walk . As of 2018 , this has been the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce 's only statement regarding the removal of stars . On August 6 , 2018 , the West Hollywood City Council passed a resolution asking for the removal of the star for Donald Trump , after repeated vandalism to the site . The Mayor of West Hollywood , John Duran , stated that `` the council unanimously passes the resolution to remove his star '' ; however , the West Hollywood City Council has no jurisdiction over the Walk of Fame . Stars with the same name ( edit ) Two pairs of stars share identical names representing different people . There are two Harrison Ford stars , honoring the silent film actor ( at 6665 Hollywood Boulevard ) , and the present - day actor ( in front of the Dolby Theatre at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard ) . Two Michael Jackson stars represent the singer / dancer / songwriter ( at 6927 Hollywood Boulevard ) , and the radio personality ( at 1597 Vine Street ) . When the recording artist Jackson died in 2009 , fans mistakenly began leaving flowers , candles , and other tributes at the Vine Street star . Upon learning of this , the radio host wrote on his website , `` I am willingly loan ( ing ) it to him and , if it would bring him back , he can have it . '' The most common surname , with sixteen stars , is Williams : Andy Williams , Bill Williams , Billy Dee Williams , Cindy Williams , Earle Williams , Esther Williams , Guy Williams , Hank Williams , Joe Williams , Kathlyn Williams , Paul Williams , Pharrell Williams , Robin Williams , Roger Williams , Tex Williams and Vanessa Williams . There are fourteen stars with the surname Moore , twelve with Jones , and seven with Smith . The largest collection of stars honoring one group of blood relatives is the widely scattered set of seven representing the Barrymore family : John Barrymore , his brother Lionel ( who has two ) , and sister Ethel , their uncle Sidney Drew , John 's son John Drew Barrymore , and John Drew 's daughter Drew Barrymore . Bending the rules ( edit ) One of the four monuments recognizing the Apollo 11 astronauts at the corners of Hollywood and Vine Walk of Fame rules prohibit consideration of nominees whose contributions fall outside the five major entertainment categories , but the selection committee has been known to conjure some interesting rule interpretations to justify a selection . The Walk 's four round Moon landing monuments at the corners of Hollywood and Vine , for example , officially recognize the Apollo 11 astronauts for `` contributions to the television industry '' . Johnny Grant acknowledged , in 2005 , that classifying the first Moon landing as a television entertainment event was `` a bit of a stretch '' . Magic Johnson 's considerable basketball skills had no direct connection to movies , music , TV , radio , or theater , but the committee added him to the motion picture category , based on his ownership of the Magic Johnson Theatre chain , citing as precedent Sid Grauman , builder of Grauman 's ( now TCL ) Chinese Theatre . `` ( Now ) people want Orville Redenbacher , '' Grant quipped in the 2005 interview , `` because his popcorn is in all the theaters . '' Muhammad Ali 's star was granted after the committee decided that boxing could be considered a form of `` live performance '' . Its placement , on a wall of the Dolby Theatre , makes it the only star mounted on a vertical surface , acceding to Ali 's request that his name not be walked upon . All living honorees have been required since 1968 to personally attend their star 's unveiling , and approximately 40 have declined the honor due to this condition . The only recipient to date who failed to appear after agreeing to do so was Barbra Streisand , in 1976 . Her star was unveiled anyway , near the intersection of Hollywood and Highland . Streisand did attend when her husband , James Brolin , unveiled his star in 1998 two blocks to the east . Unique and unusual ( edit ) Fifteen stars are identified with a one - word stage name : Cantinflas , Houdini , Liberace , Mako , Meiklejohn , Paderewski , Parkyakarkus , Roseanne , RuPaul , Sabu , Shakira , Slash , Sting , Thalía , and Usher . The largest group of individuals represented by a single star is the estimated 122 adults and 12 children collectively known as the Munchkins , from the landmark 1939 film The Wizard of Oz . Clayton Moore is so inextricably linked with his Lone Ranger character , even though he played other roles during his career , that he is one of only two actors to have his character 's name alongside his own on his star . The other is Tommy Riggs , whose star reads , `` Tommy Riggs & Betty Lou . '' For more than 40 years , singer Jimmy Boyd was the youngest star recipient at age 20 , but he lost that distinction in 2004 to 18 - year - old twins Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen . Their joint star ( the only one shared by twins ) is outside the Dolby Theatre , near the Hollywood and Highland Center . The Westmores received the first star honoring contributions in theatrical make - up . Other make - up artists on the walk are Max Factor , John Chambers and Rick Baker . Three stars recognize experts in special effects : Ray Harryhausen , Dennis Muren , and Stan Winston . Only one costume designer has received a star , eight - time Academy Award winner Edith Head . Sidney Sheldon is one of two novelists with a star , which he earned for writing screenplays such as The Bachelor and the Bobby - Soxer before turning to novels . The other is Ray Bradbury , whose books and stories have formed the basis of dozens of movies and television programs over a nearly 60 - year period . Ten inventors have stars on the Walk : George Eastman ( as mentioned ) ; Thomas Edison , inventor of the first true film projector and holder of numerous patents related to motion - picture technology ; Lee de Forest , inventor of the vacuum tube , which made radio and TV possible , and Phonofilm , which made sound movies possible ; Merian C. Cooper , co-inventor of the Cinerama process ; Herbert Kalmus , inventor of Technicolor ; Auguste and Louis Lumière , inventors of important components of the motion picture camera ; Mark Serrurier , inventor of the technology used for film editing ; Hedy Lamarr , co-inventor of a frequency - hopping radio guidance system that was a precursor to Wi - Fi networks and cellular telephone systems ; and Ray Dolby , co-developer of the video tape recorder and inventor of the Dolby noise reduction system . A few star recipients moved on after their entertainment careers to political notability . Two Presidents of the United States , Ronald Reagan ( 40th President ) and Donald Trump ( 45th President ) have stars on the Walk . Reagan is also one of two Governors of California with a star ; the other is Arnold Schwarzenegger . One U.S. senator ( George Murphy ) and two members of the U.S. House of Representatives ( Helen Gahagan and Sonny Bono ) have stars . Ignacy Paderewski , who served as Prime Minister of Poland between the World Wars , is the only European head of government represented . Film and stage actor Albert Dekker served one term in the California State Assembly during the 1940s , which was notable for his outspoken public criticism of Senator Joseph McCarthy 's anti-communism demagoguery , leading to his blacklisting . On its 50th anniversary in 2005 , Disneyland received a star adjacent to the Walk of Fame near Disney 's Soda Fountain on Hollywood Boulevard . While not technically part of the Hollywood Walk of Fame ( a city ordinance prohibits putting corporate names on sidewalks ) , the star was installed adjacent to the Walk of Fame , and was thought of by Johnny Grant , the proverbial `` Mayor of Hollywood . '' Roger Ebert said of the star `` If you stop to think about what Disneyland has achieved and what a revolutionary idea it was to begin with , of course it deserve ( s ) a star . '' In lieu of the traditional icon indicating the specific achievement ( s ) of the honoree , Disneyland 's star has an icon of Sleeping Beauty Castle , and a plaque beneath the star reading : `` Award of Excellence Special achievement for 50 years of magical entertainment Hollywood Historic Trust July 14 , 2005 . Johnny Grant , Chairman . '' Fictional characters and their creators ( edit ) Main article : List of fictional characters with stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Mickey Mouse 's star was the first awarded to an animated character In 1978 , in honor of his 50th anniversary , Mickey Mouse became the first animated character to receive a star . Other animated recipients are Bugs Bunny , Donald Duck , Minnie Mouse , Woody Woodpecker , Snow White , Tinker Bell , Winnie the Pooh , Shrek , The Simpsons , the Rugrats , and Snoopy . The star inscribed Charlie Tuna honors not the animated advertising mascot , but Art Ferguson , the long - time radio personality and game show announcer . Other fictional characters on the Walk include the Munchkins ( as mentioned ) , two individual Muppets ( Kermit the Frog and Big Bird ) and the Muppets as a group , one monster ( Godzilla ) , and three non-animated canine characters ( Strongheart , Lassie , and Rin Tin Tin ) . Ten stars recognize cartoonists and animators : Walt Disney , Chuck Jones , Friz Freleng , Walter Lantz , Hanna -- Barbera , Charles M. Schulz , Jay Ward , Dr. Seuss , Matt Groening and John Lasseter . Two puppeteers have stars : Jim Henson and Shari Lewis , as does Fran Allison , who appeared with Burr Tillstrom 's puppets on the TV show Kukla , Fran and Ollie . Star locations ( edit ) Locations of individual stars are not necessarily random or arbitrary . Stars of most legendary and world - famous celebrities -- the so - called `` show business royalty '' -- are found in front of TCL ( formerly Grauman 's ) Chinese Theatre . Oscar - winners ' stars are usually placed near the Dolby Theatre , site of the annual Academy Awards presentations . Decisions are occasionally made with a dollop of whimsy : Mike Myers 's star , for example , lies in front of an adult store called the International Love Boutique , an association with his Austin Powers roles ; Roger Moore 's star is located at 7007 Hollywood Boulevard in recognition of his seven James Bond 007 films ; Ed O'Neill 's star is located outside a shoe store in reference to his character 's occupation on the TV show Married ... with Children ; and the last star , at the very end of the westernmost portion of the Walk , belongs to The Dead End Kids . Honorees may request a specific location for their star , although final decisions remain with the Chamber . Jay Leno , for example , requested a spot near the corner of Hollywood Blvd. and Highland Ave . because he was twice picked up at that location by police for vagrancy ( though never actually charged ) shortly after his arrival in Hollywood . George Carlin chose to have his star placed in front of the KDAY radio station near the corner of Sunset Blvd. and Vine St. , where he first gained national recognition . Carol Burnett explained her choice in her 1986 memoir : While working as an usherette at the historic Warner Brothers Theatre ( now the Hollywood Pacific Theatre ) during the 1951 run of Alfred Hitchcock 's film Strangers on a Train , she took it upon herself to advise a couple arriving during the final few minutes of a showing to wait for the next showing , to avoid seeing ( and spoiling ) the ending . The theater manager fired her on the spot for `` insubordination '' and humiliated her by stripping the epaulets from her uniform in the theater lobby . Twenty - six years later , at her request , Burnett 's star was placed at the corner of Hollywood and Wilcox -- in front of the theater . Errors and mysteries ( edit ) In 2010 , Julia Louis - Dreyfus 's star was constructed with the name `` Julia Luis Dreyfus '' . The actress was reportedly amused , and the error was corrected . A similar mistake was made on Dick Van Dyke 's star in 1993 ( `` Vandyke '' ) , and rectified . `` Motion Picture '' category , `` TV '' emblem Film and television actor Don Haggerty 's star originally displayed the first name `` Dan '' . The mistake was fixed , but years later the television actor Dan Haggerty ( of Grizzly Adams fame , no relation to Don ) also received a star . The confusion eventually sprouted an urban legend that Dan Haggerty was the only honoree to have a star removed from the Walk of Fame . For 28 years , the star intended to honor Mauritz Stiller , the Helsinki - born pioneer of Swedish film who brought Greta Garbo to the United States , read `` Maurice Diller '' , possibly due to mistranscription of verbal dictation . The star was finally remade with the correct name in 1988 . Three stars remain misspelled : opera diva Lotte Lehmann 's first name is spelled `` Lottie '' ; Cinerama co-inventor and King Kong creator , director , and producer Merian C. Cooper 's first name is spelled `` Meriam '' ; and cinematography pioneer Auguste Lumière 's first name is listed as `` August '' . Monty Woolley , the veteran film and stage actor best known for The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1942 ) and the classic line `` Time flies when you 're having fun '' , is officially listed in the motion picture category , but his star on the Walk of Fame bears the television emblem . Woolley did appear on the small screen late in his career , but his TV contributions were eclipsed by his extensive stage , film , and radio work . Similarly , the star of film actress Carmen Miranda bears the TV emblem , although her official category is motion pictures . Radio and television talk show host Larry King is officially a television honoree , but his star displays a film camera . The Los Angeles Times , which documented and photographed the Walk as part of its Hollywood Star Walk project , reported that it could not find two stars , honoring Richard Crooks and the film career of Geraldine Farrar . ( Farrar 's music star is located on the 1700 block of Vine Street . ) Theft and vandalism ( edit ) Acts of vandalism occur on the Walk on a regular basis , ranging from profanity and political statements written on stars with markers to attempted removal of brass emblems with chisels . Closed circuit surveillance cameras have been installed on the stretch of Hollywood Boulevard between La Brea Avenue and Vine Street in an effort to discourage mischievous activities . Four of the stars , which weigh about 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) each , have been stolen from the Walk of Fame . In 2000 , James Stewart 's and Kirk Douglas 's stars disappeared from their locations near the intersection of Hollywood and Vine , where they had been temporarily removed for a construction project . Police recovered them in the suburban community of South Gate when they arrested a man involved in an incident there and searched his house . The suspect was a construction worker employed on the Hollywood and Vine project . The stars had been badly damaged , and had to be remade . One of Gene Autry 's five stars ( it is not clear which one ) was also stolen from a construction area . Johnny Grant later received an anonymous phone tip that the missing star was in Iowa , but it was never found . `` Someday , it will end up on eBay , '' Grant once joked . The most brazen and ambitious theft occurred in 2005 when thieves used a concrete saw to remove Gregory Peck 's star from its Hollywood Boulevard site at the intersection of North El Centro Avenue , near North Gower . The star was replaced almost immediately , but the original was never recovered and the perpetrators never caught . In late 2009 , rumors circulated widely on media outlets and the Internet that John Lennon 's star had been stolen , but it was merely being relocated farther south on Vine Street to an area near the circular Capitol Records Building , adjacent to the stars of bandmates George Harrison and Ringo Starr . Paul McCartney 's star was installed in the same location in 2012 . Donald Trump 's star was repaired soon after it was destroyed on July 25 , 2018 . Donald Trump 's star -- received as host of The Apprentice television series -- was repeatedly defaced during the 2016 presidential campaign . In late October , near the end of the race , a man named Jamie Otis ( who claimed to be an heir to the Otis Elevator fortune ) used a sledge hammer and a pickaxe to destroy all of the star 's brass inlays . He readily admitted to the vandalism , which he described as `` civil disobedience '' and `` freedom of expression '' , and told reporters that he originally planned to remove the entire star and auction it to raise money for the women who accused Trump of sexually assaulting them . Otis was arrested three weeks after the incident , charged with one count of felony vandalism , and sentenced to three years ' probation plus $3,400 in restitution payments . The star itself was repaired , serving as the site of pro-Trump demonstrations until it was destroyed a second time in July 2018 by a man named Austin Clay . Clay later surrendered himself to the police and was bailed out by Jamie Otis . Four Ladies of Hollywood ( edit ) The Four Ladies of Hollywood gazebo at the Walk of Fame 's west end The Four Ladies of Hollywood gazebo -- known officially as the Hollywood and La Brea Gateway -- stands upon a small triangular island formed by the confluence of Hollywood Boulevard , Marshfield Way , and North La Brea Avenue at the westernmost extension of the Walk of Fame . It was commissioned in 1993 by the Los Angeles Community Redevelopment Agency Art Program and created by the architect , production designer , and film director Catherine Hardwicke as a tribute to the multi-ethnic women of Hollywood . The gazebo is a stainless steel stylized Art Deco lattice structure . The roof is an arched square supporting a circular dome , which is topped by a central obelisk with descending neon block letters spelling `` Hollywood '' on each of its four sides . Atop the obelisk is a small gilded weathervane - style sculpture of Marilyn Monroe in her iconic billowing skirt pose from The Seven Year Itch . The domed structure is held aloft by four caryatids sculpted by Harl West to represent the African - American actress Dorothy Dandridge , Asian - American actress Anna May Wong , Mexican actress Dolores del Río , and the multi-ethnic , Brooklyn - born actress Mae West . The gazebo was dedicated on February 1 , 1994 , to a mixed reception . Los Angeles Times art critic Christopher Knight called it `` the most depressingly awful work of public art in recent years '' , representing the opposite of Hardwicke 's intended tribute to women . `` Sex , as a woman 's historic gateway to Hollywood '' , he wrote , `` could n't be more explicitly described '' . Independent writer and film producer Gail Choice called it a fitting tribute to a group of pioneering and courageous women who `` carried a tremendous burden on their feminine shoulders . Never in my wildest dreams did I believe I 'd ever see women of color immortalized in such a creative and wonderful fashion . '' Hardwicke contended that critics had missed the `` humor and symbolism '' of the structure , which `` embraces and pokes fun at the glamour , the polished metallic male form of the Oscar , and the pastiche of styles and dreams that pervades Tinseltown . '' Nomination process ( edit ) Director James Cameron unveiling his star , 2009 Each year an average of 200 nominations are submitted to the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Walk of Fame selection committee . Anyone , including fans , can nominate anyone active in the field of entertainment as long as the nominee or his or her management approves the nomination ( a letter of agreement from the nominated celebrity or representative must accompany the application ) . Nominees must have a minimum of five years ' experience in the category for which they are nominated and a history of `` charitable contributions . '' Posthumous nominees must have been deceased at least five years . At a meeting each June , the committee selects approximately 20 to 24 celebrities to receive stars on the Walk of Fame . One posthumous award is given each year as well . The nominations of those not selected are rolled over to the following year for reconsideration ; those not selected two years in a row are dropped , and must be renominated to receive further consideration . Living recipients must agree to personally attend a presentation ceremony within two years of selection . If the ceremony is not scheduled within two years , a new application must be submitted . A relative of deceased recipients must attend posthumous presentations . Presentation ceremonies are open to the public . A fee of $40,000 ( as of 2018 ) , payable at time of selection , is collected to pay for the creation and installation of the star , as well as general maintenance of the Walk of Fame . The fee is usually paid by the nominating organization , which may be a fan club , or a film studio , record company , broadcaster , or other sponsor involved with the prospective honoree . The Starz cable network , for example , paid for Dennis Hopper 's star as part of the promotion for its series Crash . The star was unveiled in March 2010 shortly before Hopper 's death . Actor Matt Damon 's star under construction , August 2007 Numerous major entertainment figures and legendary show business acts are not included on the Walk of Fame for a variety of reasons . Some , such as Julia Roberts and Clint Eastwood , have declined to participate ; nominations can not proceed without the nominee 's consent . Others , such as George Clooney and John Denver , were nominated , but would not agree to the mandatory personal appearance at the unveiling ceremony ; however , Denver received a posthumous star in late 2014 . Others have simply never been nominated , or do not have a nominator willing or able to pay the selection fee , or have less than the required five years ' minimum involvement in their designated field . Probability also plays a role as only about 10 % of nominees are selected each year . Traditionally , the identities of selection committee members , other than its chairman , have not been made public in order to minimize conflicts of interest and to discourage lobbying by celebrities and their representatives ( a significant problem during the original selections in the late 1950s ) . However , in 1999 , in response to intensifying charges of secrecy in the selection process , the chamber disclosed the members ' names : Johnny Grant , the longtime chair and representative of the television category ; Earl Lestz , president of Paramount Studio Group ( motion pictures ) ; Stan Spero , retired manager with broadcast stations KMPC and KABC ( radio ) ; Kate Nelson , owner of the Palace Theatre ( live performance ) ; and Mary Lou Dudas , vice president of A&M Records ( recording industry ) . Since that 1999 announcement the chamber has revealed only that Lestz ( who received his own star in 2004 ) became chairman after Grant died in 2008 . Their current official position is that `` each of the five categories is represented by someone with expertise in that field . '' In 2010 , Lestz was replaced as chairman by John Pavlik , former Director of Communications for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . While no public announcement was made to that effect , he was identified as chairman in the chamber 's press release announcing the 2011 star recipients . The current chair , according to the chamber 's 2016 selection announcement , is film producer Maureen Schultz . Homage ( edit ) Michael Jackson 's star , about two weeks after his death in 2009 Some fans show respect for star recipients both living and dead by laying flowers or other symbolic tributes at their stars . Others show their support in other ways ; the star awarded to Julio Iglesias , for example , is kept in `` pristine condition ( by ) a devoted band of elderly women ( who ) scrub and polish it once a month '' . The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce has adopted the tradition of placing flower wreaths at the stars of newly deceased awardees ; for example Bette Davis in 1989 , Katharine Hepburn in 2003 , and Jackie Cooper in 2011 . The stars of other deceased celebrities , such as Michael Jackson , Elizabeth Taylor , Richard Pryor , Ricardo Montalbán , James Doohan , Frank Sinatra , Robin Williams , Joan Rivers , George Harrison , and Aretha Franklin have become impromptu memorial and vigil sites as well , and some continue to receive anniversary remembrances . See also ( edit ) Greater Los Angeles portal List of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame List of actors with Hollywood Walk of Fame motion picture stars List of halls and walks of fame References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Upcoming Star Ceremonies '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . February 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Dedication of the 2,601 st star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Jump up ^ Martín , Hugo ( 2010 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Golden milestone for the Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Martin , Hugo ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` Golden milestone for the Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walk of Fame Frequently Asked Questions '' . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Special Stars -- Page 1 -- Hollywood Star Walk '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor gets Hollywood star '' . The Albany Herald . AP . June 26 , 1993 . p. 2A . Jump up ^ Lohdan , Tom . `` Hollywood Walk Of Fame Stars -- Mayor Tom Bradley '' . Flickr.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Charlie ( Chief ) ( May 10 , 2006 ) . `` Memorial Remembrance -- Hollywood Area '' . Los Angeles Police Department . Jump up ^ `` The Star Categories '' . hwof.com . HWOF LLC . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Semuels , Alana ( July 22 , 2008 ) . `` Hollywood , brought to you by ... '' Los Angeles Times . p . B6 . Jump up ^ `` L'Oreal Paris receives Friend of the Walk of Fame award -- presentation '' . Life . October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Torrance , Kelly Jane ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` Fame has its price '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk : Apollo Landing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Walk of Fame '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rozbrook , Roslyn . `` The Real Mr. Hollywood '' . Los Angeles Magazine ( February 1998 ) : 20 . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Courtney ( June 11 , 2012 ) `` Out with Kodak , in with Dolby at home of Oscars '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hollywood Walk of Fame A brief history in photos '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Martin . `` Los Angeles History -- Extinct Restaurants & Cafes S-Z '' . LATimeMachines.com . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2006 . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( 2006 ) . The Whole Equation : A History of Hollywood . Vintage . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 70154 - 0 . Jump up ^ Williams , Gregory Paul ( 2006 ) . The Story of Hollywood : An Illustrated History . BL Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9776299 - 0 - 9 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Sandy ( June 30 , 2006 ) . `` Price of Fame in Hollywood ? $15,000 '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bronze Stars Begot Grammy '' . The Robesonian . Lumberton , N.C. February 22 , 1976 . p. 13 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Refuses Chaplin Walk of Fame Request '' . Los Angeles Times . August 11 , 1960 . p . B2 . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Why does n't Clint Eastwood have a star ? '' . Los Angeles Times . 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March 29 , 1960 . p. 15 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shuitt , Doug ( April 16 , 1972 ) . `` Hollywood Blvd. -- - The Old Glamor Has Vanished '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Vincent , Roger ( May 6 , 2008 ) . `` Neighborhood face - lift gives Hollywood pause '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Walk of Fame '' . The Bulletin . UPI Telephoto . December 12 , 1968 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Historic - Cultural Monument ( HCM ) Report -- Community : Hollywood '' . City of Los Angeles : Department of City Planning . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jeff ( January 11 , 2008 ) . `` Honorary mayor of Hollywood dies '' . The Post and Courier . Charleston , South Carolina . AP . p. 2A . Jump up ^ `` Nomination Procedure '' . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . June 8 , 2002 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Nominations process . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Site Of Johnny Grant , Hollywood 's Honorary Mayor '' . johnnygrant.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Linkletter Installed as Hollywood ' Mayor ' '' . Los Angeles Times . September 5 , 1957 . p . B6 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ del Barco , Mandalit ( March 27 , 2008 ) . `` Pin - Up Queen Turns Hollywood Mayor Race Pink '' . NPR . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Grant '' . hwof.com . HWOF LLC . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Grant Remembered On The Hollywood Walk Of Fame '' . Life Magazine . January 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Hollywood Walk of Fame '' star `` . hwof.com . HWOF LLC . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bloom , David ( December 4 , 1996 ) . `` Rescuing Elvis : Roadwork steals shine from icon 's ' flaming star ' '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Orlov , Rick ( August 21 , 1997 ) . `` Giving stars their due ; associations press MTA to preserve Hollywood icons '' . Los Angeles Daily News ( Free Online Library ) . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Briefly : MTA told to save Walk of Fame tiles '' . Los Angeles Daily News ( Free Online Library ) . September 4 , 1997 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pool , Bob ( July 22 , 2008 ) . `` Walk of Fame going to have a little work done '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pool , Bob ( July 17 , 2008 ) . `` Walk of Fame fix wo n't be easy stroll '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Absolut Vodka pays to clean up Walk of Fame '' . Southern California Public Radio KPCC . July 22 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Brian ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` Brands Join the Stars on Hollywood Walk of Fame -- at $1 M Price Tag '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` L ' Oreal Paris gets a Friend of the Walk of Fame award '' . Los Angeles Daily News . October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood Star Walk : Who has the most stars on the Walk of Fame ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gene Autry '' . Gene Autry Entertainment . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk : Mickey Rooney '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk : Jan & Mickey Rooney '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk : Roy Rogers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk : Sons of the Pioneers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . 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ASIN B001T4F75E Jump up ^ `` On This Day : September 23 , 1952 : Charlie Chaplin Comes Home '' . BBC . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shuit , Doug ( April 9 , 1972 ) . `` Bitterness Survives 20 Years -- They Have n't Given Up -- Letter Writers Assail Chaplin '' . Los Angeles Times ( archive ) . p . B2 . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( 2006 ) . The Whole Equation : A History of Hollywood . Vintage . pp. 164 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 70154 - 0 . Jump up ^ Qualles , Paris H. ( August -- September 1979 ) . `` What Price a Star ? Robeson vs. Hollywood Chamber of Commerce '' . The Crisis . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Paul Robeson Gets a Star '' . Jet Magazine . 54 ( 23 ) : 58 . August 24 , 1978 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` At Long Last Hollywood Implants Robeson Star '' . Jet Magazine . 56 ( 7 ) : 60 . May 3 , 1979 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Ryder , Taryn ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Chamber of Commerce has no plans to remove Walk of Fame stars amid sexual misconduct scandals '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Emily . `` Council Fight To ' Totally Remove ' Donald Trump 's Hollywood Star '' . Unilad . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Behrens , Zach ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` Fans gather around the other Michael Jackson 's star '' . LAist.com . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Michael ( June 25 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson Talk Radio Content , June 25 , 2009 '' . MJ Journals blog . MichaelJacksonTalkRadio.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Search for `` Williams '' . WalkOfFame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . ^ Jump up to : Christian , Margena A. ( April 16 , 2007 ) . `` How Do You Really Get A Star On The Hollywood Walk Of Fame ? '' . Jet Magazine . 111 ( 15 ) : 25 , 29 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Star for the Greatest '' . Jet Magazine . 101 ( 6 ) : 52 . January 28 , 2002 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Sanello , Frank ( UPI ) ( December 5 , 1984 ) . `` Want your star on walk ? It is n't easy '' . Saturday Morning Deseret News . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . ( Google News archive ) Jump up ^ Halza , George ( August 28 , 1998 ) . `` Brolin , Streisand Revel in Stardom '' . Reading Eagle , p . B8 . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . ( Google News archive ) Jump up ^ Brillhart , Ivan . `` The ' MGM ' Munchkin 's '' . kansasoz.com ; Kansas Wizard of Oz ' N More personal webpage . Jump up ^ Vitty , Cort ( June 2007 ) . `` Tommy Riggs & Betty Lou '' . Radio Recall ; Metropolitan Washington Old Time Radio Club . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Koerner , Brendan I. ( November 18 , 2003 ) . `` Who Gave Britney a Hollywood Star ? '' . Slate.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Weist , Jerry . Bradbury , an Illustrated Life : A Journey to Far Metaphor . New York : Morrow , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 06 - 001182 - 3 . Jump up ^ Braun , Hans - Joachim ( Spring 1997 ) . `` Advanced Weaponry of the Stars '' . Invention & Technology . AmericanHeritage.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Warner , GA ( October 28 , 2010 ) : Ronald Reagan sites in Southern California . Orange County Register archive . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Autopsy Performed on Actor Albert Dekker '' . The Los Angeles Times . May 7 , 1968 . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Hare , William ( 2008 ) . L.A. Noir : Nine Dark Visions of the City of Angels . McFarland . p. 143 . ISBN 0 - 786 - 43740 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Disneyland to get star treatment '' . L.A. Times . L.A. Times . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Bacalzo , Dan . `` Richard Burton , Hal David , Patricia Heaton , Scarlett Johansson , et al. to Be 2012 Walk of Fame Honorees '' . Theater Mania . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ed O'Neill's Walk of Fame star in front of shoe store -- Celebrity Circuit '' . CBS News . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leno returns to scene of crime for Hollywood honor . Reuters , April 29 , 2000 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Biographical information for George Carlin '' . Kennedy Center . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Carol ( 1986 ) . One More Time ( first ed . ) . New York : Random House . pp. 194 -- 95 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 55254 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Louis - Dreyfus Honored on walk of fame with a typo '' . Access Hollywood ; NBC Universal . May 4 , 2010 . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel , David ( May 4 , 2010 ) . `` Welcome to the Hollywood Walk of ... oops ! '' . CNN . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Epting , Chris ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Notorious Spelling Mistakes : Famous Mashed Words '' . AOLnews.com . 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Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Note : Official category is Motion Pictures but his star bears the television emblem . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk -- Monty Woolley '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monty Woolley Dies '' , St. Petersburg Times , May 7 , 1963 . Jump up ^ Hawes , William ( 2001 ) . Filmed television drama , 1952 -- 1958 . McFarland & Company p. 23 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1132 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Monty Woolley to Appear in a Series of Television Films '' . Schenectady Gazette . NY . July 11 , 1953 . p. 8 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk -- Carmen Miranda '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carmen Miranda '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Jump up ^ `` Larry King '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Star Walk -- Larry King '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` About Hollywood Star Walk '' . Los Angeles Times . 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( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Trump : A star is scorned '' . POLITICO . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romero , Dennis ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump 's Walk of Fame Star Gets a Baby Border Wall ( PHOTOS ) '' . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Protester uses Donald Trump Hollywood Walk of Fame star to mock him '' . CBS News . July 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man who destroyed Trump 's star is ' proud ' of his work '' . POLITICO . October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamer , Melissa ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Man Who Smashed Donald Trump 's Walk of Fame Star Charged With Felony Vandalism '' . KTLA.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Von Quednow , Cindy ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Man Sentenced to 3 Years Probation in Connection With Vandalizing Donald Trump 's Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . KTLA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jennewein , Chris ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Trump supporters rally at repaired Hollywood Walk of Fame star '' . MyNewsLA.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levenson , Eric ; Chan , Stella ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` President Trump 's Walk of Fame star was smashed to pieces '' . CNN.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nashrulla , Tasneem ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` Donald Trump 's Star On The Hollywood Walk Of Fame Was Vandalized Again '' . BuzzFeedNews.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Folley , Aris ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` Man who vandalized Trump 's Walk of Fame star bailed out by person who did it years ago : report '' . TheHill.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Deioma , Kayte ( 2004 ) . `` Hollywood La Brea Gateway -- The Four Ladies Statue '' . ( Photo gallery ) . Golosangeles.about.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood and La Brea Gateway '' ( sculpture ) Smithsonian American Museum Art Inventories Catalog . 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Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dear Stargirl : Hollywood 's Stargirl has the answers '' Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John Denver Honored Posthumously with Star on the Hollywood Walk Of Fame '' . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pool , Bob ( January 6 , 1999 ) . `` Hollywood Tries to Help Stars Shine '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Academy Appoints Unger Communications Chief '' . Oscars.org , February 14 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Walk of Fame 2011 Selection '' . hollywoodchamber.net . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . June 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2010 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . `` It was not an easy job to winnow down the extra large number of nominations this year to reach these 30 names '' , said John Pavlik , chair of the Hollywood Walk of Fame Committee ... Jump up ^ Holmes , M ( June 22 , 2015 ) . Bradley Cooper , Quentin Tarantino Among Hollywood Walk of Fame 2016 Honorees . Variety.com archive , retrieved December 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Halpern , Jake ( 2006 ) . Fame junkies : the hidden truths behind America 's favorite addiction . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 45369 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Floral Tribute to Late Actress '' . The Union Democrat . October 10 , 1989 . p. 5A -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` ' Superman ' Daily Planet actor Jackie Cooper dies '' . Google News . ( AFP ) . May 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Taylor : Walk of Fame deluged by flowers '' . The Telegraph ( UK ) . March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas , George M. ( December 15 , 2005 ) . `` Richard Pryor Influence Is Unforgettable '' . The Vindicator . Knight - Ridder . p . D5 . ( Google News arch ) Jump up ^ `` Sinatra 's death brings sales surge for his music '' . Star - News . May 18 , 1998 . p. 2A -- via Google News . Jump up ^ Waxman , Sharon ; Span , Paula ( May 16 , 1998 ) . `` Across America , A Plaintive Note Of Mourning '' . The Washington Post . p . A1 . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fans mourn death of Robin Williams on Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . LA Times . August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Remembered At Hollywood Walk Of Fame '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . AP . December 1 , 2001 . p. 16 -- via Google News . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hollywood Walk of Fame . Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Hollywood Walk of Fame KML is from Wikidata Official website Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Walk of Fame videos - YouTube Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Hollywood Star Walk map : LA Times Hollywood Star Walk list : LA Times Greater Hollywood Districts and neighborhoods Beachwood Canyon Cahuenga Pass Colegrove East Hollywood Hollywood Hollywood Dell Hollywood Hills Laurel Canyon Little Armenia Melrose District Melrose Hill Nichols Canyon Outpost Estates Spaulding Square Thai Town Whitley Heights Yucca Corridor Points of interest Dolby Theatre Griffith Park Grauman 's Chinese Theatre Hollywood and Highland Center Hollywood Boulevard Hollywood Sign Walk of Fame La Brea Tar Pits Pantages Theatre Sunset Bronson Studios Sunset Gower Studios Neighboring cities and communities Beverly Hills Universal City West Hollywood LA Regions Crescenta Valley Downtown Eastside Harbor Area Greater Hollywood Northeast LA Northwest LA San Fernando Valley South LA Westside Wilshire Mid-City West Mid-Wilshire Cinema of the United States Films Films by year Awards and events National Board of Review Awards ( 1929 ) Academy Awards ( 1929 ) New York Film Critics Circle ( 1935 ) Golden Globe Awards ( 1944 ) National Society of Film Critics Awards ( 1966 ) Los Angeles Film Critics Awards ( 1975 ) Golden Raspberry Awards ( 1981 ) Independent Spirit Awards ( 1985 ) American Society of Cinematographers Awards ( 1986 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( 1996 ) Hollywood Film Awards ( 1997 ) Guild Awards Directors Guild of America Awards ( 1936 ) Writers Guild of America Awards ( 1951 ) Producers Guild of America Awards ( 1962 ) Cinema Audio Society Awards ( 1964 ) Screen Actors Guild Awards ( 1995 ) Art Directors Guild Awards ( 1996 ) Costume Designers Guild Awards ( 1998 ) Location Managers Guild Awards ( 2014 ) Theaters Movie theater chains Industry by state Alaska Arizona Connecticut Florida Georgia Hawaii Louisiana Michigan New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Virginia Industry by city Atlanta Baltimore Chicago Cleveland Jacksonville Kansas City Las Vegas Lone Pine Long Island Los Angeles ( Hollywood ) Monument Valley New York City Harlem Palm Springs Pittsburgh Riverside San Diego Seattle Sonora Stamford Vasquez Rocks Organizations Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers American Society of Cinematographers Hollywood Foreign Press Association Motion Picture Association of America Miscellaneous Box office AFI 100 Years ... series National Film Registry Pre-Code Hollywood Classical Hollywood cinema New Hollywood List of living actors from the Golden Age of Hollywood List of surviving silent film actors Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monuments Downtown Los Angeles East and Northeast Sides Harbor Area Hollywood San Fernando Valley Silver Lake , Angelino Heights and Echo Park South Los Angeles Westside Wilshire and Westlake Areas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame&oldid=856871367 '' Categories : Hollywood Walk of Fame Walks of fame Hollywood Hollywood Boulevard Hollywood history and culture Entertainment halls of fame Halls of fame in California Landmarks in Los Angeles 1958 establishments in California Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monuments Tourist attractions in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles with short description Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 02 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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who has the most stars on hollywood walk of fame
[ "The original selection committees chose to recognize some entertainers' contributions in multiple categories with multiple stars. Gene Autry is the only honoree with stars in all five categories.[52][53] Bob Hope, Mickey Rooney, Roy Rogers, and Tony Martin each have stars in four categories—Rooney has three of his own and a fourth with his eighth and final wife, Jan,[54][55] while Rogers also has three of his own, and a fourth with his band, Sons of the Pioneers.[56][57] Thirty-three people, including Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Jo Stafford, Dean Martin, Dinah Shore, Gale Storm, Danny Kaye, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., and Jack Benny, have stars in three categories.[52]\n" ]
[ "Gene Autry" ]
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House of Cards (U.S. TV series)
House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) - Wikipedia House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 1990 UK series of the same name , see House of Cards ( UK TV series ) . House of Cards Genre Political drama Political thriller Created by Beau Willimon Based on House of Cards by Michael Dobbs House of Cards by Andrew Davies Starring Kevin Spacey Robin Wright ( See full cast below ) Music by Jeff Beal Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 65 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Fincher Kevin Spacey Eric Roth Joshua Donen Dana Brunetti Andrew Davies Michael Dobbs John Melfi Beau Willimon David Manson John David Coles Robin Wright Location ( s ) Baltimore , Maryland Joppa , Maryland ( sound stage ) Cinematography Eigil Bryld Tim Ives Igor Martinovic Running time 43 -- 59 minutes Production company ( s ) Media Rights Capital Trigger Street Productions Wade / Thomas Productions Knight Takes King Productions Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 1080p ( 2 : 1 HDTV ) ( 2013 ) 4K ( 2 : 1 UHDTV ) ( 2014 -- present ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) -- present Chronology Related shows House of Cards External links Website www.netflix.com/houseofcards House of Cards is an American political thriller web television series created by Beau Willimon . It is an adaptation of the 1990 BBC miniseries of the same name , based on the novel by Michael Dobbs . The first 13 - episode season premiered on February 1 , 2013 , on the streaming service Netflix . Set in Washington , D.C. , House of Cards is the story of Congressman Frank Underwood ( Kevin Spacey ) , a Democrat from South Carolina 's 5th congressional district and House Majority Whip . After being passed over for appointment as Secretary of State , he initiates an elaborate plan to attain power , aided by his wife , Claire Underwood ( Robin Wright ) . The series deals with themes of ruthless pragmatism , manipulation , and power . House of Cards has received positive reviews and several award nominations , including 33 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Lead Actor for Spacey , and Outstanding Lead Actress for Wright , for each of its first five seasons . It is the first original online - only web television series to receive major Emmy nominations . The show also earned eight Golden Globe Award nominations , with Wright winning for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama in 2014 and Spacey winning for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama in 2015 . On October 30 , 2017 , following sexual misconduct allegations against Spacey , Netflix announced that the sixth season , scheduled for 2018 , would be the final season . On November 3 , 2017 , Netflix announced that Spacey had been fired from the show . On December 4 , 2017 , Netflix announced that an eight - episode sixth season would start production in early 2018 without Spacey 's involvement . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 1.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 1.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 1.4 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 1.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Conception 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.3. 1 Locations 3.3. 2 Tax credits 3.4 Final season announcement and firing of Spacey 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.1. 1 Season 1 5.1. 2 Season 2 5.1. 3 Season 3 5.1. 4 Season 4 5.1. 5 Season 5 5.2 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : List of House of Cards episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) 13 February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) 13 February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) 13 March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) 5 13 May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 1 ) Frank Underwood , a power - hungry Democratic congressman from South Carolina and House majority whip , celebrates the election of President Garrett Walker , whose campaign he aided to get himself appointed Secretary of State . However , Underwood learns that the President wants him to promote his agenda in Congress and will not honor their agreement . Inwardly seething , Underwood presents himself as a helpful lieutenant to Walker . In reality , Underwood begins an elaborate plan behind the President 's back , with the ultimate goal of gaining a cabinet position . Frank 's wife Claire runs an NGO , the Clean Water Initiative , which she uses to cultivate her own power , yet its ultimate purpose remains unknown . Despite the success of the operation , Claire seeks to expand its scope to the international stage , often using Frank 's connections . It is clear from the outset that Claire shares both her husband 's cold - hearted , ruthless pragmatism and lust for power , and they frequently scheme together to ensure the success of each other 's ventures . They both work with Remy Danton , a corporate lobbyist and former Underwood staffer , to secure funds for their operations and expand their influence . Underwood begins a symbiotic , and ultimately sexual , relationship with Zoe Barnes , a young political reporter , secretly feeding her damaging stories about his political rivals to sway public opinion as needed . Meanwhile , he manipulates Peter Russo , a troubled alcoholic and congressman from Pennsylvania , into helping him undermine Walker 's pick for Secretary of State , Senator Michael Kern . Underwood eventually has Kern replaced with his own choice , Senator Catherine Durant . Underwood also uses Russo in a plot to end a teachers ' strike and pass an education bill , which improves Underwood 's standing with Walker . Because the new vice president is the former governor of Pennsylvania , a special election is to be held for his successor . Underwood helps Russo get clean and props up his candidacy , but later uses call girl Rachel Posner to break his sobriety and trigger his downfall shortly before the election . When Russo decides to come clean about his role in Underwood 's schemes , Frank kills Russo and stages his death as a suicide . With the special election in chaos , Underwood convinces the vice president to step down and run for his old position of governor -- leaving the vice presidency open to Underwood , as was his plan all along . Underwood is introduced to Missouri billionaire Raymond Tusk , Walker 's friend and advisor . Tusk reveals that he has been influencing Walker 's decisions all along and convinced him to cancel the original agreement , and explains he will influence Walker to nominate Underwood for vice president if he does a favor benefiting Tusk 's interests . Underwood counter-proposes to Tusk that they work together to fulfill both their interests , which Tusk accepts . Meanwhile , after Underwood ends their affair , Zoe begins piecing together clues about Underwood 's various plots . The season ends when Underwood accepts the nomination for vice president . Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 2 ) Zoe and two colleagues , Lucas Goodwin and Janine Skorsky , continue investigating Frank and ultimately locate Rachel . As a protective measure , Frank 's aide Doug Stamper brings Rachel to a safe house while Frank lures Zoe to a Metro station and , unseen by witnesses or security cameras , pushes her in front of an oncoming train . Zoe 's death compels Janine to abandon the investigation , but Lucas continues the search alone . He solicits the help of a hacker to retrieve Frank 's text history . However , the hacker , Gavin Orsay , actually works for Doug and frames Lucas for cyberterrorism . Later , Gavin uses Rachel to extort Doug . Fearing potential harm and Doug 's growing obsession with her , Rachel hits Doug with a brick and leaves him for dead . After Frank begins his vice presidential duties , Claire becomes close with the First Lady and learns Walker 's marriage is strained . Meanwhile , Frank aims to drive a wedge between Walker and Tusk . He meets Xander Feng , a Chinese businessman and ally of Tusk 's , to engage in back - channel negotiations that Frank intentionally scuttles at the expense of Tusk 's credibility . In the resulting trade war with China , Tusk opposes Walker 's efforts to deal with the crisis and begins having a tribal casino funnel money into Republican PACs in retaliation . When Frank discovers that Feng is the source of the donations , he gets Feng to end his partnership with Tusk in exchange for a lucrative contract for a bridge over Long Island Sound . The Justice Department investigates the White House 's ties to Feng and Tusk . Frank manipulates Walker into volunteering his travel records , which reveal his visits to a marriage counselor and raise questions about whether the donations were discussed . Wishing to avoid public disclosure of his personal issues , Walker has the White House Counsel coach the counselor , which the special prosecutor interprets as witness tampering . As the House Judiciary Committee begins drafting articles of impeachment , both Walker and Frank offer Tusk a presidential pardon in exchange for implicating each other . Tusk sides with Walker at first , leaving Frank no other option than to regain the president 's trust as a friend . Walker then calls off his deal with Tusk , who testifies against him . With Walker forced to resign , Frank is sworn in as president . Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 3 ) Six months into his presidency , Frank pushes for a controversial jobs program called America Works . Determined to not be a `` placeholder '' president , Underwood reverses his previous pledge and runs in the 2016 election , competing against Heather Dunbar in the Democratic primaries . When Frank refuses to reinstate Doug as his Chief of Staff , Doug appears to switch sides and begins working for Dunbar . Gavin helps Doug track down Rachel and delivers findings purporting that she is dead , causing Doug to suffer a relapse . When Gavin reveals that Rachel is really alive , Doug brutalizes him into divulging her location . Doug finds Rachel living under a false identity in New Mexico , drives her into the desert , and eventually kills her . He returns to work as Frank 's Chief of Staff after Remy resigns . Meanwhile , Claire is named the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and faces a crisis in the Jordan Valley , which pits Frank against Russian President Viktor Petrov . When Petrov has an American gay rights activist arrested in Russia , the Underwoods persuade him to secure a release . However , Petrov demands that the activist apologize on Russian television , leading the activist to kill himself while being visited by Claire . Later , after Russian troops are killed in the Jordan Valley , Petrov convinces Frank to remove Claire as ambassador in exchange for a peaceful resolution . Claire resigns , giving the reason that she wants to be more active in Frank 's campaign . Throughout the season , a writer named Thomas Yates is hired by Frank to write a biography for the purpose of promoting America Works . Yates , a fiction writer with a dark past of his own , decides to put a different spin on the book and writes less about Frank and more about his marriage with Claire . Yates reads Frank a prologue that he does not understand at first , but agrees is a decent beginning . By the end of the season , Yates has the first chapter written and Frank , not liking the direction the book is taking , fires Yates . By the season finale , tensions between the Underwoods reach a point where Claire states her intent to leave Frank . Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 4 ) Claire relocates to Dallas and runs for Congress in her home district . The incumbent , Doris Jones , plans to retire and endorse her daughter Celia as her successor . Claire offers them federal funding for a key Planned Parenthood clinic in exchange for stepping down , but they refuse the offer . Frank wins back Claire 's support by promising not to sabotage her campaign in Texas , but he later publicly endorses Celia in his State of the Union address . Frank and Claire travel to South Carolina for a primary , but a series of scandals causes Frank to narrowly lose the state to Dunbar . Frank discovers that Claire had been leaking information to Dunbar , and she threatens to continue unless he names her as his running mate . Frank refuses . Lucas is released from prison and seeks revenge against Frank . He explains his story to Dunbar , but she turns him away . Desperate , he attempts to assassinate Frank , wounding the president in the abdomen and killing bodyguard Edward Meechum , but not before Meechum kills Lucas . While Frank remains comatose , Donald Blythe is sworn in as acting president . Blythe is indecisive during a military crisis involving Russia , and turns to Claire for guidance . Claire goes against Frank 's wishes by convincing Blythe to involve China and secure a meeting with Petrov , where she brokers an ambitious peace deal . Doug leaks information about Dunbar 's secret meeting with Lucas and forces her to suspend her campaign . Frank recovers and resumes his position as president , agreeing to put Claire on the ticket for the upcoming election . Tom Hammerschmidt , Zoe and Lucas 's former editor , digs deeper into the latter 's claims of Frank 's misdeeds . He approaches Remy and , with his help , starts to piece together Frank 's corruption . Tom also meets with Walker , convincing him to help by appealing to his anger for being forced to resign . Danton and Jackie Sharp also decide to go on the record against Frank to lend credibility to the story . An American family is kidnapped in Tennessee by two supporters of a radical Islamist group called the Islamic Caliphate Organization ( ICO ) , who agree to negotiate only with the ambitious Republican nominee , Governor Will Conway . Frank invites Conway to the White House to assist in the negotiations as a publicity stunt , and Conway helps buy critical time in locating the suspects . However , tensions between the Conways and Underwoods lead to the governor ending his role in the crisis . Frank and Claire allow the kidnappers to speak to the deposed leader of ICO , Yusuf al Ahmadi , after successfully obtaining the release of two of the hostages . Instead of defusing the situation as he agreed , al Ahmadi urges the kidnappers to kill the remaining hostage and broadcast the killing to the public . Meanwhile , Hammerschmidt publishes his story and threatens to end Frank 's campaign weeks before the election . Claire urges Frank to use a heavier hand in the situation , and they decide to fight back by creating chaos . Frank addresses the public declaring that the nation is at total war , ordering the full force of the military be used to combat global terrorism regardless the cost . The season ends with Frank and Claire watching the live execution of the hostage together , and Claire breaking the fourth wall for the first time by looking into the camera along with Frank . Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 5 ) In the weeks before the 2016 election , Frank uses ICO as a pretext to enacting martial law in urban areas and consolidating polling places in key states . Done mainly through back channels with Democratic governors , this is officially done in the name of safety , but in practice disenfranchises rural Republican voters . To keep the strategy of fear going , Doug blackmails hacker Aidan Macallan into launching a massive cyberattack on the NSA , slowing down Internet traffic and wiping out hundreds of thousands of files . The Underwood Administration pins the attack on ICO . On Election Day , the result hinges on Pennsylvania , Tennessee , and Ohio . Contrary to the Underwoods ' desired plans , the early returns seem to favor Conway . Underwood 's political machine stages a terrorist attack in Knoxville , Tennessee , which is pinned on a local suspected ICO sympathizer . With Pennsylvania secured by Conway and Ohio seeming to swing his way , Frank unofficially calls Conway directly to concede . However , this is merely a tactic to put Conway off guard , as the Underwoods contact Ohio 's governor and convince him to close the polls early on the pretense of a terrorist threat . Ohio and Tennessee refuse to certify the election , and neither candidate reaches the requisite number of electoral votes . Nine weeks after the unresolved election , the Twelfth Amendment is invoked , with the vote being put up to members of Congress . During a meeting with the Congressional Black Caucus , cracks begin to appear in Conway 's facade as he loses his cool . In spite of this , Frank 's own baggage and 12 % approval rating only allows him a tie with Conway in the House , while Claire manages to secure the Senate vote , becoming acting president . In light of the tie , Claire orders a special election for Ohio and Tennessee . Meanwhile , Jane Davis , a low - ranking Commerce Department official who has a wide - ranging network of connections and influence , begins working closely with the Underwoods . As a private citizen for the time being , Frank attends a meeting of powerful men at a secret society known as Elysian Fields , in an effort to secure their influence for votes in the upcoming special election . Meanwhile , Conway has a mental breakdown on his private plane due to feeling that the election was stolen from him . Eventually , this and other leaks from his campaign are slowly dripped to the media in a manner that seems unconnected to the Underwoods . Seeing that his candidate is losing , Conway 's campaign manager , Mark Usher , switches sides to the Underwoods . The Underwood ticket wins both Ohio and Tennessee , and Frank is sworn in as president and Claire as vice president . Meanwhile , Hammerschmidt continues to investigate Zoe 's death , and is given information by an unknown leaker within the White House . Major document dumps are made available to Hammerschmidt , which , among other charges , prompts an impeachment hearing against Frank . In response , the Underwoods set up extensive surveillance on all White House personnel . Eventually , the leaker makes a voice - modulated call to Hammerschmidt , implicating Doug in Zoe 's murder . The Underwoods convince Doug to take the fall for killing Zoe , and the leaker is revealed to be Frank himself . The leaks are revealed to be part of Frank 's master plan to resign the presidency to Claire , believing his thirst for power can be better achieved in the private sector , working alongside his wife 's presidency . Frank , concerned about Durant 's intention to testify at the impeachment hearing , pushes her down a short flight of stairs upon accepting her resignation , hospitalizing her . Claire poisons Yates with an overdose of Gelsemium provided to her by Jane , concerned that he knows too much . Finally , contractors working for the Underwoods eliminate LeAnn by ramming her car off the road into a guard rail . Frank resigns , and the two await the proper moment for Claire to pardon him . This comes in the form of a military special operations unit finding and taking out the leader of ICO , which moves media focus away from Frank . Standing in the Oval Office , Claire appears to reconsider pardoning Frank , and ignores multiple concerned calls from him regarding the matter . The season ends with Claire ignoring Frank 's call , then breaking the fourth wall to tell the viewers , `` My turn . '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of House of Cards characters Kevin Spacey portrays Francis `` Frank '' Underwood . Kevin Spacey as Francis J. `` Frank '' Underwood , Democrat from South Carolina 's 5th congressional district who is House Majority Whip in season one , Vice President of the United States in season two , and the 46th President of the United States in seasons three to five . Robin Wright as Claire Underwood , Frank 's wife who runs the Clean Water Initiative , a non-governmental organization , in season one before giving it up to become Second Lady of the United States in season two . She then becomes United States Ambassador to the United Nations in season three and First Lady of the United States in seasons three to five , Acting President of the United States briefly in season five before becoming Vice President of the United States and then permanently 47th President of the United States at the end of the season . Kate Mara as Zoe Barnes , a reporter for The Washington Herald ( and later Slugline ) . She forms an intimate relationship with Frank Underwood , her political informant , who in turn uses her as a mouthpiece to leak stories to the press and irk his political rivals . Corey Stoll as Peter Russo , a Democratic congressman from Pennsylvania 's 1st congressional district and recovering addict . Michael Kelly as Douglas `` Doug '' Stamper , Underwood 's unwaveringly loyal chief of staff and confidant . He is temporarily replaced by Remy Danton as Chief of Staff after his injury for most of season 3 but returns as his new chief of staff at the end of the season . Kristen Connolly as Christina Gallagher , a congressional staffer and personal assistant to President Walker , and lover to Peter Russo . Sakina Jaffrey as Linda Vasquez , President Walker 's White House Chief of Staff . Sandrine Holt as Gillian Cole , the leader of a grass - roots organization called World Well that provides clean water to developing countries . Constance Zimmer as Janine Skorsky , a reporter for The Washington Herald . Michel Gill as Garrett Walker , 45th President of the United States , former Governor of Colorado . He trusts Underwood as a close adviser and lieutenant , but remains blind to his machinations . Sebastian Arcelus as Lucas Goodwin , an editor at The Washington Herald and later Zoe 's boyfriend . Mahershala Ali as Remy Danton , a lawyer for Glendon Hill and lobbyist who works for natural gas company SanCorp in season one and Raymond Tusk in season two . He worked in Underwood 's congressional office as Communications Director prior to the series , and after severing ties with Tusk , serves as Underwood 's chief of staff for most of season 3 until quitting at the end of the season . Boris McGiver as Tom Hammerschmidt , editor - in - chief of The Washington Herald . He opens an investigation into the secret dealings of Frank and his inner circle in Season 4 . Nathan Darrow as Edward Meechum , a member of the United States Capitol Police and the Underwoods ' bodyguard and driver . Rachel Brosnahan as Rachel Posner , a prostitute trying to make a better life for herself using Stamper . Molly Parker as Jacqueline `` Jackie '' Sharp , a Democratic congresswoman from California who succeeded Frank as Majority Whip . She also briefly ran for the Democratic nomination for President in season 3 . Gerald McRaney as Raymond Tusk , a billionaire businessman with a wide network of influence , although he prefers to live modestly . Jayne Atkinson as Catherine `` Cathy '' Durant , a Democratic Senator from Louisiana and Secretary of State . Curtiss Cook as Terry Womack , a Democratic congressman and the head of the Congressional Black Caucus . Jimmi Simpson as Gavin Orsay , a computer hacker turned reluctant FBI informant , who works secretly with Doug Stamper in exchange for help escaping the country . Mozhan Marnò as Wall Street Telegraph reporter Ayla Sayyad . She is assigned to the White House and does freelance investigative reporting . Elizabeth Marvel as Heather Dunbar , a lawyer and Solicitor General of the United States in the Walker Administration . She runs against Underwood for the Democratic nomination . Derek Cecil as Seth Grayson , a political operative who becomes Press Secretary for Vice President Underwood through blackmail . Paul Sparks as Thomas Yates , a successful author whom Frank asks to write a book about the America Works jobs program . He stays on as a speech writer and Claire 's lover . Joel Kinnaman as Will Conway , Republican Governor of New York and Nominee for President of the United States running against Frank . Kim Dickens as Kate Baldwin , chief political reporter of the Wall Street Telegraph . She replaces Sayyad at the White House after Seth Grayson dismisses Sayyad for protocol violations . Lars Mikkelsen as Viktor Petrov , the President of Russia . Neve Campbell as LeAnn Harvey , a Texas - based political consultant Claire hires to run her Congressional campaign . She later becomes the Campaign Manager for the Underwoods for the 2016 Election . Campbell Scott as Mark Usher , Conway 's Campaign Manager . He later joins the Underwood 's inner circle as a `` Special Adviser '' . Patricia Clarkson as Jane Davis , Deputy Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade . She is very well connected and able to successfully negotiate back channel dealings for the Underwoods . Dominique McElligott as Hannah Conway , wife of New York Governor and Republican presidential nominee Will Conway . Korey Jackson as Sean Jeffries , a young reporter at the Washington Herald working under Hammerschmidt . Damian Young as Aidan Macallan , a data scientist and NSA contractor who is friends with LeAnn Harvey . James Martinez as Alex Romero , a Democratic Congressman who leads the House Intelligence Committee 's investigation into Frank 's alleged abuse of power . Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) The world of 7 : 30 on Tuesday nights , that 's dead . A stake has been driven through its heart , its head has been cut off , and its mouth has been stuffed with garlic . The captive audience is gone . If you give people this opportunity to mainline all in one day , there 's reason to believe they will do it . `` '' -- David Fincher Independent studio Media Rights Capital ( MRC ) , founded by Mordecai Wiczyk and Asif Satchu , producer of films such as Babel , purchased the rights to House of Cards with the intention to create a series . While finishing production on his 2008 film The Curious Case of Benjamin Button , David Fincher 's agent showed him House of Cards , a BBC miniseries starring Ian Richardson . Fincher was interested in producing a potential series with Eric Roth . Fincher said that he was interested in doing television because of its long - form nature , adding that working in film does not allow for complex characterizations the way that television allows . `` I felt for the past ten years that the best writing that was happening for actors was happening in television . And so I had been looking to do something that was longer form , '' Fincher stated . MRC approached different networks about the series , including HBO , Showtime and AMC , but Netflix , hoping to launch its own original programming , outbid the other networks . Ted Sarandos , Netflix 's Chief Content Officer , looked at the data of Netflix users ' streaming habits and concluded that there was an audience for Fincher and Spacey . `` It looked incredibly promising , '' he said , `` kind of the perfect storm of material and talent . '' In finding a writer to adapt the series , Fincher stated that they needed someone who could faithfully translate parliamentary politics to Washington . '' Beau Willimon , who has served as an aide to Chuck Schumer , Howard Dean and Hillary Clinton , was hired and completed the pilot script in early 2011 . Willimon saw the opportunity to create an entirely new series from the original and deepen its overall story . This is the future , streaming is the future . TV will not be TV in five years from now ... everyone will be streaming . `` '' -- Beau Willimon The project was first announced in March 2011 , with Kevin Spacey attached to star and serve as an executive producer . Fincher was announced as director for the first two episodes , from scripts by Willimon . Netflix ordered 26 episodes to air over two seasons . Spacey called Netflix 's model of publishing all episodes at once a `` new perspective . '' He added that Netflix 's commitment to two full seasons gave the series greater continuity . `` We know exactly where we are going , '' he said . In a speech at the Edinburgh International Television Festival , he also noted that while other networks were interested in the show , they all wanted a pilot , whereas Netflix -- relying solely on their statistics -- ordered the series directly . In January 2016 , show creator , executive producer and showrunner Beau Willimon 's departure following season 4 was announced . Casting ( edit ) I was lucky to get into film at a time that was very interesting for drama . But if you look now , the focus is not on the same kind of films that were made in the 90s . When I look now , the most interesting plots , the most interesting characters , they are on TV . `` '' -- Kevin Spacey Fincher stated that every main cast member was their first choice . In the first read through , he said `` I want everybody here to know that you represent our first choice -- each actor here represents our first choice for these characters . So do not fuck this up . '' Spacey , whose last regular television role was in the series Wiseguy , which ran from 1987 until 1990 , responded positively to the script . He then played Richard III at The Old Vic , which Fincher said was `` great training . '' Spacey supported the decision to release all of the episodes at once , believing that this type of release pattern will be increasingly common with television shows . He said , `` When I ask my friends what they did with their weekend , they say , ' Oh , I stayed in and watched three seasons of Breaking Bad or it 's two seasons of Game of Thrones . '' He was officially cast on March 18 , 2011 . Robin Wright was approached by Fincher to star in the series when they worked together in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo . She was cast as Claire Underwood in June 2011 . Kate Mara was cast as Zoe Barnes in early February 2012 . Mara 's sister , Rooney , worked with Fincher in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , and when Kate Mara read the part of Zoe , she `` fell in love with the character '' and asked her sister to `` put in a word for me with Fincher . '' The next month , she got a call for an audition . Filming ( edit ) Locations ( edit ) Principal photography for the first season began in January 2012 in Harford County , Maryland , on the Eastern seaboard of the United States . Filming of exterior scenes in 2013 centered primarily in and around the city of Baltimore , Maryland , which is about 40 miles northeast of Washington , D.C. Among the numerous exteriors filmed in Baltimore , but set in Washington , D.C. , are : Francis and Claire Underwood 's residence , Zoe Barnes ' apartment , Freddy 's BBQ Rib Joint , The Clean Water Initiative building where Claire works , The Washington Herald offices , the Washington Opera House , the Secretary of State 's building , Hotel Cotesworth , The Georgetown Hotel , Werner 's Bar , Tio Pepe 's , the DuPont Circle Bar , as well as scenes set in other locations , including Peter Russo 's campaign rally in Pennsylvania and The Sentinel ( military academy ) 's Francis J. Underwood Library and Waldron Hall in South Carolina . Maryland Gov. Martin O'Malley visits the set of House of Cards at Joppa , Maryland in 2013 Most of the interior scenes in House of Cards are filmed in a large industrial warehouse , which is located in Joppa , Maryland , also in Harford County , which is about 17 miles north east of Baltimore . The warehouse is used for the filming of some of the most iconic scenes of the series , such as the full - scale reconstruction of most of the West Wing of the White House , including the Oval Office , the Congressional offices and corridors , the large ' Slugline ' open - plan office interior , and domestic interiors such as the large townhouse rooms of the Underwood residence and a large loft apartment . Extensive filming for season 5 was also done at the Maryland Historical Society in Mount Vernon , Baltimore . The series uses green screen to augment the live action , inserting views of outdoor scenes in windows and broadcast images on TV monitors , often in post-production . The Production Designer , Steve Arnold , also describes in detail the use of a three - sided green screen to insert street scenes outside car windows , with synchronized LED screens above the car ( and out of camera shot ) , that emit the appropriate light onto the actors and parts of the car , such as window frames : `` All the driving in the show , anything inside the vehicle is done on stage , in a room that is a big three - sided green screen space . The car does not move , the actors are in the car , and the cameras are set up around them . We have very long strips of LED monitors hung above the car . We had a camera crew go to Washington , D.C. to drive around and shoot plates for what you see outside when you 're driving . And that is fed into the LED screens above the car . So as the scene is progressing , the LED screens are synched up to emit interactive light to match the light conditions you see in the scenery you 're driving past ( that will be added in post ) . All the reflections on the car windows , the window frames and door jambs is being shot while we 're shooting the actors in the car . Then in post the green screens are replaced with the synced up driving plates , and it works really well . It gives you the sense of light passing over the actors ' faces , matching the lighting that is in the image of the plate '' . In June 2014 , filming of three episodes in the UN Security Council chamber was vetoed by Russia at the last minute . However the show was able to film in other parts of the UN Building . In August 2014 , the show filmed a `` mock - motorcade scene '' in Washington , D.C. In December 2014 , the show filmed in Española , Santa Fe , and Las Vegas , New Mexico . Tax credits ( edit ) According to the Maryland Film Office , the state provided millions in tax credits to subsidize the production costs . For season 1 , the company received a final tax credit of $11.6 million . Production costs were $63 million , more than 1,800 Maryland businesses were involved , and nearly 2,200 Marylanders were hired with a $138 million economic impact . For season 2 , the company was reported to expect to get a tax credit of about $15 million because filming costs were more than $55 million . There were nearly 2,000 Maryland businesses benefitting from the production and more than 3,700 Marylanders were hired with a $120 million estimated economic impact . For season 3 , the company filed a letter of intent to film , and estimated costs and economic impact similar to season 2 . Under the 2014 formula , `` the show would qualify for up to $15 million in tax credits . '' Final season announcement and firing of Spacey ( edit ) On October 11 , 2017 , The Baltimore Sun reported that House of Cards had been renewed for a sixth season and that filming would begin by the end of October 2017 . On October 30 , 2017 , Netflix cancelled House of Cards , announcing that the upcoming sixth season would be its last . The cancellation was announced 12 hours after actor Anthony Rapp publicly stated that lead actor Spacey had made a sexual advance on him at a 1986 party when Rapp was 14 . Multiple sources stated that the decision to end the series was made prior to Rapp 's accusation , but the announcement nevertheless caused suspicions for its timing . The following day , it was announced that production on the season would be temporarily suspended , according to an official joint statement from Netflix and MRC , `` to give us time to review the current situation and to address any concerns of our cast and crew '' . On November 3 , 2017 , Netflix announced that they will no longer be associated with Spacey in any capacity whatsoever . On December 4 , 2017 , Ted Sarandos , Netflix 's chief content officer , announced that production will restart in 2018 with Robin Wright in the lead , without Spacey 's involvement , and revealed that the sixth and final season of the show will consist of eight episodes . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) In Australia , where Netflix was not available prior to 2015 , the series was broadcast on Showcase , premiering on May 7 , 2013 . Australian subscription TV provider Foxtel , and owner of Showcase , offered the entire first season to Showcase subscribers via their On Demand feature on Foxtel set - top boxes connected to the internet , as well as through their Xbox 360 , Internet TV , and mobile ( Foxtel Go ) services . Although the entire season was made available , it maintained its weekly timeslot on Showcase . Season two returned to Showcase on February 15 , 2014 . As with season one , the entire season was made available on demand to Showcase subscribers while also retaining a weekly timeslot . The series has also been made available to non-Foxtel subscribers through Apple 's Apple TV service . Prior to Netflix 's Australian launch on March 28 , 2015 , Netflix renounced Showcase 's rights to House of Cards , with season 3 premiering on Netflix at launch . In New Zealand , where Netflix was unavailable prior to 2015 , season 1 premiered on TV3 in early 2014 , followed immediately by season 2 . Netflix launched in New Zealand on March 24 , 2015 , and unlike Australia ( which had Netflix launch on the same day ) where House of Cards season 3 was available at launch , the series was unavailable and the premiere date and network of season 3 is unknown . In India , where Netflix was unavailable prior to January 2016 , House of Cards premiered on February 20 , 2014 , on Zee Café . Seasons 1 and 2 were aired back -- to -- back . The channel aired all 13 episodes of season 3 on March 28 and 29 , 2015 . This marked the first time that an English - language general entertainment channel in India aired all episodes of the latest season of a series together . The move was intended to satisfy viewers ' urge to binge - watch the season . Although Netflix launched in India in January 2016 , House of Cards was not available on the service until March 4 . All episodes of season 4 had their television premiere on Zee Café on March 12 and 13 , 2016 . House of Cards was acquired by Canadian superstation CHCH for broadcast beginning September 13 , 2017 , making the program available throughout Canada on cable and free - to - air in CHCH 's broadcast region , which includes portions of the United States . However , the show was removed from the CHCH primetime schedule two months later , following the sexual assault allegations towards Kevin Spacey . Home media ( edit ) Season 1 was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in region 1 on June 11 , 2013 , season 2 was released on June 17 , 2014 , season 3 was released on July 7 , 2015 , season 4 was released on July 5 , 2016 , and season 5 was released on October 3 , 2017 . Season Cover DVD release date Blu - ray release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B The Complete First Season Volume One : Chapters 1 -- 13 June 11 , 2013 June 10 , 2013 June 27 , 2013 June 11 , 2013 June 10 , 2013 The Complete Second Season Volume Two : Chapters 14 -- 26 June 17 , 2014 June 16 , 2014 June 19 , 2014 June 17 , 2014 June 16 , 2014 The Complete Third Season Volume Three : Chapters 27 -- 39 July 7 , 2015 June 29 , 2015 August 6 , 2015 July 7 , 2015 June 29 , 2015 The Complete Fourth Season Volume Four : Chapters 40 -- 52 July 5 , 2016 July 4 , 2016 July 7 , 2016 July 5 , 2016 July 4 , 2016 5 The Complete Fifth Season Volume Five : Chapters 53 -- 65 October 3 , 2017 October 2 , 2017 October 4 , 2017 October 3 , 2017 October 2 , 2017 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 85 % ( 39 reviews ) 76 ( 25 reviews ) 88 % ( 42 reviews ) 80 ( 25 reviews ) 77 % ( 52 reviews ) 76 ( 24 reviews ) 88 % ( 32 reviews ) 76 ( 17 reviews ) 5 70 % ( 33 reviews ) 60 ( 11 reviews ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first season received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the first season holds a rating of 85 % , based on 39 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Bolstered by strong performances -- especially from Kevin Spacey -- and surehanded direction , House of Cards is a slick , engrossing drama that may redefine how television is produced . '' On Metacritic , the first season has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . USA Today critic Robert Bianco praised the series , particularly Spacey 's and Wright 's lead performances , stating `` If you think network executives are nervous , imagine the actors who have to go up against that pair in the Emmys . '' Tom Gilatto of People Weekly lauded the first two episodes , calling them `` cinematically rich , full of sleek , oily pools of darkness . '' In The Denver Post , critic Joanne Ostrow said the series is `` Deeply cynical about human beings as well as politics and almost gleeful in its portrayal of limitless ambition . '' She added : `` House of Cards is a wonderfully sour take on power and corruption . '' Writing in The New York Times , critic Alessandra Stanley noted that the writing in the series sometimes fails to match the high quality of its acting : `` Unfortunately Mr. Spacey 's lines do n't always live up to the subtle power of his performance ; the writing is n't Shakespeare , or even Aaron Sorkin , and at times , it turns strangely trite . '' Nevertheless , she lauded House of Cards as an entertainment that `` revels in the familiar but always entertaining underbelly of government . '' Andrew Davies , the writer of the original UK TV series , stated that Spacey 's character lacks the `` charm '' of Ian Richardson 's , while The Independent praised Spacey 's portrayal as a more `` menacing '' character , `` hiding his rage behind Southern charm and old - fashioned courtesy . '' Randy Shaw , writing for The Huffington Post , criticized House of Cards for glorifying `` union bashing and entitlement slashing within a political landscape whose absence of activist groups or anyone remotely progressive resembles a Republican fantasy world '' . Critics such as Time television critic James Poniewozik and Hank Stuever of The Washington Post compare the series to Boss . Like the UK show and novel of the same name many critics have noted that it is heavily influenced by both Macbeth and Richard III , In addition , some critics find elements of Othello , such as Iago 's bitter ire . Season 2 ( edit ) The second season received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the season has a rating of 88 % , based on 42 reviews , with an average rating of 8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` House of Cards proves just as bingeworthy in its second season , with more of the strong performances , writing , and visual design that made the first season so addictive '' . On Metacritic the season has a score of 80 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . But as the season progressed , reviews became more mixed . Jen Chaney of Vulture wrote that the second season `` felt kind of empty '' and that `` the closest it came to feeling emotionally rich was when it focused on Claire '' . At the end of the second season , Alan Sepinwall of HitFix wrote that show is a `` A ridiculous political potboiler that takes itself too seriously '' ; he gave the overall season a C - . Season 3 ( edit ) The third season received mostly positive reviews , although many critics noted it felt repetitive . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a rating of 77 % , based on 52 reviews , with an average rating of 7 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Season three introduces intriguing new political and personal elements to Frank Underwood 's character , even if it feels like more of the same for some . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 24 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Negative reviews came from Nick Gillespie of The Daily Beast who accused the writers of `` descending into prosaic moralism '' in season 3 and asserts that it deviates from the show 's original intent , and Michael Wolff of USA Today plainly asserts that `` the third season of House of Cards is no good ... not just no good , but incompetent , a shambles , lost '' . IndieWire named the season one of the most disappointing shows of 2015 . Season 4 ( edit ) The fourth season received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a rating of 88 % , based on 32 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` House of Cards retains its binge - worthiness by ratcheting up the drama , and deepening Robin Wright 's role even further . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 17 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Ben Travers of IndieWire had a positive response to season four , calling it an upgrade from what he perceived as a `` messy and unsatisfying melodramatic '' third season , writing that `` House of Cards is aiming at authenticity , and -- for what feels like the first time -- consistently finding it . '' Todd Van DerWerff of Vox had a mixed review to season four , criticizing the repetitive and predictable nature of the series , writing : `` There 's no such mystery with House of Cards , where you know exactly what will happen as surely as you do on NCIS . Obstacles will present themselves , but Frank ( the hammy Kevin Spacey ) and Claire ( the almost perfect Robin Wright ) Underwood will overcome . What you see is what you get . '' The choice to have Frank and Claire run as running mates was highly criticized by some reviewers . Jonathan Holmes of Radio Times wrote that `` there are limits to the stupidity viewers are willing to accept , and with season four ( House of Cards ) may have stepped over the line . Claire demanding her selection as Frank 's running mate is stupid . Moronic . It turns a canny political operator into a ham - brained fish - eyed jar - opener . '' Spencer Kornhaber of The Atlantic wrote that `` in moments like this it 's good to remember that Cards really , fundamentally is a stupid TV show instead of a particularly cunning comment on political reality . '' Season 5 ( edit ) The fifth season received mixed to positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 70 % based on 33 reviews , with an average rating of 7.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` House of Cards enjoys a confident return to form this season , though its outlandish edge is tempered slightly by the current political climate . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 60 out of 100 , based on 11 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . After the fifth season received a Best Drama Series nomination at the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , Brian Grubb of Uproxx wrote : House of Cards has not been very good for multiple seasons now , if it was ever that good . I can understand the original excitement about it . Kevin Spacey and Robin Wright were on television . And not even `` television , '' really . They were on a big budget series that was made for and by a streaming service . David Fincher was involved and even directed a few episodes . This was a borderline revolutionary development . ( ... ) I do n't see how anyone who watched it can think it deserves a place in the best six or seven dramas on television . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by House of Cards Beau Willimon with cast and crew at the 73rd Annual Peabody Awards For its first season , House of Cards received nine nominations for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2013 , to become the first original online - only web television series to receive major nominations . Among House of Cards ' nine nominations , `` Chapter 1 '' received four nominations for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards and 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards becoming the first webisode ( online - only episode ) of a television series to receive a major Primetime Emmy Award nomination : Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for David Fincher . This episode also received several Creative Arts Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series , Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series , and Outstanding Music Composition for a Series ( Original Dramatic ) . Although Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series is not a category that formally recognizes an episode , Spacey submitted `` Chapter 1 '' for consideration to earn his nomination . At the Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Award presentation , `` Chapter 1 '' and Eigil Bryld earned the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series , making `` Chapter 1 '' the first Emmy - awarded webisode . At the Primetime Emmy Awards ceremony , Fincher won for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for directing the pilot episode `` Chapter 1 '' in addition to the pair of Creative Arts Emmy Awards , making `` Chapter 1 '' the first Primetime Emmy - awarded webisode . None of the Emmy awards were considered to be in major categories . For the 71st Golden Globe Awards , House of Cards received four nominations . Among those nominations was Wright for Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama for her portrayal of Claire Underwood , which she won . In so doing she became the first actress to win a Golden Globe Award for an online - only web television series . For its second season , House of Cards received 13 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , Kevin Spacey for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series , Robin Wright for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series , Kate Mara for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series , and Reg E. Cathey for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series . At the 72nd Golden Globe Awards , the series was nominated for Best Drama Series and Wright was nominated for Best Drama Actress , while Spacey won for Best Drama Actor . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anderson , David ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards ' keeps busy Harford shooting schedule , prompting a rare complaint '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graves , Lucia ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Frank Underwood and a Brief History of Ruthless Pragmatism '' . National Journal . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cronk , Jordan ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Doing bad for the greater good ' : Kevin Spacey , Beau Willimon and Co . Look Back at ' House of Cards ' Season One '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards '' . Television Academy . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Does Well in 2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards '' . Golden Globes . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Cancels ' House Of Cards ' , Says It 's ' Deeply Troubled ' Over Kevin Spacey Claims '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` House of Cards : Kevin Spacey Fired '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chmielewski , Dawn ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Abbreviated ' House Of Cards ' Season 6 Sans Kevin Spacey To Start Production In 2018 , Netflix 's Ted Sarandos Says '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dolgov , Anna ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Putin vs Petrov -- Fact and Fiction in House of Cards '' . The Moscow Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abele , Robert . `` Playing With a New Deck '' . Director 's Guild of America . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` A Drama 's Streaming Premiere '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' director David Fincher on making 13 hours for Netflix '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix Builds a ' House of Cards ' That Could Knock Down the Networks '' . aoltv.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Show ' House of Cards ' Is A Big Gamble '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carr , David and Ashley Parker ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Debating ' House of Cards ' : What the Show Gets Right and Wrong About Journalism '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Roxborough , Scott ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` MIPCOM 2012 : Kevin Spacey , Robin Wright : Why Netflix 's ' House of Cards ' Is the Future of TV '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Kevin Spacey Set To Star in David Fincher 's Drama Series For MRC ' House of Cards ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix To Enter Original Programming With Mega Deal For David Fincher - Kevin Spacey Series ' House of Cards ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Spacey urges TV channels to give control to viewers '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' House Of Cards ' Renewed For Season 5 By Netflix , Creator Beau Willimon Departs '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( January 27 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Spacey ' House of Cards ' Q&A : ' My role is diabolical , delicious ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 9 , 2011 ) . `` Robin Wright in Talks to Star in Netflix 's ' House of Cards ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Finnigan Joins David E. Kelley TNT Pilot , Kate Mara in Netflix ' House of Cards ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Sarah ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Why we 're watching ... Kate Mara '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Netflix to film political thriller ' House of Cards ' in Baltimore '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Brian ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Political Thriller House of Cards to Film in Harford County '' . The Dagger . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' House Of Cards ' Filming Locations In Baltimore : The Complete Guide '' . CBSLocal.com . March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Production design of `` House of Cards '' -- interview with Steve Arnold `` . Pushing-Pixels.org . December 29 , 2013 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ; Kaltenbach , Chris ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Find a little Hollywood in Baltimore '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( March 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' brings Hollywood to Harford County '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards barred from UN Security Council chamber '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Breitman , Kendall ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' filming comes to D.C '' . Politico . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Adrian ( December 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' films season - three finale in NM '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Da , Royale ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Episode of ' House of Cards ' filmed in Santa Fe : Film insiders dish on popular Netflix show '' . KOAT - TV . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Jenna ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` How did ' House of Cards ' get millions in Maryland tax credits ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Butler , Erika ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` House of Cards renewed for sixth season , filming to begin by end of October '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Canceled ; Netflix ' Deeply Troubled ' by Spacey Assault Claim '' . Variety . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix to cancel House of Cards in wake of Kevin Spacey allegations '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards cancelled as fallout continues for Spacey '' . CBC News . Associated Press . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Though the decision to end the series was announced on Monday , the decision to end the series was made several months ago , according to a person with knowledge of the situation who spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to discuss the decision . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' House Of Cards ' : Production On Netflix Series Suspended Indefinitely Following Kevin Spacey Allegations '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Foxtel to offer full series of House of Cards online TV Tonight '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Returning : House of Cards '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix launches in Australia '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( November 16 , 2014 ) . `` Foxtel loses House of Cards '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` House of Cards shifts from Foxtel to Netflix streaming '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Blacklist , Rake , House of Cards and more coming to TV3 '' . TV3 . July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schulz , Chris ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix launches in New Zealand today , in direct competition with Spark 's Lightbox and Sky TV 's Neon . Should you join ? Chris Schulz weighs up the pros and cons ... '' The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zee Café brings home the biggest show of 2014 ; House Of Cards '' . IndianTelevision.com . January 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Naidu , Vinaya ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Zee Café Launches Innovative Campaign To Promote House Of Cards TV Premiere '' . Lighthouse Insights . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zee Café to air the entire Season 3 of House of Cards in Two Days ! '' . The Times of India . March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arora , Akhil . `` Netflix India Finally Gets ' House of Cards ' '' . NDTV . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zee Café to premiere ' House of Cards ' season 4 on 12 -- 13 March '' . IndianTelevision.com . February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards Broadcast Premiere on CHCH '' . CHCH . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CHCH Statement Regarding House of Cards '' . CHCH . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` House of Cards -- Packaging and Official Press Release for ' The Complete 1st Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : The Complete Second Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` House of Cards -- Press Release from Sony for ' The Complete 3rd Season ' on DVD , Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards -- Official Sony Press Release for ' The Complete 4th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` House of Cards - ' The Complete 5th Season ' Announced ; Package Art Released ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - The Complete 1st Season DVD Information '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - Season 1 ( DVD + UV Copy ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House Of Cards - Season 1 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : The Complete First Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - Season 1 ( Blu - ray + UV Copy ) ( 2013 ) ( Region A & B ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - The Complete 2nd Season DVD Information '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House Of Cards - Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House Of Cards - Season 2 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : The Complete Second Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House Of Cards - Season 2 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - The Complete 3rd Season DVD Information '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards -- Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House Of Cards - Season 3 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : The Complete Third Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards -- Season 3 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - The Complete 4th Season DVD Information '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House Of Cards - Season 4 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : The Complete Fourth Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - Season 4 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - The Complete 5th Season DVD Information '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - Season 5 ( DVD ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House Of Cards - Season 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : The Complete Fifth Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards - Season 5 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 1 ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` House of Cards ( 2013 ) : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stone , Jeff ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's ' House of Cards ' Earns Rave Reviews , CEO Reed Hastings Promises Hollywood Takeover '' . International Business Times . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' is all aces '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ostrow , Joanne ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Ostrow : Kevin Spacey shines in `` House of Cards '' political drama on Netflix `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` Political Animals That Slither '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lacob , Jace ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` David Fincher , Beau Willimon & Kate Mara On Netflix 's ' House of Cards ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Sarah ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Urquhart is deliciously diabolical ' : Kevin Spacey is back in a remake of House of Cards '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Randy ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards Is a Republican Fantasy World '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Review : House of Cards Sinks Its Sharp Teeth into Washington '' . Time . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' : Power corrupts ( plus other non-breaking news ) '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Youngs , Ian ( February 9 , 2007 ) . `` Richardson 's rule in House of Cards '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 9 Things ' House Of Cards ' Took From Shakespeare '' . The Huffington Post . February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Yes , `` House of Cards '' is our Shakespeare : Comparing the show to Shakespeare is n't pretentious ; it 's appropriate `` . Salon . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blank , Paula C. ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` To figure out House of Cards , read a lot of Shakespeare '' . The Star . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 2 ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards ( 2013 ) : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grant , Drew ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` The Anhedonia of Antiheroes : Why House of Cards ' Second Season Is n't as Fun as It Should Be '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards Season 2 Finale Recap : The Wicked Wing of the West '' . Vulture . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' season 2 in review : It gets weaker the more you watch '' . HitFix . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 3 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards ( 2013 ) : Season 3 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Nick ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` That 's It , House of Cards . You Lost Me '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wolff , Michael ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wolff : ' House of Cards ' shows Netflix weakness '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shannon Miller , Liz ; Travers , Ben ( 2015 ) . `` The Most Disappointing TV Shows of 2015 '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 4 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards ( 2013 ) : Season 4 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' House of Cards ' Season 4 Might Be the Best Season Yet , But It Wo n't Be Your Favorite '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van DerWerff , Todd ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards season 4 review : The Netflix drama 's latest season is a ridiculous mess -- but better than you 'd expect '' . Vox . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Jonathan ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Has House of Cards outstayed its welcome ? '' . Radio Times . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards Season 4 , Episode 3 : The Live - Binge Review '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards : Season 5 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Brian ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Please Stop Nominating ' House Of Cards ' For Emmys '' . Uproxx . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Does Well in 2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Riley , Jenelle ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` Emmy Episode Submissions : Lead Actor in a Drama '' . Backstage . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Makes History With Two Primetime Creative Arts Emmy ® Awards '' . The Star - Ledger . PR Newswire . September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` @ HouseofCards status update '' . Twitter . September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Amol ; Alexandra Cheney ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Makes Some History With Showing at Emmys '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Wins Three Emmys , ' House of Cards ' Shut Out of Major Categories '' . The Huffington Post . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farley , Christopher John ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Golden Globes Nominations 2014 : ' 12 Years a Slave , ' ' American Hustle ' Lead Field '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' star Robin Wright earns series ' sole Golden Globes win '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hyman , Vicki ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Golden Globes : Robin Wright wins best actress for online - only ' House of Cards ' '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Globes : ' Brooklyn Nine Nine ' Nabs Upset TV Comedy Wins '' . Variety . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Emmy Awards : ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Fargo ' Lead Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) . 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what is kevin spacey in house of cards
[ "Set in Washington, D.C., House of Cards is the story of Congressman Frank Underwood (Kevin Spacey), a Democrat from South Carolina's 5th congressional district and House Majority Whip. After being passed over for appointment as Secretary of State, he initiates an elaborate plan to attain power, aided by his wife, Claire Underwood (Robin Wright). The series deals with themes of ruthless pragmatism,[2] manipulation, and power.[3]" ]
[ "Congressman" ]